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-952575520351547884	Isthmus of Panama	Isthmus of Panama - wikipedia Isthmus of Panama Jump to : navigation , search The Isthmus of Panama The Isthmus of Panama ( Spanish : Istmo de Panamá ) , also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien ( Spanish : Istmo de Darién ) , is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean , linking North and South America . It contains the country of Panama and the Panama Canal . Like many isthmuses , it is a location of great strategic value . The isthmus formed around 2.8 million years ago . This major geological event separated the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and caused the creation of the Gulf Stream . This was first suggested in 1910 by North American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn . He based the proposal on the fossil record of mammals in Central America . This conclusion provided a foundation for Alfred Wegener when he proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geology 3 Biosphere 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources History ( edit ) Main article : History of Panama Núñez de Balboa 's travel route to the South Sea , 1513 An 1850 oil painting by Charles Christian Nahl , titled , The Isthmus of Panama on the height of the Chagres River Vasco Núñez de Balboa heard of the South Sea from natives while sailing along the Caribbean coast . On 25 September 1513 he saw the Pacific . In 1519 the town of Panamá was founded near a small indigenous settlement on the Pacific coast . After the discovery of Peru , it developed into an important port of trade and became an administrative centre . In 1671 the Welsh pirate Henry Morgan crossed the Isthmus of Panamá from the Caribbean side and destroyed the city . The town was relocated some kilometers to the west at a small peninsula . The ruins of the old town , Panamá Viejo , are preserved and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997 . Silver and gold from the viceroyalty of Peru were transported overland across the isthmus by Spanish Silver Train to Porto Bello , where Spanish treasure fleets shipped them to Seville and Cádiz from 1707 . Lionel Wafer spent four years between 1680 and 1684 among the Cuna Indians . Scotland tried to establish a settlement in 1698 through the Darien scheme . The California Gold Rush , starting in 1849 , brought a large increase in the transportation of people from the Atlantic to the Pacific . Steamships brought gold seekers from eastern US ports who trekked across the isthmus by foot , horse , and later rail . On the Pacific side , they boarded Pacific Mail Steamship Company vessels headed for San Francisco . Ferdinand de Lesseps , the man behind the Suez Canal , started a Panama Canal Company in 1880 that went bankrupt in 1889 in a scandal . In 1902 -- 4 , the United States forced Colombia to grant independence to the department of the isthmus , bought the remaining assets of the Panama Canal Company , and finished the canal in 1914 . Geology ( edit ) The closure of the Isthmus led to allopatric speciation events of marine organisms isolated on each side ( blue and green ) . Terrestrial species also migrated between the two continents upon the formation of a passable land bridge ( the Great American Biotic Interchange . A significant body of water ( referred to as the Central American Seaway ) once separated the continents of North and South America , allowing the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans to mix freely . Beneath the surface , two plates of the Earth 's crust were slowly colliding , forcing the Cocos Plate to slide under the Caribbean Plate . The pressure and heat caused by this collision led to the formation of underwater volcanoes , some of which grew large enough to form islands as early as 15 million years ago . Meanwhile , movement of the two tectonic plates was also pushing up the sea floor , eventually forcing some areas above sea level . Over time , massive amounts of sediment ( sand , soil , and mud ) from North and South America filled the gaps between the newly forming islands . Over millions of years , the sediment deposits added to the islands until the gaps were completely filled . By no later than 4.5 million years ago , an isthmus had formed between North and South America . However , in April 2015 , an article in Science Magazine stated that zircon crystals in middle Miocene bedrock from northern Colombia indicated that by 10 million years ago , it is likely that instead of islands , a full isthmus between the North and South American continents had already likely formed where the Central American Seaway had been previously . Evidence also suggests that the creation of this land mass and the subsequent warm , wet weather over northern Europe resulted in the formation of a large Arctic ice cap and contributed to the current ice age . That warm currents can lead to glacier formation may seem counterintuitive , but heated air flowing over the warm Gulf Stream can hold more moisture . The result is increased precipitation that contributes to snow pack . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama also played a major role in biodiversity on the planet . The bridge made it easier for animals and plants to migrate between the two continents . This event is known in paleontology as the Great American Interchange . For instance , in North America today , the opossum , armadillo , and porcupine all trace back to ancestors that came across the land bridge from South America . Likewise , bears , cats , dogs , horses , llamas , and raccoons all made the trek south across the isthmus . Biosphere ( edit ) As the connecting bridge between two vast land masses , the Panamanian biosphere is filled with overlapping fauna and flora from both North and South America . There are , for example , over 978 species of birds in the isthmus area . The tropical climate also encourages a myriad of large and brightly colored species , insects , amphibians , birds , fish , and reptiles . Divided along its length by a mountain range , the isthmus 's weather is generally wet on the Atlantic ( Caribbean ) side but has a clearer division into wet and dry seasons on the Pacific side . See also ( edit ) Darien Gap References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Formation of the Isthmus of Panama Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/ageofmammalsineu00osbo#page/80/mode/2up Jump up ^ http://www0.unsl.edu.ar/~bibliogeo/index_archivos/wegener.pdf Jump up ^ `` North and South America Came Together Much Earlier Than Thought : Study '' . nbcnews.com . NBC News through Reuters. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Birds of Panama A Field Guide by George R. Angehr and Robert Dean Sources ( edit ) A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America ( 1695 ) , by Lionel Wafer . Excerpt from the 1729 Knapton edition Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Daville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Seager , R. ( 2006 ) ' The Source of Europe 's Mild Climate . ' , American Scientist , 94 ( 4 ) , pp. 334 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isthmus of Panama . Coordinates : 8 ° 40 ′ N 80 ° 0 ′ W / 8.667 ° N 80.000 ° W / 8.667 ; - 80.000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isthmus_of_Panama&oldid=805489865 '' Categories : Isthmuses of North America Landforms of Panama Geography of Central America Natural history of Central America Regions of Central America Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 19 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the collision between north and south america take place	[ "A significant body of water (referred to as the Central American Seaway) once separated the continents of North and South America, allowing the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans to mix freely. Beneath the surface, two plates of the Earth's crust were slowly colliding, forcing the Cocos Plate to slide under the Caribbean Plate. The pressure and heat caused by this collision led to the formation of underwater volcanoes, some of which grew large enough to form islands as early as 15 million years ago. Meanwhile, movement of the two tectonic plates was also pushing up the sea floor, eventually forcing some areas above sea level." ]	[ "as early as 15 million years ago" ]
4830485518741999164	Nigeria	Nigeria - wikipedia Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For other uses , see Nigeria ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the neighbouring country Niger . Federal Republic of Nigeria Jamhuriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya ( Hausa ) Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà ( Igbo ) Orílẹ̀ - èdè Olómìniira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà ( Yoruba ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Unity and Faith , Peace and Progress '' Anthem : `` Arise , O Compatriots '' Location of Nigeria shown in dark green Capital Abuja 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Largest city Lagos 6 ° 27 ′ N 3 ° 23 ′ E / 6.450 ° N 3.383 ° E / 6.450 ; 3.383 Official languages English Major languages Hausa Igbo Yoruba Other languages Birom Edo Efik Fulfulde Gbagyi Hyam Ibibio Idoma Igala Igbira Ijaw Ikwerre Itsekiri Jju Jukun Kanuri Atyap Margi Nupe Tiv Urhobo - Isoko Religion See Religion in Nigeria Demonym Nigerian Government Federal presidential republic President Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Senate President Bukola Saraki House Speaker Yakubu Dogara Chief Justice W.S. Nkanu Onnoghen Legislature National Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from the United Kingdom Unification of Southern and Northern Nigeria 1914 Declared and recognised 1 October 1960 Republic declared 1 October 1963 Current constitution 29 May 1999 Area Total 923,768 km ( 356,669 sq mi ) ( 32nd ) Water ( % ) 1.4 Population 2016 estimate 185,989,640 ( 7th ) 2006 census 140,431,790 Density 197.2 / km ( 510.7 / sq mi ) ( 71st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $1.161 trillion ( 24th ) Per capita $5,992 ( 124th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $460.660 billion ( 27th ) Per capita $2,376 ( 122nd ) Gini ( 2010 ) 43.0 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.514 low 152nd Currency Naira ( ₦ ) ( NGN ) Time zone WAT ( UTC + 1 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 234 ISO 3166 code NG Internet TLD . ng The Federal Republic of Nigeria / naɪˈdʒɪəriə / ( listen ) , commonly referred to as Nigeria , is a federal republic in West Africa , bordering Benin in the west , Chad and Cameroon in the east , and Niger in the north . Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja is located . Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country . Nigeria has been home to a number of kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 . The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms . Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the `` Giant of Africa '' , owing to its large population and economy . With 186 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third - largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under age 18 . The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups , of which the three largest are the Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba ; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures . The official language is English . Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians , who live mostly in the southern part of the country , and Muslims , who live mostly in the north . A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria , such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities . As of 2015 , Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy , worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively . It overtook South Africa to become Africa 's largest economy in 2014 . The 2013 debt - to - GDP ratio was 11 percent . Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank ; it has been identified as a regional power on the African continent , a middle power in international affairs , and has also been identified as an emerging global power . Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries , which are widely seen as the globe 's next `` BRIC - like '' economies . It is also listed among the `` Next Eleven '' economies set to become among the biggest in the world . Nigeria is a founding member of the African Union and a member of many other international organizations , including the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations and OPEC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early ( 500 BC -- 1500 ) 2.2 Middle Ages ( 1500 -- 1800 ) 2.3 British Nigeria ( 1800 -- 1960 ) 2.4 Independent Federation and First Republic ( 1960 -- 1966 ) 2.5 Civil war ( 1967 -- 1970 ) 2.6 Military juntas ( 1970 -- 1999 ) 2.7 Democratisation ( 1999 -- ) 3 Government and politics 3.1 Law 3.2 Foreign relations 3.3 Military 4 Geography 4.1 Environmental issues 4.2 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Oil 5.3 Overseas remittances 5.4 Services 5.5 Mining 5.6 Manufacturing 5.7 Government satellites 6 Society 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Languages 6.4 Religion 6.5 Health 6.6 Education 6.7 Crime 7 Culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Media 7.3 Music and film 7.4 Cuisine 7.5 Sport 8 Societal issues 8.1 Human rights 8.2 Strife and sectarian violence 8.3 Media representation 8.4 Women 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country . This name was coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw , who later married Lord Lugard , a British colonial administrator . The origin of the name Niger , which originally applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River , is uncertain . The word is likely an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n - igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th - century European colonialism . History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ceremonial Igbo pot from 9th - century Igbo - Ukwu . Main articles : History of Nigeria and Timeline of Nigerian history Early ( 500 BC -- 1500 ) Further information : History of Nigeria before 1500 Nok sculpture , terracotta The Nok civilisation of Northern Nigeria flourished between 500 BC and AD 200 , producing life - sized terracotta figures that are some of the earliest known sculptures in Sub-Saharan Africa . Further north , the cities Kano and Katsina have a recorded history dating to around 999 AD . Hausa kingdoms and the Kanem -- Bornu Empire prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa . The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911 . Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri , and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture . Nri and Aguleri , where the Igbo creation myth originates , are in the territory of the Umeuri clan . Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king - figure Eri . In West Africa , the oldest bronzes made using the lost - wax process were from Igbo - Ukwu , a city under Nri influence . Yoruba copper mask of Obalufon from the city of Ife , c. 1300 The Yoruba kingdoms of Ife and Oyo in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th and 14th centuries , respectively . The oldest signs of human settlement at Ife 's current site date back to the 9th century , and its material culture includes terracotta and bronze figures . Middle ages ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Royal Benin ivory mask , one of Nigeria 's most recognised artefacts . Benin Empire , 16th century . Further information : History of Nigeria ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Oyo , at its territorial zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries , extended its influence from western Nigeria to modern - day Togo . The Edo 's Benin Empire is located in southwestern Nigeria . Benin 's power lasted between the 15th and 19th centuries . Their dominance reached as far as the city of Eko ( an Edo name later changed to Lagos by the Portuguese ) and further . At the beginning of the 19th century , Usman dan Fodio directed a successful jihad and created and led the centralised Fulani Empire ( also known as the Sokoto Caliphate ) . The territory controlled by the resultant state included much of modern - day northern and central Nigeria ; it lasted until the 1903 break - up of the Empire into various European colonies . Benin City in the 17th century with the Oba of Benin in procession . This image appeared in a European book , Description of Africa , published in Amsterdam in 1668 . For centuries , various peoples in modern - day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa . Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western , central and northern Africa . In the 16th century , Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant , direct trade with peoples of modern - day Nigeria , at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar . Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast ; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade . The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra ( now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny ) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade . Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry , Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra . The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars . Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors ' territory as forced labour ; after time , they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors ' society . A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports . Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest , the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north . Slavery also existed in the territories comprising modern - day Nigeria ;. its scope was broadest towards the end of the 19th century . According to the Encyclopedia of African History , `` It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world , about 2 million people , was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate . The use of slave labor was extensive , especially in agriculture . '' A changing legal imperative ( transatlantic slave trade outlawed by Britain in 1807 ) and economic imperative ( a desire for political and social stability ) led most European powers to support widespread cultivation of agricultural products , such as the palm , for use in European industry . British Nigeria ( 1800 -- 1960 ) Main article : Colonial Nigeria `` Up - River Chiefs , Calabar '' , 19th century The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain , the Netherlands , Portugal and private companies , as well as various African states and non-state actors . With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities , Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807 . Following the Napoleonic Wars , Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves . It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves ; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown , a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain . Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851 , deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko , helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye , and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852 . Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession . British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland . In 1864 , Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church . In 1885 , British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference . The following year , it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie . In 1900 the company 's territory came under the control of the British government , which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria . On 1 January 1901 , Nigeria became a British protectorate , and part of the British Empire , the foremost world power at the time . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire 's efforts to expand its territory . By war , the British conquered Benin in 1897 , and , in the Anglo - Aro War ( 1901 -- 1902 ) , defeated other opponents . The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule . Postage stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II , 1953 In 1914 , the British formally united the Niger area as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria . Administratively , Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and Lagos Colony . Inhabitants of the southern region sustained more interaction , economic and cultural , with the British and other Europeans owing to the coastal economy . Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates . Under Britain 's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition , the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern , Islamic part of the country . Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education . By independence in 1960 , regional differences in modern educational access were marked . The legacy , though less pronounced , continues to the present day . Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria 's political life as well . For instance , northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism . Following World War II , in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence , successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self - government on a representative and increasingly federal basis . By the middle of the 20th century , a great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa . Nigeria achieved independence in 1960 . Independent federation and first Republic ( 1960 -- 1966 ) The Federation of Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1960 , while retaining the British monarch , Elizabeth II , as nominal head of state and Queen of Nigeria . Nigeria 's government was a coalition of conservative parties : the Nigerian People 's Congress ( NPC ) , a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith , and the Igbo and Christian - dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons ( NCNC ) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe . Azikiwe replaced the colonial governor - general in November 1960 . The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group ( AG ) , which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo . The cultural and political differences between Nigeria 's dominant ethnic groups -- the Hausa ( ' Northerners ' ) , Igbo ( ' Easterners ' ) and Yoruba ( ' Westerners ' ) -- were sharp . An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite . Southern Cameroon opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroons chose to remain in Nigeria . The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part . In 1963 , the nation established a Federal Republic , with Azikiwe as its first president . When elections were held in 1965 , the Nigerian National Democratic Party came to power in Nigeria 's Western Region . Civil war ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Main article : Nigerian Civil War The Republic of Biafra in June 1967 , when it declared its independence from the rest of Nigeria The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led , in 1966 , to back - to - back military coups . The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu . The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region . But , the coup plotters struggled to form a central government . President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army , then under the command of another Igbo officer , General JTU Aguiyi - Ironsi . Later , the counter-coup of 1966 , supported primarily by Northern military officers , facilitated the rise of Lt. Colonel Yakubu Gowon to head of state . Tension rose between North and South ; Igbos in Northern cities suffered persecution and many fled to the Eastern Region . In May 1967 , the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra , under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu . The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side ( predominated by soldiers from the North and West ) attacked Biafra ( Southeastern ) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem . The 30 - month war , with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies , ended in January 1970 . Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people , from warfare , disease , and starvation , during the 30 - month civil war . France , Egypt , the Soviet Union , Britain , Israel , and others were deeply involved in the civil war behind the scenes . Britain and the Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government while France and others aided the Biafrans . Nigeria used Egyptian pilots for their air force . Military juntas ( 1970 -- 1999 ) Main article : Nigerian military juntas of 1966 -- 1979 and 1983 -- 1998 Olusegun Obasanjo was a military president who ruled the country from 1976 to 1979 . During the oil boom of the 1970s , Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge oil revenues it was generating enriched the economy . Despite these revenues , the military government did little to improve the standard of living of the population , help small and medium businesses , or invest in infrastructure . As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subsidies to states , the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country . As oil production and revenue rose , the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and on international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns . It did not develop alternate revenue sources in the economy for economic stability . That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria . Beginning in 1979 , Nigerians participated in a return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari . The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society . In 1983 the inspectors of the state - owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation ( NNPC ) began to notice `` the slow poisoning of the waters of this country . '' The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime 's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development . Buhari promised major reforms , but his government fared little better than its predecessor . His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985 . The new head of state , Ibrahim Babangida , declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and of the ruling Supreme Military Council . He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance . Babangida 's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity : he instituted the International Monetary Fund 's Structural Adjustment Program ( SAP ) to aid in the repayment of the country 's crushing international debt . At the time most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing that debt . He enrolled Nigeria in the Organization of the Islamic Conference , which aggravated religious tensions in the country . Babangida survived an abortive coup , then postponed a promised return to democracy to 1992 . Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993 , the first since the military coup of 1983 , with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola of the Social Democratic Party , who gained some 58 % of the votes , defeating Bashir Tofa of the National Republican Convention . However , Babangida annulled the elections , leading to massive civilian protests that effectively shut down the country for weeks . Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian government , but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan head of an interim government . Babangida 's regime has been considered the most corrupt , and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria . In late 1993 Shonekan 's caretaker regime was overwhelmed by the military coup of General Sani Abacha , who used military force on a wide scale to suppress the continuing civilian unrest . He shifted money to offshore accounts in western European banks and defeated coup plots by bribing army generals . In 1995 the government hanged environmentalist Ken Saro - Wiwa on trumped - up charges in the deaths of four Ogoni elders . Lawsuits under the American Alien Tort Statute against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson , the head of Shell 's Nigerian operation , settled out of court with Shell continuing to deny liability . Several hundred million dollars in accounts traced to Abacha were discovered in 1999 . The regime came to an end in 1998 , when the dictator died in the villa . His successor , General Abdulsalami Abubakar , adopted a new constitution on 5 May 1999 , which provided for multiparty elections . On 29 May 1999 Abubakar transferred power to the winner of the elections , Obasanjo , who had since retired from the military . Democratisation ( 1999 -- ) Bida Emirate durbar festival , 2001 Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo , the former military head of state , as the new President of Nigeria . This ended almost 33 years of military rule ( from 1966 until 1999 ) , excluding the short - lived second republic ( between 1979 and 1983 ) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966 -- 1979 and 1983 -- 1998 . Although the elections that brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair , Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development . Ethnic violence for control over the oil - producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the issues in the country . Umaru Yar'Adua of the People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) came into power in the general election of 2007 . The international community has been observing Nigerian elections to encourage a free and fair process , and condemned this one as being severely flawed . Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010 . Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010 , becoming Nigeria 's 14th Head of State , while his vice-president , Namadi Sambo , an architect and former Kaduna State governor , was chosen on 18 May 2010 , by the National Assembly . His confirmation followed President Jonathan 's nomination of Sambo to that position . Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria 's president until 16 April 2011 , when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted . Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011 , having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast , to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party , the Congress for Progressive Change ( CPC ) , which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast . The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud , in contrast to previous elections . In the March 2015 election , Muhammadu Buhari defeated Goodluck Jonathan by roughly 2 million votes . Observers generally praised the election as being fair . Jonathan was generally praised for conceding defeat and limiting the risk of unrest . Government and politics Main article : Politics of Nigeria Nigerian National Assembly , Abuja Muhammadu Buhari , President , 29 May 2015 -- current Nigeria is a federal republic modelled after the United States , with executive power exercised by the President . It is influenced by the Westminster System model in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature . The president presides as both head of state and head of the federal government ; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4 - year terms . In the 28 March 2015 presidential election , General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria , defeating then - incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan . The president 's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives , which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly . The Senate is a 109 - seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja ; members are elected by popular vote to four - year terms . The House contains 360 seats , with the number of seats per state is determined by population . Ethnocentrism , tribalism , religious persecution , and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960 . Kin - selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics , resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests . Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB , Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress , Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war . Nigeria 's three largest ethnic groups ( Hausa , Igbo and Yoruba ) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics ; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft . Because of the above issues , Nigeria 's political parties are pan-national and secular in character ( though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities ) . The two major political parties are the People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria and the All Progressives Congress . About twenty minor opposition parties are registered . The then - president , Olusegun Obasanjo , acknowledged fraud and other electoral `` lapses '' but said the result reflected opinion polls . In a national television address in 2007 , he added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked successor , they would have an opportunity to vote again in four years . In the Nigerian general election , 2015 , the victorious All Progressives Congress has 225 House seats and 60 in the Senate while the defeated People 's Democratic Party of Nigeria became the opposition with 125 seats in the House and 49 in the Senate . National symbols of Nigeria Flag Bicolour Emblem Coat of arms of Nigeria Anthem `` Arise , O Compatriots '' Animal Eagle Bird Black crowned crane Flower Costus spectabilis As in many other African societies , prebendalism and high rates of corruption continue to constitute major challenges to Nigeria . All major parties have practised vote - rigging and other means of coercion to remain competitive . In 1983 , the policy institute at Kuru concluded that only the 1959 and 1979 elections to that time were conducted with minimal vote - rigging . In 2012 , Nigeria was estimated to have lost over $400 billion to corruption since independence . Law Main article : Law of Nigeria There are three distinct systems of law in Nigeria : Common law , derived from its British colonial past , and a development of its own after independence ; Customary law , derived from indigenous traditional norms and practice , including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yorubaland secret societies and the Ẹ̀kpẹ̀ and Ọ̀kọ́ńkọ̀ of Igboland and Ibibioland ; Sharia law , used only in the predominantly Muslim northern states of the country . It is an Islamic legal system that had been used long before the colonial administration . In late 1999 , Zamfara emphasised its use , with eleven other northern states following suit . These states are Kano , Katsina , Niger , Bauchi , Borno , Kaduna , Gombe , Sokoto , Jigawa , Yobe , and Kebbi . The country has a judicial branch , the highest court of which is the Supreme Court of Nigeria . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Nigeria Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan ( center ) poses with United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama in August 2014 Upon gaining independence in 1960 , Nigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the apartheid government in South Africa . One notable exception to the African focus was Nigeria 's close relationship developed with Israel throughout the 1960s . The latter nation sponsored and oversaw the construction of Nigeria 's parliament buildings . Nigeria 's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war . It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region . Nigeria backed the African National Congress ( ANC ) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa . Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity ( now the African Union ) , and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole . Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa , functioning as standard - bearer for the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) and ECOMOG , economic and military organizations , respectively . With this Africa - centred stance , Nigeria readily sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the United Nations shortly after independence ( and has maintained membership since that time ) . Nigeria also supported several Pan-African and pro-self government causes in the 1970s , including garnering support for Angola 's MPLA , SWAPO in Namibia , and aiding opposition to the minority governments of Portuguese Mozambique , and Rhodesia . Nigeria retains membership in the Non-Aligned Movement . In late November 2006 , it organised an Africa - South America Summit in Abuja to promote what some attendees termed `` South - South '' linkages on a variety of fronts . Nigeria is also a member of the International Criminal Court , and the Commonwealth of Nations . It was temporarily expelled from the latter in 1995 when ruled by the Abacha regime . Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s , and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) , which it joined in July 1971 . Its status as a major petroleum producer figures prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with both developed countries , notably the United States , and the developing countries of China , Jamaica , and Ghana and Kenya in Africa . Millions of Nigerians have emigrated during times of economic hardship , primarily to Europe , North America and Australia . It is estimated that over a million Nigerians have emigrated to the United States and constitute the Nigerian American populace . Individuals in many such Diasporic communities have joined the `` Egbe Omo Yoruba '' society , a national association of Yoruba descendants in North America . Military See also : Nigerian Armed Forces The Nigerian military are charged with protecting the Federal Republic of Nigeria , promoting Nigeria 's global security interests , and supporting peacekeeping efforts , especially in West Africa . This is in support of the doctrine sometimes called Pax Nigeriana . The Nigerian Military consist of an army , a navy , and an air force . The military in Nigeria have played a major role in the country 's history since independence . Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history . Its last period of military rule ended in 1999 following the sudden death of former dictator Sani Abacha in 1998 . His successor , Abdulsalam Abubakar , handed over power to the democratically - elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo the next year . As Africa 's most populated country , Nigeria has repositioned its military as a peacekeeping force on the continent . Since 1995 , the Nigerian military , through ECOMOG mandates , have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia ( 1997 ) , Ivory Coast ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , and Sierra Leone ( 1997 -- 1999 ) . Under an African Union mandate , it has stationed forces in Sudan 's Darfur region to try to establish peace . Geography Main article : Geography of Nigeria Map of Nigeria , showing state boundaries , cities , and waterways . Nigeria map of Köppen climate classification . Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of 923,768 km ( 356,669 sq mi ) , making it the world 's 32nd - largest country ( after Tanzania ) . It is comparable in size to Venezuela , and is about twice the size of the US state of California . Its borders span for 4,047 - kilometre ( 2,515 mi ) s , and it shares borders with Benin ( 773 km or 480 mi ) , Niger ( 1,497 km or 930 mi ) , Chad ( 87 km or 54 mi ) , Cameroon ( 1,690 km or 1,050 mi ) , and has a coastline of at least 853 kilometres ( 530 miles ) s . Nigeria lies between latitudes 4 ° and 14 ° N , and longitudes 2 ° and 15 ° E . The Zuma Rock near Suleja The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m ( 7,936 ft ) . The main rivers are the Niger and the Benue , which converge and empty into the Niger Delta . This is one of the world 's largest river deltas , and the location of a large area of Central African mangroves . Nigeria has a varied landscape . The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate , where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches ( 1,500 to 2,000 mm ) a year . In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau . Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast . This forest zone 's most southerly portion is defined as `` salt water swamp , '' also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area . North of this is fresh water swamp , containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp , and north of that is rainforest . Nigeria 's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys ( which merge into each other and form a `` y '' shape ) . To the southwest of the Niger is `` rugged '' highland . To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains , which form the Mambilla Plateau , the highest plateau in Nigeria . This plateau extends through the border with Cameroon , where the montane land is part of the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon . The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga - Bioko coastal forests ecoregion , an important centre for biodiversity . It is habitat for the drill monkey , which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon . The areas surrounding Calabar , Cross River State , also in this forest , are believed to contain the world 's largest diversity of butterflies . The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population , with it being replaced by grassland ( see Cross-Niger transition forests ) . Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah ( insignificant tree cover , with grasses and flowers located between trees ) . Rainfall is more limited , to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres ( 20 and 60 in ) per year . The savannah zone 's three categories are Guinean forest - savanna mosaic , Sudan savannah , and Sahel savannah . Guinean forest - savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees . Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees . Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand , found in the northeast . In the Sahel region , rain is less than 500 millimetres ( 20 in ) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching . In the dry northeast corner of the country lies Lake Chad , which Nigeria shares with Niger , Chad and Cameroon . Environmental issues Main articles : Environmental issues in the Niger Delta and Deforestation in Nigeria Nigeria 's Delta region , home of the large oil industry , experiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems , which has caused conflict . Waste management including sewage treatment , the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation , and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria . Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development , population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste . This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory , where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste , dumping of waste along or into the canals , sewerage systems that are channels for water flows , and the like . Haphazard industrial planning , increased urbanisation , poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major cities of the country . Some of the ' solutions ' have been disastrous to the environment , resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and groundwater . In 2005 Nigeria had the highest rate of deforestation in the world , according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . That year , 12.2 % , the equivalent of 11,089,000 hectares had been forested in the country . Between 1990 and 2000 , Nigeria lost an average of 409,700 hectares of forest every year equal to an average annual deforestation rate of 2.38 % . Between 1990 and 2005 , in total Nigeria lost 35.7 % of its forest cover , or around 6,145,000 hectares . In 2010 , thousands of people were inadvertently exposed to lead - containing soil / ore from informal gold mining within the northern state of Zamfara . While estimates vary , it is thought that upwards of 400 children died of acute lead poisoning , making this perhaps the largest lead poisoning fatality epidemic ever encountered . As of 2016 , efforts to manage the exposure are ongoing . Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative divisions of Nigeria Major cities City Population Lagos 8,048,430 Kano 2,828,861 Ibadan 2,559,853 Benin City 1,147,188 Port Harcourt 1,005,904 Nigeria is divided into thirty - six states and one Federal Capital Territory , which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas ( LGAs ) . In some contexts , the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones : North West , North East , North Central , South East , South South , and South West . As of the 2006 census , Nigeria has eight cities with a population of over 1 million people ( from largest to smallest : Lagos , Kano , Ibadan , Benin City and Port Harcourt . Lagos is the largest city in Africa , with a population of over 12 million in its urban area . A clickable map of Nigeria exhibiting its 36 states and the federal capital territory . States Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Enugu Edo Ekiti Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara Territory Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) Economy Main article : Economy of Nigeria Maitama district , Abuja Lagos Island as seen from Victoria Island . Kuje market scene Nigeria is classified as a mixed economy emerging market , and has already reached lower middle income status according to the World Bank , with its abundant supply of natural resources , well - developed financial , legal , communications , transport sectors and stock exchange ( the Nigerian Stock Exchange ) , which is the second largest in Africa . Nigeria was ranked 21st in the world in terms of GDP ( PPP ) in 2015 . Nigeria is the United States ' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil ( 11 % of oil imports ) . It has the seventh - largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide . Nigeria is the 50th - largest export market for US goods and the 14th - largest exporter of goods to the US . The United States is the country 's largest foreign investor . The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) projected economic growth of 9 % in 2008 and 8.3 % in 2009 . The IMF further projects an 8 % growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011 . In February 2011 , Citigroup projected that Nigeria would have the highest average GDP growth in the world in 2010 -- 2050 . Nigeria is one of two countries from Africa among 11 Global Growth Generators countries . Previously , economic development had been hindered by years of military rule , corruption , and mismanagement . The restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms have successfully put Nigeria back on track towards achieving its full economic potential . As of 2014 it is the largest economy in Africa , having overtaken South Africa . During the oil boom of the 1970s , Nigeria accumulated a significant foreign debt to finance major infrastructural investments . With the fall of oil prices during the 1980s oil glut Nigeria struggled to keep up with its loan payments and eventually defaulted on its principal debt repayments , limiting repayment to the interest portion of the loans . Arrears and penalty interest accumulated on the unpaid principal , which increased the size of the debt . After negotiations by the Nigeria authorities , in October 2005 Nigeria and its Paris Club creditors reached an agreement under which Nigeria repurchased its debt at a discount of approximately 60 % . Nigeria used part of its oil profits to pay the residual 40 % , freeing up at least $1.15 billion annually for poverty reduction programmes . Nigeria made history in April 2006 by becoming the first African country to completely pay off its debt ( estimated $30 billion ) owed to the Paris Club . Nigeria is trying to reach the first of the Sustainable Development Goals , which is to end poverty in all its forms by 2030 . Agriculture Further information : Agriculture in Nigeria As of 2010 , about 30 % of Nigerians are employed in agriculture . Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria . Major crops include beans , sesame , cashew nuts , cassava , cocoa beans , groundnuts , gum arabic , kolanut , maize ( corn ) , melon , millet , palm kernels , palm oil , plantains , rice , rubber , sorghum , soybeans and yams . Cocoa is the leading non-oil foreign exchange earner . Rubber is the second - largest non-oil foreign exchange earner . Prior to the Nigerian civil war , Nigeria was self - sufficient in food . Agriculture has failed to keep pace with Nigeria 's rapid population growth , and Nigeria now relies upon food imports to sustain itself . The Nigerian government promoted the use of inorganic fertilizers in the 1970s . Oil Further information : Petroleum industry in Nigeria The gates of the oil refinery in Port Harcourt . Nigeria is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter , and has the 10th largest proven reserves . ( The country joined OPEC in 1971 ) . Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy , accounting for 40 % of GDP and 80 % of Government earnings . However , agitation for better resource control in the Niger Delta , its main oil producing region , has led to disruptions in oil production and prevents the country from exporting at 100 % capacity . The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone - shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2 to 4 kilometres ( 1.2 to 2.5 miles ) . In June 2013 , Shell announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria , hinting that assets could be divested . While many international oil companies have operated there for decades , by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests , citing a range of issues including oil theft . In August 2014 , Shell Oil Company said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields . Overseas remittances Next to petrodollars , the second biggest source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad . In 2014 , 17.5 million Nigerians resided in foreign countries , with the UK and the USA having more than 2 million Nigerians each . According to the International Organization for Migration , Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians , going from USD 2.3 billion in 2004 to 17.9 billion in 2007 . The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances , followed by the United Kingdom , Italy , Canada , Spain and France . On the African continent , Egypt , Equatorial Guinea , Chad , Libya and South Africa are important source countries of remittance flows to Nigeria , while China is the biggest remittance - sending country in Asia . Services Nigeria has one of the fastest growing telecommunications markets in the world , major emerging market operators ( like MTN , 9mobile , Airtel and Globacom ) basing their largest and most profitable centres in the country . The government has recently begun expanding this infrastructure to space based communications . Nigeria has a space satellite that is monitored at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja . Nigeria has a highly developed financial services sector , with a mix of local and international banks , asset management companies , brokerage houses , insurance companies and brokers , private equity funds and investment banks . Mining Further information : Mining industry of Nigeria Nigeria also has a wide array of underexploited mineral resources which include natural gas , coal , bauxite , tantalite , gold , tin , iron ore , limestone , niobium , lead and zinc . Despite huge deposits of these natural resources , the mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy . Manufacturing Nigeria has a manufacturing industry that includes leather and textiles ( centred on Kano , Abeokuta , Onitsha , and Lagos ) , Nigeria currently has an indigenous auto manufacturing company ; Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing located in Nnewi . It produces Buses and SUVs. car manufacturing ( for the French car manufacturer Peugeot as well as for the English truck manufacturer Bedford , now a subsidiary of General Motors ) , T - shirts , plastics and processed food . Nigeria in recent years has been embracing industrialisation . It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company , Innoson Motors , which manufactures Rapid Transit Buses , trucks and SUVs with an upcoming introduction of cars . Nigeria also has few Electronic manufacturers like Zinox , the first Branded Nigerian Computer and Electronic gadgets ( like tablet PCs ) manufacturers . In 2013 , Nigeria introduced a policy regarding import duty on vehicles to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country . In this regard , some foreign vehicle manufacturing companies like Nissan have made known their plans to have manufacturing plants in Nigeria . Ogun is considered to be the current Nigeria 's industrial hub , as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there , followed by Lagos . Government satellites The Nigerian government has commissioned the overseas production and launch of four satellites . The Nigeriasat - 1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship . The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003 . Nigeriasat - 1 was part of the worldwide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System . The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat - 1 were : to give early warning signals of environmental disaster ; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria ; to assist in demographic planning ; to establish the relationship between malaria vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology ; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning ; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders . NigeriaSat - 2 , Nigeria 's second satellite , was built as a high - resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited , a United Kingdom - based satellite technology company . It has 2.5 - metre resolution panchromatic ( very high resolution ) , 5 - metre multispectral ( high resolution , NIR red , green and red bands ) , and 32 - metre multispectral ( medium resolution , NIR red , green and red bands ) antennas , with a ground receiving station in Abuja . The NigeriaSat - 2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over £ 35 million . This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China . NigComSat - 1 , a Nigerian satellite built in 2004 , was Nigeria 's third satellite and Africa 's first communication satellite . It was launched on 13 May 2007 , aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket , from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China . The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency , NASRDA . On 11 November 2008 , NigComSat - 1 failed in orbit after running out of power because of an anomaly in its solar array . It was based on the Chinese DFH - 4 satellite bus , and carries a variety of transponders : 4 C - band ; 14 Ku - band ; 8 Ka - band ; and 2 L - band . It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa , and the Ka - band transponders would also cover Italy . On 10 November 2008 ( 0900 GMT ) , the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites . According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited , it was put into `` emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs '' . The satellite eventually failed after losing power on 11 November 2008 . On 24 March 2009 , the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology , NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed another contract for the in - orbit delivery of the NigComSat - 1R satellite . NigComSat - 1R was also a DFH - 4 satellite , and the replacement for the failed NigComSat - 1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on 19 December 2011 . The satellite , according to then - Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan , was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat - 1 , which de-orbited in 2009 . It was stated the satellite would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications , internet services , health , agriculture , environmental protection and national security . Society Demographics Main article : Demographics of Nigeria Population density in Nigeria Population in Nigeria Year Million 1971 55 1980 71 1990 95 2000 125 138 2008 151 Nigeria 's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008 , a 60 % growth rate in less than two decades . Almost half of Nigerians are 14 years old or younger . Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 18 % of the continent 's total population ; however , exactly how populous is a subject of speculation . The United Nations estimates that the population in 2016 was at 185,989,640 , distributed as 51.7 % rural and 48.3 % urban , and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre . National census results in the past few decades have been disputed . The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542 . The only breakdown available was by gender : males numbered 71,709,859 , females numbered 68,293 , 08 . In June 2012 , President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children . According to the United Nations , Nigeria has been undergoing explosive population growth and has one of the highest growth and fertility rates in the world . By their projections , Nigeria is one of eight countries expected to account collectively for half of the world 's total population increase in 2005 -- 2050 . By 2100 the UN estimates that the Nigerian population will be between 505 million and 1.03 billion people ( middle estimate : 730 million ) . In 1950 , Nigeria had only 33 million people . One in four Africans is a Nigerian . Presently , Nigeria is the seventh most populous country in the world . 2006 estimates claim 42.3 % of the population is between 0 -- 14 years of age , while 54.6 % is between 15 and 65 ; the birth rate is significantly higher than the death rate , at 40.4 and 16.9 per 1000 people respectively . Nigeria 's largest city is Lagos . Lagos has grown from about 300,000 in 1950 to an estimated 15 million today . Largest cities or towns in Nigeria Rank Name State Pop . Lagos Kano Lagos Lagos 8,048,430 Ibadan Benin City Kano Kano 2,828,861 Ibadan Oyo 2,559,853 Benin City Edo 1,147,188 5 Jos Plateau 821,618 6 Ilorin Kwara 777,667 7 Kaduna Kaduna 760,084 8 Abuja FCT 776,298 9 Enugu Enugu 722,664 10 Warri Delta 557,398 Ethnic groups A Hausa harpist Igbo men Yoruba drummers Nigeria has more than 500 ethnic groups , with varying languages and customs , creating a country of rich ethnic diversity . The largest ethnic groups are the Hausa , Yoruba , Igbo and Fulani , together accounting for more than 70 % of the population , while the Urhobo - Isoko , Edo , Ijaw , Kanuri , Ibibio , Ebira , Nupe , Gbagyi , Jukun , Igala , Idoma and Tiv comprise between 25 and 30 % ; other minorities make up the remaining 5 % . The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups , including the Pyem , Goemai , and Kofyar . The official population count of each of Nigeria 's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group ( usually believed to be northern groups ) numerical superiority . There are small minorities of British , American , East Indian , Chinese ( est . 50,000 ) , white Zimbabwean , Japanese , Greek , Syrian and Lebanese immigrants in Nigeria . Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations . These minorities mostly reside in major cities such as Lagos and Abuja , or in the Niger Delta as employees for the major oil companies . A number of Cubans settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the Cuban Revolution . In the middle of the 19th century , a number of ex-slaves of Afro - Cuban and Afro - Brazilian descent and emigrants from Sierra Leone established communities in Lagos and other regions of Nigeria . Many ex-slaves came to Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in the Americas . Many of the immigrants , sometimes called Saros ( immigrants from Sierra Leone ) and Amaro ( ex-slaves from Brazil ) later became prominent merchants and missionaries in these cities . Languages Main article : Languages of Nigeria Map of Nigeria 's linguistic groups Women in north Nigeria There are 521 languages that have been spoken in Nigeria ( nine of which are now extinct ) . In some areas of Nigeria , ethnic groups speak more than one language . The official language of Nigeria , English , was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country , owing to the influence of British colonisation that ended in 1960 . Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries . The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some native languages but is mostly spoken like the French spoken in Benin . French may also be mixed with English as it is in Cameroon . Most of the population speaks English as their native language . The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of languages of Africa : the majority are Niger - Congo languages , such as Igbo , Yoruba and Fulfulde ; Kanuri , spoken in the northeast , primarily in Borno and Yobe State , is part of the Nilo - Saharan family ; and Hausa is an Afroasiatic language . Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages , English as the official language is widely used for education , business transactions and for official purposes . English as a first language is used only by a small minority of the country 's urban elite , and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas . Hausa is the most widely spoken of the 3 main languages spoken in Nigeria itself ( Igbo , Hausa and Yoruba ) but unlike the Yorubas and Igbos , the Hausas tend not to travel far outside Nigeria itself . With the majority of Nigeria 's populace in the rural areas , the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages . Some of the largest of these , notably Yoruba and Igbo , have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups . Nigerian Pidgin English , often known simply as `` Pidgin '' or `` Broken '' ( Broken English ) , is also a popular lingua franca , though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang . The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions , predominately in Warri , Sapele , Port Harcourt , Agenebode , Ewu , and Benin City . Religion Main article : Religion in Nigeria Religion in Nigeria ( 2016 ) Protestant ( 30.6 % ) Unspecified Christian ( 10.8 % ) Roman Catholic ( 10.0 % ) Other Christian ( 0.5 % ) Islam ( 47.3 % ) Other religions ( 0.8 % ) The Abuja National Mosque . National Church of Nigeria , Abuja . Nigeria is a religiously diverse society , with Christianity and Islam being the most widely professed religions . Nigerians are nearly equally divided into Christians and Muslims , with a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions . Islam dominated the north and had a number of supporters in the South Western , Yoruba part of the country . Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa . Protestantism and local syncretic Christianity are also in evidence in Yoruba areas , while Roman Catholicism is more prominent in south - eastern Nigeria . Both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism dominated in the Ibibio , Annang , and the Efik kiosa lands . The 1963 census indicated that 47 % of Nigerians were Muslim , 35 % Christian , and 18 % members of local indigenous congregations . If accurate , this indicated a sharp increase since 1953 in the number of Christians ( up 23 % ) ; a decline among those professing indigenous beliefs , compared with 20 % ; and only a modest ( 6 % ) drop of Muslims which can likely be attributed to immigration , emigration , and birthrate . The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence ; however , a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab . A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods . Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya , Tijaniyyah and / or the Mouride movements . A significant Shia minority exists ( see Shia in Nigeria ) . Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems , which has brought about some controversy . Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution . The majority of Quranists follow the Kalo Kato or Quraniyyun movement . There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities . According to a 2001 report from The World Factbook by CIA , about 47 % of Nigeria 's population is Muslim , 43 % are Christians and 10 % adhere to local religions . But in some recent report , the Christian population is now sightly larger than the Muslim population . An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010 , 49.3 percent of Nigeria 's population was Christian , 48.8 percent was Muslim , and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions , or unaffiliated . Additionally , the 2010s census of Association of Religion Data Archives has reported that 46.5 percent of the total population is Christian , slightly bigger than the Muslim population of 45.5 percent , and that 7.7 percent are members of other religious groups . The 2010 census of Association of Religion Data Archives has also reported that 46.5 % of the total population was Christian , slightly larger than the Muslim population of 45.5 % , while 7.7 % were members of other religions . However , these estimates should be taken with caution because sample data is mostly collected from major urban areas in the south , which are predominantly Christian . Among Christians , the Pew Research survey found that 74 % were Protestant , 25 % were Catholic , and 1 % belonged to other Christian denominations , including a small Orthodox Christian community . In terms of Nigeria 's major ethnic groups , the Hausa ethnic group ( predominant in the north ) was found to be 95 % Muslim and 5 % Christian , the Yoruba tribe ( predominant in the west ) was 55 % Muslim , 35 % Christian and 10 % adherents of other religions , while the Igbos ( predominant in the east ) and the Ijaw ( south ) were 98 % Christian , with 2 % practising traditional religions . The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria , who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions , with a small proportion of Muslims . Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion , the Assemblies of God Church , the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue , Church Of All Nations . Since the 1990s , there has been significant growth in many other churches , independently started in Africa by Africans , particularly the evangelical Protestant ones . These include the Redeemed Christian Church of God , Winners ' Chapel , Christ Apostolic Church ( the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria ) , Living Faith Church Worldwide , Deeper Christian Life Ministry , Evangelical Church of West Africa , Mountain of Fire and Miracles , Christ Embassy , Lord 's Chosen Charismatic Revival Movement , Celestial Church of Christ , and Dominion City . In addition , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , the Aladura Church , the Seventh - day Adventist and various indigenous churches have also experienced growth . The Yoruba area contains a large Anglican population , while Igboland is predominantly Roman Catholic and the Edo area is composed predominantly of members of the Pentecostal Assemblies of God , which was introduced into Nigeria by Augustus Ehurie Wogu and his associates at Old Umuahia . Further , Nigeria has become an African hub for the Grail Movement and the Hare Krishnas , and the largest temple of the Eckankar religion is in Port Harcourt , Rivers State , with a total capacity of 10,000 . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints ( LDS ) announced creation of new Owerri mission in Nigeria in 2016 . Health Further information : Health in Nigeria A hospital in Abuja , Nigeria 's capital Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country , and the private sector . Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987 , which formally promoted community - based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population , in part by implementing user fees . The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community - based healthcare reform , resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services . A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care , with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost . HIV / AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence ( percentage ) rates are in the double digits . As of 2012 , the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15 -- 49 was just 3.1 percent . As of 2014 , life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA , and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation ; As of 2010 , the infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births . Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio , which it periodically exported to other African countries ; Polio was cut 98 % between 2009 and 2010 . However , a major breakthrough came in December 2014 , when it was reported that Nigeria had n't recorded a polio case in 6 months , and was on its way to being declared Polio free . In 2012 , a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia , lymphoma , or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life - saving bone marrow transplant , which cures them of their conditions . Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery . In the 2014 ebola outbreak , Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region , the Nigerian unique method of contact tracing employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries such as the United States , when ebola threats were discovered . The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as ' brain drain ' , because of emigration by skilled Nigerian doctors to North America and Europe . In 1995 , it was estimated that 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practising in the United States alone , which is about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service . Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the government . Education Main article : Education in Nigeria Children at school in Ile - Ife , Nigeria Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education . Local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state - controlled public education and state schools at a regional level . The education system is divided into Kindergarten , primary education , secondary education and tertiary education . After the 1970s oil boom , tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. 68 % of the Nigerian population is literate , and the rate for men ( 75.7 % ) is higher than that for women ( 60.6 % ) . Nigeria provides free , government - supported education , but attendance is not compulsory at any level , and certain groups , such as nomads and the handicapped , are under - served . The education system consists of six years of primary school , three years of junior secondary school , three years of senior secondary school , and four , five or six years of university education leading to a bachelor 's degree . Crime Further information : Corruption in Nigeria , Confraternities in Nigeria , Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea , and 419 Scams Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organised crime , active especially in drug trafficking . Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking , shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America ; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa . The various Nigerian Confraternities or `` campus cults '' are active in both organised crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria . As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures , they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities . The Supreme Vikings Confraternity , for example , boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members . On lower levels of society , there are the `` area boys '' , organised gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialise in mugging and small - scale drug dealing . According to official statistics , gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001 . Internationally , Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419 , a type of advance fee fraud ( named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code ) along with the `` Nigerian scam '' , a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates . These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank ( the laws being set up loosely to allow it ) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank . The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him , and then he 'll get to keep a cut . In reality , money is taken out instead , and / or large fees ( which seem small in comparison with the imaginary wealth he awaits ) are deducted . In 2003 , the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission ( or EFCC ) was created , ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime . There is also some major piracy in Nigeria , with attacks directed at all types of vessels . Consistent with the rise of Nigeria as an increasingly dangerous hot spot , 28 of the 30 seafarers kidnapped as of January -- June 2013 were in Nigeria . Additionally , the single death to date in 2013 occurred in Nigeria . Nigeria has also been pervaded by political corruption . It was ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International 's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index ; however , it improved to 136th position in 2014 . More than $400 billion were stolen from the treasury by Nigeria 's leaders between 1960 and 1999 . In late 2013 , Nigeria 's then central bank governor Lamido Sanusi informed President Goodluck Jonathan that the state oil company , NNPC , had failed to remit US $20 billion in oil revenues , which it owed the state . Jonathan , however , dismissed the claim and replaced Sanusi for alleged mismanagement of the central bank 's budget . A Senate committee also found Sanusi 's account to be lacking substance . After the conclusion of the NNPC 's account audit , it was announced in January 2015 that NNPC 's non-remitted revenue is actually US $1.48 billion , which it needs to refund back to the Government . In 2015 , Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari stated that corrupt officials have stolen $150 billion from Nigeria in the last 10 years . Culture Main article : Culture of Nigeria Literature Main article : Nigerian literature Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is Africa 's most popular and best selling literary piece ever , translated into over 40 languages across Africa and around the world . Nigerian citizens have authored many influential works of post-colonial literature in the English language . Nigeria 's best - known writers are Wole Soyinka , the first African Nobel Laureate in Literature , and Chinua Achebe , best known for the novel Things Fall Apart ( 1958 ) and his controversial critique of Joseph Conrad . Other Nigerian writers and poets who are well known internationally include John Pepper Clark , Ben Okri , Cyprian Ekwensi , Buchi Emecheta , Helon Habila , T.M. Aluko , Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie , Daniel O. Fagunwa , Femi Osofisan and Ken Saro Wiwa , who was executed in 1995 by the military regime . Nigeria has the second largest newspaper market in Africa ( after Egypt ) with an estimated circulation of several million copies daily in 2003 . Critically acclaimed writers of a younger generation include Chris Abani , Sefi Atta , Helon Habila , Helen Oyeyemi , Nnedi Okorafor , Kachi A. Ozumba , Sarah Ladipo Manyika , and Chika Unigwe . Media Main article : Media in Nigeria Music and film Main articles : Music of Nigeria , Cinema of Nigeria , and Festivals in Nigeria Nigeria has had a huge role in the development of various genres of African music , including West African highlife , Afrobeat , and palm - wine music , which fuses native rhythms with techniques that have been linked to the Congo , Brazil , Cuba , Jamaica and worldwide . Many late 20th - century musicians such as Fela Kuti have famously fused cultural elements of various indigenous music with American jazz and soul to form Afrobeat which has in turn influenced hip hop music . JuJu music , which is percussion music fused with traditional music from the Yoruba nation and made famous by King Sunny Adé , is also from Nigeria . There is also Fuji music , a Yoruba percussion style , created and popularised by Mr. Fuji , Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister . There is also the Afan Music invented and popularised by the Ewu - born poet and musician Umuobuarie Igberaese . There is a budding hip - hop movement in Nigeria . Kennis Music , the self - proclaimed number - one record label in Africa , and one of Nigeria 's biggest record labels , has a roster almost entirely dominated by hip - hop artists . Notable musicians from Nigeria include : Sade Adu , King Sunny Adé , Onyeka Onwenu , Dele Sosimi , Adewale Ayuba , Ezebuiro Obinna , Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister , Bennie King , Ebenezer Obey , Umobuarie Igberaese , Femi Kuti , Lagbaja , Dr. Alban , Wasiu Alabi , Bola Abimbola , Zaki Adze , Tuface Idibia , Aṣa , Nneka , Wale , P Square and D'Banj . An Eyo Iga Olowe Salaye masquerade jumping In November 2008 , Nigeria 's music scene ( and that of Africa ) received international attention when MTV hosted the continent 's first African music awards show in Abuja . Additionally , the very first music video played on MTV Base Africa ( the 100th station in the MTV network ) was Tuface Idibia 's pan-African hit `` African Queen '' . The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood ( a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood ) and is now the 2nd - largest producer of movies in the world . Nigerian film studios are based in Lagos , Kano and Enugu , forming a major portion of the local economy of these cities . Nigerian cinema is Africa 's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year . Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s , the country 's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable digital filming and editing technologies . T.B. Joshua 's Emmanuel TV , originating from Nigeria , is one of the most viewed television stations across Africa . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of Nigeria Nigerian cuisine , like West African cuisine in general , is known for its richness and variety . Many different spices , herbs and flavourings are used in conjunction with palm oil or groundnut oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with chili peppers . Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish , while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied . Sport A friendly match between Nigeria and Algeria at the Abuja National Stadium , in 2004 Football is largely considered Nigeria 's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football . Nigeria 's national football team , known as the `` Super Eagles '' , has made the World Cup on Six occasions 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 , and most recently in 2018 . In April 1994 , the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings , the highest ranking achieved by an African football team . They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980 , 1994 , and 2013 , and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup . They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics ( in which they beat Argentina ) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football . The nation 's cadet team from Japan ' 93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu , a two - time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan , Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth . Other players that graduated from the junior teams are Nduka Ugbade , Jonathan Akpoborie , Victor Ikpeba , Celestine Babayaro , Wilson Oruma and Taye Taiwo . Some other famous Nigerian footballers include John Obi Mikel , Obafemi Martins , Vincent Enyeama , Yakubu Aiyegbeni , Rashidi Yekini , Peter Odemwingie and Jay - Jay Okocha . According to the official May 2010 FIFA World Rankings , Nigeria was the second top - ranked football nation in Africa and the 21st highest in the world . Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball , cricket and track and field . Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria ; Dick Tiger and Samuel Peter are both former World Champions . Nigeria 's national basketball team made the headlines internationally when it qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as Greece and Lithuania . Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally recognised basketball players in the world 's top leagues in America , Europe and Asia . These players include Basketball Hall of Famer Hakeem Olajuwon , and later NBA draft picks Solomon Alabi , Yinka Dare , Obinna Ekezie , Festus Ezeli , Al - Farouq Aminu and Olumide Oyedeji . Nigeria made history by qualifying the first bobsled team for the Winter Olympics from Africa when their Women 's 2 - man team qualified for the bobsled competition at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games in Pyeongchang , South Korea . Societal issues Despite its vast government revenue from the mining of petroleum , Nigeria faces a number of societal issues , owing primarily to a history of inefficiency in its governance . Human Rights Main article : Human rights in Nigeria Nigeria 's human rights record remains poor ; according to the US Department of State , the most significant human rights problems are : use of excessive force by security forces ; impunity for abuses by security forces ; arbitrary arrests ; prolonged pretrial detention ; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary ; rape , torture and other cruel , inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners , detainees and suspects ; harsh and life ‐ threatening prison and detention centre conditions ; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour ; societal violence and vigilante killings ; child labour , child abuse and child sexual exploitation ; domestic violence ; discrimination based on ethnicity , region and religion . Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states , offences such as alcohol consumption , homosexuality , infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences , including amputation , lashing , stoning and long prison terms . Under a law signed in early 2014 , same - sex couples who marry face up to 14 years each in prison . Witnesses or anyone who helps gay couples marry will be sentenced to 10 years behind bars . The bill also punishes the `` public show of same - sex amorous relationships directly or indirectly '' with ten years in prison . Another portion of the bill mandates 10 years in prison for those found guilty of organising , operating or supporting gay clubs , organizations and meetings . In the Nigerian state of Akwa Ibom about 15,000 children were branded as witches and most of them end up abandoned and abused on the streets . Strife and sectarian violence See also : Conflict in the Niger Delta , Religious violence in Nigeria , and Herder -- farmer conflict in central Nigeria Nigerian states that implement some form of sharia law ( in green ) Because of its multitude of diverse , sometimes competing ethno - linguistic groups , Nigeria prior to independence was faced with sectarian tensions and violence , particularly in the oil - producing Niger Delta region , where both state and civilian forces employ varying methods of coercion in attempts gain control over regional petroleum resources . Some of the ethnic groups like the Ogoni , have experienced severe environmental degradation due to petroleum extraction . Since the end of the civil war in 1970 , some ethnic violence has persisted . There has subsequently been a period of relative harmony since the Federal Government introduced tough new measures against religious violence in all affected parts of the country . The 2002 Miss World pageant was moved from Abuja to London in the wake of violent protests in the Northern part of the country that left more than 100 people dead and over 500 injured . The rioting erupted after Muslims in the country reacted in anger to comments made by a newspaper reporter . Rioters in Kaduna killed an estimated 105 men , women , and children with a further 521 injured taken to hospital . Since 2002 , the country has seen sectarian violence by Boko Haram , an Islamist movement that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish Sharia law in the country . In the 2010 Jos riots , more than 500 people were killed by religious violence . Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in May 2014 claimed that Boko Haram attacks have left at least 12,000 people dead and 8,000 people crippled . In May 2014 Benin , Chad , Cameroon and Niger joined Nigeria in a united effort to combat Boko Haram in the aftermath of the 2014 Chibok kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls . In April 2016 , over 500 people in ten villages in predominantly Christian areas in Agatu were murdered by Fulani herdsmen . A visiting Nigerian Senator reported that all the primary and post-primary schools , health centres , worship centres as well as the police station in the area were destroyed . The UNHCR representative said in 20 years of work , she had `` never seen such a level of destruction '' . Media representation Drilling and Killing : Chevron and Nigeria 's Oil Dictatorship , an audio documentary produced by Amy Goodman first aired in 1998 on Democracy Now ! . Sweet Crude , a documentary film produced and directed by Sandy Cioffi about Nigeria 's oil - rich Niger Delta . Poison Fire , a documentary exposing oil and gas abuses in Nigeria , featuring Friends of the Earth Nigeria volunteers , which premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam . Nollywood Babylon , a 2008 documentary by Montrealers Ben Addelman and Samir Mallal about the Nigerian film industry , Nollywood . It premiered at the Festival de nouveau cinéma de Montréal 2008 . Women Nigeria is a state party of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women It also has signed Maputo Protocol , an international treaty on women 's rights , and the African Union Women 's Rights Framework . Discrimination based on sex is a significant human rights issue , however . Forced marriages are common . Child marriage remains common in Northern Nigeria. 39 % of girls are married before age 15 , although the Marriage Rights Act banning marriage of girls below 18 years of age was introduced on a federal level in 2008 . There is polygamy in Nigeria . Submission of the wife to her husband and domestic violence are common . Women have less land rights . Maternal mortality was at 814 per 100,000 Iive births in 2015 . Female genital mutilation is common . In 2015 , there was a federal ban . In Nigeria , at least half a million suffer from vaginal fistula , largely as a result of lack of medical care . Early marriages can result in fistula . Most workers in the informal sector are women . See also Nigeria portal Index of Nigeria - related articles Outline of Nigeria 2015 attack of Nigerian Army on Shi'a community Killing of Pro-Biafra Protesters ( 2015 - 2016 ) List of Languages in Nigeria Boko Haram in Context : The Terrorist Organizations 's Roots in Nigeria 's Social History References Jump up ^ `` Languages of Nigeria '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria '' . World Economic Outlook Database , January 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	approximately how many different languages are spoken in nigeria a. 6 c. 75 b. 29 d. 180	[ "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy.[8] With 186 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18.[9][10] The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures.[11][12] The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims, who live mostly in the north. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities." ]	[ "500" ]
-5374978288564787894	Mongol invasion of Rus'	Mongol invasion of Rus ' - wikipedia Mongol invasion of Rus ' Jump to : navigation , search Mongol conquest of Eastern Europe The Genghis Khan conquests Date 1223 -- 1240 Location Modern Russia , Ukraine and Belarus Result Decisive Mongol victory resulting in principalities of Kievan State becoming vassals of the Mongol Golden Horde . Belligerents Mongol Empire Vladimir - Suzdal Kiev Galicia - Volhynia Novgorod Republic Smolensk Turov and Pinsk Rostov Chernigov Ryazan Pereyaslavl Cumans Commanders and leaders Batu Khan Möngke Khan Subutai Jebe Boroldai Berke Orda Kadan Shiban Güyük Khan Mstislav the Bold Daniel of Galicia Mstislav III of Kiev ( POW ) , Mstislav II of Chernigov † Yuri II of Vladimir † Strength 1236 : 35,000 Mongol cavalry 40,000 + Turkic auxiliaries 1223 : ~ 20,000 cavalry 1236 : ~ 25,000 -- 50,000 total including garrisons and tribesmen Casualties and losses Unknown 500,000 ( 6 -- 7 % of the population of Rus ) Mongol invasions and conquests Asia Burma First Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Central Asia Qara Khitai Khwarezm China Western Xia Jin Song Dali Ziqi Japan Bun'ei Kōan Vietnam Bạch Đằng Other invasions India Java Korea Tibet Europe Rus ' Volga Bulgaria ( Samara Bend , Bilär ) Dzurdzuketia ( Chechnya ) Poland ( first ) Hungary ( first ) Bulgaria and Serbia Latin Empire Poland ( second ) Thrace Hungary ( second ) Poland ( third ) Serbia ( second ) Near East Khwarezmia Armenia Georgia Anatolia ( Köse Dağ ) Baghdad Levant Palestine ( Ain Jalut ) Mongol invasion of Rus ' Kalka River ( 1223 ) Voronezh River ( 1237 ) Ryazan ( 1237 ) Kolomna ( 1238 ) Moscow ( 1238 ) Vladimir ( 1238 ) Sit River ( 1238 ) Kozelsk ( 1238 ) Chernigov ( 1239 ) 1240 Batu raid Kiev ( 1240 ) As part of the Mongol invasion of Europe , the Mongol Empire invaded Kievan Rus ' in the 13th century , destroying numerous cities , including Ryazan , Kolomna , Moscow , Vladimir and Kiev . The campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in May 1223 , which resulted in a Mongol victory over the forces of several Rus ' principalities . The Mongols nevertheless retreated . A full - scale invasion of Rus ' by Batu Khan followed , from 1237 to 1240 . The invasion was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan . All Rus ' principalities were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire , some of which lasted until 1480 . The invasion , facilitated by the beginning of the breakup of Kievan Rus ' in the 13th century , had incalculable ramifications for the history of Eastern Europe , including the division of the East Slavic people into three separate nations : modern - day Russia , Ukraine and Belarus , and the rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Invasion of Batu Khan 3 Age of Tatar rule 4 Impact on development 5 Historiography 6 Influence on Rus ' society 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 Sources Background ( edit ) As it was undergoing fragmentation , Kievan Rus ' faced the unexpected eruption of an irresistible foreign foe coming from the mysterious regions of the Far East . `` For our sins '' , writes the Rus ' chronicler of the time , `` unknown nations arrived . No one knew their origin or whence they came , or what religion they practiced . That is known only to God , and perhaps to wise men learned in books '' . The princes of Rus ' first heard of the coming Mongol warriors from the nomadic Cumans . Previously known for pillaging settlers on the frontier , the nomads now preferred peaceful relations , warning their neighbors : `` These terrible strangers have taken our country , and tomorrow they will take yours if you do not come and help us '' . In response to this call , Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav Romanovich the Old joined forces and set out eastward to meet the foe , only to be routed on April 1 , 1223 at the Battle of the Kalka River . Although this defeat left the Rus ' principalities at the mercy of invaders , the Mongol forces retreated and did not reappear for thirteen years , during which time the princes of Rus ' went on quarrelling and fighting as before , until they were startled by a new and much more formidable invading force . In the Secret History of the Mongols , the only reference to this early battle is : `` Then he ( Chinghis Khan ) sent Dorbei the Fierce off against the city of Merv , and on to conquer the people between Iraq and the Indus . He sent Subetei the Brave off to war in the North where he defeated eleven kingdoms and tribes , crossing the Volga and Ural Rivers , finally going to war with Kiev . '' Invasion of Batu Khan ( edit ) See also : 1240 Batu raid of Ruthenia The vast Mongol hordes of around 35,000 mounted archers , commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai , crossed the Volga River and invaded Volga Bulgaria in late 1236 . It took them only a month to extinguish the resistance of the weak Volga Bulgarians , the Cumans - Kipchaks and the Alani . Sacking of Suzdal by Batu Khan in February 1238 ; miniature from the 16th - century chronicle . In November 1237 , Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir and demanded his submission . A month later , the hordes besieged Ryazan . After six days of bloody battle , the city was totally annihilated and inhabitants slaughtered . Alarmed by the news , Yuri II sent his sons to detain the invaders , but they were defeated and ran for their lives . Having burnt down Kolomna and Moscow , the horde laid siege to Vladimir on February 4 , 1238 . Three days later , the capital of Vladimir - Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground . The royal family perished in the fire , while the grand prince retreated northward . Crossing the Volga , he mustered a new army , which was encircled and totally annihilated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on March 4 . Thereupon Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units , which ransacked fourteen cities of modern - day Russia : Rostov , Uglich , Yaroslavl , Kostroma , Kashin , Ksnyatin , Gorodets , Galich , Pereslavl - Zalessky , Yuriev - Polsky , Dmitrov , Volokolamsk , Tver and Torzhok . Chinese siege engines were used by the Mongols under Tului to raze the walls of Russian cities . The most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk , whose boy - prince Vasily , son of Titus , and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven days , killing 4,000 . As the story goes , at the news of the Mongol approach , the whole town of Kitezh with all its inhabitants was submerged into a lake , where , as legend has it , it may be seen to this day . The only major cities to escape destruction were Novgorod and Pskov . The Mongols planned to advance on Novgorod , but the principality was spared the fate of its brethren by the wise decision to preemptively surrender . In mid-1238 , Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia . In the winter of 1239 , he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslav . After many days of siege , the horde stormed Kiev in December 1240 . Despite the resistance of Danylo of Halych , Batu Khan managed to take two of his principal cities , Halych and Volodymyr - Volynskyi . The Mongols then resolved to `` reach the ultimate sea '' , where they could proceed no further , and invaded Hungary ( under Batu Khan ) and Poland ( under Baidar and Kaidu ) . Batu Khan captured Pest , and then on Christmas Day 1241 , Esztergom . Age of Tatar rule ( edit ) See also : List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus ' Prince Michael of Chernigov was passed between fires in accordance with ancient Turco - Mongol tradition . Batu Khan ordered him to prostrate himself before the tablets of Genghis Khan . The Mongols stabbed him to death for his refusal to do obeisance to Genghis Khan 's shrine . This time the invaders came to stay , and they built for themselves a capital , called Sarai , on the lower Volga . Here the commander of the Golden Horde , as the western section of the Mongol empire was called , fixed his golden headquarters and represented his sovereign the grand khan who lived with the Great Horde in the Orkhon Valley . Here they had their headquarters and held parts of Rus ' in subjection for nearly three centuries . All of the Russian states , including Novgorod , Smolensk , Galich and Pskov , submitted to the Tatar - Mongol rule . The term by which this subjection is commonly designated , the Mongol or Tatar `` yoke '' , suggests terrible oppression , but in reality these nomadic invaders from Mongolia were not such cruel , oppressive taskmasters . In the first place , they never settled in the country , and they had little direct dealing with the inhabitants . In accordance with the admonitions of Genghis Khan to his children and grandchildren , they retained their pastoral mode of life , so that the subject races , agriculturists and dwellers in towns were not disturbed in their ordinary avocations . Golden Horde instituted census , taxes and tributes on the conquered lands , which were usually collected by local princes and brought to Sarai . It was only in the 14th and 15th centuries , with the rise of the Tatar khanates , that slave raids on the Slavic population became significant , with the purpose of trading slaves with the Ottoman Empire . The raids were an important drain of the human and economic resources of both Muscovy and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and they largely prevented the settlement of the `` Wild Fields '' -- the steppe and forest - steppe land extending from about a hundred miles south of Moscow to the Black Sea -- and they ultimately contributed to the development of the Cossacks . In religious matters , the Mongols were extremely tolerant . When they first appeared in Europe , they were shamanists , and as such they had no religious fanaticism . After adopting Islam they remained as tolerant as before , and the khan of the Golden Horde , who first became a Muslim , allowed the Rus ' to found a Christian bishopric in his capital . Nogai Khan , half a century later , married a daughter of the Byzantine emperor and gave his own daughter in marriage to a Rus ' prince , Theodor the Black . Some modern revisionist Russian historians ( most notably the Soviet era historian and `` Neo-Eurasianist '' ideologist Lev Gumilev ) even postulate that there was no invasion at all . According to them , the Rus ' princes concluded a defensive alliance with the Horde in order to repel attacks of the fanatical Teutonic Knights , which posed a much greater threat to the Rus ' religion and culture . These points represent the bright side of Tatar rule , but it also had its dark side . So long as a great horde of nomads was encamped on the frontier , the country was liable to be invaded by an overwhelming force . Fortunately , these invasions were not frequent , but when they occurred they caused an incalculable amount of devastation and suffering . In the intervals the people had to pay a fixed tribute . At first it was collected in a rough - and - ready fashion by Tatar tax - gatherers ; by about 1259 it was regulated by a census of the population ; and finally its collection was entrusted to the native princes , so the people were no longer brought into direct contact with the Tatar officials . Impact on development ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of East Slavs Middle Ages Early East Slavs Khazars Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Galicia -- Volhynia Mongol invasion Golden Horde Grand Duchy of Lithuania Grand Duchy of Moscow Early Modern period Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Modern period Russian Empire Revolutions of 1917 Russian Civil War Soviet Union Post-Soviet states Belarus Russian Federation Ukraine History of states History of Belarus History of Russia History of Ukraine The influence of the Mongol invasion on the territories of Kievan Rus ' was uneven . Colin McEvedy ( Atlas of World Population History , 1978 ) estimates the population of Kievan Rus ' dropped from 7.5 million prior to the invasion to 7 million afterwards . Centers such as Kiev took centuries to rebuild and recover from the devastation of the initial attack . The Novgorod Republic continued to prosper , and new entities , the rival cities of Moscow and Tver , began to flourish under the Mongols . Moscow 's eventual dominance of northern and eastern Rus ' was in large part attributable to the Mongols . After the prince of Tver joined a rebellion against the Mongols in 1327 , his rival prince Ivan I of Moscow joined the Mongols in crushing Tver and devastating its lands . By doing so he eliminated his rival , allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to move its headquarters to Moscow and was granted the title of Grand Prince by the Mongols . As such , the Muscovite prince became the chief intermediary between the Mongol overlords and the Rus ' lands , which paid further dividends for Moscow 's rulers . While the Mongols often raided other areas of Rus ' , they tended to respect the lands controlled by their principal collaborator . This , in turn , attracted nobles and their servants who sought to settle in the relatively secure and peaceful Moscow lands . Although Rus ' forces defeated the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 , Mongol domination of parts of Rus ' territories , with the requisite demands of tribute , continued until the Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480 . Historians argued that without the Mongol destruction of Kievan Rus ' , the Rus ' would not have unified into the Tsardom of Russia and , subsequently , the Russian Empire would not have risen . Trade routes with the East went through Rus ' territory , making them a center of trade between east and west . Mongol influence , while destructive to their enemies , had a significant long - term effect on the rise of modern Russia , Ukraine and Belarus . Historiography ( edit ) The Mongol conquest of Rus ' left a deep mark on Russian historiography . The ability of pagan nomads from inner Asia to subjugate Russia is according to Charles J. Halperin a source of embarrassment among the `` educated Russian society '' . This embarrassment is thought to be a contributing cause to the emergence of New Chronology pseudohistory that claims the conquest is a forgery . Influence on Rus ' society ( edit ) Principalities of Kievan Rus ' , 1220 -- 1240 . These principalities included Vladimir - Suzdal , Smolensk , Chernigov or Ryazan , annexed by the Duchy of Moscow in 1521 . Historians have debated the long - term influence of Mongol rule on Rus ' society . The Mongols have been blamed for the destruction of Kievan Rus ' , the breakup of the ancient Rus ' nationality into three components and the introduction of the concept of `` oriental despotism '' into Russia . Historians also credit the Mongol regime with an important role in the development of Muscovy as a state . Under Mongol occupation , for example , Muscovy developed its mestnichestvo hierarchy , postal road network ( based on Mongolian ortoo system , known in Russian as `` yam '' , hence the terms yamshchik , Yamskoy Prikaz , etc . ) , census , fiscal system and military organization . The period of Mongol rule over Russia included significant cultural and interpersonal contacts between the Russian and Mongolian ruling classes . By 1450 , the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow , Vasily II , who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech , and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames ( for example , a member of the Veliamanov family adopted the Turkic name `` Aksak '' and his descendants were the Aksakovs ) Many Russian boyar ( noble ) families traced their descent from the Mongols or Tatars , including Veliaminov - Zernov , Godunov , Arseniev , Bakhmetev , Bulgakov ( descendents of Bulgak ) and Chaadaev ( descendents of Genghis Khan 's son Chagatai Khan ) . In a survey of Russian noble families of the 17th century , over 15 % of the Russian noble families had Tatar or Oriental origins . The Mongols brought about changes in the economic power of states and overall trade . In the religious sphere , St. Paphnutius of Borovsk was the grandson of a Mongol baskak , or tax collector , while a nephew of Khan Bergai of the Golden Horde converted to Christianity and became known as the monk St. Peter Tsarevich of the Horde . In the judicial sphere , under Mongol influence capital punishment , which during the times of Kievan Rus ' had only been applied to slaves , became widespread , and the use of torture became a regular part of criminal procedure . Specific punishments introduced in Moscow included beheading for alleged traitors and branding of thieves ( with execution for a third arrest ) . See also ( edit ) Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Mongol and Tatar states in Europe Mongol invasion of Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ de Hartog , Genghis Khan : Conqueror of the World , pp. 165 -- 66 : notes that contemporary Mongol sources describe Batu as invading with 12 - 14 tumens , which would give him a nominal total of 120,000 - 140,000 men . However , the author also notes that tumens were often at less than full strength . Jump up ^ Fennell , John . `` The Crisis of Medieval Russia : 1200 - 1304 . '' London , 1983 . Page 85 . Excerpt : `` If we assume that each of the larger cities could field , say , between 3,000 and 5,000 men , we can arrive at a total of about 60,000 fighting troops . If we add to this another 40,000 from smaller towns and from the various Turkic allies in the Principality of Kiev , then the total coincides with the 100,000 estimated by S.M. Solov'ev in his History o Russia . But then this is only a rough estimate of the potential number . We have no idea how many , towns and districts actually mustered troops - for instance , it seems highly unlikely that Novgorod sent any at all . Certainly none came to help their outpost at Torzhok . Perhaps then half or a quarter - or even a smaller fraction - of the total was the most the Russians could muster . '' ^ Jump up to : Colin McEvedy , Atlas of World Population History ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ `` The Mongol Invasion of Russia in the 13th Century Study.com '' . Study.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Robert Kennaway ; Jülg , Bernhard ( 1911 ) . `` Mongols '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 712 -- 721 . Jump up ^ Boris Rybakov , Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII - XIII вв . ( Kievan Rus ' and Russian Princedoms in 12th and 13th Centuries ) , Moscow : Nauka , 1993 . ISBN 5 - 02 - 009795 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michell , Robert ; Forbes , Nevell ( 1914 ) . `` The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016 - 1471 '' . Michell . London , Offices of the society . p. 64 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( the University of Michigan ) John Merton Patrick ( 1961 ) . Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . Volume 8 , Issue 3 of Monograph series . Utah State University Press . p. 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . The Mongols invaded the Russian steppes at this time , reaching the Crimea before turning back at the Khan 's orders . The youngest son of Genghis , Tului , was given the special task of destroying walled cities during this campaign , employing the Chinese engines Jump up ^ Frank McLynn , Genghis Khan ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Henry Smith Williams The Historians ' History of the World , p. 654 Jump up ^ It has been noted that it was during the period of Mongol domination that `` the curve of Russian Western trade climbed steadily '' , as did its trade with the Orient . See Donald Ostrowski , Muscovy and the Mongols : Cross-cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier , Cambridge University Press , 1996 . Page 109 . Jump up ^ Paul Robert Magocsi . A History of Ukraine . University of Toronto Press , 1996 . Page 110 . Jump up ^ Richard Pipes. ( 1995 ) . Russia Under the Old Regime . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 61 - 62 Jump up ^ `` The Consequences of Mongolian Invasion '' . russia.rin.ru . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Halperin , Charles J. ( 2011 ) . `` False Identity and Multiple Identities in Russian History : The Mongol Empire and Ivan the Terrible '' . The Carl Beck Papers . The Center for Russian and East European Studies ( 2103 ) : 1 -- 71 . doi : 10.5195 / cbp. 2011.160 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ See Ostrowski , page 47 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George . ( 1970 ) . The Mongols and Russia . A History of Russia , Vol . III . New Haven : Yale University Press pp. 382 - 385 . Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George . ( 1970 ) . The Mongols and Russia . A History of Russia , Vol . III . New Haven : Yale University Press . The exact origins of the families surveyed were : 229 of Western European ( including German ) origin , 223 of Polish and Lithuanian origin ( this number included Ruthenian nobility ) , 156 of Tatar and other Oriental origin , 168 families belonged to the House of Rurik and 42 were of unspecified `` Russian '' origin . Jump up ^ Website of the Orthodox Church calendar , accessed July 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Vernadsky , George . ( 1970 ) . The Mongols and Russia . A History of Russia , Vol . III . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 354 - 357 This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. -- Russia . Further reading ( edit ) Allsen , Thomas T. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia . Cambridge UP . Atwood , Christopher P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire ( 2004 ) Christian , David . A History of Russia , Central Asia and Mongolia Vol. 1 : Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire ( Blackwell , 1998 ) Halperin , Charles J. Russia and the golden horde : the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history ( Indiana University Press , 1985 ) Sinor , Denis . `` The Mongols in the West . '' Journal of Asian History ( 1999 ) : 1 - 44 . in JSTOR Vernadsky , George . The Mongols and Russia ( Yale University Press , 1953 ) Halperin , Charles J. `` George Vernadsky , Eurasianism , the Mongols , and Russia . '' Slavic Review ( 1982 ) : 477 - 493 . in JSTOR Sources ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mongol invasion of Rus . Full Collection of Russian Annals , St. Petersburg , 1908 and Moscow , 2001 , ISBN 5 - 94457 - 011 - 3 . 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-7516435133514649005	8-track tape	8 - track tape - wikipedia 8 - track tape Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cartridge ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the eight - track cartridge . For eight - track multitracking , see Multitrack recording . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stereo 8 Media type Magnetic tape endless loop Encoding Stereo analog signal Capacity Four stereo channels Read mechanism Tape head Write mechanism Magnetic recording head Developed by Lear Industries Usage Audio storage Extended from Fidelipac / Mohawk cartridge The 8 - track tape ( formally Stereo 8 ; commonly known as the eight - track cartridge , eight - track tape , or simply eight - track ) is a magnetic tape sound - recording technology that was popular in the United States from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s , when the Compact Cassette format took over . The format is regarded as an obsolete technology , and was relatively unknown outside the United States , the United Kingdom , Canada , New Zealand , Australia , and Japan . Stereo 8 was created in 1964 by a consortium led by Bill Lear of Lear Jet Corporation , along with Ampex , Ford Motor Company , General Motors , Motorola , and RCA Victor Records ( RCA ) . It was a further development of the similar Stereo - Pak four - track cartridge introduced by Earl `` Madman '' Muntz , which was adapted by Muntz from the Fidelipac cartridge developed by George Eash . A later quadraphonic version of the format was announced by RCA in April 1970 and first known as Quad - 8 , then later changed to just Q8 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development of tape cartridges 1.2 Introduction of Stereo 8 1.3 Commercial success 1.4 Early karaoke machines 1.5 Other use 1.6 Decline and demise 2 Design 3 Composition 4 Comparison with compact cassette 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The original format for magnetic tape sound reproduction was the reel - to - reel tape recorder , first available in the United States in the late 1940s , but too expensive and bulky to be practical for amateur home use until well into the 1950s . Loading a reel of tape onto the machine and threading it through the various guides and rollers proved daunting to some casual users -- certainly , it was more difficult than putting a vinyl record on a record player and flicking a switch . Because in early years each tape had to be dubbed from the master tape in real - time to maintain good sound quality , prerecorded tapes were more expensive to manufacture , and costlier to buy , than vinyl records which could be stamped much quicker than their own playing time . To eliminate the nuisance of tape - threading , various manufacturers introduced cartridges that held the tape inside a metal or plastic housing to eliminate handling . Most were intended only for low - fidelity voice recording in dictation machines . The first tape cartridge designed for general consumer use , including music reproduction , was the Sound Tape or Magazine Loading Cartridge ( RCA tape cartridge ) , introduced in 1958 by RCA . Prerecorded stereophonic music cartridges were available , and blank cartridges could be used to make recordings at home , but the format failed to gain popularity . Development of tape cartridges ( edit ) The inside of an 8 - track cartridge . The black rubber pinch roller is at upper right . The endless loop tape cartridge was first designed in 1952 by Bernard Cousino around a single reel carrying a continuous loop of standard 1 / 4 - inch , plastic , oxide - coated recording tape running at 3.75 in ( 9.53 cm ) per second . Program starts and stops were signaled by a one - inch - long metal foil that activates the track - change sensor . ( Bill Lear had tried to create an endless - loop wire recorder in the 1940s , but gave up in 1946 . He would be inspired by Earl Muntz 's four - track design in the early 1960s . ) Inventor George Eash invented a cartridge design in 1953 , called the Fidelipac cartridge . The Eash cartridge was later licensed by manufacturers , notably the Collins Radio Company , which first introduced a cartridge system for broadcasting at the National Association of Broadcasters 1959 annual show . Fidelipac cartridges ( nicknamed `` carts '' by DJs and radio engineers ) were used by many radio stations for commercials , jingles , and other short items . Eash later formed Fidelipac Corporation to manufacture and market tapes and recorders , as did several others , including Audio - Pak ( Audio Devices Corp . ) . There were several attempts to sell music systems for cars , beginning with the Chrysler Highway Hi - Fi of the late 1950s ( which used discs ) . Entrepreneur Earl `` Madman '' Muntz of Los Angeles , California , however , saw a potential in these `` broadcast carts '' for an automobile music system . In 1962 he introduced his Stereo - Pak four - track cartridge stereo system and tapes , mostly in California and Florida . The four tracks were divided into two `` programs '' , typically corresponding to the two sides of an LP record , with each program comprising two tracks read simultaneously for stereo playback . He licensed popular music albums from the major record companies and duplicated them on these four - track cartridges , or `` CARtridges '' , as they were first advertised . Introduction of Stereo 8 ( edit ) The Lear Jet Stereo 8 track cartridge was designed by Richard Kraus while working under Bill Lear and for his Lear Jet Corporation in 1963 . The major change was to incorporate a neoprene rubber and nylon pinch roller into the cartridge itself , rather than to make the pinch roller a part of the tape player , reducing mechanical complexity . Lear also eliminated some of the internal parts of the Eash cartridge , such as the tape - tensioning mechanism and an interlock that prevented tape spillage . By doubling the number of tracks from 4 to 8 , the recording length doubled to 80 minutes . In 1964 , Lear 's aircraft company constructed 100 demonstration Stereo 8 players for distribution to executives at RCA and the auto companies . Commercial success ( edit ) Factory optional 8 - track stereo player in a 1967 American Motors ( AMC ) vehicle mounted between the center console and dash Factory installed AM / FM / 8 - track unit in 1978 AMC Matador with a Briefcase Full of Blues cartridge in `` play '' position The popularity of both four - track and eight - track cartridges grew from the booming automobile industry . In September 1965 , Ford Motor Company introduced factory - installed and dealer - installed eight - track tape players as an option on three of its 1966 models ( Mustang , Thunderbird , and Lincoln ) , and RCA Victor introduced 175 Stereo - 8 Cartridges from its RCA Victor and RCA Camden artist 's catalogs . By the 1967 model year , all of Ford 's vehicles offered this tape player upgrade option . Most of the initial factory installations were separate players from the radio ( such as shown in the image ) , but dashboard mounted 8 - track units were offered in combination with an AM radio , as well as with AM / FM receivers . Muntz , and a few other manufacturers , also offered 4 / 8 or `` 12 - track '' players that were capable of playing cartridges of either format , 4 - track or 8 - track . With the backing of the US automakers , the eight - track format quickly won out over the four - track format , with Muntz abandoning it completely by late 1970 . Despite its problems , the format gained steady popularity because of its convenience and portability . Home players were introduced in 1966 that allowed consumers to share tapes between their homes and portable systems . By the late 1960s , the 8 - track segment was the largest in the consumer electronics market and the popularity of 8 - track systems for cars helped generate demand for home units . `` Boombox '' type players were also popular but eight - track player / recorders failed to gain wide popularity and few manufacturers offered them . With the availability of cartridge systems for the home , consumers started thinking of eight - tracks as a viable alternative to vinyl records , not only as a convenience for the car . Within a year , prerecorded releases on eight - track began to arrive within a month of the vinyl release . The eight - track format became by far the most popular and offered the largest music library of all the tape systems . Eight - track players were fitted as standard equipment in most Rolls - Royce and Bentley cars of the period for sale in UK and worldwide . Optional 8 - track players were available in many cars and trucks through the early 1980s . Ampex , based in Elk Grove Village , Illinois , set up a European operation ( Ampex Stereo Tapes ) in London , England , in 1970 under general manager Gerry Hall , with manufacturing in Nivelles , Belgium , to promote 8 - track product ( as well as musicassettes ) in Britain and in Europe , but it struggled and folded in 1974 . Quadraphonic eight - track cartridges ( announced by RCA in April 1970 ) were also produced , Ford being particularly eager to promote in - car quadraphonic players as a pricey option . Neither Chrysler , General Motors , nor American Motors ever offered a quadraphonic tape player . The format enjoyed a moderate amount of success for a time but faded in the mid-1970s . These cartridges are sought by collectors since they provide four channels of discrete sound , unlike matrixed formats such as SQ , which Columbia / CBS Records used for their quadraphonic vinyl records . Early karaoke machines ( edit ) Daisuke Inoue invented the first karaoke machine in 1971 called the Juke - 8 . Other use ( edit ) Milton Bradley 's ( MB ) OMNI Entertainment System was an electronic quiz machine game , similar to Jeopardy ! or later You Do n't Know Jack video game series , using 8 - track tapes for playback analog audio for questions , instructions and answers as well as digital signals in magnetic tape data storage on remaining tracks to load the right answer for counting the score . Some year before the Mego Corporation launched the 2 - XL toy robot . Decline and demise ( edit ) Eight - track players became less common in homes and vehicles in the late 1970s . The compact cassette arrived in 1962 , and by the 1970s the eight - track cartridges had greatly diminished in popularity . In some Latin American countries as well as European , the format was abandoned in the mid-1970s in favor of the cassette . The UK never had as much use as the compact cassette in cars and home players were almost unknown in the UK . In the US , eight - track cartridges were phased out of retail stores by late 1982 . Some titles were still available as eight - track tapes through Columbia House and RCA ( BMG ) Music Service Record Clubs until late 1988 . Many of these late - period releases are highly collectible because of the low numbers that were produced and the few customers who ever purchased them . Among the most rare is Stevie Ray Vaughan 's Texas Flood . Another is Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band 's Live / 1975 - 85 , which was one of the very few boxed sets to be released on vinyl , cassette , compact disc , and eight - track tape . There is a debate among collectors about the last commercial eight - track released by a major label , but the fan website 8 Track Heaven can not find a major label release past Fleetwood Mac 's Greatest Hits in November 1988 . Radio Shack continued to sell blank eight - track cartridges under its Realistic brand until 1990 . The professional broadcast cart format survived for more than another decade at most radio stations . It was used to play and switch jingles , advertisements , station identifications , and music content until it was replaced by various computer - based methods in the 1990s . This format survived longer because it was used for relatively short sound loops , where starting from the beginning was more important than other criteria . The endless loop tape concept continues to be used in modern movie projectors , although in that application the spool is actively rotated and not drawn by tension on the film . That too , however , is being supplanted by digital cinema technologies . Some independent artists still release eight - track tapes , such as the US band RTB2 , who released We Are a Strange Man in 2011 . Also , bands sometimes release eight - tracks as special releases ; for example , The Melvins released a limited - time , live eight - track album , Cheap Trick issued a limited edition version of their album The Latest on the format on June 23 , 2009 , and power electronics solo artist Waves Crashing Piano Chords has released multiple eight - track tapes since 2012 , as well as starting an eight - track tape label , H8 - Track Stereo . In the book Journals , Kurt Cobain wrote about wanting to release Nirvana 's album In Utero as an 8 - track tape , but this never happened . Apart from a select group of highly collectible artists , the record club issues , and the quadraphonic releases , many eight - track tapes seem to have limited value to most collectors , especially if the tapes have been misused or appear to be worn . Design ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Cousino , Eash , Muntz , and Lear cartridges , tape was pulled from the center of the reel , passed across the opening at one end of the cartridge and wound back onto the outside of the same reel . The spool itself was freewheeling and the tape was driven only by tension from the capstan and pinch roller . With a reel turning at a constant rate , the tape around the hub has a lower linear velocity than the tape at the outside of the reel , so the tape layers must slip past each other as they approach the center . The tape was coated with a slippery backing material , usually graphite and patented by Bernard Cousino , to ease the continuous slip between the tape layers . While the design allowed simple , cheap , and mobile players , unlike a two - reel system , it did not permit rewinding of the tape . Some players offered fast - forward by speeding up the motor while cutting off the audio ; but rewinding was never offered , because it was technically impossible . Muntz 's cartridge had used two pairs of stereo tracks in the same configuration as then - current `` quarter track '' reel - to - reel tapes . This format was intended to parallel his source material , which was usually a single LP ( long playing ) record with two sides . Program switching was achieved by physically moving the head up and down mechanically by a lever . The Stereo 8 version doubled the amount of programming on the tape by providing eight total tracks , usually comprising four programs of two tracks each . Lear touted this as a great improvement , because much more music could be held inside a standard cartridge housing , but in practice this resulted in a slight loss of sound quality and an increase in background noise from the narrower tape tracks . Unlike the Stereo - Pak , the Stereo 8 could switch between tracks automatically , with the use of a small length of conductive foil at the splice joint on the tape , which would cause the player to change tracks as it passed the head assembly . The cartridges have an audible pause due to the presence of a length of metallic foil , which a sensor detects and signals the end of the tape and acts as a splice for the loop . The foil passes across a pair of electrical contacts which are in the tape path . Contact of the foil closes an electrical circuit that engages a solenoid which mechanically shifts the tape head to the level of the next track . Most players produced a mechanical click when switching programs , although early Lear players switched silently . Because of the expense of producing tape heads capable of reading eight tracks , most eight - track players have heads that read just two tracks . Switching from program to program is accomplished by moving the head itself . Since the alignment of the head to the tape is crucial to any tape system , and because eight - track systems were generally designed to be cheap , this configuration further degraded the sound of the eight - track tape . The Stereo 8 system was fairly simple , mechanically , but presented difficulties in various primary areas : Capstan wear and buildup . As tape residue , dirt and lubricant built up on the capstan , the tape speed would increase and , since the buildup was uneven , the tape speed would become correspondingly uneven . Similarly , some units were subject to the capstan wear , causing a decrease in tape speed . Technicians routinely kept a supply of new capstans on hand ready to install into worn decks for this reason , during the heyday of the format . Once the capstan wears only . 001 '' the tape speed slows . Replacing or resurfacing the capstan would restore operation . The old `` matchpack '' or `` matchbook '' under the tape fix while playing , was done primarily because the capstan was worn or polished , and would no longer grip the tape and play it at the correct speed . Replacing or resurfacing the capstan , restores proper operation without using a wedge under the tape . Head alignment . This was an issue for two reasons : a ) Azimuth misalignment results in reduced high frequencies , and b ) Head height misalignment allows sounds from adjacent tracks to bleed over , an effect sometimes known as `` double - tracking '' . This is due to the resultant time delay between the left and right channels resulting in a degradation of phase correlation . This effect is enhanced in an 8 - track system , as compared to either reel - to - reel or cassette , due to the larger physical distance , on the tape , between the left and right channel tracks . Resetting head height and azimuth is a primary service procedure required , when refurbishing any vintage tape deck . Once set the player will perform accurately . This format , unlike other tape formats , features a movable head with four positions . Among audio service technicians , there used to be a joke that `` the eight - track is the only audio device which knocks itself out of alignment four times during each album . '' When tracking / azimuth is set using a high quality ( ex : Columbia ) or alignment tape , correct operation will be restored . Some brands of 8 - track decks had adjustable tape head thumbwheel knobs on the front panel , so the listener could adjust the tracking , much like a VHS or Beta tape was adjusted for picture quality . The listener could then adjust the tape head individually for each tape , avoiding double tracking . The sensing foil that would allow the tape to switch programs , could dry up , fall off , and the tape would separate , and disappear inside the sealed cartridge . This was especially prevalent on bootleg tapes , that used cheaper sensing foils . Had the tape been reinforced on both sides at this point , the tapes would be much more reliable . Many modern collectors replace the old sensing foil with a more robust , properly reinforced foil . As of 2014 , rolls of new sensing foil and new pressure pads sell at a steady pace on eBay and other specialty online sites who cater to the format . The movement of the head at program switch point could sometimes pull the tape up or down , causing the tape to fold over and start playing the back side of the tape . The tape would continue to play , albeit muffled and barely audible . Continued playing would flip the entire tape over , so the tape would be wound on the reel inside with the backside showing . Many vintage tapes can be found with the back side of the tape , facing forward . The program switch point is often the place where the tapes would be ingested into the player i.e. `` eaten '' , when the tape head moved from program 4 , to program 1 - its furthest track change movement . While moving upward the head would grab the tape , fold it over , and when this fold hit the capstan , it would wrap around the capstan and ingest the tape into the player . The `` melted '' rubber pinch rollers that can be found in many early 8 - Track cartridges were the result of the rubber not being fully cured . After discovering this cause , later cartridges used only fully cured ( hard ) rubber pinch rollers that did not deteriorate as much over time . Tape tension was another cause of unreliability . Prerecorded eight - track tapes tended to hold only a single album , about 46 minutes of content , or 11.5 minutes per track . Consumers wanted the ability to record more music on a single cartridge , so manufacturers came out with units of greater capacity , i.e. 60 and 90 minutes tapes . A few 100 minutes tapes do exist . With the corresponding increase in tape length , there was a greater velocity differential between the tape being drawn from the center of the reel and the tape being fed back to the outer edge of the reel as it passed the capstan / pinch - roller assembly ( loop length ) . A 90 - minute tape also exerts more drag on the tape deck motor , making a large AC 120 volt motor imperative to play the longest tapes . Over time , cheaper tapes may tighten , making it more difficult to feed , and to maintain a constant playback speed . Once a tape sheds most of its graphite backing , it will bind up and the tape wo n't play . When the sliding tape pack would pull itself tight , for whatever reason , a jammed 8 - track cartridge was the result . A quick solution was to hold the cartridge in one hand , facing down , while pulling out a section of , about 4 - 6 ' in length from the outer winding side . A quick tug on the tape would cause it to immediately wind in and the result was a loosened up tape pack that would play correctly . Failing that , another solution was to open the cartridge , cut the tape at the splice , and relieve the excess tension by manually unwinding one or two sections from the outer edge of tape ( loop length ) while keeping the reel stationary , then re-splicing the tape , with a fresh piece of foil . Another , simpler fix was to shake the cassette in the plane of the tape reel with a rotary motion , sometimes this would cause the windings inside to rotate and loosen . If the cartridge has shed its graphite backing , it would have to be discarded . Small businesses that specialize in transferring audio tapes to digital format can remove the tape from the cartridge and play it on a small reel - to - reel player to extract maximum fidelity . A decrease in the quality of the parts used in the eight - track cartridge , that is , plastic pinch rollers , lubricant quality and quantity , etc. , was another blow to the faltering format . As these problems further reduced the reliability , sound quality , and consistent tape speed , the eight - track eventually developed a reputation for being unreliable . Composition ( edit ) The Stereo 8 introduced the problem of dividing up the programming intended for a two - sided LP record into four programs . Often this resulted in songs being split into two parts ( the split was often made during an instrumental break or a repeated chorus ) , song orders being reshuffled , shorter songs being repeated , and songs separated by long passages of silence . Some eight - tracks included extra musical content to fill in time such as a piano solo on Lou Reed 's Berlin , extra verses on The Rolling Stones ' Some Girls and a guitar solo in Pink Floyd 's Animals . In rare instances , an eight - track was able to be arranged exactly like the record album version , without any song breaks . Examples of this are Quadrophenia by The Who , and some versions of Days of Future Passed by The Moody Blues . Other examples of this rarity are Freeways by Bachman - Turner Overdrive , Bursting Out Live by Jethro Tull , Live Bullet and Nine Tonight by Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band , Caught Live + 5 by The Moody Blues , The Concert in Central Park by Simon & Garfunkel , Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs by Derek and The Dominoes , Octave by The Moody Blues , the US version of Three Sides Live by Genesis and Coda by Led Zeppelin ( a record club only release ) . Comparison with compact cassette ( edit ) There are numerous reasons for the format 's decline . Some of the inherent deficiencies of the format were : High wow and flutter due to the constantly changing load presented by the sliding tape pack Tendency to jam as the tape got dirty , the lubricant wore away , and the tape was exposed to heat Flattening of the pinch roller , over time , when a cartridge was left plugged in , causing increased wow and flutter Inability to attain and maintain head alignment due to the movable head design Rewind is impossible Consumer units with both play and recording function were rare and expensive The order of the songs was often changed , and program changes sometimes occurred in the middle of songs ( because the album had to be split into 4 programs , the tape length had to be that of the longest program , and any inequality in program length caused blanks that had to be fast - forwarded through ) As time went on , these issues were compounded as later cartridges started using cheaper , lower quality materials , such as plastic pinch rollers . Another contributing factor was an effort by record companies to reduce the number of formats offered . In the late 1970s , when sales of eight - tracks slipped , they were quick to abandon the format . While the cassette offered features that the eight - track lacked , such as smaller size , greater reliability and both rewinding and home recording capability , it also had disadvantages : Its tape speed was half that of Stereo 8 , producing theoretically lower sound quality The tape needed turning over after one side of playing was finished ( until late in the lifecycle of the compact cassette , when ' auto - reverse ' mechanisms became more popular ) It required greater mechanical complexity of the player However , constant development of the cassette turned it into a widespread high - fidelity medium and also lowered the cost and complexity . That , combined with the inherent deficiencies of the Stereo 8 format , contributed to its decline . See also ( edit ) Audio format Audio storage Birotron References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TelePro Cartridge Patent Fails , Billboard vol. 79 , No. 27 , 8 July 1967 p. 3 Jump up ^ `` What Are 8 - Track Tapes ? '' . wisegeek.com . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . While immensely popular in the United States for a period of time ... ^ Jump up to : `` Collector 's Corner : The History Of The Eight - Track Tape '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Just as the signs were all pointing to eight - track toppling vinyl as the format of choice for music lovers in the United States , Canada and to a lesser extent , in Great Britain , along came the audio cassette ^ Jump up to : `` What Are 8 - Track Tapes ? '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Outside of the United Kingdom , Canada , and a few other nations , the use of 8 - track technology was virtually unknown . Jump up ^ http://www.8trackheaven.com/archive/world.html Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ( 1971 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Bill Lear Thinks He 'll Have the Last Laugh '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` George Eash CARtridge inventor tells how it was born '' . Billboard. 78 ( 10 ) . 3 March 1966 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~cochinea/html-paper/a-crews-03-magnetic-media.html Jump up ^ `` Vintage Audio Recording History '' . Videointerchange.com. 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Despagni , Anthony J. ( 1976 ) . `` Some Help From Debussy For the Hassled Driver '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` RCA Fires 175 - Title Burst with Release of Stereo 8 Cartridges '' . Billboard. 77 ( 39 ) : 3 . 25 September 1965 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Larry G. ( 2000 ) . AMC Muscle Cars . MBI Publishing . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0761 - 8 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kussisto , Oscar P. ( 2 November 1968 ) . `` 8 - track market booms '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Shatavsky , Sam ( February 1969 ) . `` The best tape system for you '' . Popular Science . 194 ( 2 ) : 126 -- 129 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( 2008 ) . Do n't Stop Believin ' : How Karaoke Conquered the World and Changed My Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0306815834 . Jump up ^ Mitsui , Tōru ; Hosokawa , Shūhei ( 1998 ) . Karaoke around the world : global technology , local singing . London ; New York : Routledge . pp. 29 -- 42 . ISBN 9781280140877 . Jump up ^ Techmoan : MB OMNI Entertainment System - The 1980s 8 - Track games machine , YouTube 6 August 2017 Jump up ^ `` Record Club Only 8 - tracks '' . 8trackheaven.com . Archived from the original on 20 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.radioshackcatalogs.com/catalogs/1990/ Jump up ^ Floorwalker , Mike ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` 10 Music Recordings for the Insanely Determined '' . listverse.com . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slim 's 8 - Track '' . Themelvins.net . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Carnoy , David ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` New Cheap Trick album available on 8 - track tape '' . CNET . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 8 - track tape . `` A Survey of Recordable Magnetic Media '' by Andrew D. Crews , December , 2003 , University of Texas , accessed 8 August 2006 So Wrong They 're Right - A 1995 documentary about 8 - track enthusiasts 8 - Track Heaven 8 - Track Moments Listen to the sound of the 8 - Track click Bill Lear Invents the 8 - Track and Brings in Ford , Motorola , and RCA Victor . Recording History.org Physical audio recording formats Analog Phonautogram ( 1857 ) Phonograph cylinder ( 1877 ) Phonograph record ( 1894 ) Wire recording ( 1898 ) Sound - on - film ( 1919 ) Tefifon ( 1936 ) Reel - to - reel tape ( 1940s ) SoundScriber ( 1945 ) Gray Audograph ( 1945 ) Dictabelt ( 1947 ) LP record ( 1948 ) On - the - ribs recordings ( late 1940s ) RCA tape cartridge ( 1958 ) Fidelipac ( 1959 ) Stereo - Pak ( 1962 ) Compact Cassette ( 1963 ) 8 - track ( 1964 ) PlayTape ( 1966 ) Mini-Cassette ( 1967 ) Microcassette ( 1969 ) Steno - Cassette ( 1971 ) Elcaset ( 1976 ) Picocassette ( 1985 ) Digital Soundstream ( 1976 ) X80 / ProDigi ( 1980 ) Compact disc ( 1982 ) DASH ( 1982 ) Digital Audio Tape ( 1987 ) ADAT ( 1991 ) MiniDisc ( 1992 ) NT ( 1992 ) Digital Compact Cassette ( 1992 ) DA - 88 ( 1993 ) High Definition Compatible Digital ( 1995 ) 5.1 Music Disc ( 1997 ) Super Audio CD ( 1999 ) DVD - Audio ( 2000 ) USB flash drive ( as audio format ) ( 2004 ) Hi - MD ( 2004 ) slotMusic ( 2008 ) BD - Audio ( 2008 ) HFPA ( 2013 ) Music technology Music technology Mechanical Electrical Electronic and digital Sound recording Audio channel Audio console ( mixing board ) Binaural recording Digital audio workstation ( DAW ) Effects unit Equalizer Headphones Microphone Microphone preamplifier Monitor speaker Multitrack recording Music production Music sequencer Outboard gear Recording media Phonograph record Magnetic tape Compact cassette Compact disc DAT Hard disk MiniDisc MP3 Opus Analog recording 8 - track cartridge Amplifier Cassette deck Comparison of analog and digital recording Experimental musical instrument Phonograph Player piano Reel - to - reel audio tape recording Tape recorder Playback transducers Loudspeaker Headphones Monitor speaker PA system Sound reinforcement system Speaker enclosure Subwoofer Digital audio Digital recording Digital signal processing Live music Audio console Bass amplifier Effects unit Foldback Guitar amplifier Keyboard amplifier PA system Radio Reverberation Sound reinforcement system Electronic music Chiptune Circuit bending Drum machine Electronic drums Electronic musical instrument MIDI MIDI controller Music workstation Sampler Sequencer Sound module Synthesizer Theremin Software Digital audio editor Digital audio workstation GarageBand ProTools Scorewriter Software effect processor Software sampler Software synthesizer Professions Audio engineer DJ Guitar technician Mixing engineer Monitor engineer Piano tuner Record producer Re-recording mixer Sound designer Sound follower Sound operator Sound recording engineer Tape op People and organizations Audio Engineering Society Goji Electronics Institute of Broadcast Sound Lejaren Hiller IRCAM Max Mathews Musical Electronics Library Professional Lighting and Sound Association Robert Moog SMPTE STEIM Related topics Audiophile High fidelity Home audio Home cinema Music store Professional audio store New Interfaces for Musical Expression ( NIME ) Vehicle audio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8-track_tape&oldid=803662491 '' Categories : Audiovisual introductions in 1964 Audio storage Tape recording Discontinued media formats Quadraphonic sound American inventions 1964 in music 1964 in technology Products introduced in 1964 1970s fads and trends Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2014 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles that may contain original research from February 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 21 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the 8 track tape come out	[ "Stereo 8 was created in 1964 by a consortium led by Bill Lear of Lear Jet Corporation[6], along with Ampex, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Motorola, and RCA Victor Records (RCA). It was a further development of the similar Stereo-Pak four-track cartridge introduced by Earl \"Madman\" Muntz, which was adapted by Muntz from the Fidelipac cartridge developed by George Eash. A later quadraphonic version of the format was announced by RCA in April 1970 and first known as Quad-8, then later changed to just Q8." ]	[ "1964" ]
-119444201819321536	The 100 (novel series)	The 100 ( novel series ) - wikipedia The 100 ( novel series ) The 100 ( novel series ) The 100 's first edition cover The 100 Day 21 Homecoming Rebellion Author Kass Morgan Country United States Language English Publisher Little , Brown Books for Young Readers Published September 3 , 2013 September 25 , 2014 February 26 , 2015 December 6 , 2016 Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) No. of books The 100 is a series of young adult science fiction novels by Kass Morgan . The first book in the series , The 100 , was published on September 3 , 2013 , by Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Day 21 , its sequel , was released on September 25 , 2014 , and Homecoming was released on February 26 , 2015 . A fourth novel , Rebellion , was released on December 6 , 2016 . Prior to the publication of the first book , television producer Jason Rothenberg became interested in adapting the story for the screen . The eponymous TV series adaptation premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW Network , starring Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley as Clarke Griffin and Bellamy Blake , respectively . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 The 100 1.2 The 100 : Day 21 1.3 The 100 : Homecoming 1.4 The 100 : Rebellion 2 Reception 3 Television adaptation 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) A boxed set of the four books of The 100 . The 100 ( edit ) The series is set three generations after a thermonuclear apocalypse , wherein the only known survivors of the human race live in a space colony consisting of satellites joined together in orbit around the Earth and governed by The Chancellor , who leads its legislative council . Resources are so scarce that all crimes , no matter how small , are punishable by death , unless the perpetrator is under 18 years of age . The 100 begins with Clarke Griffin , a former medical student , being arrested for a crime committed by her parents : conducting illegal experiments on children under threat of the corrupt Vice Chancellor Rhodes . Clarke confides in her best friend Wells , The Chancellor 's son . Despite swearing secrecy to Clarke , Wells tells his father , hoping to save the Griffins from Rhodes . His plan backfires , the Griffins are arrested , and his relationship with Clarke disintegrates . Two years later , the Colony decides to send 100 of its teenage prisoners to investigate whether or not Earth is habitable . Among the 100 are Clarke , Wells , Octavia Blake , her older brother Bellamy Blake , and Clarke 's friend , Thalia . The group crashes somewhere on the East Coast in the former United States . Once there , the 100 struggle to survive in a world very different from the past Earth . Clarke tends to the wounded , and Bellamy gradually develops a romantic interest in her . It is revealed that Octavia had become a drug addict while in prison . A few days later , someone sets fire to the camp , killing Thalia . As the survivors investigate , they discover a farm not too far from the site , leading them to the realization that they are not alone . The 100 : Day 21 ( edit ) Twenty - one days after they land on Earth , the 100 continue to face recurring attacks from an unknown enemy . Octavia has been missing since the fire . Wells tries to maintain morale , while Bellamy tries to find his sister . The 100 find an Earthborn girl , Sasha Walgrove , and hold her hostage . Sasha tells them that they have landed in the former state of Virginia , and that there are people from the Colony who arrived before the 100 . Bellamy believes that Sasha 's people are responsible for Octavia 's disappearance and demands that Sasha reveal their location . Wells and Sasha bond , and Sasha helps Wells find food for the surviving colonists . In space , the people of the Colony fight to get into their drop ships as the space station 's life support begins to fail ; Clarke and Wells ' friends , Glass and Luke , are among the people desperately trying to get to Earth . However , they find themselves at the mercy of Vice Chancellor Rhodes , who is willing to kill to get into one of the dropships . Sasha leads Clarke and Bellamy to a colony beneath the ruins of Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center . There , they meet her father , Max Walgrove , who is the leader of the colony . Octavia is at Mount Weather , having been rescued by Max and his people from a group of renegades . These renegades are responsible for the attacks on the 100 . Max and his people promise that they will continue helping the 100 , and will provide further support once the rest of the Colony arrives . At this point , they find dropships from the Colony falling from the sky . Wells eventually realizes that there is something familiar about Bellamy and Octavia ; ultimately , he discovers that their mother was Melinda Blake , the woman his father had loved before marrying Wells ' mother for the sake of his career . This discovery leads Wells and Bellamy to realize that they are paternal half - brothers . The 100 : Homecoming ( edit ) After the dropships crash , Clarke , Bellamy , and Wells lead a rescue party to the crash site , allowing Clarke and Wells to reunite with Glass and Luke . Clarke ponders leaving the camp to search for her parents . The Chancellor , still in a coma , remains trapped in the Colony above Earth . Vice Chancellor Rhodes takes control over the community on Earth , planning to force Luke to execute Bellamy , as a warning to anyone attempting to challenge him . With Sasha 's help , Clarke and Wells escape with the wounded Bellamy . In addition , Glass and Luke flee the camp to escape Vice Chancellor Rhodes . One of Rhodes ' men kills Sasha when she tries to get more supplies . Rhodes plans to attack Mount Weather to recapture Bellamy , Clarke , and Wells . As Mount Weather prepares for Rhodes ' attack , some of the Colonists revolt and join their benefactors against Rhodes . Clarke , Bellamy , and Wells are captured during the initial exchange , but another faction of Earthborns defeat and capture Rhodes before he can execute Bellamy . Later , more colonists from other dropships arrive , and one of the arrivals informs Wells that his father was still in a coma , with only a few hours of oxygen left when their dropship departed . Before Sasha 's funeral , Clarke reunites with her parents at Mount Weather . She reconciles with Wells but will not resume their past relationship because she is romantically involved with Bellamy . The 100 : Rebellion ( edit ) A fourth novel , Rebellion , was released on December 6 , 2016 . A month after the previous novel , Bellamy begins showing signs of what Clarke thinks is paranoia when he obsesses over small details in the woods . However , a group of self - proclaimed `` Protectors '' infiltrates their camp and abducts several of its inhabitants , including Wells , Glass and Octavia . As Clarke and Bellamy organize a rescue team to take their new enemy down , their relationship is put to the ultimate test when Bellamy does n't think Clarke trusts him . Eventually , the rescue team and prisoners are able to take the Protectors down as a team effort and in the aftermath , Clarke and Bellamy make up and with her parents ' blessing , he asks her to marry him . Reception ( edit ) Publisher Weekly commented that Morgan 's flair for the dramatic in The 100 `` can be forced , but it 's easy to be drawn in '' . In addition , Booklist calls The 100 `` dark and riveting '' , blending `` science fiction , romance , and characters ' shadow sides with a mostly engrossing plotline . The 100 reached # 13 on The New York Times ' Young Adult Best Seller List . Kirkus Reviews commented Day 21 is `` faster paced than '' its predecessor . Television adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The 100 ( TV series ) On May 9 , 2013 , The CW Television Network announced that the pilot was officially ordered to series for the 2013 -- 14 American television season . The series is developed by Jason Rothenberg , and premiered on March 19 , 2014 . In March 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season , which premiered on April 24 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 100 By Kass Morgan ( Hardcover Book , 2013 ) '' . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Day 21 By Kass Morgan ( Hardcover Book , 2014 ) '' . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Homecoming By Kass Morgan ( Trade Paperback , 2015 ) '' . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kass Morgan to Continue The 100 Series with ' Rebellion ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Book Review : The 100 by Kass Morgan '' . Publishersweekly.com:8080 . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , Julie . `` The 100 '' . Booklist. 1 ( 110 ) : 111 . Jump up ^ `` Young Adult Books - Best Sellers - April 6 , 2014 '' . The New York Times . 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` DAY 21 '' . Kirkus Reviews . 20 ( 82 ) : 468 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed For Season 5 By CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Sets ' Life Sentence ' , ' iZombie ' , ' The 100 ' & ' The Originals ' Premiere Dates , Moves ' Dynasty ' To Friday -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official Tumblr Wikiquote has quotations related to : The 100 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_100_(novel_series)&oldid=864702888 '' Categories : Young adult novel series 2013 American novels 2014 American novels 2015 American novels 2016 American novels The 100 American adventure novels American post-apocalyptic novels American young adult novels Debut novels Novels about colonialism Novels set in Virginia World War III speculative fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 22 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the 100 book 2 coming out	[ "The 100 is a series of young adult science fiction novels by Kass Morgan. The first book in the series, The 100, was published on September 3, 2013, by Little, Brown Books for Young Readers.[1] Day 21, its sequel, was released on September 25, 2014,[2] and Homecoming was released on February 26, 2015.[3] A fourth novel, Rebellion, was released on December 6, 2016.[4]\n" ]	[ "September 25, 2014" ]
5726531898998249011	McDonald's New Zealand	McDonald 's New Zealand - Wikipedia McDonald 's New Zealand McDonald 's New Zealand Type Subsidiary Industry Restaurant Genre Fast food Founded 4 November 1975 ( incorporation ) 7 June 1976 ( first restaurant ) Headquarters Greenlane , Auckland , New Zealand Number of locations 167 ( as of 2017 ) Area served New Zealand Key people David Howse ( Managing Director ) Products Hamburgers chicken french fries soft drinks milkshakes desserts pies coffee breakfast Services Franchising Parent McDonald 's Corporation Subsidiaries Georgie Pie Website mcdonalds.co.nz McDonald 's Restaurants ( New Zealand ) Limited is the New Zealand subsidiary of the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald 's . Its first location opened in 1976 . McDonald 's New Zealand currently has over 160 restaurants operating nationwide , serving an estimated one million people each week . As with McDonald 's locations worldwide , the franchise primarily sells hamburgers , cheeseburgers , chicken , french fries , breakfast items , soft drinks , milkshakes and desserts . In response to changing consumer tastes , the company has expanded its menu to include salads , fish , wraps , smoothies , and fruit . The company also operates the Georgie Pie and McCafé chains within many of its stores ; through the latter McDonald 's is the largest coffee shop brand in the country . McDonald 's New Zealand operations are based in Greenlane , Auckland . Contents 1 History 1.1 1970s 1.2 1980s 1.3 1990s 1.4 2000s 1.5 2010s 1.5. 1 Create your taste 1.5. 2 All Day Breakfast 1.5. 3 40th Anniversary 2 Delivery 3 Products 4 Employment relations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) 1970s ( edit ) New Zealand 's first McDonald 's restaurant , Porirua , 1976 The first McDonald 's restaurant in New Zealand opened on Cobham Court in central Porirua on Monday 7 June 1976 , however it was not officially opened until the following Saturday . The original menu featured the Big Mac ( 75 cents ) , Quarter Pounder ( 65c ) , Quarter Pounder with Cheese ( 75c ) , Filet - O - Fish ( 65c ) , cheeseburger ( 40c ) and hamburger ( 30c ) . Problems were encountered opening the restaurant due to strict import laws at the time , which limited importing of overseas products that could be produced in New Zealand . The kitchen for the Porirua restaurant was imported on the condition that it was to allow local companies to reproduce it , and it was to be sent back after 12 months . However , the kitchen had been cemented into the floor and removing parts of it while still maintaining the restaurant operation meant it was impossible . The New Zealand affiliate eventually negotiated with the Corporation to import more kitchens in exchange for a large surplus of cheese the New Zealand Dairy Board ( now Fonterra ) had . Once the Porirua restaurant was open , there were additional problems with the supply chain , with frequent industrial unrest often shutting down suppliers without warning for weeks on end . An industrial dispute shut down the bun supplier in mid-1976 , resulting in McDonald 's staff having to drive all over Wellington to find substitute buns , and then cutting the sesame seed buns for the Big Mac using two bandsaws placed side - by - side . Beef patties were initially supplied from the Gear Meat Company in Petone , although supply was haphazard until a purpose - built meat forming machine was acquired in 1977 . Like many other companies at the time , Gear Meat was plagued by industrial unrest and closed down without warning in 1982 , leaving McDonald 's to import beef patties from Australia . The affiliate acquired Gear Meat 's patty - forming machine and moved it to Auckland to secure production . By coincidence , part of Gear Meat 's former site now contains a McDonald 's restaurant . The Auckland Savings Bank Building on Queen Street , Auckland CBD , pictured in 2008 . It has contained a McDonalds restaurant since 1977 . The second New Zealand restaurant opened in the old Auckland Savings Bank Building on Queen Street , Auckland in July 1977 . Restaurants in New Lynn and Lower Hutt opened in 1978 , being the first restaurants with drive - throughs . By the end of the decade , restaurants had also opened in Takapuna , Henderson , and Courtenay Place ( central Wellington ) . 1980s ( edit ) Expansion in the first ten years was initially limited to the North Island . The first South Island restaurants opened on 3 November 1987 at Merivale and Linwood in Christchurch . Problems finding franchisees meant the opening of the third restaurant at Riccarton was delayed until later , while the franchisees of the Whangarei restaurant transferred south to the Merivale restaurant on the possibility of a second restaurant in the future . Both restaurants almost broke worldwide opening day records , just losing the title due to a poor exchange rate . 1990s ( edit ) A McDonald 's restaurant with a McCafé in Petone , Lower Hutt The 50th New Zealand McDonald 's restaurant opened in 1991 at Chartwell Square Mall , Hamilton . The 100th restaurant opened five years later at the Auckland University of Technology . Breakfast meals were introduced in the same year , first at the Auckland Queen Street restaurant before expanding nationally . McDonald 's purchased the fast - food chain Georgie Pie from Progressive Enterprises in 1996 . The Georgie Pie chain closed in 1998 , with half of the 32 restaurants converting to McDonald 's and the remainder sold off . From 1997 - 1999 the company endorsed McDonald 's Young Entertainers , a talent show for young New Zealanders . 2000s ( edit ) In 2004 , the Happy Meal children 's menu celebrated 25 years since its introduction in 1979 . In the same year , nutrition labelling was introduced to packaging on McDonald 's core menu items . In 2009 , the original Porirua McDonald 's restaurant in Cobham Court closed , replaced by a new restaurant with drive - through a short distance away in Kenepuru Drive . 2010s ( edit ) In May 2013 , McDonald 's announced it would bring Georgie Pie back on a trial basis , selling a single pie flavour through several McDonald 's restaurants in the Upper North Island . Later in October , it announced it would roll out Georgie Pie to all McDonald 's restaurants nationwide , excluding those who could not accommodate the necessary equipment . Create Your Taste ( edit ) In 2014 McDonald 's introduced ' Create Your Taste ' to New Zealand . The customer creates a gourmet burger from scratch on the touch - screen `` kiosk '' and the burger , fries and drink are delivered to them at their table . A related competition invited customers to submit their burger creations to the McDonald 's website and relied on users to vote for their favourite design . The competition was pulled in July 2016 after website users created burgers with offensive names . All Day Breakfast ( edit ) Following the United States and Australia , McDonald 's launched the All Day Breakfast menu in New Zealand on May 4 , 2016 . The menu consists of a limited range of breakfast products , which are : Hotcakes Hashbrown NYC and BLT Bagels Bacon and Egg McMuffin Chicken McMuffin Chicken and Bacon McMuffin 40th anniversary ( edit ) McDonald 's celebrated 40 years in New Zealand on 7 June 2016 ; the Queen Street Auckland restaurant marked the anniversary with 1970s retro service and items on the original menu sold at their 1976 prices . At that date , McDonald 's had 166 restaurants operating in New Zealand ; a 167th restaurant at Silverstream , Upper Hutt was closed awaiting rebuilding after it caught fire in February 2016 . Delivery ( edit ) McDonald 's announced McDelivery , a delivery service , would start being trialed in Auckland starting 20 July 2016 in New Lynn and Glenfield . All deliveries will require a $25 order and comes with a $7.50 delivery fee . Products ( edit ) The McDonald 's Kiwiburger Further information : List of McDonald 's products See also : International availability of McDonald 's products McDonald 's New Zealand sells products consistent with its international markets -- including the chain 's signature product , the Big Mac . Items unique to the New Zealand menu include : Kiwiburger -- A take on the classic New Zealand hamburger : quarter - pound beef patty , egg , lettuce , tomato , beetroot , onion , ketchup and mustard . Introduced in 1991 as a permanent menu item but withdrawn in 2004 due to complications with the egg and beetroot . It has returned as a limited - time item in 2007 , 2009 and every year from 2011 to 2015 . Kiwi Big Breakfast -- similar to the international Big Breakfast , containing toasted English muffins , scrambled eggs and hash brown , but with the noticeable difference being link sausages instead of sausage patties . This product is not available on the All Day Breakfast menu . Massive McMuffin -- bacon , egg , cheese , two sausage patties and ketchup between two English muffins . This product is not available on the All Day Breakfast menu . Georgie Pie -- A flaking pie pastry containing either Steak Mince And Cheese or Bacon and Egg . The Boss -- A double - patty burger with lettuce , tomato , mayonnaise and Swiss cheese . Breakfast Bagels -- bagels on the breakfast menu that come in two flavours : NYC Benedict or BLT . These products are available on the All Day Breakfast menu . Chicken McMuffin -- a McChicken patty on two English Muffins with a slice of cheese and mayonnaise . Employment relations ( edit ) McDonald 's New Zealand has union representation . This has led to demands for equal pay with other fast food sector employees , such as those in KFC . There were also protests about favouritism of police officers and the accused harassment of one member staff for being gay . The demand for higher wages ultimately led to a strike which began on 22 May 2013 in the Bunny St McDonald 's in Wellington . In May 2013 , the Fifth National Government reintroduced a youth minimum wage for 16 - and 17 - year - olds at 80 percent of the adult minimum wage . McDonald 's was one of seven major companies employing young people to reject a youth minimum wage and insisting young employees be paid at least the adult minimum wage . See also ( edit ) List of hamburger restaurants Food portal Companies portal New Zealand portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` McDonald 's Restaurants ( New Zealand ) Limited -- Companies Office '' . Ministry of Business , Innovation and Employment . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organisation McDonald 's New Zealand '' . Mcdonalds.co.nz . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Macca 's Story McDonald 's New Zealand '' . Mcdonalds.co.nz . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big NZ plans for big US burgers '' . Television New Zealand . 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ McDonald 's New Zealand Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) . `` It 's Back to Basics for McDonald 's '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us McDonald 's New Zealand '' . mcdonalds.co.nz . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hepözden , p. 39 Jump up ^ Hepözden , p. 65 Jump up ^ Hepözden , p. 68 Jump up ^ Hepözden , p. 83 - 4 Jump up ^ Hepözden , p. 50 Jump up ^ Hepözden , pp. 112 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Georgie Pie helps lift sales at McDonald 's '' . The New Zealand Herald . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Big Dane ' : big heart - and dreams Jump up ^ Hepözden , p. 163 Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's takes Georgie Pie nationwide '' . Fairfax New Zealand . 1 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Barrell , Ryan ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` McDonald 's Decided To Let The Internet Design Burgers And It All Went Very Wrong '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Big Mac for 75c ? McDonald 's goes back 40 years , takes prices with it '' . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Tommy ; Nicholl , Jared ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Huge fire at Silverstream McDonald 's is extinguished '' . The Dominion Post . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KFC keeps eye on home delivery trial by rival '' . New Zealand Herald . 21 July 2016 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kiwiburger McDonald 's New Zealand '' . mcdonalds.co.nz . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McSpotlight ^ Jump up to : Greenleft.org Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's workers protest police discount '' . Television New Zealand . 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Backhouse , Matthew ; Shuttleworth , Kate ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` Supermarkets still considering new youth wage '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Hepözden , Rosemary ( 2011 ) . O'Flaherty , Brian , ed . Golden Arches under Southern Skies : Celebrating 35 years of McDonald 's in New Zealand . in co-op with McDonald 's Restaurants ( NZ ) Ltd . Auckland : Renaissance Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9864521 - 1 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to McDonald 's restaurants in New Zealand . Official Website McDonald 's History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets Buttermilk Crispy Tenders McChicken Snack Wrap Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McFlurry McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe Fruit and Walnut Salad McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Video Game McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Related McDelivery Big Mac Index Bill Elliott McDonald 's Young Entertainers McWords San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre `` Seriously McDonalds '' Sydney River McDonald 's murders Taiwan McDonald 's bombings Urban legends Boom , Like That The Founder ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McDonald%27s_New_Zealand&oldid=846889153 '' Categories : Fast - food chains of New Zealand New Zealand subsidiaries of foreign companies Fast - food hamburger restaurants McDonald 's subsidiaries 1976 introductions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use New Zealand English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 14 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first mcdonalds open in new zealand	[ "McDonald's Restaurants (New Zealand) Limited[1] is the New Zealand subsidiary of the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's. Its first location opened in 1976.[3] McDonald's New Zealand currently has over 160 restaurants operating nationwide,[4] serving an estimated one million people each week.[5]\n" ]	[ "1976" ]
-4024377255926803158	Parliament of the United Kingdom	Parliament of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Parliament of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 57th UK Parliament Type Type Bicameral Houses House of Lords House of Commons Leadership Monarch Elizabeth II Since 6 February 1952 Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler Since 1 September 2016 Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow Since 22 June 2009 Structure Seats 1,448 consisting of 798 Lords Temporal and Spiritual 650 Members of Parliament ( MPs ) Lords political groups HM Government Conservative Party ( 253 ) Confidence and supply Democratic Unionist Party ( 4 ) HM Most Loyal Opposition Labour Party ( 199 ) Other opposition Liberal Democrats ( 100 ) Non-affiliated ( 30 ) UKIP ( 3 ) Ind . Labour ( 2 ) Ulster Unionist Party ( 2 ) Green Party ( 1 ) Ind . Social Democrat ( 1 ) Ind . Ulster Unionist ( 1 ) Plaid Cymru ( 1 ) Crossbench Crossbenchers ( 176 ) Lords Spiritual Bishops ( 25 ) ( sit with government ) Speaker Lord Speaker Commons political groups HM Government Conservative Party ( 316 ) Confidence and supply Democratic Unionist Party ( 10 ) HM Most Loyal Opposition Labour Party ( 262 ) Other opposition Scottish National Party ( 35 ) Liberal Democrats ( 12 ) Sinn Féin ( 7 ) Plaid Cymru ( 4 ) Green Party ( 1 ) Independent Unionist ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) Speaker Speaker ( 1 ) Elections Commons last election 8 June 2017 Meeting place Palace of Westminster , London , United Kingdom Website www.parliament.uk The Parliament of the United Kingdom , commonly known as the UK Parliament or British Parliament , is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom , British Crown dependencies and British overseas territories . It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories . Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom ( currently Queen Elizabeth II ) and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster , one of the boroughs of the British capital , London . The parliament is bicameral , consisting of an upper house ( the House of Lords ) and a lower house ( the House of Commons ) . The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature ( the Queen - in - Parliament ) . The House of Lords includes two different types of members : the Lords Spiritual , consisting of the most senior bishops of the Church of England , and the Lords Temporal , consisting mainly of life peers , appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister , and of 92 hereditary peers , sitting either by virtue of holding a royal office , or by being elected by their fellow hereditary peers . Prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009 , the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords . The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections held at least every five years . The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster ( commonly known as the Houses of Parliament ) in London . By constitutional convention , all government ministers , including the Prime Minister , are members of the House of Commons or , less commonly , the House of Lords and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature . Most cabinet ministers ( Secretaries of State ) are from the Commons , whilst junior ministers can be from either House . However , it should be noted the Leader of the House of Lords must be a peer and is a cabinet position , usually combined with a paid position . The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland . At the start of the 19th century , Parliament was further enlarged by Acts of Union ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland that abolished the latter and added 100 Irish MPs and 32 Lords to the former to create the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 formally amended the name to the `` Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' , five years after the secession of the Irish Free State . The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many democracies throughout the world , and it has been called `` the mother of parliaments '' . However , John Bright -- who coined the epithet -- used it with reference to a country ( England ) rather than a parliament . In theory , the UK 's supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown - in - Parliament . However , the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and the powers of the House of Lords are limited to delaying legislation ; thus power is de facto vested in the House of Commons . The general election 2017 occurred on 8 June and resulted in a hung parliament . The Conservative Party ( UK ) under Theresa May , may join with the Democratic Unionist Party in a confidence and supply arrangement . The final outcome of the election is speculated to be a collaboration of the Conservative 's 318 seats and the DUP 's 10 seats bringing the coalition over the 326 threshold for forming a government . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1.2 Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2 Composition and powers 3 State Opening 4 Procedure 5 Term 6 Legislative functions 7 Judicial functions 8 Relationship with the UK Government 8.1 Parliamentary questions 9 Sovereignty 10 Privileges 11 Emblem 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) For histories of the parliaments preceding the UK Parliament , see Parliament of England , Parliament of Scotland , Parliament of Great Britain , and Parliament of Ireland . For a summary , see Parliament in the Making . Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( edit ) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created on 1 January 1801 , by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union 1800 . The principle of ministerial responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century -- the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice . Members of the House of Commons ( MPs ) were elected in an antiquated electoral system , under which constituencies of vastly different sizes existed . Thus , the borough of Old Sarum , with seven voters , could elect two members , as could the borough of Dunwich , which had almost completely disappeared into the sea due to land erosion . Many small constituencies , known as pocket or rotten boroughs , were controlled by members of the House of Lords , who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters . During the reforms of the 19th century , beginning with the Reform Act 1832 , the electoral system for the House of Commons was progressively regularised . No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats , MPs grew more assertive . Parliament at night , with the London Eye visible at right The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century . In 1909 , the Commons passed the so - called `` People 's Budget '' , which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners . The House of Lords , which consisted mostly of powerful landowners , rejected the Budget . On the basis of the Budget 's popularity and the Lords ' consequent unpopularity , the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910 . Using the result as a mandate , the Liberal Prime Minister , Herbert Henry Asquith , introduced the Parliament Bill , which sought to restrict the powers of the House of Lords . ( He did not reintroduce the land tax provision of the People 's Budget . ) When the Lords refused to pass the bill , Asquith countered with a promise extracted from the King in secret before the second general election of 1910 and requested the creation of several hundred Liberal peers , so as to erase the Conservative majority in the House of Lords . In the face of such a threat , the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill . The Parliament Act 1911 , as it became , prevented the Lords from blocking a money bill ( a bill dealing with taxation ) , and allowed them to delay any other bill for a maximum of three sessions ( reduced to two sessions in 1949 ) , after which it could become law over their objections . However , regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 , the House of Lords has always retained the unrestricted power to veto any bill outright which attempts to extend the life of a parliament . Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( edit ) The Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster . The number of Northern Ireland seats was increased again after the introduction of direct rule in 1973 . The Irish Free State became independent in 1922 , and in 1927 parliament was renamed the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Further reforms to the House of Lords were made in the 20th century . The Life Peerages Act 1958 authorised the regular creation of life peerage dignities . By the 1960s , the regular creation of hereditary peerage dignities had ceased ; thereafter , almost all new peers were life peers only . The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the Upper House , although it made an exception for 92 of them to be elected to life - terms by the other hereditary peers , with by - elections upon their death . The House of Lords is now a chamber that is subordinate to the House of Commons . Additionally , the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 led to abolition of the judicial functions of the House of Lords with the creation of the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in October 2009 . Composition and powers ( edit ) The legislative authority , the Crown - in - Parliament , has three separate elements : the Monarch , the House of Lords , and the House of Commons . No individual may be a member of both Houses , and members of the House of Lords are legally barred from voting in elections for members of the House of Commons . Royal Assent of the Monarch is required for all Bills to become law , and certain Delegated Legislation must be made by the Monarch by Order in Council . The Crown also has executive powers which do not depend on Parliament , through prerogative powers , including the power to make treaties , declare war , award honours , and appoint officers and civil servants . In practice these are always exercised by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister and the other ministers of HM Government . The Prime Minister and government are directly accountable to Parliament , through its control of public finances , and to the public , through the election of members of parliament . The Monarch also appoints the Prime Minister , who then forms a government from members of the Houses of Parliament . This must be someone who could command a majority in a confidence vote in the House of Commons . In the past the monarch has occasionally had to make a judgment , as in the appointment of Alec Douglas - Home in 1963 when it was thought that the incumbent Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , had become ill with terminal cancer . However , today the monarch is advised by the outgoing Prime Minister as to whom he or she should offer the position next . The Upper House is formally styled `` The Right Honourable The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled '' , the Lords Spiritual being bishops of the Church of England and the Lords Temporal being Peers of the Realm . The Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are considered separate `` estates '' , but they sit , debate and vote together . Since the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 , the powers of the House of Lords have been very much less than those of the House of Commons . All bills except money bills are debated and voted upon in the House of Lords ; however , by voting against a bill , the House of Lords can only delay it for a maximum of two parliamentary sessions over a year . After that time , the House of Commons can force the Bill through without the Lords ' consent , under the Parliament Acts . The House of Lords can also hold the government to account through questions to government ministers and the operation of a small number of select committees . The highest court in England & Wales and in Northern Ireland used to be a committee of the House of Lords , but it became an independent supreme court in 2009 . The Lords Spiritual formerly included all of the senior clergymen of the Church of England -- archbishops , bishops , abbots and mitred priors . Upon the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII the abbots and mitred priors lost their positions in Parliament . All diocesan bishops continued to sit in Parliament , but the Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847 , and later Acts , provide that only the 26 most senior are Lords Spiritual . These always include the incumbents of the `` five great sees '' , namely the Archbishop of Canterbury , the Archbishop of York , the Bishop of London , the Bishop of Durham and the Bishop of Winchester . The remaining 21 Lords Spiritual are the most senior diocesan bishops , ranked in order of consecration , although the Lords Spiritual ( Women ) Act 2015 makes time - limited provision for vacancies to be filled by women who are bishops . The Lords Temporal are all members of the Peerage . Formerly , they were all hereditary peers . The right of some hereditary peers to sit in Parliament was not automatic : after Scotland and England united into Great Britain in 1707 , it was provided that all peers whose dignities had been created by English kings could sit in Parliament , but those whose dignities had been created by Scottish kings were to elect a limited number of `` representative peers '' . A similar arrangement was made in respect of Ireland when it was united with Great Britain in 1801 , but when southern Ireland left the United Kingdom in 1922 the election of Irish representative peers ceased . By the Peerage Act 1963 , the election of Scottish representative peers also ended , and all Scottish peers were granted the right to sit in Parliament . Under the House of Lords Act 1999 , only life peerages ( that is to say , peerage dignities which can not be inherited ) automatically entitle their holders to seats in the House of Lords . Of the hereditary peers , only 92 -- the Earl Marshal , the Lord Great Chamberlain and the 90 elected by other peers -- retain their seats in the House . The Commons , the last of the `` estates '' of the Kingdom , are represented in the House of Commons , which is formally styled `` The Honourable The Commons in Parliament Assembled '' ( `` commons '' coming not from the term `` commoner '' , but from commune , the old French term for a district ) . In 2016 , the House consists of 650 members . Each `` Member of Parliament '' or `` MP '' is chosen by a single constituency by the First - Past - the - Post electoral system . Universal adult suffrage exists for those 18 and over ; citizens of the United Kingdom , and those of the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth nations resident in the United Kingdom , are qualified to vote , unless they are in prison at the time of the elections . The term of members of the House of Commons depends on the term of Parliament , a maximum of five years ; a general election , during which all the seats are contested , occurs after each dissolution ( see below ) . All legislation must be passed by the House of Commons to become law and it controls taxation and the supply of money to the government . Government ministers ( including the Prime Minister ) must regularly answer questions in the House of Commons and there are a number of select committees that scrutinise particular issues and the workings of the government . There are also mechanisms that allow members of the House of Commons to bring to the attention of the government particular issues affecting their constituents . State Opening ( edit ) Main article : State Opening of Parliament The State Opening of Parliament is an annual event that marks the commencement of a session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It is held in the House of Lords Chamber and , before 2012 , took place in November or December , or in a general election year , when the new Parliament first assembled . From 2012 onwards , the ceremony has taken place in May or June . Leading 17th century Parliamentarian John Hampden is one of the Five Members annually commemorated Motioned by the Monarch , the Lord Great Chamberlain raises his wand of office to signal to Black Rod , who is charged with summoning the House of Commons and has been waiting in the Commons lobby . Black Rod turns and , under the escort of the Door - keeper of the House of Lords and an inspector of police , approaches the doors to the Chamber of the Commons . In 1642 , King Charles I stormed into the House of Commons in an unsuccessful attempt to arrest the Five Members , who included the celebrated English patriot and leading Parliamentarian John Hampden . This action sparked the English Civil War . The wars established the constitutional rights of Parliament , a concept legally established in the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689 . Since then , no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is in session . On Black Rod 's approach , the doors are slammed shut against him , symbolising the rights of parliament and its independence from the monarch . He then strikes with the end of his ceremonial staff ( the Black Rod ) three times on the closed doors of the Commons Chamber . He is then admitted , and announces the command of the monarch for the attendance of the Commons . The monarch reads a speech , known as the Speech from the Throne , which is prepared by the Prime Minister and his or her cabinet members , outlining the Government 's agenda for the coming year . The speech reflects the legislative agenda for which the Cabinet seeks the agreement of both Houses of Parliament . After the monarch leaves , each Chamber proceeds to the consideration of an `` Address in Reply to Her Majesty 's Gracious Speech '' . But first , each House considers a bill pro forma to symbolise their right to deliberate independently of the monarch . In the House of Lords , the bill is called the Select Vestries Bill , while the Commons equivalent is the Outlawries Bill . The Bills are considered for the sake of form only , and do not make any actual progress . Procedure ( edit ) See also the stages of a bill section in Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom Both houses of the British Parliament are presided over by a speaker , the Speaker of the House for the Commons and the Lord Speaker in the House of Lords . For the Commons , the approval of the Sovereign is theoretically required before the election of the Speaker becomes valid , but it is , by modern convention , always granted . The Speaker 's place may be taken by three deputies , known as the Chairman , First Deputy Chairman and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means . ( They take their name from the Committee of Ways and Means , of which they were once presiding officers , but which no longer exists . ) Prior to July 2006 , the House of Lords was presided over by a Lord Chancellor ( a Cabinet member ) , whose influence as Speaker was very limited ( whilst the powers belonging to the Speaker of the House of Commons are vast ) . However , as part of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 , the position of Speaker of the House of Lords ( as it is termed in the Act ) was separated from the office of Lord Chancellor ( the office which has control over the judiciary as a whole ) , though the Lords remain largely self - governing . Decisions on points of order and on the disciplining of unruly members are made by the whole body in the Upper House , but by the Speaker alone in the Lower House . Speeches in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole ( using the words `` My Lords '' ) , but those in the House of Commons are addressed to the Speaker alone ( using `` Mr Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' ) . Speeches may be made to both Houses simultaneously . Both Houses may decide questions by voice vote ; members shout out `` Aye ! '' and `` No ! '' in the Commons -- or `` Content ! '' and `` Not - Content ! '' in the Lords -- and the presiding officer declares the result . The pronouncement of either Speaker may be challenged , and a recorded vote ( known as a division ) demanded . ( The Speaker of the House of Commons may choose to overrule a frivolous request for a division , but the Lord Speaker does not have that power . ) In each House , a division requires members to file into one of the two lobbies alongside the Chamber ; their names are recorded by clerks , and their votes are counted as they exit the lobbies to re-enter the Chamber . The Speaker of the House of Commons is expected to be non-partisan , and does not cast a vote except in the case of a tie ; the Lord Speaker , however , votes along with the other Lords . Both Houses normally conduct their business in public , and there are galleries where visitors may sit . Term ( edit ) As at 2016 , Parliament has a fixed term of 5 years . Originally there was no fixed limit on the length of a Parliament , but the Triennial Act 1694 set the maximum duration at three years . As the frequent elections were deemed inconvenient , the Septennial Act 1715 extended the maximum to seven years , but the Parliament Act 1911 reduced it to five . During the Second World War , the term was temporarily extended to ten years by Acts of Parliament . Since the end of the war the maximum has remained five years . Modern Parliaments , however , rarely continued for the maximum duration ; normally , they were dissolved earlier . For instance , the 52nd , which assembled in 1997 , was dissolved after four years . The Septennial Act was repealed by the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 . Summary history of terms of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Year Term ( years ) Act Notes 1707 3 ( maximum ) Ratification of the Acts of Union Formation of Parliament of Great Britain . 1715 7 ( maximum ) Septennial Act 1715 1801 7 ( maximum ) Acts of Union 1800 Formation of Parliament of United Kingdom . 1911 5 ( maximum ) Parliament Act 1911 Second World War 10 Various Acts of Parliament Post-WW2 5 ( maximum ) -- Parliamentary term fixed at up to 5 years . 2011 5 Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 Parliamentary term fixed at 5 years , unless one of two situations arises , mentioned below . Following a general election , a new Parliamentary session begins . Parliament is formally summoned 40 days in advance by the Sovereign , who is the source of parliamentary authority . On the day indicated by the Sovereign 's proclamation , the two Houses assemble in their respective chambers . The Commons are then summoned to the House of Lords , where Lords Commissioners ( representatives of the Sovereign ) instruct them to elect a Speaker . The Commons perform the election ; on the next day , they return to the House of Lords , where the Lords Commissioners confirm the election and grant the new Speaker the royal approval in the Sovereign 's name . The business of Parliament for the next few days of its session involves the taking of the oaths of allegiance . Once a majority of the members have taken the oath in each House , the State Opening of Parliament may take place . The Lords take their seats in the House of Lords Chamber , the Commons appear at the Bar ( at the entrance to the Chamber ) , and the Sovereign takes his or her seat on the throne . The Sovereign then reads the Speech from the Throne -- the content of which is determined by the Ministers of the Crown -- outlining the Government 's legislative agenda for the upcoming year . Thereafter , each House proceeds to the transaction of legislative business . By custom , before considering the Government 's legislative agenda , a bill is introduced pro forma in each House -- the Select Vestries Bill in the House of Lords and the Outlawries Bill in the House of Commons . These bills do not become laws ; they are ceremonial indications of the power of each House to debate independently of the Crown . After the pro forma bill is introduced , each House debates the content of the Speech from the Throne for several days . Once each House formally sends its reply to the Speech , legislative business may commence , appointing committees , electing officers , passing resolutions and considering legislation . A session of Parliament is brought to an end by a prorogation . There is a ceremony similar to the State Opening , but much less well - known to the general public . Normally , the Sovereign does not personally attend the prorogation ceremony in the House of Lords ; he or she is represented by Lords Commissioners . The next session of Parliament begins under the procedures described above , but it is not necessary to conduct another election of a Speaker or take the oaths of allegiance afresh at the beginning of such subsequent sessions . Instead , the State Opening of Parliament proceeds directly . To avoid the delay of opening a new session in the event of an emergency during the long summer recess , Parliament is no longer prorogued beforehand , but only after the Houses have reconvened in the autumn ; the State Opening follows a few days later . Each Parliament comes to an end , after a number of sessions , in anticipation of a general election . Parliament is dissolved by virtue of the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 . Prior to that , dissolution was effected by the Sovereign , always on the advice of the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister could seek dissolution at a time politically advantageous to his or her party . If the Prime Minister loses the support of the House of Commons , Parliament will dissolve and a new election will be held . Parliaments can also be dissolved if two - thirds of the House of Commons votes for an early election . Formerly , the demise of the Sovereign automatically brought a Parliament to an end , the Crown being seen as the caput , principium , et finis ( beginning , basis and end ) of the body , but this is no longer the case . The first change was during the reign of William and Mary , when it was seen to be inconvenient to have no Parliament at a time when succession to the Crown could be disputed , and an Act was passed that provided that a Parliament was to continue for six months after the death of a Sovereign , unless dissolved earlier . Under the Representation of the People Act 1867 Parliament can now continue for as long as it would otherwise have done in the event of the death of the Sovereign . After each Parliament concludes , the Crown issues writs to hold a general election and elect new members of the House of Commons , though membership of the House of Lords does not change . Legislative functions ( edit ) Parliament meets in the Palace of Westminster . Laws can be made by Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament . While Acts can apply to the whole of the United Kingdom including Scotland , due to the continuing separation of Scots law many Acts do not apply to Scotland and may be matched either by equivalent Acts that apply to Scotland alone or , since 1999 , by legislation set by the Scottish Parliament relating to devolved matters . This has led to a paradox known as the West Lothian question . The existence of a devolved Scottish Parliament means that while Westminster MPs from Scotland may vote directly on matters that affect English constituencies , they may not have much power over their laws affecting their own constituency . Since there is no devolved `` English Parliament '' , the converse is not true . While any Act of the Scottish Parliament may be overturned , amended or ignored by Westminster , in practice this has yet to happen . Legislative Consent Motions enables the UK Parliament to vote on issues normally devolved to Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland , as part of United Kingdom legislation . Laws , in draft form known as bills , may be introduced by any member of either House . A bill introduced by a Minister is known as a `` Government Bill '' ; one introduced by another member is called a `` Private Member 's Bill '' . A different way of categorising bills involves the subject . Most bills , involving the general public , are called `` public bills '' . A bill that seeks to grant special rights to an individual or small group of individuals , or a body such as a local authority , is called a `` Private Bill '' . A Public Bill which affects private rights ( in the way a Private Bill would ) is called a `` Hybrid Bill '' , although those that draft bills take pains to avoid this . Private Members ' Bills make up the majority of bills , but are far less likely to be passed than government bills . There are three methods for an MP to introduce a Private Member 's Bill . The Private Members ' Ballot ( once per Session ) put names into a ballot , and those who win are given time to propose a bill . The Ten Minute Rule is another method , where MPs are granted ten minutes to outline the case for a new piece of legislation . Standing Order 57 is the third method , which allows a bill to be introduced without debate if a day 's notice is given to the Table Office . Filibustering is a danger , as an opponent of a bill can waste much of the limited time allotted to it . Private Members ' Bills have no chance of success if the current government opposes them , but they are used in moral issues : the bills to decriminalise homosexuality and abortion were Private Members ' Bills , for example . Governments can sometimes attempt to use Private Members ' Bills to pass things it would rather not be associated with . `` Handout bills '' are bills which a government hands to MPs who win Private Members ' Ballots . Each Bill goes through several stages in each House . The first stage , called the first reading , is a formality . At the second reading , the general principles of the bill are debated , and the House may vote to reject the bill , by not passing the motion `` That the Bill be now read a second time '' . Defeats of Government Bills are extremely rare , the last being in 2005 . Following the second reading , the bill is sent to a committee . In the House of Lords , the Committee of the Whole House or the Grand Committee are used . Each consists of all members of the House ; the latter operates under special procedures , and is used only for uncontroversial bills . In the House of Commons , the bill is usually committed to a Public Bill Committee , consisting of between 16 and 50 members , but the Committee of the Whole House is used for important legislation . Several other types of committees , including Select Committees , may be used , but rarely . A committee considers the bill clause by clause , and reports the bill as amended to the House , where further detailed consideration ( `` consideration stage '' or `` report stage '' ) occurs . However , a practice which used to be called the `` kangaroo '' ( Standing Order 32 ) allows the Speaker to select which amendments are debated . This device is also used under Standing Order 89 by the committee chairman , to restrict debate in committee . Once the House has considered the bill , the third reading follows . In the House of Commons , no further amendments may be made , and the passage of the motion `` That the Bill be now read a third time '' is passage of the whole bill . In the House of Lords further amendments to the bill may be moved . After the passage of the third reading motion , the House of Lords must vote on the motion `` That the Bill do now pass '' . Following its passage in one House , the bill is sent to the other House . If passed in identical form by both Houses , it may be presented for the Sovereign 's Assent . If one House passes amendments that the other will not agree to , and the two Houses can not resolve their disagreements , the bill fails . However , since the passage of the Parliament Act 1911 the power of the House of Lords to reject bills passed by the House of Commons has been restricted , and further restrictions were placed by the Parliament Act 1949 . If the House of Commons passes a public bill in two successive sessions , and the House of Lords rejects it both times , the Commons may direct that the bill be presented to the Sovereign for his or her Assent , disregarding the rejection of the Bill in the House of Lords . In each case , the bill must be passed by the House of Commons at least one calendar month before the end of the session . The provision does not apply to bills originated in the House of Lords , to bills seeking to extend the duration of a Parliament beyond five years , or to Private Bills . A special procedure applies in relation to bills classified by the Speaker of the House of Commons as `` Money Bills '' . A Money Bill concerns solely national taxation or public funds ; the Speaker 's certificate is deemed conclusive under all circumstances . If the House of Lords fails to pass a Money Bill within one month of its passage in the House of Commons , the Lower House may direct that the Bill be submitted for the Sovereign 's Assent immediately . Even before the passage of the Parliament Acts , the Commons possessed pre-eminence in cases of financial matters . By ancient custom , the House of Lords may not introduce a bill relating to taxation or Supply , nor amend a bill so as to insert a provision relating to taxation or Supply , nor amend a Supply Bill in any way . The House of Commons is free to waive this privilege , and sometimes does so to allow the House of Lords to pass amendments with financial implications . The House of Lords remains free to reject bills relating to Supply and taxation , but may be over-ruled easily if the bills are Money Bills . ( A bill relating to revenue and Supply may not be a Money Bill if , for example , it includes subjects other than national taxation and public funds ) . The last stage of a bill involves the granting of the Royal Assent . Theoretically , the Sovereign may either grant the Royal Assent ( that is , make the bill a law ) or withhold it ( that is , veto the bill ) . In modern times the Sovereign always grants the Royal Assent , using the Norman French words `` La Reyne le veult '' ( the Queen wishes it ; `` Le Roy '' instead in the case of a king ) . The last refusal to grant the Assent was in 1708 , when Queen Anne withheld her Assent from a bill `` for the settling of Militia in Scotland '' , in the words `` La reyne s'avisera '' ( the Queen will think it over ) . Thus , every bill obtains the assent of all three components of Parliament before it becomes law ( except where the House of Lords is over-ridden under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 ) . The words `` BE IT ENACTED by the Queen 's ( King 's ) most Excellent Majesty , by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons , in this present Parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , as follows : - '' , or , where the House of Lords ' authority has been over-ridden by use of the Parliament Acts , the words `` BE IT ENACTED by The Queen 's ( King 's ) most Excellent Majesty , by and with the advice and consent of the Commons in this present Parliament assembled , in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 , and by the authority of the same , as follows : - '' appear near the beginning of each Act of Parliament . These words are known as the enacting formula . Judicial functions ( edit ) Prior to the creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in October 2009 , Parliament also used to perform several judicial functions . The Queen - in - Parliament constituted the highest court in the realm for most purposes , but the Privy Council had jurisdiction in some cases ( for instance , appeals from ecclesiastical courts ) . The jurisdiction of Parliament arose from the ancient custom of petitioning the Houses to redress grievances and to do justice . The House of Commons ceased considering petitions to reverse the judgements of lower courts in 1399 , effectively leaving the House of Lords as the court of last resort . In modern times , the judicial functions of the House of Lords were performed not by the whole House , but by a group of `` Lords of Appeal in Ordinary '' ( judges granted life peerage dignities under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 by the Sovereign ) and by `` Lords of Appeal '' ( other peers with experience in the judiciary ) . However , under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 , these judicial functions were transferred to the newly created Supreme Court in 2009 , and the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary became the first Justices of the Court . Peers who hold high judicial office are no longer allowed to vote or speak in the Lords until they retire as Justices . In the late 19th century , Acts allowed for the appointment of Scottish Lords of Appeal in Ordinary and ended appeal in Scottish criminal matters to the House of Lords , so that the High Court of Justiciary became the highest criminal court in Scotland . There is an argument that the provisions of Article XIX of the Union with England Act 1707 prevent any Court outside Scotland from hearing any appeal in criminal cases : `` And that the said Courts or any other of the like nature after the Unions shall have no power to Cognosce Review or Alter the Acts or Sentences of the Judicatures within Scotland or stop the Execution of the same . '' Nowadays the House of Lords legislative committee usually has a minimum of two Scottish Judges to ensure that some experience of Scots law is brought to bear on Scottish appeals in civil cases , from the Court of Session . Certain other judicial functions have historically been performed by the House of Lords . Until 1948 , it was the body in which peers had to be tried for felonies or high treason ; now , they are tried by normal juries . When the House of Commons impeaches an individual , the trial takes place in the House of Lords . Impeachments are now rare ; the last one occurred in 1806 . In 2006 , a number of MPs attempted to revive the custom , having signed a motion for the impeachment of Tony Blair , but this was unsuccessful . Relationship with the UK Government ( edit ) The British Government is answerable to the House of Commons . However , neither the Prime Minister nor members of the Government are elected by the House of Commons . Instead , the Queen requests the person most likely to command the support of a majority in the House , normally the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons , to form a government . So that they may be accountable to the Lower House , the Prime Minister and most members of the Cabinet are , by convention , members of the House of Commons . The last Prime Minister to be a member of the House of Lords was Alec Douglas - Home , 14th Earl of Home , who became Prime Minister in 1963 . To adhere to the convention under which he was responsible to the Lower House , he disclaimed his peerage and procured election to the House of Commons within days of becoming Prime Minister . Governments have a tendency to dominate the legislative functions of Parliament , by using their in - built majority in the House of Commons , and sometimes using their patronage power to appoint supportive peers in the Lords . Formerly , no - one could be a member of Parliament while holding an Office of profit under the Crown , thus maintaining the separation of powers , but the principle has been gradually eroded . Until 1919 , Members of Parliament who were appointed to ministerial office lost their right to sit in the House of Commons and had to seek re-election . The rule survives in the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 which specifies a number of state positions that make an individual ineligible to serve as a member of Parliament . The only vestige of the principle is the process of resignation from the House of Commons . In practice , governments can pass any legislation ( within reason ) in the Commons they wish , unless there is major dissent by MPs in the governing party . But even in these situations , it is highly unlikely a bill will be defeated , though dissenting MPs may be able to extract concessions from the government . In 1976 , Lord Hailsham created a now widely used name for this behaviour , in an academic paper called `` elective dictatorship '' . Parliament controls the executive by passing or rejecting its Bills and by forcing Ministers of the Crown to answer for their actions , either at `` Question Time '' or during meetings of the parliamentary committees . In both cases , Ministers are asked questions by members of their Houses , and are obliged to answer . Although the House of Lords may scrutinise the executive through Question Time and through its committees , it can not bring down the Government . A ministry must always retain the confidence and support of the House of Commons . The Lower House may indicate its lack of support by rejecting a Motion of Confidence or by passing a Motion of No Confidence . Confidence Motions are generally originated by the Government to reinforce its support in the House , whilst No Confidence Motions are introduced by the Opposition . The motions sometimes take the form `` That this House has ( no ) confidence in Her Majesty 's Government '' but several other varieties , many referring to specific policies supported or opposed by Parliament , are used . For instance , a Confidence Motion of 1992 used the form , `` That this House expresses the support for the economic policy of Her Majesty 's Government . '' Such a motion may theoretically be introduced in the House of Lords , but , as the Government need not enjoy the confidence of that House , would not be of the same effect as a similar motion in the House of Commons ; the only modern instance of such an occurrence involves the ' No Confidence ' motion that was introduced in 1993 and subsequently defeated . Many votes are considered votes of confidence , although not including the language mentioned above . Important bills that form part of the Government 's agenda ( as stated in the Speech from the Throne ) are generally considered matters of confidence . The defeat of such a bill by the House of Commons indicates that a Government no longer has the confidence of that House . The same effect is achieved if the House of Commons `` withdraws Supply '' , that is , rejects the budget . Where a Government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons , the Prime Minister is obliged either to resign , or seek the dissolution of Parliament and a new general election . Where a Prime Minister has ceased to retain a majority in that vote and requests a dissolution , the Sovereign can in theory reject his request , forcing his resignation and allowing the Leader of the Opposition to be asked to form a new government . This power is used extremely rarely . The conditions that should be met to allow such a refusal are known as the Lascelles Principles . These conditions and principles are constitutional conventions arising from the Sovereign 's reserve powers as well as longstanding tradition and practice , not laid down in law . In practice , the House of Commons ' scrutiny of the Government is very weak . Since the first - past - the - post electoral system is employed in elections , the governing party tends to enjoy a large majority in the Commons ; there is often limited need to compromise with other parties . Modern British political parties are so tightly organised that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs . In many cases , MPs may be expelled from their parties for voting against the instructions of party leaders . During the 20th century , the Government has lost confidence issues only three times -- twice in 1924 , and once in 1979 . Parliamentary questions ( edit ) See also : Question Time § United Kingdom , and Prime Minister 's Questions In the United Kingdom , question time in the House of Commons lasts for an hour each day from Monday to Thursday ( 2 : 30 to 3 : 30 pm on Mondays , 11 : 30 am to 12 : 30 pm on Tuesdays and Wednesdays , and 9 : 30 to 10 : 30 am on Thursdays ) . Each Government department has its place in a rota which repeats every five weeks . The exception to this sequence are the Business Questions ( Questions to the Leader of House of Commons ) , in which questions are answered each Thursday about the business of the House the following week . Also , Questions to the Prime Minister takes place each Wednesday from noon to 12 : 30 pm . In addition to government departments , there are also questions to the Church commissioners . Additionally , each Member of Parliament is entitled to table questions for written answer . Written questions are addressed to the Ministerial head of a government department , usually a Secretary of State , but they are often answered by a Minister of State or Parliamentary Under Secretary of State . Written Questions are submitted to the Clerks of the Table Office , either on paper or electronically , and answers are recorded in The Official Report ( Hansard ) so as to be widely available and accessible . In the House of Lords , a half - hour is set aside each afternoon at the start of the day 's proceedings for Lords ' oral questions . A peer submits a question in advance , which then appears on the Order Paper for the day 's proceedings . The Lord shall say : `` My Lords , I beg leave to ask the Question standing in my name on the Order Paper '' . The Minister responsible then answers the question . The Lord is then allowed to ask a supplementary question and other peers ask further questions on the theme of the original put down on the order paper . ( For instance , if the question regards immigration , Lords can ask the Minister any question related to immigration during the allowed period ) . Sovereignty ( edit ) Parliament Buildings , Stormont , Northern Ireland is home to the Northern Ireland Assembly . Several different views have been taken of Parliament 's sovereignty . According to the jurist Sir William Blackstone , `` It has sovereign and uncontrollable authority in making , confirming , enlarging , restraining , abrogating , repealing , reviving , and expounding of laws , concerning matters of all possible denominations , ecclesiastical , or temporal , civil , military , maritime , or criminal ... it can , in short , do every thing that is not naturally impossible . '' A different view has been taken by the Scottish judge Lord Cooper of Culross . When he decided the 1953 case of MacCormick v. Lord Advocate as Lord President of the Court of Session , he stated , `` The principle of unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle and has no counterpart in Scottish constitutional law . '' He continued , `` Considering that the Union legislation extinguished the Parliaments of Scotland and England and replaced them by a new Parliament , I have difficulty in seeing why the new Parliament of Great Britain must inherit all the peculiar characteristics of the English Parliament but none of the Scottish . '' Nevertheless , he did not give a conclusive opinion on the subject . Thus , the question of Parliamentary sovereignty appears to remain unresolved . Parliament has not passed any Act defining its own sovereignty . A related possible limitation on Parliament relates to the Scottish legal system and Presbyterian faith , preservation of which were Scottish preconditions to the creation of the unified Parliament . Since the Parliament of the United Kingdom was set up in reliance on these promises , it may be that it has no power to make laws that break them . Parliament 's power has often been eroded by its own Acts . Acts passed in 1921 and 1925 granted the Church of Scotland complete independence in ecclesiastical matters . More recently , its power has been restricted by membership of the European Union , which has the power to make laws enforceable in each member state . In the Factortame case , the European Court of Justice ruled that British courts could have powers to overturn British legislation contravening European law . Parliament has also created national devolved parliaments and assemblies with differing degrees of legislative authority in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . Parliament still has the power over areas for which responsibility lies with the devolved institutions , but would gain the agreement of those institutions to act on their behalf . Similarly , it has granted the power to make regulations to Ministers of the Crown , and the power to enact religious legislation to the General Synod of the Church of England . ( Measures of the General Synod and , in some cases proposed statutory instruments made by ministers , must be approved by both Houses before they become law . ) In every case aforementioned , authority has been conceded by Act of Parliament and may be taken back in the same manner . It is entirely within the authority of Parliament , for example , to abolish the devolved governments in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland or to leave the EU . However , Parliament also revoked its legislative competence over Australia and Canada with the Australia and Canada Acts : although the Parliament of the United Kingdom could pass an Act reversing its action , it would not take effect in Australia or Canada as the competence of the Imperial Parliament is no longer recognised there in law . One well - recognised exception to Parliament 's power involves binding future Parliaments . No Act of Parliament may be made secure from amendment or repeal by a future Parliament . For example , although the Act of Union 1800 states that the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland are to be united `` forever '' , Parliament permitted southern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom in 1922 . Privileges ( edit ) Main article : Parliamentary privilege Each House of Parliament possesses and guards various ancient privileges . The House of Lords relies on inherent right . In the case of the House of Commons , the Speaker goes to the Lords ' Chamber at the beginning of each new Parliament and requests representatives of the Sovereign to confirm the Lower House 's `` undoubted '' privileges and rights . The ceremony observed by the House of Commons dates to the reign of King Henry VIII . Each House is the guardian of its privileges , and may punish breaches thereof . The extent of parliamentary privilege is based on law and custom . Sir William Blackstone states that these privileges are `` very large and indefinite '' , and can not be defined except by the Houses of Parliament themselves . The foremost privilege claimed by both Houses is that of freedom of speech in debate ; nothing said in either House may be questioned in any court or other institution outside Parliament . Another privilege claimed is that of freedom from arrest ; at one time this was held to apply for any arrest except for high treason , felony or breach of the peace but it now excludes any arrest on criminal charges ; it applies during a session of Parliament , and 40 days before or after such a session . Members of both Houses are no longer privileged from service on juries . Both Houses possess the power to punish breaches of their privilege . Contempt of Parliament -- for example , disobedience of a subpoena issued by a committee -- may also be punished . The House of Lords may imprison an individual for any fixed period of time , but an individual imprisoned by the House of Commons is set free upon prorogation . The punishments imposed by either House may not be challenged in any court , and the Human Rights Act does not apply . Until at least 2015 , members of the House of Commons also had the privilege of a separate seating area in the Palace of Westminster canteen , protected by a false partition labelled `` MPs only beyond this point '' , so that they did not have to sit with canteen staff taking a break . This provoked mockery from a newly elected 20 - year - old MP who described it as `` ridiculous '' snobbery . Emblem ( edit ) The Crowned Portcullis of Parliament The quasi-official emblem of the Houses of Parliament is a crowned portcullis . The portcullis was originally the badge of various English noble families from the 14th century . It went on to be adopted by the kings of the Tudor dynasty in the 16th century , under whom the Palace of Westminster became the regular meeting place of Parliament . The crown was added to make the badge a specifically royal symbol . The portcullis probably first came to be associated with the Palace of Westminster through its use as decoration in the rebuilding of the Palace after the fire of 1512 . However , at the time it was only one of many symbols . The widespread use of the portcullis throughout the Palace dates from the 19th century , when Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin used it extensively as a decorative feature in their designs for the new Palace built following the disastrous 1834 fire . The crowned portcullis came to be accepted during the 20th century as the emblem of both houses of parliament . This was simply a result of custom and usage rather than a specific decision . The emblem now appears on official stationery , publications and papers , and is stamped on various items in use in the Palace of Westminster , such as cutlery , silverware and china . Various shades of red and green are used for visual identification of the House of Lords and the House of Commons . See also ( edit ) History of democracy The History of Parliament List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom List of British governments List of Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom List of Parliaments of the United Kingdom Parliamentary agents Parliamentary Brief Parliament in the Making Parliamentary records of the United Kingdom Parliament Week Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament of the United Kingdom relocation TheyWorkForYou Westminster system Lists of MPs elected : List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 1966 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 1970 MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , February 1974 MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , October 1974 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 1979 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 1983 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 1987 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 1992 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 1997 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2001 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2005 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2010 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2015 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2017 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lords by party , type of peerage and gender '' . UK Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Current State of the Parties '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Section 2 of the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 ( 17 Geo . V c. 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative Chambers : Unicameral or Bicameral ? '' . Democratic Governance . United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament and Crown '' . How Parliament works . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament '' . Direct.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Different types of Lords '' . How Parliament works . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How MPs are elected '' . How Parliament works . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 Jump up ^ Jenkin , Clive . `` Debate : 30 June 2004 : Column 318 '' . House of Commons debates . Hansard . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Messers . Bright And Scholefield at Birmingham '' . The Times . 19 January 1865 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Queen in Parliament '' . The Monarchy Today : Queen and State . The British Monarchy . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UK election result : How the world reacted '' . BBC News . 2017 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Results of the 2017 General Election '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Parliament Acts '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Opening of Parliament '' . House of Lords Information Office . 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Black Rod '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Bagley , John Joseph ; Lewis , A.S. ( 1977 ) . Lancashire at War : Cavaliers and Roundheads , 1642 -- 51 : a Series of Talks Broadcast from BBC Radio Blackburn . Dalesman . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democracy Live : Black Rod '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : May & Chisholm 1911 . ^ Jump up to : House of Commons Information Office ( June 2005 ) . `` Parliamentary Questions : House of Commons Information Office Factsheet P1 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom ; Member of Parliament '' . PARLINE database on national parliaments . Inter-Parliamentary Union . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ May , Erskine ( 2004 ) . Erskine May : Parliamentary Practice . Lexis Nexis UK . pp. 119 , 125 . ISBN 0 - 406 - 97094 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament ( United Kingdom government ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Human Rights Act 1998 , section 6 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Lo Dico , Joy ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Chips are down as Mhairi heads for the canteen '' . London Evening Standard . p. 16 . Jump up ^ The Portcullis ( factsheet ) , House of Commons Information Office , November 2007 References ( edit ) Blackstone , Sir William ( 1765 ) . Commentaries on the Laws of England . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Brown , K.M. ; Tanner , R.J. ( 2004 ) . The History of the Scottish Parliament . vol. 1 : Parliament and Politics , 1235 -- 1560 . Edinburgh . `` Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 2007 . May , Thomas Erskine , 1st Baron Farnborough ( 1896 ) . Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third ( 11th ed . ) . London : Longmans , Green and Co . May , Erskine ; Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . `` Parliament '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Kelly , Richard ( 2007 ) , The Parliament Acts ( SN / PO / 675 ) , House of Commons Library Rait , R. ( 1924 ) . The Parliaments of Scotland . Glasgow . Tanner , R.J. ( October 2000 ) . `` The Lords of the Articles before 1540 : a reassesment '' . Scottish Historical Review ( LXXIX ) . Wasson , E.A. ( 2000 ) . Born to Rule : British Political Elites . Stroud . Wasson , E.A. ( 2017 ) . The British and Irish Ruling Class 1660 - 1945 . Berlin . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parliament of the United Kingdom . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : UK Constitution and Government Wikiquote has quotations related to : Parliament of the United Kingdom Wikisource has original works on the topic : Parliament of the United Kingdom Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Parliament of the United Kingdom '' dated 2006 - 05 - 20 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Following the invokation of Article 50 , the United Kingdom is set to leave the European Union . A Great Repeal Bill has been proposed to incorporate all current European laws into British law . `` Bailiwick - wide '' legislature passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in Guernsey , but also in Alderney and Sark , with the consent of their governments . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the parliament formed in the uk	[ "The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. At the start of the 19th century, Parliament was further enlarged by Acts of Union ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland that abolished the latter and added 100 Irish MPs and 32 Lords to the former to create the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 formally amended the name to the \"Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland\",[9] five years after the secession of the Irish Free State." ]	[ "1707" ]
-6437717161680706908	Economy of Buffalo, New York	Economy of Buffalo , New York - wikipedia Economy of Buffalo , New York Jump to : navigation , search `` Elevator Alley '' , the stretch of the Buffalo River immediately adjacent to the harbor that is lined with historic grain elevators The Buffalo area economy consists of a mix of industrial , light manufacturing , high technology and service - oriented private sector companies . Instead of relying on a single industry or sector for its economic future , the region has taken a diversified approach that have the potential to create opportunities for growth and expansion in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Employment 3 Life sciences 4 Banking 5 Other 6 Standard of living 7 Principal employers 8 References History ( edit ) Buffalo and the surrounding area were long involved in railroad commerce , steel manufacture , automobile production , aircraft / aerospace design and production , Great Lakes shipping , and grain storage . Most of these industries have left the city through the years . Major steel production no longer exists in the area , although several smaller steel mills remain in operation . For example , Gibraltar Industries , a leading manufacturer , processor , and distributor of steel products for the building , industrial , and vehicular markets is headquartered in Buffalo . As of the 1950 United States Census , Buffalo was the 15th largest city in the country , the nation 's largest inland port ( twelfth overall ) , second biggest rail center , sixth largest steel producer , and eighth largest manufacturer . Employment ( edit ) Overall , employment in Buffalo has shifted as its population has declined and manufacturing has diminished . Buffalo 's 2005 unemployment rate was 6.6 % , contrasted with New York State 's 5.0 % rate . And from the fourth quarter of 2005 to the fourth quarter of 2006 , Erie County had no net job growth , ranking it 271st among the 326 largest counties in the country . Yet the area has recently seen an upswing in job growth as unemployment has dropped to only 4.9 % in July 2007 from 5.2 % in 2006 and 6.6 % in 2005 . The area 's manufacturing jobs have continued to show the largest losses in jobs with over 17,000 fewer than at the start of 2006 . Yet other sectors of the economy have outdistanced manufacturing and are seeing large increases . Educational and health services added over 30,400 jobs in 2006 and over 20,500 jobs have been added in the professional and business ( mostly finance ) arena . Life Sciences ( edit ) Buffalo has increasingly become a center for bioinformatics and human genome research , including work by researchers at the University at Buffalo and the Roswell Park Cancer Institute . This consortium is known as the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus . It also includes : Buffalo Hearing & Speech Center , Buffalo Medical Group Foundation , Hauptman - Woodward Medical Research Institute , Kaleida Health , Olmsted Center for the Visually Impaired , Cleveland BioLabs and Upstate New York Transplant Services . The DNA samples used in The Human Genome Project were also collected from anonymous donors from Buffalo . Entrepreneurial resources and life science business consultants accelerate the growth and development of emerging companies found within the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus and Upstate New York Region . For example , Buffalo BioSciences is a technology commercialization partner to the New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences and contributed to the launch and early success of Empire Genomics -- - a firm based on research conducted at Roswell Park Cancer Institute by Dr. Norma Nowak enabling the delivery of personalized medicine . Banking ( edit ) Buffalo Savings Bank Building Buffalo is the headquarters of M&T Bank , a large regional bank with assets over $79 B ( as of June 2011 ) . HSBC Bank USA has reduced its local operations in Buffalo , and Upstate NY as a whole , as it closed its retail banking centers . Many of the shuttered HSBC retail banking centers in upstate were acquired by First Niagara Bank ( see below ) . Other banks , such as Bank of America and KeyBank have corporate operations in Buffalo . Citigroup also has regional offices in Amherst , Buffalo 's largest suburb . Buffalo has also become a hub of the debt collection industry . First Niagara Bank recently moved its headquarters to downtown Buffalo from nearby Lockport . First Niagara has branches from Buffalo to Albany , New York , and since September 2009 has had branches as far south as Pittsburgh . On September 10 , 2009 , First Niagara announced the relocation of its corporate headquarters from Lockport to downtown Buffalo . The company says facilities in Lockport will remain open and fully staffed . First Niagara , which had been considering expanding into Western Pennsylvania for some time , benefited from PNC Financial Services being required by the United States Department of Justice to sell off 50 National City branches in the Pittsburgh area and 11 more branches in and around Erie to competitors , since the two banks had significant overlap in Western Pennsylvania and had potential antitrust issues in that area . First Niagara took advantage by buying 57 of the 61 National City branches from PNC that had to be divested after PNC acquired National City with funds from the $700 billion bailout plan after National City became a victim of the subprime mortgage crisis . The move affected the area by creating 200 more jobs , some in the Buffalo area . On July 31 , 2011 , it was announced First Niagara had acquired all of HSBC Banks Western New York branches ; after closing and selling some branches to its competitors its total number in Upstate New York had almost doubled . Other ( edit ) Buffalo is home to Rich Products , one of the world 's largest family - owned food manufacturers . Canadian brewer Labatt moved its US headquarters to Buffalo in May 2007 . This is in large part due to Buffalo 's location directly in the middle of the Northeastern Trade Corridor . The city is the heart of the Canadian - American corridor . Over 80 % of all U.S. - Canada trade occurs via border crossings in the eastern United States and with five bridges to Canada , the Buffalo area is one of the key eastern border crossing locations . Cheese company Sorrento Lactalis is also based in Buffalo . New Era Cap Company , the largest sports - licensed headwear company in the United States , is based in Buffalo . It opened new headquarters in 2007 in the former Federal Reserve Building in downtown Buffalo . The windshield wiper maker Trico , founded in Buffalo by John R. Oishei , operated three major manufacturing facilities but has since closed all of them and moved operations to Mexico . In 1998 , the company head office moved to Rochester Hills , Michigan . Trico 's Plant No. 1 was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 and in 2014 was being re-developed by the State University of New York at Buffalo . The John R. Oishei Foundation is western New York 's largest and the new Women 's & Children 's Hospital , scheduled to open in 2015 , will be named the John R. Oishei Children 's Hospital . For many years , Buffalo was the nation 's second largest rail center , after Chicago . Peaked traffic reached during World War II , but declined soon after the war . Through the 1960s and 1970s freight traffic via Buffalo declined , air travel and the New York State Thruway took railway passengers away as well . By 1980 , the rail hub in the city was gone . Del Monte Foods ' Milk Bone dog biscuits are still manufactured in a small factory on the city 's East Side . Regionally based insurance companies also have maintained their headquarters in Buffalo , New York . There 's Merchants Insurance Group and Lawley Insurance . Merchants Insurance Group is a property and casualty insurance company that provides commercial , personal property and casualty insurance throughout the Northeast and North Central United States . Lawley Insurance provides commercial insurance , employee benefits , risk management and personal insurance . Delaware North Companies are headquartered in Buffalo . Standard of living ( edit ) The loss of traditional jobs in manufacturing , rapid suburbanization and high costs of labor have led to economic decline , making Buffalo one of the poorest among U.S. cities with populations of more than 250,000 people . An estimated 28.7 -- 29.9 % of Buffalo residents live below the poverty line , behind either only Detroit , or only Detroit and Cleveland . Buffalo 's median household income of $27,850 is third - lowest among large cities , behind only Miami and Cleveland ; however the median household income for the metropolitan area is $57,000 . This , in part , has led to the Buffalo - Niagara Falls metropolitan area having the most affordable housing market in the U.S. today . The quarterly NAHB / Wells Fargo Housing Opportunity Index ( HOI ) noted that nearly 90 % of the new and existing homes sold in the metropolitan area during the second quarter were affordable to families making the area 's median income of $57,000 . The area median price of homes was $75,000 . Buffalo faces issues with vacant and abandoned houses , as the city ranks second to St. Louis on the list of American cities with the most vacant properties per capita . Since 2000 , the city has torn down 2,000 vacant homes but as many as 10,000 still remain . Mayor Byron W. Brown recently unveiled a $100 million , five - year plan to demolish 5,000 more houses . The city 's move away from heavy industry and toward a service and bioinformatics economy has brought improved air and water quality , which benefit not only residents and tourists but the bioregion as a whole . In July 2005 , Reader 's Digest ranked Buffalo as the third cleanest large city in the nation . Buffalo 's economy has begun to see significant improvements since the early 2010s . Money from state governor Andrew Cuomo , plans for different construction programs , and hundreds of new jobs have brought strong economic change to the area . A set of images of Buffalo 's skyline Principal employers ( edit ) According to the City 's 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the principal employers in the Buffalo Metropolitan Area are : # Employer # of Employees State of New York 15,123 Federal Executive Board ( United States of America ) 11,183 Kaleida Health 10,000 University at Buffalo 6,733 5 Catholic Health System 6,628 6 Employer Services Corp 6,363 7 M&T Bank 5,140 8 Tops Markets 5,058 9 Buffalo City School District 4,949 10 Erie County 4,203 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ University at Buffalo Regional Institute ( 2011 ) . `` Binational Buffalo Niagara Region Report '' . Regional Knowledge Network . UB Regional Institute . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bisco , Jim ( 1986 ) . A Greater Look at Greater Buffalo . Windsor Publications . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89781 - 198 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` See Erie County '' . Labor.state.ny.us . Jump up ^ `` BLS , Table 1 . Covered establishments , employment , and wages in the 326 largest counties , fourth quarter 2006 '' . Bls.gov . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York '' . Labor.state.ny.us . Jump up ^ `` ' ' bizjournals.com ' ' '' . Bizjournals.com . October 24 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About the Founder '' . Empiregenomics.com . March 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&T Bank : Who Is M&T '' . Mtb.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Buffalo 's debt collectors accused of bullying = '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` First Niagara 2009 '' . Fnfg.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ KDKA - TV Jump up ^ `` United States Department of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` First Niagara 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Fnfg.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ First Niagara to buy HSBC bank branches wivb.com Published 2011 - 07 - 31 . Archived May 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rich Products Corporation : : Our Business / Archived October 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ LABATT USA : Company opens new headquarters in Buffalo '' Business '' Tonawanda News / Archived October 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ History Timeline of the New Era Cap Company / Archived July 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` METRO BUSINESS ; Trico Opens Buffalo Site '' . The New York Times . October 20 , 1999 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Buffalo Central Terminal -- Decline & Abandonment , 1945 -- 1990 '' . Buffalohistoryworks.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) / Archived June 26 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Poverty USA -- Catholic Campaign for Human Development -- A hand up , not a hand out '' . Usccb.org . July 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buffalo 3rd Poorest Large City . WGRZ TV . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Buffalo falls to second - poorest big city in U.S. , with a poverty rate of nearly 30 percent . Buffalo News . Retrieved September 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vacant Houses , Scourge of a Beaten - down Buffalo . New York Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Derek Burnett , America 's Top Five Cleanest Cities . Reader 's Digest . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Archived July 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.ci.buffalo.ny.us/Home/Leadership/City_Comptroller/economy Jump up ^ http://www.buffalonews.com/feed/signs-of-economic-revival-finally-appear-20140125 Jump up ^ `` City of Buffalo 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Buffalo,_New_York&oldid=800964657 '' Categories : Economy of Buffalo , New York Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the main industry in buffalo ny	[ "\n\n#\nEmployer\n# of Employees\n\n\n1\nState of New York\n15,123\n\n\n2\nFederal Executive Board (United States of America)\n11,183\n\n\n3\nKaleida Health\n10,000\n\n\n4\nUniversity at Buffalo\n6,733\n\n\n5\nCatholic Health System\n6,628\n\n\n6\nEmployer Services Corp\n6,363\n\n\n7\nM&T Bank\n5,140\n\n\n8\nTops Markets\n5,058\n\n\n9\nBuffalo City School District\n4,949\n\n\n10\nErie County\n4,203\n\n" ]	[ "Health" ]
1718144641893430006	Al-Fatiha	Al - Fatiha - wikipedia Al - Fatiha Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sura 1 of the Quran → الْفَاتِحَة Al - Fātihah The Opening Arabic text English translation Classification Meccan Other names The Key Position Juzʼ 1 No. of verses 7 No. of words 29 No. of letters 139 For the organization supporting LGBTQ Muslims , see Al - Fatiha Foundation . Quran Text ( show ) Chapter List Meccan Medinan Verse Section Muqatta'at Content ( show ) Animals Eschatology Female figures God Legends Miracles Parables Prophets Science Reading ( show ) Elocution Memorized Reciter School Speed Translations ( show ) List English translations by Ahmadis History ( show ) Samarkand Kufic Quran Sana'a manuscript Topkapi manuscript Birmingham manuscript Exegesis ( show ) Abrogation Biblical narratives Esoteric interpretation Hermeneutics Persons related to verses ( mentioned by name ) Revelation Related ( show ) Createdness Criticism Inimitability Quran and tradition Quranism Shi'a view Islam portal Wikipedia book A 14th - or 15th - century manuscript of the chapter Problems playing this file ? See media help . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Sūrat al - Fātiḥah ( Arabic : سُّورَةُ الْفَاتِحَة ‎ ‎ ) is the first chapter ( surah ) of the Quran . Its seven verses ( ayat ) are a prayer for the guidance , lordship and mercy of God . This chapter has an essential role in Islamic prayer ( salāt ) . The primary literal meaning of the expression `` al - Fātiḥah '' is `` The Opener , '' which could refer to this Surah being `` the opener of the Book '' ( Fātiḥat al - kitāb ) , to its being the first Surah recited in full in every prayer cycle ( rakʿah ) , or to the manner in which it serves as an opening for many functions in everyday Islamic life . Some Muslims interpret it as a reference to an implied ability of the Surah to open a person to faith in God . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text and Translation 2 Names 3 Background 4 Theme and subject matter 5 Commentary 6 Interpretations 6.1 Use on State occasions 7 Related ahadith 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 External links Text and Translation ( edit ) Al - Fatihah ( Arabic : الفَاتِحَة ‎ ‎ ) Verse Text Transliteration Translation 1.1 . بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ Bismillāhi r - raḥmāni r - raḥīm In the name of God , the Entirely Merciful , the Especially Merciful . 1.2 . ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ Al ḥamdu lillāhi rabbi l - ' ālamīn ( All ) praise is ( due ) to God , Lord of the worlds - 1.3 . ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ Ar raḥmāni r - raḥīm The Entirely Merciful , the Especially Merciful , 1.4 . مَالِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ Māliki yawmi d - dīn Sovereign of the Day of Recompense . 1.5 . إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ Iyyāka na'budu wa iyyāka nasta'īn It is You we worship and You we ask for help . 1.6 . ٱهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَ Ihdinā ṣ - ṣirāṭ al - mustaqīm Guide us to the straight path - 1.7 . صِرَاطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّين Ṣirāṭ al - laḏīna an'amta ' alayhim ġayril maġḍūbi ' alayhim walāḍ ḍāllīn The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor , not of those who have evoked ( Your ) anger or of those who are astray . Names ( edit ) The name al - Fātiḥah ( `` the Opener '' ) is due to the subject - matter of the Surah . Fātiḥah is that which opens a subject or a book or any other thing . In other words , a sort of preface . It is also called , Umm Al - Kitab ( `` the Mother of the Book '' ) and Umm Al - Quran ( `` the Mother of the Quran '' ) ; Sab'a al Mathani ( `` Seven repeated ( verses ) '' , an appellation taken from verse 15 : 87 of the Quran ) ; Al - Hamd ( `` praise '' ) , because a hadith narrates Muhammad as having said : `` The prayer ( al - Fātiḥah ) is divided into two halves between Me and My servants . When the servant says , ' All praise is due to God ' , the Lord of existence , God says , ' My servant has praised Me ' . '' ; Al - Shifa ' ( `` the Cure '' ) , because a hadith narrates Muhammad as having said : `` The Opening of the Book is a cure for every poison . '' ; , Al - Ruqyah ( `` remedy '' or `` spiritual cure '' ). , and al - Asas , `` The Foundation '' , referring to its serving as a foundation for the entire Quran Background ( edit ) According to Abd Allah ibn Abbas and others , al - Fātiḥah is a Meccan sura ; while according to others it is a Medinan sura . The former view is more widely accepted , although some believe that it was revealed in both Mekka and Medina . In the Quran , the first revelations to Muhammad were only the first few verses ( ayats ) of Surahs Alaq , Muzzammil , Al - Muddathir , etc . Most narrators recorded that al - Fātiḥah was the first complete Surah revealed to Muhammad . Theme and subject matter ( edit ) Al - Fātiḥah is often believed to be a synthesis of the Quran . It in itself is a prayer at the very beginning of the Quran , which acts as a preface of the Quran and implies that the book is for a person who is a seeker of truth -- a reader who is asking a deity who is the only one worthy of all praise ( and is the creator , owner , sustainer of the worlds etc . ) to guide him to a straight path . It can be said to `` encapsulate all of the metaphysical and eschatological realities of which human beings must remain conscious . '' Commentary ( edit ) Main article : Commentary on the Holy Quran : Surah Al - Fateha Problems playing this file ? See media help . Interpretations ( edit ) There are differing interpretations for verses 6 and 7 . The phrase `` the Path journeyed by those upon whom You showered blessings '' is usually seen as referring to Muslims . The phrase `` those who made themselves liable to criminal cognizance / arrest '' ( more clearly translated as `` those who have incurred Your wrath '' ) is usually seen as referring to the Jews and the phrase `` those who are the neglectful wanderers '' ( more clearly translated as `` those who have gone astray '' ) is seen as referring to the Christians . The Quran : An Encyclopedia , authored by 43 Muslim and non-Muslim academics says , `` The Prophet interpreted those who incurred God 's wrath as the Jews and the misguided as the Christians '' . Australian pastor in linguistics and theology Mark Durie says , To be genuine and effective , reconciliation between Muslims and those they refer to as ' People of the Book ' ( Jews and Christians ) , requires that Al - Fatihah and its meaning be discussed openly . That devout Muslims are daily declaring before Allah that Christians have gone astray and Jews are objects of divine wrath , must be considered a matter of central importance for interfaith relations . This is all the more so because the interpretation of verse 7 which relates it to Christians and Jews is soundly based upon the words of Muhammad himself . As Al - Fatihah is the daily worship of Muslims , and represents the very essence of Islam itself , the meaning of these words can not be ignored or glossed over . Other commentators suggest that these verses do not refer to any particular religious community . Use on State occasions ( edit ) At the interfaith prayer service for the inauguration of President Donald Trump , Sajid Tarar , from the Medina Masjid , Baltimore , Maryland , recited the Surah Fatiha . Andrew Bostom said because of the contentious aspects of this Surah its use on State occasions such as this should be reconsidered as a , `` basic principle of true ecumenism , and basic civility '' . Related ahadith ( edit ) In his hadith collection Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal , Ahmad ibn Hanbal recorded that Abu Sa ` id bin Al - Mu ` alla had said : `` I was praying when the Prophet called me , so I did not answer him until I finished the prayer . I then went to him and he said , What prevented you from coming ? I said , ' O Messenger of Allah ! I was praying . ' He said , Did n't Allah say , O you who believe ! Answer Allah ( by obeying Him ) and ( His ) Messenger when he calls you to that which gives you life . He then said , `` I will teach you the greatest Surah in the Qur'an before you leave the Masjid ( Mosque ) . '' He held my hand and when he was about to leave the Masjid , I said , ` O Messenger of Allah ! You said : I will teach you the greatest Surah in the Qur'an . ' He said , Yes . Al - Hamdu lillahi Rabbil - ` Alamin , It is the seven repeated ( verses ) and the Glorious Qur'an that I was given . -- Ahmad ibn Hanbal , Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal Muhammad al - Bukhari , Abu Dawood , Al - Nasa'i and Ibn Majah also recorded this hadith . One hadith narrates a story of a companion of Muhammad who recited al - Fātiḥah as a remedy for a tribal chief who was poisoned . According to the hadith , Muhammad later asked the companion , `` How did you know that it is a Ruqqayah ( remedy ) ? '' Muhammad al - Bukhari recorded in his collection : Narrated Abu Said Al - Khudri : While we were on one of our journeys , we dismounted at a place where a slave girl came and said , `` The chief of this tribe has been stung by a scorpion and our men are not present ; is there anybody among you who can treat him ( by reciting something ) ? '' Then one of our men went along with her though we did not think that he knew any such treatment . But he treated the chief by reciting something , and the sick man recovered whereupon he gave him thirty sheep and gave us milk to drink ( as a reward ) . When he returned , we asked our friend , `` Did you know how to treat with the recitation of something ? '' He said , `` No , but I treated him only with the recitation of the Mother of the Book ( al - Fātiḥah ) . '' We said , `` Do not say anything ( about it ) till we reach or ask the Prophet . So when we reached Medina , we mentioned that to the Prophet ( in order to know whether the sheep which we had taken were lawful to take or not ) . The Prophet said , `` How did he come to know that it ( al - Fātiḥah ) could be used for treatment ? Distribute your reward and assign for me one share thereof as well . '' -- Muhammad al - Bukhari , Sahih al - Bukhari Similar versions are found in : Al - Bukhari : 007.071. 645 -- medicine ; Al - Bukhari : 007.071. 633 -- medicine ; Al - Bukhari : 007.071. 632 -- medicine Muslim ibn al - Hajjaj recorded that Abu Hurairah had told that Muhammad had said : If anyone observes prayer in which he does not recite Umm al - Qur'an , it is deficient ( he said this three times ) and not complete . -- Muslim ibn al - Hajjaj , Sahih Muslim A similar story is found in Al - Bukhari : 001.012. 723 -- characteristics of prayer . Muslim ibn al - Hajjaj recorded : Ibn ' Abbas reported that while Gabriel was sitting with the Apostle ( may peace be upon him ) he heard a creaking sound above him . He lifted his head and said : This As a gate opened in heaven today which had never been opened before . Then when an angel descended through it , he said : This is an angel who came down to the earth who had - never come down before . He greeted and said : Rejoice in two lights given to you which have not been given to any prophet before you : Fatiha al - Kitab and the concluding verses of Surah al - Baqara . You will never recite a letter from them for which you will not be given ( a reward ) . -- Muslim ibn al - Hajjaj , Sahih Muslim See also ( edit ) Commentary on the Holy Quran : Surah Al - Fātiḥah Juz ' Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maududi , Sayyid Abul Ala . Tafhim Al Quran . Jump up ^ Joseph E.B. Lumbard `` Commentary on Sūrat al - Fātiḥah , '' The Study Quran . ed . Seyyed Hossein Nasr , Caner Dagli , Maria Dakake , Joseph Lumbard , Muhammad Rustom ( San Francisco : Harper One , 2015 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Fatiha ( Wikisource ) '' . Jump up ^ Mulla Sadra . Tafsir al - Quran al - Karim . pp. 1 : 163 -- 164 . ^ Jump up to : Ibn Kathir . Tafsir Ibn Kathir . Jump up ^ Abu al - Qasim al - Khoei . Al - Bayan Fi Tafsir al - Quran . p. 446 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Baqir Majlisi . Bihar al - Anwar . pp. 89 : 238 . Jump up ^ Al - Hurr al - Aamili . Wasā'il al - Shīʿa . pp. 6 : 232 . Jump up ^ Joseph E.B. Lumbard , `` Introduction to Sūrat al - Fātiḥah , '' The Study Quran . ed . Seyyed Hossein Nasr , Caner Dagli , Maria Dakake , Joseph Lumbard , Muhammad Rustom ( San Francisco : Harper One , 2015 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Ahmad , Mirza Bahir Ud - Din ( 1988 ) . The Quran with English Translation and Commentary . Islam International Publications Ltd. p. 1 . ISBN 1 - 85372 - 045 - 3 . Jump up ^ English Translation and Commentary 5 Volumes Jump up ^ Joseph E.B. Lumbard , `` Introduction to `` Sūrat al - Fātiḥah , '' The Study Quran , ed . Seyyed Hossein Nasr , Caner Dagli , Maria Dakake , Joseph E.B. Lumbard , and Muhammad Rustom ( San Francisco : Harper One , 2015 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Joseph E.B. Lumbard , `` Introduction toSūrat al - Fātiḥah , '' The Study Quran , ed . Seyyed Hossein Nasr , Caner Dagli , Maria Dakake , Joseph Lumbard , Muhammad Rustom ( San Francisco : Harper One , 2015 ) , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Ayoub , Mahmoud M. The Qur'an and Its Interpreters : v. 1 : Vol 1 . State University of New York Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0873957274 . Jump up ^ Leaman , Oliver , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Qur'an : an Encyclopedia . Routledge . p. 614 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32639 - 7 . Jump up ^ Durie , Mark ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` The greatest recitation of Surat al - Fatihah '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The National Prayer Service for The Fifty - Eighth Presidential Inaugural '' ( PDF ) . The cathedral church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul , Washington National Cathedral. 21 January 2017 . p. 11 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew G. Bostom ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Imam at Trump 's Prayer Service recited a condemnation of Jews and Christians '' . PJ Media . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Meaning of Al - Fatihah and its Various Names Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 6 : 61 : 529 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 7 : 71 : 645 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 7 : 71 : 633 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 7 : 71 : 632 Jump up ^ The Reason it is Called Umm Al - Kitab Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim , 4 : 773 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari , 1 : 12 : 723 Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim , 4 : 1760 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Holy Qur'an ( Maulana Muhammad Ali ) / 1 . The Opening Al - Fātiḥah , 1 : 1 -- 7 , at the Center for Muslim - Jewish Engagement Surah Al - Fatiha with Recitation by Sudais in MP3 Previous sura : - Surah 1 Next sura : Al - Baqara Arabic text 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 This box : view talk edit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Fatiha&oldid=800879085 '' Categories : Surahs Al - Fatiha Salat Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Malti مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский Shqip سنڌي Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 07 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the first chapter of the quran	[ "Sūrat al-Fātiḥah (Arabic: سُّورَةُ الْفَاتِحَة‎‎) is the first chapter (surah) of the Quran. Its seven verses (ayat) are a prayer for the guidance, lordship and mercy of God.[1] This chapter has an essential role in Islamic prayer (salāt). The primary literal meaning of the expression \"al-Fātiḥah\" is \"The Opener,\" which could refer to this Surah being \"the opener of the Book\" (Fātiḥat al-kitāb), to its being the first Surah recited in full in every prayer cycle (rakʿah), or to the manner in which it serves as an opening for many functions in everyday Islamic life. Some Muslims interpret it as a reference to an implied ability of the Surah to open a person to faith in God.[2]" ]	[ "Sūrat al-Fātiḥah" ]
1593684483388405307	Light My Fire	Light My Fire - wikipedia Light My Fire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Light My Fire ( disambiguation ) . `` Light My Fire '' Single by The Doors from the album The Doors B - side `` The Crystal Ship '' Released April 24 , 1967 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded August 22 , 1966 Genre Psychedelic rock Length 7 : 06 ( Album Version ) 2 : 52 ( Single Version ) Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Jim Morrison , Robbie Krieger , John Densmore , Ray Manzarek Producer ( s ) Paul A. Rothchild The Doors singles chronology `` Break On Through ( To the Other Side ) '' ( 1967 ) `` Light My Fire '' / `` The Crystal Ship '' ( 1967 ) `` People Are Strange '' ( 1967 ) `` Break On Through ( To the Other Side ) '' ( 1967 ) `` Light My Fire '' / `` The Crystal Ship '' ( 1967 ) `` People Are Strange '' ( 1967 ) `` Light My Fire '' is a song by the Doors , which was recorded in August 1966 and released in January 1967 on their self - titled debut album . Released as an edited single on April 24 , 1967 , it spent three weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in late July , and one week on the Cash Box Top 100 , nearly a year after its recording . A year later , it re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 in 1968 following the success of José Feliciano 's version of the song ( which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard chart ) , peaking at number 87 . The song was largely written by the band 's guitarist Robby Krieger , and was credited to the entire band . The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1967 for 1,000,000 units shipped . As of December 1971 , it was the band 's best - selling single ; with over 927,000 copies sold . A live version was released in 1983 on their album Alive , She Cried , the first of several live albums released in subsequent decades to include the song . `` Light My Fire '' achieved modest success in Australia , where it peaked at number 22 on the ARIA chart . The single originally reached number 49 in the UK in 1967 , but experienced belated success in that country in 1991 , when a reissue peaked at number 7 . This reissue was more successful in Ireland , peaking atop the IRMA chart for two weeks in June . The reissue occurred due to a revived interest in the band following Oliver Stone 's film biopic The Doors . The song is ranked at number 35 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . It was included in the Songs of the Century list . Feliciano 's cover version won a 1969 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance , the same year he won another Grammy for Best New Artist . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Ed Sullivan Show 1.2 Buick TV commercial 2 Speed discrepancy 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Certifications 4 Personnel 5 Appearances in other media 6 Covers 6.1 José Feliciano 6.2 Shirley Bassey 6.3 Will Young 6.3. 1 Charts 6.3. 2 Certifications 7 Other covers 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The song originated as a Robby Krieger composition . Although the album version was just over seven minutes long , it was widely requested for radio play , so a single version was edited to under three minutes with nearly all the instrumental break removed for airplay on AM radio . Ray Manzarek played the song 's bass line with his left hand on a Fender Rhodes Piano Bass , while performing the other keyboard parts on a Vox Continental using his right hand . After the recording session , producer Paul A. Rothchild brought in session musician Larry Knechtel to overdub a Fender Precision Bass guitar to double the keyboard bass line . When the Doors played the song at live concerts , Manzarek used the Fender Rhodes Piano Bass without augmentation . The Ed Sullivan show ( edit ) The band appeared on various TV shows , such as American Bandstand , miming to a playback of the single . However , `` Light My Fire '' was performed live by the Doors on The Ed Sullivan Show broadcast on September 17 , 1967 . The Doors were asked by producer Bob Precht , Sullivan 's son - in - law , to change the line `` girl , we could n't get much higher '' , as the sponsors were uncomfortable with the possible reference to drugs . The band agreed to do so , and did a rehearsal using the amended lyrics , `` girl , we could n't get much better '' ; however , during the live performance , the band 's lead singer Jim Morrison sang the original , unaltered lyrics . Ed Sullivan did not shake Jim Morrison 's hand as he left the stage . The band had been negotiating a multi-episode deal with the producers ; however , after violating the agreement not to perform the offending line , they were informed they would never do the Sullivan show again . Morrison 's response was `` We just ' did ' Sullivan . '' This performance was portrayed in the 1991 Oliver Stone film The Doors , but without Morrison 's subsequent retort to Sullivan and the show 's producer . Buick TV commercial ( edit ) John Densmore recalled that Buick offered $75,000 in October 1968 to adapt the song for use in a Buick Opel TV commercial ( `` Come on , Buick , light my fire '' ) . Morrison , however , was still in London after a European tour had just ended on September 20 and could not be contacted by the other band members , who agreed to the deal in his absence . As the band had agreed in 1965 to both equal splits and everyone having veto power in decisions , Morrison consequently called Buick and threatened to personally smash an Opel with a sledgehammer on television , should the commercial be aired . Speed discrepancy ( edit ) The 40th Anniversary mix of the debut album presents a stereo version of `` Light My Fire '' in speed - corrected form for the first time . The speed discrepancy ( being about 3.5 % slow ) was brought to Bruce Botnick 's attention by Brigham Young University professor Michael Hicks , who noted that all video and audio live performances of the Doors performing the song , the sheet music , and statements of band members show the song in a key almost a half step higher ( key of A ) than the stereo LP release ( key of A ♭ / G ♯ ) . Until the 2006 remasters , only the original 45 RPM singles ( `` Light My Fire '' and `` Break On Through '' ) were produced at the correct speed . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) 16 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Ireland IRMA Chart UK Singles Chart 7 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 927,000 Personnel ( edit ) Jim Morrison -- lead vocals Ray Manzarek -- Vox Continental combo organ , keyboard bass Robby Krieger -- Gibson SG electric guitar John Densmore -- drums Session musician Larry Knechtel -- bass guitar , credited by Robby Krieger Appearances in other media ( edit ) The song was made available to download on October 26 , 2010 for use in the Rock Band 3 music gaming platform in both Basic rhythm , and PRO mode which takes advantage of the use of a real guitar / bass guitar , along with support for standard MIDI - compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards in addition to main and backup vocals . Covers ( edit ) José Feliciano ( edit ) `` Light My Fire '' Single by José Feliciano from the album Feliciano ! B - side `` California Dreamin ' '' Released 1968 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1968 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 33 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Jim Morrison Robbie Krieger John Densmore Ray Manzarek Producer ( s ) Rick Jarrard José Feliciano singles chronology `` La Copa Rota '' ( 1968 ) `` Light My Fire '' ( 1968 ) `` Hi - Heel Sneakers '' / `` Hitchcock Railway '' ( 1968 ) `` La Copa Rota '' ( 1968 ) `` Light My Fire '' ( 1968 ) `` Hi - Heel Sneakers '' / `` Hitchcock Railway '' ( 1968 ) Vocalist and guitarist José Feliciano experienced significant international success when he released his version of `` Light My Fire '' in 1968 as a single on the RCA Victor label . It is perhaps the best known cover of this song , reaching number 3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 charts , only a year after the original had been a number 1 hit on the same chart . Feliciano 's remake blended Latin influences , including a mixture of classic Spanish guitar , flute and flamenco , with American pop . Feliciano 's version of the song is played at a slower tempo than the Doors . The single helped to spur the worldwide success of its album , Feliciano ! , which was nominated for multiple Grammy Awards in 1969 . Feliciano 's arrangement of `` Light My Fire '' has influenced several subsequent versions , including that by Will Young . Songwriter Robby Krieger said in an interview about the cover : `` It 's really a great feeling to have written a classic . I think I owe a big debt to Jose Feliciano because he is actually the one , when he did it , everybody started doing it . He did a whole different arrangement on it . '' Country Peak position Australia Brazil Canada France 62 Ireland 14 Netherlands 24 United Kingdom 6 United States Feliciano revisited the song , singing a duet with Minnie Riperton on her 1979 album Minnie . Shirley Bassey ( edit ) `` Light My Fire '' Single by Shirley Bassey Released 1999 Format 12 '' single , CD single Recorded 1970 Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 17 Label Blue Note EMI Music France Songwriter ( s ) Jim Morrison Robbie Krieger John Densmore Ray Manzarek Producer ( s ) Nicolas Pflug Shirley Bassey singles chronology `` History Repeating '' ( 1997 ) `` Light My Fire '' ( 1999 ) `` World in Union '' ( 2000 ) `` History Repeating '' ( 1997 ) `` Light My Fire '' ( 1999 ) `` World in Union '' ( 2000 ) `` Light My Fire Remix '' is a single released by Shirley Bassey in 1999 . This is a remix of the vocal recorded in 1970 for the album Something , which is also included on this release . The single was issued by Blue Note , EMI Music France in two formats a 12 '' single and a CD single . In spring 1998 , Blue Note France and Radio Nova organised a competition to find the best remix , created from the Groove and Jazz back catalogues . The DJ had to be an unknown , who had not yet had any work published . DJ Booster was the winner and the hip - hop and club dance remixes of `` Light My Fire '' were released to the public . French musician DJ Olivier Armbuster , alias Booster , has origins in the suburbs of Paris . He is a musician , who plays a variety of instruments and went on to release an album entitled Loop in 2001 . Bassey 's original recording of the song was arranged by Johnny Harris , who also recorded his own instrumental version using a similar arrangement for his 1970 album Movements . Track listing `` Light My Fire '' ( Booster - Remix Edit ) -- 3 : 17 `` Light My Fire '' ( Booster Mix ) -- 5 : 05 `` Light My Fire '' ( Shirley Bassey original version ) -- 3 : 23 `` Light My Fire '' ( Booster Jungle Mix ) -- 4 : 23 Personnel Shirley Bassey -- vocals Rob Nicolas Gueguen -- keyboards Will Young ( edit ) `` Light My Fire '' Single by Will Young from the album From Now On B - side `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` Beyond the Sea '' Released May 27 , 2002 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Pop Label BMG Songwriter ( s ) Jim Morrison Robbie Krieger John Densmore Ray Manzarek Producer ( s ) Absolute Will Young singles chronology `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' ( 2002 ) `` Light My Fire '' ( 2002 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` Suspicious Minds '' ( 2002 ) `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' ( 2002 ) `` Light My Fire '' ( 2002 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` Suspicious Minds '' ( 2002 ) Pop Idol series 1 winner Will Young covered the song in 2002 . He originally performed a piano version of the song in the final 50 of Pop Idol , and again , with a backing track , in the final 10 . It was later released as his second single . It went straight to the number one spot in the UK Singles Chart , selling 177,000 copies in its first week of release . The single stayed at number one for two weeks . The cover version was recorded in the style of José Feliciano 's version . Young also performed the song on World Idol , where he came in fifth place . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Germany 44 Italy Netherlands 21 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Switzerland 76 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other covers ( edit ) Singer and actress Amii Stewart , who is most famous for her cover of the Eddie Floyd song `` Knock on Wood '' , also covered this is in 1979 as a double A-side with `` 137 Disco Heaven '' . It was a substantial hit getting to number 5 in the UK Singles Chart as well as number 26 in Germany , number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 36 on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . It was later re-released as a remix in 1985 as a double A-side with a remix of `` Knock on Wood '' , this remix was also successful returning Stewart to the British Top 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Forty years on , Jim Morrison cult thrives at Paris cemetery '' . The Independent . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://doorsexaminer.com/doors-history-doors-release-light-fire-single/ ^ Jump up to : The Doors interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Light My Fire '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` ' Doors Sold 4,190,457 Albums ' : Court Report '' . Billboard . Billboard Publications , Inc. 83 ( 51 ) : 3 . December 18 , 1971 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Light My Fire '' . guitarworld.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Myers , Marc , ' ' Anatomy of a Song : The Oral History of 45 Iconic Hits That Changed Rock , R&B and Pop , ' ' Grove Press , New York , 2016 p. 81 Jump up ^ Davis , Stephen ( 2005 ) . Jim Morrison : LIfe , Death , Legend . Penguin . p. 139 . ISBN 9781101218273 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings. 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 484 -- 5 . ISBN 9780810882966 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew : The Inside Story of Rock and Roll 's Best - Kept Secret . Macmillan . p. 2 . ISBN 9780312619749 . ^ Jump up to : Korpe , Marie . Marie Korpe ( September 4 , 2004 ) . Shoot the singer ! : music censorship today . Zed Books . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84277 - 505 - 9 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( August 1 , 2000 ) . Sixties Rock : Garage , Psychedelic , and Other Satisfactions . University of Illinois Press . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06915 - 4 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Peter K. ( 1994 ) . Charlesworth , Chris , ed . The complete guide to the music of the Doors . Music Sales Group . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 3527 - 3 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Melissa U.D. Goldsmith ; Paige A. Willson ; Anthony J. Fonseca ( October 7 , 2016 ) . The Encyclopedia of Musicians and Bands on Film . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 205 . ISBN 9781442269873 . Jump up ^ `` July 8 , 2002 '' . The Nation . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Light My Fire Lyrics - The Doors '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Rod . `` From the Editor : The Doors , the Buick , and the book '' . Portland Press Herald . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Botnick , Bruce : Liner notes to 40th Anniversary CD release , May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 27 September 1967 Singles '' . poparchives.com.au . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 10087 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Doors -- Light My Fire '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Doors . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles '' . cashboxmagazine.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Roberts ( May 2005 ) . British Hit Singles and Albums 18 Ed . Gullane Children 's Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Robby Krieger talks guitars and The Doors '' . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ staff , IGN ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Doors Most Loved Songs Kick Off Rock Band 3 DLC '' . IGN . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Rock Band 3 : What 's New , What 's Notable '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Gary ( 1994 ) . `` Interview With Robby Krieger '' . Classic Bands . Retrieved January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Albums by Shirley Bassey '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weidman , Rich ( October 1 , 2011 ) . The Doors FAQ : All That 's Left to Know About the Kings of Acid Rock . Backbeat Books . p. ( page number not displayed ) . ISBN 1617131105 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Simon ( April 29 , 2004 ) . I Do n't Mean to be Rude , But ... Ebury Press . p. 180 . ISBN 0091898285 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil . `` Will insulted by ' World Idol ' judges '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Will Young : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Light My Gold '' ( in Italian ) . MTV Italy . June 27 , 2003 . Retrieved July 10 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Will Young -- Light My Fire '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Light My Fire in the search field and then press Enter . Burns , Gary . `` A Typology of ' Hooks ' in Popular Records . '' Popular Music 6.1 ( 1987 ) : 1 - 20 . Web . External links ( edit ) Ray Manzarek of The Doors , an interview on Fresh Air Light My Fire from All Things Considered , 2000 interviews about the song with the surviving members of the Doors Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Windy '' by The Association US Billboard Hot 100 number one single July 29 , 1967 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` All You Need Is Love '' by The Beatles Preceded by `` Born to Be Wild '' by Steppenwolf Canadian RPM 100 number - one single ( Jose Feliciano cover version ) September 9 , 1968 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` 1 , 2 , 3 , Red Light '' by 1910 Fruitgum Company Preceded by `` Without Me '' by Eminem UK Singles Chart number one single ( Will Young cover version ) June 2 , 2002 -- June 15 , 2002 Succeeded by `` A Little Less Conversation '' by Elvis and JXL The Doors track listing Songs Side one `` Break On Through ( To the Other Side ) '' `` Soul Kitchen '' `` The Crystal Ship '' `` Twentieth Century Fox '' `` Alabama Song '' `` Light My Fire '' Side two `` Back Door Man '' `` I Looked at You '' `` End of the Night '' `` Take It as It Comes '' `` The End '' Related articles Classic Albums The Doors Jim Morrison Ray Manzarek John Densmore Robby Krieger Studio albums The Doors Strange Days Waiting for the Sun The Soft Parade Morrison Hotel L.A. Woman Other Voices Full Circle An American Prayer Live albums Absolutely Live Alive , She Cried Live at the Hollywood Bowl In Concert London Fog 1966 Compilations and soundtracks 13 Weird Scenes Inside the Gold Mine The Best of The Doors ( 1973 ) Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) The Doors Classics The Best of The Doors The Doors ( 1991 film soundtrack ) Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Essential Rarities The Best of The Doors ( 2000 ) The Very Best of The Doors ( 2001 ) Legacy : The Absolute Best The Very Best of The Doors ( 2007 ) The Future Starts Here : The Essential Doors Hits The Platinum Collection When You 're Strange : Music from the Motion Picture The Singles Bright Midnight Archives The Bright Midnight Sampler Live in Detroit Bright Midnight : Live in America Live in Hollywood : Highlights from the Aquarius Theater Performances Live at the Aquarius Theatre : The First Performance Live at the Aquarius Theatre : The Second Performance No One Here Gets Out Alive Backstage and Dangerous : The Private Rehearsal Live in Hollywood Boot Yer Butt : The Doors Bootlegs Live in Philadelphia ' 70 Live in Boston Pittsburgh Civic Arena Live at the Matrix 1967 Live in New York Live in Vancouver 1970 Live at the Bowl ' 68 Box sets The Doors : Box Set The Complete Studio Recordings No One Here Gets Out Alive Boot Yer Butt : The Doors Bootlegs Love / Death / Travel Box Set Perception The Doors : Vinyl Box Set A Collection Singles `` Break On Through ( To the Other Side ) '' / `` End of the Night '' `` Light My Fire '' / `` The Crystal Ship '' `` People Are Strange '' / `` Unhappy Girl '' `` Love Me Two Times '' / `` Moonlight Drive '' `` The Unknown Soldier '' / `` We Could Be So Good Together '' `` Hello , I Love You '' / `` Love Street '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Wild Child '' `` Wishful Sinful '' / `` Who Scared You '' `` Tell All the People '' / `` Easy Ride '' `` Runnin ' Blue '' / `` Do It '' `` You Make Me Real '' / `` Roadhouse Blues '' `` Love Her Madly '' / `` ( You Need Meat ) Do n't Go No Further '' `` Riders on the Storm '' / `` The Changeling '' `` Get Up and Dance '' / `` Tree Trunk '' `` Gloria '' / `` Moonlight Drive '' Books Wilderness : The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison The American Night No One Here Gets Out Alive Light My Fire Video and film The Doors ( 1991 ) The Doors -- 30 Years Commemorative Edition ( 1999 ) When You 're Strange Live at the Bowl ' 68 Related articles Discography Rick & the Ravens Bill Siddons Danny Sugerman Paul A. Rothchild Bruce Botnick London Fog Whisky a Go Go Manzarek -- Krieger `` Craigslist '' The Lost Paris Tapes Stoned Immaculate : The Music of The Doors Barbaturex morrisoni HWY : An American Pastoral Night Divides the Day -- The Music of the Doors Light My Fire : A Classic Rock Salute to The Doors Book Will Young Discography Studio albums From Now On Friday 's Child Keep On Let It Go Echoes 85 % Proof Compilation albums The Hits The Essential Extended plays Leave Right Now Singles `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' `` Light My Fire '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' / `` You and I '' `` Leave Right Now '' `` Your Game '' `` Friday 's Child '' `` Switch It On '' `` All Time Love '' `` Who Am I '' `` Changes '' `` Grace '' `` Let It Go '' `` Tell Me the Worst '' `` Hopes & Fears '' `` Jealousy '' `` Come On '' `` Losing Myself '' `` I Just Want a Lover '' `` Love Revolution '' `` Like a River '' `` Thank You '' `` Joy '' Live releases Will Young Live Live in London Concert tours Echoes Tour Love Revolution Tour Related articles Pop Idol series 1 series 1 finalists World Idol Mrs Henderson Presents Bedlam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_My_Fire&oldid=800637043 '' Categories : Songs written by John Densmore Songs written by Robby Krieger Songs written by Ray Manzarek Songs written by Jim Morrison 1967 singles 1968 singles 1979 singles 1999 singles 2002 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles The Doors songs Trini Lopez songs Stevie Wonder songs Shirley Bassey songs Amii Stewart songs Beastie Boys songs Jackie Wilson songs José Feliciano songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Will Young songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs about drugs UB40 songs Song recordings produced by Paul A. Rothchild 1966 songs Elektra Records singles RCA Victor singles Blue Note Records singles EMI Records singles Sony BMG singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote light my fire by the doors	[ "\n\n\"Light My Fire\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by The Doors\n\n\nfrom the album The Doors\n\n\nB-side\n\"The Crystal Ship\"\n\n\nReleased\nApril 24, 1967\n\n\nFormat\n7\" vinyl\n\n\nRecorded\nAugust 22, 1966\n\n\nGenre\nPsychedelic rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n\n\n\n7:06 (Album Version)\n2:52 (Single Version)\n\n\n\n\n\nLabel\nElektra\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJim Morrison, Robbie Krieger, John Densmore, Ray Manzarek\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPaul A. Rothchild\n\n\nThe Doors singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\"\n(1967)\n\"Light My Fire\" / \"The Crystal Ship\"\n(1967)\n\"People Are Strange\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\"\n(1967)\n\"Light My Fire\"/\"The Crystal Ship\"\n(1967)\n\"People Are Strange\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Light My Fire\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by The Doors\n\n\nfrom the album The Doors\n\n\nB-side\n\"The Crystal Ship\"\n\n\nReleased\nApril 24, 1967\n\n\nFormat\n7\" vinyl\n\n\nRecorded\nAugust 22, 1966\n\n\nGenre\nPsychedelic rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n\n\n\n7:06 (Album Version)\n2:52 (Single Version)\n\n\n\n\n\nLabel\nElektra\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJim Morrison, Robbie Krieger, John Densmore, Ray Manzarek\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPaul A. Rothchild\n\n\nThe Doors singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\"\n(1967)\n\"Light My Fire\" / \"The Crystal Ship\"\n(1967)\n\"People Are Strange\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\"\n(1967)\n\"Light My Fire\"/\"The Crystal Ship\"\n(1967)\n\"People Are Strange\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Light My Fire\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by The Doors\n\n\nfrom the album The Doors\n\n\nB-side\n\"The Crystal Ship\"\n\n\nReleased\nApril 24, 1967\n\n\nFormat\n7\" vinyl\n\n\nRecorded\nAugust 22, 1966\n\n\nGenre\nPsychedelic rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n\n\n\n7:06 (Album Version)\n2:52 (Single Version)\n\n\n\n\n\nLabel\nElektra\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJim Morrison, Robbie Krieger, John Densmore, Ray Manzarek\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPaul A. Rothchild\n\n\nThe Doors singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\"\n(1967)\n\"Light My Fire\" / \"The Crystal Ship\"\n(1967)\n\"People Are Strange\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\"\n(1967)\n\"Light My Fire\"/\"The Crystal Ship\"\n(1967)\n\"People Are Strange\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Light My Fire\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by The Doors\n\n\nfrom the album The Doors\n\n\nB-side\n\"The Crystal Ship\"\n\n\nReleased\nApril 24, 1967\n\n\nFormat\n7\" vinyl\n\n\nRecorded\nAugust 22, 1966\n\n\nGenre\nPsychedelic rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n\n\n\n7:06 (Album Version)\n2:52 (Single Version)\n\n\n\n\n\nLabel\nElektra\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJim Morrison, Robbie Krieger, John Densmore, Ray Manzarek\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPaul A. Rothchild\n\n\nThe Doors singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\"\n(1967)\n\"Light My Fire\" / \"The Crystal Ship\"\n(1967)\n\"People Are Strange\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Break On Through (To the Other Side)\"\n(1967)\n\"Light My Fire\"/\"The Crystal Ship\"\n(1967)\n\"People Are Strange\"\n(1967)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Jim Morrison", "Robbie Krieger", "John Densmore", "Ray Manzarek" ]
5047777800308618185	Climate of Vancouver	Climate of Vancouver - wikipedia Climate of Vancouver This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vancouver Harbour Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 179 7 184 8 156 11 5 118 14 7 87 17 10 70 20 12 53 22 14 51 22 14 73 19 12 148 14 8 239 9 5 231 7 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Environment Canada show Imperial conversion J J J O 7 44 37 7.2 47 38 6.1 51 40 4.6 56 44 3.4 62 49 2.8 67 54 72 57 72 58 2.9 66 53 5.8 57 47 9.4 49 41 9.1 44 37 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches The climate of Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada is a moderate oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ) that borders on a warm - summer Mediterranean climate Csb . With summer months that are typically dry , often resulting in moderate drought conditions , usually in July and August . In contrast , the rest of the year is rainy , especially between October and March . Like the rest of the British Columbia Coast , the city is tempered by the North Pacific Current , which has its origins in the milder Kuroshio Current and is also to an extent , sheltered by the mountains of Vancouver Island , to the west . Contents 1 General conditions 1.1 Temperatures 1.2 Daylight 2 Statistics 3 Precipitation 3.1 Rain 3.2 Snow 4 Severe weather 4.1 Fall - winter 2006 storms 5 Notes 6 References General conditions ( edit ) The climatology of Vancouver applies to the entire Greater Vancouver region and not just to the City of Vancouver itself . While Vancouver 's coastal location serves to moderate its temperatures , sea breezes and mountainous terrain make Greater Vancouver a region of microclimates , with local variations in weather sometimes being more exaggerated than those experienced in other coastal areas . Predicting precipitation in the Greater Vancouver area is particularly complex . It is a rule of thumb that for every rise of 100 m ( 330 ft ) in elevation , there is an additional 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) ( 1.2 in ( 30 mm ) per 100 ft ( 30 m ) ) of precipitation , so places such as the District of North Vancouver on the North Shore Mountains get more rain . Snow is problematic for meteorologists to predict due to temperatures remaining close to freezing during snow events . Temperatures ( edit ) The average annual temperature in Vancouver is 11.0 ° C ( 51.8 ° F ) downtown and 10.4 ° C ( 50.7 ° F ) at YVR airport in Richmond . This is one of the warmest in Canada . Greater Vancouver is in USDA plant hardiness zone 8 , similar to other coastal or near - coastal cities such as Seattle , Portland , Amsterdam , and London , as well as places such as Atlanta , Georgia and Raleigh , North Carolina , far to the south . The mild climate sustains plants such as the Windmill Palm . Vancouver 's growing season averages 221 days , from March 29 until November 5 . This is 72 days longer than Toronto 's , and longer than any other major urban centre in Canada . Despite normally mild winters due to the onshore air flow over the North Pacific Current , occasional cold arctic outflows ( sinking cold continental air that flows down through the Fraser Valley coastward ) in winter can sometimes last a week or more . These arctic outflows occur on average one to three times per winter . The coldest month on record at Vancouver International Airport was January 1950 when an arctic air inflow moved in from the Fraser Valley and remained locked over the city , with an average low of − 9.7 ° C ( 15 ° F ) and an average high of only − 2.9 ° C ( 27 ° F ) , making for a daily average of − 6.3 ° C ( 20.7 ° F ) , 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) colder than normal . The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was − 18.3 ° C ( − 1 ° F ) on December 29 , 1968 . The coldest temperature across Metro Vancouver , however , is − 23.3 ° C ( − 10 ° F ) recorded on January 23 , 1969 . With snow being an infrequent occurrence over a typically mild winter , many cold hardy flowers remain in bloom and are common in gardens and office exteriors throughout the winter . The arrival of spring is often first noticed in February with slightly milder temperatures and the return of flowering perennials . It 's also not uncommon for cherry blossoms to begin blooming later in the month , as was seen prominently during the 2010 Winter Olympics . The Greater Vancouver region is also subject to significant variations in summer temperatures , which can differ by as much as 5 -- 10 ° C ( 9 -- 18 ° F ) between inland areas of the Fraser Valley and the ocean - tempered coastal regions when localized on - shore breezes are in effect . Conversely , winter temperatures tend to be cooler inland by a couple of degrees . Daylight ( edit ) The relatively high latitude of 49 ° 15 ′ 0 '' N ( e.g. like Paris , France ) means sunsets as early as 4 : 15 pm and sunrises as late as 8 : 10 am . From November to February , at the sunshine measuring station at the airport in Richmond , on average more than 70 % of the already short daytime is completely cloudy . The percentage of cloudiness is higher in Vancouver and especially the North Shore because upslope winds going up the mountainsides lead to the development of clouds . Summers , in contrast , are characterized by a nearly opposite weather pattern , with consistent high pressure and sunshine . July and August are the sunniest months . For several nights near the summer solstice , there are less than 7.5 hours between sunset and sunrise , with twilight lasting past 10 pm . Statistics ( edit ) show Climate data for Vancouver International Airport ( Richmond ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1898 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 17.2 18.0 20.3 23.9 33.7 33.9 38.3 35.9 33.0 27.2 21.1 16.1 38.3 Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 25.0 ( 77 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 4.1 ( 39.4 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 17.8 ( 0 ) − 16.1 ( 3 ) − 9.4 ( 15.1 ) − 3.3 ( 26.1 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) ( 36 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 6.1 ( 21 ) − 14.3 ( 6.3 ) − 17.8 ( 0 ) − 17.8 ( 0 ) Record low wind chill − 22.6 − 21.2 − 14.5 − 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 − 11.4 − 21.3 − 27.8 − 27.8 Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 168.4 ( 6.63 ) 104.6 ( 4.118 ) 113.9 ( 4.484 ) 88.5 ( 3.484 ) 65.0 ( 2.559 ) 53.8 ( 2.118 ) 35.6 ( 1.402 ) 36.7 ( 1.445 ) 50.9 ( 2.004 ) 120.8 ( 4.756 ) 188.9 ( 7.437 ) 161.9 ( 6.374 ) 1,189 ( 46.811 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 157.5 ( 6.201 ) 98.9 ( 3.894 ) 111.8 ( 4.402 ) 88.1 ( 3.469 ) 65.0 ( 2.559 ) 53.8 ( 2.118 ) 35.6 ( 1.402 ) 36.7 ( 1.445 ) 50.9 ( 2.004 ) 120.7 ( 4.752 ) 185.8 ( 7.315 ) 148.3 ( 5.839 ) 1,153.1 ( 45.4 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 11.1 ( 4.37 ) 6.3 ( 2.48 ) 2.3 ( 0.91 ) 0.3 ( 0.12 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.04 ) 3.2 ( 1.26 ) 14.8 ( 5.83 ) 38.1 ( 15 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 19.5 15.4 17.7 14.8 13.2 11.5 6.3 6.7 8.3 15.4 20.4 19.7 168.9 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 18.4 14.7 17.5 14.8 13.2 11.5 6.3 6.8 8.3 15.4 19.9 18.4 165.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 2.6 1.4 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.8 2.8 8.73 Average relative humidity ( % ) ( at 1500 LST ) 81.2 74.5 70.1 65.4 63.5 62.2 61.4 61.8 67.2 75.6 79.5 80.9 70.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.2 91.0 134.8 185.0 222.5 226.9 289.8 277.1 212.8 120.7 60.4 56.5 1,937.5 Percent possible sunshine 22.3 31.8 36.6 45.0 46.9 46.8 59.3 62.1 56.1 36.0 21.9 22.0 40.6 Source : Environment Canada show Climate data for Vancouver Harbour CS ( 1971 - 2000 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 4.8 ( 40.6 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 4.8 ( 40.6 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 4.8 ( 40.6 ) 2.8 ( 37 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 13.3 ( 8.1 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 5 ( 23 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 2.8 ( 37 ) 2.8 ( 37 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) − 3.2 ( 26.2 ) − 9.9 ( 14.2 ) − 15.6 ( 3.9 ) − 15.6 ( 3.9 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 178.8 ( 7.039 ) 183.8 ( 7.236 ) 155.8 ( 6.134 ) 117.9 ( 4.642 ) 86.7 ( 3.413 ) 69.9 ( 2.752 ) 53.4 ( 2.102 ) 50.8 ( 2 ) 73.3 ( 2.886 ) 147.8 ( 5.819 ) 239.2 ( 9.417 ) 231.3 ( 9.106 ) 1,588.6 ( 62.543 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 143.6 ( 5.654 ) 173.5 ( 6.831 ) 153.1 ( 6.028 ) 117.0 ( 4.606 ) 86.7 ( 3.413 ) 69.9 ( 2.752 ) 49.1 ( 1.933 ) 48.3 ( 1.902 ) 71.0 ( 2.795 ) 131.9 ( 5.193 ) 219.5 ( 8.642 ) 211.5 ( 8.327 ) 1,474.9 ( 58.067 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 15.3 ( 6.02 ) 10.2 ( 4.02 ) 2.7 ( 1.06 ) 0.9 ( 0.35 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 2.7 ( 1.06 ) 11.8 ( 4.65 ) 43.6 ( 17.17 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 18.3 16.4 16.6 14.9 12.9 11.6 7.6 7.7 9.4 14.9 19.8 19.1 169.1 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 14.8 16.3 15.9 14.2 13.2 10.7 6.7 7.8 9.8 12.0 16.8 16.2 154.5 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 2.8 1.9 0.89 0.24 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.88 2.9 9.6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 51.1 79.6 124.7 161.3 222.8 223.5 276.8 256.6 178.3 127.3 66.9 49.6 1,818.4 Source # 1 : Environment Canada Source # 2 : Environment Canada ( sun , 1961 - 1990 ) show Climate data for Oakridge , Vancouver ( 1981 - 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 222.7 ( 8.768 ) 111.4 ( 4.386 ) 125.0 ( 4.921 ) 101.7 ( 4.004 ) 75.3 ( 2.965 ) 67.8 ( 2.669 ) 42.6 ( 1.677 ) 48.4 ( 1.906 ) 59.1 ( 2.327 ) 156.8 ( 6.173 ) 238.5 ( 9.39 ) 207.3 ( 8.161 ) 1,456.6 ( 57.346 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 207.0 ( 8.15 ) 106.8 ( 4.205 ) 122.5 ( 4.823 ) 101.7 ( 4.004 ) 75.1 ( 2.957 ) 67.8 ( 2.669 ) 42.6 ( 1.677 ) 48.4 ( 1.906 ) 59.1 ( 2.327 ) 156.7 ( 6.169 ) 233.5 ( 9.193 ) 190.9 ( 7.516 ) 1,412 ( 55.591 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 15.7 ( 6.18 ) 4.5 ( 1.77 ) 2.6 ( 1.02 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.08 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.04 ) 5.0 ( 1.97 ) 16.4 ( 6.46 ) 44.6 ( 17.56 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 19.9 14.5 17.3 15.8 12.7 10.9 7.0 7.1 7.6 15.6 19.6 20.2 168.2 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 18.4 13.9 16.9 15.8 12.7 10.9 7.0 7.1 7.6 15.6 19.1 18.8 163.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 3.1 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.8 3.1 8.6 Source : Environment Canada Precipitation ( edit ) Rain ( edit ) Vancouver on a rainy day Vancouver is Canada 's third most rainy city , with over 161 rainy days per year . As measured at Vancouver Airport in Richmond , Vancouver receives 1,153.1 mm ( 45.40 in ) of rain per year . In North Vancouver , about 20 km ( 12 mi ) away from the Vancouver airport , the amount of rain received doubles to 2,477 mm ( 97.5 in ) per year as measured at the base of Grouse Mountain . Thunderstorms are rare , with an average of 6.1 thunderstorm days per year . The weather in spring and autumn is usually showery and cool . Grass - cutting season often begins in March and continues through October . Summers can be quite dry , and , as such , grass that has not been watered may not need to be cut for a month or even longer . Some summers may have no rain for five weeks or more , while others might have several very wet days in a row . In addition , Vancouver is one of the driest cities in Canada during the summer season , but the rest of the year the high pressure that locks in during the summer moves out and is replaced by the usual low pressure systems ( rainy weather ) by fall through to mid spring . July is historically the driest month in Vancouver and , in fact , Vancouver International Airport recorded no rainfall at all during the whole month of July 2013 ; the first time ever in recorded history . Many other Julys have recorded less than 1 mm ( 0.04 in ) of rain in Vancouver . Snow ( edit ) A snowy day in Gastown in January 2004 . Snow falls in the higher - lying areas of Greater Vancouver , such as Burnaby Mountain , Coquitlam , and North and West Vancouver , every winter . It is also common in places close to or at sea level , however in lesser amounts . There is a general misconception among visitors and residents of other parts of Canada that Vancouver does not receive any snow at all , but in fact there has never been a year in which traceable snow has not been observed at Vancouver International Airport . The year 2015 marked an entire year of no measurable snow ; only a trace was recorded on December 17 , 2015 . Environment Canada has ranked Vancouver in 3rd place under the category of `` Lowest Snowfall '' among 100 major Canadian cities as the annual average of days with snowfall above 0.2 cm is only at 8.7 days . Vancouver 's coastal climate has nonetheless allowed it to be ranked in 59th place under the category of `` Most huge snowfall days ( 25 cm or more ) '' , placing it above cities like Calgary and Toronto as Vancouver averages 0.13 days annually with snowfall accumulations above 25 cm ( within a calendar day ) . Snow in Vancouver tends to be quite wet , which , combined with typical winter temperatures rising above and falling below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) throughout the course of the day , can make for icy road conditions . Years or months with snowfall surpassing 100 cm ( 39 in ) are not completely exceptional . Snowfall exceeding 100 cm ( 39 in ) occurred twice during the 1990s , and , in January 1971 alone , there was more than 120 cm ( 47 in ) of snow . The snowiest year on record at Vancouver International Airport was 1971 , which received a total of 242.6 cm ( 95.5 in ) , and the greatest snow depth reported was 61 cm ( 24 in ) on January 15 of that year . Although the 30 -- 60 cm ( 12 -- 24 in ) which fell across Greater Vancouver and the Lower Mainland in a 24 ‐ hour period in November 2006 was out of the ordinary , snow has in fact accumulated at sea level in all months except for June , July , and August . However , even small amounts of snow in the Vancouver area can cause school closures , as well as produce traffic problems . The low frequency of snowfall makes it hard to justify the public works infrastructure necessary for more effective snow removal , as the city is usually in a thaw situation long before plowing of streets are completed . The City budgets $400,000 per year for the maintenance of snow removal equipment , for the purchasing of deicing salt , and for the training of staff , but the costs of actual snow removal are funded separately from contingency reserve funds , and vary widely from season to season . For example , $1.1 million was spent in 1998 , compared to $0 in 2001 . Blizzards are extremely rare , but heavy snowfall events are more common . One such event in 1996 resulted in over 60 cm ( 24 in ) of snow in Vancouver and was responsible for millions of dollars in damage . According to Environment Canada ( 2011 ) , Vancouver now has a 20 % chance of a White Christmas ( up from 11 % ) . Vancouver experienced a White Christmas in 2008 after weeks of record breaking cold temperatures and four consecutive snow storms , leaving over 60 cm ( 24 in ) of snow on the ground across Metro Vancouver . New snow also accumulated on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day giving it the title for Canada 's whitest Christmas in 2008 with 41 cm ( 16 in ) on ground ( 48 cm ( 19 in ) at one point on Christmas Eve ) . Snow was also present for Christmas 2007 , when 1 cm ( 0.39 in ) was measured at the Vancouver International Airport . The previous official White Christmas occurred in 1998 when 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) of snow was on the ground on Christmas Day following 31 cm ( 12 in ) of snow and 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) of rain . Despite higher frequency of snow during certain periods of the season ( pattern unknown ) , generally , annual winter snowfall has decreased over the last 20 years . Severe weather ( edit ) Photograph of damage caused by the 1934 storm published in the February 8 , 1935 edition of Vancouver Daily Province . Gales are unlikely during the autumn months in Greater Vancouver . Three wind storms in the city 's history have knocked down large swathes of trees in the forest of Stanley Park , the first having occurred in October 1934 , with a blizzard the following January compounding its impact . The second wind storm to hit Stanley Park was the remnant of Typhoon Freda in 1962 that levelled a 6 - acre ( 24,000 m ) tract of forest . This is now site of the park 's miniature railroad . Tree uprooted by the Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm of 2006 on December 15 , 2006 . Fall - winter 2006 storms ( edit ) Main article : 2006 storms in Vancouver , Canada In November 2006 , the Greater Vancouver region experienced above - average levels of rainfall and snowfall , breaking the previously established record of 18.1 cm ( 7.1 in ) when 25.5 cm ( 10.0 in ) of rain fell within the first 16 days of the month . The heavy rain washed sediment into the city 's reservoirs , and , as result , many businesses were advised to stop serving beverages prepared from tap water due to water contamination . At Vancouver International Airport 28 cm ( 11 in ) of snow was recorded from the night of November 25 to the morning of November 27 . The temperature dropped to − 12 ° C ( 10 ° F ) on November 28 , 1.8 ° C ( 3 ° F ) higher than the record low for the day , which was set in November 1985 . On November 29 , 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) more snow fell on the city . The snowfall resulted in the closure of a number of public institutions and caused power outages throughout Surrey and Langley . The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm of 2006 swept through Greater Vancouver on December 15 , 2006 with winds reaching from 70 to 125 km / h ( 43 to 78 mph ) . In Stanley Park , it damaged or uprooted over 5,000 trees , and caused mudslides , one of which destroyed a section of the seawall . Insured damages throughout the province were expected to reach CA $40 million and repairs to Stanley Park were expected to cost $9 million . The view from the Burrard Bridge of the mouth of False Creek on a dry summer day . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1981 -- 2010 normals are for Vancouver International Airport , while extreme high and low temperatures are from Vancouver PMO ( October 1898 to May 1945 ) , and Vancouver International Airport ( January 1937 to present ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Plant Hardiness Zone Map for North America '' . Jump up ^ `` Frost Chart for Canada '' . The Old Farmers Almanac . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Data -- VANCOUVER UBC '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Data -- PITT POLDER '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for October 1898 '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Data Report for 1937 '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals '' . Environment Canada . 2015 - 09 - 22 . Climate ID : 1108447 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for March 1941 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for April 1934 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for June 1925 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for September 1944 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for October 1934 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for December 1939 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for June 1901 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for July 1909 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for August 1910 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for September 1908 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for October 1935 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calculation Information '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Data Report for November 2016 '' . Canadian Climate Data . Environment Canada . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Harbour CS , British Columbia '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1971 -- 2000 . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver BCHPA , British Columbia '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1961 -- 1990 . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Oakridge , British Columbia '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Liz . `` Canada 's Rainiest Cities '' . CurrentResults.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Weather Winners WebSites Jump up ^ Driest July ever in Vancouver , record rain in Toronto Jump up ^ Canadian Climate Normals 1981 - 2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment Canada Jump up ^ Canadian Climate Normals 1981 - 2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment Canada Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2013-06-13&dlyRange=1937-01-01%7C2013-06-12&mlyRange=1937-01-01%7C2013-06-01&StationID=889&Prov=BC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=37&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=vancouver&timeframe=2&Day=20&Year=1971&Month=1# title = Daily Data Report for January 1971 publisher = Environment Canada accessdate = 2018 - 07 - 23 Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/monthly_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2013-06-13&dlyRange=1937-01-01%7C2013-06-12&mlyRange=1937-01-01%7C2013-06-01&StationID=889&Prov=BC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=37&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=vancouver&timeframe=3&Day=20&Year=1971&Month=1 title = Monthly Data Report for 1971 publisher = Environment Canada accessdate = 2018 - 07 - 23 Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/snowstorm-blankets-b-c-s-southern-coast-1.628704 title = Snowstorm blankets B.C. 's southern coast publisher = CBC date = 2006 - 11 - 26 accessdate = 2018 - 07 - 23 Jump up ^ Engineering Services , Streets Jump up ^ `` Environment Canada -- Weather and Meteorology -- Chance of White Christmas '' . Environment Canada . 2013 - 12 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Climate Normals & Averages Canada 's National Climate Archive Archived June 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Damage in the Park '' . Vancouver Daily Province . February 9 , 1935 . Jump up ^ Hazlitt , Tom ( May 22 , 1964 ) . `` It 's for real -- this railroad '' . Vancouver Daily Province . Jump up ^ Vancouver , The ( 2006 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Our wettest month ever '' . Canada.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rook , Katie ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Stanley Park ' looks like a war zone ' '' . National Post . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kieltyka , Matt ( 2006 - 12 - 18 ) . `` ' Look around , it 's just devastation ' '' . 24 Hours . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Insurance claims could hit $80 m '' by The Province Archived 2013 - 10 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Park restoration cost rises to $9 million '' by CanWest News Service Archived 2013 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Vancouver&oldid=852617501 '' Categories : Geography of Vancouver Climate by city Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 06 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the rainy season in vancouver bc	[ "The climate of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada is a moderate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) that borders on a warm-summer Mediterranean climate Csb. With summer months that are typically dry, often resulting in moderate drought conditions, usually in July and August. In contrast, the rest of the year is rainy, especially between October and March.\n" ]	[ "between October and March" ]
6620922453963697616	New York	New York - wikipedia New York Jump to : navigation , search Look up New York in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . New York most commonly refers to : New York ( state ) , a state in the Northeastern United States New York City , the most populous city in the United States , located in the state of New York New York may also refer to : Contents ( hide ) 1 Places 1.1 England 1.2 United States 1.3 Poland 2 Media and entertainment 2.1 Film and television 2.2 Literature 2.3 Music 3 Sports 4 Ships 5 Other 6 See also Places ( edit ) England ( edit ) New York , Lincolnshire New York , North Yorkshire New York , Tyne and Wear United States ( edit ) Related to the city or state : New York metropolitan area , the region encompassing New York City and its suburbs New York County , covering the same area as the New York City borough of Manhattan Province of New York , a British colony preceding the state of New York East New York , the easternmost neighborhood of the borough of Brooklyn West New York , New Jersey , a town across the Hudson River from New York City In other states : New York , Florida , an unincorporated community in Santa Rosa County New York , Iowa , an unincorporated community in Wayne County New York , Kentucky , an unincorporated community in Ballard County New York , Missouri , a ghost town in Scott County New York , Texas , a community in Henderson County New York Mills , Minnesota , a city in Otter Tail County Poland ( edit ) Nowy Jork , former name of Łagiewniki , Włocławek County Media and entertainment ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) New York ( film ) , a 2009 Bollywood film directed by Kabir Khan New York , New York ( film ) , by Martin Scorsese New York : A Documentary Film , by Ric Burns `` New York '' ( Glee ) , the second - season finale episode of the Glee television series Literature ( edit ) New York ( Morand book ) , a 1930 travel book by Paul Morand New York ( Anthony Burgess book ) , a 1976 work of travel and observation New York ( magazine ) , a bi-weekly magazine founded in 1968 New York ( novel ) , a 2009 historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd Music ( edit ) `` New York '' ( Eskimo Joe song ) , 2007 `` New York '' ( Ja Rule song ) , 2004 `` New York '' ( Paloma Faith song ) , 2009 `` New York '' ( St. Vincent song ) , 2017 `` New York '' ( Snow Patrol song ) , 2011 `` New York '' ( U2 song ) , 2000 New York EP , by Angel Haze , 2012 `` New York '' ( Angel Haze song ) New York ( album ) , an album by Lou Reed , 1989 New York , an album by Antti Tuisku , 2006 `` New York '' , a song by the Sex Pistols from their album Never Mind the Bollocks , Here 's the Sex Pistols , 1977 Sports ( edit ) New York City FC , a professional soccer team based in New York City that competes in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) New York Cosmos ( disambiguation ) , one of several soccer teams to have been based in New York City New York GAA , one of the county boards of the Gaelic Athletic Association outside Ireland , and is responsible for Gaelic games in the New York metropolitan area New York Giants , members of the East Division of the National Football Conference of the National Football League ( NFL ) ( 1925 ) New York Islanders , members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ( 1972 ) New York Jets , members of the East Division of the American Football Conference of the National Football League ( NFL ) ( 1959 ) New York Knicks , a professional basketball team , part of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) New York Mets , members of the East Division of the National League of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) ( 1962 ) New York Rangers , members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ( 1926 ) New York Red Bulls , a professional soccer team that competes in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) New York ( World Series of Football ) , a term given to a professional football team for the World Series of Football ( 1902 -- 1903 ) New York Stadium , home ground of Rotherham United F.C. New York Yankees , members of the East Division of the American League of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) ( 1901 ) Ships ( edit ) SS New York , the name of several ships USS New York , the name of several United States Navy ships and submarines SS City of New York , a ship SS New York City , the name of several ships Other ( edit ) New York ( pinball ) , a 1976 pinball machine by Gottlieb New York ( typeface ) , a 1983 Macintosh font Brooklyn Navy Yard , referred to as `` New York '' in naval histories Tiffany Pollard , nicknamed `` New York '' , star of the reality TV show I Love New York See also ( edit ) New York , New York ( disambiguation ) New York City ( disambiguation ) NY ( disambiguation ) Nova Iorque , Brazilian municipality in the state of Maranhão All pages beginning with `` New York '' All pages with a title containing New York This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title New York . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York&oldid=802639743 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Ladino Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Pälzisch Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 West - Vlams 吴语粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 14 : 02 . About Wikipedia	difference between new york and new york state	[ "\nNew York (state), a state in the Northeastern United States\nNew York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York\n" ]	[ "New York (state), a state in the Northeastern United States\nNew York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York" ]
4993385234364478697	I Think We're Alone Now	I Think We 're Alone Now - wikipedia I Think We 're Alone Now For other uses , see I Think We 're Alone Now ( disambiguation ) . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' Single by Tommy James and the Shondells from the album I Think We 're Alone Now B - side `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' Released January 5 , 1967 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1966 Length 2 : 08 Label Roulette Songwriter ( s ) Ritchie Cordell Producer ( s ) Ritchie Cordell Tommy James and the Shondells singles chronology `` It 's Only Love '' ( 1966 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1967 ) `` Mirage '' ( 1967 ) `` It 's Only Love '' ( 1966 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1967 ) `` Mirage '' ( 1967 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' is a song written and composed by Ritchie Cordell that was the title selection from a same - named album released by the American recording artists Tommy James and the Shondells . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was a 1967 US hit for James and the Shondells , reaching number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The song has since been covered several times by other artists . The late 1987 recording by Tiffany reached number 1 on the charts of various countries including the US , UK , Canada , and New Zealand . Other cover versions have also charted , including those by The Rubinoos ( number 45 US , 1977 ) and Girls Aloud ( number 4 UK , 2006 ) . Contents 1 The original Tommy James And The Shondells version 1.1 Content 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 The Lene Lovich version 3.1 Track listings and formats 4 The Tiffany version 4.1 Background 4.1. 1 Approach 4.2 Reception 4.3 Music video 4.4 Track listings and formats 4.5 Chart history 4.6 Weekly charts 4.7 Year - end charts 4.8 Certifications 5 The Snuff version 5.1 Track listings and formats 6 The Girls Aloud version 6.1 Background 6.2 Release 6.3 Critical response 6.4 Reception 6.5 Music video 6.6 Live performances 6.7 Track listings and formats 6.8 Credits and personnel 6.9 Chart performance 6.9. 1 Weekly charts 6.9. 2 Year - end chart 7 Other versions 8 References 9 External links The original Tommy James and the Shondells version ( edit ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was a 1967 hit song for Tommy James and the Shondells , reaching number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart during a 17 - week stay . The recording was produced by Ritchie Cordell and Bo Gentry . Cordell wrote or co-wrote many songs for James , including the follow - up single `` Mirage '' and its B - side `` Run , Run , Baby , Run '' , and 1968 's `` Mony Mony '' . Rock critic Lester Bangs called the single `` the bubblegum apotheosis '' . Like many early Tommy James and the Shondells releases , only band members Tommy James and Eddie Gray were featured on the record . ( The rest of the band provided background vocals . ) Studio musicians were used as the rest of the rhythm section to back up the Shondells . These musicians include Artie Butler playing Ondioline electric keyboard , Al Gorgoni on guitar , Joe Macho on bass , Paul Griffin on piano , and Bobby Gregg on drums . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' stands out as one of James 's most successful recordings . It was featured in the horror film Mother 's Day ( 1980 ) and the science - fiction thriller 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) . Content ( edit ) The version that James and the Shondells originally performed uses hard - driving arrangements for its two verses , both fiercely performed so as to convey a sense of urgency . However , the refrain ( performed twice ) is almost whispered and indeed followed by a sound effect of crickets chirping , giving an atmosphere of forbidden activities that are being deliberately kept hidden . The fade - out uses the lyrics of the refrain , but this time , the hard - driving arrangements are resumed . The lyrics themselves speak of parental prohibition , especially against sexual activities , and have both the narrator and the person being addressed `` trying to get away into the night '' to avoid , evade , or defy such prohibition . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 -- 68 ) Peak position Canada RPM 100 New Zealand ( Listener ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cashbox Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada RPM 100 26 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Cash Box Top 100 12 The Lene Lovich version ( edit ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' Single by Lene Lovich from the album Stateless B - side `` Lucky Number '' Released July 1978 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1978 Length 2 : 45 Label Stiff Songwriter ( s ) Ritchie Cordell Producer ( s ) Les Chappell Lene Lovich singles chronology `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1978 ) `` Lucky Number '' ( 1979 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1978 ) `` Lucky Number '' ( 1979 ) In 1978 , the American singer Lene Lovich recorded a cover version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . Her version was originally released with her hit song `` Lucky Number '' as a B - side . Lovich recorded the song after contacting the radio presenter Charlie Gillett , who helped her get signed by Dave Robinson of Stiff Records . Robinson liked the record and immediately proposed it to be released as a single . However , her song `` Lucky Number '' gained so much more attention that it was later re-released as a lead single , as which it peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' appeared on Lovich 's 1978 debut album , Stateless , and she would later record the song in other languages , including German and Japanese . Track listings and formats ( edit ) 7 '' single ( UK ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' -- 2 : 45 `` Lucky Number '' -- 2 : 20 The Tiffany version ( edit ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' Single by Tiffany from the album Tiffany B - side `` No Rules '' Released August 1987 Format 7 '' single 2 '' single CD single Recorded Genre Synthpop Length 3 : 47 ( Album Version ) 4 : 25 ( Single Version ) Label MCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Ritchie Cordell Producer ( s ) George Tobin Tiffany singles chronology `` Danny '' ( 1987 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1987 ) `` Could 've Been '' ( 1988 ) `` Danny '' ( 1987 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1987 ) `` Could 've Been '' ( 1988 ) Music video `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' on YouTube Background ( edit ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was re-popularized when American pop singer Tiffany covered the song for her debut studio album , Tiffany , which was released in 1987 on the MCA Records label . When George Tobin , Tiffany 's manager and producer , gave her the cassette of the original version by Tommy James & the Shondells , Tiffany hated the idea of recording a version of her own for her album , mostly because she thought the song was neither modern enough nor hip enough . Tiffany 's version is referenced in the alternative group Weezer 's song `` Heart Songs '' on the band 's 2008 Red Album . Weezer incorrectly referred to it as having been performed by Debbie Gibson , who performed a similar style of pop music and was popular during the same time as Tiffany . Rivers Cuomo admitted that he noticed the mistake while writing the song , but left it in the finished song . Approach ( edit ) Tiffany and Tobin made no attempt to contrast the verses and the refrain , as James and the Shondells had , instead keeping the `` peppy '' arrangements they used all throughout her recording and performances . Reception ( edit ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' proved to be Tiffany 's biggest hit once she did record and release it . Her version of the song spent two weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart ( coincidentally , another Tommy James & the Shondells cover , Billy Idol 's version of `` Mony , Mony '' , followed it on the top spot ) and three weeks at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was not the first single from Tiffany 's debut album . The first single was `` Danny '' , but radio started picking up `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' , another selection on the album . It became a runaway number 1 hit and was the eighteenth highest selling single for 1987 and the thirty - second highest selling single in Australia for 1988 . Music video ( edit ) The music video was shot in a shopping mall in Ogden , Utah , which echoed the way her early career had been promoted . Elements of the video were filmed in the now demolished Bull Ring Centre in Birmingham , UK . The video was featured in the 2012 film Ted and the song was also on the soundtrack and appears in its sequel . Track listings and formats ( edit ) 7 `` / CD single `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' -- 3 : 47 `` No Rules '' -- 4 : 05 12 '' vinyl single `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 35 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( single version ) -- 4 : 25 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( dub version ) -- 6 : 35 Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 46 Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Hit Parade Italia ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 26 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 38 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Canada 23 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 18 U.S. Cash Box 32 Chart ( 1988 ) Rank Australia 31 New Zealand 26 UK 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 626,700 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone The Snuff version ( edit ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' Single by Snuff Released August 12 , 1998 Format CD single 7 '' single Recorded Length 1 : 50 Label Fat Wreck Chords Songwriter ( s ) Ritchie Cordell Producer ( s ) Snuff Snuff singles chronology `` Sweet Days '' ( 1998 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1998 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1998 ) `` Sweet Days '' ( 1998 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 1998 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1998 ) In 1989 , Snuff covered the song for their first album , Snuff Said . In 1998 , Snuff again covered the song for the compilation album Punk Chartbusters Vol 3 . Unlike the original , this version is very punk - heavy . In addition to the original length of the song that was released , many different length versions of the song exist : there is such an extended version with a length from 6 : 36 minutes , a 3 : 00 minutes long remix , and an a capella version , which contains a length from 5 : 50 minutes . On the B - side of the song is the single `` Christmas Song '' . Track listings and formats ( edit ) 7 '' `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' -- 1 : 50 `` Christmas Song '' -- 0 : 05 CD single `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' -- 1 : 50 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 36 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( remix ) -- 3 : 00 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( a capella version ) -- 5 : 50 The Girls Aloud version ( edit ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' Single by Girls Aloud from the album The Sound of Girls Aloud B - side `` Why Do It ? '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' Released 18 December 2006 Format CD single digital download Recorded 2006 Genre Electropop Length 3 : 42 ( single mix / version ) 3 : 18 ( album version ) Label Fascination Songwriter ( s ) Ritchie Cordell Producer ( s ) Xenomania Girls Aloud singles chronology `` Something Kinda Ooooh '' ( 2006 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 2006 ) `` Walk This Way '' ( 2007 ) `` Something Kinda Ooooh '' ( 2006 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( 2006 ) `` Walk This Way '' ( 2007 ) Music video `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' on YouTube Background ( edit ) In 2006 , the British all - female pop group Girls Aloud recorded a cover version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' for their greatest hits album The Sound of Girls Aloud and the soundtrack of It 's a Boy Girl Thing . Girls Aloud 's version was produced by Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania . The song was recorded just days before the group 's greatest hits was sent to be manufactured . Following a single remix , `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was released as a contender for the Christmas number one . It reached the top five on the UK Singles Chart . The music video , inspired by heist films , features Girls Aloud robbing a Las Vegas casino . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' was promoted through various live appearances and was featured on 2007 's The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour . The track was criticised and labelled `` pointless '' by contemporary music critics . Release ( edit ) Until three days before the greatest hits was manufactured , a cover of Irene Cara 's `` What A Feeling '' was going to be in place of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . But members of Girls Aloud had called their record label on a Friday afternoon to say that they would rather record `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ; the group recorded the song the following morning , and the album was mastered on Monday , three days afterwards . The album version was drastically reworked for the single release , due to the initial version having been so hastily recorded . Higgins said that `` Xenomania used the only idea they could think of , which was to make the song sound like ' Something Kinda Ooooh . ' '' Sarah Harding said , `` We 've given it a Girls Aloud twist , made it a bit clubbier , and also brought it up to date . '' The single features an alternative vocal arrangement and an entirely new backing track . Later pressings of the greatest hits include the single version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . The song was released on 18 December 2006 . It was available on two CD single formats and as a digital download . The first disc included a previously unreleased track entitled `` Why Do It ? '' , co-written by Girls Aloud . The second CD format features a number of remixes , as well as a cover of the Christmas classic `` Jingle Bell Rock '' . Girls Aloud 's cover of `` Jingle Bell Rock '' was originally featured on the Christmas bonus disc that came with the limited edition of 2005 's Chemistry . The artwork for the second disc features Girls Aloud draped over a Fender guitar amplifier . Girls Aloud 's version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' appears on the soundtrack to the film It 's a Boy Girl Thing ( 2006 ) , starring Samaire Armstrong and Kevin Zegers . The film was produced by Elton John 's partner David Furnish . Critical response ( edit ) Girls Aloud 's cover of the song was widely slated by music critics . An unidentified staff writer at WalesOnline described it as `` cheap , obnoxious , totally pointless and , destined to be loved only by people too out of their heads on Christmas spirit to know any better '' . Adam Burling of musicOMH exclaimed , `` Christmas does funny things to people . Even pop groups as reliably excellent at singles as Girls Aloud toss out pointless , lazy covers in a ruthless attempt to snare that coveted seasonal chart - topper from the X-Factor's clutches . '' A BBC Music review of The Sound of Girls Aloud chose to `` ignore the Xmas party cover '' . Yahoo ! Music stated `` the karaoke rendition ( s ) of ( ... ) Tiffany 's ' I Think We 're Alone Now ' really drag this collection down '' . On the other hand , John Murphy of musicOMH said the cover `` actually does the impossible by making Tiffany 's version sound good '' . Reception ( edit ) The single debuted at number 50 on the UK Singles Chart a week prior to its physical release , due to download sales . The following week , `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' peaked at number 4 on the Christmas chart , being beaten by Leona Lewis ' `` A Moment Like This '' . The song slipped to number 7 in its second week . It spent a total of seven weeks in the top 75 . The song also peaked at number 11 on the Irish Singles Chart and spent six weeks in Ireland 's top 50 . As their 17th best selling single it has sold a total of 85,000 copies . Music video ( edit ) The video , directed by Alex Hemming and Nick Collett , is based , as stated above , on films like Ocean 's 11 and Casino . During the video , the group attempt to rob a Las Vegas casino . Three different endings to the video were shot . The first shows the girls getting caught and tied up after opening a box full of money in the casino 's safe ; the second features Kimberley Walsh ( with her back to the camera ) removing her clothes in front of casino owners , causing them to faint ; and the third features the girls playing with the money . 3 customers were allowed to vote on their favourite ending from November 8 to November 15 , 2006 . This last ending won the vote , despite the version with Kimberley stripping being uploaded to the internet . In March 2007 , all versions of the video were made available to download on iTunes , though in the UK Store only . Live performances ( edit ) The band performed the song at the following events : G-A-Y Strictly Come Dancing Popworld The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour Track listings and formats ( edit ) These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . UK CD1 ( Fascination / 1714586 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( single mix ) -- 3 : 42 `` Why Do It ? '' ( Girls Aloud , Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Nick Coler ) -- 2 : 53 UK CD2 ( Fascination / 1714587 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( single mix ) -- 3 : 42 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Uniting Nations Remix ) -- 6 : 18 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Tony Lamezma Baubletastic Remix ) -- 5 : 32 `` Jingle Bell Rock '' ( Joe Beal , Jim Boothe ) -- 1 : 59 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( video ) -- 3 : 37 The Singles Boxset ( CD14 ) `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( single mix ) -- 3 : 42 `` Why Do It ? '' -- 2 : 53 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Uniting Nations Remix ) -- 6 : 18 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Tony Lamezma Baubletastic Remix ) -- 5 : 32 `` Jingle Bell Rock '' -- 1 : 59 `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Alternative Mix ) -- `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Co-Stars Epic Club Mix ) -- `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( Flip & Fill Remix ) -- `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( video ) -- 3 : 37 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Guitar : Nick Coler Keyboards : Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Toby Scott Mastering : Dick Beetham for 360 Mastering Mixing : Brian Higgins , Tim Powell Production : Brian Higgins , Xenomania Programming : Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Paul Woods Vocals : Girls Aloud Published by Warner / Chappell Music and Xenomania Music Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end chart ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Rank UK Singles ( 2006 ) 196 Other versions ( edit ) The song has also been covered by a number of other artists , including The Killers , The Turtles , Trust Company , Gary Lewis and the Playboys , The Spinto Band , Pascal featuring Karen Parry , The Click Five , Bel 's Boys , The Birthday Massacre , Comadre , The Pipettes , Ratcat on their EP Ratcat , Screeching Weasel , The Crimea , The Rubinoos , Kids Incorporated , and Me First and the Gimme Gimmes . A Japanese adaptation `` Futari no Sekai '' ( ふたりの世界 ) was recorded by Yōko Nagayama on her album Tokyo Menu ( トーキョー・メニュー ) . A Spanish adaptation `` Ahora estoy solo '' was recorded by Los Hitters . The Tiffany version of the song was spoofed by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic on his 1988 album , Even Worse , as `` I Think I 'm a Clone Now '' . Dave Garr , who wrote a good deal of song parodies about computers , covered this as `` I Think We 're a Clone Now '' . The parody dealt with the licensing of the Macintosh from Apple Computer to other companies during the short period in which Macintosh clones were made . The video was recorded in 1995 at Apple 's headquarters and features the building and its landmarks of the day , references to former Apple CEOs Mike Spindler and John Sculley , and some vintage Macintosh computers including a Macintosh Classic and an Apple Lisa . Also , as part of RadioShack 's `` TheShack '' commercial campaign , one commercial features a man in an office cubicle with headphones on singing part of the bridge and chorus in a falsetto range to Tiffany 's version . Swedish group Cosmo4 covered Tiffany 's version of `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' for their debut album `` Around The World '' as requested by the Russian record label Style Records . Despite the album having been shelved , the song was released to the compilation Dance 2008 , Vol. 2 in Thailand by the record label Red Beat in 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=636#n_view_location Jump up ^ ( Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 ) Jump up ^ https://musiccanada.wordpress.com/2015/10/29/top-100-singles-of-1967-in-canada/ Jump up ^ Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 , Music Outfitters . Accessed February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Chart Hits of 1968 '' , Cash Box , December 23 , 1967 . Accessed February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jason . `` Innovation in New Wave : Lene Lovich '' , Perfect Sound Forever , September , 2001 . Jump up ^ I Think We 're Alone Now ( UK 7 - inch Single liner notes ) . Lene Lovich . Stiff Records . 1978 . BUY 32 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 100 Pop Singles of 1987 '' . 80sxchange.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1988 '' . ARIACharts . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Kent ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 310 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and June 19 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 2000 ) . Top 40 Hits 1975 - present . Mississauga , Ont. : Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 759 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 ( 5 . febrúar 1988 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Tiffany '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 1988 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany - Chart history ( Billboard Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany - Chart history ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 240 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.0920&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1987 / Top 100 Songs of 1987 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1987 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1988 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Top 100 Singles : 1988 '' . BPI YearBook 1989 / 90 . London , England : British Phonographic Industry . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9061 - 5410 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . Music Canada . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Tiffany -- I Think We 're Alone Now '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter I Think We 're Alone Now in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/official-charts-flashback-1988-tiffany-i-think-were-alone-now__21562/ ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Peter ( 2009 ) . `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . The Singles Boxset ( Booklet ) . Girls Aloud . London , England : Fascination Records . pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Jacqui Swift ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Girls are loud and proud '' . The Sun . News International . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud - I Think We 're Alone Now ( CD , Single , CD1 ) '' . Discogs . Zink Media Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud - Chemistry ( CD , Album + CD , Bon ) '' . Discogs . Zink Media Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elton 's heart 's meltin ' at Xmas '' . The Sun . News International . 2006 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud , I Think We 're Alone Now '' . walesonline.co.uk . Media Wales . 2006 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Adam Burling ( 2006 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Girls Aloud - I Think We 're Alone Now ( Polydor ) '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Talia Kraines ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Girls Aloud The Sound of Girls Aloud : the Greatest Hits Review '' . BBC Music . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Adam Webb ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Girls Aloud - The Sound Of Girls Aloud '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ John Murphy ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Girls Aloud - The Sound Of : The Greatest Hits ( Polydor ) '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . ChartStats.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor 's Leona has festive No 1 '' . BBC News . BBC . 2006 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart - 6th January 2007 '' . The Official UK Charts Company . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud '' . The Official UK Charts Company . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' . aCharts.us . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Girls have Christmas all tied up '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror. 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Girls Aloud are in pole position '' . The Sun . News International . 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kim 's Aloud to keep kit on in video , Sunday Mail Jump up ^ `` Download Girls Aloud Music on iTunes '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 51 , 2006 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Tommy James and the Shondells Tommy James John Golden Bobby Guy Glenn Wyka Studio albums Hanky Panky It 's Only Love I Think We 're Alone Now Gettin ' Together Mony Mony Crimson & Clover Cellophane Symphony The Best of Tommy James and The Shondells Travelin ' Singles `` Hanky Panky '' `` Say I Am ( What I Am ) '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Ya ! Ya ! '' `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' `` Mirage '' `` Gettin ' Together '' `` Mony Mony '' `` Do Something to Me '' `` Crimson and Clover '' `` Sweet Cherry Wine '' `` Crystal Blue Persuasion '' / `` I 'm Alive '' `` Ball of Fire '' `` She '' `` Gotta Get Back to You '' Cover Songs `` California Sun '' `` Good Lovin ' '' `` I 'll Go Crazy '' `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` Shake a Tail Feather '' `` Shout '' Book Tiffany Darwish Studio albums Tiffany Hold an Old Friend 's Hand New Inside Dreams Never Die The Color of Silence Dust Off and Dance Just Me Rose Tattoo Compilation albums Greatest Hits Singles `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' `` Could 've Been '' `` I Saw Him Standing There '' `` Feelings of Forever '' `` All This Time '' `` Radio Romance '' `` Hold an Old Friend 's Hand '' `` Oh Jackie '' `` New Inside '' `` Here in My Heart '' `` Voices That Care '' Related Discography Book : Tiffany Girls Aloud songs Sound of the Underground `` Sound of the Underground '' `` No Good Advice '' `` Some Kind of Miracle '' `` Life Got Cold '' `` Jump '' What Will the Neighbours Say ? `` The Show '' `` Love Machine '' `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Jump '' `` Wake Me Up '' `` Graffiti My Soul '' `` Here We Go '' Chemistry `` Biology '' `` See the Day '' `` Whole Lotta History '' `` Long Hot Summer '' `` Swinging London Town '' The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits `` Something Kinda Ooooh '' `` I Think We 're Alone Now '' Tangled Up `` Call the Shots '' `` Sexy ! No No No ... '' `` Ca n't Speak French '' Out of Control `` The Promise '' `` The Loving Kind '' `` Untouchable '' Ten `` Something New '' `` On the Metro '' `` Beautiful ' Cause You Love Me '' `` Memory of You '' Other songs `` Stay Another Day '' `` Walk This Way '' ( vs. Sugababes ) `` Theme to St. Trinian 's '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Think_We%27re_Alone_Now&oldid=856664201 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1987 singles 1988 singles 1998 singles 2006 singles Tommy James and the Shondells songs Tiffany ( American singer ) songs Girls Aloud songs The Turtles songs Gary Lewis & the Playboys songs Lene Lovich songs The Click Five songs Screeching Weasel songs Song recordings produced by Xenomania Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles MCA Records singles Songs written by Ritchie Cordell 1966 songs Roulette Records singles Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Scotland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 20 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the original i think we're alone now	[ "\"I Think We're Alone Now\" is a song written and composed by Ritchie Cordell that was the title selection from a same-named album released by the American recording artists Tommy James and the Shondells. \"I Think We're Alone Now\" was a 1967 US hit for James and the Shondells, reaching number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song has since been covered several times by other artists. The late 1987 recording by Tiffany reached number 1 on the charts of various countries including the US, UK, Canada, and New Zealand. Other cover versions have also charted, including those by The Rubinoos (number 45 US, 1977) and Girls Aloud (number 4 UK, 2006).\n" ]	[ "Tommy James and the Shondells" ]
8940912977379645974	Bella Swan	Bella Swan - wikipedia Bella Swan Jump to : navigation , search Isabella Marie Swan Twilight character Bella Swan as portrayed by Kristen Stewart in New Moon . First appearance Twilight Last appearance Breaking Dawn Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Created by Stephenie Meyer Portrayed by Kristen Stewart Catherine Grimme ( as a child ) Information Nickname ( s ) Bella Bells Bell Vampire girl ( by Emily Young & Embry Call ) Arizona ( in films ) Species Human ( Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , Breaking Dawn ) Vampire ( Breaking Dawn ) Gender Female Occupation Student ( through Twilight to Eclipse ) Employee at Newton 's Olympic Outfitters ( New Moon and Eclipse ) Family Charlie Swan ( father ) Renée Dwyer ( mother ) Phil Dwyer ( stepfather ) Carlisle Cullen ( adoptive father - in - law ) Esme Cullen ( adoptive mother - in - law ) Emmett Cullen and Jasper Hale ( adoptive brothers - in - law ) Alice Cullen and Rosalie Hale ( adoptive sisters - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Edward Cullen ( husband ) Children Renesmee Cullen ( daughter ) Nationality American Isabella Marie `` Bella '' Swan ( later Bella Cullen ) is a character and the protagonist of the Twilight series , written by Stephenie Meyer . The Twilight series , consisting of the novels Twilight , New Moon , Eclipse , and Breaking Dawn , is primarily narrated from Bella 's point of view , but partway through Breaking Dawn it is written from the point of view of Jacob Black . In the film series , Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart . In Twilight , Bella moves to her father 's home in Forks , Washington , meets the mysterious Cullen family , and falls in love with Edward Cullen . However , she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires . Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself , but Edward refuses to `` turn '' her . In the second novel , New Moon , Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world . Jacob Black , a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a wolf form , comforts the distraught and severely depressed Bella . She comes to care deeply for Jacob , though less than she loves Edward . At the end of Eclipse , Bella becomes engaged to Edward , and they marry in Breaking Dawn . On their honeymoon , she becomes pregnant by Edward and , due to the peculiar nature of her baby , Bella nearly dies giving birth to their daughter , Renesmee Cullen . Edward turns her into a vampire to save her life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 2 Appearances 2.1 Twilight 2.2 New Moon 2.3 Eclipse 2.4 Breaking Dawn 3 Characterization 3.1 Physical appearance 3.2 Personality 3.3 Film portrayal 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Concept and creation ( edit ) The premise for both the Bella Swan character and the Twilight series originated in a dream Stephenie Meyer had in which an `` average girl '' and a `` fantastically beautiful , sparkly ... vampire ... were having an intense conversation in a meadow in the woods . '' In this dream , the pair `` were discussing the difficulties inherent in the facts that ... they were falling in love with each other while ... the vampire was particularly attracted to the scent of her blood , and was having a difficult time restraining himself from killing her . '' Meyer 's original characters were unnamed ; she took to calling the characters , who would later become Edward Cullen and Bella , ' he ' and ' she ' for the purpose of convenience as she , `` did n't want to lose the dream . '' The name ' Isabella ' was decided upon , Meyer explains , because `` after spending so much time with ( the character ) , I loved her like a daughter ... Inspired by that love , I gave her the name I was saving for my daughter , ... Isabella . '' Bella 's positive reception at her new school in Forks , particularly her popularity with male characters , was modelled after Meyer 's real life move from high school to college . Meyer has said that there are similarities between Bella and the title character of Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre , a novel which she has cited as an influence on the Twilight Saga . Appearances ( edit ) Twilight ( edit ) Bella , who first appears in Twilight , is a 17 - year - old girl , who moves out from her mother 's home in Phoenix , Arizona , to live with her father , Charlie Swan , a police chief , in her birthplace of Forks , Washington . There , she is enrolled at Forks High School , where she becomes intrigued by a student , Edward Cullen and his family . When Edward saves her life , he exhibits super-human qualities . Bella learns from her family friend Jacob Black that Quileute legends say the Cullen family are Cold Ones . Edward eventually admits he 's a vampire , though his family have what they call a `` vegetarian '' diet - only hunting animals . Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him , perceiving her life to be at constant risk if she continues to associate with him , because the scent of her blood is more powerful to him than that of any other human he has ever met . Bella 's love and confidence in Edward 's restraint is such that his warnings go unheeded , and while playing baseball with the Cullen family , she becomes the target of a sadistic vampire , James . Edward is able to save Bella from James ' predations , though Edward is still unwilling to change Bella into a vampire himself . New Moon ( edit ) New Moon begins on Bella 's eighteenth birthday . She dreams about looking much older than Edward Cullen , her boyfriend . During a birthday celebration at the Cullen residence , Bella gets a small paper cut while unwrapping a present . Edward 's brother , Jasper , instinctively thirsting for her blood , attacks Bella before Edward and Emmett restrain him . In a misguided attempt to protect Bella , he moves away with his family . Edward 's departure results in Bella being depressed and isolated for months . To appease her worried father , Bella attends a movie with her school friend , Jessica . While there , she carelessly approaches a group of dangerous - looking men outside a bar , and discovers she can hear Edward 's voice when her adrenaline runs high . Desperate to hear his voice again , Bella continually seeks out danger by convincing Jacob to repair two old motorcycles and teach her how to ride . Their friendship increases , and Jacob admits that he has romantic feelings for Bella , though she does not reciprocate them . When a vampire named Laurent tries to attack her , Bella is saved by a pack of wolves . Later , Bella learns that Jacob and other tribe members are shape shifters who phase into wolf form to protect humans from vampires . Bella also discovers that the vampire , Victoria , has returned to Forks , seeking to kill Bella to avenge her mate , James ' death . To hear Edward 's voice , Bella attempts cliff jumping and nearly drowns , but she is saved by Jacob . Edward , after mistakenly being informed that Bella has committed suicide , travels to Volterra , Italy , to request the Volturi to destroy him . Alice returns to Forks and discovers Bella is still alive , and the funeral she envisioned was really Harry Clearwater 's funeral after his death from a heart attack . Alice and Bella pursue Edward to Italy and successfully prevent him from showing himself in daylight to humans , an act that would result in his execution . The trio are taken to the Volturi . Because Bella knows about vampires , the Volturi would either killer her or have her become a vampire herself . Alice shows Aro a vision of Bella and Edward as vampires , and they 're free to leave . Upon returning home , Edward tells Bella that he never stopped loving her , and he only left Forks , because he thought it would protect her . Edward promises to never leave Bella 's side ever again . Bella , intent on becoming a vampire , decides that Edward 's family should vote on her fate . Only Rosalie and Edward say no , but Edward agrees to change her himself if she will marry him . Eclipse ( edit ) Eclipse continues the drama of Bella and Edward 's relationship . Edward explains that he is reluctant to change Bella into a vampire , because he believes that vampires are soulless creatures , who have no place in heaven . Bella , whose opinion of marriage is jaded by her own parents ' early divorce , agrees to marry Edward on the condition that he will make love to her while she is still human and then turn her into a vampire . Edward initially refuses , saying that he could easily lose control in the heat of the moment and unintentionally kill her . He also reminds Bella that he 's from another era , where relationships had fewer complications , and agrees to make love to her after marrying her . The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria , who first encountered Bella and the Cullens during the first novel , Twilight . Victoria , seeking to avenge her lover , James ' death , hunts Bella while building a new vampire army . To combat this threat , a reluctant truce is struck between the Cullen family , and the shape shifting wolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black , who pits himself against Edward as a love interest for Bella . Bella considers Jacob only as a friend , but despite her engagement to Edward , she shares a kiss with him , and realizes that she loves him , too , but loves Edward more . Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life , and knows she has to tell her father . Breaking Dawn ( edit ) Breaking Dawn begins with the wedding of Bella and Edward at the Cullen home . They spend their honeymoon on Isle Esme , a small island off the coast of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil that was given to Esme as a gift from Carlisle . They make love , but their lovemaking sparks a conflict between the newlywed couple : Edward is horrified that he has bruised Bella , but she insists that she is fine and wants Edward to make love to her again . Although he vows not to do so again while she is still human , he eventually gives in . Two weeks later , Bella becomes very sick , and realizes that she is pregnant . Edward is shocked and rushes Bella home to see Carlisle , who is a doctor . He confirms that she 's pregnant , and Bella 's health deteriorates from the baby 's accelerated growth . Edward tries to talk her into having an abortion to save her own life . Bella refuses , and asks Rosalie to act as her bodyguard , as she feels a bond with her unborn child , and insists on giving birth . Soon , Edward comes to love the baby as well , after he hears its thoughts , and learns that the baby loves Bella in return , and does n't mean to hurt her . Bella undergoes a cesarean section , and nearly dies , but Edward successfully delivers their daughter , Renesmee . He then uses a special needle to inject his venom into Bella 's heart , and bites her neck , arms , and legs . During Bella 's transformation , Jacob imprints -- an involuntary process in which a shape - shifter finds his soulmate -- on their baby , Renesmee Cullen . After a vampire named Irina mistakes Renesmee for an immortal vampire child ( a creation that is forbidden in the vampire world ) , Alice foresees the Volturi will arrive to destroy the Cullen family as punishment for the alleged transgression . The Cullen family find witnesses to observe the mortality of Renesmee . Bella learns she 's a shield and learns to shield people from other 's mental thoughts and senses . Edward stands with Bella and their allies to convince the Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child , and poses no threat to their existence . Once the Volturi leave , Edward and Bella are finally free to live their lives in peace with their daughter forever . Characterization ( edit ) Physical appearance ( edit ) Bella is describes as being petite , with a height of roughly 5'4 `` , and a very translucent , frail complexion . She has thick long , wavy brown hair with a wide forehead , and a widows peak . Her eyes are described as being `` chocolate brown '' and widely spaced . She has a small thin nose , prominent cheekbones , lips a bit too full for her slim jawline , and thin eyebrows that are straighter than they are arched . The scent of her O negative blood is incredibly attractive to vampires , described by Bree Tanner to be the `` sweetest scent she 'd ever smelled '' , though it is a thousand times more intense to Edward Cullen . As for distinguishing features , Bella has a small crescent - shaped scar on her hand where she was bitten by James , a tracker vampire , in Twilight . The scar is described as being pale , always a few degrees colder than the rest of her body , and it shines like a vampire 's skin when exposed to the sunlight . After Bella is changed into a vampire by Edward , she becomes extremely beautiful with even paler skin , straight waist - length hair , and crimson red eyes that will eventually turn gold after months of drinking animal blood . Her features are also heightened and perfected by the transformation . Bella wears plain shirts and jeans everywhere she goes , as she lacks care in her appearance . Personality ( edit ) Bella is described as being clumsy , having a weak constitution , being nonathletic and hating anything physical . Bella is also described as a reclusive loner , shy , quiet , insecure , and very sensitive . She also cares for the rest of the Cullen family , her father Charlie and mother Renée , and her friend Jacob Black . She has a tendency to underestimate the people around her mainly because of her concerns for their safety . Having learned to take care of her mother over the years and being naturally responsible , Bella had developed into a very mature person , especially for her age . Because she lacks any skill in anything noticeable or redeeming as a human , she mostly prefers to spend her free time reading classics from school . When it comes to fashion , Bella is n't a girly girl . She hates dressing up , saying that makeup `` is a pain '' and that she feels uncomfortable in impractical , elegant clothes ; however , Alice does n't care what Bella thinks and continues to persuade her to dress up and look glamorous . She is n't materialistic and does n't like spending money on luxurious items , as she stated to Edward in New Moon ' not to spend a dime on my birthday , ' and that fast cars are unnecessary , saying that Edward gave her himself and anything else he gives her would throw their relationship off balance . She hates being singled out , and does n't like her birthday being celebrated . She also has very negative views on teen marriage due to her parents ' early experience , but learns to overcome them later . She is an extremely private person who keeps her thoughts and feelings to herself and hates when someone tries to understand her , which is thought to be why Edward is unable to hear her thoughts . She is also known to be incredibly stubborn with her self , because of her determination to become a vampire in order to be with Edward forever . She is also said to possess poor acting skills . Ironically , she demonstrates good acting ability in Twilight when she makes her father believe that she has dumped Edward and is leaving Forks . She is a very shy and timid girl with a stiff uptight position , habit of biting her lip , which she shares with Kristen Stewart . Bella knits together her eyebrows when feeling strong emotions such as anxiety . As a human , Bella easily fainted at the sight or smell of blood , which she said smells like rust and salt in Twilight , though it changes after she became a vampire . Bella is also shown in Breaking Dawn , to have a good mood climate , and is able to run away from the smell of human blood when she goes on her first hunting trip as a vampire . Bella has a sarcastic sense of humor , especially when she gets mad ; Bella is almost always a very soft and forgiving person who is hard to anger . She is easily scared but can be surprisingly very brave , able to block painful thoughts and memories ( hence her special vampire ability ) , and tends to come face - to - face with life - threatening danger head - on , even though she can get scared later . She puts Edward before herself and everybody and everything else , but several ' selfish ' tendencies emerge ( as when she asked Edward to stay with her instead of fighting vampires in Eclipse ) . Meyer has stated that Bella 's `` tragic flaw '' in Eclipse is her lack of self - knowledge . This is most obviously illustrated in her consistent denial of any romantic feelings for Jacob Black , despite the fact that she later realizes that she is , indeed , in love with him . Bella is also a very bad liar except to herself . According to Eclipse , Jacob and Edward saying that she 's a terrible liar , are evidence to this . Besides , she also admits this throughout the whole saga , though she seemingly manages to lie to herself about her romantic feelings for Jacob . In contrary to her fearful demeanor , Bella , according to Edward in Midnight Sun , has no sense of fear when she finds out Edward is a vampire . Instead of running away , as she should have , she decides to ask lots of questions with extreme curiosity . This makes Edward believe that it is not bad luck that follows her around , but that she has no sense of self - preservation . Bella is n't very rational nor sensible as she lacks common sense and street intelligence . She hates anything cold and wet , even snow , which is why she initially hated to live in Forks . However , after meeting Edward , she found the town much more comfortable , even calling it `` home '' . As a vampire , she also dislikes the idea of feeding on humans , but is glad to have found the strength she needed to protect her loved ones . Bella inherited her mother 's high perceptiveness to some degree , as she was able to guess Edward was a mind reader , the first human to do so . However , she was not able to guess that Edward was in love with her . After being turned into a vampire , she describes having a much clearer view of the world . She is also very self - controlled , being able to ignore the scent of human blood on her first hunting trip . Bella 's private mind that was able to repel some vampires ' mental abilities while she was human evolved after she became a vampire ; her skill strengthened , allowing her to shield herself and those around her from other vampires ' mental gifts . By the end of Breaking Dawn , she is able to cast the shield away from herself . She is also described by Edward as `` very graceful '' , even for a vampire , in comparison to her earlier clumsiness . Film portrayal ( edit ) In the film adaptations , Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart . Meyer stated that she was `` very excited '' to see Stewart play the part and that she was `` thrilled to have a Bella who has practice ( in a vast array of film genres ) '' , since , according to Meyer , Twilight has moments that fit into many genres . Stewart wears contact lenses in the films in order to achieve a chocolate brown eye color as described in the books . Despite that exception , Stewart and Bella are very similar in personality , both reserved and inexpressive . Reception ( edit ) Bella has received a generally negative reception from critics . Publishers Weekly states that , after her transformation into a vampire , `` it 's almost impossible to identify with her '' in Breaking Dawn . Lilah Lohr of the Chicago Tribune compares Bella 's character to the story of the Quileute wolves and describes it as `` less satisfying . '' During Twilight , Kirkus Reviews stated that `` Bella 's appeal is based on magic rather than character '' , but that her and Edward 's `` portrayal of dangerous lovers hits the spot '' . In the review of New Moon , Kirkus Reviews said that Bella 's personality was `` flat and obsessive '' . Laura Miller of salon.com said , in regards to Edward and Bella , `` neither of them has much personality to speak of . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Jennifer Reese , in her review of Breaking Dawn noted , in regard to Bella , `` You may wish she had loftier goals and a mind of her own , but these are fairy tales , and as a steadfast lover in the Disney Princess mold , Bella has a certain saccharine appeal '' , and that during Bella 's pregnancy `` she is not only hard to identify with but positively horrifying , especially while guzzling human blood to nourish the infant . '' Washington Post journalist Elizabeth Hand noted how Bella was often described as breakable and that `` Edward 's habit of constantly pulling her onto his lap or having her ride on his back further emphasize her childlike qualities '' , continuing to write that `` the overall effect is a weird infantilization that has repellent overtones to an adult reader and hardly seems like an admirable model to foist upon our daughters ( or sons ) . '' Gina Dalfonzo , in an article posted on the National Review website , calls Bella `` self - deprecating '' before her transformation into a vampire , and afterwards she is `` insufferably vain '' . Dalfonzo also states that Bella gets what she wants and discovers her worth `` by giving up her identity and throwing away nearly everything in life that matters . '' Bella Swan was often compared to Katniss Everdeen on the publication of The Hunger Games . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Story Behind Twilight '' . Stepheniemeyer.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bella 's Move to Another High School '' . Stepheniemeyer.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Karen Valby ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Stephenie Meyer : 12 of My ' Twilight ' Inspirations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little , Brown . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . Blood drinkers , '' he replied in a chilling voice . `` Your people call them vampires . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little , Brown . p. 337 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . One night , a herd of deer passed his hiding place . He was so wild with thirst , that he attacked without thought . His strength returned and he realized there was an alternative to being the vile monster he feared . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie ( 2005 ) . Twilight . Park Avenue , New York City , United States of America : Little , Brown . p. 475 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 01584 - 4 . Exactly `` , he ( Edward ) snapped . `` And I wo n't end it ( life ) for you ( Bella ) . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie. ( 2006 ) New Moon . 563pp . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie. ( 2007 ) Eclipse . 629pp . Jump up ^ Meyer , Stephenie. ( 2008 ) Breaking Dawn . 756pp . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Stewart chosen '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Excitement Towards Stewart 's role '' . Stephenie Meyer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Dawn : Stephenie Meyer , Author '' . Publisher 's Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune Breaking Dawn review '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight at Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` New Moon at Kirkus Reviews '' . Kirkus Reviews . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight series at salon.com '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly Breaking Dawn review '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2008 - 08 - 08 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hand , Elizabeth ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Washington Post Review '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Review '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Firestone , Amanda ( 2012 ) . `` Apples to Oranges '' . Of bread , blood , and the Hunger Games : critical essays on the Suzanne Collins trilogy . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. , Publishers . p. 209 . ISBN 9780786470198 . External links ( edit ) Twilight portal Novels portal Stephenie Meyer - Official Website Bella Swan on Facebook ( hide ) The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ? Twilight Related articles Vampires Suck Breaking Wind Fifty Shades of Grey Gabriel 's Inferno Beautiful Bastard Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bella_Swan&oldid=829853897 '' Categories : Female characters in film Female characters in literature Characters in fantasy literature Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional vampires Fictional psychics Vampires in written fiction Twilight series characters Teenage characters in film Teenage characters in literature Romance film characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 05 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's bella daughter name in breaking dawn	[ "In Twilight, Bella moves to her father's home in Forks, Washington, meets the mysterious Cullen family, and falls in love with Edward Cullen. However, she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires. Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself, but Edward refuses to \"turn\" her. In the second novel, New Moon, Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world. Jacob Black, a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a wolf form, comforts the distraught and severely depressed Bella. She comes to care deeply for Jacob, though less than she loves Edward. At the end of Eclipse, Bella becomes engaged to Edward, and they marry in Breaking Dawn. On their honeymoon, she becomes pregnant by Edward and, due to the peculiar nature of her baby, Bella nearly dies giving birth to their daughter, Renesmee Cullen. Edward turns her into a vampire to save her life." ]	[ "Renesmee Cullen" ]
3325233425179422705	Disney's Hollywood Studios	Disney 's Hollywood Studios - Wikipedia Disney 's Hollywood Studios Jump to : navigation , search Disney 's Hollywood Studios The Chinese Theatre , the visual centerpiece of Disney 's Hollywood Studios Location Walt Disney World Resort , Bay Lake , Florida , United States Coordinates 28 ° 21 ′ 25 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 22 '' W / 28.357 ° N 81.5561 ° W / 28.357 ; - 81.5561 Coordinates : 28 ° 21 ′ 25 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 22 '' W / 28.357 ° N 81.5561 ° W / 28.357 ; - 81.5561 Theme Show business , 1930s Hollywood Owner The Walt Disney Company Operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Opened May 1 , 1989 ; 28 years ago ( 1989 - 05 - 01 ) Previous names Disney - MGM Studios ( 1989 -- 2008 ) Operating season Year - round Website Official website Walt Disney World Theme parks Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Other attractions Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon Disney 's Blizzard Beach Disney Springs ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Disney 's BoardWalk Resort Resort hotels Walt Disney World Resorts Disney 's Hollywood Studios is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake , Florida , near Orlando . It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division . Based on an idea by Marty Sklar , Randy Bright , and Michael Eisner , the park opened on May 1 , 1989 , as the Disney - MGM Studios Theme Park , and was the third of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World . Spanning 135 acres ( 55 ha ) , the park is dedicated to the facets of show business , including film , television , music , and theatre , drawing inspiration from the heyday of Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s . Disney 's Hollywood Studios initially opened as both a theme park and an operating production studio , with active film and television production services , an animation facility branch , and a functioning backlot . To increase public interest and the variety of film representation within the park , Disney entered into a licensing agreement with Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , wherein the park 's original name was derived . The park 's current name took effect in 2008 , with the removal of the MGM - branding throughout the park . The park 's icon was originally the Earffel Tower from the park 's opening until 2001 when the Sorcerer 's Hat -- a stylized version of the magical hat from Fantasia -- was erected in the park 's central hub . It then served as the park 's icon until its removal in January 2015 . The tower was subsequently removed in April 2016 . Currently , the park remains without an official designated icon , although both The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror and The Chinese Theatre are represented as such in marketing materials . In 2015 , the park hosted approximately 10.8 million guests , ranking it the fifth most - visited theme park in North America and the eighth most - visited theme park in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dedication 2 History 3 Lands 3.1 Hollywood Boulevard 3.2 Echo Lake 3.3 Grand Avenue 3.4 Pixar Place 3.5 Animation Courtyard 3.6 Sunset Boulevard 3.7 Future areas 4 Live entertainment 5 Annual events 6 Production history 7 Sister park 8 Attendance 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Dedication The World you have entered was created by The Walt Disney Company and is dedicated to Hollywood -- not a place on a map , but a state of mind that exists wherever people dream and wonder and imagine , a place where illusion and reality are fused by technological magic . We welcome you to a Hollywood that never was -- and always will be . -- Michael Eisner , May 1 , 1989 History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror opened in 1994 , as part of the park 's first expansion . A team of Walt Disney Imagineers led by Marty Sklar and Randy Bright had been given an assignment to create two new pavilions for Epcot 's Future World section . The brainstorming sessions led to Wonders of Life and Great Movie Ride pavilions . The latter was to look like a soundstage backdrop , with a movie theater - style entrance in the middle and would have sat between the Land and Journey Into Imagination pavilions . When newly appointed CEO Michael Eisner saw the plans for the pavilion , he requested that , instead of placing the ride in an already existing park , it should be the anchor for a new park themed with Hollywood , entertainment , and show business . In 1985 , Disney and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer entered into a licensing contract that gave Disney worldwide rights to use the MGM brand and logo for what would become Disney - MGM Studios , which included working production facilities for movies and television shows and a satellite animation studio , which began operation prior to the park 's debut . In 1988 , MGM / UA responded by filing a lawsuit that claimed Disney violated the agreement by operating a working movie and television studio at the resort . On May 1 , 1989 , the theme park opened adjacent to the production facilities , with MGM 's only affiliation being the original licensing agreement that allowed Disney to use MGM 's name and lion logo in marketing , and separate contracts that allowed specific MGM content to be used in The Great Movie Ride . When the park first opened , the only two attractions were the Studio Backlot Tour and the Great Movie Ride . The Sorcerer 's Hat stood at the park 's hub between 2001 and 2015 . Disney later filed a countersuit , claiming that MGM / UA and MGM Grand , Inc. had conspired to violate Disney 's worldwide rights to the MGM name in the theme park business and that MGM / UA would harm Disney 's reputation by building its own theme park at the MGM Grand hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . On October 23 , 1992 , Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Curtis B. Rappe ruled that Disney had the right to continue using the Disney - MGM Studios name on film product produced at the Florida facility , and that MGM Grand had the right to build a Las Vegas theme park using the MGM name and logo as long as it did not share the same studio backlot theme as Disney 's property . The 33 - acre ( 130,000 m ) MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park opened in 1993 at the Las Vegas site and closed permanently in 2000 . Disney was contractually prohibited from using the Disney - MGM Studios name in certain marketing contexts ; in those instances , the park was called The Disney Studios In 1994 , the park saw its first expansion , with the addition of Sunset Boulevard and The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror attraction . On August 9 , 2007 , Walt Disney World President Meg Crofton announced that Disney - MGM Studios would be re-branded as Disney 's Hollywood Studios , effective January 7 , 2008 . In the 2010s , Disney began phasing out the park 's non-immersive , `` studio - like '' attractions that headlined the park during its early years of operation . This included the closure of the park 's Studio Backlot Tour , American Idol Experience , and the Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attractions in 2014 . The following year , the Sorcerer 's Hat was removed and the original sightlines from Hollywood Boulevard to the park 's Chinese Theatre were restored . In March 2015 , during an annual shareholders meeting , CEO Bob Iger hinted at another possible name change for the park coming in the near future . In 2016 , the majority of Streets of America -- including the backlot street facades , the Lights , Motors , Action ! Extreme Stunt Show , the Earffel Tower , and the remaining backstage areas -- was closed and demolished in preparation for Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge and Toy Story Land . In 2017 , the Great Movie Ride closed as the final remaining opening - day attraction . Lands See also : List of Disney 's Hollywood Studios attractions Disney 's Hollywood Studios is divided into six themed areas inspired by fantasized iterations of existing locations found in Hollywood and Los Angeles . The park 's original layout featured a large Hidden Mickey , which was visible in aerial photographs of the park and on the park 's early guide maps . Construction and other park changes have eliminated much of this image . Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood Boulevard , inspired by the real street of the same name , serves as the park 's main entrance and operates in the same vein as Main Street , U.S.A. at Magic Kingdom . It is lined with themed streetscape facades and venues selling Disney merchandise and park services . Guests enter through the main entrance gate , which resembles the Pan-Pacific Auditorium . Near the park 's gate is a recreation of the Crossroads of the World tower . Live street entertainment and seasonal parades travel down the main street throughout the day . At the far end of Hollywood Boulevard stands an exact replica of Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . Near the entrance of Animation Courtyard -- resides The Hollywood Brown Derby restaurant , a themed replica of the original Brown Derby restaurant in Hollywood , California . Echo Lake Echo Lake Echo Lake , inspired by the real location of a similar name , is designed to mimic the `` California Crazy '' form of architecture from Hollywood 's Golden Age . Echo Lake includes three major attractions based on characters and films created by George Lucas and produced by Lucasfilm . Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue is a 3 - D motion simulator ride set in the Star Wars universe . The Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple , a live - action stage show , invites children to become `` padawan learners '' and receive lightsaber training from a Jedi master . The live - action Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! re-enacts various scenes from Steven Spielberg 's Raiders of the Lost Ark , while illustrating how professional film stunts are performed . The Hyperion Theater houses For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration , a musical show based on Disney 's 2013 animated film Frozen . The adjacent ABC Sound Studio building showcases Star Wars : Path of the Jedi , a short film retelling of the Star Wars series . Behind these buildings lies a subsection named Commissary Lane , that connects Hollywood Boulevard to Muppets Courtyard and bypasses Echo Lake altogether . In this area , resides the ABC Commissary and the Sci - Fi Dine - In Theater Restaurant , a dinner theater with a retro - style theme featuring vintage car themed tables and a large movie screen featuring continuous clips of science - fiction films from the 1950s . Grand Avenue Grand Avenue Grand Avenue is themed as a gentrified historic district inspired by the real location of the same name in downtown Los Angeles . The area is anchored by Muppet * Vision 3D , a 4D film attraction starring the Muppets from Jim Henson 's The Muppet Show , that is presented at the Grand Arts Theatre within the avenue 's Grand Park . Grand Avenue is also home to PizzeRizzo -- a Brooklyn - style pizza restaurant owned by Rizzo the Rat , Mama Melrose 's Ristorante Italiano , and BaseLine Tap House , a modern California - styled pub . Grand Park was originally planned to be an area of the park known as Muppet Studios , following Disney 's acquisition of the Jim Henson Company . In addition to Muppet * Vision 3D , this area was to include a themed restaurant and a Muppet dark ride parody of The Great Movie Ride . The deal fell through after Henson 's death , leaving only Muppet * Vision 3D to be developed . Instead , the Muppet - themed section became a part of the park 's former Streets of America area , which encompassed several attractions , including an urban street amalgamation of New York City and San Francisco . The area 's namesake street facades were formerly the park 's working backlot set , which was originally a component of the park 's inaugural Studio Backlot Tour , and opened to pedestrian park traffic in the mid-1990s ; this area closed on April 2 , 2016 . The Muppet - themed areas and remaining block of facades were reincorporated into Muppets Courtyard , which served as a placeholder until Grand Avenue 's overhaul completion in September 2017 . Pixar place Pixar Place Pixar Place is dedicated to films and characters created by Pixar , with the area , resembling the animation studio 's Emeryville , California campus . As such , the area includes many of the former soundstages used by the park when it operated as an active production studio . Its sole attraction is Toy Story Midway Mania ! , an interactive 4D attraction inspired by classic carnival midway games , each hosted by characters from the Toy Story film series . Pixar Place was also the home of Luxo Jr. , a six - foot - tall audio - animatronic version of Pixar 's desk - lamp mascot . The moving character performs periodic shows throughout the day and evening across from Toy Story Midway Mania . Animation Courtyard Animation Courtyard Animation Courtyard is home to attractions based on films and characters created by Walt Disney Animation Studios . Its entrance is marked by a square `` studio arch '' . This section of the park originally was the starting point for the Studio Backlot Tour . The former Magic of Disney Animation building hosts Star Wars Launch Bay , a Star Wars exhibit featuring behind - the - scenes props and character meet - and - greets with Darth Vader , Chewbacca , and Kylo Ren . Mickey Avenue , a subsection of Animation Courtyard , is home to a walk - through exhibit , Walt Disney Presents , which explores the life and legacy of Walt Disney through photos , models , artifacts , and a short biographical film narrated by Julie Andrews . The Courtyard section also hosts two live shows . Disney Junior Live on Stage ! entertains guests with puppet characters from Disney Junior series , including Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , Doc McStuffins , and Sofia the First . Across the plaza , Voyage of the Little Mermaid uses glow - in - the - dark puppets , lasers , music , projectors , human actors and water effects to recreate favorite scenes and songs from the 1989 animated film . Sunset Boulevard Sunset Boulevard Sunset Boulevard , inspired by the real thoroughfare of the same name , was the first expansion of the park , opening in July 1994 . The focal point of Sunset Boulevard is The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , a thrill ride based on Rod Serling 's The Twilight Zone . Located nearby is Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith , an indoor darkened roller coaster themed to the music of Aerosmith , with three inversions and a high - speed launch . Situated next to Rock n ' Roller Coaster is Sunset Showcase , an indoor special events venue . Sunset Boulevard has two outdoor amphitheaters . The covered Theater of the Stars hosts Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage , a stage show featuring highlights from the animated film . The open - air Hollywood Hills Amphitheater is the home of Fantasmic ! , a nighttime show featuring Mickey Mouse and many other Disney characters in a story with fireworks , lasers and water effects . Future areas Disney CEO Bob Iger announced Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge , a 14 - acre ( 5.7 ha ) Star Wars - themed expansion at the D23 Expo in August 2015 . The land , which will be duplicated at Disneyland , will include two new attractions . The first will be a Millennium Falcon - inspired attraction that will allow guests in control of a `` customized secret mission '' , and the second attraction will place guests in `` a climactic battle between the First Order and the Resistance '' . Construction began on April 14 , 2016 , with an expected opening in 2019 . Toy Story Land , inspired by the Toy Story series , will be an 11 - acre ( 4.5 ha ) land encompassing two newly designed attractions , as well as an expanded version of the park 's current Toy Story Mania ! attraction . The land will open in the summer of 2018 . Iger also previously stated that the park would be renamed . The themed expansions and improvements to the park are expected to cost an estimated $1 billion . Live Entertainment Disney 's Hollywood Studios has featured numerous forms of in - park entertainment throughout its history . During its early years , the park featured the `` Star Today '' program , with a daily celebrity guest . The celebrity would often be featured in a motorcade along Hollywood Boulevard or would take part in a handprint ceremony at the Great Movie Ride 's entrance , or participate in an interview session . At other times , Disney has imported characters and intellectual properties that were not part of its own original library of films and television shows . Some of these characters have included the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , Ace Ventura , Pet Detective , and characters from the Goosebumps series by author R.L. Stine . The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers made appearances in the park during the first seasons of the television series but then vanished . Disney had ownership of the Power Rangers franchise through its purchase of Saban Entertainment until May 2010 when Saban purchased the franchise back and were regular members of the park 's cast of characters during that time . Live musical acts , such as the cover band Mulch , Sweat and Shears and the a cappella quartet Four For a Dollar , used to perform on the park streets or as pre-show entertainment at the larger shows . Like Disney 's Animal Kingdom , Disney 's Hollywood Studios also used to run daily parades down Hollywood Boulevard . The Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade and the Pixar Block Party Bash featured film characters performing in a street party along Hollywood Boulevard and near Echo Lake . Several times each day , the `` High School Musical 3 Senior Year : Right Here Right Now '' show used to travel Hollywood Boulevard before performing a live street show in front of the Sorcerer 's Hat . Annual events Imperial Stormtroopers parade near the Sorcerer 's Hat during Star Wars Weekends . Disney 's Hollywood Studios has hosted several events during the years that often draw thousands of fans to the park . Four former events are ESPN The Weekend , Star Wars Weekends , ABC Super Soap Weekend , and The Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights . ESPN The Weekend ( late winter ) featured commentators from the Disney - owned cable sports channels as well as sports celebrities . The event was permanently cancelled in July 2011 . Star Wars Weekends ( May -- June ) brought Star Wars fans and celebrities together for special park events . Running Fridays - Sundays throughout June , they featured the 501st Legion ( a worldwide Star Wars costuming group ) parading through the park in costumes that include Stormtroopers , TIE fighter pilots , biker scouts and rebel soldiers . Several Star Wars actors appear each weekend for photos and autographs , appearing in a variety of shows hosted in the various theatres around the park , larger Jedi Training Academy classes for younger guests , and other activities . Star Wars Weekends ended its run in 2015 . ABC Super Soap Weekend was scheduled in November , the event paid tribute to the legions of fans of soap operas from ABC . Guests could meet stars from All My Children , One Life to Live , and General Hospital . The event 's final presentation was in November 2008 , with ABC instead planning to schedule multiple , smaller regional events around the country for its fans . The Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights ( November -- January ) took over the Streets of America during the Christmas season . The display featured over five million Christmas lights on more than 350 miles ( 560 km ) of wire . The event ended its run in 2015 . Production history This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The former Streets of America area was originally a working backlot set with New York City facades and was used in several film productions . A majority of the sets were demolished in 2016 . The Walt Disney Company 's original concept of the Disney - MGM Studios was to operate it as a television and motion picture production facility , as well as a theme park . In 1988 , among the first feature - length movies filmed at the facility , prior to its completion and opening as a theme park , were Ernest Saves Christmas and Newsies . When the park opened in 1989 , the studio / production facilities housed two major components , the first of which was Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida , where Disney produced projects including Mulan , Lilo & Stitch , Brother Bear , and sequences from other 1990s - early 2000s Disney animated features . The second , larger component was Walt Disney Studios Florida , which consisted of three sound stages used for Disney projects including The Disney Channel 's Mickey Mouse Club , Teen Win , Lose or Draw and Adventures in Wonderland . Several third party productions also used the Studios , including Superboy ( first season only , from 1988 -- 1989 ) , the 1988 - 89 season of MTV 's Remote Control , Thunder in Paradise , a revival of Let 's Make a Deal , special broadcasts of Wheel of Fortune , airplane interior sequences for the feature film Passenger 57 , and The Dooley and Pals Show . Music videos , several tapings for World Championship Wrestling , and live broadcasts of WCW Monday Nitro were also shot there . The Post Group had a Florida - based post-production facility located on the Studio lot throughout the 1990s . All these production and post-production facilities were constructed to be an integral part of the theme park 's Backstage Studio Tour as well . Disney management ( including CEO Michael Eisner ) downsized Disney 's Florida operations by closing the animation studio , laying off personnel and then moving the operations to the main animation studio in Burbank , California . A radio studio is also located on the lot , behind `` Sounds Dangerous '' . Sister park Main article : Walt Disney Studios Park Disney 's Hollywood Studios has a sister park at Disneyland Paris , named Walt Disney Studios Park . Attendance 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Worldwide rank 9,608,000 9,700,000 9,603,000 9,699,000 9,912,000 10,110,000 10,312,000 10,828,000 10,776,000 8 See also Incidents at Walt Disney World Resort References Jump up ^ Niles , Robert ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Turner Classic Movies Steps in to Sponsor Disney World 's Great Movie Ride '' . Theme Park Insider . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . 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Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tom ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grand Ave Coming to Disney 's Hollywood Studios - Disney Tourist Blog '' . Disney Tourist Blog . Jump up ^ `` Official Toy Story Mania info page '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Garcia and Sara K. Clarke ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Wait may be more fun at Disney 's Space Mountain '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Todd ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Club Disney to premiere in new Hollywood Studios venue '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Themed Lands Coming to Disney Parks , Says Bob Iger '' . Variety . August 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . 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Themed Entertainment Association . 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2013 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Judith ; Au , Tsz Yin ( Gigi ) ; Chang , Beth ; Cheu , Linda ; Elsea , Daniel ; LaClair , Kathleen ; Lock , Jodie ; Linford , Sarah ; Miller , Erik ; Nevin , Jennie ; Papamichael , Margreet ; Pincus , Jeff ; Robinett , John ; Sands , Brian ; Selby , Will ; Timmins , Matt ; Ventura , Feliz ; Yoshii , Chris . `` TEA / AECOM 2014 Theme Index & Museum Index : The Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . aecom.com . Themed Entertainment Association ( TEA ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2015 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . 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Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Future areas and attractions Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Toy Story Land Theme parks of Florida Theme parks Disney 's Hollywood Studios Epcot Legoland Florida Resort Magic Kingdom Universal Studios Florida Universal 's Islands of Adventure Animal theme parks Busch Gardens Tampa Discovery Cove Disney 's Animal Kingdom Gatorland Green Meadows Petting Farm Lion Country Safari SeaWorld Orlando Water parks Adventure Island Aquatica Big Kahuna 's Daytona Lagoon Disney 's Blizzard Beach Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon Rapids Water Park Volcano Bay Weeki Wachee Springs Other parks Adventure Landing Dinosaur World Fun Spot America Theme Parks Give Kids the World Village Holy Land Experience Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex Old Town Silver Springs State Park Defunct parks Boomers Disney 's River Country Wet ' n Wild Orlando VIAF : 131477015 LCCN : n90607196 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disney%27s_Hollywood_Studios&oldid=814613845 '' Categories : Disney 's Hollywood Studios Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Walt Disney World 1989 establishments in Florida Amusement parks in Greater Orlando Tourist attractions in Greater Orlando Disney production studios World Championship Wrestling Backlot sets Amusement parks opened in 1989 Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did disney change the name of mgm studios	[ "Disney's Hollywood Studios initially opened as both a theme park and an operating production studio, with active film and television production services, an animation facility branch, and a functioning backlot. To increase public interest and the variety of film representation within the park, Disney entered into a licensing agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, wherein the park's original name was derived. The park's current name took effect in 2008, with the removal of the MGM-branding throughout the park. The park's icon was originally the Earffel Tower from the park's opening until 2001 when the Sorcerer's Hat—a stylized version of the magical hat from Fantasia—was erected in the park's central hub. It then served as the park's icon until its removal in January 2015.[2] The tower was subsequently removed in April 2016. Currently, the park remains without an official designated icon, although both The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror and The Chinese Theatre are represented as such in marketing materials." ]	[ "2008" ]
-8496204299670318550	Super Bowl LI halftime show	Super Bowl LI halftime show - wikipedia Super Bowl LI halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LI halftime show Date February 5 , 2017 Location Houston , Texas Venue NRG Stadium Headliner Lady Gaga Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) The Super Bowl LI Halftime show took place on February 5 , 2017 , at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas as part of Super Bowl LI . The show was headlined by Lady Gaga , who performed a medley of her songs , including newer material from her most recent studio album Joanne . Gaga 's performance was critically acclaimed , with media outlets praising the show for demonstrating her artistic and musical qualities , and some arguing that it ranked among the top Super Bowl halftime performances in history . The show was also noted for its acknowledgment of the LGBT community , the use of a swarm of lighting - equipped drones for a pre-recorded intro scene , and its perceived political undertones . With 117.5 million television viewers , the Super Bowl LI halftime show was the second most - watched Super Bowl halftime show behind Katy Perry 's and had higher average viewership than the game itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 3.1 Conception 3.2 Rehearsals 3.3 Fashion 3.4 Multimedia 3.5 Drones 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Set list 7 Personnel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) NRG Stadium , where the Super Bowl LI and the halftime show took place The halftime show started on the roof of NRG Stadium . Gaga started singing `` God Bless America '' as drones swarm behind her emitting red , blue and white color . She then sang Woody Guthrie 's `` This Land Is Your Land '' , followed by the ending of the Pledge of Allegiance : `` One nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all '' . Gaga then dove from the rooftop as the drones behind formed the design of the US flag . The singer came down and stood on a tall pillar across the stage , and started singing `` Poker Face '' as fireworks emitted behind her . After the first verse and chorus , Gaga , who was attached to a harness , bounced from the pillar to the main stage , and was joined by her dancers to sing `` Born This Way '' , including the track 's intermediate spoken verse . As the performance ended , Gaga headed towards one corner of the stage inside a star shaped structure , and sang `` Telephone '' . She was carried by a dancer to the main stage where she held a keytar and sang `` Just Dance '' . The singer proceeded to the grounds from the stage as the song completed . She reached a podium with a piano , and started singing `` Million Reasons '' . The audience present on the field drifted off in different directions holding the light sticks in their hands . Continuing the song , she came down from the stage and hugged members of the audience . For the finale of `` Bad Romance '' a team of white - clad dancers strutted across the main stage . Gaga joined them wearing a football inspired costume and performed the track . As fireworks erupted heralding the end of the show , Gaga reached the edge of the stage , shouted `` Super Bowl 51 '' , dropped her microphone , and jumped off stage catching a football . Background ( edit ) Gaga after performing the US national anthem at the Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 Around August 2016 , media started reporting that singer Adele was in discussion with the National Football League ( NFL ) to perform at the Super Bowl LI halftime show , to be held on February 5 , 2017 , at Houston 's NRG Stadium ; the show was sponsored by Pepsi Zero Sugar . A representative from the NFL said that `` organisers are doing absolutely everything they can to try to persuade her to sign up '' . During her Adele Live 2016 concert tour at Los Angeles , Adele clarified that although she had been offered to perform by the NFL , she had declined since she did not believe herself to be suitable for the halftime show . The NFL also explained that they had not signed any musician till then and were still in discussion with several artists . In the meantime , singer Lady Gaga had announced that she would be releasing her fifth studio album , Joanne , in October 2016 . Billboard reported that the NFL was discussing with the singer , based on her performance of the national anthem at the previous Super Bowl . On September 29 , 2016 , Gaga finally confirmed on her Instagram account that she would be performing at the halftime show . Fox Sports president and executive producer of the show , John Entz , confirmed Gaga 's involvement adding `` ( She ) is one of the most electric performers of our generation , and we could n't be happier with the choice to have her headline the Super Bowl LI Halftime Show ... It is going to be an incredible night . '' According to Emma Quigley , Pepsi 's North American head of music , and Justin Toman , Pepsi sports marketing director , choosing Gaga to headline the show made sense based on her previous output and musical endeavors . They considered various parameters -- social media followers , record sales , trending topic -- and then shortlisted her . Toman also took into account the total time it usually takes for the show -- seven minutes for set up , 12 minutes for the main show , and another seven minutes to dismantle -- and believed the singer could deliver `` power , punch , performance , singing , lights '' within that time frame . Pepsi sponsored the halftime show for the fifth - consecutive year . Development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) A long shot view of the stage during the performance of `` Just Dance '' in the halftime show In October 2016 , Gaga told Entertainment Weekly she wanted to give `` the best show for the football fans , the ones that are watching at home '' . Although indecisive about the set list , the singer wanted to play a mixture of her past and recent songs . She also confirmed that the NFL had heard Joanne before its release , and decided to offer the halftime performance slot . Inspiration came from previous halftime show performances by Michael Jackson , Diana Ross , and Bruce Springsteen , with Gaga remarking that she loved `` all the ( past shows ) '' . In December 2016 , Gaga launched the `` Guest of Honor '' contest along with Pepsi and the NFL , which would enable her fans to win an opportunity to see the halftime show from the sidelines of the stage . The singer uploaded a video titled `` Fanifesto '' , talking about the power of fandom , and explained that one has to upload a 15 -- 60 second video on Instagram or Twitter with the hashtags # GOHContest and # PepsiHalftime by December 15 , professing their fandom for Gaga . Colin Stutz from Billboard revealed that Gaga would not be accompanied by any guest musicians for the show , which was a deviation from the shows of the past few years . Pepsi confirmed in a press release that a ten - second countdown would precede Gaga 's performance , where a lead - in featuring jazz singer Tony Bennett would be shown , produced by Creator 's Studio . Gaga confirmed planning to sing atop the dome of NRG Stadium , the idea given to her by her sister Natali Germanotta . Her team were worried about the safety hazards associated with the stunt , although Gaga continued to pursue it . The organizers considered airlifting the singer on top of the dome before the performance , or making her appear through the `` see - through '' roof of the stadium , which is retractable . Gaga 's lawyers worked on the logistics and the insurance associated with the stunt . The US media had expected Gaga to do `` something overtly political '' during her performance . NFL refuted news about them forbidding the singer to mention President Donald Trump during the show . A representative from the organization issued a statement saying , `` The Super Bowl is a time when people really come together . Lady Gaga is focused on putting together an amazing show for fans and we love working with her on it ; we are n't going to be distracted by this . '' Rehearsals ( edit ) I really had a real sense of being in the zone for this performance , worked on it for a really long time , took months , trained hard . Every second I wanted to give the world and my fans what they deserve , a great show . Its really exciting , I wanted to enjoy the moment not just be hell bent on everything . -- Gaga on the halftime show By January 2017 , Gaga started posting images on her social media accounts , showing her practicing for the show . She built a tent in her backyard where she could rehearse with her dancers . The group rehearsed in it for about 1.5 week , then moved to larger venues in Hollywood for working on the rest of the show . Finally , all the equipment was sent to Houston , where the last rehearsals took place . Gaga enlisted vocal coach Don Lawrence for helping her belt out the correct musical notes . Lawrence had worked with Gaga for her National Anthem performance previous year , as well as for her concert tours . A behind - the - scenes video from the rehearsals was uploaded by Pepsi , where Gaga explained that the main challenge was how to make the halftime performance different than the preceding years , but keep it still about the music . Choreographer Richy Jackson was shown in the middle of a session with the dancers , enacting the characteristic moves from the song , `` Bad Romance '' ( 2009 ) . Jackson said that the dancers were hand - picked and were among the personnel that had worked with the singer . He further added that the show would unveil a different aspect of Gaga , since she had never got the chance to perform on a big platform like the Super Bowl . As the day for the show approached , the singer kept posting short videos from rehearsal as well as behind - the - scenes . She showed her pre-game dance routines and choreography , FaceTimeing with her grandmother , warming up for the show , and the onstage activities . Toman explained that they wanted to have the general fans get `` a peek into the journey to halftime , tapping into the artist fanbase -- that really works . Doing a behind - the - scenes content program , giving people that glimpse of what it takes to prepare . People love that . So that really worked and we continue to do that . '' Fashion ( edit ) After the release of Joanne Gaga had worn simplistic fashion , deviating from her previous outrageous attires . Prior to the halftime show , there was much speculation regarding her fashion for the performance . Versace had created all the looks for the show , including the final look which was inspired by the label 's Spring 2017 collection . The singer wore a custom created , Atelier Versace , iridescent colored jumpsuit , which was beaded over with Swarovski crystals , along with high shoulder pads and matching knee length boots . The body suit facilitated swift movement onstage , aiding the mobility for the singer . According to fashion expert Cameron Silver , Gaga 's final look for the performance of `` Bad Romance '' was the `` most interesting '' . It consisted of silver hot pants with sequins on it , with a footballer shoulder - pad like jacket . Both the dresses were deemed as a `` customary nod '' to Gaga 's past by Billboard , who added that `` It was a solid balance of glam and sexy without overdoing it ( ... ) ( The dress ) gave fantasy to her fans . She looked great . She sounded great . It 's like she was playing football in heels . '' In between the performance , Gaga also wore a golden jacket which had shoulder spikes , while playing the keytar . Gaga 's looks were styled by her longtime collaborator Brandon Maxwell , while her makeup was influenced by singer David Bowie 's persona Ziggy Stardust . Donatella Versace herself flew to Houston to help with the costumes , including dressing the singer herself before the show . Gaga 's makeup was done by artist Sarah Nicole Tanno and her hair was coiffured by Frederic Aspiras . Tanno used products from Marc Jacobs ' cosmetics line to give a `` timeless '' look for Gaga . The singer wore a pair of eye masks made of crystals , extending till her temples . According to Vanessa Friedman from The New York Times , choosing Versace as her fashion brand for the costumes `` helped to support a subtler , arguably more powerful , message '' by Gaga . She had promised to make the show about `` inclusion '' and to that extent , using Versace and a number of other designers like Dr. Martens and Vera Wang made it a point . Multimedia ( edit ) During `` Million Reasons '' a field cast used Glow Motion LED Batons , creating a three - dimensional moving pixels show . The production work on the show was done by designers Bruce Rodgers of Tribe Inc. and LeRoy Bennett , and lighting designer Bob Barnhart of 22 Degrees . The stage was created by All Access Staging & Productions , who had also created previous Super Bowl halftime stages . Key features of the stage consisted of a main platform , two towers , three star - shaped side stages , a piano dome and a stage lift . The towers were around 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall and could be carried by carts to the field for set - up . All Access had only 4.5 weeks to create the whole piece with the main stage itself , and required 17 trucks for storage and transport . The show utilized LED system from Verrents and sound by ATK Audio tek . Around 5,000 LED lights were embedded in the stage , which was a record number . Special effects group Strictly FX was behind all the pyrotechnics . Both Rodgers and Bennett combined the individual ideas for the show , and took inputs from Barnhart and special effects designer Mark Grega from FX . Rodgers called the stage setup as `` the most intense technological and visually impactful epic possible '' . The show featured a field cast led by KP Terry ; they used Glow Motion LED batons , creating a 3D moving pixels show . A Nashville - based company , Glow Motion programmed each of the individual batons to sync with the music being played . `` All our field cast and staging experts , technicians and vendors ( had ) stepped up to support the vision , and Gaga herself , having embraced the concept early on , ( had ) taken on the task with more interest and heart than any other artist that I 've worked with in the last 11 years , '' Rodgers concluded . Lighting for the show was supplied by Production Resource Group ( PRG ) . Chris Conti from the company shared Barnhart 's floor planning for the lighting setup , which utilized DMX512 for controlling the whole system . Barnhart recalled that `` ( the ) show was a little more complicated this year , due to the amount of scenery that we normally do n't have on a halftime show '' , but it was better since there were no video backdrops . All around the roof of NRG Stadium , an array of 36 Clay Paky Sharpy fixtures were added , which lit the Houston night skyline with light beams . Barnhart also arranged a backlight array fixture , using Philips Vari - Lite VL4000 and PRG Best Boy . LED tape was used around the main production area . They were controlled by the lighting team and could light the stage from afar . Director Hamish Hamilton and his crew devised their own way of capturing and transmitting the show for the live audience . Drones ( edit ) See also : Quadcopter § Art For performing on top of NRG Stadium , Gaga was accompanied by a fleet of 300 synchronized , LED - equipped `` Shooting Star '' quadcopter drones provided by Intel , which formed an image of the American flag behind the singer . It marked the first time that the drones had been used as part of a television broadcast . According to Intel 's senior vice president Josh Walden , `` Gaga and the Super Bowl creative team wanted to pull off something that had never been done before ... The potential for these light show drones is endless '' . Barnhart explained that he had wanted to use drones in the Super Bowl for many years , but never encountered the correct technology until Intel 's drones . With the permission from producer Ricky Kirshner , he reached out to Intel representatives and told them that he wanted to use their drone technology for a `` large TV show in February . I ca n't give you money , but I can give you exposure '' . Hearing that the Super Bowl will expose the technology to over 110 million television sets across the country , Intel agreed . Since the drones did not fly indoors , Barnhart wrote a new creative segment for the opening with Gaga singing atop the roof of the stadium with the drones flying behind her . The segment was filmed earlier in the week due to safety concerns regarding performing the formation over the live audience . The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) had forbidden drones from being used within a 34.5 miles ( 55.5 km ) radius of NRG Stadium ( which is also located near William P. Hobby Airport ) . The production staff obtained special permission from the FAA in order to perform the drone acrobatics . The drones used for the show had a plastic and foam body for soft impacts , and were about 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) square and weighed 8 ounces ( 0.50 lb ) . They were connected to a central computer through wireless and executed individual choreography , each being oblivious to what the other drones ' position was . The computer checked the GPS signal strength and battery level of the drones , while assigning their roles accordingly . Intel had started preparing from early December 2016 , working out the logistics . After coming to a consensus with the creative team , they started storyboarding the drones , finally accepting to display a star array , the American flag and the Pepsi logo . Critical response ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Born This Way '' during the show in the Atelier Versace iridescent colored jumpsuit Gaga 's performance at the halftime show was critically acclaimed . A writer for Time described the show as `` among the very best in the history of the form , racing ambitiously through the artist 's entire career and putting forward the qualities of the artist that just work '' . The New Yorker review described Gaga and the show as `` an astute , intense , and disciplined performance '' . Andrew Unterberger from Billboard felt that the performance would go down as `` one of the best halftime sets of the century '' and that it had cemented Gaga as a `` legacy artist ... It was Gaga through and through , and every song felt more gratifying than the last ... ( R ) eminding you why Gaga 's pop supremacy was so inarguable not all that long ago . '' Unterberger noted that there was nothing `` outrageous '' in the show . Chris Chase of Fox Sports said that the halftime show would `` go down with Michael , Prince , Beyoncé , and Bruce as the greatest ever . '' Marguerite Ward from CNBC considered the show to be Gaga 's comeback , noting how she had announced in 2015 that she would retire . `` Fast forward to 2017 . ( Lady Gaga ) is back on the global stage , gearing up for a new world tour , '' she added . Writing for Variety , Sonia Saraiya described the show as `` breathtaking '' and `` soar ( ing ) '' , but felt it `` lacked an iconic moment or emotional button '' . Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was disappointed that the show never had a `` close - up or any sort of swooping medium - shot to accentuate ( Gaga 's ) movement '' , and felt that `` the weakly presented dive '' detracted from Gaga 's rendition of `` God Bless America '' and `` This Land Is Your Land '' . Nico Land from Salon noted that Gaga became the first artist to refer to the LGBT community during a Super Bowl halftime show when she sang `` Born This Way '' . Land considered this a `` crucial milestone '' for the community . He said that `` Putting LGBT issues on the main stage at the Super Bowl served as a powerful message of queer solidarity in the face on an unprecedented wave of challenges from our government . '' Although Gaga did not openly criticize Trump , Land viewed the singer 's opening performance was a subtle `` dig '' at the President . Singing `` This Land Is Your Land '' , a protest anthem for the Women 's Marches across the country following Trump 's inauguration , Gaga referred to Trump 's policies on immigration . According to Joanna Robinson from Vanity Fair , the performance was a `` dog whistle '' against Trump 's plans to construct a wall between United States and Mexico . At the 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , the halftime show was nominated in 6 categories : Outstanding Special Class Program , Outstanding Production Design for Variety , Nonfiction , Event or Award Special , Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Special , Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special , Outstanding Music Direction , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special and won for Outstanding Lighting Design . It was also the most nominations received by a halftime show at the Emmy Awards . Commercial reception ( edit ) Gaga performing `` Poker Face '' , after descending from the roof of the NRG Stadium in a harness . The Super Bowl LI halftime show was seen by 117.5 million television viewers in the United States , making it the second-most - watched halftime show behind Katy Perry 's ( 2015 ) . For the fourth year in a row , the viewership was higher than the game which was viewed by an audience of 111.3 million . A total of 5.1 million tweets were made regarding Gaga 's performance , including 2.2 million during the actual show , which made her the most tweeted about entertainer in the show 's history . According to statistics presented by Billboard , the most tweeted moment was captured when the show ended , followed by when Gaga waved at her parents from the stage , and finally when the singer descended from the NRG Stadium roof in a harness . The set list was also included in the most tweets tabulation with `` Bad Romance '' getting the highest number of tweets . `` Telephone '' was the second-most - tweeted song followed by `` Born This Way '' . According to Nielsen SoundScan on the day of the show , Gaga sold 150,000 digital albums and songs in the United States , up by 1,000 % from the previous day . The singer sold a total of 125,000 digital song downloads , led by `` Million Reasons '' ( 45,000 up by 900 % ) , then `` Bad Romance '' ( 13,000 ) , `` Born This Way '' ( 12,000 ) and `` Poker Face '' ( 10,000 ) . Her albums sold more than 23,000 downloads with Joanne selling over 12,000 copies , followed by The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , which sold about 6,000 . Gaga acquired over 24,000 listeners on music streaming website Pandora Radio . Total station adds for the singer went up by 1,391 % week - by - week with a cumulative 14.8 million stations and her songs received 2.5 billion spins . All the songs performed received significant spin boosts . This was a difference from the previous halftime shows , when Coldplay was up by 225 % , Bruno Mars by 62 % , and Beyoncé up 60 % . After the final tabulation , Gaga sold over 410,000 digital song downloads in total for the tracking week of February 9 , 2017 , an increase of 1,850 % . `` Million Reasons '' re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number four becoming Gaga 's 14th top - ten single . It also reached the top of the Digital Songs chart with 149,000 downloads . Other songs entering the Digital Songs chart were `` Born This Way '' ( 41,000 , number seven ) , `` Bad Romance '' ( 39,000 , number nine ) `` Poker Face '' ( 34,000 , number fourteen ) , `` Just Dance '' ( 25,000 , number 26 ) and `` Telephone '' ( 20,000 , number 39 ) . Gaga 's streaming activity increased by 196 % to 41.8 million streams , led by `` Million Reasons '' with 3.9 million plays . Her album sales increased by 844 % to 135,000 equivalent units , with Joanne soaring from number 66 -- 2 on the Billboard 200 , selling 74,000 units ( 48,000 traditional album purchases ) . Other entries in the chart included The Fame ( 38,000 , number six ) , Born This Way ( 17,000 , number 25 ) and Artpop ( 5,000 , number 174 ) . Gaga reached number one on the Billboard Artist 100 chart , which measures activity across various social media websites as well as record sales . The Super Bowl performance also had an impact in Canada , where Joanne vaulted from number 54 -- 2 , with a 524 % gain in album - equivalent units . In the United Kingdom , Joanne 's sales were up by 222 % , while The Fame ( 2008 ) was up by 1,605 % since the show . On the UK Albums Chart , the former moved from number 88 -- 11 , with sales increasing to 5,289 copies , while the latter entered at number 38 , selling 2,263 copies . Set list ( edit ) The final performance of the show , `` Bad Romance '' The following songs were performed during the halftime show : `` God Bless America '' / `` This Land Is Your Land '' ( pre-recorded intro ) `` Poker Face '' `` Born This Way '' `` Telephone '' `` Just Dance '' `` Million Reasons '' `` Bad Romance '' Set list adapted from Billboard . Personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from the listing available at Live Design website . Main performer Lady Gaga Creative personnel Executive Producer : Ricky Kirshner Director : Hamish Hamilton Production Designer : Bruce Rodgers , Tribe Inc . Co-Production Designer : LeRoy Bennett Lighting Designer : Bob Barnhart , 22 Degrees Vendors Set and Staging Fabrication : All Access Pyro and Effects : Strictly FX On - field cast LED batons : Glow Motion Technologies Lighting Equipment Supplier : PRG LED Systems : VER Sound Equipment Provider : ATK Lighting crew Lighting Directors : Pete Radice , David Grill , Jason Rudolph Gaffer : Tony Ward Best Boy : David Serralles , Kieth Berkes , Dean Brown , Joe Faretta , George Clayton Lead Tech : Robb Minnotte Tech : Matt Geneczko , Jeff Anderson Network Designer : Chris Conti Lead Spot Op : Tim Altman , George Sennerfelder , John Washburton Lead Spot Tech : Quinn Smith Assistant Lighting Director : Megan Seibel Fiber Tech : Alex Ward Art design team Art Directors : Shelley Rodgers , Lindsey Breslauer Set and CAD Designers : Maria Maria Garcia , Bruno Oliveira , Evan Alexander , Assistant Art Director : Lucas Ingram Stage video and projection crew LED Technicians : Gary Madura , Luke Pilato , Rod Silhanek , Michael Spencer Media Server Operator : Jason Rudolph Media Server Technician : Tim Nauss Intel Shooting Star drone team Lead Technical Engineer : Daniel Gurden Software Development Engineer ( Programmer ) : Tobias Gurden General Manager of Drone Light Shows : Natalie Cheung Project Manager : Madeline Ong Pilot In Command : Clay Coleman , Pilot In Command Hardware Engineer : Tobi Lang All Access Staging & Productions crew All Access Staging Supervisor : Tim Fallon Project Manager : Tommy Rose Manufacturing Design : Erik Eastland Automation Technician and Fabrication Lead : Fidel Garza Head Carpenter : Roger Cabot Staging Technicians : Kyle Duarte , Jesus Arroyo , Arturo Martinez , Jeff Haas , Anthony Pozos , Micky Dymond , Staging Technician / Fabricator : Julio Roch LED Technicians : Zack Eastland , Blake Chandler See also ( edit ) 2017 in American music 2017 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Jeff ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga Hopes to Deliver ' Powerful ' Super Bowl Halftime Show Like Greats Michael Jackson , Bruce Springsteen '' . 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Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Lady Gaga 's Show - Stopping Super Bowl 2017 Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Credits And Staff '' . Live Design . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LI halftime show . Do n't Worry About What ' Joanne ' Songs Lady Gaga Is Gonna Perform at the Super Bowl Billboard Super Bowl LI Halftime Show 2017 Staging Technical Drawings Live Design Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Set Drawings Live Design Will Lady Gaga 's Drones Win a Lion ? Intel Explains How It Pulled Off Its Fantastical Super Bowl Stunt Adweek Lady Gaga Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums The Fame Born This Way Artpop Cheek to Cheek Joanne Compilations The Remix Born This Way : The Remix Born This Way : The Collection Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball ArtRave : The Artpop Ball Cheek to Cheek Tour Joanne World Tour One - off shows ArtRave Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Dive Bar Tour Documentaries Gaga : Five Foot Two Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour : At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who performed at the super bowl halftime show 2017	[ "\nSuper Bowl LI halftime show\n\n\n\n\nDate\nFebruary 5, 2017\n\n\nLocation\nHouston, Texas\n\n\nVenue\nNRG Stadium\n\n\nHeadliner\nLady Gaga\n\n\nSponsor\nPepsi\n\n\nDirector\nHamish Hamilton\n\n\nProducer\nRicky Kirshner\n\n\nSuper Bowl halftime show chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n50\n(2016)\nLI\n(2017)\nLII\n(2018)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Lady Gaga" ]
-8695660557901284261	Blue (Da Ba Dee)	Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) - wikipedia Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' Single by Eiffel 65 from the album Europop B - side `` Remix '' Released October 1998 Format CD maxi CD Recorded September 1998 Genre Eurodance Length 4 : 45 ( album version ) 3 : 39 ( video edit ) 3 : 23 ( radio version ) Label BlissCo Songwriter ( s ) Jeffrey Jey Maurizio Lobina Massimo Gabutti Producer ( s ) Maurizio Lobina Massimo Gabutti Luciano Zucchet Eiffel 65 singles chronology `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Too Much of Heaven '' ( 1999 ) `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Too Much of Heaven '' ( 1999 ) `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' is a song by Italian music group Eiffel 65 . It was first released in October 1998 in Italy and became internationally successful the following year . It is the lead single of their debut album Europop . The song is the group 's most popular single , reaching number one in many countries such as Ireland , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , France , Sweden , Switzerland , New Zealand , Finland , Norway , Australia , Germany and Hungary , as well as reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . In the United Kingdom , the song originally entered the top 40 purely on import sales ; it was only the third single to do this . The song also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 2001 Grammy Awards , 2 years after it was released . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and production 2 Lyrics and composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Cover versions and samplings 7 Use in media 8 Formats and track listings 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 References Writing and production ( edit ) `` Blue '' , written by Eiffel 65 lead singer Jeffrey Jey , keyboardist Maurizio Lobina , and producer Massimo Gabutti , it was know for Underground Warriors , was inspired by group member Maurizio Lobina 's composed opening piano hook . The producers of the song then came up with the idea for a dance song . Jey stated that his inspiration for the lyrics was how a person picked his lifestyle . The colour blue as the main topic of the song was picked at random , with Lobina telling him to write nonsensical lyrics . `` Blue '' is one of the first hit songs to use the Auto - Tune vocal warble effect , after Cher 's `` Believe '' and Kid Rock 's `` Only God Knows Why '' . Lobina came up with the `` da ba dee '' hook at the end of this line . Lyrics and composition ( edit ) Eiffel 65 -- `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' , 1999 A 29 - second sample of Jeffrey Jey 's vocals on `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) . '' The song was one of the first ever popular tracks to use pitch correction . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' is written in the key of G minor , with the vocal range spanning from C to E ♭ , and is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 128 beats per minute . The song 's lyrics tell a story about a man who lives in a `` blue world . '' It is also stated he is `` blue inside and outside , '' which , along with the lyric `` himself and everybody around ' cause he ai n't got nobody to listen , '' and `` blue are the feelings that live inside me '' may indicate that the term blue represents his emotional state ; however , the song also states that a vast variety of what he owns is also blue , including his house and his car ( `` a blue Corvette '' ) : various blue - coloured objects are also depicted on the single 's cover . The song 's hook is the sentence `` I 'm blue , '' followed by a repetition of the words `` da ba dee da ba daa , '' which the hook is based around . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received mixed reviews from critics . Entertainment Weekly positively reviewed the song , calling the song `` a fleeting , feel - good foot - tapper '' and gave the song a rating of B - . PopMatters reviewer Chris Massey , in his review of Europop , described his initial reaction to the song as being `` really , really bad . '' However , he later stated in the review that after many repeated listenings of the song he `` loved it . '' Rolling Stone , however , in their review of Europop , gave the song a negative review , stating that the song `` blends Cher-esque vocoder vocals , trance - like synth riffs , unabashed Eurodisco beats and a baby - babble chorus so infantile it makes the Teletubbies sound like Shakespeare . '' The magazine also placed the song on their list of the `` 20 Most Annoying Songs , '' at No. 14 . Chart performance ( edit ) The single , released in October 1998 , was a chart - topper in many European countries . The song initially found success in France , where it debuted in August 1999 and reached number one for three weeks . It then found success in other European countries , reaching the top spot on many charts in September the same year , including Germany , the Netherlands , Switzerland , Sweden , Norway and many other countries . It replaced `` Mambo No. 5 '' by Lou Bega on many of these charts at the top spot . The song also found success in other regions , including Oceania and North America : it reached number one in Australia , New Zealand and Canada . It became a top ten hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number six . It became the highest charting Italian song in the United States since Al di là by Emilio Pericoli that also peaked at six in 1962 . The song re-charted on 6 May 2013 at No. 40 in the U.K. , the same week the song appeared in the film Iron Man 3 . Music video ( edit ) Main article : Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) ( music video ) Eiffel 65 on television screens during the opening segment of the video . The music video for the song was released in 1999 by the BlissCoMedia , a computer graphics company of the Bliss Corporation , known at the time the video was produced and released as `` BlissMultiMedia '' . The video featured computer graphics created with 3ds Max , and has Eiffel 65 members Maurizio Lobina and Gabry Ponte trying to save Jeffrey Jey from the aliens Zorotl and Sayok6 . Cover versions and samplings ( edit ) German singer Max Raabe and Palast Orchester covered the song for his 2001 studio album Super Hits . A cover version was released on the 2006 Crazy Frog studio album More Crazy Hits . Flo Rida sampled the chorus of `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' in his 2009 single `` Sugar '' . Michael Mind Project used a sample of `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' in their 2012 single `` Feeling So Blue '' . Sandra Lyng used a sample of the song in her single `` Blue '' . American country artist Coffey Anderson used a sampling in his 2017 single `` Bud Light Blue '' . Just Dance 2018 covers this song as well , said artist for this song is by Hit The Electro Beat . Use in Media ( edit ) The song has appeared in multiple films and television series . It was included in films such as Loser ( 2000 ) , Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) , Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Mommy ( 2014 ) , and Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) , the third instance during a flashback scene set in 1999 , the year the song became popular . In television , it was used in Daria episode The F Word and in 90210 finale of season 1 . On 15 March 2011 Ozone Entertainment released the song through the Rock Band Network . It is the first song on the service to incorporate the keyboard introduced in Rock Band 3 . The song was also featured in an EDF Energy advertisement in 2015 . A cover version of the song that matches the video version 's length is featured in the 2017 dance rhythm game Just Dance 2018 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Italy CD single 1999 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( DJ Ponte Ice Pop Mix ) -- 6 : 25 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( DJ Ponte Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 43 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( Glamour Jump Mix ) -- 5 : 19 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( Dub Mix ) -- 4 : 47 German CD maxi - single `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( Blue Ice Pop Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 39 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( DJ Ponte Ice Pop Mix ) -- 6 : 26 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( Hannover Remix ) -- 6 : 24 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( Dub Mix ) -- 4 : 48 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( Ice Pop Instrumental Mix ) -- 6 : 27 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( Blue Paris Remix ) -- 7 : 42 Kiss FM 92.7 & Radio Disney Sing `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( Underground Warriors Radio Version ) -- 3 : 20 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA Charts ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 53 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) Canada Dance ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Hungary ( IPSOS / Mahasz - IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) MTV Europe ( 2 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 6 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 16 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 57 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles Chart Chart ( 2000 ) Position Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 80 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 49 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3x Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 7,957 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 750,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 5x Gold 1,250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3x Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2x Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2x Platinum 1,200,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilton , Lisa ( 25 March 2000 ) . `` Forgotten song became hit for Eiffel 65 '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Billboard Magazine '' Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 638 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Billboard.com - Artist Chart History - Eiffel 65 Jump up ^ `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2001/grammys.htm Jump up ^ `` Eiffel 65 - Book Eiffel 65 for your Corporate Events , Fund Raisers '' . Locoloboevents.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ CANOE -- JAM ! Music - Artists - Eiffel 65 : The colour of money is Blue Jump up ^ Eiffel 65 - Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) Sheet Music ( Download and Print ) . Musicnotes.com . Accessed from April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dave 's Music Database - Eiffel 65 Jump up ^ prod-assets.mog.com - Eiffel 65 `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' single cover Jump up ^ Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) Music Review Entertainment Weekly Jump up ^ Eiffel 65 : Europop - PopMatters Music Review Jump up ^ 20 Most Annoying Songs by Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Dutchcharts.nl - 65 - Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) Archived March 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hitparade.ch - Eiffel 65 - Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) Archived November 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Swedishcharts.com - Eiffel 65 - Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) Jump up ^ BBC Radio 1 Charts . BBC . 6 May 2013 . Accessed from 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Blue : 10 anni , 10 milioni di download ( In Italian ) . Blisscomedia.com . Accessed from May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renderfarm . Blisscomedia.com . Accessed from April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey - kidnapped . Zorotl.com . Accessed from April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Max Raabe und Palast Orchester News , Bilder , Konzerte und Videos 2011 - Home '' . Palastorchester.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Digs Out Eiffel 65 's `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' For New Single `` Sugar '' `` . About40.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Spotify : Sandra Lyng - Blue Jump up ^ Iron Man 3 ( Motion picture ) . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . 2013 . Jump up ^ Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) by Eiffel 65 / / Songs / / Rock Band Archived March 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ First RBN 2.0 Song in the Store -- `` Blue '' / / Blog / / Rock Band Archived March 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' , in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved December 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard allmusic.com ( Retrieved December 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Canadian dance peak Jump up ^ Canadian Top Singles peak Jump up ^ `` Eiffel 65 singles , German Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . musicline . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved December 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Top Italian Singles of 1999 Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts > Eiffel 65 - Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) ( Nummer ) '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Billboard : Hits of the World , July 3 , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel 65 Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel 65 Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel 65 Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel 65 Chart History ( Latin Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel 65 Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel 65 Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Australian Singles Chart '' . aria . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Austrian Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 French Singles Chart '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1999 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - SINGLE 1999 '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1999 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Swiss Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Swisscharts . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 2000 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Eiffel 65 -- Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Eiffel 65 in the field Interpret . Enter Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Eiffel 65 -- Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' . Music Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Eiffel 65 '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Eiffel 65 -- Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Eiffel 65 ; ' Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Eiffel 65 -- Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1999 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Eiffel 65 ; ' Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eiffel 65 -- Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) in the search field and then press Enter . Preceded by `` Tomber la chemise '' by Zebda French SNEP number one single 7 August 1999 -- 7 August 1999 -- 21 August 1999 Succeeded by `` Mambo No. 5 '' by Lou Bega Preceded by `` Mambo No. 5 '' by Lou Bega Swiss number one single 22 August 1999 -- 22 August 1999 -- 24 October 1999 Succeeded by `` So bist du ( und wenn Du gehst ... ) '' by Oli P . Dutch Top 40 number one single 21 August 1999 -- 4 September 1999 -- 18 September 1999 Succeeded by `` The Road Ahead ( Miles of the Unknown ) '' by City to City Belgian ( Flanders ) number one single 11 September 1999 -- 21 October 1999 Succeeded by `` Genie in a Bottle '' by Christina Aguilera Irish IRMA number one single 18 September 1999 -- 16 October 1999 Succeeded by `` Flying Without Wings '' by Westlife Swedish number one single 2 September 1999 -- 22 September 1999 -- 21 October 1999 Succeeded by `` The Bad Touch '' by Bloodhound Gang German number one single 13 August 1999 -- 8 October 1999 Succeeded by `` The Bad Touch '' by Bloodhound Gang Norwegian VG - lista number one single 18 September 1999 -- 2 October 1999 Succeeded by `` If I Let You Go '' by Westlife Finnish number - one single 18 September 1999 -- 30 October 1999 Succeeded by `` Torremolinos 2000 '' by Apulanta & Don Huonot New Zealand RIANZ number one single 14 November 1999 Succeeded by `` One & Only '' by Deep Obsession Australian number - one single 14 November 1999 -- 16 January 2000 Succeeded by `` I Try '' by Macy Gray Preceded by `` We 're Going to Ibiza '' by Vengaboys UK Singles Chart number one single 19 September 1999 -- 9 October 1999 Succeeded by `` Genie in a Bottle '' by Christina Aguilera ( hide ) Eiffel 65 Jeffrey Jey Maury Lobina Gabry Ponte Studio albums Europop Contact ! EPs Episode I Episode II Singles `` Blue ( Da Ba Dee ) '' ( music video ) `` Too Much of Heaven '' `` Move Your Body '' `` Losing You '' `` Lucky ( In My Life ) '' `` Viaggia insieme a me '' Related articles Discography Bloom 06 Bliss Team Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_(Da_Ba_Dee)&oldid=843367853 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 2000 singles Eiffel 65 songs Eurodance songs Songs about loneliness Songs written by Maurizio Lobina Debut singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Hungary Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles 1999 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 18 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the song i'm blue released	[ "\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" is a song by Italian music group Eiffel 65. It was first released in October 1998 in Italy and became internationally successful the following year.[2] It is the lead single of their debut album Europop. The song is the group's most popular single, reaching number one in many countries such as Ireland, the United Kingdom,[3] the Netherlands, France, Sweden, Switzerland, New Zealand, Finland, Norway, Australia, Germany and Hungary, as well as reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States.[4]" ]	[ "October 1998" ]
-1104010625418275880	Singin' in the Rain	Singin ' in the Rain - wikipedia Singin ' in the Rain This article is about the 1952 film . For the 1929 song sung in this film , see Singin ' in the Rain ( song ) . For the stage musical , see Singin ' in the Rain ( musical ) . Singin ' in the Rain Theatrical release poster Directed by Gene Kelly Stanley Donen Produced by Arthur Freed Screenplay by Betty Comden Adolph Green Story by Betty Comden Adolph Green Starring Gene Kelly Donald O'Connor Debbie Reynolds Music by Lennie Hayton ( original score ) Songs : Nacio Herb Brown ( music ) Arthur Freed ( lyrics ) Cinematography Harold Rosson Edited by Adrienne Fazan Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's Inc . Release date March 27 , 1952 ( 1952 - 03 - 27 ) ( Radio City Music Hall ) April 11 , 1952 ( 1952 - 04 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.5 million Box office $12.4 million Singin ' in the Rain is a 1952 American musical - romantic comedy film directed and choreographed by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen , starring Kelly , Donald O'Connor , and Debbie Reynolds . It offers a lighthearted depiction of Hollywood in the late 1920s , with the three stars portraying performers caught up in the transition from silent films to `` talkies '' . The film was only a modest hit when first released . Donald O'Connor won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , and Betty Comden and Adolph Green won the Writers Guild of America Award for their screenplay , while Jean Hagen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . However , it has since been accorded legendary status by contemporary critics , and is frequently regarded as the best film musical ever made , and the best film ever made in the `` Freed Unit '' at Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . It topped the AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals list and is ranked as the fifth - greatest American motion picture of all time in its updated list of the greatest American films in 2007 . In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . In 2005 the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . In Sight & Sound magazine 's 2017 list of the 50 greatest films of all time , Singin ' in the Rain placed 20th . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Songs 4 Production 4.1 Revisions from early drafts 4.2 Scenes filmed but cut before release 4.3 Other notes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 6 Awards and honors 7 Home media 8 Adaptations 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Don Lockwood ( Gene Kelly ) is a popular silent film star with humble roots as a singer , dancer , and stuntman . Don barely tolerates his vain , cunning , conniving , and shallow leading lady , Lina Lamont ( Jean Hagen ) , though their studio , Monumental Pictures , links them romantically to increase their popularity . Lina is convinced they are in love , despite Don 's protestations otherwise . At the premiere of his newest film , The Royal Rascal , Don tells the gathered crowd an exaggerated version of his life story , including his motto : `` Dignity , always dignity . '' His words are humorously contradicted by flashbacks showing him alongside his best friend Cosmo Brown ( Donald O'Connor ) . To escape from his fans after the premiere , Don jumps into a passing car driven by Kathy Selden ( Debbie Reynolds ) . She drops him off , but not before claiming to be a stage actress and sneering at his `` undignified '' accomplishments as a movie star . Later , at a party , the head of Don 's studio , R.F. Simpson ( Millard Mitchell ) , shows a short demonstration of a talking picture , but his guests are unimpressed . To Don 's amusement , Kathy pops out of a mock cake right in front of him , revealing herself to be a chorus girl . Furious at Don 's teasing , she throws a real cake at him , only to hit Lina right in the face . She runs away . Don is smitten with Kathy and searches for her for weeks . While filming a love scene , Lina tells him that she had Kathy fired . Don finally finds Kathy working in another Monumental Pictures production . She confesses to having been a fan of his all along . After a rival studio has an enormous hit with its first talking picture , the 1927 film The Jazz Singer , R.F. decides he has no choice but to convert the next Lockwood and Lamont film , The Dueling Cavalier , into a talkie . The production is beset with difficulties , including Lina 's grating voice and strong New York accent . An exasperated diction coach tries to teach her how to speak properly , but to no avail . The Dueling Cavalier 's test screening is a disaster ; the actors are barely audible thanks to the awkward placing of the microphones , Don repeats the line `` I love you '' to Lina over and over , to the audience 's derisive laughter , and in the middle of the film , the sound goes out of synchronization , with hilarious results as Don 's voice is heard while Lina is speaking and vice versa . Don , Kathy and Cosmo come up with the idea to turn The Dueling Cavalier into a musical called The Dancing Cavalier , complete with a modern musical number called `` Broadway Melody '' . Cosmo , inspired by a scene in The Dueling Cavalier where Lina 's voice was out of sync , suggests that they dub Lina 's voice with Kathy 's . R.F. approves the idea but tells them not to inform Lina about the dubbing . When Lina finds out , she is infuriated . She becomes even angrier when she discovers that R.F. intends to give Kathy a screen credit and a big publicity buildup afterward . Lina threatens to sue R.F. unless he orders Kathy to continue working uncredited as Lina 's voice . R.F. reluctantly agrees to her demands , as a clause in her contract states that she can sue whenever denied a role of her choosing . The premiere of The Dancing Cavalier is a tremendous success . When the audience clamors for Lina to sing live , Don , Cosmo , and R.F. tell her to lip sync into the microphone while Kathy , hidden behind the curtain , sings into a second one . While Lina is `` singing , '' Don , Cosmo and R.F. gleefully raise the curtain , revealing the fakery . Lina flees . A distressed Kathy tries to run away as well , but Don proudly announces to the audience that she 's `` the real star of the film . '' Later , Kathy and Don kiss in front of a billboard for their new film , Singin ' in the Rain . Cast ( edit ) Gene Kelly as Don Lockwood . His performance in the song `` Singin ' in the Rain '' is now considered to be iconic . Debbie Reynolds as Kathy Selden . Directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen insisted that Reynolds was always first in their minds for the role . Although the film revolves around the idea that Kathy has to dub over for Lina 's voice , in the scene where Kathy is dubbing a line of Lina 's dialogue ( `` Our love will last ' til the stars turn cold '' ) , Jean Hagen 's normal voice is used . Donald O'Connor as Cosmo Brown , Don 's lifelong pal , and vaudeville partner , who becomes the head of Monumental Pictures ' music department . Jean Hagen as Lina Lamont . Fresh off her role in The Asphalt Jungle , Hagen read for the part for producer Arthur Freed . She did a dead - on impression of Judy Holliday 's Billie Dawn character from Born Yesterday , which won her the role . Millard Mitchell as R.F. Simpson . The initials of the fictional head of Monumental Pictures are a reference to producer Arthur Freed . R.F. also uses one of Freed 's favorite expressions when he says that he `` can not quite visualize it '' and has to see it on film first , referring to the `` Broadway Melody '' sequence . This is a joke , since the audience has just seen it . Cyd Charisse as the long - legged woman in the green sequined dress and Louise Brooks hair who vamps Gene Kelly in the `` Broadway Melody '' sequence . Douglas Fowley as Roscoe Dexter , the director of Don and Lina 's films . Rita Moreno as Zelda Zanders , the `` Zip Girl '' and Lina 's friend . Uncredited King Donovan as Rod , head of the publicity department at Monumental Pictures . Judy Landon as Olga Mara , a silent screen vamp who attends the premiere of The Royal Rascal . Madge Blake as Dora Bailey , a radio show host . Kathleen Freeman as Phoebe Dinsmore , Lina 's diction coach . Bobby Watson as diction coach during the `` Moses Supposes '' number . Jimmy Thompson as the singer of `` Beautiful Girl '' . Mae Clarke as the hairdresser who puts the finishing touches on Lina Lamont 's hairdo . Julius Tannen as the man demonstrating the technology of talking pictures Songs ( edit ) Singin ' in the Rain was originally conceived by MGM producer Arthur Freed , the head of the `` Freed Unit '' responsible for turning out MGM 's lavish musicals , as a vehicle for his catalog of songs written with Nacio Herb Brown for previous MGM musical films of the 1929 -- 39 period . Screenwriters Betty Comden and Adolph Green wrote two entirely new songs , `` Make ' Em Laugh '' and `` Moses Supposes '' , the latter with music director Roger Edens providing the music . ( see below ) . All songs have lyrics by Freed and music by Brown unless otherwise indicated . Some of the songs , such as `` Broadway Rhythm , '' `` Should I ? , '' and most notably `` Singin ' in the Rain , '' have been featured in numerous films . The films listed below mark the first time each song was presented on screen . `` Fit as a Fiddle ( And Ready for Love ) '' from College Coach ( 1933 ) ( music by Al Hoffman and Al Goodhart , lyrics by Freed ) `` Temptation '' ( instrumental only ) from Going Hollywood ( 1933 ) `` All I Do Is Dream of You '' from Sadie McKee ( 1934 ) `` Singin ' in the Rain '' from The Hollywood Revue of 1929 ( 1929 ) `` Make ' Em Laugh , '' considered an original song , but bearing a striking resemblance to Cole Porter 's `` Be a Clown , '' used in another MGM Freed - produced musical , The Pirate ( 1948 ) . Credited to Comden and Green . `` Beautiful Girl Montage '' comprising `` I 've Got a Feelin ' You 're Foolin ' '' from Broadway Melody of 1936 ( 1935 ) , `` The Wedding of the Painted Doll '' from The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) , `` Should I ? '' from Lord Byron of Broadway ( 1930 ) and `` Beautiful Girl '' from Stage Mother ( 1933 ) `` You Were Meant for Me '' from The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) `` You Are My Lucky Star '' from Broadway Melody of 1936 ( 1935 ) `` Moses Supposes '' ( music by Roger Edens , lyrics by Comden and Green ) , based on the tongue - twister with the same title . `` Good Morning '' from Babes In Arms ( 1939 ) `` Would You ? '' from San Francisco ( 1936 ) `` Broadway Melody '' composed of `` The Broadway Melody '' from The Broadway Melody ( 1929 ) and `` Broadway Rhythm '' from Broadway Melody of 1936 ( 1935 ) The music for the `` Broadway Ballet '' section is by Nacio Herb Brown . Production ( edit ) Revisions from early drafts ( edit ) Play media Trailer In an early draft of the script , the musical number `` Singin ' in the Rain '' was to be sung by Reynolds , O'Connor , and Kelly , emerging from a restaurant after the flop preview of The Dueling Cavalier , to celebrate the idea of changing the film into a musical . Kelly singing `` You Were Meant For Me '' to Reynolds on an empty sound stage was not included in that draft . The number was originally conceived as Kelly singing a medley of other songs to her as they romped around various studio back lot sets . Rita Moreno was originally to have sung the lead in `` I 've Got a Feelin ' You 're Foolin ' '' with other showgirls , but this ended up as part of the `` Beautiful Girl Montage '' without her . Scenes filmed but cut before release ( edit ) Gene Kelly sang a reprise of `` All I Do is Dream of You '' after the party at R.F. Simpson 's house when Kelly chases after Reynolds . The song , ending in Kelly 's bedroom , was cut from the release version after two previews , and the footage has been lost . Reynolds ' solo rendition of `` You Are My Lucky Star '' ( to a billboard showing an image of Lockwood ) was cut after previews . This number has survived and is included on the original soundtrack and DVD version of the film . In the steamy `` Vamp Dance '' segment of the `` Broadway Melody Ballet '' with Cyd Charisse and Gene Kelly , reviewers from both the Production Code and the Catholic Church 's Legion of Decency objected to a brief , suggestive pose or movement between the dancers . Although there is no precise documentation of what or where it was , close examination of footage toward the end of the dance shows an abrupt cut when Charisse is wrapped around Kelly , indicating the probable location . Other notes ( edit ) In the famous dance sequence in which Gene Kelly sings the title song while spinning an umbrella , splashing through puddles and getting soaked to the skin , Kelly was sick with a 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) fever . The rain in the scene caused Kelly 's wool suit to shrink during filming . A common myth is that Kelly managed to perform the entire song in one take , thanks to cameras placed at predetermined locations . However , this was not the case , the filming of the sequence taking place over 2 -- 3 days . Another myth is that the rain was mixed with milk in order for the drops to show up better on camera ; but the desired visual effect was produced , albeit with difficulty , through backlighting . Debbie Reynolds was not a dancer when she made Singin ' in the Rain ; her background was as a gymnast . Kelly apparently insulted her for her lack of dance experience , upsetting her . In a subsequent encounter when Fred Astaire was in the studio , he found Reynolds crying under a piano . Hearing what had happened , Astaire volunteered to help her with her dancing . Kelly later admitted that he had not been kind to Reynolds and was surprised that she was still willing to talk to him afterwards . After shooting the `` Good Morning '' routine , which had taken from 8 : 00 a.m. until 11 : 00 p.m. to shoot , Reynolds ' feet were bleeding . Years later , she was quoted as saying that `` Singin ' in the Rain and childbirth were the two hardest things I ever had to do in my life . '' Donald O'Connor had to stay in bed in the hospital for several days after filming the `` Make ' Em Laugh '' sequence , due to his smoking up to four packs of cigarettes a day . Most of the costumes from this film were eventually acquired by Debbie Reynolds and held in her massive collection of original film costumes , sets , and props . Many of these items were sold at a 2011 auction in Hollywood . While most items were sold to private collectors , Donald O'Connor's green check `` Fit As a Fiddle '' suit and shoes were purchased by Costume World , Inc . They are now on permanent display at the Costume World Broadway Collection Museum in Pompano Beach , Florida . Reception ( edit ) According to MGM records , during the film 's initial theatrical release , it made $3,263,000 in the US and Canada and $2,367,000 internationally , earning the studio a profit of $666,000 . It was the tenth highest - grossing movie of the year in the US and Canada . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film had a score of a perfect 100 % `` Certified fresh '' approval rating based on 49 reviews with an average rating of 9.2 / 10 , the website 's critical consensus reads : `` Clever , incisive , and funny , Singin ' In The Rain is a masterpiece of the classical Hollywood musical . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) For her role as Lina Lamont , Jean Hagen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . The film was also nominated for Best Original Music Score for Lennie Hayton . Donald O'Connor won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy for his portrayal of Cosmo Brown . Betty Comden and Adolph Green received the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical . Singin ' in the Rain has appeared twice on Sight & Sound 's list of the ten best films of all time , in 1982 and 2002 . Its position in 1982 was at number 4 on the critics list ; on the 2002 critics ' list , it was listed as number 10 , and it tied for 19 on the directors ' list . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 100 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 49 reviews , with an average score of 9.2 / 10 . The film is currently ranked as No. 14 on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of best rated films . Rotten Tomatoes summarizes the critical consensus as , `` Clever , incisive , and funny , Singin ' in the Rain is a masterpiece of the classical Hollywood musical . '' In 2008 , Singin ' in the Rain was placed on Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time List , ranking at # 8 , the highest ranked G - rated movie on the list . In 1989 , Singin ' in the Rain was among the first 25 films chosen for the newly established National Film Registry for films that are deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation . The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in these lists : 1998 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 10 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 16 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 16 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Lina Lamont -- Nominated Villain 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Singin ' in the Rain '' -- # 3 `` Make ' Em Laugh '' -- # 49 `` Good Morning '' -- # 72 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Lina Lamont : `` What do they think I am , dumb or something ? Why , I make more money than Calvin Coolidge ! Put together ! '' -- Nominated 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- # 1 2007 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 5 Home media ( edit ) The 40th Anniversary Edition VHS version released in 1992 includes a documentary , the original trailer , and Reynolds ' solo rendition of `` You Are My Lucky Star , '' which had been cut from the final film . According to the audio commentary on the 2002 Special Edition DVD , the original negative was destroyed in a fire . Despite this , the film was digitally restored for its DVD release . A Blu - ray Ultimate Collector 's Edition was released in July 2012 . Adaptations ( edit ) Comic book adaptation Eastern Color Movie Love # 14 ( April 1952 ) Stage adaptation The Broadway musical Singin ' in the Rain was adapted from the motion picture , and the plot of the stage version closely adheres to the original . Directed and choreographed by post-modern choreographer Twyla Tharp , the opening night cast starred Don Correia as Don Lockwood , Mary D'Arcy as Kathy Selden , Richard Fancy as Roscoe Dexter , Faye Grant as Lina Lamont , and Peter Slutsker as Cosmo Brown . The musical opened on July 2 , 1985 at the Gershwin Theatre after 39 previews , and ran for 367 performances , closing on May 18 , 1986 . In popular culture ( edit ) Kelly 's hometown Pittsburgh Pirates games at PNC Park play the scene from the film during rain delays . `` Singin ' in the Rain '' is sung mockingly by Alex DeLarge , played by Malcolm McDowell , in the rape scene in Stanley Kubrick 's 1971 film A Clockwork Orange . The Gene Kelly version plays during the end credits . `` Singin ' in the Rain '' is sung by Inspector Jacques Clouseau played by Peter Sellers as part of the extended version of the grocery scene from The Pink Panther Strikes Again in Blake Edwards 1982 film Trail of the Pink Panther . In the 1983 television special Paddington Goes to the Movies , the film is mentioned at some points and Paddington performs a version of Gene Kelly 's famous dance from the 1952 film . In the 1989 Woody Allen film Crimes and Misdemeanors , Cliff ( Woody Allen ) and Halley ( Mia Farrow ) watch Singin ' in the Rain at Cliff 's apartment . Cliff claims to watch the film `` every few months to keep my spirits up . '' In their 1976 Christmas special , the British comedy act Morecambe and Wise parodied the `` Singin ' in the Rain '' sequence . Gene Kelly 's `` Singin ' in the Rain '' sequence is one of the opening scenes of The Great Movie Ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios . Kelly approved his Audio - Animatronics likeness prior to its delivery to Florida . The dance to the title song is parodied in the 2005 Broadway musical Spamalot in the dance break to `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life , '' complete with tap - dancing knights spinning bright yellow umbrellas around . The `` Singin ' in the Rain '' sequence was featured in a 2005 Volkswagen Golf commercial , with Gene Kelly seen break - dancing in the street . Also featured was Mint Royale 's version of the song accompanying the commercial . Two songs from the film were featured in `` The Substitute '' , a season 2 episode of the musical comedy television series Glee . In the 2012 film Silver Linings Playbook , Jennifer Lawrence 's character is inspired by a clip of Donald O'Connor and Gene Kelly dancing to `` Moses Supposes '' from Singin ' in the Rain . The 2013 anime short Gisoku no Moses features a young female ghost dancing with a pair of haunted dance shoes to the tune of `` Moses Supposes . '' In the 2015 romantic drama film Brooklyn , Tony Fiorello ( Emory Cohen ) takes Eilis Lacey ( Saoirse Ronan ) out on a date to see the film . In the next scene , he emulates Gene Kelly 's iconic swing on the lamppost . The scene in which Gene Kelly sings `` You Were Meant for Me '' is featured in the 2015 Nancy Meyers film The Intern . Singin ' in the Rain was an inspiration for the 2016 musical film La La Land , directed by Damien Chazelle . The 2017 Eurovision entry of Italy , Occidentali 's Karma , features the phrase `` Communque vada panta rei , and Singing in the Rain '' . The song `` Good Morning '' was featured in the Legends of Tomorrow Season 3 episode `` Phone Home '' . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website List of films featuring fictional films References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ This scene pays homage to the original 1921 DeForest Phonofilm demonstration , featuring DeForest explaining the system . Jump up ^ This is a reference to a scene by John Gilbert in his first talkie . Citations ^ Jump up to : Singin ' in the Rain at the American Film Institute Catalog ^ Jump up to : `` Singin ' In The Rain ( 1952 ) '' . Jump up ^ Haley Jr. , Jack : That 's Entertainment ! , Frank Sinatra segments . Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , 1974 Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Films of All Time Sight & Sound '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Betty Comden , Adolph Green ( 2002 ) . The story Behind Singin ' in the Rain : Now It Can be Told , reprint of the Singin ' In the Rain screenplay introduction , originally published in 1972 , included in the liner notes of the Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Osborne , Robert . TCM commentary , `` Singing in the Rain . '' Jump up ^ Hess , Earl J. and Dabholkarm Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Debbie & Columbia , David Patrick ( 1989 ) . Debbie : My Life . Pocket Books . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0671687922 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( 18 March 2007 ) . `` The 50 greatest film soundtracks : 11 . Singin ' In The Rain '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Julius Tannen , Chatterbox , `` Speaking the Public Mind , '' PerformingArtsArchive.com Jump up ^ Singin ' in the Rain -- Talking picture ( YouTube ) Jump up ^ George Feltenstein ( 2002 ) . `` Producer 's Note , '' included in the liner notes of the `` Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain '' double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies ^ Jump up to : Track list in the liner notes of the `` Music from the original motion picture soundtrack ( deluxe edition ) Singin ' in the Rain '' double CD by Rhino Entertainment and Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ CineBooks ' Motion Picture Guide review of the film included on the Microsoft Cinemania 1997 CD Jump up ^ Hess , Earl J. ; Dabholkar , Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1656 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hess , pp. 23 - 24 Jump up ^ Hess , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Hess , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : New 50th Anniversary Documentary What a Glorious Feeling , hosted by Debbie Reynolds on the film 's DVD . Jump up ^ Hess , pp. 180 - 181 Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Top Ten Movie Dance Scenes : A Wet , Soft Shoe in Singin ' in the Rain '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` The Biography Channel '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) -- Hollywood 's Greatest Musical ! '' . Key Light Enterprises . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bubbeo , Daniel ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Gene Kelly 's widow Patricia chats about her late husband and ' Singin ' in the Rain ' '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Basics : Was There Really Milk in Singin ' in the Rain ? Archived 2014 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . notes : `` Gene Kelly himself described what happened in several interviews , including American Film ( 1979 ) : ' Shooting the title number was just terrible for the photographer Hal Rossen ( sic ) . He had to backlight all the rain and then he had to put frontlight on the performer . That was as tough a job as I 've ever seen , because you ca n't photograph in rain and see it . ' '' Jump up ^ Reynolds , Debbie ( 2013 ) . Unsinkable : A Memoir . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 221365 - 5 . Jump up ^ Patrick Perry , `` ON TOUR WITH DEBBIE REYNOLDS : Feisty and Fit Actress Speaks Out About An All - Too - Common Problem - Overactive Bladder '' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2003 . Jump up ^ Mankiewicz , Ben ( 2017 ) `` Intro to Singin ' in the Rain 65th Anniversary Theatrical Release '' Accessed : January 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' in the Rain - Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Top Box - Office Hits of 1952 ' , Variety , January 7 , 1953 Jump up ^ `` Singin ' In The Rain '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` wga awards '' . Wga.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 - Critics ' top ten films of all time '' . BFI. 2011 - 08 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies Of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singin ' in the Rain '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` VHS back cover '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Love # 14 '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Singin ' in the Rain on the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ `` On Stage : Kate Hepburn , Richard Rauh and old Nixon '' . Arts & Entertainment . PG Publishing Co. , Inc . July 9 , 2003 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDougal , Stuart Y. ( 2003 ) Stanley Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange Cambridge University Press . p. 98 ISBN 9780521574884 Jump up ^ `` The Morecambe and Wise Show '' BBC Two Jump up ^ `` Great Movie Ride Singin ' In the Rain '' Studios Central Jump up ^ Fleming , Brenda `` 9 Facts and Secrets about the Great Movie Ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' DisDining Jump up ^ `` Spamalot : And now for something completely silly '' . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Gisoku no Moses `` , a delightful anime short inspired by Gene Kelly '' . Nerdwatch ! . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` La La Land 's Many References to Classic Movies : A Guide '' . Slate . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Legends of Tomorrow ' Recap With Spoilers : `` Phone Home '' `` . comicbook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Further reading Comden , Betty ; Green , Adolph ( 1986 ) . Singin ' in the Rain . New York : Lorrimer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85647 - 116 - X . OCLC 13125781 . Ebert , Roger ( 14 February 1999 ) . `` Reviews : Singin ' in the Rain '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . `` FilmSite Review : Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) '' . Filmsite.org . AMC . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Hess , Earl J. ; Dabholkar , Pratibha A. ( 2009 ) . Singin ' in the Rain : The Making of an American Masterpiece . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1656 - 5 . OCLC 291908067 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Telek , Scott ( 11 November 2007 ) . `` Speaking vs. Dancing in the Rain '' . Cinema de Merde . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Wollen , Peter ( 1992 ) . Singin ' in the Rain . London : BFI Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 351 - 8 . OCLC 27108548 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Singin ' in the Rain ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Singin ' in the Rain Singin ' in the Rain at the American Film Institute Catalog Singin ' in the Rain on IMDb Singin ' in the Rain at the TCM Movie Database Singin ' in the Rain at AllMovie Singin ' in the Rain at CinemaClassic ( in French ) Singin ' in the Rain at Rotten Tomatoes Singin ' in the Rain at Virtual History Articles and topics related to Singin ' in the Rain Films directed by Gene Kelly On the Town ( 1949 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) The Happy Road ( 1957 ) The Tunnel of Love ( 1958 ) Gigot ( 1962 ) A Guide for the Married Man ( 1967 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) The Cheyenne Social Club ( 1970 ) That 's Entertainment , Part II ( 1976 ) Films directed by Stanley Donen On the Town ( 1949 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) Fearless Fagan ( 1952 ) Give a Girl a Break ( 1953 ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( 1954 ) Deep in My Heart ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Funny Face ( 1957 ) The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) Kiss Them for Me ( 1957 ) Indiscreet ( 1958 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Once More , with Feeling ! ( 1960 ) Surprise Package ( 1960 ) The Grass Is Greener ( 1960 ) Charade ( 1963 ) Arabesque ( 1966 ) Two for the Road ( 1967 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Staircase ( 1969 ) The Little Prince ( 1974 ) Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) Movie Movie ( 1978 ) Saturn 3 ( 1980 ) Blame It on Rio ( 1984 ) Love Letters ( 1999 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) Cahiers du cinéma 's Top Ten Films All time Citizen Kane The Night of the Hunter The Rules of the Game Sunrise L'Atalante Singin ' in the Rain Vertigo Children of Paradise The Searchers Yearly By year BFI Sight & Sound Poll 1952 Bicycle Thieves City Lights The Gold Rush Battleship Potemkin Intolerance : Love 's Struggle Throughout the Ages Louisiana Story Greed Le Jour Se Lève The Passion of Joan of Arc Brief Encounter The Rules of the Game Le Million 1962 Citizen Kane L'Avventura The Rules of the Game Greed Ugetsu Monogatari Battleship Potemkin Bicycle Thieves Ivan the Terrible La Terra Trema L'Atalante 1972 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Battleship Potemkin 81⁄2 L'Avventura Persona The Passion of Joan of Arc The General The Magnificent Ambersons Ugetsu Monogatari Wild Strawberries 1982 Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai Singin ' in the Rain 81⁄2 Battleship Potemkin L'Avventura The Magnificent Ambersons Vertigo The General The Searchers Critics ' Citizen Kane The Rules of the Game Tokyo Story Vertigo The Searchers L'Atalante The Passion of Joan of Arc Pather Panchali Battleship Potemkin 2001 : A Space Odyssey Directors ' Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Raging Bull La Strada L'Atalante The Godfather Modern Times Vertigo The Godfather Part II The Passion of Joan of Arc Rashomon Seven Samurai 2002 Critics ' Citizen Kane Vertigo The Rules of the Game The Godfather The Godfather Part II Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Battleship Potemkin Sunrise 81⁄2 Singin ' in the Rain Directors ' Citizen Kane The Godfather / The Godfather Part II 81⁄2 Lawrence of Arabia Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Bicycle Thieves Raging Bull Vertigo Rashomon The Rules of the Game Seven Samurai 2012 Critics ' Vertigo Citizen Kane Tokyo Story The Rules of the Game Sunrise 2001 : A Space Odyssey The Searchers Man with a Movie Camera The Passion of Joan of Arc 81⁄2 Directors ' Tokyo Story 2001 : A Space Odyssey Citizen Kane 81⁄2 Taxi Driver Apocalypse Now The Godfather Vertigo The Mirror Bicycle Thieves Related The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time 2014 Documentaries Man with a Movie Camera Shoah Sans Soleil Night and Fog The Thin Blue Line Chronique d'un été Nanook of the North The Gleaners and I Dont Look Back Grey Gardens GND : 4375976 - 2 LCCN : n97121772 VIAF : 316751644 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singin%27_in_the_Rain&oldid=846480411 '' Categories : 1952 films English - language films 1950s musical comedy films 1950s romantic comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American films American romantic musical films Films about Hollywood Films about actors Films set in 1927 Films set in the 1920s Films set in Los Angeles Films directed by Stanley Donen Films directed by Gene Kelly Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films United States National Film Registry films Jukebox musical films Films produced by Arthur Freed Films adapted into comics Films adapted into plays Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 01 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who were the stars of singing in the rain	[ "\n\nSingin' in the Rain\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nGene Kelly\nStanley Donen\n\n\n\n\n\nProduced by\nArthur Freed\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nBetty Comden\nAdolph Green\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\n\n\n\nBetty Comden\nAdolph Green\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nGene Kelly\nDonald O'Connor\nDebbie Reynolds\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nLennie Hayton (original score)[1]\nSongs:\nNacio Herb Brown (music)\nArthur Freed (lyrics)\n\n\nCinematography\nHarold Rosson\n\n\nEdited by\nAdrienne Fazan\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nLoew's Inc.\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nMarch 27, 1952 (1952-03-27) (Radio City Music Hall)\nApril 11, 1952 (1952-04-11) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n103 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$2.5 million[2]\n\n\nBox office\n$12.4 million[2]\n\n", "\n\nSingin' in the Rain\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nGene Kelly\nStanley Donen\n\n\n\n\n\nProduced by\nArthur Freed\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nBetty Comden\nAdolph Green\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\n\n\n\nBetty Comden\nAdolph Green\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nGene Kelly\nDonald O'Connor\nDebbie Reynolds\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nLennie Hayton (original score)[1]\nSongs:\nNacio Herb Brown (music)\nArthur Freed (lyrics)\n\n\nCinematography\nHarold Rosson\n\n\nEdited by\nAdrienne Fazan\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nLoew's Inc.\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nMarch 27, 1952 (1952-03-27) (Radio City Music Hall)\nApril 11, 1952 (1952-04-11) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n103 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$2.5 million[2]\n\n\nBox office\n$12.4 million[2]\n\n", "\n\nSingin' in the Rain\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nGene Kelly\nStanley Donen\n\n\n\n\n\nProduced by\nArthur Freed\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nBetty Comden\nAdolph Green\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\n\n\n\nBetty Comden\nAdolph Green\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nGene Kelly\nDonald O'Connor\nDebbie Reynolds\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nLennie Hayton (original score)[1]\nSongs:\nNacio Herb Brown (music)\nArthur Freed (lyrics)\n\n\nCinematography\nHarold Rosson\n\n\nEdited by\nAdrienne Fazan\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nLoew's Inc.\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nMarch 27, 1952 (1952-03-27) (Radio City Music Hall)\nApril 11, 1952 (1952-04-11) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n103 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$2.5 million[2]\n\n\nBox office\n$12.4 million[2]\n\n" ]	[ "Gene Kelly", "Donald O'Connor", "Debbie Reynolds" ]
7145297807447060385	Good automated manufacturing practice	Good Automated manufacturing Practice - wikipedia Good Automated manufacturing Practice Jump to : navigation , search Good automated manufacturing practice ( GAMP ) is both a technical subcommittee of the International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering ( ISPE ) and a set of guidelines for manufacturers and users of automated systems in the pharmaceutical industry . More specifically , the ISPE 's guide The Good Automated Manufacturing Practice ( GAMP ) Guide for Validation of Automated Systems in Pharmaceutical Manufacture describes a set of principles and procedures that help ensure that pharmaceutical products have the required quality . One of the core principles of GAMP is that quality can not be tested into a batch of product but must be built into each stage of the manufacturing process . As a result , GAMP covers all aspects of production ; from the raw materials , facility and equipment to the training and hygiene of staff . Standard operating procedures ( SOPs ) are essential for processes that can affect the quality of the finished product . A group of pharmaceutical professionals have banded together to create the GAMP Forum , which is now a technical sub-committee , known as the GAMP COP ( community of practice ) of the International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering ( ISPE ) . The goal of the community is to promote the understanding of the regulation and use of automated systems within the pharmaceutical industry . The GAMP COP organizes discussion forums for its members . ISPE organises GAMP - related training courses and educational seminars . Several local GAMP COPs , such as GAMP Americas , GAMP Nordic , GAMP DACH ( Germany , Austria , Switzerland ) , GAMP Francophone , GAMP Italiano , GAMP Benelux ( Belgium , Netherlands , Luxembourg ) and GAMP Japan bring the GAMP community closer to its members in collaboration with ISPE 's local affiliates in these regions . Contents ( hide ) 1 GAMP Guidance 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links GAMP guidance ( edit ) ISPE has published a series of good practice guides for the industry on several topics involved in drug manufacturing . The most well - known is The Good Automated Manufacturing Practice ( GAMP ) Guide for Validation of Automated Systems in Pharmaceutical Manufacture . The last major revision ( GAMP5 ) was released in February 2008 . Other publications in the GAMP series include : GAMP Good Practice Guide : A Risk - Based Approach to Compliant GxP Computerized Systems GAMP Good Practice Guide : Calibration Management GAMP Good Practice Guide : Electronic Data Archiving GAMP Good Practice Guide : Global Information Systems Control and Compliance GAMP Good Practice Guide : IT Infrastructure Control and Compliance GAMP Good Practice Guide : Testing of GxP Systems GAMP Good Practice Guide : Validation of Laboratory Computerized Systems GAMP Good Practice Guide : Validation of Process Control Systems History ( edit ) GAMP itself was founded in 1991 in the United Kingdom to deal with the evolving U.S. Food and Drug Administration expectations for good manufacturing practice ( GMP ) compliance of manufacturing and related systems . GAMP published its first guidance in 1994 . Soon afterwards the organization entered into a partnership with ISPE , formally becoming part of ISPE in 2000 . GAMP has enjoyed the support of numerous regulatory authorities over the years spanning the United States , Europe , and Japan and is now a recognised good practice worldwide . See also ( edit ) Corrective and preventive action ( CAPA ) Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme Validation ( drug manufacture ) International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ( ICH ) European Medicines Agency ( EMA ) European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations ( EFPIA ) Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association ( JPMA ) Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America ( PhRMA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ISPE Glossary of Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Terminology - Good Automated Manufacturing Practice ( GAMP ) '' . International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering . 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GAMP 5 : A Risk - Based Approach to Compliant GxP Computerized Systems '' . International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Paul ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` 20th Anniversary Special Feature : Validation and qualification '' . Pharmaceutical Technology Europe . 20 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ DeSpautz , Joseph ; Kenneth S. Kovacs ; Gerhard Werling ( 11 March 2008 ) . `` GAMP Standards For Validation Of Automated Systems '' . Pharmaceutical Processing . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . External links ( edit ) ISPE website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_automated_manufacturing_practice&oldid=807047118 '' Categories : International professional associations Pharmaceutical industry Good practice Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 15 : 21 . About Wikipedia	guide for validation of automated systems in pharmaceutical manufacture	[ "Good automated manufacturing practice (GAMP) is both a technical subcommittee of the International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE) and a set of guidelines for manufacturers and users of automated systems in the pharmaceutical industry.[1] More specifically, the ISPE's guide The Good Automated Manufacturing Practice (GAMP) Guide for Validation of Automated Systems in Pharmaceutical Manufacture describes a set of principles and procedures that help ensure that pharmaceutical products have the required quality. One of the core principles of GAMP is that quality cannot be tested into a batch of product but must be built into each stage of the manufacturing process. As a result, GAMP covers all aspects of production; from the raw materials, facility and equipment to the training and hygiene of staff. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are essential for processes that can affect the quality of the finished product." ]	[ "Good automated manufacturing practice (GAMP)" ]
2578278171075673056	List of countries by net migration rate	List of countries by net migration rate - wikipedia List of countries by net migration rate Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2015 ) This is a list of countries by net migration rate , the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year , per 1,000 persons ( based on midyear population ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 2 Data 2.1 World Bank ( 2012 ) 2.1. 1 Countries 2.1. 2 Regions 2.2 The World Factbook by CIA 3 References 4 External links Method ( edit ) An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration ( e.g. , 3.56 migrants / 1,000 population ) ; an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration ( e.g. , - 9.26 migrants / 1,000 population ) . The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population change . The net migration rate does not distinguish between economic migrants , refugees , and other types of migrants nor does it distinguish between lawful migrants and unlawful migrants . Data ( edit ) World Bank ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Countries ( edit ) Country Total Population Total Net Migration 5 Year Period ( 2007 - 2012 ) Net Migration Per 1,000 Inhabitants 5 Year Period ( 2007 - 2012 ) Aruba 102,393 1,253 12.24 Andorra 79,316 - - Afghanistan 29,726,803 473,007 15.91 Angola 22,685,632 102,322 4.51 Albania 2,900,247 - 91,750 - 31.64 United Arab Emirates 8,952,542 405,000 45.24 Argentina 42,095,224 30,000 0.71 Armenia 2,978,339 - 9,876 - 3.32 American Samoa 55,227 - - Antigua and Barbuda 89,069 - 56 - 0.63 Australia 22,728,254 1,023,107 45.01 Austria 8,429,991 147,089 17.45 Azerbaijan 9,295,784 - 16,125 - 1.73 Burundi 10,124,572 40,000 3.95 Belgium 11,128,246 269,998 24.26 Benin 10,049,792 - 10,000 - 1.00 Burkina Faso 16,590,813 - 125,000 - 7.53 Bangladesh 155,257,387 - 2,226,481 - 14.34 Bulgaria 7,305,888 - 50,000 - 6.84 Bahrain 1,333,577 29,915 22.43 Bahamas 372,388 9,672 25.97 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,828,419 - 2,506 - 0.65 Belarus 9,464,000 120,535 12.74 Belize 336,707 7,594 22.55 Bermuda 64,798 - - Bolivia 10,238,762 - 61,794 - 6.04 Brazil 202,401,584 15,924 0.08 Barbados 281,580 2,180 7.74 Brunei 405,512 2,102 5.18 Bhutan 743,711 10,000 13.45 Botswana 2,132,822 20,000 9.38 Central African Republic 4,619,500 10,000 2.16 Canada 34,751,476 1,175,863 33.84 Switzerland 7,996,861 382,267 47.80 Chile 17,388,437 201,289 11.58 China 1,350,695,000 - 1,800,000 - 1.33 Cote d'Ivoire 21,102,641 50,000 2.37 Cameroon 21,659,488 - 60,000 - 2.77 Congo , Republic of the 4,286,188 - 60,000 - 14.00 Colombia 46,881,018 - 144,998 - 3.09 Comoros 733,661 - 10,000 - 13.63 Cabo Verde 500,870 - 11,052 - 22.07 Costa Rica 4,654,148 19,658 4.22 Cuba 11,342,631 - 79,999 - 7.05 Curacao 152,088 5,710 37.54 Cayman Islands 57,522 - - Cyprus 1,129,303 35,000 30.99 Czech Republic 10,510,785 29,999 2.85 Germany 80,425,823 1,249,998 15.54 Djibouti 853,069 - 15,996 - 18.75 Dominican Republic 71,685 - - Denmark 5,591,572 96,839 17.32 Dominican Republic 10,155,036 - 153,010 - 15.07 Algeria 37,439,427 - 143,268 - 3.83 Ecuador 15,419,493 - 38,001 - 2.46 Egypt 85,660,902 - 215,681 - 2.52 Eritrea - - 160,001 - Spain 46,773,055 - 593,069 - 12.68 Estonia 1,322,696 - 11,850 - 8.96 Ethiopia 92,191,211 - 60,001 - 0.65 Finland 5,413,971 107,409 19.84 Fiji 874,158 - 28,720 - 32.85 France 65,659,790 331,555 5.05 Faroe Islands 48,393 - - Micronesia 103,516 - 8,192 - 79.14 Gabon 1,613,489 5,000 3.10 United Kingdom 63,700,300 900,000 14.13 Georgia 3,825,000 - 296,323 - 77.47 Ghana 25,544,565 - 49,999 - 1.96 Gibraltar 31,402 - - Papua New Guinea 11,628,767 - 10,000 - 0.86 Gambia 1,807,108 - 13,476 - 7.46 Guinea - Bissau 1,714,620 - 10,000 - 5.83 Equatorial Guinea 773,729 20,000 25.85 Greece 11,045,011 - 136,299 - 12.34 Grenada 105,476 - 4,274 - 40.52 Greenland 56,810 - - Guatemala 15,368,759 - 120,001 - 7.81 Guam 162,807 0 0.00 Guyana 758,410 - 27,278 - 35.97 Hong Kong 7,154,600 150,000 20.97 Honduras 7,736,131 - 80,000 - 10.34 Croatia 4,267,558 - 20,000 - 4.69 Haiti 10,288,828 - 150,000 - 14.58 Hungary 9,920,362 29,999 3.02 Indonesia 248,037,853 - 700,000 - 2.82 Isle of Man 85,779 - - India 1,263,589,639 - 2,598,218 - 2.06 Ireland 4,586,897 - 140,001 - 30.52 Iran 76,156,975 - 300,001 - 3.94 Iraq 32,957,622 548,666 16.65 Iceland 320,716 - 378 - 1.18 Israel 7,910,500 19,497 2.46 Italy 59,539,717 528,269 8.87 Jamaica 2,707,805 - 97,000 - 35.82 Jordan 6,994,451 229,617 32.83 Japan 127,561,489 350,000 2.74 Kazakhstan 16,791,425 159,807 9.52 Kenya 42,542,978 - 50,000 - 1.18 Kyrgyzstan 5,607,200 - 113,963 - 20.32 Cambodia 14,832,255 - 149,999 - 10.11 Kiribati 106,620 - 2,130 - 19.98 Saint Kitts and Nevis 53,650 - - Korea , South 50,004,441 300,000 6.00 Kosovo 1,805,200 - - Kuwait 3,419,581 517,500 151.33 Laos 6,473,050 - 117,700 - 18.18 Lebanon 4,924,257 1,250,000 253.85 Liberia 4,190,155 - 20,000 - 4.77 Libya 6,283,403 - 501,692 - 79.84 Saint Lucia 180,890 40 0.22 Liechtenstein 36,791 - - Sri Lanka 20,424,000 - 484,772 - 23.74 Lesotho 2,057,331 - 19,998 - 9.72 Lithuania 2,987,773 - 169,529 - 56.74 Luxembourg 530,946 48,704 91.73 Latvia 2,034,319 - 73,442 - 36.10 Macau 557,763 35,000 62.75 Saint Martin 30,959 - - Morocco 32,984,190 - 310,624 - 9.42 Monaco 37,404 - - Moldova 3,559,519 - 9,529 - 2.68 Madagascar 22,293,720 - 5,000 - 0.22 Maldives 385,000 - 53 - 0.14 Mexico 122,070,963 - 523,585 - 4.29 Marshall Islands 52,663 - - Macedonia 2,069,270 - 4,999 - 2.42 Mali 16,112,333 - 302,449 - 18.77 Malta 419,455 6,252 14.91 Myanmar 52,543,841 - 474,278 - 9.03 Montenegro Montenegro 620,601 - 2,412 - 3.89 Mongolia 2,808,339 - 15,001 - 5.34 Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands ( USA ) 53,314 - - Mozambique 25,732,928 - 25,000 - 0.97 Mauritania 3,777,067 - 20,000 - 5.30 Mauritius 1,255,882 0 0.00 Malawi 15,700,436 - 30,000 - 1.91 Malaysia 29,021,940 450,000 15.51 Namibia 2,291,645 - 1,371 - 0.60 New Caledonia 259,000 5,660 21.85 Niger 17,635,782 - 28,497 - 1.62 Nigeria 168,240,403 - 300,000 - 1.78 Nicaragua 5,877,034 - 135,000 - 22.97 Netherlands 16,754,962 110,006 6.57 Norway 5,018,573 235,665 46.96 Nepal 27,500,515 - 372,369 - 13.54 Nauru 10,079 - - New Zealand 4,408,100 7,265 1.65 Oman 3,545,192 1,211,000 341.59 Pakistan 177,392,252 - 1,081,918 - 6.10 Panama 3,743,761 28,105 7.51 Peru 30,158,768 - 240,000 - 7.96 Philippines 96,017,322 - 700,000 - 7.29 Palau 20,756 - - Papua New Guinea 7,154,870 0 0.00 Poland 38,063,164 - 73,809 - 1.94 Puerto Rico 3,634,487 - 103,537 - 28.49 Korea , North 24,763,353 0 0.00 Portugal 10,514,844 - 140,000 - 13.31 Paraguay 6,379,162 - 86,700 - 13.59 French Polynesia 273,775 - 500 - 1.83 Qatar 2,015,624 363,500 180.34 Romania 20,058,035 - 437,201 - 21.80 Russia 143,201,676 1,117,884 7.81 Rwanda 10,817,350 - 75,001 - 6.93 Saudi Arabia 29,496,047 850,000 28.82 Sudan 37,712,420 - 800,000 - 21.21 Senegal 13,780,108 - 99,996 - 7.26 Singapore 5,312,437 397,936 74.91 Solomon Islands 549,162 - 11,868 - 21.61 Sierra Leone 6,043,157 - 21,000 - 3.48 El Salvador 6,072,233 - 240,415 - 39.59 San Marino 31,172 - - Somalia 10,033,630 - 400,000 - 39.87 Serbia 7,199,077 - 99,999 - 13.89 South Sudan 10,980,623 865,000 78.78 São Tomé and Príncipe 178,484 - 5,599 - 31.37 Suriname 528,535 - 5,000 - 9.46 Slovakia 5,407,579 1,199 0.22 Slovenia 2,057,159 4,324 2.10 Sweden 9,519,374 272,626 28.64 Swaziland 1,231,694 - 6,000 - 4.87 Sint Maarten 34,640 - - Seychelles 88,303 - 1,551 - 17.56 Syria 19,978,756 - 4,029,996 - 201.71 Turks and Caicos Islands 32,430 - - Chad 12,715,465 100,000 7.86 Togo 6,745,581 - 9,994 - 1.48 Thailand 67,164,130 100,000 1.49 Tajikistan 7,930,929 - 117,382 - 14.80 Turkmenistan 5,172,941 - 25,001 - 4.83 Timor - Leste 1,148,958 - 50,004 - 43.52 Tonga 104,769 - 8,078 - 77.10 Trinidad and Tobago 1,341,579 - 5,000 - 3.73 Tunisia 10,777,500 - 32,941 - 3.06 Turkey 74,849,187 2,000,003 26.72 Tuvalu 9,860 - - Tanzania 48,645,709 - 199,999 - 4.11 Uganda 35,400,620 - 150,000 - 4.24 Ukraine 45,593,300 195,000 4.28 Uruguay 3,396,753 - 30,000 - 8.83 United States 314,102,623 5,007,887 15.94 Uzbekistan 29,774,500 - 195,001 - 6.55 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 109,334 - 5,000 - 45.73 Venezuela 29,854,238 - 69,121 - 2.32 British Virgin Islands 28,511 - - U.S. Virgin Islands 105,275 - 3,604 - 34.23 Vietnam 88,809,200 - 200,002 - 2.25 Vanuatu 247,498 603 2.44 West Bank and Gaza Strip 4,046,901 - 43,750 - 10.81 World 7,089,451,551 0 0.00 Samoa 188,901 - 12,690 - 67.18 Yemen 24,882,792 - 50,000 - 2.01 South Africa 52,356,381 600,000 11.46 Congo , Democratic Republic of the 70,291,160 - 95,920 - 1.36 Zambia 14,786,581 - 34,490 - 2.33 Zimbabwe 14,565,482 - 219,922 - 15.10 Regions ( edit ) Region Total Population Total Net Migration Net Migration Per 1000 Inhabitants Arab World 368,802,611 - 1,168,750 - 3.17 Central Europe and the Baltics 103,935,318 - 770,310 - 7.41 Channel Islands 161,336 3,654 22.65 Caribbean small states 6,937,108 - 124,122 - 17.89 East Asia & Pacific ( excluding high income ) 1,991,783,241 - 3,728,059 - 1.87 Early - demographic dividend 2,991,724,468 - 12,621,653 - 4.22 East Asia & Pacific 2,233,936,812 - 1,457,489 - 0.65 Europe & Central Asia ( excluding high income ) 403,830,537 2,121,162 5.25 Europe & Central Asia 895,050,287 5,547,385 6.20 Euro area 336,161,537 1,575,613 4.69 Fragile and conflict affected situations 452,946,224 - 4,018,991 - 8.87 European Union 505,098,575 2,324,066 4.60 High income 1,166,574,800 15,359,563 13.17 Heavily indebted poor countries ( HIPC ) 664,163,813 - 2,672,487 - 4.02 IBRD only 4,392,620,014 - 3,001,551 - 0.68 IDA & IBRD total 5,947,367,231 - 15,156,043 - 2.55 IDA total 1,554,747,217 - 12,154,492 - 7.82 IDA blend 551,030,216 - 2,758,229 - 5.01 IDA only 1,003,717,001 - 9,396,263 - 9.36 Latin America & Caribbean ( excluding high income ) 585,536,615 - 2,159,855 - 3.69 Latin America & Caribbean 612,638,376 - 2,081,948 - 3.40 Least developed countries : UN classification 888,606,627 - 4,741,314 - 5.34 Low income 588,316,015 - 1,115,618 - 1.90 Lower middle income 2,801,879,869 - 15,784,815 - 5.63 Low & middle income 5,922,876,751 - 15,350,665 - 2.59 Late - demographic dividend 2,208,629,633 1,194,303 0.54 Middle East & North Africa 401,032,763 - 213,002 - 0.53 Middle income 5,334,560,736 - 14,235,047 - 2.67 Middle East & North Africa ( excluding high income ) 343,940,245 - 3,615,666 - 10.51 North America 348,918,897 6,183,750 17.72 OECD members 1,258,042,183 13,138,424 10.44 Other small states 27,109,032 332,029 12.25 Pre-demographic dividend 779,862,983 - 891,831 - 1.14 Pacific island small states 2,267,982 - 71,075 - 31.34 Post-demographic dividend 1,082,692,198 12,324,314 11.38 South Asia 1,675,019,307 - 6,280,804 - 3.75 Sub-Saharan Africa ( excluding high income ) 922,766,806 - 1,687,443 - 1.83 Sub-Saharan Africa 922,855,109 - 1,688,994 - 1.83 Small states 36,314,122 136,832 3.77 East Asia & Pacific ( IDA & IBRD countries ) 1,966,974,740 - 3,728,059 - 1.90 Europe & Central Asia ( IDA & IBRD countries ) 446,161,259 2,027,353 4.54 Latin America & the Caribbean ( IDA & IBRD countries ) 596,463,472 - 1,913,623 - 3.21 Middle East & North Africa ( IDA & IBRD countries ) 339,893,344 - 3,571,916 - 10.51 South Asia ( IDA & IBRD countries ) 1,675,019,307 - 6,280,804 - 3.75 Sub-Saharan Africa ( IDA & IBRD countries ) 922,855,109 - 1,688,994 - 1.83 Upper middle income 2,532,680,867 1,549,768 0.61 The World Factbook by CIA ( edit ) Rank Country Migrants per 1,000 population Date Lebanon - 1.10 2015 est . Qatar 22.39 2015 est . Zimbabwe 0.00 2015 est . British Virgin Islands 17.28 2015 est . Jordan - 13.24 2015 est . 6 Libya 7.80 2015 est . 7 Cayman Islands 14.40 2015 est . 8 Singapore 14.05 2015 est . 9 Bahrain 13.09 2015 est . 10 United Arab Emirates 12.36 2015 est . 11 Anguilla 12.18 2015 est . 12 Turks and Caicos Islands 9.94 2015 est . 13 South Sudan 11.47 2015 est . 14 Cyprus 9.48 2015 est . 15 Aruba 8.92 2015 est . 16 San Marino 8.03 2015 est . 17 Luxembourg 17.16 2015 est . 18 Norway 7.25 2015 est . 19 Spain 8.31 2015 est . 20 Isle of Man 6.56 2015 est . 21 Sint Maarten 6.63 2013 est . 22 Djibouti 6.06 2015 est . 23 Australia 5.65 2015 est . 24 Canada 5.66 2015 est . 25 Sweden 5.42 2015 est . 26 Switzerland 4.74 2015 est . 27 Liechtenstein 5.08 2015 est . 28 Botswana 4.56 2015 est . 29 Italy 4.10 2015 est . 30 Jersey 3.76 2015 est . 31 New Caledonia 4.01 2015 est . 32 Nepal 3.86 2015 est . 33 Macau 3.37 2015 est . 34 Ireland 4.09 2015 est . 35 Monaco 3.83 2015 est . 36 Portugal 2.67 2015 est . 37 Yemen 1.00 2015 est . 38 United Kingdom 2.54 2015 est . 39 Brunei 2.43 2015 est . 40 United States 3.86 2015 est . 41 Guernsey 2.32 2015 est . 42 Greece 2.32 2015 est . 43 Denmark 2.20 2015 est . 44 Antigua and Barbuda 2.21 2015 est . 45 New Zealand 15.0 2015 est . 46 Czech Republic 2.33 2015 est . 47 Malta 1.98 2015 est . 48 Netherlands 1.95 2015 est . 49 Bermuda 1.88 2015 est . 50 Austria 5.56 2015 est . 51 Hong Kong 1.68 2015 est . 52 Russia 1.69 2015 est . 53 Israel 2.24 2015 est . 54 Croatia 1.39 2015 est . 55 Hungary 1.33 2015 est . 56 Curacao 1.27 2008 57 Belgium 5.87 2015 est . 58 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.21 2015 est . 59 France 1.09 2015 est . 60 Germany 1.24 2015 est . 61 Seychelles 1.00 2015 est . 62 Taiwan 0.89 2015 est . 63 Rwanda 0.85 2015 est . 64 Costa Rica 0.83 2015 est . 65 Belarus 0.70 2015 est . 66 Palau 0.71 2015 est . 67 Finland 3.10 2015 est . 68 Suriname 0.56 2015 est . 69 Iceland 4.43 2015 est . 70 Angola 0.46 2015 est . 71 Turkey 2.16 2015 est . 72 Kazakhstan 0.41 2015 est . 73 Slovenia 0.37 2015 est . 74 Chile 0.34 2015 est . 75 Malawi 0.00 2015 est . 76 Namibia 0.00 2015 est . 77 Slovakia 0.04 2015 est . 78 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 0.00 2015 est . 79 Swaziland 0.00 2015 est . 80 Serbia 0.00 2015 est . 81 Togo 0.00 2015 est . 82 Venezuela - 2.32 2015 est . 83 Thailand 0.00 2015 est . 84 West Bank 0.00 2015 est . 85 Korea , South 2.60 2016 est . 86 Liberia 0.00 2015 est . 87 Mauritius 0.00 2015 est . 88 Madagascar 0.00 2015 est . 89 Montserrat 0.00 2015 est . 90 Papua New Guinea 0.00 2015 est . 91 Guinea - Bissau 0.00 2015 est . 92 Iraq 1.62 2015 est . 93 Japan 0.00 2015 est . 94 Andorra 0.00 2015 est . 95 Azerbaijan 0.00 2015 est . 96 Argentina 0.00 2015 est . 97 Bahamas 0.00 2015 est . 98 Belize 0.00 2015 est . 99 Benin 0.00 2015 est . 100 Bhutan 0.00 2015 est . 101 Burkina Faso 0.00 2015 est . 102 Burundi 0.00 2015 est . 103 Central African Republic 0.00 2015 est . 104 Cote d'Ivoire 0.00 2015 est . 105 Equatorial Guinea 0.00 2015 est . 106 Eritrea 0.00 2015 est . 107 Faroe Islands 0.00 2015 est . 108 Gaza Strip 0.00 2015 est . 109 Guinea 0.00 2015 est . 110 Bangladesh 0.46 2015 est . 111 Korea , North - 0.04 2015 est . 112 India - 0.04 2015 est . 113 Ukraine - 2.25 2015 est . 114 Paraguay - 0.07 2015 est . 115 Iran - 0.07 2015 est . 116 Ecuador 0.00 2015 est . 117 Brazil - 0.14 2015 est . 118 Cameroon - 0.15 2015 est . 119 Egypt - 0.19 2015 est . 120 Nigeria - 0.22 2015 est . 121 Kenya - 0.22 2015 est . 122 Ethiopia - 0.22 2015 est . 123 Romania - 0.24 2015 est . 124 Myanmar - 0.28 2015 est . 125 Barbados - 0.30 2015 est . 126 Panama - 0.28 2015 est . 127 Cambodia - 0.32 2015 est . 128 China - 0.44 2015 est . 129 Vietnam - 0.30 2015 est . 130 Congo , Democratic Republic of the - 0.27 2015 est . 131 Malaysia - 0.33 2015 est . 132 Bosnia and Herzegovina - 0.38 2015 est . 133 Oman - 0.43 2015 est . 134 Poland - 0.46 2015 est . 135 Macedonia - 0.48 2015 est . 136 Tanzania - 0.54 2015 est . 137 Niger - 0.56 2015 est . 138 Saudi Arabia - 0.55 2015 est . 139 Cabo Verde - 0.63 2015 est . 140 Colombia - 0.64 2015 est . 141 Bolivia - 0.62 2015 est . 142 Zambia - 0.68 2015 est . 143 Lithuania - 6.27 2015 est . 144 Uganda - 0.74 2015 est . 145 Mongolia - 0.84 2015 est . 146 Mauritania - 0.83 2015 est . 147 French Polynesia - 0.84 2015 est . 148 Algeria - 0.92 2015 est . 149 Uruguay - 0.90 2015 est . 150 Laos - 1.09 2015 est . 151 Kuwait - 1.58 2015 est . 152 Tajikistan - 1.15 2015 est . 153 Honduras - 1.16 2015 est . 154 Indonesia - 1.16 2015 est . 155 Philippines - 2.09 2015 est . 156 Vanuatu - 1.47 2015 est . 157 Sri Lanka - 1.35 2015 est . 158 Mexico - 1.68 2015 est . 159 Senegal - 1.59 2015 est . 160 Pakistan - 1.54 2015 est . 161 Tunisia - 1.73 2015 est . 162 Solomon Islands - 1.75 2015 est . 163 Afghanistan - 1.51 2015 est . 164 Turkmenistan - 1.84 2015 est . 165 Dominican Republic - 1.91 2015 est . 166 Guatemala - 1.97 2015 est . 167 Mozambique - 1.98 2015 est . 168 Gabon - 2.03 2015 est . 169 Ghana - 2.02 2015 est . 170 Gambia - 2.12 2015 est . 171 Mali - 2.26 2015 est . 172 Latvia - 6.25 2015 est . 173 Uzbekistan - 2.37 2015 est . 174 Comoros - 2.53 2015 est . 175 Peru - 2.53 2015 est . 176 Kiribati - 2.87 2015 est . 177 Bulgaria - 0.29 2015 est . 178 Sierra Leone - 2.77 2015 est . 179 Nicaragua - 3.00 2015 est . 180 Saint Lucia - 2.93 2015 est . 181 Grenada - 3.13 2015 est . 182 Georgia - 2.70 2015 est . 183 Gibraltar - 3.28 2015 est . 184 Albania - 3.30 2015 est . 185 Estonia - 3.60 2015 est . 186 Morocco - 3.36 2015 est . 187 Chad - 3.60 2015 est . 188 Cuba - 3.66 2015 est . 189 Timor - Leste - 3.86 2015 est . 191 Haiti - 2.76 2015 est . 192 Sudan - 4.29 2015 est . 193 Jamaica - 4.66 2015 est . 194 Marshall Islands - 4.83 2015 est . 195 Wallis and Futuna - 5.06 2015 est . 196 Dominica - 5.38 2015 est . 197 Armenia - 5.80 2015 est . 198 Greenland - 5.98 2015 est . 199 Kyrgyzstan - 5.22 2015 est . 200 South Africa 2.42 2015 est . 201 Trinidad and Tobago - 6.25 2015 est . 202 Tuvalu - 6.81 2015 est . 203 Fiji - 6.34 2015 est . 204 Congo , Republic of the - 5.90 2015 est . 206 Lesotho - 7.36 2015 est . 208 El Salvador - 8.28 2015 est . 209 Saint Pierre and Miquelon - 8.49 2015 est . 210 Sao Tome and Principe - 8.63 2015 est . 212 Somalia - 8.49 2015 est . 213 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - 9.17 2015 est . 214 Guyana - 8.06 2015 est . 215 Moldova - 9.67 2015 est . 216 Samoa - 9.78 2015 est . 217 Maldives - 12.68 2015 est . 218 Nauru - 13.63 2015 est . 219 Tonga - 17.84 2015 est . 220 Micronesia - 20.93 2015 est . 221 Syria - 19.79 2015 est . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` COUNTRY COMPARISON : : NET MIGRATION RATE '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population , total '' . World Bank Open Data . World Bank . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Net migration '' . World Bank Open Data . World Bank . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html . External links ( edit ) Net migration . Worldbank . 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About Wikipedia	what is the net migration rate in australia	[ "\n\nCountry\nTotal Population[2]\nTotal Net Migration\n5 Year Period (2007-2012)[3]\n\nNet Migration Per 1,000 Inhabitants\n5 Year Period (2007-2012)\n\n\n\n Aruba\n102,393\n1,253\n12.24\n\n\n Andorra\n79,316\n-\n-\n\n\n Afghanistan\n29,726,803\n473,007\n15.91\n\n\n Angola\n22,685,632\n102,322\n4.51\n\n\n Albania\n2,900,247\n-91,750\n-31.64\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\n8,952,542\n405,000\n45.24\n\n\n Argentina\n42,095,224\n30,000\n0.71\n\n\n Armenia\n2,978,339\n-9,876\n-3.32\n\n\n American Samoa\n55,227\n-\n-\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\n89,069\n-56\n-0.63\n\n\n Australia\n22,728,254\n1,023,107\n45.01\n\n\n Austria\n8,429,991\n147,089\n17.45\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n9,295,784\n-16,125\n-1.73\n\n\n Burundi\n10,124,572\n40,000\n3.95\n\n\n Belgium\n11,128,246\n269,998\n24.26\n\n\n Benin\n10,049,792\n-10,000\n-1.00\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n16,590,813\n-125,000\n-7.53\n\n\n Bangladesh\n155,257,387\n-2,226,481\n-14.34\n\n\n Bulgaria\n7,305,888\n-50,000\n-6.84\n\n\n Bahrain\n1,333,577\n29,915\n22.43\n\n\n Bahamas\n372,388\n9,672\n25.97\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n3,828,419\n-2,506\n-0.65\n\n\n Belarus\n9,464,000\n120,535\n12.74\n\n\n Belize\n336,707\n7,594\n22.55\n\n\n Bermuda\n64,798\n-\n-\n\n\n Bolivia\n10,238,762\n-61,794\n-6.04\n\n\n Brazil\n202,401,584\n15,924\n0.08\n\n\n Barbados\n281,580\n2,180\n7.74\n\n\n Brunei\n405,512\n2,102\n5.18\n\n\n Bhutan\n743,711\n10,000\n13.45\n\n\n Botswana\n2,132,822\n20,000\n9.38\n\n\n Central African Republic\n4,619,500\n10,000\n2.16\n\n\n Canada\n34,751,476\n1,175,863\n33.84\n\n\n Switzerland\n7,996,861\n382,267\n47.80\n\n\n Chile\n17,388,437\n201,289\n11.58\n\n\n China\n1,350,695,000\n-1,800,000\n-1.33\n\n\n Cote d'Ivoire\n21,102,641\n50,000\n2.37\n\n\n Cameroon\n21,659,488\n-60,000\n-2.77\n\n\n Congo, Republic of the\n4,286,188\n-60,000\n-14.00\n\n\n Colombia\n46,881,018\n-144,998\n-3.09\n\n\n Comoros\n733,661\n-10,000\n-13.63\n\n\n Cabo Verde\n500,870\n-11,052\n-22.07\n\n\n Costa Rica\n4,654,148\n19,658\n4.22\n\n\n Cuba\n11,342,631\n-79,999\n-7.05\n\n\n Curacao\n152,088\n5,710\n37.54\n\n\n Cayman Islands\n57,522\n-\n-\n\n\n Cyprus\n1,129,303\n35,000\n30.99\n\n\n Czech Republic\n10,510,785\n29,999\n2.85\n\n\n Germany\n80,425,823\n1,249,998\n15.54\n\n\n Djibouti\n853,069\n-15,996\n-18.75\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n71,685\n-\n-\n\n\n Denmark\n5,591,572\n96,839\n17.32\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n10,155,036\n-153,010\n-15.07\n\n\n Algeria\n37,439,427\n-143,268\n-3.83\n\n\n Ecuador\n15,419,493\n-38,001\n-2.46\n\n\n Egypt\n85,660,902\n-215,681\n-2.52\n\n\n Eritrea\n-\n-160,001\n-\n\n\n Spain\n46,773,055\n-593,069\n-12.68\n\n\n Estonia\n1,322,696\n-11,850\n-8.96\n\n\n Ethiopia\n92,191,211\n-60,001\n-0.65\n\n\n Finland\n5,413,971\n107,409\n19.84\n\n\n Fiji\n874,158\n-28,720\n-32.85\n\n\n France\n65,659,790\n331,555\n5.05\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n48,393\n-\n-\n\n\n Micronesia\n103,516\n-8,192\n-79.14\n\n\n Gabon\n1,613,489\n5,000\n3.10\n\n\n United Kingdom\n63,700,300\n900,000\n14.13\n\n\n Georgia\n3,825,000\n-296,323\n-77.47\n\n\n Ghana\n25,544,565\n-49,999\n-1.96\n\n\n Gibraltar\n31,402\n-\n-\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n11,628,767\n-10,000\n-0.86\n\n\n Gambia\n1,807,108\n-13,476\n-7.46\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\n1,714,620\n-10,000\n-5.83\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\n773,729\n20,000\n25.85\n\n\n Greece\n11,045,011\n-136,299\n-12.34\n\n\n Grenada\n105,476\n-4,274\n-40.52\n\n\n Greenland\n56,810\n-\n-\n\n\n Guatemala\n15,368,759\n-120,001\n-7.81\n\n\n Guam\n162,807\n0\n0.00\n\n\n Guyana\n758,410\n-27,278\n-35.97\n\n\n Hong Kong\n7,154,600\n150,000\n20.97\n\n\n Honduras\n7,736,131\n-80,000\n-10.34\n\n\n Croatia\n4,267,558\n-20,000\n-4.69\n\n\n Haiti\n10,288,828\n-150,000\n-14.58\n\n\n Hungary\n9,920,362\n29,999\n3.02\n\n\n Indonesia\n248,037,853\n-700,000\n-2.82\n\n\n Isle of Man\n85,779\n-\n-\n\n\n India\n1,263,589,639\n-2,598,218\n-2.06\n\n\n Ireland\n4,586,897\n-140,001\n-30.52\n\n\n Iran\n76,156,975\n-300,001\n-3.94\n\n\n Iraq\n32,957,622\n548,666\n16.65\n\n\n Iceland\n320,716\n-378\n-1.18\n\n\n Israel\n7,910,500\n19,497\n2.46\n\n\n Italy\n59,539,717\n528,269\n8.87\n\n\n Jamaica\n2,707,805\n-97,000\n-35.82\n\n\n Jordan\n6,994,451\n229,617\n32.83\n\n\n Japan\n127,561,489\n350,000\n2.74\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n16,791,425\n159,807\n9.52\n\n\n Kenya\n42,542,978\n-50,000\n-1.18\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n5,607,200\n-113,963\n-20.32\n\n\n Cambodia\n14,832,255\n-149,999\n-10.11\n\n\n Kiribati\n106,620\n-2,130\n-19.98\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n53,650\n-\n-\n\n\n Korea, South\n50,004,441\n300,000\n6.00\n\n\n Kosovo\n1,805,200\n-\n-\n\n\n Kuwait\n3,419,581\n517,500\n151.33\n\n\n Laos\n6,473,050\n-117,700\n-18.18\n\n\n Lebanon\n4,924,257\n1,250,000\n253.85\n\n\n Liberia\n4,190,155\n-20,000\n-4.77\n\n\n Libya\n6,283,403\n-501,692\n-79.84\n\n\n Saint Lucia\n180,890\n40\n0.22\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n36,791\n-\n-\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n20,424,000\n-484,772\n-23.74\n\n\n Lesotho\n2,057,331\n-19,998\n-9.72\n\n\n Lithuania\n2,987,773\n-169,529\n-56.74\n\n\n Luxembourg\n530,946\n48,704\n91.73\n\n\n Latvia\n2,034,319\n-73,442\n-36.10\n\n\n Macau\n557,763\n35,000\n62.75\n\n\n Saint Martin\n30,959\n-\n-\n\n\n Morocco\n32,984,190\n-310,624\n-9.42\n\n\n Monaco\n37,404\n-\n-\n\n\n Moldova\n3,559,519\n-9,529\n-2.68\n\n\n Madagascar\n22,293,720\n-5,000\n-0.22\n\n\n Maldives\n385,000\n-53\n-0.14\n\n\n Mexico\n122,070,963\n-523,585\n-4.29\n\n\n Marshall Islands\n52,663\n-\n-\n\n\n Macedonia\n2,069,270\n-4,999\n-2.42\n\n\n Mali\n16,112,333\n-302,449\n-18.77\n\n\n Malta\n419,455\n6,252\n14.91\n\n\n Myanmar\n52,543,841\n-474,278\n-9.03\n\n\n Montenegro Montenegro\n620,601\n-2,412\n-3.89\n\n\n Mongolia\n2,808,339\n-15,001\n-5.34\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands (USA)\n53,314\n-\n-\n\n\n Mozambique\n25,732,928\n-25,000\n-0.97\n\n\n Mauritania\n3,777,067\n-20,000\n-5.30\n\n\n Mauritius\n1,255,882\n0\n0.00\n\n\n Malawi\n15,700,436\n-30,000\n-1.91\n\n\n Malaysia\n29,021,940\n450,000\n15.51\n\n\n Namibia\n2,291,645\n-1,371\n-0.60\n\n\n New Caledonia\n259,000\n5,660\n21.85\n\n\n Niger\n17,635,782\n-28,497\n-1.62\n\n\n Nigeria\n168,240,403\n-300,000\n-1.78\n\n\n Nicaragua\n5,877,034\n-135,000\n-22.97\n\n\n Netherlands\n16,754,962\n110,006\n6.57\n\n\n Norway\n5,018,573\n235,665\n46.96\n\n\n Nepal\n27,500,515\n-372,369\n-13.54\n\n\n Nauru\n10,079\n-\n-\n\n\n New Zealand\n4,408,100\n7,265\n1.65\n\n\n Oman\n3,545,192\n1,211,000\n341.59\n\n\n Pakistan\n177,392,252\n-1,081,918\n-6.10\n\n\n Panama\n3,743,761\n28,105\n7.51\n\n\n Peru\n30,158,768\n-240,000\n-7.96\n\n\n Philippines\n96,017,322\n-700,000\n-7.29\n\n\n Palau\n20,756\n-\n-\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n7,154,870\n0\n0.00\n\n\n Poland\n38,063,164\n-73,809\n-1.94\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n3,634,487\n-103,537\n-28.49\n\n\n Korea, North\n24,763,353\n0\n0.00\n\n\n Portugal\n10,514,844\n-140,000\n-13.31\n\n\n Paraguay\n6,379,162\n-86,700\n-13.59\n\n\n French Polynesia\n273,775\n-500\n-1.83\n\n\n Qatar\n2,015,624\n363,500\n180.34\n\n\n Romania\n20,058,035\n-437,201\n-21.80\n\n\n Russia\n143,201,676\n1,117,884\n7.81\n\n\n Rwanda\n10,817,350\n-75,001\n-6.93\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\n29,496,047\n850,000\n28.82\n\n\n Sudan\n37,712,420\n-800,000\n-21.21\n\n\n Senegal\n13,780,108\n-99,996\n-7.26\n\n\n Singapore\n5,312,437\n397,936\n74.91\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n549,162\n-11,868\n-21.61\n\n\n Sierra Leone\n6,043,157\n-21,000\n-3.48\n\n\n El Salvador\n6,072,233\n-240,415\n-39.59\n\n\n San Marino\n31,172\n-\n-\n\n\n Somalia\n10,033,630\n-400,000\n-39.87\n\n\n Serbia\n7,199,077\n-99,999\n-13.89\n\n\n South Sudan\n10,980,623\n865,000\n78.78\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\n178,484\n-5,599\n-31.37\n\n\n Suriname\n528,535\n-5,000\n-9.46\n\n\n Slovakia\n5,407,579\n1,199\n0.22\n\n\n Slovenia\n2,057,159\n4,324\n2.10\n\n\n Sweden\n9,519,374\n272,626\n28.64\n\n\n Swaziland\n1,231,694\n-6,000\n-4.87\n\n\n Sint Maarten\n34,640\n-\n-\n\n\n Seychelles\n88,303\n-1,551\n-17.56\n\n\n Syria\n19,978,756\n-4,029,996\n-201.71\n\n\n Turks and Caicos Islands\n32,430\n-\n-\n\n\n Chad\n12,715,465\n100,000\n7.86\n\n\n Togo\n6,745,581\n-9,994\n-1.48\n\n\n Thailand\n67,164,130\n100,000\n1.49\n\n\n Tajikistan\n7,930,929\n-117,382\n-14.80\n\n\n Turkmenistan\n5,172,941\n-25,001\n-4.83\n\n\n Timor-Leste\n1,148,958\n-50,004\n-43.52\n\n\n Tonga\n104,769\n-8,078\n-77.10\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\n1,341,579\n-5,000\n-3.73\n\n\n Tunisia\n10,777,500\n-32,941\n-3.06\n\n\n Turkey\n74,849,187\n2,000,003\n26.72\n\n\n Tuvalu\n9,860\n-\n-\n\n\n Tanzania\n48,645,709\n-199,999\n-4.11\n\n\n Uganda\n35,400,620\n-150,000\n-4.24\n\n\n Ukraine\n45,593,300\n195,000\n4.28\n\n\n Uruguay\n3,396,753\n-30,000\n-8.83\n\n\n United States\n314,102,623\n5,007,887\n15.94\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n29,774,500\n-195,001\n-6.55\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n109,334\n-5,000\n-45.73\n\n\n Venezuela\n29,854,238\n-69,121\n-2.32\n\n\n British Virgin Islands\n28,511\n-\n-\n\n\n U.S. Virgin Islands\n105,275\n-3,604\n-34.23\n\n\n Vietnam\n88,809,200\n-200,002\n-2.25\n\n\n Vanuatu\n247,498\n603\n2.44\n\n\n West Bank and Gaza Strip\n4,046,901\n-43,750\n-10.81\n\n\nWorld\n7,089,451,551\n0\n0.00\n\n\n Samoa\n188,901\n-12,690\n-67.18\n\n\n Yemen\n24,882,792\n-50,000\n-2.01\n\n\n South Africa\n52,356,381\n600,000\n11.46\n\n\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\n70,291,160\n-95,920\n-1.36\n\n\n Zambia\n14,786,581\n-34,490\n-2.33\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n14,565,482\n-219,922\n-15.10\n\n" ]	[ "45.01" ]
-2498281236274838695	E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial	E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial - wikipedia E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial Jump to : navigation , search `` E.T. '' redirects here . For other uses , see ET ( disambiguation ) . E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Steven Spielberg Written by Melissa Mathison Starring Dee Wallace Peter Coyote Henry Thomas Music by John Williams Cinematography Allen Daviau Edited by Carol Littleton Production company Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 26 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 26 ) ( Cannes ) June 11 , 1982 ( 1982 - 06 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10.5 million Box office $792.9 million E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . Elliott and his siblings help E.T. return home while attempting to keep him hidden from their mother and the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci - fi horror film project Night Skies . It was filmed from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US $10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T. was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest - grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg - directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest - grossing film of the 1980s . Considered one of the greatest films ever made , it was widely acclaimed by critics as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Allegations of plagiarism 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Release and sales 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 20th anniversary version 7 Other portrayals 8 Cancelled sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In a California forest , a group of alien botanists land in a spacecraft , collecting flora samples . When government agents appear on the scene , the aliens flee in their spaceship , leaving one of their own behind in their haste . At a suburban home , a ten - year - old boy named Elliott is spending time with his brother , Michael , and his friends . As he returns from picking up a pizza , he discovers that something is hiding in their tool shed . The alien promptly flees upon being discovered . Despite his family 's disbelief , Elliott leaves Reese 's Pieces candy to lure the alien to his house . Before going to sleep , Elliott realizes it is imitating his movements . He feigns illness the next morning to stay home from school and play with it . Later that day , Michael and their five - year - old sister , Gertie , meet it . They decide to keep it hidden from their mother , Mary . When they ask it about its origin , it levitates several balls to represent its solar system and then demonstrates its powers by reviving dead chrysanthemums . Makeshift communicator used by E.T. to phone home . Among its parts is a Speak & Spell , an umbrella lined with tinfoil , and a coffee can filled with other electronics . At school the next day , Elliott begins to experience a psychic connection with the alien , including exhibiting signs of intoxication ( because it is at his home , drinking beer ) , and he begins freeing all the frogs in his biology class . As the alien watches John Wayne kiss Maureen O'Hara in The Quiet Man on television , Elliott then kisses a girl he likes in the same manner and he is sent to the principal 's office . The alien learns to speak English by repeating what Gertie says as she watches Sesame Street and , at Elliott 's urging , dubs itself `` E.T. '' E.T. reads a comic strip where Buck Rogers , stranded , calls for help by building a makeshift communication device and is inspired to try it himself . E.T. receives Elliott 's help in building a device to `` phone home '' by using a Speak & Spell toy . Michael notices that E.T. 's health is declining and that Elliott is referring to himself as `` we '' . On Halloween , Michael and Elliott dress E.T. as a ghost so they can sneak him out of the house . That night , Elliott and E.T. head through the forest , where they make a successful call home . The next day , Elliott wakes up in the field , only to find E.T. gone . Elliott returns home to his distressed family . Michael searches for and finds E.T. dying next to a culvert , being investigated by a raccoon . Michael takes E.T. home to Elliott , who is also dying . Mary becomes frightened when she discovers her son 's illness and the dying alien , just as government agents invade the house . Scientists set up a hospital at the house , questioning Michael , Mary and Gertie while treating Elliott and E.T. Their connection disappears and E.T. then appears to die while Elliott recovers . A grief - stricken Elliott is left alone with the motionless E.T. when he notices a dead chrysanthemum , the plant E.T. had previously revived , coming back to life . E.T. reanimates and reveals that his people are returning . Elliott and Michael steal a van that E.T. had been loaded into and a chase ensues , with Michael 's friends joining them as they attempt to evade the authorities by bicycles . Suddenly facing a police roadblock , they escape as E.T. uses telekinesis to lift them into the air and toward the forest , like he had done for Elliott before . Standing near the spaceship , E.T. 's heart glows as he prepares to return home . Mary , Gertie , and `` Keys '' , a friendly government agent , show up . E.T. says goodbye to Michael and Gertie , as she presents him with the chrysanthemum that he had revived . Before boarding the spaceship , he tells Elliott `` I 'll be right here '' , pointing his glowing finger to Elliott 's forehead . He then picks up the chrysanthemum , boards the spaceship , and it takes off , leaving a rainbow in the sky as everyone watches it leave . Cast ( edit ) Henry Thomas as Elliott Robert MacNaughton as Michael Drew Barrymore as Gertie Dee Wallace as Mary Peter Coyote as `` Keys '' K.C. Martel as Greg Sean Frye as Steve C. Thomas Howell as Tyler Erika Eleniak as the girl Elliott kisses Pat Welsh as the voice of E.T. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After his parents ' divorce in 1960 , Spielberg filled the void with an imaginary alien companion . He said that the imaginary alien was `` a friend who could be the brother I never had and a father that I did n't feel I had anymore '' . During 1978 , he announced he would shoot a film entitled Growing Up , which he would film in 28 days . The project was set aside because of delays on 1941 , but the concept of making a small autobiographical film about childhood would stay with him . He also thought about a follow - up to Close Encounters of the Third Kind , and began to develop a darker project he had planned with John Sayles called Night Skies in which malevolent aliens terrorize a family . Filming Raiders of the Lost Ark in Tunisia left Spielberg bored , and memories of his childhood creation resurfaced . He told screenwriter Melissa Mathison about Night Skies , and developed a subplot from the failed project , in which Buddy , the only friendly alien , befriends an autistic child . His abandonment on Earth in the script 's final scene inspired the E.T. concept . She wrote a first draft titled E.T. and Me in eight weeks , which he considered perfect . The script went through two more drafts , which deleted an `` Eddie Haskell '' -- esque friend of Elliott . The chase sequence was also created , and he also suggested having the scene where E.T. got drunk . Columbia Pictures , which had been producing Night Skies , met him to discuss the script . The studio passed on it , calling it `` a wimpy Walt Disney movie '' , so he approached the more receptive Sid Sheinberg , president of MCA . Pre-production ( edit ) Italian special effects artist Carlo Rambaldi created E.T. 's design . Carlo Rambaldi , who designed the aliens for Close Encounters of the Third Kind , was hired to design the animatronics of E.T. Rambaldi 's own painting Women of Delta led him to give the creature a unique , extendable neck . Its face was inspired by those of Carl Sandburg , Albert Einstein and Ernest Hemingway . Producer Kathleen Kennedy visited the Jules Stein Eye Institute to study real and glass eyes . She hired Institute staffers to create E.T. 's eyes , which she felt were particularly important in engaging the audience . Four heads were created for filming , one as the main animatronic and the others for facial expressions , as well as a costume . Two dwarfs , Tamara De Treaux and Pat Bilon , as well as 12 - year - old Matthew DeMeritt , who was born without legs , took turns wearing the costume , depending on what scene was being filmed . DeMeritt actually walked on his hands and played all scenes where he walked awkwardly or fell over . The head was placed above that of the actors , and the actors could see through slits in its chest . Caprice Roth , a professional mime , filled prosthetics to play E.T. 's hands . The puppet was created in three months at the cost of $1.5 million . Spielberg declared it was `` something that only a mother could love '' . Mars , Incorporated refused to allow M&M 's to be used in the film , believing E.T. would frighten children . After Mars said `` No '' , The Hershey Company was asked if Reese 's Pieces could be used and it agreed ; this product placement resulted in a large increase in Reese 's Pieces sales . Science and technology educator Henry Feinberg created E.T. 's communicator device . Casting ( edit ) Having worked with Cary Guffey on Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Spielberg felt confident in working with a cast composed mostly of child actors . For the role of Elliott , he auditioned hundreds of boys before Jack Fisk suggested Henry Thomas for the role because Henry had played the part of Harry in the movie Raggedy Man which Jack Fisk had directed . Thomas , who auditioned in an Indiana Jones costume , did not perform well in the formal testing , but got the filmmakers ' attention in an improvised scene . Thoughts of his dead dog inspired his convincing tears . Robert MacNaughton auditioned eight times to play Michael , sometimes with boys auditioning for Elliott . Spielberg felt Drew Barrymore had the right imagination for mischievous Gertie after she impressed him with a story that she led a punk rock band . He enjoyed working with the children , and he later said that the experience made him feel ready to be a father . The major voice work of E.T. for the film was performed by Pat Welsh . She smoked two packs of cigarettes a day , which gave her voice a quality that sound effects creator Ben Burtt liked . She spent nine - and - a-half hours recording her part , and was paid $380 by Burtt for her services . He also recorded 16 other people and various animals to create E.T. 's `` voice '' . These included Spielberg , Debra Winger , his sleeping wife , who had a cold , a burp from his USC film professor , raccoons , otters , and horses . Doctors working at the USC Medical Center were recruited to play the ones who try to save E.T. after government agents take over Elliott 's house . Spielberg felt that actors in the roles , performing lines of technical medical dialogue , would come across as unnatural . During post-production , he decided to cut a scene featuring Harrison Ford as the principal at Elliott 's school . It featured his character reprimanding Elliott for his behavior in biology class and warning of the dangers of underage drinking . He is then taken aback as Elliott 's chair rises from the floor , while E.T. is levitating his `` phone '' equipment up the stairs with Gertie . Filming ( edit ) The film began shooting in September 1981 . The project was filmed under the cover name A Boy 's Life , as Spielberg did not want anyone to discover and plagiarize the plot . The actors had to read the script behind closed doors , and everyone on set had to wear an ID card . The shoot began with two days at a high school in Culver City , and the crew spent the next 11 days moving between locations at Northridge and Tujunga . The next 42 days were spent at Culver City 's Laird International Studios , for the interiors of Elliott 's home . The crew shot at a redwood forest near Crescent City for the production 's last six days . The exterior Halloween scene and the `` flying bicycle '' chase scenes were filmed in Porter Ranch . Spielberg shot the film in roughly chronological order to achieve convincingly emotional performances from his cast . In the scene in which Michael first encounters E.T. , his appearance caused MacNaughton to jump back and knock down the shelves behind him . The chronological shoot gave the young actors an emotional experience as they bonded with E.T. , making the quarantine sequences more moving . Spielberg ensured the puppeteers were kept away from the set to maintain the illusion of a real alien . For the first time in his career , he did not storyboard most of the film , in order to facilitate spontaneity in the performances . The film was shot so adults , except for Dee Wallace , are never seen from the waist up in its first half , as a tribute to Tex Avery 's cartoons . The shoot was completed in 61 days , four days ahead of schedule . According to Spielberg , the memorable scene where E.T. disguises himself as a stuffed toy in Elliott 's closet was suggested by colleague Robert Zemeckis , after he read a draft of the screenplay that Spielberg had sent him . Music ( edit ) Main article : E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( soundtrack ) Longtime Spielberg collaborator John Williams , who composed the film 's musical score , described the challenge of creating one that would generate sympathy for such an odd - looking creature . As with their previous collaborations , Spielberg liked every theme Williams composed and had it included . Spielberg loved the music for the final chase so much that he edited the sequence to suit it . Williams took a modernist approach , especially with his use of polytonality , which refers to the sound of two different keys played simultaneously . The Lydian mode can also be used in a polytonal way . Williams combined polytonality and the Lydian mode to express a mystic , dreamlike and heroic quality . His theme -- emphasizing coloristic instruments such as the harp , piano , celesta , and other keyboards , as well as percussion -- suggests E.T. 's childlike nature and his `` machine '' . Allegations of plagiarism ( edit ) There were allegations that the film was plagiarized from a 1967 script , The Alien , by Indian Bengali director Satyajit Ray . He stated , `` E.T. would not have been possible without my script of The Alien being available throughout the United States in mimeographed copies . '' Spielberg denied this claim , stating , `` I was a kid in high school when his script was circulating in Hollywood . '' Star Weekend Magazine disputes Spielberg 's claim , pointing out that he had graduated from high school in 1965 and began his career as a director in Hollywood in 1969 . Director and Spielberg 's friend , Martin Scorsese , has also alleged the film was influenced by Ray 's script . When Ray attempted to sue Spielberg in 1983 , Spielberg was quoted as saying , `` It 's the people you 've never heard of who crawl out of the woodwork like cockroaches to sue you '' . Themes ( edit ) Spielberg admitted this scene triggered speculation as to whether the film was a spiritual parable . Spielberg drew the story of the film from his parents ' divorce ; Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it `` essentially a spiritual autobiography , a portrait of the filmmaker as a typical suburban kid set apart by an uncommonly fervent , mystical imagination '' . References to his childhood occur throughout : Elliott fakes illness by holding a thermometer to the bulb in his lamp while covering his face with a heating pad , a trick frequently employed by the young Spielberg . Michael picking on Elliott echoes Spielberg 's teasing of his younger sisters , and Michael 's evolution from tormentor to protector reflects how Spielberg had to take care of his sisters after their father left . Critics have focused on the parallels between E.T. 's life and Elliott , who is `` alienated '' by the loss of his father . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that while E.T. `` is the more obvious and desperate foundling '' , Elliott `` suffers in his own way from the want of a home '' . E.T. is the first and last letter of Elliott 's name . At the film 's heart is the theme of growing up . Critic Henry Sheehan described the film as a retelling of Peter Pan from the perspective of a Lost Boy ( Elliott ) : E.T. can not survive physically on Earth , as Pan could not survive emotionally in Neverland ; government scientists take the place of Neverland 's pirates . Vincent Canby of The New York Times similarly observed that the film `` freely recycles elements from ( ... ) Peter Pan and The Wizard of Oz '' . Some critics have suggested that Spielberg 's portrayal of suburbia is very dark , contrary to popular belief . According to A.O. Scott , `` The suburban milieu , with its unsupervised children and unhappy parents , its broken toys and brand - name junk food , could have come out of a Raymond Carver story . '' Charles Taylor of Salon.com wrote , `` Spielberg 's movies , despite the way they 're often characterized , are not Hollywood idealizations of families and the suburbs . The homes here bear what the cultural critic Karal Ann Marling called ' the marks of hard use ' . '' Other critics found religious parallels between E.T. and Jesus . Andrew Nigels described E.T. 's story as `` crucifixion by military science '' and `` resurrection by love and faith '' . According to Spielberg biographer Joseph McBride , Universal Pictures appealed directly to the Christian market , with a poster reminiscent of Michelangelo 's The Creation of Adam and a logo reading `` Peace '' . Spielberg answered that he did not intend the film to be a religious parable , joking , `` If I ever went to my mother and said , ' Mom , I 've made this movie that 's a Christian parable , ' what do you think she 'd say ? She has a Kosher restaurant on Pico and Doheny in Los Angeles . '' As a substantial body of film criticism has built up around the film , numerous writers have analyzed it in other ways as well . It has been interpreted as a modern fairy tale and in psychoanalytic terms . Producer Kathleen Kennedy noted that an important theme of E.T. is tolerance , which would be central to future Spielberg films such as Schindler 's List . Having been a loner as a teenager , Spielberg described it as `` a minority story '' . Spielberg 's characteristic theme of communication is partnered with the ideal of mutual understanding : he has suggested that the story 's central alien - human friendship is an analogy for how real - world adversaries can learn to overcome their differences . Reception ( edit ) Release and sales ( edit ) The film was previewed in Houston , Texas , where it received high marks from viewers . It premiered at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival 's closing gala , and was released in the United States on June 11 , 1982 . It opened at number one with a gross of $11 million , and stayed at the top of the box office for six weeks ; it then fluctuated between the first and second positions until October , before returning to the top spot for the final time in December . In 1983 , E.T. surpassed Star Wars as the highest - grossing film of all - time , and by the end of its theatrical run it had grossed $359 million in North America and $619 million worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 120 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Spielberg earned $500,000 a day from his share of the profits , while The Hershey Company 's profits rose 65 % due to its prominent use of Reese 's Pieces . The `` Official E.T. Fan Club '' offered photographs , a newsletter that let readers `` relive the film 's unforgettable moments ( and ) favorite scenes '' , and a phonographic record with `` phone home '' and other sound clips . The film was re-released in 1985 and 2002 , earning another $60 million and $68 million respectively , for a worldwide total of $792 million with North America accounting for $435 million . It held the global record until it was surpassed by Jurassic Park -- another Spielberg - directed film -- in 1993 , although it managed to hold on to the domestic record for a further four years , where a Star Wars reissue reclaimed it . It was eventually released on VHS and laserdisc on October 27 , 1988 ; to combat piracy , the tapeguards and tape hubs on the videocassettes were colored green , the tape itself was affixed with a small , holographic sticker of the 1963 Universal logo ( much like the holograms on a credit card ) , and encoded with Macrovision . In North America alone , VHS sales came to $75 million . In 1991 , Sears began selling E.T. videocassettes exclusively at their stores as part of a holiday promotion . It was reissued on VHS and Laserdisc again in 1996 . The Laserdisc included a 90 - minute documentary . Produced and directed by Laurent Bouzereau , it included interviews with Spielberg , producer Kathleen Kennedy , composer John Williams and other cast and crew members . It also included two theatrical trailers , an isolated music score , deleted scenes , and still galleries . The VHS included a 10 - minute version of the same documentary from the Laserdisc . Critical response ( edit ) Empire called Elliott and E.T. 's flight to the forest the most magical moment in cinema history . The image of them encircled by the moon is now the symbol for Spielberg 's company Amblin Entertainment . This scene is a tribute to Miracle in Milan , one of Spielberg 's favorite films . The film received universal acclaim . Roger Ebert gave the film four stars and wrote , `` This is not simply a good movie . It is one of those movies that brush away our cautions and win our hearts . '' He later added it to his Great Movies list , structuring the essay as a letter to his grandchildren about the first time they watched it . Michael Sragow of Rolling Stone called Spielberg `` a space age Jean Renoir ... for the first time , ( he ) has put his breathtaking technical skills at the service of his deepest feelings '' . Derek Malcolm of The Guardian wrote that `` E.T. is a superlative piece of popular cinema ... a dream of childhood , brilliantly orchestrated to involve not only children but anyone able to remember being one '' . Leonard Maltin would include it in his list of `` 100 Must - See Films of the 20th Century '' as one of only two movies from the 1980s . George Will was one of the few to pan the film , feeling it spread subversive notions about childhood and science . The film holds a 98 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 114 reviews with an average rating of 9.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Playing as both an exciting sci - fi adventure and a remarkable portrait of childhood , Steven Spielberg 's touching tale of a homesick alien remains a piece of movie magic for young and old . '' , and a Metacritic score of 94 / 100 . In addition to the many impressed critics , President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan were moved by it after a screening at the White House on June 27 , 1982 . Princess Diana was in tears after watching it . On September 17 , 1982 , it was screened at the United Nations , and Spielberg received the U.N. Peace Medal . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for nine Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Gandhi won that award , but its director , Richard Attenborough , declared , `` I was certain that not only would E.T. win , but that it should win . It was inventive , powerful , ( and ) wonderful . I make more mundane movies . '' It won four Academy Awards : Best Original Score , Best Sound ( Robert Knudson , Robert Glass , Don Digirolamo and Gene Cantamessa ) , Best Sound Effects Editing ( Charles L. Campbell and Ben Burtt ) , and Best Visual Effects ( Carlo Rambaldi , Dennis Muren and Kenneth F. Smith ) . At the 40th Golden Globe Awards , the film won Best Picture in the Drama category and Best Score ; it was also nominated for Best Director , Best Screenplay , and Best New Male Star for Henry Thomas . The Los Angeles Film Critics Association awarded the film Best Picture , Best Director , and a `` New Generation Award '' for Melissa Mathison . The film won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Writing , Best Special Effects , Best Music , and Best Poster Art , while Henry Thomas , Robert McNaughton , and Drew Barrymore won Young Artist Awards . In addition to his Golden Globe and Saturn , composer John Williams won two Grammy Awards and a BAFTA for the score . It was also honored abroad : it won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the Blue Ribbon Awards in Japan , Cinema Writers Circle Awards in Spain , César Awards in France , and David di Donatello in Italy . In American Film Institute polls , the film has been voted the 24th greatest film of all time , the 44th most heart - pounding , and the sixth most inspiring . Other AFI polls rated it as having the 14th greatest music score and as the third greatest science - fiction one . The line `` E.T. phone home '' was ranked 15th on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes list , and 48th on Premiere 's top movie quote list . The character of Elliott was nominated for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains as one of the 50 greatest heroes . In 2005 , it topped a Channel 4 poll of the 100 greatest family ones , and was also listed by Time as one of the 100 best ones ever made . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly called the film the eighth most `` tear - jerking '' ; in 2007 , in a survey of both films and television series , the magazine declared it the seventh greatest work of science - fiction media in the past 25 years . The Times also named it as their ninth favorite alien in a film , calling it `` one of the best - loved non-humans in popular culture '' . It is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry . In 2011 , ABC aired Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , revealing the results of a poll of fans conducted by ABC and People magazine : it was selected as the fifth best film of all time and the second best science fiction film . On October 22 , 2012 , Madame Tussauds unveiled wax likenesses of E.T. at six of its international locations . 20th Anniversary version ( edit ) The 20th anniversary version of the film replaces the guns used by the federal agents with walkie - talkies . An extended version of the film , including altered special effects , was released on March 22 , 2002 . Certain shots of E.T. had bothered Spielberg since 1982 , as he did not have enough time to perfect the animatronics . Computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) , provided by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , was used to modify several shots , including ones of E.T. running in the opening sequence and being spotted in the cornfield . The spaceship 's design was also altered to include more lights . Scenes shot for but not included in the original version were introduced . These included E.T. taking a bath , and Gertie telling Mary that Elliott went to the forest on Halloween . Spielberg did not add the scene featuring Harrison Ford , feeling that would reshape the film too drastically . He became more sensitive about the scene where gun - wielding federal agents confront Elliott and his escaping friends and had them digitally replaced with walkie - talkies . At the premiere , John Williams conducted a live performance of the score . The new release grossed $68 million in total , with $35 million coming from Canada and the United States . The changes to it , particularly the escape scene , were criticized as political correctness . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wondered , `` Remember those guns the feds carried ? Thanks to the miracle of digital , they 're now brandishing walkie - talkies ... Is this what two decades have done to free speech ? '' Chris Hewitt of Empire wrote , `` The changes are surprisingly low - key ... while ILM 's CGI E.T. is used sparingly as a complement to Carlo Rambaldi 's extraordinary puppet . '' South Park ridiculed many of the changes in the 2002 episode `` Free Hat '' . The two - disc DVD release which followed in October 22 , 2002 contained the original theatrical and 20th Anniversary extended versions of the film . Spielberg personally demanded the release feature both versions . The features on disc one included an introduction with Steven Spielberg , a 20th Anniversary premiere featurette , John Williams ' performance at the 2002 premiere and a Space Exploration game . Disc two included a 24 - minute documentary about the 20th Anniversary edition changes , a `` Reunion '' featurette , a trailer , cast and filmmaker bios , production notes , and the still galleries ported from the 1996 LaserDisc set . The two - disc edition , as well as a three - disc collector 's edition containing a `` making of '' book , a certificate of authenticity , a film cell , and special features that were unavailable on the two - disc edition , were placed in moratorium on December 31 , 2002 . Later , it was re-released on DVD as a single - disc re-issue in 2005 , featuring only the 20th Anniversary version . In a June 2011 interview , Spielberg said that in the future There 's going to be no more digital enhancements or digital additions to anything based on any film I direct ... When people ask me which E.T. they should look at , I always tell them to look at the original 1982 E.T. If you notice , when we did put out E.T. we put out two E.T. s . We put out the digitally enhanced version with the additional scenes and for no extra money , in the same package , we put out the original ' 82 version . I always tell people to go back to the ' 82 version . Other portrayals ( edit ) Universal Studios Florida . Atari , Inc. made a video game based on the film for the Atari 2600 . Released in 1982 , it was widely considered to be one of the worst video games ever made . William Kotzwinkle , author of the film 's novelization , wrote a sequel , E.T. : The Book of the Green Planet , which was published in 1985 . In the novel , E.T. returns home to the planet Brodo Asogi , but is subsequently demoted and sent into exile . He then attempts to return to Earth by effectively breaking all of Brodo Asogi 's laws . E.T. Adventure , a theme park ride , debuted at Universal Studios Florida in 1990 . The $40 million attraction features the title character saying goodbye to visitors by name . In 1998 , E.T. was licensed to appear in television public service announcements produced by the Progressive Corporation . The announcements featured his voice reminding drivers to `` buckle up '' their seat belts . Traffic signs depicting a stylized E.T. wearing one were installed on selected roads around the United States . The following year , British Telecommunications launched the `` Stay in Touch '' campaign , with him as the star of various advertisements . The campaign 's slogan was `` B.T. has E.T. '' , with `` E.T. '' also taken to mean `` extra technology '' . At Spielberg 's suggestion , George Lucas included members of E.T. 's species as background characters in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . E.T. was one of the franchises featured in the 2016 crossover games Lego Dimensions . E.T. appears as one of the playable characters , and a world based off the movie where players can receive side quests from the characters is available . Cancelled sequel ( edit ) In July 1982 , during the film 's first theatrical run , Steven Spielberg and Melissa Mathison wrote a treatment for a sequel to be titled E.T. II : Nocturnal Fears . It would have shown Elliott and his friends getting kidnapped by evil aliens and follow their attempts to contact E.T. for help . Spielberg decided against pursuing it , feeling it `` would do nothing but rob the original of its virginity '' . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Jocelyn ( February 10 , 2008 ) . `` Artist created many famous film posters '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` E.T. the Extra Terrestrial ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 30 , 1982 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Films Selected to The National Film Registry , Library of Congress 1989 -- 2006 '' . National Film Registry of the Library of Congress . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McBride 1997 , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Douglas Brode ( 1995 ) . `` E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial '' . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Citadel . pp. 114 -- 127 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1540 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph McBride ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg . Faber and Faber . pp. 323 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial : The 20th Anniversary Celebration ( DVD ) . Universal , directed by Laurent Bouzereau. 2002 . Jump up ^ Deborah Caulfield ( May 23 , 1983 ) . `` E.T. Gossip : The One That Got Away ? '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial : Production Notes ( DVD booklet ) ^ Jump up to : Steve Daly ( March 22 , 2002 ) . `` Starry Role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul M. Sammon ( January 11 , 1983 ) . `` Turn on Your Heartlight -- Inside E.T '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Creating A Creature '' . Time . May 31 , 1979 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : David van Biema ( July 26 , 1983 ) . `` Life is Sweet for Jack Dowd as Spielberg 's Hit Film Has E.T. Lovers Picking up the ( Reeses 's ) Pieces '' . People . Jump up ^ Worsley 1997 , p. 179 Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . QRZ.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brode 1995 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Tony Pierce ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Steven Spielberg chose Henry Thomas to play Elliott in E.T '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Nathan ( January 2003 ) . `` The 100 DVDs You Must Own '' . Empire . p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : E.T. -- The Reunion ( DVD ) . Universal , directed by Laurent Bouzereau. 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial '' -- from the `` E.T. Signature Collection LaserDisc '' , MCA / Universal Home Video , 1996 Jump up ^ Natalie Jamieson ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` The man who brings movies to life '' . Newsbeat . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Williams ( January 1983 ) . `` An Exceptional Encounter '' . American Cinematographer . pp. 34 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Worldwide Guide To Movie Locations '' . Jump up ^ James Lipton ( host ) . ( 2001 ) . Inside the Actors Studio : Steven Spielberg . ( Documentary ) . Bravo . Jump up ^ John Williams ( 2002 ) . A Conversation with John Williams ( DVD ) . Universal . Jump up ^ Karlin , Fred , and Rayburn Wright . On the Track : A Guide to Contemporary Film Scoring . New York : Schirmer Books , 1990 . Jump up ^ John Newman ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` Satyajit Ray Collection receives Packard grant and lecture endowment '' . University of California , Santa Cruz . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Obaidur ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` Perceptions : Satyajit Ray and The Alien ! '' . Star Weekend Magazine . 8 ( 70 ) . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ray influenced E.T says Martin Scorsese - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ Govil , Nitin ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Orienting Hollywood : A Century of Film Culture Between Los Angeles and Bombay '' . NYU Press -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Judith Crist ( 1984 ) . `` Take 22 : Moviemakers on Moviemaking '' . Viking . ^ Jump up to : Charles Taylor ( March 22 , 2002 ) . `` You can go home again '' . Salon . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gary Arnold ( June 6 , 1979 ) . `` E.T. Steven Spielberg 's Joyful Excursion , Back to Childhood , Forward to the Unknown '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ McBride 1997 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Thomas A. Sebeok . `` Enter Textuality : Echoes from the Extra-Terrestrial . '' In Poetics Today ( 1985 ) , Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics . Published by Duke University Press . ^ Jump up to : Ilsa J. Beck , `` The Look Back in E.T. , '' Cinema Journal 31 ( 4 ) ( 1992 ) : 25 -- 41 , 33 . ^ Jump up to : A.O. Scott ( March 22 , 2002 ) . `` Loss and Love , A Tale Retold '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Henry Sheehan ( May -- June 1992 ) . `` The Panning of Steven Spielberg '' . Film Comment . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rubin 2001 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Stanley Kauffmann ( July 5 , 1979 ) . `` The Gospel According to St. Steven '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Anton Karl Kozlovic . `` The Structural Characteristics of the Cinematic Christ - figure , '' Archived February 23 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 8 ( Fall 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Nigel Andrews . `` Tidings of comfort and joy . '' Financial Times ( December 10 , 1979 ) , I11 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Gordon . `` E.T. as a Fairy Tale , '' Science Fiction Studies 10 ( 1983 ) : 298 -- 305 . Jump up ^ Rubin 2001 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Richard Schickel ( interviewer ) ( July 9 , 2007 ) . Spielberg on Spielberg . Turner Classic Movies . ^ Jump up to : Roger Ebert ( August 9 , 1985 ) . `` E.T. : The Second Coming '' . Movieline . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial -- Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Top Films of All - Time : Part 1 -- Box - Office Blockbusters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spielberg 's Creativity '' . The New York Times . December 25 , 1979 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Jim Callo ( August 23 , 1982 ) . `` Director Steven Spielberg Takes the Wraps Off E.T. , Revealing His Secrets at Last '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Yours Free From E.T. With Membership '' . Ahoy ! ( advertisement ) . January 1984 . p. 91 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( Re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` E.T. ( 20th Anniversary ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) -- Miscellaneous notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Greatest Movie Series Franchises of All Time : The Star Wars Trilogy -- Part IV '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nancy Griffin ( June 1988 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Premiere . Jump up ^ CERONE , DANIEL ( 1991 - 11 - 27 ) . `` ' E.T. ' ... Call Sears : Giant Retailer Uses Giant Film to Ring in Holiday Ratings , Shoppers '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' E.T. the EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL ' RETURNS ; MULTI-MILLION DOLLAR CROSS PROMOTION WITH PILLSBURY ANNOUNCED - Free Online Library '' . www.thefreelibrary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Magical Movie Moments '' . Empire . January 2004 . p. 127 . `` ET 's bike flight ' cinema 's most magical moment ' '' . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Iconic Scenes Ripped Off From Lesser - Known Movies '' . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` E.T. The Extra Terrestrial ( 2002 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Sragow ( July 8 , 1979 ) . `` Extra-Terrestrial Perception '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Derek ( 1982 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Raiders of the Ugly Duckling '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Leonard Maltin. `` 100 Must - See Films of the 20th Century '' . AMC Filmsite . Jump up ^ George Will ( July 19 , 1982 ) . `` Well , I Do n't Love You , E.T '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` E.T. THE EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL ( 1982 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( re-release ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. Finds E.T. O.K '' . The Twilight Zone Magazine . February 1983 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shay & Duncan 1993 , p. 122 Jump up ^ `` The 55th Academy Awards ( 1983 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E.T. Awards '' . Allmovie . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Most Heart - Pounding Movies '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Most Uplifting Movies '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . American Film Institute . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movie Lines '' . Premiere . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Family Films '' . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( February 12 , 2005 ) . `` E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) '' . Time . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 8 E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 19 , 2003 . Retrieved May 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gregory Kirschling ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Sci - Fi 25 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Moran ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` The 40 most memorable aliens '' . The Times . London . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Best in Film '' . Jump up ^ `` E.T. IMMORTALIZED IN WAX AROUND THE WORLD '' . Associated Press . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Live at the Shrine ! John Williams and the premiere of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( DVD ) . Universal . 2002 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 14 , 2002 ) . `` E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Hewitt . `` E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial : 20th Anniversary Special Edition '' . Empire . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Trey Parker , Matt Stone ( 2002 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Free Hat '' . South Park . Season 6 . Episode 88 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ `` How Does Spielberg Feel About Going Back and Changing Movies '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Schuchardt ( October 24 , 2002 ) . `` E.T. -- The 3 Disc Edition '' . DVD Active . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Quint ( aka Eric Vespe ) ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Spielberg Speaks ! Jaws Blu - Ray in the Works with No ' Digital Corrections ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Warshaw , `` Core Memory '' Jump up ^ Kotzwinkle 1985 Jump up ^ Nick Madigan ( December 29 , 1998 ) . `` E.T. to drive home safe road message : The Buckle Up program to air alien 's plea during Super Bowl XXXIII '' . Variety . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ET phones home again '' . BBC News . April 8 , 1999 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Bloom ( June 13 , 1999 ) . `` Calling the shots '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Dimensions Expansions Trailer : Harry Potter , Goonies , Gremlins & more '' . Slashfilm.com. 2016 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Dimensions Adds Fantastic Beasts , Adventue Time , Gremlins , Sonic & ET '' . Cosmic Book News . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Incredibly Ill - Advised E.T. Sequel That Almost Was '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ John M. Wilson ( June 16 , 1985 ) . `` E.T. Returns to Test His Midas Touch '' . Los Angeles Times . p . T22 . Jump up ^ `` A look at the E.T. sequel we mercifully never saw '' . Blastr . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 08 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brode , Douglas ( 1995 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Carol Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1951 - 7 . Kotzwinkle , William ( 1985 ) . E.T. : The Book of the Green Planet . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 07642 - 3 . McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80900 - 1 . Rubin , Susan Goldman ( 2001 ) . Steven Spielberg . Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4492 - 8 . Shay , Don ; Duncan , Jody ( 1993 ) . The Making of Jurassic Park : An Adventure 65 Million Years in the Making . Boxtree . ISBN 1 - 85283 - 774 - 8 . Worsley , Sue Dwiggins ( 1997 ) . From Oz to E.T. : Wally Worsley 's Half - Century in Hollywood . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3277 - 1 . External links ( edit ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial on IMDb E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at AllMovie E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at the TCM Movie Database E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial at the American Film Institute Catalog E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at Rotten Tomatoes E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at Box Office Mojo E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial at Metacritic Links to related articles E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Other media E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( album ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( soundtrack ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( video game ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial in video games Related articles Atari video game burial E.T. Adventure Night Skies Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the mom in the movie et	[ "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Melissa Mathison. It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren, and stars Henry Thomas, Dee Wallace, Robert MacNaughton, Drew Barrymore, Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh. It tells the story of Elliott (Thomas), a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial, dubbed \"E.T.\", who is stranded on Earth. Elliott and his siblings help E.T. return home while attempting to keep him hidden from their mother and the government." ]	[ "Dee Wallace" ]
-2121913285950788276	James Cash Penney	James Cash Penney - wikipedia James Cash Penney Jump to : navigation , search This article is about James Cash Penney , an American businessman . For the department store he founded , see J.C. Penney . James Cash Penney Penney circa 1902 James Cash Penney Jr . ( 1875 - 09 - 16 ) September 16 , 1875 Hamilton , Missouri , U.S. February 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 02 - 12 ) ( aged 95 ) New York , New York , U.S. Occupation Businessman Entrepreneur Years active 1898 -- 1971 Known for Establishing J.C. Penney department stores in 1902 Spouse ( s ) Bertha Alva Hess ( m . 1899 ; her death 1910 ) Mary Hortense Kimball ( m . 1919 ; her death 1923 ) Caroline Marie Autenrieth ( m . 1926 ; his death 1971 ) Children Roswell Penney James Cash Penney III Kimball Penney Mary Frances Penney Carol Penney Parent ( s ) James Cash Penney Sr . Mary Frances Paxton James Cash `` J.C. '' Penney Jr . ( September 16 , 1875 -- February 12 , 1971 ) was an American businessman and entrepreneur who founded the J.C. Penney stores in 1902 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 J.C. Penney stores 3 Personal life 4 Affiliations 5 Commemoration 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life ( edit ) J.C. Penney was born on September 16 , 1875 , on a farm outside of Hamilton , Caldwell County , Missouri . He was the seventh of twelve children , only six of whom lived to adulthood , born to James Cash Penney , Sr. and Mary Frances ( née Paxton ) Penney . Penney 's father was a Baptist preacher and farmer whose strict discipline included making his son pay for his own clothing once he reached his late pre-teens . After graduation from Hamilton High School , Penney intended to attend college with the hopes of becoming a lawyer . However , his father 's untimely death forced a change in plans , and Penney was forced to take a job as a store clerk to help support the family . Penney 's health problems caused him to venture west to Longmont , Colorado . J.C. Penney stores ( edit ) Further information : J.C. Penney J. C. Penney mother store in Kemmerer , Wyoming . In 1898 , James Cash Penney began working for a small chain of stores in the western United States called the Golden Rule stores . In 1902 , owners Guy Johnson and Thomas Callahan , impressed by his work ethic and salesmanship , offered him one - third partnership in a new store he would open . Penney invested $2,000 and moved to Kemmerer , Wyoming , to open a store there . He participated in opening two more stores , and when Callahan and Johnson dissolved their partnership in 1907 he purchased full interest in all three stores . By 1912 , there were 34 stores in the Rocky Mountain States . In 1913 , he moved the company to the Kearns Building in downtown Salt Lake City , Utah . The company was incorporated under the new name , J.C. Penney Company . In 1916 , he began to expand the chain east of the Mississippi and during the 1920s , the Penney stores expanded nationwide , with 120 stores in 1920 ( mostly still in the west ) By 1924 , Penneys ' reported income of more than $1 million annually . The number of stores reached 1,400 by 1929 . The large income allowed Penney to be heavily involved in many philanthropic causes during the 1920s . By 1921 Penney had a home ( Belle Isle ) on Biscayne Bay in Miami . Penney and partner Ralph W. Gwinn had invested heavily in Florida real estate including 120,000 acres ( 490 km ) in Clay County . Some of this land became Penney Farms . This was also the start of Foremost Dairy Products Inc . Penney later recruited Paul E. Reinhold to run the dairy . Most of this work was halted when the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression left Penney in financial ruin . After the 1929 stock crash , Penney lost virtually all his personal wealth , and borrowed against his life insurance policies to help the company meet its payroll . The financial setbacks took a toll on his health . Penney checked himself into the Battle Creek Sanitarium , where he was treated . After hearing the hymn `` God Will Take Care of You '' ( written by Civilla Durfee Martin ) being sung at a service in the hospital 's chapel , Penney became a born - again Christian . Even after relinquishing daily operating management of the company , Penney continued his active involvement in managing the company and its stores . In 1940 , during a visit to a store in Des Moines , Iowa , he trained a young Sam Walton on how to wrap packages with a minimal amount of paper and ribbon . He remained as chairman of the board until 1946 , and after that as honorary chairman until his death in 1971 . Until the end of his life he continued to go to his offices . He also subscribed to what was called `` Blue Laws '' . His stores were closed on Sunday so employees could attend church . Personal life ( edit ) Boyhood home in Hamilton ( that was moved from a farm to town for display ) Penney was married three times . His first marriage , to Bertha Alva Hess ( 1869 -- 1910 ) in 1899 , produced two sons before her death from pneumonia : Roswell Kemper Penney ( 1901 -- 1971 ) , who married Willa Graff . James Cash Penney III ( 1903 -- 1938 ) , who married Louise Ducoudray in 1927 . After Bertha 's death in 1910 , he remarried to Mary Hortense Kimball ( d . 1923 ) in July 1919 . Mary gave birth to their son before her death of unspecified medical issues : Kimball Penney ( 1920 -- 1979 ) In 1926 , Penney married Caroline Marie Autenrieth ( 1895 -- 1992 ) . She was badly hurt in 1928 when she fell from a horse at their estate in White Plains . They had two daughters : Mary Frances Penney ( b . 1927 ) , a professor of chemistry who obtained a PhD from Oxford University and a Bachelor 's degree from MIT , was married Dr. Philip Franklin Wagley , son of Everitt F. Wagley , in 1953 . Carol Marie Penney ( 1929 -- 2002 ) , who earned a degree in international relations from Stanford University , and was married David Guyer , attaché of the United Nations Technical Mission at Delhi . Penney lived in New York City at 888 Park Avenue , though he spent the winters in Palm Springs , California . On December 26 , 1970 , Penney fell and fractured his hip . Just a few weeks later , he suffered a heart attack and never fully recovered . He died February 12 , 1971 . The Reverend Dr. Norman Vincent Peale delivered the eulogy at Penney 's funeral . Penney was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City , not far from that of fellow retail entrepreneur , F.W. Woolworth . His estate was valued at approximately $35 million . Affiliations ( edit ) Penney was a Freemason most of his adult life , being initiated into Wasatch Lodge No. 1 Free and Accepted Masons of Utah , on April 18 , 1911 . A member of both the Scottish and York Rites , Penney was coroneted a 33rd Degree on October 16 , 1945 , and received the Gold Distinguished Service Award by the General Grand Chapter , Royal Arch Masons , in Kansas City , Missouri in 1958 . He typically wore a large ring showing his Masonic degree . Penney was a member of two professional collegiate fraternities : Alpha Gamma Rho for agriculture and Alpha Kappa Psi for business . Penney was involved with the founding of the University of Miami and served on its Board of Trustees from 1926 to 1930 . At the end of the Great Depression , Penney teamed with Thomas J. Watson , President and Founder of IBM , Arthur Godfrey , the radio and TV personality ; and Norman Vincent Peale , a minister , inspirational speaker , and author of The Power of Positive Thinking , to help Henry Simler , an executive with the Remington Rand company . form the first board of 40Plus , an organization that helps unemployed managers and executives . Penney founded the James C. Penney Foundation in 1954 . The foundation was restructured in 1999 as the Penney Family Fund , and is no longer affiliated with J.C. Penney Co. , Inc. , or its corporate giving program . Today , the fund is part of the Common Counsel Foundation , an Oakland , California , consortium of family philanthropic foundations and individual donors . The Penney Family Fund endows organizations in Oregon , California , and Washington State that work to advance human rights , community social , political , economic empowerment , government accountability , and environmental sustainability . Commemoration ( edit ) The J.C. Penney Conference Center at the University of Missouri - St. Louis was dedicated in his honor on January 23 , 1972 . The building was made possible through financial donations by Mr. Penney and his company . Mr. Penney was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1976 . The J.C. Penney Historic District in Kemmerer , Wyoming , was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978 . In 1994 , Penney was inducted into the Hall of Famous Missourians , and a bronze bust depicting him is on permanent display in the rotunda of the Missouri State Capitol in Jefferson City . Hamilton High School in Hamilton , Missouri was renamed Penney High School . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barmash , Isadore ( 13 February 1971 ) . `` J.C. Penney of Store Chain Dies ; Built Business on ' Golden Rule ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , John W. Missouri Legends : Famous People From The Show - Me State . Reedy Press : St. Louis , 2008 . ISBN 9781933370286 ^ Jump up to : `` J.C. Penney Papers A Guide to the Collection '' . legacy.lib.utexas.edu . University of Texas Libraries , The University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.C. Penney - Family and Philanthropies '' . Archived from the original on 2000 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hymn That Saved J.C. Penney '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` An American original , Sam Walton embodies the entrepreneurial spirit and epitomizes the American Dream '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mrs. J.C. Penney Badly Hurt as Horse Trips ; Thrown While Riding on Westchester Estate '' . The New York Times . 2 October 1928 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kruger , David Delbert ( 2017 ) . J.C. Penney : The Man , the Store , and American Agriculture . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 304 . ISBN 9780806158419 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DIED . PENNEY -- Roswell K '' . The New York Times . 16 September 1971 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.C. PENNEY JR. ; Son of Merchant Had Introduced Gliding in This Country '' . The New York Times . 8 June 1938 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penney -- Ducoudray '' . The New York Times . 16 March 1927 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline A. Penney , A Philanthropist , 96 '' . The New York Times . 19 March 1992 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MISS MARY PENNEY WED TO PHYSICIAN ; Daughter of Stores ' Founder Bride of Philip F. Wagley in Christ Episcopal , Rye '' . The New York Times . 21 June 1953 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carol Penney Guyer , 72 ; Philanthropist , Daughter of Retailer '' . Los Angeles Times . July 20 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` 500 HONOR PENNEY ON 80TH BIRTHDAY ; Attend Lawn Party at Home of Merchant -- Hoover and Baruch Send Messages '' . The New York Times . 18 September 1955 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.C. Penney 's Estate Is Estimated at $35 ‐ Million '' . The New York Times . 2 March 1971 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wasatch Lodge No. 1 F&AM of Utah Jump up ^ Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon Jump up ^ Tebeau , Charlton W . The University of Miami . Coral Gables : University of Miami Press , 1976 . p. 393 . Jump up ^ New York Times obituary of Henry Simler , June 27 , 1954 . `` Henry Simler , 78 , Is Dead on Coast '' Jump up ^ Penney Family Fund profile at Common Counsel Foundation website Jump up ^ `` Penney High School '' . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Kruger , David Delbert ( 2008 ) . `` J.C. Penney : Missouri Man , Wyoming Institution '' . Annals of Wyoming : the Wyoming History Journal . 80 ( 2 ) . Wyoming State Historical Society . pp. 20 -- 36 . Kruger , David D. , `` James Cash Penney : The Impact of a Main Street Merchant on Oklahoma , '' Chronicles of Oklahoma , 89 ( Fall 2011 ) , 260 -- 87 . + J.C. Penney : the man with a thousand partners : an auto - biography of J.C. Penney as told to Robert W. Bruere ( 1931 ) External links ( edit ) `` Two American Entrepreneurs : Madam C.J. Walker and J.C. Penney '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan James Cash Penney at Find a Grave ( hide ) J.C. Penney Divisions The Treasury ( 1962 -- 1981 ) Thrift Drug ( 1968 -- 1997 ) Eckerd ( 1997 -- 2004 ) People Ron Johnson James Cash Penney Mike Ullman Buildings J.C. Penney Building ( Anchorage , Alaska ) J.C. Penney Building ( Newberg , Oregon ) J.C. Penney Building ( St. Louis , Missouri ) J.C. Penney Building ( Shoshone , Idaho ) J.C. Penney Building ( Tucson , Arizona ) J.C. Penney Historic District J.C. Penney House GND : 119171651 ISNI : 0000 0001 0947 4366 LCCN : n82052377 NARA : 10570341 NDL : 00621276 SNAC : w62f95f7 VIAF : 815962 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Cash_Penney&oldid=839008317 '' Categories : 1875 births 1971 deaths American businesspeople in retailing American company founders American philanthropists Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery ( Bronx ) J.C. Penney J.C. Penney people People from Hamilton , Missouri People from Lincoln County , Wyoming Retail company founders Retailers Retailing Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 17 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does jc stand for in jc pennys	[ "James Cash \"J. C.\" Penney Jr. (September 16, 1875 – February 12, 1971) was an American businessman and entrepreneur who founded the J. C. Penney stores in 1902.[1]" ]	[ "James Cash" ]
1897734273546181502	Elite Eight	Elite Eight - wikipedia Elite Eight Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . For National Ringette League , see National Ringette League § NRL National Champions . In the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship or the NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship , the `` Elite Eight '' ( also called the `` Great Eight '' ) are the final eight teams and , thus represent the regional finals , or national quarterfinals . In Division I and Division III , the Elite Eight consists of the two teams in each of the four regional championship games . The winners advance to the Final Four . Since 1997 , when the NCAA trademarked the phrase , in Division II the Elite Eight consists of the eight winners of the eight Division II regions . Like the Division I Final Four , the Division II Elite Eight games are all held in one predetermined location . In the men 's Division I , the lowest - seeded team ever to reach this round in the modern 64 team tournament era was # 12 Missouri in 2002 , who upset # 5 - seed Miami ( Florida ) , # 4 - seed Ohio State , and # 8 - seed UCLA before losing to # 2 - seed Oklahoma in the West regional that year . Eight # 11 seeds have advanced to the Elite Eight : LSU in 1986 , Loyola Marymount in 1990 , Temple in 2001 , George Mason in 2006 , Virginia Commonwealth in 2011 , Dayton in 2014 , Xavier in 2017 , and Loyola Chicago in 2018 . On average , three of the four # 1 seeds make it to the Elite Eight each year . In men 's play , the Elite Eight exists intact for less than 24 hours between the second Friday evening and the following Saturday afternoon of the tournament . The Elite Eight also represents the halfway mark of the men 's tournament since each qualifying team must win three rounds ( games ) to reach the national quarterfinals , with three rounds remaining to reach and win the national championship game . Like `` March Madness , '' the phrase `` Elite Eight '' originally referred to the Illinois High School Boys Basketball Championship , the single - elimination high school basketball tournament run by the Illinois High School Association . When the IHSA finals were reduced from sixteen to eight teams in 1956 , a replacement nickname for Sweet Sixteen was needed , and Elite Eight won popular favor . The IHSA trademarked the term in 1995 ; the trademark rights are now held by the March Madness Athletic Association , a joint venture between the NCAA and IHSA formed after a 1996 court case allowed both organizations to use `` March Madness '' for their own tournaments . Elite Eight can also refer to the eight NCAA Division I baseball teams that reach the College World Series . Notable Elite Eight teams in the men 's Division I NCAA tournament ( edit ) During the first 12 years of the tournament ( 1939 - 50 , inclusive ) only eight teams competed , meaning every team that qualified in those years was an automatic `` Elite Eight '' team . Idaho State in 1977 , which defeated UCLA in the previous round to end the Bruins ' streak of consecutive Final Four appearances at 10 to end the John Wooden - era dynasty 11 - seed Loyola Marymount in 1990 . One of the team 's stars , Hank Gathers , collapsed and died on the court during the WCC Tournament , and teammates ( including Bo Kimble , who shot his first free throw of each tournament game left - handed ) honored Gathers during the tournament . 12 - seed Missouri and 10 - seed Kent State in 2002 10 - seed Providence College in 1997 10 - seed Gonzaga in 1999 11 - seed Temple finished the 2001 regular season on a remarkable run , won Atlantic - 10 tournament behind play of Lynn Greer before succumbing to Michigan State . 11 - seed George Mason in 2006 , which became the first 11 - seed to advance to the Final Four since 1986 , after defeating 1 - seed Connecticut in overtime in the Elite Eight 10 - seed Davidson College in 2008 11 - seed Virginia Commonwealth in 2011 ( the first `` First Four '' team to advance to the Elite Eight ) 11 - seed Dayton in 2014 10 - seed Syracuse in 2016 11 - seed Xavier in 2017 11 - seed Loyola -- Chicago in 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trademark record for serial no . 74687330 ( Elite Eight ) '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bruins were finally floored NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elite_Eight&oldid=839272367 '' Categories : Sports terminology NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 11 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time an 11 seed went to the elite eight	[ "In the men's Division I, the lowest-seeded team ever to reach this round in the modern 64 team tournament era was #12 Missouri in 2002, who upset #5-seed Miami (Florida), #4-seed Ohio State, and #8-seed UCLA before losing to #2-seed Oklahoma in the West regional that year. Eight #11 seeds have advanced to the Elite Eight: LSU in 1986, Loyola Marymount in 1990, Temple in 2001, George Mason in 2006, Virginia Commonwealth in 2011, Dayton in 2014, Xavier in 2017, and Loyola Chicago in 2018." ]	[ "2018" ]
-2583049309022464351	Memoirs of a Geisha	Memoirs of a geisha - wikipedia Memoirs of a geisha This article is about the book . For the film , see Memoirs of a Geisha ( film ) . Memoirs of a Geisha First edition Author Arthur Golden Country United States Language English Genre Historical novel Publisher Alfred A. Knopf Publication date September 27 , 1997 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 448 pp ISBN 0 - 375 - 40011 - 7 OCLC 37689141 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 21 LC Class PS3557. O35926 M45 1997 Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical novel by American author Arthur Golden , published in 1997 . The novel , told in first person perspective , tells the story of a fictional geisha working in Kyoto , Japan , before and after World War II . In 2005 , a film version was released . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 References to actual locations 3 Lawsuit 4 Film version 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Plot summary ( edit ) At the age of nine , Chiyo Sakamoto ( 坂本千代 ) is taken from her poverty - stricken fishing village of Yoroido ( 鎧戸 ) on the coast of the Sea of Japan with her older sister Satsu ( 坂本薩 ) and sold to an okiya ( geisha boarding house ) in Gion , the most prominent geisha district in Kyoto . Perceived as less attractive in looks and demeanor , Satsu is not sold into the okiya and is instead forced into becoming a prostitute in Kyoto 's pleasure district . Chiyo lives in the Nitta Okiya ( 新田置屋 ) alongside another young girl named Pumpkin , the elderly and grumbling Granny , money - obsessed Mother , and Auntie , a failed geisha . Also living in the okiya is the famous and ill - mannered geisha , Hatsumomo ( 初桃 ) , renowned for her wickedness and dazzling beauty . She promptly takes to disliking Chiyo , whom she sees as a potential future rival who may threaten her place in the okiya and Gion , as well as Mother 's financial dependence upon her earnings . Hatsumomo begins to go out of her way to get rid of Chiyo , even withholding the knowledge of Satsu 's whereabouts in the pleasure district to make her do her dirty work and get blamed for it . This includes having Chiyo ruin an expensive kimono belonging to her more successful rival , Mameha ( 豆波 ) , if she wants Hatsumomo to tell her where Satsu is . Auntie warns Chiyo against both angering and trusting Hatsumomo , knowing the ill - mannered geisha 's true nature very well . When Chiyo finds Satsu in the pleasure district , she conspires with her to escape from their new lives . Returning to the okiya , she happens upon Hatsumomo engaged in intimate relations with her plebeian boyfriend , Koichi ( 幸一 ) . This proves to be against the rules of the geisha lifestyle as it 's a livelihood - threatening situation for a geisha whose air of unattainability is crucial to their allure . A furious Hatsumomo attempts to twist the situation and falsely blames Chiyo for stealing . Although Chiyo is punished , Hatsumomo is also banned from seeing Koichi again , and that increases her hatred for Chiyo . Mother then orders the gates to be locked and bans everyone from leaving , except for nightly attendance with clients . Despite Pumpkin and Auntie 's warning not to run away , Chiyo plans to leave the okiya and escape the city with Satsu . She is caught when she falls off the roof and breaks her arm . Enraged at her for dishonoring the okiya and incurring further medical costs , Mother stops investing in Chiyo and forces her pay off her increasing debts as a personal maid for Mother , rather than a geisha in training . Chiyo learns of her parents ' death and also that Satsu had returned to Yoroido , only to run away with the son of a fisherman . Overjoyed by Chiyo 's demotion to being a slave under Mother and wanting revenge for being banned from Koichi , Hatsumomo takes advantage of the situation by continuing to be cruel to her . A few years later , a downtrodden Chiyo is given money and a handkerchief in the street by a strange but kind man known to Chiyo as the Chairman . She donates the money to the Yasaka shrine in Gion , praying to become a geisha in the hopes of entering an exclusive social sphere where she may have a chance of seeing him again , keeping the handkerchief as a memento . As they age , Chiyo becomes envious of Pumpkin , who is on her way to becoming a geisha under Hatsumomo 's tutelage , while Chiyo still remains a maid under Mother . Pumpkin advances and is given her geisha name as Hatsumiyo ( 初美代 ) , though Hatsumomo is dismayed that everyone still refers to her as Pumpkin . Soon afterward , at Granny 's funeral , Chiyo is startled when Mameha takes an interest in her . Mameha persuades a reluctant Mother to reinvest in Chiyo 's training , with Mameha acting as Chiyo 's mentor and `` older sister '' . Mameha reveals that the source of Hatsumomo 's hatred towards Chiyo comes from fear of Chiyo 's beauty and cleverness , which contrasts with the simple - minded Pumpkin , who can be used by Hatsumomo to secure her position at the okiya . Because she can not stand to have rivals , Hatsumomo has successfully ruined other geisha , including Hatsuoki ( 初沖 ) ( an old friend of Mameha 's ) , a geisha who shared the same older sister as Hatsumomo and was driven out of Gion . However , despite her popularity , Hatsumomo is regarded as a failed geisha because she can not obtain a danna ( 旦那 ) to sponsor her independence after she angered the mistress of her principal teahouse , and has stayed in the okiya under Mother . Mameha also reveals that despite her financial contributions , Mother had refused to name Hatsumomo as the heiress of the okiya because she was afraid of the trouble she would bring if named . Everyone believes Hatsumomo would likely throw Mother out , sell off the okiya 's kimono collection , retire and live on the money . Through Mameha 's tutelage , Chiyo becomes an apprentice geisha with a new name : Sayuri ( 小百合 ) . As Sayuri gains popularity , a desperate Hatsumomo goes out of her way to ruin Sayuri by tarnishing her reputation in Gion to increase Pumpkin 's popularity . This forces Mameha and Sayuri to devise a plan to push Hatsumomo out of the Nitta okiya lest Sayuri 's career ultimately die . They arrange for Sayuri 's mizuage ( 水揚げ ) ( portrayed as a deflowering `` ceremony '' for maiko as a step to becoming full - fledged geisha ) to be bidden upon by several influential men , namely Nobu Toshikazu ( 敏和信 ) , the president of Iwamura Electric as well as a close friend Ken Iwamura ( 岩村健 ) , who is revealed to be the Chairman ; and reputed mizuage specialist `` Dr. Crab '' , dubbed so by Sayuri due to his appearance . The plan is nearly ruined when Hatsumomo catches on to the plan and tells Dr. Crab that Sayuri has been deflowered , causing him to stop patronizing her . Mameha successfully convinces him to re-patronize Sayuri by telling him that Hatsumomo has a reputation as a known liar and her words are too risky to trust . Dr. Crab ultimately wins the bid for Sayuri 's mizuage and she uses his record - breaking payment to cover all of her debts . This leads Mother , who had originally planned to adopt Pumpkin as her heiress , to choose Sayuri instead , ultimately destroying the two girls ' friendship forever . This turn of events enrages both Pumpkin and Hatsumomo for different reasons : Pumpkin was looking forward to the adoption so that she could have some form of security in her old age , while Hatsumomo was eagerly anticipating Pumpkin 's adoption so she could secure her own position as head geisha and drive the up - and - coming Sayuri out of Gion . Hatsumomo begins a downward spiral fueled by alcoholism and her behavior worsens past all excuse . After starting a brutal fight at a teahouse with a prominent homosexual Kabuki actor in a drunken rage , Hatsumomo 's future as a geisha and reputation in Gion is tarnished for good . She is immediately thrown out of the okiya permanently , never to be seen nor heard from again . However , Sayuri does hear rumors that Hatsumomo became a prostitute and eventually drank herself to death . Soon after , Mother decides to throw Pumpkin out for unknown reasons . Shortly after Hatsumomo 's demise it is revealed Dr. Crab was actually bidding against the Baron , Mameha 's danna , for Sayuri 's mizuage . The Baron had previously tried to sexually assault Sayuri , undressing her against consent at a blossom viewing party , which Mameha had warned her against attending . Nobu instead bids to become Sayuri 's danna , but loses out to General Tottori . With Japan on the brink of entering World War II , many geisha are evacuated to other cities to work in factories , which requires hard labor , and the factory areas were primary bomb targets . The General is demoted and is unable to use any influence to send Sayuri somewhere safer . Despite losing respect for Sayuri , Nobu is able to send Sayuri far north to live with his old friend , Arashino ( 嵐野 ) , a kimono maker . At the end of the war , Nobu visits Sayuri and asks that she return to Gion to help entertain the new Deputy Minister Sato ( 佐藤次官 ) , whose aid can be instrumental in rebuilding Iwamura Electric , the company which the Chairman and Nobu run . Once she returns to Gion , Sayuri helps Mother and Auntie clean up the okiya and shows kindness to the new girl Etsuko ( 悦子 ) they have taken in to train under her . When she learns that Pumpkin had not been invited back , Sayuri asks Auntie about it . She revealed that before she went to retrieve Sayuri from Arashino , Pumpkin came begging both her and Mother to let her return to the okiya because she had become homeless and needed their help . Auntie was willing to let Pumpkin back in to work as a maid , but Mother refused having decided that she was a failure . Sayuri approaches an unhappy and homeless Pumpkin to help her entertain the Minister . She only agrees to help out because she knew Minister Sato and had entertained him in the past . Sayuri , Mameha and Pumpkin entertain the Minister together regularly and within time , Nobu formally begins proposals to become Sayuri 's danna . Sayuri still maintains strong feelings for the Chairman and does n't want Nobu to become her danna , so on a weekend trip to the Amami Islands with Iwamura Electric , she plans to seduce the Minister and be caught in humiliation by Nobu . Upon catching on to Sayuri 's plan and fearing that she would behave similar to Hatsumomo , Mameha warns against it because it would disrespect him and tells her to accept him as her danna . Sayuri refuses and asks Pumpkin for one last favor , to bring Nobu to a theater while she makes love to the Minister , which Pumpkin agrees to . Harboring animosity for Sayuri , Pumpkin deliberately brings the Chairman instead of Nobu to catch her with the Minister . Enraged , Sayuri confronts her for humiliating her in front of the Chairman . In return , Pumpkin coldly reveals how she had grown to resent Sayuri over the years : for destroying her chances of being adopted by Mother , being forced to become a prostitute to survive during the war , and for never realizing how she made herself look bad to embarrass Hatsumomo to help Sayuri . Having noticed her feelings for the Chairman , Pumpkin hoped that when he caught Sayuri with the Minister , he would be disgusted by her behavior . In despising her , Pumpkin mentions that Sayuri will never see the Chairman again and she will be forced to accept Nobu as her danna . In the moment after she leaves , Sayuri realizes that a part of Hatsumomo resided in Pumpkin and finally got her revenge . A few days later , Sayuri is to meet a client at a teahouse . Believing it 's Nobu coming over to meet her to discuss the arrangement of being her danna , Sayuri prepares to see him thinking the Chairman now hates her for humiliating him at Amami by catching her with the Minister . When she arrives at the teahouse , Sayuri is taken by surprise to see the Chairman and confesses that her acts in Amami were for personal reasons . The Chairman admits that he had feelings for her as well , but felt he owed Nobu , his best friend who had also saved his company , the chance to be with the woman that he had expressed a sincere interest in . He admitted that he asked Mameha to train her in order to help her live her dreams as a geisha . The Chairman found out the truth after confronting an angry Pumpkin for Sayuri 's humiliation and told Nobu afterwards , Nobu refused to continue his pursuit of becoming her danna . Sayuri and the Chairman kiss , which she feels is her first kiss expressing true love . Sayuri peacefully retires from being a geisha when the Chairman becomes her danna . It is heavily implied that they have an illegitimate son together . Foreseeing the consequences this could have regarding the inheritance of Iwamura Electric , she relocates to New York City and opens her own small tea house for entertaining Japanese men on business in the United States . Sayuri severs her links to the Nitta okiya and in effect , Japan . The Chairman remains her danna until his death and the story concludes with a reflection on Sayuri and her life . References to actual locations ( edit ) Much of the novel is set in the popular geisha district of Gion in Kyoto , and contains references to actual places frequented by geisha and their patrons , such as the Ichiriki Ochaya . Part of the story is also set in the Amami Islands , and Sayuri narrates the story from her suite in the Waldorf towers in New York City . Lawsuit ( edit ) After the Japanese edition of the novel was published , Arthur Golden was sued for breach of contract and defamation of character by Mineko Iwasaki , a retired geisha he had interviewed for background information while writing the novel . The plaintiff asserted that Golden had agreed to protect her anonymity if she told him about her life as a geisha , due to the traditional code of silence about their clients . However , Golden listed Iwasaki as a source in his acknowledgments for the novel , causing her to face a serious backlash , to the point of death threats . In his defense , Arthur Golden countered that he had tapes of his conversations with Iwasaki . Eventually , in 2003 , Golden 's publisher settled with Iwasaki out of court for an undisclosed sum of money . Iwasaki later went on to write an autobiography , which shows a very different picture of twentieth - century geisha life than the one shown in Golden 's novel . The book was published as Geisha , a Life in the U.S. and Geisha of Gion in the U.K. Film version ( edit ) Main article : Memoirs of a Geisha ( film ) In 2005 , film director Rob Marshall made a film version of the novel . It stars the Chinese actresses Zhang Ziyi as Sayuri , Gong Li as Hatsumomo , and Michelle Yeoh as Mameha ; and Japanese actors Ken Watanabe as the Chairman , Suzuka Ohgo as Sayuri 's childhood incarnation Chiyo , and Youki Kudoh as the adult Pumpkin . Filming was primarily done in California , and in some locations in Kyoto , including Kiyomizu - dera and Fushimi Inari - taisha . It was nominated for and won numerous awards , including nominations for six Academy Awards , three of which -- Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design -- were won . Criticism ( edit ) Kimiko Akita , in `` Orientalism and the Binary of Fact and Fiction in Memoirs of a Geisha '' , argues that Memoirs of a Geisha contains orientalist tropes and deep `` cultural misrepresentations '' . She states that `` Golden treated geisha as an object to be sexualized , exoticized , and romanticized by the West '' . For the film , Marshall was criticized in Japan and the West for casting Chinese actors to play Japanese characters in roles firmly entwined with Japanese culture . Additionally , Kimiko argues that the movie instead helped perpetuate views of `` Japanese culture and geisha as exotic , backward , irrational , dirty , profane , promiscuous , bizarre , and enigmatic '' . In the special features of the DVD , it is noted that few Japanese actresses showed interest in being a part of the production . See also ( edit ) United States portal Books portal Japan portal Geisha Oiran Orientalism Shirabyoshi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Lloyd Barry ( March 30 , 2006 ) . `` The Queen and the Geisha '' . The Times . UK . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ A Geisha Scorned The Rough Guide to Japan : The Rough Guide , by Jan Dodd , Simon Richmond . Published by Rough Guides , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 699 - 9 . Page 889 . Jump up ^ Tamara Weider ( October 10 , 2002 ) . Remaking a memoir Archived January 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Boston Phoenix . Accessed 2012 - 12 - 12 . References ( edit ) Quotations related to Memoirs of a Geisha at Wikiquote McAlpin , Heller . `` Night Butterflies ; Memoirs of a Geisha '' . Los Angeles Times , November 30 , 1997 . Pg. 8 . Dalby , Liza . `` Geisha '' . 1983 . pp. 54 -- 64 ( prostitution ) ; pp. 109 -- 112 ( `` deflowering '' and mizu - age ) . GND : 4754967 - 1 VIAF : 217041746 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_of_a_Geisha&oldid=842865092 '' Categories : 1997 American novels American historical novels Debut novels Novels set in Japan Alfred A. Knopf books American novels adapted into films Novels about prostitution Novels about geishas Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2011 Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 05 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many pages is memoirs of a geisha book	[ "Memoirs of a Geisha \nFirst editionAuthor\nArthur GoldenCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishGenre\nHistorical novelPublisher\nAlfred A. KnopfPublication date\nSeptember 27, 1997Media type\nPrint (hardback & paperback)Pages\n448 ppISBN\n0-375-40011-7OCLC\n37689141Dewey Decimal\n813/.54 21LC Class\nPS3557.O35926 M45 1997" ]	[ "448" ]
-1154406533325686054	All Kinds of Everything	All Kinds of Everything - wikipedia All Kinds of Everything Jump to : navigation , search For the quiz show hosted by Ryan Tubridy , see All Kinds of Everything ( TV series ) . `` All Kinds of Everything '' Eurovision Song Contest 1970 entry Country Ireland Artist ( s ) Dana Rosemary Scallon As Dana Language English Composer ( s ) Derry Lindsay , Jackie Smith Lyricist ( s ) Derry Lindsay , Jackie Smith Conductor Dolf van der Linden Finals performance Final result 1st Final points 32 Appearance chronology ◄ `` The Wages of Love '' ( 1969 ) `` One Day Love '' ( 1971 ) ► `` All Kinds of Everything '' is a song written by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith ; as performed by Dana , it won the Eurovision Song Contest 1970 . `` All Kinds of Everything '' represented a return to the ballad form from the more energetic performances which had dominated Eurovision the previous years . Dana sings about all the things which remind her of her sweetheart ( such as wishing - wells , wedding bells and an early morning Dew ) with the admission at the end of every verse that `` all kinds of everything remind me of you '' . The recording by Dana became an international hit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eurovision 2 Hit record 3 Cover versions and uses in other media 4 References 5 External links Eurovision ( edit ) Dana had competed in the 1969 Irish National Song Contest -- she was a resident of Northern Ireland and citizen of the United Kingdom but it was decided that year to have the Irish entry in Eurovision represent the island of Ireland in its entirety rather than just the Republic of Ireland . Although in 1970 the Irish Eurovision entry reverted to representing the Republic of Ireland only , Dana had made such a favorable impression in the previous year 's Irish National Song Contest - her performance of `` Look Around '' had come second - that the contest 's producer Tom McGrath invited her to participate again singing `` All Kinds of Everything , '' a composition by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith , two twenty - eight - year - old amateur songwriters who worked as compositors for a Dublin newspaper . Dana 's performance of `` All Kinds of Everything '' won the 1970 Irish National Song Contest and that 21 March - a Saturday - she performed the song at the Eurovision Song Contest held in Amsterdam . Dana was the twelfth and final performer on the night ( following Germany 's Katja Ebstein with `` Wunder Gibt Es Immer Wieder '' ) . Ireland chose not to send its own conductor to accompany Dana , so Dolf van der Linden , the renowned musical leader of the Dutch Metropole Orchestra , conducted his own orchestra for the Irish entry . Dana sang seated on a stool fashioned as a cylinder which left her feet suspended above the floor and caused her concern that she 'd slide off . However Dana performed the song with the self - possession she had displayed at rehearsals , when the production team had her rise from her stool mid-performance to accommodate a set adjustment she continued singing regardless and earned a standing ovation from the orchestra . `` All Kinds of Everything '' took first place in the contest with a total of 32 votes besting second place `` Knock , Knock Who 's There ? '' by Mary Hopkin by seven votes . 1970 had augured to be an off year for Eurovision with five nations boycotting the contest and an apparently predictable outcome with a victory by Hopkin or possibly Julio Iglesias ( who in fact came in fourth with `` Gwendolyne '' ) . `` All Kinds of Everything '' was the first Eurovision win for the Republic of Ireland ; six subsequent victories have made that nation Eurovision 's most successful entrant . `` All Kinds of Everything '' was also only the second song sung in English to win Eurovision outright ( the first being Sandie Shaw 's `` Puppet on a String '' , with Lulu 's `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' sharing first place one year previously ) . The entry was politically sensitive as Dana came from Derry in Northern Ireland , yet was representing Ireland , not the United Kingdom . At this time The Troubles in Northern Ireland were erupting , and some people found political symbolism of a Northern Irishwoman representing the Republic . On the other hand , the United Kingdom 's entry the following year was sung by Clodagh Rodgers , who was also from Northern Ireland . Following her victory Dana returned to Derry and sang her victorious song to a crowd of cheering wellwishers from a balcony in the city . Hit record ( edit ) `` All Kinds of Everything '' Single by Dana from the album All Kinds of Everything A-side `` All Kinds of Everything '' B - side `` Channel Breeze '' Released March 1970 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 1970 Genre Pop , Baroque pop Length 3 : 00 Label Rex Songwriter ( s ) Derry Lindsay , Jackie Smith Producer ( s ) Ray Horricks Dana singles chronology `` Look Around '' ( 1969 ) `` All Kinds of Everything '' ( 1970 ) `` I Will Follow You '' ( 1970 ) `` Look Around '' ( 1969 ) `` All Kinds of Everything '' ( 1970 ) `` I Will Follow You '' ( 1970 ) Dana had recorded `` All Kinds of Everything '' following her victory in the Irish National Song Contest with veteran Eurovision composer Phil Coulter ( `` Puppet on a String '' , `` Congratulations '' ) providing the musical arrangement for the Ray Horricks production . The record was released on 14 March 1970 on the Rex label for whom Dana had previously recorded four singles ( including `` Look Around '' ) and became a massive hit in the Republic of Ireland even prior to its Eurovision win reaching # 1 on the chart dated 20 March 1970 and remaining at # 1 for nine weeks : in October 1970 Dana received a gold disc for `` All Kinds of Everything '' selling 100,000 units in Ireland . In the UK `` All Kinds of Everything '' was # 1 for the weeks dated 18 April and 25 April 1970 . A # 2 hit in the 1970 Eurovision host nation the Netherlands , `` All Kinds of Everything '' was also a hit in Austria ( # 7 ) , Germany ( # 4 ) , Israel ( # 3 ) , Malaysia ( # 3 ) , New Zealand ( # 8 ) , Singapore ( # 1 ) , South Africa ( # 7 ) , Switzerland ( # 3 ) and Yugoslavia ( # 4 ) . In Australia the release of Dana 's `` All Kinds of Everything '' was preceded by a cover by Melburnian singer Pat Carroll whose version reached # 25 before the Dana original charted to be ranked jointly with Carroll 's version : the highest position this joint ranking reached was # 34. ( 1 ) `` All Kinds of Everything '' also charted in Italy but failed to become a major hit with a # 58 peak . Overall sales for Dana 's `` All Kinds of Everything '' are estimated at two million units . When Dana - as Dana Rosemary Scallon - ran in the 1997 Irish presidential election the Republic of Ireland 's Independent Television & Radio Commission requested that Irish radio stations refrain from playing `` All Kinds of Everything '' on the grounds that airing the song in effect promoted its singer 's candidacy . Radio stations who insisted on playing the song were requested to reduce coverage of Dana 's candidacy by three minutes for each spin of the record ( which is three minutes long ) . During the election journalist Vincent Browne was criticized for interviewing Dana in a confrontational manner . His apology took the form of a rendition of `` All Kinds of Everything '' during a subsequent radio panel discussion . Dana named her 2007 autobiography All Kinds of Everything . The song was featured in a scene of the 2011 movie Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy . Cover versions and uses in other media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1997 play A Skull in Connemara by Martin McDonagh uses Dana 's `` All Kinds of Everything '' incongruously : the record plays during a scene in which three skulls are smashed to powder with hammers . A faster , 8 - bit version of `` All Kinds of Everything '' is featured in the video games Magic Jewelry and Brush Roller . An acoustic version of `` All Kinds of Everything '' was released by Hong Kong singer Albert Au in the album Simple Folk 2 . It was released in 1998 . Sinéad O'Connor and Terry Hall recorded `` All Kinds of Everything '' for the 1998 album A Song For Eurotrash ; the track was also featured on O'Connor's 2005 release Collaborations . Foster & Allen included their version of `` All Kinds of Everything '' on their 2001 album The Songs That Sold A Million . A German rendering of `` All Kinds of Everything '' : `` Alles Und Noch Viel Mehr '' , was a German hit at # 26 for Manuela in 1970 : Manuela also recorded the song in its original English for her 1971 album Songs of Love . Other non-English renderings of `` All Kinds of Everything '' have been recorded by Willeke Alberti ( Dutch : `` Duizenden dingetjes '' ) , Cristina ( Spanish : `` Todas los cosas '' ) and Angela Similea ( Romanian : `` Dacă Visezi Cumva '' ) . Singaporean vocalist Rita Chao recorded the Japanese rendering `` 永遠火辣辣 '' ( always burning ) as the title cut for a 1970 album release . Preceded by co-winners `` Un jour , un enfant '' by Frida Boccara , `` De troubadour '' by Lenny Kuhr , `` Vivo cantando '' by Salomé , `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' by Lulu Eurovision Song Contest winners 1970 Succeeded by `` Un banc , un arbre , une rue '' by Séverine Preceded by `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' by Simon and Garfunkel UK Singles Chart number one single April 18 , 1970 for two weeks Succeeded by `` Spirit in the Sky '' by Norman Greenbaum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McLoughlin , Jamie ( 26 July 2009 ) . `` Eurovision 1970 : Julio ! Dana ! Opportunity Hopkin ! - and just nine other acts as Ireland scoops its maiden win over one of the smallest line - ups ever '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 11 October '' . 1997 : 89 . External links ( edit ) All Kinds Of Everything @ eurosong.net Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics List of Eurovision Song Contest winners Winning countries 1950s Switzerland Netherlands France Netherlands 1960s France Luxembourg France Denmark Italy Luxembourg Austria United Kingdom Spain France Netherlands Spain United Kingdom 1970s Ireland Monaco Luxembourg Luxembourg Sweden Netherlands United Kingdom France Israel Israel 1980s Ireland United Kingdom Germany Luxembourg Sweden Norway Belgium Ireland Switzerland Yugoslavia 1990s Italy Sweden Ireland Ireland Ireland Norway Ireland United Kingdom Israel Sweden 2000s Denmark Estonia Latvia Turkey Ukraine Greece Finland Serbia Russia Norway 2010s Germany Azerbaijan Sweden Denmark Austria Sweden Ukraine Portugal Winning performers 1950s Lys Assia Corry Brokken André Claveau Teddy Scholten 1960s Jacqueline Boyer Jean - Claude Pascal Isabelle Aubret Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann Gigliola Cinquetti France Gall Udo Jürgens Sandie Shaw Massiel Frida Boccara Lenny Kuhr Lulu Salomé 1970s Dana Séverine Vicky Leandros Anne - Marie David ABBA Teach - In Brotherhood of Man Marie Myriam Izhar Cohen / Alphabeta Gali Atari / Milk and Honey 1980s Johnny Logan Bucks Fizz Nicole Corinne Hermès Herreys Bobbysocks ! Sandra Kim Johnny Logan Celine Dion Riva 1990s Toto Cutugno Carola Linda Martin Niamh Kavanagh Paul Harrington / Charlie McGettigan Secret Garden Eimear Quinn Katrina and the Waves Dana International Charlotte Nilsson 2000s Olsen Brothers Tanel Padar / Dave Benton / 2XL Marie N . Sertab Erener Ruslana Helena Paparizou Lordi Marija Šerifović Dima Bilan Alexander Rybak 2010s Lena Ell & Nikki Loreen Emmelie de Forest Conchita Wurst Måns Zelmerlöw Jamala Salvador Sobral Winning songs 1950s `` Refrain '' `` Net als toen '' `` Dors , mon amour '' `` ' n Beetje '' 1960s `` Tom Pillibi '' `` Nous les amoureux '' `` Un premier amour '' `` Dansevise '' `` Non ho l'età '' `` Poupée de cire , poupée de son '' `` Merci , Chérie '' `` Puppet on a String '' `` La , la , la '' `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' `` Un jour , un enfant '' `` De troubadour '' `` Vivo cantando '' 1970s `` All Kinds of Everything '' `` Un banc , un arbre , une rue '' `` Après toi '' `` Tu te reconnaîtras '' `` Waterloo '' `` Ding - a-dong '' `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' `` L'oiseau et l'enfant '' `` A-Ba - Ni - Bi '' `` Hallelujah '' 1980s `` What 's Another Year '' `` Making Your Mind Up '' `` Ein bißchen Frieden '' `` Si la vie est cadeau '' `` Diggi - Loo Diggi - Ley '' `` La det swinge '' `` J'aime la vie '' `` Hold Me Now '' `` Ne partez pas sans moi '' `` Rock Me '' 1990s `` Insieme : 1992 '' `` Fångad av en stormvind '' `` Why Me ? '' `` In Your Eyes '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Kids '' `` Nocturne '' `` The Voice '' `` Love Shine a Light '' `` Diva '' `` Take Me to Your Heaven '' 2000s `` Fly on the Wings of Love '' `` Everybody '' `` I Wanna '' `` Everyway That I Can '' `` Wild Dances '' `` My Number One '' `` Hard Rock Hallelujah '' `` Molitva '' `` Believe '' `` Fairytale '' 2010s `` Satellite '' `` Running Scared '' `` Euphoria '' `` Only Teardrops '' `` Rise Like a Phoenix '' `` Heroes '' `` 1944 '' `` Amar pelos dois '' Winning songwriters 1950s Géo Voumard / Émile Gardaz Guus Jansen / Willy van Hemert Hubert Giraud / Pierre Delanoë Dick Schallies / Willy van Hemert 1960s André Popp / Pierre Cour Jacques Datin / Maurice Vidalin Claude - Henri Vic / Roland Valande Otto Francker / Sejr Volmer - Sørensen Nicola Salerno / Mario Panzeri Serge Gainsbourg Udo Jürgens / Udo Jürgens , Thomas Hörbiger Bill Martin , Phil Coulter Manuel de la Calva , Ramón Arcusa David Hartsema / Lenny Kuhr Alan Moorhouse / Peter Warne María José de Cerato / Aniano Alcalde Émile Stern / Eddy Marnay 1970s Derry Lindsay , Jackie Smith Jean - Pierre Bourtayre / Yves Dessca Mario Panas , Klaus Munro / Yves Dessca , Klaus Munro Claude Morgan / Vline Buggy Benny Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus , Stig Anderson Dick Bakker / Will Luikinga , Eddy Ouwens Tony Hiller , Lee Sheriden , Martin Lee Jean - Paul Cara / Joe Gracy Nurit Hirsh / Ehud Manor Kobi Oshrat / Shimrit Orr 1980s Shay Healy Andy Hill , John Danter Ralph Siegel / Bernd Meinunger Jean - Pierre Millers / Alain Garcia Torgny Söderberg / Britt Lindeborg Rolf Løvland Jean Paul Furnémon , Angelo Crisci / Rosario Marino Atria Johnny Logan Nella Martinetti , Atilla Şereftuğ Rajko Dujmić / Stevo Cvikić 1990s Toto Cutugno Stephan Berg Johnny Logan Jimmy Walsh Brendan Graham Rolf Løvland / Petter Skavland Brendan Graham Kimberley Rew Svika Pick / Yoav Ginai Lars Diedricson / Marcos Ubeda 2000s Jørgen Olsen Ivar Must / Maian - Anna Kärmas Marija Naumova / Marija Naumova , Marats Samauskis Demir Demirkan , Sertab Erener / Demir Demirkan Ruslana Lyzhychko / Ruslana Lyzhychko , Alexandr Ksenofontov Christos Dantis / Christos Dantis , Natalia Germanou Mr Lordi Vladimir Graić / Saša Milošević Mare Dima Bilan , Jim Beanz Alexander Rybak 2010s Julie Frost , John Gordon ( da ) Stefan Örn , Sandra Bjurman , Iain James Farquharson Thomas G : son , Peter Boström Lise Cabble , Julia Fabrin Jakobsen , Thomas Stengaard Charlie Mason , Joey Patulka , Ali Zuckwoski , Julian Maas Anton Hård af Segerstad , Joy Deb , Linnea Deb Jamala , Art Antonyan Luísa Sobral Portal ( hide ) Eurovision Song Contest 1970 Countries Final ( by final results ) Ireland ( winner ) United Kingdom Germany Switzerland France Spain Netherlands Italy Belgium Monaco Yugoslavia Luxembourg Artists Final ( by final results ) Dana Mary Hopkin Katja Ebstein Henri Dès Guy Bonnet Julio Iglesias Hearts of Soul Gianni Morandi Jean Vallée Dominique Dussault Eva Sršen David Alexandre Winter Songs Final ( by final results ) `` All Kinds of Everything '' `` Knock , Knock Who 's There ? '' `` Wunder gibt es immer wieder '' `` Retour '' `` Marie - Blanche '' `` Gwendolyne '' `` Waterman '' `` Occhi di ragazza '' `` Viens l'oublier '' `` Marlène '' `` Pridi , dala ti bom cvet '' `` Je suis tombé du ciel '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Kinds_of_Everything&oldid=804319092 '' Categories : Eurovision songs of Ireland Eurovision songs of 1970 Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Decca Records singles Eurovision Song Contest winning songs 1970 songs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français Italiano Magyar Norsk Português Русский සිංහල Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 05 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song all kinds of everything	[ "\"All Kinds of Everything\" is a song written by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith; as performed by Dana, it won the Eurovision Song Contest 1970. \"All Kinds of Everything\" represented a return to the ballad form from the more energetic performances which had dominated Eurovision the previous years. Dana sings about all the things which remind her of her sweetheart (such as wishing-wells, wedding bells and an early morning Dew) with the admission at the end of every verse that \"all kinds of everything remind me of you\". The recording by Dana became an international hit." ]	[ "Derry Lindsay" ]
-7779132735659603978	Galaxy rotation curve	Galaxy rotation curve - wikipedia Galaxy rotation curve Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in astronomy . The specific problem is : the article states various firsts , but does so on the basis of primary sources , including a PhD dissertation , making this a piece of original research ( WP : OR ) until secondary sources make clear that the conclusions are the consensus of published experts . WikiProject Astronomy may be able to help recruit an expert . ( December 2016 ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents . To comply with Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines , please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article 's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article . ( discuss ) . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rotation curve of spiral galaxy M 33 ( yellow and blue points with error bars ) , and a predicted one from distribution of the visible matter ( white line ) . The discrepancy between the two curves can be accounted for by adding a dark matter halo surrounding the galaxy . Play media Left : A simulated galaxy without dark matter . Right : Galaxy with a flat rotation curve that would be expected under the presence of dark matter . The rotation curve of a disc galaxy ( also called a velocity curve ) is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy 's centre . It is typically rendered graphically as a plot , and the data observed from each side of a spiral galaxy are generally asymmetric , so that data from each side are averaged to create the curve . A significant discrepancy exists between the experimental curves observed , and a curve derived from theory . The theory of dark matter was postulated to account for the variance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Halo density profiles 4 Further investigations 5 Alternatives to dark matter 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 9 Bibliography 10 External links Description ( edit ) The rotation curve of a disc galaxy ( also called a velocity curve ) is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy 's centre . The rotation curves of spiral galaxies are asymmetric , so the observational data from each side of a galaxy are generally averaged . Rotation curve asymmetry appears to be normal rather than exceptional . The rotational / orbital speeds of galaxies / stars do not follow the rules found in other orbital systems such as stars / planets and planets / moons that have most of their mass at the centre . Stars revolve around their galaxy 's centre at equal or increasing speed over a large range of distances . In contrast , the orbital velocities of planets in planetary systems and moons orbiting planets decline with distance . In the latter cases , this reflects the mass distributions within those systems . The mass estimations for galaxies based on the light they emit are far too low to explain the velocity observations . The galaxy rotation problem is the discrepancy between observed galaxy rotation curves and the theoretical prediction , assuming a centrally dominated mass associated with the observed luminous material . When mass profiles of galaxies are calculated from the distribution of stars in spirals and mass - to - light ratios in the stellar disks , they do not match with the masses derived from the observed rotation curves and the law of gravity . A solution to this conundrum is to hypothesize the existence of dark matter and to assume its distribution from the galaxy 's center out to its halo . Though dark matter is by far the most accepted explanation of the rotation problem , other proposals have been offered with varying degrees of success . Of the possible alternatives , the most notable is Modified Newtonian Dynamics ( MOND ) , which involves modifying the laws of gravity . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations to secondary or tertiary sources such as review articles , monographs , or textbooks . Please add such references to provide context and establish the relevance of any primary research articles cited . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) In 1932 , Jan Hendrik Oort became the first to report that measurements of the stars in the Solar neighborhood indicated that they moved faster than expected when a mass distribution based upon visible matter was assumed , but these measurements were later determined to be essentially erroneous . In 1939 , Horace Babcock reported in his PhD thesis measurements of the rotation curve for Andromeda which suggested that the mass - to - luminosity ratio increases radially . He attributed that to either the absorption of light within the galaxy or to modified dynamics in the outer portions of the spiral and not to any form of missing matter . Babcock 's measurements turned out to disagree substantially with those found later , and the first measurement of an extended rotation curve in good agreement with modern data was published in 1957 by Henk van de Hulst and collaborators , who studied M31 with the newly commissioned Dwingeloo 25 meter telescope . A companion paper by Maarten Schmidt showed that this rotation curve could be fit by a flattened mass distribution more extensive than the light . In 1959 , Louise Volders used the same telescope to demonstrate that the spiral galaxy M33 also does not spin as expected according to Keplerian dynamics . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , Vera Rubin , an astronomer at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington , worked with a new sensitive spectrograph that could measure the velocity curve of edge - on spiral galaxies to a greater degree of accuracy than had ever before been achieved . Together with fellow staff - member Kent Ford , Rubin announced at a 1975 meeting of the American Astronomical Society the discovery that most stars in spiral galaxies orbit at roughly the same speed , and that this implied that galaxy masses grow approximately linearly with radius well beyond the location of most of the stars ( the galactic bulge ) . Rubin presented her results in an influential paper in 1980 . These were the first robust results to suggest that either Newtonian gravity does not apply universally or that , conservatively , upwards of 50 % of the mass of galaxies was contained in the relatively dark galactic halo . Although initially met with skepticism , Rubin 's results have been confirmed over the subsequent decades . If Newtonian mechanics is assumed to be correct , it would follow that most of the mass of the galaxy had to be in the galactic bulge near the center and that the stars and gas in the disk portion should orbit the center at decreasing velocities with radial distance from the galactic center ( the dashed line in Fig. 1 ) . Observations of the rotation curve of spirals , however , do not bear this out . Rather , the curves do not decrease in the expected inverse square root relationship but are `` flat '' , i.e. outside of the central bulge the speed is nearly a constant ( the solid line in Fig. 1 ) . It is also observed that galaxies with a uniform distribution of luminous matter have a rotation curve that rises from the center to the edge , and most low - surface - brightness galaxies ( LSB galaxies ) have the same anomalous rotation curve . The rotation curves might be explained by hypothesizing the existence of a substantial amount of matter permeating the galaxy that is not emitting light in the mass - to - light ratio of the central bulge . The material responsible for the extra mass was dubbed `` dark matter '' , the existence of which was first posited in the 1930s by Jan Oort in his measurements of the Oort constants and Fritz Zwicky in his studies of the masses of galaxy clusters . The existence of non-baryonic cold dark matter ( CDM ) is today a major feature of the Lambda - CDM model that describes the cosmology of the universe . Halo density profiles ( edit ) In order to accommodate a flat rotation curve , a density profile for a galaxy and its environs must be different than one that is centrally concentrated . Newton 's version of Kepler 's Third Law implies that the spherically symmetric , radial density profile ρ ( r ) is : ρ ( r ) = v ( r ) 2 4 π G r 2 ( 1 + 2 d log ⁡ v ( r ) d log ⁡ r ) ( \ displaystyle \ rho ( r ) = ( \ frac ( v ( r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \ pi Gr ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ left ( 1 + 2 ~ ( \ frac ( d \ log ~ v ( r ) ) ( d \ log ~ r ) ) \ right ) ) where v ( r ) is the radial orbital velocity profile and G is the gravitational constant . This profile closely matches the expectations of a singular isothermal sphere profile where if v ( r ) is approximately constant then the density ρ ∝ r to some inner `` core radius '' where the density is then assumed constant . Observations do not comport with such a simple profile , as reported by Navarro , Frenk , and White in a seminal 1996 paper . The authors then remarked , that a `` gently changing logarithmic slope '' for a density profile function could also accommodate approximately flat rotation curves over large scales . They found the famous Navarro -- Frenk -- White profile which is consistent both with N - body simulations and observations given by ρ ( r ) = ρ 0 r R s ( 1 + r R s ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ rho ( r ) = ( \ frac ( \ rho _ ( 0 ) ) ( ( \ frac ( r ) ( R_ ( s ) ) ) \ left ( 1 ~ + ~ ( \ frac ( r ) ( R_ ( s ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where the central density , ρ , and the scale radius , R , are parameters that vary from halo to halo . Because the slope of the density profile diverges at the center , other alternative profiles have been proposed , for example , the Einasto profile which has exhibited better agreement with certain dark matter halo simulations . Observations of orbit velocities in spiral galaxies suggest a mass structure according to : v ( r ) = ( r d Φ / d r ) 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle v ( r ) = ( r \ , d \ Phi / dr ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) with Φ the galaxy gravitational potential . Since observations of galaxy rotation do not match the distribution expected from application of Kepler 's laws , they do not match the distribution of luminous matter . This implies that spiral galaxies contain large amounts of dark matter or , in alternative , the existence of exotic physics in action on galactic scales . The additional invisible component becomes progressively more conspicuous in each galaxy at outer radii and among galaxies in the less luminous ones . Cosmology tells us that about 26 % of the mass of the Universe is composed of dark matter , a hypothetical type of matter which does not emit or interact with electromagnetic radiation . Dark matter dominates the gravitational potential of galaxies and cluster of galaxies . Galaxies are baryonic condensations of stars and gas ( namely H and He ) that lie at the centers of much larger dark haloes of dark matter , affected by a gravitational instability caused by primordial density fluctuations . The main goal has become to understand the nature and the history of these ubiquitous dark haloes by investigating the properties of the galaxies they contain ( i.e. their luminosities , kinematics , sizes , and morphologies ) . The measurement of the kinematics ( their positions , velocities and accelerations ) of the observable stars and gas has become a tool to investigate the nature of dark matter , as to its content and distribution relative to that of the various baryonic components of those galaxies . Further investigations ( edit ) Comparison of rotating disc galaxies in the distant Universe and the present day . The rotational dynamics of galaxies are well characterized by their position on the Tully -- Fisher relation , which shows that for spiral galaxies the rotational velocity is uniquely related to its total luminosity . A consistent way to predict the rotational velocity of a spiral galaxy is to measure its bolometric luminosity and then read its rotation rate from its location on the Tully -- Fisher diagram . Conversely , knowing the rotational velocity of a spiral galaxy gives its luminosity . Thus the magnitude of the galaxy rotation is related to the galaxy 's visible mass . While precise fitting of the bulge , disk , and halo density profiles is a rather complicated process , it is straightforward to model the observables of rotating galaxies through this relationship . So , while state - of - the - art cosmological and galaxy formation simulations of dark matter with normal baryonic matter included can be matched to galaxy observations , there is not yet any straightforward explanation as to why the observed scaling relationship exists . Additionally , detailed investigations of the rotation curves of low - surface - brightness galaxies ( LSB galaxies ) in the 1990s and of their position on the Tully -- Fisher relation showed that LSB galaxies had to have dark matter haloes that are more extended and less dense than those of HSB galaxies and thus surface brightness is related to the halo properties . Such dark - matter - dominated dwarf galaxies may hold the key to solving the dwarf galaxy problem of structure formation . Very importantly , the analysis of the inner parts of low and high surface brightness galaxies showed that the shape of the rotation curves in the centre of dark - matter dominated systems indicates a profile different from the NFW spatial mass distribution profile . This so - called cuspy halo problem is a persistent problem for the standard cold dark matter theory . Simulations involving the feedback of stellar energy into the interstellar medium in order to alter the predicted dark matter distribution in the innermost regions of galaxies are frequently invoked in this context . Alternatives to dark matter ( edit ) There have been a number of attempts to solve the problem of galaxy rotation by modifying gravity without invoking dark matter . One of the most discussed is Modified Newtonian Dynamics ( MOND ) , originally proposed by Mordehai Milgrom in 1983 , which modifies the Newtonian force law at low accelerations to enhance the effective gravitational attraction . MOND has had a considerable amount of success in predicting the rotation curves of low - surface - brightness galaxies , matching the baryonic Tully -- Fisher relation , and the velocity dispersions of the small satellite galaxies of the Local Group . Using data from the Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves ( SPARC ) database , a group has found the radial acceleration traced by rotation curves could be predicted just from the observed baryon distribution ( that is , including stars and gas but not dark matter ) . The same relation provided a good fit for 2693 samples in 153 rotating galaxies , with diverse shapes , masses , sizes , and gas fractions . Brightness in the near IR , where the more stable light from red giants dominates , was used to estimate the density contribution due to stars more consistently . The results are consistent with MOND , and place limits on alternative explanations involving dark matter alone . However , cosmological simulations within a Lambda - CDM framework that include baryonic feedback effects reproduce the same relation , without the need to invoke new dynamics ( such as MOND ) . Thus , a contribution due to dark matter itself can be fully predictable from that of the baryons , once the feedback effects due to the dissipative collapse of baryons is taken into account . MOND is not a relativistic theory , although relativistic theories which reduce to MOND have been proposed , such as tensor -- vector -- scalar gravity , scalar -- tensor -- vector gravity ( STVG ) , and the f ( R ) theory of Capozziello and De Laurentis . See also ( edit ) Dark matter Long - slit spectroscopy Modified Newtonian dynamics Nonsymmetric gravitational theory Unsolved problems in physics Vera Rubin Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Data for the image are from Corbelli , E. ; Salucci , P. ( 2000 ) . `` The extended rotation curve and the dark matter halo of M33 '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 311 ( 2 ) : 441 -- 447 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9909252 . Bibcode : 2000MNRAS. 311 ... 441C . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 8711.2000. 03075. x . Jump up ^ The explanation of the mass discrepancy in spiral galaxies by means of massive and extensive dark component was first put forward by A. Bosma in a PhD dissertation , see Bosma , A. ( 1978 ) . The Distribution and Kinematics of Neutral Hydrogen in Spiral Galaxies of Various Morphological Types ( PhD ) . Rijksuniversiteit Groningen . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 -- via NASA / IPAC Extragalactic Database . See also Rubin , V. ; Thonnard , N. ; Ford , W.K. Jr. ( 1980 ) . `` Rotational Properties of 21 Sc Galaxies With a Large Range of Luminosities and Radii from NGC 4605 ( R = 4kpc ) to UGC 2885 ( R = 122kpc ) '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 238 : 471 -- 487 . Bibcode : 1980ApJ ... 238 ... 471R . doi : 10.1086 / 158003 . Begeman , K.G. ; Broeils , A.H. ; Sanders , R.H. ( 1991 ) . `` Extended Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies : Dark Haloes and Modified Dynamics '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 249 ( 3 ) : 523 -- 537 . Bibcode : 1991MNRAS. 249 ... 523B . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 249.3. 523 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Richard ( May 1 , 2008 ) . The Unknown Universe : The Origin of the Universe , Quantum Gravity , Wormholes , and Other Things Science Still Ca n't Explain. Franklin Lakes , NJ : Career Press . Jump up ^ Jog , C.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Large - scale asymmetry of rotation curves in lopsided spiral galaxies '' ( PDF ) . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 391 ( 2 ) : 471 -- 479 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0207055 . Bibcode : 2002A&A ... 391 ... 471J . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20020832 . Jump up ^ Bosma , A. ( 1978 ) . The Distribution and Kinematics of Neutral Hydrogen in Spiral Galaxies of Various Morphological Types ( PhD ) . Rijksuniversiteit Groningen . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 -- via NASA / IPAC Extragalactic Database . ^ Jump up to : For an extensive discussion of the data and its fit to MOND see Milgrom , M. ( 2007 ) . `` The MOND Paradigm '' . arXiv : 0801.3133 ( astro - ph ) . Jump up ^ Babcock , H.W. ( 1939 ) . `` The rotation of the Andromeda Nebula '' . Lick Observatory Bulletin . 19 : 41 -- 51 . Bibcode : 1939LicOB ... 19 ... 41B . doi : 10.5479 / ADS / bib / 1939LicOB. 19.41 B . Jump up ^ Van de Hulst , H.C ; et al. ( 1957 ) . `` Rotation and density distribution of the Andromeda nebula derived from observations of the 21 - cm line '' . Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands . 14 : 1 . Bibcode : 1957BAN ... 14 ... 1V . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Schmidt , M ( 1957 ) . `` Rotation and density distribution of the Andromeda nebula derived from observations of the 21 - cm line '' . Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands . 14 : 17 . Bibcode : 1957BAN ... 14 ... 17S . Jump up ^ Volders , L. ( 1959 ) . `` Neutral hydrogen in M 33 and M 101 '' . Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands . 14 ( 492 ) : 323 . Bibcode : 1959BAN ... 14 ... 323V . Jump up ^ Rubin , V. ; Ford , W.K. Jr. ( 1970 ) . `` Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 159 : 379 . Bibcode : 1970ApJ ... 159 ... 379R . doi : 10.1086 / 150317 . Jump up ^ Rubin , V.C. ; Thonnard , N. ; Ford , W.K. Jr. ( 1978 ) . `` Extended rotation curves of high - luminosity spiral galaxies. IV - Systematic dynamical properties , SA through SC '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 225 : L107 -- L111 . Bibcode : 1978ApJ ... 225L. 107R . doi : 10.1086 / 182804 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , V. ; Thonnard , N. ; Ford , W.K. Jr. ( 1980 ) . `` Rotational Properties of 21 Sc Galaxies with a Large Range of Luminosities and Radii from NGC 4605 ( R = 4kpc ) to UGC 2885 ( R = 122kpc ) '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 238 : 471 . Bibcode : 1980ApJ ... 238 ... 471R . doi : 10.1086 / 158003 . Jump up ^ Persic , M. ; Salucci , P. ; Stel , F. ( 1996 ) . `` The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies - I . The dark matter connection '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 281 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 47 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9506004 . Bibcode : 1996MNRAS. 281 ... 27P . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 278.1. 27 . Jump up ^ Navarro , J.F. ; Frenk , C.S. ; White , S.D.M. ( 1996 ) . `` The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 463 : 563 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9508025 . Bibcode : 1996ApJ ... 462 ... 563N . doi : 10.1086 / 177173 . Jump up ^ Merritt , D. ; Graham , A. ; Moore , B. ; Diemand , J. ; Terzić , B. ( 2006 ) . `` Empirical Models for Dark Matter Halos . I. Nonparametric Construction of Density Profiles and Comparison with Parametric Models '' . The Astronomical Journal . 132 ( 6 ) : 2685 -- 2700 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0509417 . Bibcode : 2006AJ ... 132.2685 M . doi : 10.1086 / 508988 . Jump up ^ Merritt , D. ; Navarro , J.F. ; Ludlow , A. ; Jenkins , A. ( 2005 ) . `` A Universal Density Profile for Dark and Luminous Matter ? '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 624 ( 2 ) : L85 -- L88 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0502515 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 624L ... 85M . doi : 10.1086 / 430636 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Matter Less Influential in Galaxies in Early Universe - VLT observations of distant galaxies suggest they were dominated by normal matter '' . www.eso.org . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Yegorova , I.A. ; Salucci , P. ( 2007 ) . `` The radial Tully - Fisher relation for spiral galaxies - I '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 377 ( 2 ) : 507 -- 515 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0612434 . Bibcode : 2007MNRAS. 377 ... 507Y . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2007. 11637. x . Jump up ^ Dorminey , Bruce ( 30 Dec 2010 ) . `` Reliance on Indirect Evidence Fuels Dark Matter Doubts '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David H. ; et , al. ( 2008 ) . `` Baryon Dynamics , Dark Matter Substructure , and Galaxies '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 678 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 21 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0604393 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 678 ... 6W . doi : 10.1086 / 524646 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Alan R. ; al. , et ( 2010 ) . `` Impact of baryon physics on dark matter structures : a detailed simulation study of halo density profiles '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 405 ( 4 ) : 2161 -- 2178 . arXiv : 1001.3447 . Bibcode : 2010MNRAS. 405.2161 D . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2010. 16613. x . Jump up ^ de Blok , W.J.G. ; McGaugh , S. ( 1997 ) . `` The dark and visible matter content of low surface brightness disc galaxies '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 290 ( 3 ) : 533 -- 552 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9704274 . Bibcode : 1997MNRAS. 290 ... 533D . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 290.3. 533 . Jump up ^ Zwaan , M.A. ; van der Hulst , J.M. ; de Blok , W.J.G. ; McGaugh , S.S. ( 1995 ) . `` The Tully - Fisher relation for low surface brightness galaxies : implications for galaxy evolution '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 273 : L35 -- L38 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9501102 . Bibcode : 1995MNRAS. 273L ... 35Z . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 273.1. l35 . Jump up ^ Gentile , G. ; Salucci , P. ; Klein , U. ; Vergani , D. ; Kalberla , P. ( 2004 ) . `` The cored distribution of dark matter in spiral galaxies '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 351 ( 3 ) : 903 -- 922 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0403154 . Bibcode : 2004MNRAS. 351 ... 903G . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2004. 07836. x . Jump up ^ de Blok , W.J.G. ; Bosma , A. ( 2002 ) . `` High - resolution rotation curves of low surface brightness galaxies '' ( PDF ) . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 385 ( 3 ) : 816 -- 846 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0201276 . Bibcode : 2002A&A ... 385 ... 816D . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20020080 . Jump up ^ Salucci , P. ; De Laurentis , M. ( 2012 ) . `` Dark Matter in galaxies : Leads to its Nature '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Science ( DSU 2012 ) : 12 . arXiv : 1302.2268 . Bibcode : 2013arXiv1302. 2268S . Jump up ^ de Blok , W.J.G. ( 2010 ) . `` The Core - Cusp Problem '' . Advances in Astronomy . 2010 : 789293 . arXiv : 0910.3538 . Bibcode : 2010AdAst2010E ... 5D . doi : 10.1155 / 2010 / 789293 . Jump up ^ S.S. McGaugh ; W.J.G. de Blok ( 1998 ) . `` Testing the Hypothesis of Modified Dynamics with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies and Other Evidence '' . Astrophysical Journal . 499 ( 1 ) : 66 -- 81 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9801102 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 499 ... 66M . doi : 10.1086 / 305629 . Jump up ^ S.S. McGaugh ( 2011 ) . `` Novel Test of Modified Newtonian Dynamics with Gas Rich Galaxies '' . Physical Review Letters. 106 ( 12 ) : 121303 . arXiv : 1102.3913 . Bibcode : 2011PhRvL. 106l1303M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 106.121303 . PMID 21517295 . Jump up ^ S.S. McGaugh ; M. Milgrom ( 2013 ) . `` Andromeda Dwarfs in Light of Modified Newtonian Dynamics '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 766 ( 1 ) : 22 . arXiv : 1301.0822 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 766 ... 22M . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 766 / 1 / 22 . Jump up ^ Stacy McGaugh ; Federico Lelli ; Jim Schombert ( 2016 ) . `` The Radial Acceleration Relation in Rotationally Supported Galaxies '' . Physical Review Letters. 117 ( 20 ) : 201101 . arXiv : 1609.05917 . Bibcode : 2016PhRvL. 117t1101M . doi : 10.1103 / physrevlett. 117.201101 . PMID 27886485 . Jump up ^ Keller , B.W. ; Wadsley , J.W. ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Λ is Consistent with SPARC Radial Acceleration Relation '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 835 ( 1 ) : L17 . arXiv : 1610.06183 . Bibcode : 2017ApJ ... 835L ... 17K . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / 835 / 1 / L17 . Jump up ^ J.D. Bekenstein ( 2004 ) . `` Relativistic gravitation theory for the modified Newtonian dynamics paradigm '' . Physical Review D. 70 ( 8 ) : 083509 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0403694 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvD ... 70h3509B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 70.083509 . Jump up ^ J.W. Moffat ( 2006 ) . `` Scalar tensor vector gravity theory '' . Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 3 ( 3 ) : 4 . arXiv : gr - qc / 0506021 . Bibcode : 2006JCAP ... 03 ... 004M . doi : 10.1088 / 1475 - 7516 / 2006 / 03 / 004 ... S. Capozziello ; M. De Laurentis ( 2012 ) . `` The dark matter problem from f ( R ) gravity viewpoint '' . Annalen der Physik. 524 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 545 -- 578 . Bibcode : 2012AnP ... 524 ... 545C . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 201200109 . Further reading ( edit ) Kuijken K. , Gilmore G. ( 1989 ) . `` The Mass Distribution in the Galactic Disc -- III . The Local Volume Mass Density '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 239 ( 2 ) : 651 -- 664 . Bibcode : 1989MNRAS. 239 ... 651K . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 239.2. 651 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Primary research report discussing Oort limit , and citing original Oort 1932 study . Bibliography ( edit ) V. Rubin , V. ; Ford Jr. , W.K. ( 1970 ) . `` Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions '' . Astrophysical Journal . 159 : 379 . Bibcode : 1970ApJ ... 159 ... 379R . doi : 10.1086 / 150317 . This was the first detailed study of orbital rotation in galaxies . V. Rubin ; N. Thonnard ; W.K. Ford Jr ( 1980 ) . `` UGC '' . Astrophysical Journal . 238 : 471 . Bibcode : 1980ApJ ... 238 ... 471R . doi : 10.1086 / 158003 . Observations of a set of spiral galaxies gave evidence that orbital velocities of stars in galaxies were unexpectedly high at large distances from the nucleus . This paper was influential in convincing astronomers that most of the matter in the universe is dark , and much of it is clumped about galaxies . Galactic Astronomy , Dmitri Mihalas and Paul McRae. W.H. Freeman 1968 . External links ( edit ) Bergstrom , Lars ( 2009 ) . `` Dark Matter Candidates '' . New Journal of Physics. 11 ( 10 ) : 105006 . arXiv : 0903.4849 . Bibcode : 2009NJPh ... 11j5006B . doi : 10.1088 / 1367 - 2630 / 11 / 10 / 105006 . The Case Against Dark Matter . About Erik Verlinde 's approach to the problem . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the rotation curve of a spiral galaxy	[ "The rotation curve of a disc galaxy (also called a velocity curve) is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy's centre. It is typically rendered graphically as a plot, and the data observed from each side of a spiral galaxy are generally asymmetric, so that data from each side are averaged to create the curve. A significant discrepancy exists between the experimental curves observed, and a curve derived from theory. 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3195040521490761796	A Song of Ice and Fire	A Song of Ice and Fire - wikipedia A Song of Ice and Fire This article is about the series of novels . For the television adaptation , see Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( forthcoming ) A Dream of Spring ( forthcoming ) Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Genre Epic fantasy Publisher Bantam Books ( US , Canada ) Voyager Books ( UK , Australia ) Published August 1996 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) audiobook A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 , and it was published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin six years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to 31 characters by the fifth novel . Three main stories interweave : a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of August 2016 , the books have sold more than 70 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sister wives Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Lord Robert Baratheon that deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II `` the Mad King '' , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine - year - long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year - old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's closest friend and chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard attempts to unseat Joffrey , but is betrayed and executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Lord Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks . He eventually becomes Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline and her legitimate claim to the throne , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the A Song of Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well - received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the A Song of Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the A Song of Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn A Song of Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up with and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the cliffhangers from A Dance with Dragons early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel had been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considered only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needed revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . In April 2018 , Martin announced in a blog post that The Winds of Winter would not be published in 2018 . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . In 2018 , Martin commented he had not started working on the book . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other A Song of Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams ' high fantasy epic Memory , Sorrow , and Thorn as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . Martin experienced some harsh winters when living in Dubuque a few years in the 70s , and suspects these winters had an influence on his writing ; `` I think a lot of the stuff in A Game of Thrones , the snow and ice and freezing , comes from my memories of Dubuque '' . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with A Song of Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2018 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . Martin does not consider A Song of Ice and Fire a `` series '' but a single story published in several volumes . A Song of Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the A Song of Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character hide POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth 6 13 Theon Greyjoy 6 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly 5 5 10 Cersei Lannister 10 12 Brienne of Tarth 8 8 Aeron Greyjoy ≥ 1 Areo Hotah ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy Arys Oakheart Victarion Greyjoy ≥ 1 Arianne Martell ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell Jon Connington Melisandre Barristan Selmy ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the story of A Song of Ice and Fire begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each A Song of Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous A Song of Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to A Song of Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic A Song of Ice and Fire to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The story of A Song of Ice and Fire therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the characters of A Song of Ice and Fire are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , A Song of Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , A Song of Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the world of A Song of Ice and Fire , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three A Song of Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of A Song of Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million A Song of Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with A Song of Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main A Song of Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . The novella The Sons of the Dragon appeared in the 2017 anthology The Book of Swords , is the story of Aegon the Conqueror 's two sons Aenys I and Maegor I `` the cruel '' . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . The seventh season premiered on July 16 , 2017 . The eighth and final season is set to premiere in 2019 . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by A Song of Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . Jump up ^ Alison Flood ( 5 Aug 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : an epic publishing story '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' George RR Martin revolutionised how people think about fantasy ' Books The Guardian '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ grrm ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Another Precinct Heard From '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dinitia ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` A Fantasy Realm Too Vile For Hobbits '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . 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( Linked from sfwa.org , who present the Nebula Award . ) Jump up ^ `` 2006 Hugo Awards '' . thehugoawards.org . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Fantasy Award Nominees List '' . locusmag.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Locus Awards Winners '' . locusmag.com . June 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Hugo Awards '' . thehugoawards.org . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 World Fantasy Award -- Winners and Nominees '' . worldfantasy.org . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` George R.R. Martin 's Adventures in Comics Part 1 '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Speakman , Shawn ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` Warriors Review : The Mystery Knight by GRRM '' . suvudu.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Dunk and Egg Return to Comics '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` A Dangerous Delivery '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous Women Arrives on Tor.com '' . Tor.com . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` A Dangerous Delivery '' . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( March 16 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin announces new ' Game of Thrones ' prequel short story , ' The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blood of the Dragon '' . Asimov 's Science Fiction . July 1996 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Path of the Dragon '' . Asimov 's Science Fiction . December 2000 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arms of the Kraken '' . Dragon. 27 No. 10 ( 305 ) : 90 -- 111 . March 2003 . Jump up ^ McKevitt , Greg ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` What 's the appeal of Game of Thrones ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` HBO renews Game of Thrones for second season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . emmys.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' renewed for third season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones renewed for season 4 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Television Academy '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Sets Record for Most Emmy Wins in a Year '' . Variety . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Kristen ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Arm yourself for Game of Thrones season finale with these Westeros - themed records '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Gets Premiere Date On HBO '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` From The Art of George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire '' . fantasyflightgames.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Art of George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice & Fire , Volume II '' . fantasyflightgames.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ICE & FIRE role playing game '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Song of Ice and Fire RPG homepage : Ours is the Fury ! '' . greenronin.com . June 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` A Game of Thrones No. 1 Review : The popular fantasy epic jumps from books to TV to comics '' . ign.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Home Interactive press release '' . focus-home.com . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` From Bleak to Bleaker in A Game of Thrones the Roleplaying Game 's New Trailer '' . Time . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Genesis for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Westeros Goes Social with ' Game of Thrones Ascent ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lands of Ice and Fire ( A Game of Thrones ) '' . randomhouse.ca . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Nothing Holds an Edge Like Valyrian Steel '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Valyrian Resin to produce Ice & Fire mini-busts '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Sword Miniatures and Tom Meier to produce George Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire premium miniature line '' . darkswordminiatures.com . August 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coins inspired by the fictional works of George R.R. Martin '' . shirepost.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Shop '' Shows `` Game of Thrones '' . hbo.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : No One Ever Gets The Most Iconic Part Of Game Of Thrones Right '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Not A Blog : The Real Iron Throne '' . GRRM.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` George R.R. Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire and Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways BIBSYS : 13030568 BNF : cb161841362 ( data ) GND : 1024427412 LCCN : n95101054 SUDOC : 183641272 VIAF : 258305993 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=845966214 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire Death in fiction Dragons in popular culture Family in fiction Fantasy novel series Giants in fiction High fantasy novels Incest in fiction Magic in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Religion in fiction Undead in popular culture Witchcraft in written fiction Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Good articles Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 10 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the order of the george rr martin books	[ "\nA Song of Ice and Fire\n\n\nA Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA Game of Thrones (1996)\nA Clash of Kings (1998)\nA Storm of Swords (2000)\nA Feast for Crows (2005)\nA Dance with Dragons (2011)\nThe Winds of Winter (forthcoming)\nA Dream of Spring (forthcoming)\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nGeorge R. R. Martin\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nEpic fantasy[1]\n\n\nPublisher\n\n\n\nBantam Books (US, Canada)\nVoyager Books (UK, Australia)\n\n\n\n\n\nPublished\nAugust 1996–present\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardback & paperback)\naudiobook\n\n", "\nA Song of Ice and Fire\n\n\nA Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA Game of Thrones (1996)\nA Clash of Kings (1998)\nA Storm of Swords (2000)\nA Feast for Crows (2005)\nA Dance with Dragons (2011)\nThe Winds of Winter (forthcoming)\nA Dream of Spring (forthcoming)\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nGeorge R. R. Martin\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nEpic fantasy[1]\n\n\nPublisher\n\n\n\nBantam Books (US, Canada)\nVoyager Books (UK, Australia)\n\n\n\n\n\nPublished\nAugust 1996–present\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardback & paperback)\naudiobook\n\n", "\nA Song of Ice and Fire\n\n\nA Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA Game of Thrones (1996)\nA Clash of Kings (1998)\nA Storm of Swords (2000)\nA Feast for Crows (2005)\nA Dance with Dragons (2011)\nThe Winds of Winter (forthcoming)\nA Dream of Spring (forthcoming)\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nGeorge R. R. Martin\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nEpic fantasy[1]\n\n\nPublisher\n\n\n\nBantam Books (US, Canada)\nVoyager Books (UK, Australia)\n\n\n\n\n\nPublished\nAugust 1996–present\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardback & paperback)\naudiobook\n\n", "\nA Song of Ice and Fire\n\n\nA Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA Game of Thrones (1996)\nA Clash of Kings (1998)\nA Storm of Swords (2000)\nA Feast for Crows (2005)\nA Dance with Dragons (2011)\nThe Winds of Winter (forthcoming)\nA Dream of Spring (forthcoming)\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nGeorge R. R. Martin\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nEpic fantasy[1]\n\n\nPublisher\n\n\n\nBantam Books (US, Canada)\nVoyager Books (UK, Australia)\n\n\n\n\n\nPublished\nAugust 1996–present\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardback & paperback)\naudiobook\n\n", "\nA Song of Ice and Fire\n\n\nA Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA Game of Thrones (1996)\nA Clash of Kings (1998)\nA Storm of Swords (2000)\nA Feast for Crows (2005)\nA Dance with Dragons (2011)\nThe Winds of Winter (forthcoming)\nA Dream of Spring (forthcoming)\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nGeorge R. R. Martin\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nEpic fantasy[1]\n\n\nPublisher\n\n\n\nBantam Books (US, Canada)\nVoyager Books (UK, Australia)\n\n\n\n\n\nPublished\nAugust 1996–present\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardback & paperback)\naudiobook\n\n", "\nA Song of Ice and Fire\n\n\nA Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA Game of Thrones (1996)\nA Clash of Kings (1998)\nA Storm of Swords (2000)\nA Feast for Crows (2005)\nA Dance with Dragons (2011)\nThe Winds of Winter (forthcoming)\nA Dream of Spring (forthcoming)\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nGeorge R. R. Martin\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nEpic fantasy[1]\n\n\nPublisher\n\n\n\nBantam Books (US, Canada)\nVoyager Books (UK, Australia)\n\n\n\n\n\nPublished\nAugust 1996–present\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardback & paperback)\naudiobook\n\n", "\nA Song of Ice and Fire\n\n\nA Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA Game of Thrones (1996)\nA Clash of Kings (1998)\nA Storm of Swords (2000)\nA Feast for Crows (2005)\nA Dance with Dragons (2011)\nThe Winds of Winter (forthcoming)\nA Dream of Spring (forthcoming)\n\n\n\n\n\nAuthor\nGeorge R. R. Martin\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nEpic fantasy[1]\n\n\nPublisher\n\n\n\nBantam Books (US, Canada)\nVoyager Books (UK, Australia)\n\n\n\n\n\nPublished\nAugust 1996–present\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (hardback & paperback)\naudiobook\n\n" ]	[ "A Game of Thrones (1996)", "A Clash of Kings (1998)", "A Storm of Swords (2000)", "A Feast for Crows (2005)", "A Dance with Dragons (2011)", "The Winds of Winter (forthcoming)", "A Dream of Spring (forthcoming)" ]
-1771607341483825403	Bank of England £10 note	Bank of England £ 10 note - wikipedia Bank of England £ 10 note Jump to : navigation , search Ten pounds ( United Kingdom ) Value £ 10 Width 132 mm Height 69 mm Security features See - through window , raised dots , finely detailed bronze metallic image , coloured border which changes colour from orange to purple when the note is tilted , silver foil patch , microlettering , textured print , UV feature , hologram Paper type Polymer Years of printing 1759 -- 1943 ; 1964 -- present 2017 -- present ( current design ) Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Design date 14 September 2017 Reverse Design Jane Austen Design date 14 September 2017 The Bank of England £ 10 note , also known as a tenner , is a banknote of the pound sterling . It is the second - lowest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England . The current polymer note , first issued in 2017 , bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of author Jane Austen on the reverse . It will fully replace the cotton paper note featuring a portrait of naturalist Charles Darwin , first issued in 2000 , in early 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Designs 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Ten pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1759 as a consequence of gold shortages caused by the Seven Years ' War . The earliest notes were handwritten , and were issued as needed to individuals . These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee , the date , and the signature of the issuing cashier . With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821 , when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage , these notes could be exchanged in full , or in part , for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank . If redeemed in part , the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed . From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes , with the declaration `` I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of ten pounds '' replacing the name of the payee . This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day . A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes , though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward . A £ 10 note , issued from Manchester in 1919 . The ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard . The £ 10 note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943 , and it was not until 1964 with the advent of the series C notes that the denomination was re-introduced . These brown notes were the first £ 10 notes to feature an image of the monarch on the front , and unlike the previous ' White ' notes they had a reverse ; in this case featuring a lion . The C series was replaced by the D series beginning in 1975 , with the new notes having a portrait of Florence Nightingale on the back . The tradition of portraying historical British figures on the reverse continued with the E series , first issued in 1992 , with an image of Charles Dickens appearing . Series E notes are multicoloured , although they are predominantly orange - brown . From series E onward Bank of England £ 10 notes feature ' windowed ' metal thread ; this thread appears as a dashed line , yet forms a single line when held up to the light . The revised Series E £ 10 note was introduced in 2000 . It features a portrait of Charles Darwin on the back as well as an illustration of HMS Beagle and images of various flora and fauna . The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread , including raised print , a watermark , microlettering , a hologram , and a number ten which only appears under ultraviolet light . In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £ 10 note would be printed on polymer , rather than cotton paper . This followed the announcement in July 2013 that Charles Darwin would be replaced by 19th Century author Jane Austen on the next £ 10 note , which would enter circulation in 2017 . The decision to replace Darwin with Austen followed a campaign to have a woman on the back of a Bank of England banknote when it was announced that the only woman to feature on the back of a note -- prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the £ 5 note -- was to be replaced by Winston Churchill . Images on the reverse of the Jane Austen note include a portrait of Austen commissioned by her nephew , an illustration of Elizabeth Bennet from Pride and Prejudice by Isabel Bishop , an image of Godmersham Park ( the home of Austen 's brother ) , and a design based on Austen 's 12 - sided writing table as used by her at Chawton Cottage . The note also includes the quote `` I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading ! '' which is said by Austen 's character Caroline Bingley , who in fact has no interest in reading and is attempting to impress Mr Darcy . Designs ( edit ) Source : Bank of England Note First issued Last issued Ceased to be legal tender Colour Size Design Additional information White 1759 1943 16 April 1945 Monochrome ( printed on one side only ) 211mm x 133mm ( may vary ) Series C 21 February 1964 31 May 1979 Brown 150mm x 93mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Lion First £ 10 note to carry a portrait of the monarch and use threaded paper Series D 20 February 1975 20 May 1994 Predominantly brown 151mm x 85mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Florence Nightingale Those issued from 16 July 1987 onward have a ' windowed ' security thread Series E 29 April 1992 October 2000 31 July 2003 Multicoloured ( predominantly orange - brown ) 142mm x 75mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Charles Dickens Those notes issued from November 1993 have an additional denomination symbol £ 10 on each side Series E ( variant ) 7 November 2000 2016 1 March 2018 Multicoloured ( predominantly orange - brown ) 142mm x 75mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Charles Darwin The correct wording in the band of text above the central oval where the Queen 's watermark appears is ' The Governor and Company of the Bank of England ' . A variety exists with the wording ' The Governor and the Company of the Bank of England ' ( with an extra ' the ' ) . This is technically incorrect , however both types were made in high numbers . Series G ( polymer ) 14 September 2017 predominantly orange 132mm x 69mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Jane Austen See also ( edit ) Bank of England note issues References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A brief history of banknotes '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawn banknotes reference guide '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` £ 10 Note ( Charles Darwin ) - Design Features '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` £ 10 Note ( Charles Darwin ) - Security Features '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New banknotes to be printed on polymer '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Which woman should go on a banknote next ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Author Jane Austen to feature on new £ 10 note '' . BBC Newsround . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Austen Banknote '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Steven ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Jane Austen banknote unveiled -- with strange choice of quotation '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.checkyourchange.co.uk/the-ten-pound-note/ External links ( edit ) Bank of England website Polymer ten pound note website ( hide ) Banknotes of the pound sterling England and Wales Bank of England Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 Obsolete 10 / - £ 1 Scotland Bank of Scotland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Clydesdale Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Northern Ireland Bank of Ireland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Danske Bank / Northern Bank Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 Obsolete £ 50 £ 100 First Trust Bank £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Ulster Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 British Crown Dependencies Guernsey pound Jersey pound Manx pound British Overseas Territories ( at parity with Sterling ) Gibraltar pound Falkland Islands pound Saint Helena pound See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Economy of the United Kingdom Sterling area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_England_ £ 10_note&oldid = 810298561 '' Categories : Banknotes of England Ten - base - unit banknotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 12 : 13 . About Wikipedia	who used to be on the £10 note	[ "In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £10 note would be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper.[5] This followed the announcement in July 2013 that Charles Darwin would be replaced by 19th Century author Jane Austen on the next £10 note, which would enter circulation in 2017. The decision to replace Darwin with Austen followed a campaign to have a woman on the back of a Bank of England banknote when it was announced that the only woman to feature on the back of a note — prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the £5 note — was to be replaced by Winston Churchill.[6][7] Images on the reverse of the Jane Austen note include a portrait of Austen commissioned by her nephew, an illustration of Elizabeth Bennet from Pride and Prejudice by Isabel Bishop, an image of Godmersham Park (the home of Austen's brother), and a design based on Austen's 12-sided writing table as used by her at Chawton Cottage.[8] The note also includes the quote “I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading!” which is said by Austen's character Caroline Bingley, who in fact has no interest in reading and is attempting to impress Mr Darcy.[9]" ]	[ "Charles Darwin" ]
2228135746120730374	Edna Mode	Edna Mode - wikipedia Edna Mode Edna Mode First appearance The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Last appearance Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Created by Brad Bird Voiced by Brad Bird Information Full name Edna Marie Mode Nickname ( s ) Species Human Gender Female Occupation Fashion designer Costume designer Scientist Auteur Edna Marie `` E '' Mode is a fictional character who appears in Pixar 's animated superhero film The Incredibles ( 2004 ) and its sequel Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) . She is an eccentric fashion designer renowned for designing and creating the costumes of several famous superheroes before they are all forced to retire , having worked particularly closely with the superheroes Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl ( Bob and Helen Parr ) , both of whom she has maintained a close friendship with . When the couple resumes their superheroic careers after several years of inactivity , Edna is summoned out of retirement to assist both characters , first by equipping Mr. Incredible with a new super suit and then by restoring Elastigirl 's confidence in herself as a superheroine . Edna was created for the film by screenwriter and director Brad Bird to explain how superheroes obtain their costumes , a topic he believes is rarely explored in superhero films convincingly . Bird also decided to voice the character himself after several actresses considered for the role experienced difficulty replicating Edna 's unique accent . The director understood that , in addition to demonstrating fashion expertise , the character would also need to be proficient in the fields of science , engineering and technology in order to create costumes capable of withstanding the trials of superheroic activities , and ultimately conceived her as a short , confident character of both German and Japanese descent based on these countries ' reputations as powerful nations that are comparatively small in size . Inspired by Q from the James Bond franchise , Edna is widely believed to have been based primarily on costume designer Edith Head , although there continues to be constant speculation as to whether or not other real - life celebrities have inspired Edna , particularly Vogue editor - in - chief Anna Wintour and actress Linda Hunt . Despite having only a supporting role in the film , Edna has since established herself as The Incredibles ' breakout character due to her popularity among fans . While film critics agree that Edna is a scene - stealer , particularly praising her humor and dialogue , Bird has also been considerably lauded for his voice acting , earning an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production for his performance . Edna has been recognized as one of Pixar 's greatest characters by several media publications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Creation and voice 1.2 Personality , design and influences 2 Characterization 3 Appearances 4 Critical reception 5 Impact and legacy 6 References Development ( edit ) Creation and voice ( edit ) In addition to creating the character , writer and director Brad Bird also provides the voice of Edna , using a unique accent that has been described as a hybrid between German and Japanese . Edna was created for The Incredibles by writer and director Brad Bird . Having watched several superhero - themed films and television shows prior to developing The Incredibles , Bird had often found himself wondering who is responsible for making the superheroes ' elaborate costumes . Bird conceived Edna upon discovering that , despite featuring characters dressed in fancy , extravagant costumes , traditional superhero films rarely offer any explanation as to how superheroes came to obtain these outfits , or who provides them in the first place . The director wanted to counter the trope of a muscular superhero sewing his own costume , finding it hard to believe that superheroes would suddenly develop a strong enough interest in fashion to design their own outfits . Therefore , Bird decided that if the world were to be populated with superheroes , there would naturally also be people responsible for designing their costumes who must also have a background in science and engineering , thereby envisioning Edna as a scientist and technical genius in addition to being a fashion designer . The director elaborated , `` The way I saw it , the costumes had to be created by somebody with a scientific and engineering background '' , thus conceiving Edna as `` a half - German , half - Japanese , tiny powerhouse of a character '' . The Incredibles was the first Pixar film to earn a PG rating ; Edna is considered to be one of the studio 's earliest attempts at approaching `` darker , edgier comedy , '' which is particularly demonstrated by the scene in which the character cites several graphic examples of capes directly resulting in the deaths of several superheroes , one of whom is shown being consumed and killed by a jet turbine . According to Bird , the creation of Edna took the notion of superheroes wearing designed costumes `` to a further extreme '' . Edna was named after EMode , a software Pixar used at the time the film was made . Bird identified Edna as the `` most fun character '' he had written for the film , recalling , `` Any day that I was writing her , I was one happy camper . '' Edna follows the tradition of having a director voice one of the film 's secondary characters in animated films , which was based around Bird 's `` slave - driver voice '' that he used during production . Bird 's voice for the character originated during the story boarding process , during which various Pixar employees typically provide characters ' voices temporarily while the filmmakers and animators organize the film 's pacing and staging in order to `` get a sense of the film . '' Although these voices are usually eventually replaced by professional actors and voice actors , there are some situations in which `` those voices stick '' , as was the case with the voice Bird had created for Edna . Bird had also provided the temporary voices of other characters during this time , including Bob Parr and Syndrome . Several actresses had been considered for the role ; one actress , whom Bird is particularly fond of , constantly asked Bird to repeatedly demonstrate his interpretation of one of Edna 's lines until telling him that he should simply voice the character himself since he `` kind of got a beat on it '' . The role was also offered to actress and comedian Lily Tomlin , who was sent a tape recording of Bird recording Edna 's part in its entirety ; Tomlin declined upon hearing Bird 's interpretation , feeling she could not voice the character as funnily as he did . Bird 's colleagues had to heavily convince him to voice the character himself . Finally succumbing to `` popular demand '' from his fellow Pixar employees , Bird joked that he was ultimately cast as Edna simply because he was both affordable and available at the time . A similar tactic was used for several other supporting characters in the film : animator Bret Parker voices Kari , the Parr family 's babysitter , writer Bud Luckey voices government agent Rick Dicker , and production designer Lou Romano voices Bernie Kropp , Dash 's teacher . Bird described Edna 's voice as a combination of a Japanese and German accent , deciding to draw influence from these countries because `` they 're two small countries that have amazing design and amazing technology '' , citing cameras and cars of examples of technology in which they specialize . Urban Cinefile 's Louise Keller described the character 's voice as `` mid European ... complicated by an Asian touch '' . Although Bird 's performance is considerably broad , he avoids allowing Edna to become too much of a caricature in order to maintain the illusion that she is one of the film 's smartest characters . In the Italian and French - language versions of the film , Bird 's comic accent is replaced by that of French - Italian entertainer Amanda Lear , who offers a more seductive , `` biting '' interpretation . Lear said that dubbing Edna 's voice was not an easy process , but accepted the job after being offered the role upon seeing the film at the Cannes Film Festival in order to fulfill her dream of having always wanted to voice a Disney character . Edna was the first character Lear was hired to dub in Italian . Personality , design and influences ( edit ) Bird believes that he shares some of Edna 's personality traits , specifically the way in which he prefers to be involved in virtually every creative aspect of his projects , including story boarding , writing and cinematography , admitting that he and his character demonstrate both a high level of self - confidence and lack of self - doubt when it comes to their own work . Bird elaborated that `` At my most confident , I feel like her ... She is absolutely convinced that her way is the right way , and if you disagree ... you 're just wrong ! '' Bird identified Edna as one of the film 's most difficult characters to design . The character went through several different changes in appearance during the development process , ranging from taller and overweight to older , younger and thinner . Inspired by the large impact that countries such as Japan and Germany have on the world despite being comparatively small in size , Bird decided that Edna would demonstrate this theme by being `` a tiny character that dominates the room when she gets into it . '' Her home , which uses high - end technology similar to what she incorporates into the outfits she creates , was deliberately designed to be significantly larger than she is to further emphasize this theme of dominance . Edna 's small stature was also inspired by singer Bette Midler , of whom Bird has always been a fan . The director recalled being surprised by Midler 's height when he first met her `` Because ... she absolutely dominates the screen . And it just struck me how much personality was in this small body . '' In terms of animation , Bird wanted all of the film 's characters to move differently from each other , providing Edna with a very confident walk to represent the fact that she has `` never experienced doubt in her life . '' The animators found the fact that Bird provided the character 's voice himself to be very helpful as he would often act out the way in which the character acts and behaves himself , which helped in further defining the animator 's vision of Edna . According to Bird , Edna , despite her petite stature , is the only non-superhero in The Incredibles capable of making superheroes feel uncomfortable . Bird described Edna as a character who is `` not remotely intimidated by superheroes or anyone '' , refusing to accept the word `` no '' when it is used in opposition of her opinions or beliefs . Describing Edna 's physical attributes as `` severe '' , Bird had envisioned the character having glasses and a pageboy haircut , while still wanting her to appear modern and elegant at the same time . Edna 's ethnicity has been identified as half - German and half - Japanese . Both Edna 's physical appearance and voice are widely believed to have based on those of costume designer Edith Head , with whom she shares her signature round glasses and black bob cut . According to Head 's entry in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , the character is inspired by both the costume designer 's signature glasses and `` forthright personality '' . Bird described Edna as a combination of both Head and Q , a character featured in the James Bond franchise . The director has generally declined to confirm any direct influences on the character , insisting that Edna is `` not based on a specific person '' , including publicly refuting claims that he based the character on Head , although she continues to be considered the character 's `` most legitimate '' alleged inspiration . However , animator Teddy Newton , who co-designed Edna with Bird , revealed that he and Pixar were inspired by the film Unzipped ( 1995 ) , a documentary depicting the petulance of fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi and stylist Polly Allen Mellen . Fans have long speculated about the real - life inspiration behind Edna 's design and appearance . Bird stated he has constantly been told by various fans and viewers that the character reminds them of at least 15 different celebrities since the character debuted in The Incredibles . Contributing to Fashion , Erin Dunlop described the character as `` a supercharged hybrid of every fashion industry legend we can think of '' . In an article discussing who Edna is based on , Entertainment Weekly 's Steve Daly cited Vogue editor - in - chief Anna Wintour , designer Coco Chanel and actress Lotte Lenya as possible influences , while drawing similarities between the character 's use of large - framed glasses to architect Philip Johnson , producer Robert Evans , talent agent Swifty Lazar , studio executive Lew Wasserman , and fashion editor Carrie Donovan . Some critics have suspected that the character is also based on Mary Quant and Una Jones . Acknowledging that there are several female fashion designers who wear glasses upon whom Edna could have been based , Bird admitted that the character was inspired by author Patricia Highsmith and actress Linda Hunt , elaborating : `` When you 're designing a character , you 're just saying - who is that ? ... We tried a lot of stuff and we kept saying no , no , more like this , but I like the nose on this one , and maybe the pageboy cut , maybe glasses should be bigger ... and you end up with something that reminds you of Edith Head and Linda Hunt . '' For the sequel , shading art director Bryn Imagire decided to incorporate more of Edna 's Japanese heritage into her two new costumes , basing them on the work of Japanese costume designers Rei Kawakubo , Eiko Ishioka and Chitose Abe . Imagire was particularly inspired by Kawakubo 's quote , `` For something to be beautiful , it does n't have to be pretty , '' and opting to envision Edna 's outfits `` more as abstract sculpture '' as opposed to forms of clothing . In order to design costumes for a fictional character who also happens to be a designer in her own film , Imagire drew upon lessons she had learned while attending art school , describing Edna 's style as `` very to the point and very specific '' while imagining what the character might be thinking while designing her clothes . Meanwhile , character artist Deanna Marsigliese 's first assignment was to create an entire line of clothing designed by Edna , for which she was tasked with `` thinking like Edna '' . Although ultimately the completed clothing line does not appear in the final film , Marsigliese considered the experience to be `` a study in ( Edna 's ) character '' nonetheless , during which she drew inspiration from Edna 's appearance and wardrobe in the first film , from her dress to the interior of her house . Although she was aware that Edna enjoys being dramatic , she acknowledge that `` fashion designers do n't necessarily design things that they would wear on their person , they design for their models '' , meaning , `` Their aesthetic is oftentimes different . '' Similarly , Imagire agreed that fashion designers such as Kawakubo , Ishioka and Abe `` always looked really comfortable in contrast to what they were creating for their models '' , a contrast that she wanted to incorporate into the character . Recalling that Edna dislikes models , the artist envisioned that the character would instead design her own clothing to serve as `` a vehicle to celebrate superheroes and her powers . '' Inspired by Italian fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli , Marsigliese created a `` classic , mid-century inspired silhouette '' for Edna 's costumes that were also bold and dramatic as though Edna herself had designed them , then rearranging the designs to ultimately give them a more surreal , specific appearance . Dubbing the character a `` woman of the now '' , Marsigliese explained that , like Schiaparelli , Edna is `` completely ahead of her time '' despite living in the 1950s ; `` she used a lot of surrealist elements , a lot of fun surprises , and that was very inspiring for me . '' Imagire designed approximately 25 potential costumes for Edna , 15 of which she showed to Bird before the final two were decided upon : a simple indigo dress and black - and - red kimono . Characterization ( edit ) According to Matthew Brunson of Creative Loafing , Edna provides the majority of the film 's comic relief . Hischak believes that Edna offers `` a whole new viewpoint to the world of superheroes '' , in addition to demonstrating the film 's `` oddball silliness '' . Vogue Italia published a biography of Edna , in which author Valentina Fabbri described her as a character who `` knows she 's the best and she does n't hide it , and her lack of modesty is equalled only by her intuition '' , with whom it is virtually impossible to have a conversation because `` she tends to dominate . '' Due to her combination of genius - level intellect and `` craziness , '' Fabbri identified Edna as `` a fun , bubbly caricature of the magicians of fashion '' by `` embod ( ying ) their talent and charisma , their vices and virtues . '' Screen Rant 's Victoria Robertson observed that the character `` has a lot of personality packed into a small exterior , taking stereotypical traits often attributed to designers and making them her own '' , firstly remaining proud of her own work at all times . Oliver Lyttelton of IndieWire identified Edna as quite possibly the film 's most intelligent character . Edna 's criticisms of fashion can come off as unpleasant at times , but are exaggerated to the point of which audiences find them to be comical . Edna prefers to always think about the future , finding dwelling on the past to be distracting from the present , as demonstrated by her line `` never think about the past , dahling , it distracts from the now '' , and thus has proven capable of determining the needs of her superhero clientele before they have the opportunity to finalize their ideas themselves . Her personality has been described by GamesRadar+ 's Joshua Winning as `` brassy '' and `` no - nonsense '' . Q13 Fox described Edna as `` a gifted designer , an assertive life coach and a witty talker , '' using her mind and intelligence as a means of solving everyday issues . BuddyTV believes that the character 's `` bold and eccentric attitude '' is rivaled only by her considerable talent . According to Kevin Carr of Film School Rejects , Edna `` does n't take crap from anyone '' yet `` she does so with poise and pride . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Carla Meyer argues that Edna is `` more a caricature than a character . '' Actress Linda Hunt , one of the celebrities to whom Edna 's appearance have constantly been compared and often believed to have been based on . Scott Tobias of Rolling Stone called Edna `` a reminder that the superhero suit needs to the perfect synthesis of form and function '' , without which `` greatness as both a crimefighter and an icon is impossible . '' According to Thomas S. Hischak , author of 100 Greatest American and British Animated Films , Edna is just as concerned with the appearance of the costumes she designs as she is about their use and practicality , proving capable of designing outfits that can stretch , change their shape and resist oncoming attacks such as missiles and fires . The character proves capable of designing a costume for Violet that is capable of becoming invisible whenever its wearer does . She absolutely refuses to incorporate capes into her new designs due to the accessory having a history of contributing to the deaths of superheroes in the past , among them Dynaguy , Thunderhead , Stratogale , Meta - Man and Splashdown , presenting them as a `` montage of superhero couture faux - pas '' . Ultimately , her knowledge of the dangers of capes results in the death of the film 's villain Syndrome . In terms of her own appearance , Edna is costumed in `` futuristic black '' attire , wearing a black dress that boasts square lines . Estimating her height to be of approximately three feet , The Tyee 's Dorothy Woodend wrote that Edna is dressed in Issey Miyake pleats while being of `` indeterminate gender '' . VPRO drew similarities between the character 's hairstyle and personality to that of Vogue editor Anna Wintour , the resemblance to whom Tech Times ' Katherine Derla identified as `` The first thing viewers are likely to remember upon seeing '' the character . According to STATUS magazine , Edna is often mistaken for the magazine editor largely due to her `` snappy sass and iconic bob '' . / Film 's Angie Han joked that Edna 's `` no - nonsense demeanor '' would leave Wintour `` quaking in her Chanel boots . '' When asked about the alleged similarities between her and the character , Wintour revealed that she has yet to see the film . Derla also wrote that Edna is capable of `` run ( ing ) the world '' but opts to operate from behind the scenes instead . The term `` diminutive '' is often used to describe the character 's height . Considering herself to be `` too talented '' to design clothes for normal humans , Edna resents having been forced to resort to designing clothes for supermodels during the 15 - year - long absence of superheroes , dismissing them as `` Spoiled , stupid little stick figures with poofy lips who think only about themselves '' , an opinion she formed after being forced to work with such individuals in Milan and Paris . Edna believes that designing clothes for superheroes is similar to designing for gods , and thus considers herself to be far superior to other fashion designers . Despite her considerable success as one of the world 's top fashion designers internationally , Edna longs to return to working with superheroes so that she can challenge her designs by `` fus ( ing ) the latest technology with her impeccable fashion sense '' to the public 's amusement , who continue to adore both her and her creations , insisting that there is nothing `` super '' about supermodels . Despite designing elaborate costumes for a living , Edna prefers a more simple aesthetic for herself , generally avoiding nail polish and accessories . Racked 's Carlye Wisel observed that although the sequel `` may have deep roots in midcentury - modern design ... Edna remains true to her forward - looking style , wearing a red silk kimono as well as an asymmetrical sheath that feels like yet another nod to Kawakubo 's work . '' In addition to being a talented fashion designer , Edna has also demonstrated proficiency in psychology . In addition to designing their clothes , she offers advice to her clients whenever she feels that they require it , demonstrating a `` zero - tolerance policy for emotional weakness '' which , according to The Dissolve 's Charles Bramesco , represents Bird 's `` lament ( ing ) regular folks ' tendency to impede awesome people from being awesome . '' Edna is known for her tendency to refer to her cohorts as `` dahling '' , while her colleagues affectionately refer to her as `` E '' . In addition to citing her resemblance to Wintour , journalist Hadley Freeman of The Guardian believes that Edna 's use of fashion in the film represents `` The highest pinnacle of human achievement . Without them the world would come to an end . '' Appearances ( edit ) Edna first appears in The Incredibles as a fashion designer to superheroes and close friend of the titular characters . During the `` golden age of superheroes '' , Edna is one of a few elite guests who attend the private wedding ceremony of Bob and Helen Parr , then better - known to the public as the superheroes Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl . After all superheroes have been outlawed and forced to retire following a series of lawsuits , forcing Edna to retire from superhero work due to government restrictions , Edna does not appear again until approximately midway through film when she is unexpectedly visited by Bob who has resumed superhero work undercover , a secret he keeps from his family . Bob initially asks Edna to simply repair his original super suit , but she ultimately convinces him to allow her to design an entirely new outfit on the condition that capes not be incorporated whatsoever due to safety concerns , ultimately ending her 15 years - long retirement from superhero work . Helen soon discovers that Bob 's original super suit had received a patch job , determining that the only person capable of repairing a super suit would be Edna and growing more suspicious of Bob 's actions . Later in the film , Helen visits Edna in the hopes of finding out more information about Bob 's whereabouts , discovering that she had taken the liberty of designing a complete matching set of super suits for his family . Although their reunion is brief , Edna provides an initially distraught Helen with the encouragement she needs to resume her identity as Elastigirl in order to save her husband ( and their marriage ) , in addition to introducing the character to the homing device she had implanted in her husband 's suit , intentionally revealing his exact location to her . Edna appears in the film 's sequel , Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) . When Helen is recruited by a pair of entrepreneurs to change the public 's perception of superheroes and thus returns to work to fight crime as Elastigirl , Edna is upset to learn that Elastigirl 's costume has been designed by a rival designer . Bob soon becomes overwhelmed by Jack - Jack 's emerging superpowers , and recruits Edna for assistance with controlling him . Although Edna is initially reluctant to babysit Jack - Jack , she soon develops a strong liking for the baby and insists that she babysit him free of charge , during which she further customizes the super suit for him that is equipped to assist his father and siblings with raising him and understanding his abilities . She gives the enhanced suit to Bob in a custom shopping bag , which bears a logo for her services that incorporates her signature eyeglasses into its lettering . Edna also appears in Disney on Ice 's adaptation of the film : The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom Adventure . Critical reception ( edit ) The public was immediately captivated by Edna upon her debut , becoming particularly enamored with the character 's combination of irreverence and sulkiness . Edna instantly established herself as a fan favorite when the film was released in 2004 , which Racked 's Carlye Wisel has attributed to the character 's combination of wit and style . Several critics have referred to Edna as a scene - stealing character ; Fashion magazine 's Erin Dunlop crowned Edna `` the undisputed scene - stealer of '' the film . Dubbing her `` One of the great scene - stealing characters in The Incredibles '' , HowStuffWorks contributor Vicki Arkoff called Edna `` deliciously deadpan '' . Ken Hanke , writing for the Mountain Xpress , considers Edna to be among the film 's gags and characters who `` are delightful and very funny '' , particularly highlighting the character 's anti-cape monologue while deeming her `` worth the price of admission '' . Film critic Peter Bradshaw , contributing to The Irish Times , described Edna as `` a joy with her wonderful and appropriate maxim : ' I never look back , darling . It distracts from the now . ' '' Dorothy Woodend , writing for The Tyee , praised Edna as `` a more interesting creature than all the Incredibles put together . '' Describing her as `` a personage I 'd like to see more of '' , Woodend continued that the character `` steals the show , and does fabulous things with it , darling . '' Referred to as one of the film 's `` high point ( s ) '' , Kevin Lally of Film Journal International described the character 's anti-cape montage as `` pricelessly funny '' , a sentiment with which Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing agreed . The National Post described Edna as `` exactly the kind of person you want at your dinner party '' . Notable Biographies identified Edna as `` one of the audience 's favorite characters '' . Bird has also garnered critical acclaim for his performance . Nell Minow of Common Sense Media wrote that Bird `` plays the funniest character in the film '' , while AllMovie 's Perry Seibert described his performance as `` screamingly funny '' . Pete Vonder Haar of Film Threat wrote that Bird contributes `` the best work '' to the film as Edna in terms of dialogue and vocal performance , calling her rant about the `` idiocy '' of capes `` priceless . '' Scott Chitwood , writing for ComingSoon.net , agreed that Bird is `` absolutely hilarious as Edna '' . Empire 's Colin Kennedy dubbed Bird 's voice work `` an unmistakable highlight '' . BBC 's Stella Papamichael agreed that the director `` steals the show '' as Edna . Carla Meyer , wrtiing for the San Fransicso Chronicle , wrote that Bird 's performance as Edna `` shows his versatility '' . In 2005 , Bird won an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production at the 32nd Annie Awards for his performance as Edna , in addition to being rewarded for writing and directing the film . Bird was rewarded over actor Samuel L. Jackson , who had been nominated in the same category for his role as Frozone . Wisel appreciated Edna 's cameo in the sequel , describing it as `` perfect in its restraint . '' Bird revealed that fans tend to be more impressed by the fact that he provides Edna 's voice than his success as a director and writer , explaining , `` If I say a line in Edna 's voice , that 's far more delightful than the fact that I spent four years wrestling something into being . '' Impact and legacy ( edit ) Edna 's popularity among fans and audience members has helped establish her as the film 's breakout character . Screen Rant 's Alex Welch attributes this designation to both her comedic rapport with the titular characters and passion for superhero costumes . Gregory E. Miller of the New York Post cited Edna 's impact since The Incredibles as significant in spite of her relatively brief appearance , while HelloGiggles contributor Sydney Bucksbaum crowned her `` the real hero '' of The Incredibles . Vogue Italia contributor Valentina Fabbri wrote that Edna 's debut ended `` superheroes ( dressed ) in homemade outfits '' in film . According to Fabbri , Edna is one of Pixar 's most beloved characters , while Hollywood.com 's Julia Emmanuele dubbed her `` one of the most memorable Pixar characters of all time '' who has ultimately `` become the film 's enduring legacy '' , despite being a supporting character . Uproxx contributor Donna Dickens wrote that the character `` went down in pop culture history '' from the moment she uttered `` No capes ! '' Edna has constantly been ranked among Pixar 's greatest characters by several media publications . In their article `` Top 10 Pixar Movie Characters '' , Tech Times ranked Edna seventh . IGN ranked Edna eighth in their countdown of the `` Top 10 Pixar Characters '' , calling her `` a pint - sized fashionista ... who has a flair that only a superhero could truly appreciate . '' Rolling Stone placed the character ninth on the website 's list of the `` 25 Best Pixar Movie Characters '' , ranking her ahead of Mr. Incredible ( 24th ) , Violet Parr ( 20th ) and Elastigirl ( 14th ) . Contributor Scott Tobias wrote that the character `` stops the action cold just to have a sequence about appropriate action - wear for the specially abled , culminating in a brilliant screed on the impracticality of capes . '' Unranked , Q13 Fox called Edna one of Pixar 's `` Pixar 's 15 best characters '' . Including Edna among the studio 's 20 best characters , Victoria Robertson of Screen Rant cited her as `` proof of how important even the most minor characters in a film can be . '' GamesRadar+ included Edna among Pixar 's `` 50 Greatest Pixar Characters Of All Time '' , with author George Wales crowning her `` One of Pixar 's finest comic creations '' . Additionally , GamesRadar+ considers Edna to be among Pixar 's 12 greatest supporting characters . D23.com recognized Edna as one of Pixar 's `` 23 Favorite ... Supporting Characters '' , deeming her `` An icon in her own right '' . / Film ranked Edna Pixar 's sixth best female character , crowning her `` the wisest character in the entire Incredibles universe '' due to her anti-cape stance , which she has described as the film 's `` most valuable piece of advice '' . The Odyssey Online published an article discussing `` Why Edna Mode Is The Disney Heroine We Never Knew We Needed '' , in which author Erin Farmer dubber her `` the real heroine of the Disney Franchise '' , additionally comparing her motivational speeches to those of Mahatma Gandhi . GamesRadar+ ranked Edna 's introductory scene the 12th best moment in a Pixar film , deeming her `` the perfect embodiment of the film 's tongue - in - cheek approach to realism '' . Entertainment Weekly ranked Edna 's anti-capes speech the 12th best Pixar moment . In 2015 , E ! ranked Edna 10th on their list of `` 11 Forgotten Disney Characters Who Should Totally Be Your Favorites '' . In 2015 , Empire ranked the character the hundredth greatest film character of all - time . Vulture.com ranked Bird 's role as Edna the fourth greatest performance in an animated film , calling it `` a scene - and movie - stealing performance '' . Similarly , Entertainment Weekly placed Edna fourth on their ranking of `` The 10 greatest Pixar voice performances '' , with author Marc Snetiker calling it `` an all - too - short but memorably delicious appearance '' in which Bird `` left an indelible mark on his own universe '' . Snetiker called the character `` overwhelmingly funny thanks to Bird 's unrestrained efforts on even the simplest lines . '' IndieWire ranked Bird 's performance as Edna the 14th `` 30 Best Voice Performances In Pixar Movies '' . Kiko Martinez of the San Antonio Current found Bird 's performance to be worthy of an Academy Award , ranking him among `` 15 Actors Who Should 've Won an Oscar for Their Voice Work '' . In 2013 , Screen Rant crowned Edna `` The world 's greatest fashion designer '' . Fashion ranked Edna among the magazine 's `` 10 coolest fashion industry pros '' . In their `` critical assessment of 7 fictional fashion designers '' , Mary Sollosi of Entertainment Weekly wrote that she is `` consistently impressed by Ms. Mode 's truly groundbreaking textile work '' despite feeling that she tends to limit herself to familiar silhouettes , joking , `` we are perplexed by her stubborn refusal to incorporate new design features -- most notably capes . '' In June 2018 , Carlye Wisel of Racked crowned Edna `` Film 's greatest fashion character '' , deeming her `` the best fictional fashion personality ever to exist , animated or not '' . She prefers her over The Devil Wears Prada 's Miranda Priestly ( Meryl Streep ) , insisting that Edna `` feels more grounded and true '' Miranda , a fictional magazine editor who is frequently touted the `` best - ever fashion character '' . Describing her as `` effortless and memorable , '' Wisel concluded , `` at a time when a label like Gucci is exploding its brand with misspellings and magpie tendencies to draw attention , she remains classic . Edna is never anything but fully herself -- all hair , accent , and attitude . '' Edna 's catchphrase against using capes in superhero costumes has become one of the most popular phrases among superhero fans . Edna has become so popular that fans have begun to demand a spin - off film revolving around the character . Screen Rant ranked Edna the third Pixar heroine who deserves her own film , with author Wednesday Lee Friday writing , `` There are so many things Pixar could do with Edna , she might be worthy of a trilogy . '' At the 77th Academy Awards in 2005 , Edna presented the Academy Award for Best Costume Design alongside actor Pierce Brosnan . In 2013 , the D23 Expo hosted its first official cosplay competition , naming it `` Heroes and Villains à la Mode '' in honor of Edna ; contestants competed in five categories , with the winners being awarded miniature statuettes of the character . To promote the film 's upcoming sequel in which Edna is scheduled to appear , Disney released a mockumentary - style teaser trailer that features various celebrities involved in the fashion industry paying tribute to Edna and describing ways in which the character has influenced them over the years ever since she decided to venture into haute couture . Disney revealed the trailer at the D23 Expo in 2017 . Fashion models Heidi Klum , Kendall Jenner and Rachel Zoe are among the celebrities who speak about Edna 's influence on the fashion industry . Impressed by their commitment to pretending Edna is real , Halle Kiefer of Vulture.com joked that the tribute features some of the participants ' `` most impressive onscreen roles to date '' . Rachel Kolb of Uproxx wrote that having Edna design new costumes for the family in Incredibles 2 would be one way to ensure that the sequel is better than the original . Beginning in 2018 , Edna has been used heavily in Incredibles 2 's first advertising campaign . In February 2018 , the character 's likeness was used heavily on several bus and subway posters within Manhattan , New York surrounding New York Fashion Week . Disney - Pixar 's announced on their Twitter account : `` If you thought she 'd miss # NYFW , you thought wrong , dahling '' . The poster features a black and white closeup image of the character with only her lips colored red , accompanied by the caption `` It 's been too long , dahlings . '' Bucksbaum called the poster `` stunning '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cotta Vaz , Mark ( 2015 ) . The Art of The Incredibles . United States : Chronicle Books . p. 62 . ISBN 9781452147574 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Here are Pixar 's 15 best characters '' . Q13 FOX News . November 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edna Mode '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Edna Marie ' E ' Mode is a fictional fashion designer , and supporting character from the Disney and Pixar motion picture The Incredibles . ^ Jump up to : `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire . June 29 , 2005 . 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( December 26 , 2004 ) . `` Incredibles , The '' . Urban Cinefile . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lyttelton , Oliver ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` The 30 Best Voice Performances In Pixar Movies '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fabbri , Valentina . `` Edna Mode '' . Vogue Italia . pp. 1 -- 3 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . The character immediately captured the imagination of the public , which fell in love with her irreverence and friendly sulkiness . ^ Jump up to : `` Amanda Lear : Doubling Edna from the Film ' The Incredibles ' `` I Crowned My Childhood Dream '' `` . Trovacinema ( in Italian ) . November 18 , 2004 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Herhuth , Eric ( 2017 ) . Pixar and the Aesthetic Imagination : Animation , Storytelling , and Digital Culture . United States : Univ of California Press . p. 142 . ISBN 9780520966055 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Cormier , Roger ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` 17 Super Facts About The Incredibles '' . Mental Floss . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Edna Mode was made half German and half Japanese after Bird thought about German engineering and Japanese car and camera manufacturing ... ^ Jump up to : Winning , Joshua ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` 12 Best Supporting Pixar Characters '' . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Characters The Incredibles '' . Disney.com . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wisel , Carlye ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Incredibles ' Edna Mode Is Film 's Best Fashion Character '' . Racked . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edith Head '' . Oscars.org . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Putman , Dustin ( November 6 , 2004 ) . `` The Incredibles ( 2004 ) '' . TheFilmFile . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Also notable is Edna `` E '' Mode ( voiced wonderfully by director Brad Bird and taking a page from the James Bond series ' M figure ) ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steve ( November 19 , 2004 ) . `` Who is the Incredibles fashion maven based on ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Picks and Pans Review : Incredible Edna '' . People . November 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlop , Erin ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` The 10 coolest fashion industry pros ( hint : they 're all fictional characters ) '' . Fashion . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Kiko ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` 15 Actors Who Should 've Won an Oscar for Their Voice Work '' . San Antonio Current . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sollosi , Mary ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` A critical assessment of 7 fictional fashion designers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Janes , DeAnna ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` The 30 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . It 's such a good time , fans are demanding a spin - off starring scene - stealing designer Edna Mode Jump up ^ Wien , Stephanie ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` D23 Expo - Heroes and Villains a la Mode Costume Contest '' . MousePlanet . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredibles 2 : Oh Baby ! - watch Disney - Pixar 's first trailer '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cashin , Rory ( 2017 ) . `` Loads of new details have been revealed about The Incredibles 2 '' . JOE.ie . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , Halle ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Kendall Jenner , André Leon Talley Play Pretty Convincing Tribute to The Incredibles ' Fashion Designer Edna Mode '' . Vulture.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Rachel ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` How Can Pixar Make ' The Incredibles 2 ' Even Better Than The Original ? Here Are A Few Ideas '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . hide The Incredibles Films The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Video games The Incredibles Rise of the Underminer When Danger Calls Lego The Incredibles Disney Infinity Shorts Jack - Jack Attack Mr. Incredible and Pals Characters Helen Parr Violet Parr Edna Mode Miscellaneous Incredicoaster Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edna_Mode&oldid=849880767 '' Categories : Fictional directors Fictional inventors The Incredibles characters Fictional people in fashion Fictional women scientists Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional characters with dwarfism Fictional American people of German descent Fictional American people of Japanese descent Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with login required references or sources Use mdy dates from March 2018 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 01 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the voice of edna mode in the incredibles	[ "Edna Mode\nFirst appearance\nThe Incredibles (2004)Last appearance\nIncredibles 2 (2018)Created by\nBrad BirdVoiced by\nBrad BirdInformationFull name\nEdna Marie ModeNickname(s)\nESpecies\nHumanGender\nFemaleOccupation\nFashion designerCostume designerScientistAuteur" ]	[ "Brad Bird" ]
8034640094995078974	First Battle of Panipat	First battle of Panipat - wikipedia First battle of Panipat Jump to : navigation , search First Battle of Panipat Part of Mughal conquests The battle of Panipat and the death of Sultan Ibrāhīm Date 21 April 1526 Location Panipat ( in present - day Haryana , India ) 29 ° 23 ′ N 76 ° 58 ′ E / 29.39 ° N 76.97 ° E / 29.39 ; 76.97 Result Decisive Mughal Victory End of the Lodi dynasty Establishment of the Mughal Empire Territorial changes Delhi Sultanate annexed by Mughals Belligerents Babur Lodi dynasty and Afghans Commanders and leaders Babur Humayun Chin Timur Khan Ustad Ali Quli Mustafa Rumi Asad Malik Hast Raja Sanghar Ali Khan Ibrahim Lodi † Vikramjit † Strength 12,000 Mughals Field artillery 100,000 50,000 ( Afghan sources ) 100 war elephants Casualties and losses Few 15,000 -- 20,000 Campaigns of Babur 1st Samarkand 2nd Samarkand 3rd Samarkand Sar - e-Pul 4th Samarkand Akhsi Kabul Masudi Hazaras 1st India Qalat - e Ghilji 1st Turkomen Hazaras 2nd Turkomen Hazaras Ghilji 1st Kandahar 2nd Kandahar Eastern Afghanistan 2nd India Mohmand Mughal Rebellion Ab Darrah Kul Malek Ghazdewan Bajaur Pharwala Milwat Punjab Panipat Sambhal Bayana Gwalior Khanwa Chanderi Ghaghra The First Battle of Panipat , on 21 April 1526 , was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Empire . It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire . This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in India . The battle of Panipat between the armies of Babur and Ibrahim Lodi ( 1526 ) . Babur was invited by Daulat Khan Lodi to enter India and defeat Ibrahim Lodi . An illustration to the Vaqi ' at - i Baburi , by Deo Gujarati , c. 1590 Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Battle 2.1 Advantage of cannons in the battle 2.2 Tactics 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources Background ( edit ) After losing Samarkand for the third time , Babur gave attention to conquer India as he reached the banks of the Chenab in 1519 . Until 1524 , his aim was to only expand his rule to Punjab , mainly to fulfil his ancestor Timur 's legacy , since it used to be part of his empire . At the time parts of north India were under the rule of Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty , but the empire was crumbling and there were many defectors . He received invitations from Daulat Khan Lodi , Governor of Punjab and Ala - ud - Din , uncle of Ibrahim . He sent an ambassador to Ibrahim , claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne of the country , however the ambassador was detained at Lahore and released months later . Babur started for Lahore , Punjab , in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi . When Babur arrived at Lahore , the Lodi army marched out and his army was routed . In response , Babur burned Lahore for two days , then marched to Dipalpur , placing Alam Khan , another rebel uncle of Lodi 's , as governor . Alam Khan was quickly overthrown and fled to Kabul . In response , Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi and together with about 30,000 troops , they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi . He defeated them and drove off Alam 's army and Babur realised Lodhi would not allow him to occupy the Punjab . Battle ( edit ) Hearing of the size of Ibrahim 's army , Babur secured his right flank against the city of Panipat , while digging a trench covered with tree branches to secure his left flank . In the center , he placed 700 carts tied together with ropes . Between every two carts there were breastworks for his matchlockmen . Babur also ensured there was enough space for his cavalry to charge between these carts . When Ibrahim 's army arrived , he found the approach to Babur 's army too narrow to attack . While Ibrahim redeployed his forces to allow for the narrower front , Babur quickly took advantage of the situation to flank ( tulghuma ) the Lodi army . Many of Ibrahim 's troops were unable to get into action , and fled when the battle turned against Ibrahim . Faced with musket fire , cannon fire and cavalry attacks from all sides , Ibrahim Lodi fought and died with 6,000 of his remaining troops . Advantage of cannons in the battle ( edit ) Babur 's guns proved decisive in battle , firstly because Ibrahim Lodi lacked any field artillery , but also because the sound of the cannon frightened Lodi 's elephants , causing them to trample Lodi 's own men . Tactics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Babur introduced field guns at Panipat , 1526 New tactics introduced by Babur were the tulghuma and the araba . Tulghuma meant dividing the whole army into various units , viz . the Left , the Right and the Centre . The Left and Right divisions were further subdivided into Forward and Rear divisions . Through this a small army could be used to surround the enemy from all sides . The Centre Forward division was then provided with carts ( araba ) which were placed in rows facing the enemy and tied to each other with animal hide ropes . Behind them were placed cannons protected and supported by mantlets which could be used to easily maneuver the cannons . These two tactics made Babur 's artillery lethal . The cannons could be fired without any fear of being hit , as they were shielded by the bullock carts held in place by hide ropes . The heavy cannons could also be easily traversed onto new targets , as they could be maneuvered by the mantlets which were on wheels . Aftermath ( edit ) Ibrahim Lodi died on the field of battle along with 15,000 of his troops . Vikramajit , ruler of Gwaliyar , was killed as well . The battle of Panipat was militarily a decisive victory . Politically it gained Babur little , and initiated a new phase of his establishment of the Mughal empire . See also ( edit ) Battle of Khanwa Second Battle of Panipat Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Ghaghra which was the last battle Babur fought in India and consolidated his empire References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Davis 1999 , pp. 181 , 183 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ Butalia , Romesh C. The Evolution of the Artillery in India : From the Battle of Plassey to the Revolt of 1857 , ( Allied Publishing Limited , 1998 ) , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Chandra , Satish . Medieval India : From Sultanat to the Mughals , Vol. 2 , ( Har - Anand , 2009 ) , pp. 27 -- 31 . Jump up ^ VD Mahajan . History of medieval India ( 10th ed . ) . S. Chand . p. 429 . ISBN 8121903645 . Jump up ^ Eraly 2007 , p. 27 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Chaurasia , Radhey Shyam ( 2002 ) . History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D . New Delhi : Atlantic Publ . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 8126901233 . Jump up ^ VD Mahajan . History of medieval India ( 10th ed . ) . S Chand . p. 429 . ISBN 8121903645 . ^ Jump up to : Chandra 2007 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Chandra 2007 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Tim J. `` Battles of Panipat '' . In Mikaberidze , Alexander ( ed . ) Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World : A Historical Encyclopedia , ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) , p. 707 . Sources ( edit ) Davis , Paul K. ( 1999 ) , 100 Decisive Battles : From Ancient Times to the Present , Oxford University Press , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 075 - 1 Satish Chandra . Medieval India : From Sultanat to the Mughals , Part II . Har - Anand Publications . ISBN 9788124110669 . Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Pashtun - related topics Dynasties Lodi dynasty Suri dynasty Hotak dynasty Durrani dynasty Barakzai dynasty more Key figures Bahlul Lodi Sher Shah Suri Mirwais Hotak Ahmad Shah Khan Ahmad Shah Durrani Dost Mohammad Khan Malalai of Maiwand Abdur Rahman Khan Mahmud Tarzi Soraya Tarzi Amanullah Khan Malala Yousafzai Mohammed Nadir Shah Pir of Manki Sharif Bacha Khan Wali Khan Zahir Shah Daoud Khan Abdul Ahad Mohmand Samad Khan Mohammad Najibullah Ghulam Ishaq Khan Mohammed Omar Hamid Karzai Asfandyar Wali Khan Zalmay Khalilzad Mohammad Ashraf Ghani Abdur Rab Nishtar Abdul Waheed Kakar Ayub Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Karnal Sher Khan Faqir of Ipi Culture Pashtun culture Pashtun cuisine Pashtunwali Pashto Pashtunization Pashtun dress Pashto media Pashto singers Pashtun tribes Loya jirga Adam Khan and Durkhanai Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Jirga Poets Amir Kror Suri Pir Roshan Rahman Baba Khushal Khattak Nazo Tokhi Abdul Hamid Baba Hussain Hotak Ahmad Shah Durrani Hamza Baba Ajmal Khattak Kabir Stori Ghani Khan Topics and controversies Afghan ( ethnonym ) Pashtunistan Durand Line Khudai Khidmatgar Kalabagh Dam Taliban Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Anti-Pashtun sentiment Battles and conflicts First Battle of Panipat Battle of Gulnabad Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Attock Battle of Multan Battle of Shopian Battle of Nowshera Battle of Jamrud Siege of Malakand Anglo - Afghan Wars Battle of Maiwand Tirah Campaign Battle of Saragarhi Soviet -- Afghan War War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) War in North - West Pakistan War in Afghanistan ( 2015 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Panipat&oldid=803792718 '' Categories : Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Conflicts in 1526 Battles involving the Mughal Empire Lodi dynasty Panipat History of Haryana 1526 in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first battle of panipath fought	[ "The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Empire. It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in India.[2]" ]	[ "21 April 1526" ]
3333350064717360177	2017 United States federal budget	2017 United States federal budget - wikipedia 2017 United States federal budget Jump to : navigation , search 2017 ( 2017 ) Budget of the United States federal government Submitted February 9 , 2016 Submitted by Barack Obama Submitted to 114th Congress Total expenditures $4.147 trillion ( requested ) 21.5 % of GDP Deficit $503 billion ( requested ) 2.6 % of GDP Debt $19.95 trillion ( requested ) GDP $19.3 trillion ( preliminary actual ) Website Office of Management and Budget `` 2016 2018 '' The 2017 United States federal budget is the United States federal budget for fiscal year 2017 , which lasts from October 1 , 2016 to September 30 , 2017 . President Barack Obama submitted a budget proposal to the 114th Congress on February 9 , 2016 . The 2017 fiscal year overlaps the end of the Obama administration and the beginning of the Trump administration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Budget proposals 3 Related legislation 3.1 114th Congress 3.2 115th Congress 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The federal budget outlines the government 's plans for spending and revenue . In the United States , the federal budget request is first introduced by the president . The federal budget and all appropriations must then be written and approved by the United States Congress . In Congress the process begins with the House Budget Committee and the Senate Budget Committee creating their own budget . After both houses pass a budget resolution , representatives and senators come up with a conference report negotiating between both the House and Senate versions . Budget resolutions do not go to the president for a signature or veto . This budget does not directly enact the actual spending of the federal government , but it sets the amounts that each congressional committee is allowed to spend on the programs , agencies and departments for which it is responsible . Actual spending is driven by the final appropriations bills . The Budget Control Act of 2011 ( BCA ) had established spending caps on defense and non-defense spending , which were first applied in FY2013 . Just before midnight on October 26 , 2015 , Republican and Democratic leaders reached an agreement , the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 , to increase the budget caps imposed by the BCA for fiscal years by $50 billion in FY2016 and $30 billion in FY2017 , and temporarily suspend the debt limit until March 15 , 2017 . The increased spending was to be offset by changes in Medicare , Social Security disability insurance , selling off oil from the strategic petroleum reserves , and other changes . Budget proposals ( edit ) The Obama administration 's proposed budget for 2017 proposed spending $4.2 trillion and raising $3.6 trillion in tax revenue . The administration 's stated priorities are creating jobs , building 21st century transportation , investing in medical research , addressing climate change , and increased funding for national security . Congress did not pass a regular budget resolution for the 2017 fiscal year during the 114th Congress , but did so early in the 115th Congress , over three months after the fiscal year had actually begun . Related legislation ( edit ) 114th Congress ( edit ) On September 28 , 2016 , Congress passed a continuing resolution which extended funding at previous years levels up to December 9 , 2016 . The continuing resolution avoided a government shutdown and directed funding specifically for protection against the Zika virus and flood relief in Louisiana . The resolution did not include funding some members of Congress requested for the lead crisis in Flint , Michigan . The continuing resolution was named as the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies Appropriation Act , 2017 , and Zika Response and Preparedness Act . In November 2016 , shortly after the 2016 presidential election , the incoming Trump administration advocated for a second continuing resolution funding the government only until the end of March , to allow the incoming administration influence over the 2017 budget . The House Republican leadership acceded to this plan , although some lawmakers expressed concern that delaying the final appropriations legislation would distract Congress from other priorities during the beginning of Trump 's administration . The final bill , the Further Continuing and Security Assistance Appropriations Act , 2017 , extended funding through April 28 , 2017 . It was passed by the House and Senate on December 8 and 9 , 2016 , respectively . The passage of the bill in the Senate was delayed after Democrats objected to the fact that an extension of health benefits for retired miners would not last until the end of the year , but a compromise was made to take up the matter in January . 115th Congress ( edit ) On January 12 , 2017 , the Senate voted 51 to 48 to pass a FY2017 budget resolution , S. Con. Res. 3 , that contained language allowing the repeal of the Affordable Care Act through the budget reconciliation process , which disallows a filibuster in the Senate . The resulting bill , the American Health Care Act of 2017 was initially publicly released by House Republicans on March 6 , 2017 . The bill was initially withdrawn on March 24 after it failed to gain sufficient House Republican support to pass it , but continuing attempts at compromise led to a new attempt to pass it in early May . The Trump administration released its preliminary 2018 federal budget request on March 16 , 2017 . The budget also proposed changes to the BCA spending caps for FY2017 , with defense spending increasing by $25 billion ( from $551 to $576 billion ) , and non-defense spending decreasing by $15 billion ( from $519 billion to $504 billion ) . On April 28 , 2017 , Congress passed a one - week continuing resolution that extended funding through May 5 , 2017 . On May 1 , a bipartisan agreement was announced on the Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2017 , which included all of the remaining appropriations bills . Near the end of the fiscal year , on September 8 , additional disaster funding due to Hurricane Harvey was enacted as part of the Continuing Appropriations Act , 2018 and Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements Act , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT '' ( PDF ) . Government Publishing Office . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiscal Year of 2017 Budget '' ( PDF ) . United States Office of Management and Budget . p. 123 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiscal Year of 2017 Budget '' ( PDF ) . United States Office of Management and Budget . p. 132 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of the Treasury ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to the Federal Budget Process '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , William T. ; Canon , David T ( 2013 ) . American Politics Today . 3rd ed . W.W. Norton & Company . Jump up ^ Desjardins , Lisa ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` The budget deal in plain English '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Passes Budget Bill and Sends it to Obama '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 : Section - by - Section Summary '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The President 's 2017 Budget Proposal in Pictures '' . National Priorities Project . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The President 's Budget for Fiscal Year 2017 '' . Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Watch : FY 2017 '' . Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Snell , Kelsey ; DeBonis , Mike ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Obamacare is one step closer to repeal after Senate advances budget resolution '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Approves Spending Bill , Avoiding Government Shutdown '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Congress acts to avert government shutdown after striking deal on Flint aid '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 5325 - Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2017 , and Zika Response and Preparedness Act '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Snell , Kelsey ; DeBonis , Mike ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Trump administration calls for short - term spending bill despite Senate concerns '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Steinhauer , Jennifer ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Senators Appear to Reach Deal to Avert Shutdown '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` S. Con. Res. 3 - A concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2017 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2018 through 2026 '' . United States Congress . 2017 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ C. Stephen Redhead and Janet Kinzer ( January 9 , 2017 ) , Legislative Actions to Repeal , Defund , or Delay the Affordable Care Act ( PDF ) ( R43289 ) , Congressional Research Service , p. 23 , retrieved January 13 , 2017 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Golstein , Amy ; DeBonis , Mike ; Snell , Kelsey . `` House Republicans release long - awaited plan to repeal and replace Obamacare '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fram , Alan ; Alonso - Zaldivar , Ricardo . `` House Republicans , Short of Votes , Withdraw Health Care Bill '' . NBC Chicago . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ; Smith , David ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Republican repeal of Obamacare fails as healthcare bill pulled from House vote '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Pear , Robert ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) . `` With $8 Billion Deal on Health Bill , House G.O.P. Leader Says ' We Have Enough Votes ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mulvaney , Mick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` America First : A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` H.J. Res. 99 - Making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2017 , and for other purposes '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Congress Prevents Government Shutdown From Occurring on Trump 's 100th Day '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Flegenheimer , Matt ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Bipartisan Agreement Reached to Fund Government Through September '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Snell , Kelsey ; O'Keefe , Ed ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) . `` What 's in the spending agreement ? We read it so you do n't have to '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ House , Billy ; Wasson , Erik ; Litvan , Laura ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Trump Says He 'll Sign Congress Spending Deal That Jettisons His Goals '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Snell , Kelsey ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Senate approves bill doubling hurricane aid package , extending federal borrowing limit '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ; Snell , Kelsey . `` Trump signs $15 billion Harvey aid package after Republicans booed top White House officials '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Status of Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 2017 ( hide ) United States federal budget 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_United_States_federal_budget&oldid=806261377 '' Categories : United States federal budgets 114th United States Congress 115th United States Congress 2017 budgets 2017 in American politics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 20 : 23 . About Wikipedia	when does a president's fiscal year start	[ "The 2017 United States federal budget is the United States federal budget for fiscal year 2017, which lasts from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2017. President Barack Obama submitted a budget proposal to the 114th Congress on February 9, 2016. The 2017 fiscal year overlaps the end of the Obama administration and the beginning of the Trump administration." ]	[ "October 1" ]
-662725097612663270	Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)	Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.264 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production design , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later , in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a birthday gift to Belle . Belle ventures out in search for him , and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who invite her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is ambushed by a pack of wolves , but the Beast rescues her , and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realizes that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage , and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the hermit Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston claims she has been charmed by dark magic , and has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father . He rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast before he curses the whole village . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his spirit upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston , but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls , and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle , and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film was released posthumously after Davies ' death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast , marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . The movie was re-released in New York and Los Angeles starting December 1 , 2017 , for an one week engagement . The move is an awards push as awards season heats up . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's highest - grossing film in the domestic side and second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , the cast 's performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume design , production design , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 304 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News called it `` this year 's best new old musical '' and `` the most magical thing of all '' while describing Watson 's performance of Belle as `` breakthrough '' . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he said the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Won Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Nominated Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Original Score Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot Nominated Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Nominated International Online Cinema Awards ( INOCA ) July 29 , 2017 Best Production Design Nominated Best Original Song `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Beauty and the Beast Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Won Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Won Choice Liplock Won Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Nominated Dan Stevens Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran Won Make - Up & Hair Styling Award Jenny Shircore Won Hollywood Post Alliance ( HPA ) November 16 , 2017 Outstanding Color Grading -- Feature Film Stefan Sonnenfeld Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film Kyle McCulloch , Glen Pratt , Richard Hoover , Dale Newton , Neil Weatherley , and Framestore Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Original Song -- Animated Film `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' - Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Original Song -- Sci - Fi , Fantasy , Horror Film Won `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Soundtrack Album Beauty and the Beast Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Dan Stevens Nominated Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Runner - up Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Won Best Use of Music Beauty and the Beast Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Production Design Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Pending Phoenix Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Original Song `` Evermore '' Pending Best Cinematography Beauty and the Beast Pending Best Production Design Pending Best Costume Design Pending Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society January 3 , 2018 Best Animated / Visual Effect Performance Dan Stevens Pending Best Blockbuster Beauty and the Beast Pending Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Original Song `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Pending Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Pending Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Pending Best Hair & Makeup Beauty and the Beast Pending Best Song `` Evermore '' Pending NAACP Image Awards January 15 , 2018 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Audra McDonald Pending Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Pending Women Film Critics Circle Awards TBA Best Family Film Beauty and the Beast Pending Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . The film also received criticsm over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible for a captor to fall in love with their prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tied with Dunkirk . Jump up ^ Tied with Mark Bridges for Phantom Thread . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 27 , 2017 ) , Entertainment Weekly and Beast returns to theaters http://ew.com/movies/2017/11/27/beauty-and-the-beast-returning-theaters/title=Beauty and Beast returns to theaters Check url = value ( help ) , retrieved December 3 , 2017 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' a magical delight with Emma Watson : movie review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( AW Halfways 2017 ) Winners Ceremony '' . awardswatch.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2017 : Complete list of winners for Sunday 's ceremony includes Kate Winslet , Jake Gyllenhaal , Allison Janney , Sam Rockwell '' . Goldderby.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' Guardians 2 ' Among HPA Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name '' and `` The Shape of Water '' lead 2017 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominees Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shape of Water Receives 12 Nominations From the St. Louis Film Critics Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seattle Film Critics Society Editors ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards NOMINATIONS '' . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations '' . LA Online Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . E ! . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare. 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=816062181 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Films scored by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Historical romance films IMAX films Mandeville Films films Musical film remakes Performance capture in film Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was beauty and the beast 2017 filmed	[ "Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, United Kingdom, on May 18, 2015.[13][40][41] Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21.[42][43] Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production.[44]" ]	[ "Shepperton Studios in Surrey, United Kingdom" ]
-945023668194587939	Kings of Leon	Kings of Leon - wikipedia Kings of Leon Jump to : navigation , search For kings of the medieval Kingdom of León , see List of Leonese monarchs . For other uses , see King Leo ( disambiguation ) . Kings of Leon Kings of Leon in 2017 . Background information Origin Nashville , Tennessee , U.S. Genres Alternative rock Southern rock garage rock pop rock Years active 1999 ( 1999 ) -- present Labels The Control Group Sony Music RCA Columbia Island Website kingsofleon.com Members Caleb Followill Jared Followill Matthew Followill Nathan Followill Kings of Leon is an American rock band that formed in Nashville , Tennessee , in 1999 . The band is composed of brothers Caleb Followill ( b . January 14 , 1982 , lead vocals , rhythm guitar ) , Nathan Followill ( b . June 26 , 1979 , drums , percussion , backing vocals ) and Jared Followill ( b . November 20 , 1986 , bass guitar , backing vocals ) , with their cousin Matthew Followill ( b . September 10 , 1984 , lead guitar , backing vocals ) . The band 's early music was a blend of Southern rock and blues influences , but it has gradually expanded throughout the years to include a variety of genres and a more alternative , arena rock sound . Kings of Leon achieved initial success in the United Kingdom with nine Top 40 singles , two BRIT Awards in 2008 , and all three of the band 's albums at the time peaked in the top five of the UK Albums Chart . Their third album , Because of the Times , also reached the number one spot . After the release of Only by the Night in September 2008 the band achieved chart success in the United States . The singles `` Sex on Fire '' , `` Use Somebody '' , and `` Notion '' all peaked at number one on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart . The album was their first Platinum - selling album in the United States , and was also the best - selling album of 2008 in Australia , being certified platinum nine times . The band 's fifth album , Come Around Sundown , was released on October 18 , 2010 . Their sixth album , Mechanical Bull , was released on September 24 , 2013 . The seventh studio album , WALLS , was released on October 14 , 2016 . The group has 12 Grammy Award nominations , including 4 wins . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years : before 2002 1.2 Signing and first EP : 2002 -- 2003 1.3 First albums and critical recognition : 2003 -- 2006 1.4 Major commercial success : 2006 -- 2009 1.5 Come Around Sundown : 2010 -- 2011 1.6 Hiatus and Mechanical Bull : 2011 -- 2014 1.7 WALLS : 2016 -- present 2 Band members 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 4 World Tours 5 In other media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Early years : before 2002 ( edit ) The three Followill brothers ( Matthew is their cousin ) grew up in Oklahoma and Tennessee with their father , Ivan Leon Followill , a United Pentecostal Church preacher , and their mother , Betty - Ann . Matthew and Nathan were born in Oklahoma , and Jared and Caleb were born in and around Memphis , Tennessee . Jared attended Mount Juliet High School , while Matthew was born and raised in Mississippi . According to Rolling Stone magazine , `` While Ivan preached at churches and tent revivals throughout Oklahoma and the Deep South , the boys attended services and were occasionally enlisted to bang on some drums '' . They were either home - schooled by their mother , or enrolled in small parochial schools at this time . Except for a five - year period when they settled in Jackson , Tennessee , the Followills ' childhoods were spent driving through the southern United States in a purple 1988 Oldsmobile , camping for a week or two wherever Ivan was scheduled to preach . When the boys ' father resigned from preaching and their parents divorced in 1997 , Nathan and Caleb relocated to outside Nashville and originally embraced country music . While there , they met songwriter Angelo Petraglia , who helped the siblings hone their songwriting skills and introduced them to the musical influences of Thin Lizzy , The Rolling Stones and The Clash in particular . Their youngest brother , Jared , who had briefly attended public school , was more influenced by the music of the Pixies and The Velvet Underground . When he and their cousin Matthew also moved to Nashville in 1999 , Kings of Leon was formed . They named the band after their grandfather Leon , who died in January 2014 . Signing and first EP : 2002 -- 2003 ( edit ) By 2002 , Nathan and Caleb had received interest from a number of music labels and eventually signed with RCA Records , which initially insisted on putting a band together for the two of them . In an interview with Billboard , however , Nathan outlined how they told RCA , `` We do n't want to be Evan and Jaron . We 're going to buy our little brother a bass , he 's a freshman in high school . Caleb will teach himself the guitar , Matthew played guitar when he was 10 and I 'll play the drums . They said , ' All right , we 'll come down in one month and see you guys . ' '' Later in the interview Caleb admitted to the brothers `` kidnapping '' their cousin Matthew from his hometown in Mississippi for him to join the band . They told his mother that he was only going to be staying for a week but never allowed him to return home . `` We locked ourselves in the basement with an ounce of marijuana and literally spent a month down there . My mom would bring us food down '' , added Nathan . `` And at the end of that month the label people came and we had `` Molly 's Chambers '' , `` California Waiting '' , `` Wicker Chair '' , and `` Holy Roller Novocaine '' . The band 's first record , an EP entitled Holy Roller Novocaine , was released on February 18 , 2003 . At this stage , Jared was only 16 years old and had not yet learned to play the bass . The release of Holy Roller Novocaine gave the Kings of Leon a significant amount of exposure , receiving a 4 / 5 star rating from Rolling Stone magazine . All of the songs released on the EP were co-written by Angelo Petraglia , who also produced the record , and four of the five songs would later be released on Youth and Young Manhood . The versions of `` Wasted Time '' and `` California Waiting '' on the EP differ from their album versions , however , with the first having a more tense riff and different vocal style than the same track off Youth and Young Manhood , the second being recorded in a rush to finish the EP . The EP also contains the song `` Wicker Chair '' , while a track called `` Andrea '' was discarded before its release . First albums and critical recognition : 2003 -- 2006 ( edit ) The Followills ' debut album , Youth and Young Manhood , was released in the UK in July 2003 and in the United States later that August . The album was recorded between Sound City Studios in Los Angeles and Shangri - La Studios in Malibu , California . It was produced by Angelo Petraglia and Ethan Johns . According to Rolling Stone magazine , the band 's retro - chic look and blend of Southern boogie and gritty garage rock inspired comparisons to both Lynyrd Skynyrd and The Strokes . The album became a sensation in the UK and Ireland , where NME declared it `` one of the best debut albums of the last 10 years '' and The Guardian described the band as `` the kind of authentic , hairy rebels The Rolling Stones longed to be '' . The album still failed to make any significant impact in the US , where reviews were generally lukewarm and the modern rock audience was generally uninterested . In the United States , Youth and Young Manhood sold only 100,000 copies , compared with the 750,000 copies it moved abroad . The band 's second album , Aha Shake Heartbreak , was released in the UK in October 2004 and in the United States in February 2005 . Building on the Southern - infused garage rock of their first album , the album broadened the band 's domestic and international audience . The album was again produced by Angelo Petraglia and Ethan Johns . `` The Bucket '' , `` Four Kicks '' , and `` King of the Rodeo '' were all released as singles , with `` The Bucket '' rising into the Top 20 in Britain . `` Taper Jean Girl '' was also used in the 2007 film Disturbia and the film Cloverfield in 2008 . The band garnered accolades from several of their rock peers , including Elvis Costello , and also toured with U2 , Bob Dylan and Pearl Jam during 2005 and 2006 . Major commercial success : 2006 -- 2009 ( edit ) The band performing at the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim in 2007 . The band 's third album was titled Because of the Times and was released on April 2 , 2007 in the UK , and a day later in the United States . The album release was preceded by the single `` On Call '' , which became a hit in the UK and Ireland . The album debuted at number one in the UK and Ireland and entered the European charts at number 25 , selling approximately 70,000 copies in its first week of release . Although it was lauded by some critics , others found the album inferior to their previous efforts . Kings of Leon in 2008 . In 2008 , Kings of Leon released its fourth studio album , Only by the Night , produced by Jacquire King and Angelo Petraglia on September 19 , which subsequently entered the UK Albums Chart at number one and remained there for one more week . Only by the Night also had two single - week stints as the UK number one album in 2009 , one directly after the BRIT Awards . In the United States , the album reached number four on the Billboard 200 . Reception to the album was the most polarized yet , with the British press granting the album glowing reviews , while in the United States , reactions to the album were more mixed . The album was officially named as the UK 's third - biggest - selling album of 2008 and the biggest - selling album of 2008 in Australia . `` Sex on Fire '' was the first single released for download in the UK on September 8 . The song became the band 's most successful as it peaked at number one in the UK , Ireland , Australia , and New Zealand . They won Best International Band and Best International Album at the Brit Awards in 2009 , where they also performed `` Use Somebody '' live . Kings of Leon also performed on March 14 , 2009 , at Sound Relief , a benefit concert , for the Victorian Bushfire Crisis . The song `` Crawl '' from this album was released as a free download on the band 's website on July 28 . The third and fourth singles were `` Revelry '' , which peaked at number 19 in New Zealand , and `` Notion '' , which peaked at number 24 in Belgium . Only by the Night was certified Platinum in the United States by the RIAA for selling one million copies in less than a year after its release . In 2008 , Kings of Leon headlined the Glastonbury Music Festival , and in 2009 , the band headlined a number of music festivals , including Reading & Leeds , Rock Werchter , Oxegen , T in the Park , Gurtenfestival and Open'er Festival in Poland , Europe , along with Sasquatch , Lollapalooza , and Austin City Limits in the United States . The band released its first DVD , Live at the O2 London , England , on November 10 , 2009 . It was later released on Blu - ray Disc on November 24 , 2009 . The footage was filmed in London 's O2 Arena on June 30 , 2009 , when the band performed a 22 - song set in front of a sold - out crowd of more than 18,000 fans . In an interview with Billboard.com , drummer Nathan stated , `` England is really the first place we broke ( ... ) We figured what better place to make a live DVD than where the fans have been the craziest for the longest . '' The show featured songs from all four of the band 's albums , and Nathan continued by saying , `` We just put the cameras in the back of our minds and acted like they were n't even there . '' In 2009 Kings of Leon founded Serpents and Snakes Records , a record label including such bands as The Features , Snowden , Turbo Fruits , and The Weeks . On January 31 , 2010 , Kings of Leon took home the Grammy Award for Record of the Year , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song for `` Use Somebody '' at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards . Come Around Sundown : 2010 -- 2011 ( edit ) The band 's fifth album , called Come Around Sundown , was released on October 18 , 2010 in the UK , and October 19 , 2010 in the US . It was recorded in Nashville and New York between February and June 2010 with Jacquire King and Angelo Petraglia once more at the helm . Following the release of Come Around Sundown in Australia , the band released all the tracks from the new album on their website . In June 2010 , the band embarked on a tour visiting more than 50 cities in North America and Europe . The tour dates ran from June 5 to September 23 . In June they headlined the Slane Castle festival in Ireland , while they were informed of the death of their uncle Cleo . On July 27 , 2011 , during a concert in Dallas , Texas , singer Caleb Followill appeared to be heavily intoxicated and slurred incomprehensibly between songs , often rambling about nothing . He left the stage , claiming he was going to vomit , drink a beer and return to play three more songs . He never returned , causing the rest of the band to apologize to the crowd and end the concert abruptly . On August 1 , 2011 , the band announced through their website that the remainder of their US tour would be canceled with no reschedules due to dates they already had scheduled . Hiatus and Mechanical Bull : 2011 -- 2014 ( edit ) On October 31 , 2011 , the band announced that after the conclusion of their Australian tour in November that they would be going on hiatus . Nathan stated that the band 's hiatus should not take any longer than six months . On August 22 , 2012 , Jared and Nick Brown from Mona released their song `` No Tell '' under the name Smoke & Jackal . On August 23 , 2012 , when asked if it was the end of Kings of Leon with Smoke & Jackal announced , Jared said `` Not even close . Working on album six very soon '' . Kings of Leon bassist Jared Followill confirmed that the band had finished recording their sixth LP , which was reported by NME to be released in September . The album title Mechanical Bull was revealed on June 7 , and the album was released on September 24 . The album 's first single , entitled `` Supersoaker '' , was released on July 17 , 2013 . The second single `` Wait for Me '' was released in the United Kingdom in August 2013 and debuted at number 31 in the UK Singles Chart . `` Last Mile Home '' , a song originally from the deluxe version of Mechanical Bull , had a stripped down version written for the soundtrack of the film August : Osage County . WALLS : 2016 -- present ( edit ) Following their New Year 's Eve show in Nashville , Nathan Followill said that the band were aiming to release album seven in 2016 : `` We 've already started pre-production in our studio for the next record , but the main thing on the calendar for 2016 is getting the record finished . And then the whole press machine kicks up and doing press for the record . '' Caleb added : `` We enjoy this part of the process . Obviously there 's a lot of work that goes into it and it can get stressful at times , but we 're all in a good place and we 're having fun with it and we 're all excited to do something new . '' The album was stated to be likely to be recorded in Los Angeles , with Caleb saying the band were looking for inspiration : `` We might just try to get a little change of scenery . Our first two albums we recorded in L.A. , so we 're going to try to go back and see if it inspires us , '' he said . `` If it does n't , we always have a studio at home , so we can always come back . '' On June 17 , 2016 , the band headlined Firefly Music Festival in Dover , Delaware . On September 10 , 2016 , the Kings of Leon Headlined at the Saturday evening Lollapalooza Europe music festival , in Berlin , Germany , which featured songs from all their albums plus `` Waste a Moment '' from the WALLS . In August , the band announced that album title would be We Are Like Love Songs ( aka WALLS ) , and that it would be released on October 14 , 2016 . The first single from the album , `` Waste a Moment '' , was released on September 9 , 2016 . Kings of Leon in 2017 . In 2016 the album WALLS reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 albums chart . The seventh album , WALLS was the first album that Kings of Leon have earned their No. 1 on the Billboard 200 albums chart . WALLS moved 77,000 equivalent album units by the end of the week ending October 20th . The band headlined the British Summer Time concerts in London 's Hyde Park on 6 July 2017 . Band members ( edit ) Caleb Followill -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar ( 2000 -- present ) Jared Followill -- bass guitar , keyboards , synthesizer , backing vocals ( 2000 -- present ) Matthew Followill -- lead guitar , keyboards , piano , backing vocals ( 2000 -- present ) Nathan Followill -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 2000 -- present ) Touring members Liam O'Neil -- piano , keyboards , percussion , backing vocals ( 2015 -- present ) Timothy Deaux -- rhythm guitar , percussion , backing vocals ( 2016 -- present ) Ethan Luck -- rhythm guitar , keyboards , piano , percussion , backing vocals ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Christopher Coleman -- rhythm guitar , keyboards , piano , trumpet , percussion , backing vocals ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Kings of Leon discography Studio albums ( edit ) Youth & Young Manhood ( 2003 ) Aha Shake Heartbreak ( 2004 ) Because of the Times ( 2007 ) Only by the Night ( 2008 ) Come Around Sundown ( 2010 ) Mechanical Bull ( 2013 ) WALLS ( 2016 ) World Tours ( edit ) Come Around Sundown World Tour ( 2010 - 2011 ) Mechanical Bull Tour ( 2014 - 2015 ) WALLS World Tour ( 2017 ) In other media ( edit ) In early April 2011 , an 87 - minute film directed by Stephen C. Mitchell documenting the band members ' lives was shown at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival in New York , called Talihina Sky , the name of an early Kings of Leon track . The Tribeca premiere was followed by scheduling a hometown premiere at the deadCENTER Film Festival in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , on June 8 , 2011 . The European premiere was hosted at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on June 25 and was followed by an interview session with the band . UK distributor Revolver Entertainment streamed the movie and interview session to 150 UK cinemas for a `` One Night Only '' live screening event . RCA Records later announced that the film would be released on Blu - ray Disc and DVD on November 1 , 2011 . Kings of Leon are mentioned in The Bedroom Philosopher 's song `` Northcote ( So Hungover ) '' as inspirational icons : `` Riding around on the 86 , so hungover / Gonna go down to Pony , pretend I 'm in Kings of Leon '' , and depicted in the music video . Caleb , Nathan , and Jared Followill made a guest appearance in the It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode `` The High School Reunion '' ( season 7 , episode 12 ) . The episode mocks the Fox musical - comedy Glee , which itself is set in a high school . The members of Kings of Leon dislike Glee and refused to let them use their music , and as fans of Sunny , asked to make a guest appearance . See also ( edit ) List of alternative country musicians List of alternative rock artists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon Detail New Album ' Walls ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stones , Rolling . `` Kings of Leon : Biography '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Carbery , Genevieve . The Irish Times 29 October 2010 . `` Their musical journey is special . They have openly admitted that Thin Lizzy was one of their primary influences and they opened the first Slane in 1981 . '' Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` Television review : ' Talihina Sky : The Story of Kings of Leon ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Waddel , Ray ( 2009 ) . Kings of the Road : After Conquering the U.K. and Europe , Kings of Leon are Finally Getting Their Due at Home . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon 's Biography -- Listen free and discover music at '' . Last.fm. 2008 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Production Notes : Ethan Johns / Ryan Adams For Ryan Adams , Ethan Johns is THE FACILITATOR Archived May 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Bud Scoppa , Paste Magazine , March 24 , 2006 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbia '' . 13 April 2007 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` U2 World Tour To Kick Off In San Diego '' . Billboard . January 21 , 2005 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon Overwhelmed By Bob Dylan - Starpulse Entertainment News Blog '' . Starpulse.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Of Leon -- Kings Of Leon : Because Of The Times -- Album Reviews '' . Nme.Com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Because of the Times '' . Entertainment Weekly , March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved on February 05 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon -- Because of the Times -- Review '' . Stylus Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Kings Of Leon reign over charts '' . BBC News . 2008 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Album Reviews : Kings of Leon : Only By the Night '' . Pitchfork. 2008 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ musicOMH ( 2009 ) . `` UK 's biggest selling albums of 2008 '' . 08 : 04 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ N.M.E. ( 2009 ) . `` Kings of Leon score 2008 's top selling - album in Australia '' . N.m.e . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Robert Booth and Rosie Swash ( 2009 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Duffy takes three Brit awards while Kings of Leon and Elbow also triumph Music '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Beech , Mark ( 2009 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Duffy , Kings of Leon Win 2009 Brit Pop Music Awards '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brumby , John ( 2009 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Artists Unite For ' Sound Relief ' Bushfire Benefit -- Premier of Victoria , Australia '' . Premier of Victoria . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Geraldine ( 2009 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Coldplay , Kings of Leon to headline bushfire relief concerts '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Of Leon -- Revelry '' . 08 . 2009 : 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon go platinum in the US '' . Bosso , Joe . 08 : 04 . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon - Lollapalooza 2009 '' . Ripcordnews.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Graff , Gary ( 26 August 2009 ) . `` Kings Of Leon Ready Remix Album , Live DVD '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gold , Adam ( 2014 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Kings of Leon 's Serpents and Snakes Records signs Turbo Fruits and The Weeks '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon 's New LP Gets October Release Date '' . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon -- Come Around Sundown '' . Jump up ^ `` KINGS_OF_LEON_OFFICIAL_SITE new kings leon us tour dates '' . Kingsofleon.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Of Leon , Thin Lizzy , Elbow -- live at Slane Music Review Live Hot Press '' . Hot Press -- Music News , Reviews , Interviews plus Pop Culture and Politics . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Perpetua , Matthew ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Kings of Leon Cancel US Concert Date Due to Heat Wave . Followill 's representative claimed that he had been `` suffering from vocal issues and exhaustion . '' . Rollingstone.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Singer on Fire ! Kings of Leon Scrap Entire U.S. Tour While Caleb Followill Rests Up '' . E ! Online . August 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon Filmmaker on Singer 's Meltdown : ' Give the Kid 2 Minutes ' '' . Reuters. 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon plan hiatus Orange UK '' . Web.orange.co.uk. 2011 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Followill on Twitter '' . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon feel the love at Hangout Fest '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon confirm ' surprisingly youthful sounding ' new album is finished and due in September '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon Sets ' Mechanical Bull ' Release Date '' . June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon -- Supersoaker '' . Indie Shuffle . Jump up ^ `` Lineup Firefly Music Festival '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ringen , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Kings of Leon on Renewing Their Family Ties , Survival Tips From Eddie Vedder & New Album ' Walls ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon Score Their First No. 1 Album on the Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Kings of Leon Announce Huge London Hyde Park Show '' . NME . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Blog Archive '' Kings of Leon documentary Talihina Sky to rock deadCENTER Film Festival kick - off celebration `` . deadCENTER Film . 2011 - 05 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Talihina Sky : the Story of Kings of Leon 2011 Film Archive Edinburgh International Film Festival 2011 '' . Edfilmfest.org.uk. 2011 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( 2011 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Kings of Leon set for U.K. Q&A '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Of Leon Documentary ' TALIHINA SKY ' Release Date For Blu ray And DVD -- Red Carpet Crash '' . Red Carpet Crash. 2011 - 09 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Northcote ( So Hungover ) lyrics '' . The Bedroom Philosopher. 2010 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Northcote ( So Hungover ) video '' . The Bedroom Philosopher. 2010 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kings of Leon Official website Kings of Leon Tour Media offices Preceded by Lil Wayne Saturday Night Live musical guest September 20 , 2008 Succeeded by Duffy Preceded by Bruno Mars Saturday Night Live musical guest October 23 , 2010 Succeeded by Rihanna Preceded by One Direction Saturday Night Live musical guest December 14 , 2013 Succeeded by Justin Timberlake Kings of Leon Caleb Followill Jared Followill Matthew Followill Nathan Followill Studio albums Youth & Young Manhood Aha Shake Heartbreak Because of the Times Only by the Night Come Around Sundown Mechanical Bull Walls EPs Holy Roller Novocaine What I Saw Day Old Belgian Blues Singles `` Molly 's Chambers '' `` Wasted Time '' `` California Waiting '' `` The Bucket '' `` Four Kicks '' `` King of the Rodeo '' `` On Call '' `` Fans '' `` Charmer '' `` Sex on Fire '' `` Use Somebody '' `` Revelry '' `` Notion '' `` Crawl '' `` Radioactive '' `` Pyro '' `` Back Down South '' `` Supersoaker '' `` Wait for Me '' `` Temple '' `` Beautiful War '' `` Do n't Matter '' `` Family Tree '' `` Waste a Moment '' `` Reverend '' Tours Only by the Night World Tour ( 2008 -- 10 ) Come Around Sundown World Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Mechanical Bull Tour ( 2014 ) Walls Tour ( 2017 ) Home media Live at the O2 London , England Talihina Sky Related articles Discography List of songs recorded by Kings of Leon Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 2010s ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) engineered / mixed by Jacquire King ; produced by Jacquire King & Angelo Petraglia ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) engineered / mixed by Clarke Schleicher ; produced by Lady Antebellum & Paul Worley ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele engineered / mixed by Tom Elmhirst & Mark Rankin ; produced by Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra engineered / mixed by Wally De Backer , François Tétaz & William Bowden ; produced by Wally De Backer ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers engineered / mixed by Peter Franco , Mick Guzauski , Florian Lagatta & Daniel Lerner ; master engineered by Antoine `` Chab '' Chabert & Bob Ludwig ; produced by Thomas Bangalter & Guy - Manuel de Homem - Christo ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith engineered / mixed by Steve Fitzmaurice , James Napier & Steve Price ; master engineered by Tom Coyne ; produced by Steve Fitzmaurice , Rodney Jerkins & James Napier ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars engineered / mixed by Boo Mitchell , Charles Moniz , Inaam Haq , Josh Blair , Mark Ronson , Wayne Gordon & Serban Ghenea ; master engineered by Tom Coyne ; produced by Mark Ronson , Jeff Bhasker & Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele engineered / mixed by Julian Burg , Tom Elmhirst , Emile Haynie , Greg Kurstin , Liam Nolan , Alex Pasco & Joe Visciano ; master engineered by Tom Coyne & Randy Merrill ; produced by Greg Kurstin ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kings_of_Leon&oldid=799384660 '' Categories : Kings of Leon 1999 establishments in Tennessee Alternative rock groups from Tennessee Brit Award winners Grammy Award winners Juno Award winners Musical groups established in 1999 Musical groups from Nashville , Tennessee NME Awards winners Sibling musical groups Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 11 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did kings of leon name come from	[ "When the boys' father resigned from preaching and their parents divorced in 1997, Nathan and Caleb relocated to outside Nashville and originally embraced country music. While there, they met songwriter Angelo Petraglia, who helped the siblings hone their songwriting skills and introduced them to the musical influences of Thin Lizzy,[3] The Rolling Stones and The Clash in particular. Their youngest brother, Jared, who had briefly attended public school, was more influenced by the music of the Pixies and The Velvet Underground. When he and their cousin Matthew also moved to Nashville in 1999, Kings of Leon was formed. They named the band after their grandfather Leon, who died in January 2014.[4]" ]	[ "after their grandfather Leon" ]
4487232698177436125	Cape Town water crisis	Cape Town water crisis - Wikipedia Cape Town water crisis Jump to : navigation , search Graph of total reservoir water stored in the Western Cape 's largest six dams from 30 June 2013 to 15 January 2018 . The graph illustrates the declining water storage levels over the course of the Cape Town water crisis . Data obtained from the Climate Systems Analysis Group ( CSAG ) A drought in the Western Cape province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region , most notably affecting the city of Cape Town . With dam levels predicted to decline to critically low levels , the city announced plans for `` Day Zero '' , when the municipal water supply will largely be shut off , potentially making Cape Town the first major city to run out of water . Through water saving measures and water supply augmentation , by March 2018 the City had reduced its daily water consumption by more than half to around 500 million litres per day , resulting in the initial prediction of Day Zero in April 2018 being pushed back to 2019 . The situation however remains severe , particularly if the run of record dry winters continues through 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Causes 3 Timeline 3.1 2015 - 2016 3.2 2017 3.3 2018 4 Severity of the drought 5 Impact 5.1 Public health 5.2 Occupational health risks 5.3 Vulnerable population 5.4 Industry 5.5 Hydrological poverty 5.6 Political 5.7 Positives 6 Solutions 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Cape Town region experiences a Mediterranean climate with warm , dry summers and winter rainfall . Water is supplied largely from the six major dams of the Western Cape Water Supply System in mountainous areas close to the city . The dams are recharged by rain falling in their catchment areas , largely during the cooler winter months of May to August , and dam levels decline during the dry summer months of December to February during which urban and agricultural water use increases . Cape Town 's population has grown from 2.4 million residents in 1995 to an estimated 4.3 million by 2018 , representing a 79 percent population increase in 23 years whereas dam water storage only increased by 15 percent in the same period . In 2016 / 2017 , 64.5 % of the city 's water supply went to formal residential users , while 3.6 percent went to informal settlements . The possibility of the city exceeding its water supply was highlighted as early as 1990 . From 1950 to 1999 , the city 's consumption of treated water grew at 4 % per year in line with the city 's population growth . Water consumption peaked in 1999 at 335 million cubic metres ( 335 gigalitres ) per year . Periods of low winter rainfall in 2000 / 2001 and 2003 / 2004 resulted in water restrictions being imposed . In 2007 , the city implemented a 10 - year water demand management strategy , which has successfully kept the annual consumption at or below the 1999 level despite ongoing population growth . In 2009 , the storage capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town was increased by 17 percent from 768 to 898 million cubic metres through the completion of the Berg River Dam . Despite the increased storage capacity , the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry predicted that the growing demand from the city would exceed supply by 2013 without water conservation and demand management measures by the city , and that even with those measures , further water sources would be required by 2019 . There was is a plan of action developed in 2000 called Africa Water Vision 2025 that was aimed at `` equitable and sustainable use of water for socioeconomic development '' . This article evaluated South Africa 's progress on the objectives laid out in the plan . Causes ( edit ) The cause of water loss in Cape Town has been debated . While drought is a factor in the city 's water scarcity , the degree of drought has been questioned . It is believed water scarcity , caused by the drought , is being exacerbated by population growth , potentially unreported agriculture use , invasive species , and poor planning of water management . Cape Town particularly has grown by 50 percent in the last decade . While rainfall tends to undulate at stations monitoring rainfall where water is stored for Cape Town , there has been a clear , significant drop in 2016 . A study conducted by the Climate System Analysis Group at the University of Cape Town ran statistical analyses to determine that rainfall between the years 2015 and 2017 was very rare and severe . Some scientists believe this once in a millennium drought is being exacerbated by climate change with a one degree celsius increase in temperature over the past century . Models predict Cape Town will increase another 0.25 degrees celsius in the next ten years , which would increase drought likelihood by up to seven times . Previous climate modeling suggested a likely decrease in rainfall due to climate change , and this is likely some of the first evidence supporting the model . There is additional concern that several other cities will follow suit behind Cape Town in water scarcity . A major problem with Cape Town 's water dependence is that their water systems were built on the stable climate of previous years . Climate change has changed precipitation patterns in the area , leading to less stable sources of water and a quicker rate of water loss than previously expected . Another large cause of water scarcity is agriculture use , which consumes 80 to 90 percent of the area 's water . In 2016 , Cape Town exported 113 million gallons of wine to Europe and the US . For each gallon of wine , between 666 and 1,357 gallons of water is used . One third of the water exported through the wine industry could be used for the 7 million people without access to water in South Africa . In addition , Cape Town exported roughly 231,000 tons of citrus fruits in 2017 , resulting in an additional exportation of roughly 30 billion gallons of the area 's water . Timeline ( edit ) Water levels as a percentage of total dam capacity by year . Major dams 28 March 2018 15 May 2017 15 May 2016 15 May 2015 15 May 2014 Berg River Dam 45.8 32.4 27.2 54.0 90.5 Steenbras Lower 37.8 26.5 37.6 47.9 39.6 Steenbras Upper 81.9 56.7 56.9 57.8 79.1 Theewaterskloof Dam 10.6 15 31.3 51.3 74.5 Voelvlei Dam 14.5 17.2 21.3 42.5 59.5 Wemmershoek Dam 43.8 36 48.5 50.5 58.8 Total stored ( megalitres ) 198 739 190 300 279 954 450 429 646 137 Total % Storage 22.1 21.2 31.2 50.1 71.9 2015 - 2016 ( edit ) After good rains in 2013 and 2014 , the city of Cape Town began experiencing a drought in 2015 , the first of three consecutive years of dry winters brought on by the El Niño weather pattern and climate change . Water levels in the city 's dams declined from 71.9 percent in 2014 to 50.1 percent in 2015 . Water restrictions , in place at `` Level 1 '' since 2005 , were increased to Level 2 on 1 January 2016 and to Level 3 on 1 November 2016 . Significant droughts in other parts of South Africa ended in August 2016 through heavy rain and flooding in the interior of the country , but the drought in the Western Cape remained . 2017 ( edit ) Water restrictions were increased to Level 3B on 1 February 2017 . By the end of the dry season in May 2017 , the drought was declared the city 's worst in a century , with dams having less than 10 percent of their usable capacity . Level 4 water restrictions were imposed , limiting the consumption of water to 100 litres per person per day . In June 2017 a significant storm hit the area , dropping up to 50 mm of rain , but not enough to break the drought . Overall rainfall in 2017 was the lowest since 1933 . A map of Cape Town 's major dams . With the dry summer season approaching , the city increased its existing water restrictions to Level 4B on 1 July 2017 , and to Level 5 on 3 September 2017 , banning most outdoor and non-essential use of water , encouraging the use of greywater for toilet flushing , and aiming to limit the per capita water consumption to 87 litres per day , for a total of 500 million litres per day . By early October 2017 , following a low rainfall winter , Cape Town had an estimated five months before water levels would be depleted . In the same month , the City of Cape Town issued an emergency water plan to be rolled - out in multiple phases depending on the severity of the water shortage . Phase 1 was `` water rationing through extreme pressure reduction '' which involved temporary water cuts and rationing . Phase 1 was implemented immediately with unannounced water cuts to a number of outlying neighbourhoods . In Phase 2 water will be shut off to most of the system except to places of key water access . Phase 3 is the point at which the city can no longer draw water from surface dams in the Western Cape Water Supply System and there is a limited period of time before the water supply system fails . In mid-October 2017 the City was criticised by water desalination companies for the slow pace of contract negotiations , high level of bureaucracy , lack of urgency , and the inadequate scale of the proposed water supply projects . On 26 October 2017 it was announced that the Cape Town city manager would be given special powers to take drought - related actions that would not have to follow the city 's normal decision making and approval process . This announcement came after a review of the city 's decision making processes that found `` certain aspects of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act , the Municipal Finance Management Act and Supply Chain Management regulations , as well as the council 's own Supply Chain Management Policy , failed to adequately provide for the City of Cape Town to ' deal effectively and timeously ' with the disaster . '' 2018 ( edit ) Theewaterskloof Dam at approximately 12 % on 10 February 2018 Level 6 restrictions were imposed on 1 January 2018 , and Level 6B on 1 February 2018 , limiting consumption to 50 litres per person per day . On 24 January 2018 , the Western Cape provincial cabinet stated that it was the responsibility of the national government to fund the expansion of the water system as the `` provision of bulk water supply is a national government mandate . '' The provincial cabinet also announced that it was drawing up plans with the South African Police Service for a strategy to deploy officers at water distribution points across the city after day zero . In mid-January 2018 , Cape Town Mayor Patricia de Lille announced that the city would be forced to shut off most of the municipal water supply if conditions do not change . `` Day Zero '' would be declared when the water level of the city 's major dams reached 13.5 % , and Level 7 would be declared , with municipal water supplies largely switched off , and residents relying on 149 water collection points around the city to collect a daily ration of 25 litres of water per person . This would further affect Cape Town 's economy , because of employees having `` to take time off from work to wait in line for water '' . Water supply would be maintained in the city 's CBD , in informal settlements ( where water is already collected from central locations ) and essential services such as hospitals . At the time of the announcement , Day Zero was projected to take place on 22 April 2018 , shortly afterwards revised forward to 12 April . The Day Zero date is projected based on the fortnightly change in dam storage levels , assuming that this rate will continue unchanged , with no further rainfall or change in water demand . In February 2018 , the Groenland Water Users ' Association ( a representative body for farmers in the Elgin and Grabouw agricultural areas around Cape Town ) began releasing an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam . Cape Town 's largest reservoir , Theewaterskloof , was at 11 % capacity in March 2018 . Residential water usage declined significantly under the 6B restrictions to a low of 511 million litres on March 12 , the closest yet to the recommended level of 450 million litres per day . Agricultural use also declined significantly . As these reductions took effect and as water transferred from the Groenland Water Users ' Association reached the city 's water supply , Day Zero was moved back in stages from April to August , and then postponed indefinitely . Severity of the drought ( edit ) Research on long - term weather data done by the University of Cape Town found that the period from 2015 - 2017 has been the driest 3 - year period since 1933 , and 2017 was the driest year since 1933 , and possibly earlier , since comparable data before 1933 was not available . It also found that a drought of this severity will statistically occur only once every 311 years . Modelling by Aurecon found that the drought was approximately a 1 in 400 year event . `` Once lush city parks and golf courses have withered , and public restrooms now urge visitors to flush only when absolutely necessary '' . Cafes began using plastic and paper cups and plates to reduce dishwashing loads . Analysts `` estimate that the water crisis will cost some 300,000 jobs in agriculture and tens of thousands more in the service , hospitality and food sectors '' . Impact ( edit ) Poster issued by the Western Cape government calling for people to conserve water due to the water shortage in 2017 . In response to the water shortage , the agricultural sector reduced water consumption by 50 percent , contributing to the loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally , and leading to an estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line due to job losses and inflation due to increases in the price of food . By February 2018 the agricultural sector had incurred R14 billion ( US $1.17 billion ) in losses due to the water shortage . In office buildings and many public places throughout Cape Town , water was removed from toilets to prevent flushing and aid in water conservation . Rainwater was directed to be added to the tank if the toilet needed flushing . However , residents have been directed not to flush the toilet if only urinating but use a disinfectant / scented spray afterwards . If defecating residents have been directed to use rainwater or greywater to flush . Hand sanitizer has also been provided in offices and public buildings to use instead of conventional handwashing to conserve water . The city is urging residents to stock up on emergency drinking water . But the task is proving to be more difficult than residents thought . Stores are selling out of water the minute it is delivered and shopkeepers are uncertain when more will arrive . Residents can go to a natural spring to collect water but this means waiting in line for hours on end to fill their allotment . Public health ( edit ) Residents of Cape Town have been restricted to only 50 litres of water per person per day , and are encouraged to flush toilets less often and only using non-potable water , and to reduce the length and frequency of showers . This has led public health professionals to raise concerns of diseases spread via faecal - oral contamination as a result of less hand - washing . Inadequate sanitation is a leading cause of diarrhoeal diseases , which kill 2.2 million every year , with most deaths occurring among children younger than 5 years of age . With a population around 3.81 million and a population density of around 1530 per square kilometer , diseases like cholera and others could spread rapidly without proper sanitation , especially in impoverished neighborhoods in Cape Town . Without clean water the public health consequences continue as insects are attracted and reproduce in dirty waters , further spreading disease . The problem continues to snowball as standing water will bacteria and parasites start to grow . The Western Cape of South Africa has seen a `` the second - highest incidence of listeriosis in South Africa '' . As a whole , South Africa has been victim to the largest outbreak of the disease on record . According to the Western Cape Health Department , 29 people have died of the disease since last year of 115 cases reported . Listeriosis can particularly threatens newborns as it can spread through lack of or inadequate hand - washing and failure to rinse vegetables , fruits , and other raw foods thoroughly . Officials warn that water - borne illnesses such as cholera , hepatitis A and typhoid fever `` likely will become more prevalent '' as residents begin storing water in contaminated containers . Public health companies , research centres and health providers also worry about the impact the water crisis will have on health services . Some are thinking ahead to the impact of employees being unable to come into work because they are waiting in lines for water which are becoming longer and longer . Occupational health Risks ( edit ) Emergency shower and eyewash stations are an essential part of workplace safety for many laboratories and factories . A steady supply of water is necessary in the event of harmful chemical exposure . Many Occupational Health and Safety requirements suggest that all emergency showers be able to pump 75 litres per minute for a minimum of 15 minutes . This would use approximately three weeks of water . If these wash stations are banned or limited , workers who handle highly corrosive chemicals would be vulnerable . Fire risk increases as environment and infrastructure become increasingly dry . This is epically significant for large industrial sites and warehousing as fire on one site can spread more easily to other buildings in close proximity . Fire suppression system may also fail due to reduced water pressure in high - use areas . Vulnerable population ( edit ) In homes and orphanages , children are one of the most vulnerable populations in Cape Town to suffer from health effects of water scarcity . The feeding , washing , and sterilization of items required to care for children is water intensive . Furthermore , `` If schools in the Western Cape have their taps turned off on Day Zero , 1.1 million children could be left stranded without water . '' Industry ( edit ) The agriculture industry is one of the largest consumers of water . The wine industry in and surrounding Cape Town is a major tourist draw and is a significant aspect of the economy , employing 300,000 workers . The wineries drew 1.5 million tourists in 2017 and at the same time used a third of the water . Depending on the region , a vineyard needs between 10 and 24 inches of rain to survive . South Africa 's wineries have received on average half as much precipitation in the past year . The stress is being felt by industry where less water is causing smaller berries and therefore smaller yield . The industry also has a disproportionate profit with only about 1 % return on investment despite producing some of the most popular wines in the world . The grape yield for 2018 could fall an estimated 20 % from the 1.4 million tons produced in 2017 , resulting in a 9 % decrease in the volume of wine sold . The water crisis impacts organizations and industries that are not reliant on large volumes of water frothier core operations as well such as corporate offices . The World Economic Forum 's Global Risk Report 2015 ranked the risk of a water crisis as the top risk in terms of impact . The cost of doing business in a drought affected area increases significantly . As workers move away or are evacuated from drought - affected areas the local economies suffer . Hydrological poverty ( edit ) Hydrologic poverty tends to trap their people as they can not afford to purchase food or water necessary for their society to become more affluent . An analyst estimates that with the current water crisis 300,000 jobs could be lost in agriculture and tens of thousands more in the service , hospitality and food sectors . In Cape Town it is illegal to sell water from wells or rivers but people can still profit from the transport and labor . One resident who had been stockpiling water was charging $350 for a barrel of water . This is further alienating the more impoverished neighborhoods and citizens of getting necessary clean water . Those who are using over the allocated daily water are being fined between $41 - $248 . Yet this impact is further cementing the gap because the fine is likely insignificant for the wealthy and can be crippling for less affluent residents . Increases in hydrological poverty , by the reduction of available water , could increase deaths in Cape Town by 25 to 33 percent . Political ( edit ) Cape Town is governed by Mmusi Maimane , the leader of South Africa 's opposition party , the Democratic Alliance . Cape Town and Western Cape are the only province not run by the African National Congress ( ANC ) which has been in power since 1994 . The tensions are high concerning many of the ANC would love to see the Democratic Alliance fail at the significant test ahead concerning the water crisis . Accusations of who has failed to act are being thrown by both sides but it is clear both parties underestimated the magnitude of the problem . By taking control of the water crisis Maimane has pushed aside many constitutional structures set to separate party and state , complicating the situation and any reactions put in place . The Water Act of 1998 puts the national government as the `` public trustee '' of the nation 's water resources and must ensure that water is `` protected , used , developed , conserved , managed and controlled in a sustainable and equitable manner , for the benefit of all persons '' . It says : `` The National Government , acting through the Minister , has the power to regulate the use , flow and control of all water in the Republic . '' With this both the local , provincial and national governments are responsible , yet with the unrest , working together has proved difficult . Positives ( edit ) This water crisis has increased research and investment in alternative water systems , which may ultimately help prevent other cities from falling into the same degree of water scarcity . As climate change continues and the population grows , moving into urban areas , other cities will also face severe drought and will need to assess alternative methods for obtaining water . The potential for a culture change in water usage is also a positive result of this crisis . Solutions ( edit ) The city of Cape Town is currently working on constructing four new desalination plants as well as building new water wells and an effluent recycler . By January 2018 , these projects were half way through completion . In addition , the city has been working on educating the public on reducing water consumption . This has lead to successful drop in water consumption by 50 percent from 2015 to early 2018 . In addition , Cape Town is working on producing produce that accommodates the water availability of the region . This means they will be producing less rice and cotton , which are very water demanding . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cassim , Zaheer ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Poplak , Richard ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` What 's Actually Behind Cape Town 's Water Crisis '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : York , Geoffrey ( 8 March 2018 ) . `` Cape Town residents become ' guinea pigs for the world ' with water - conservation campaign '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Welz , Adam ( 1 March 2018 ) . `` Awaiting Day Zero : Cape Town Faces an Uncertain Water Future '' . Yale Environment 360 . ^ Jump up to : Bohatch , Trevor ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` What 's causing Cape Town 's water crisis ? '' . Cape Town : Ground Up . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Makou , Gopolang ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Do Formal Residents Use 65 % of Cape Town 's Water ? '' . Africa Check . Jump up ^ Streek , Barry ( 26 April 1990 ) . `` Cape Town will run out of water in 17 years '' . Cape Times . Water supplies for the Cape Town area are expected to dry up in 17 years time , the Water Research Commission ( WRC ) disclosed yesterday . `` It is estimated that known fresh water supplies for the Cape Town metropolitan area will be fully committed by the year 2007 , '' it said in its annual report tabled in Parliament yesterday . `` Thereafter the reclamation of purified sewage effluent to augment supplies is a distinct possibility '' . ^ Jump up to : Basholo , Zolile ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives : A City of Cape Town Approach '' ( PDF ) . City of Cape Town . Jump up ^ Steenkamp , Willem ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` ' We needed to build more dams a decade ago ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Cape Town 's water supply boosted '' . City of Cape Town . 17 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Water Affairs and Forestry . March 2009 . Jump up ^ Quinn , N ( 2012 ) . `` Water Governance , Ecosystems and Sustainability : A Review of Progress in South Africa '' . Water International . 37 : 760 -- 772 . ^ Jump up to : Saunderson - Meyer , William . `` Commentary : In drought - hit South Africa , the politics of water '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Facts are few , opinions plenty ... on drought severity again '' . www.csag.uct.ac.za . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Randal . `` Global Climate Change : Effects '' . Climate Change : Vital Signs of the Planet . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Not Enough to Too Much , the World 's Water Crisis Explained '' . 2018 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` City of Cape Town : Water Dashboard '' ( PDF ) . City of Cape Town . 28 March 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about South Africa 's drought '' . Cape Town : Africa Check . 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Masinde , Muthoni ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` Southern Africa faces floods after drought '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Van Dam , Derek ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century '' . CNN.com . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Etheridge , Jenna ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions '' . Jump up ^ `` Cape storm is n't a quick fix for drought , warns City of Cape Town '' . News24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Wolski , Piotr ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` How severe is Cape Town 's drought ? A detailed look at the data '' . News24 . Jump up ^ `` Level 5 water restrictions implemented in Cape Town '' . News24 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : DIANA NEILLE , MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN . `` Cape Of Storms To Come '' . features.dailymaverick.co.za . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ De Lille , Patricia ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Op - Ed : The City of Cape Town 's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan Daily Maverick '' . www.dailymaverick.co.za . City of Cape Town . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Morris , Michael ( 14 October 2017 ) . `` City of Cape Town 's water ' bungle ' Weekend Argus '' . Weekend Argus . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ News24 ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis - NEWS & ANALYSIS '' . www.politicsweb.co.za . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis '' . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Aletta ; Janse van Rensburg , Alet ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` JP Smith answers Day Zero questions : ' It 's going to be really unpleasant ' '' . News24 . Jump up ^ `` Borehole rules ? Can you use sea water to flush ? - The City of Cape Town answers your questions '' . GroundUp. 30 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' I Knew We Were in Trouble . ' What It 's Like to Live Through Cape Town 's Massive Water Crisis '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Baker , Aryn ( 15 January 2018 ) . `` Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water '' . Time . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Thom , Liezl ( 17 January 2018 ) . `` Drought - stricken Cape Town , South Africa , could run out of water by April 's ' day zero ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Kevin ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Day Zero Brought Forward , CT Officials Prepare for Worst '' . ^ Jump up to : Neilson , Ian ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Statement by the City 's Executive Mayor , Alderman Ian Neilson : Defeating Day Zero is in sight if we sustain our water - saving efforts '' . City of Cape Town . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water '' . www.enca.com. 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Said - Moorhouse , Lauren ; Mezzofiore , Gianluca . `` Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lauren Said - Moorhouse , . `` Cape Town ' Day Zero ' delayed as agricultural water use drops '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` # DayZero pushed back to June , as drought declared a national disaster '' . News24. 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Day Zero pushed back to June '' . aljazeera.com. 2018 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Narrandes , Nidha ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Cape Town water usage lower than ever '' . Cape Town etc . Jump up ^ Gale , Dave ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Just how severe is the current drought the City of Cape Town is experiencing ? '' . Water Shedding Western Cape . Jump up ^ Phakathi , Bekezela ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites '' . Business Day . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Head , Tom ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Cape Town water crisis : With drought , comes the horror of disease '' . The South African . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Town water crisis : South African wine vineyard harvest will be hit by drought -- Quartz '' . qz.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Day Zero : The impact of Cape Town 's water shortage on public health Public Health '' . Public Health . 2018 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Western Cape Water Crisis : How resilient is your organization in the face of the current water crisis ? '' ( PDF ) . PWC . December 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vulnerable fear Cape Town 's water shut - off '' . News24 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Water crisis : Day Zero could affect a million children '' . www.enca.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Saunderson - Meyer , William . `` Commentary : In drought - hit South Africa , the politics of water '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Town water crisis : South African wine vineyard harvest will be hit by drought -- Quartz '' . qz.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Risks 2015 Report '' . Global Risks 2015 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Plan B Updates - a4 : Population Growth Sentencing Millions to Hydrological Poverty EPI '' . www.earth-policy.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Pieterse , M. `` Politics Muddle Cape Town 's Water Crisis '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and myths about Cape Town 's water crisis '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Town is almost at the feared ' Day Zero ' '' . The Independent . 2018 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Why Cape Town Is Running Out of Water , and Who 's Next '' . National Geographic . 2018 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what has caused the water crisis in cape town	[ "A drought in the Western Cape province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region, most notably affecting the city of Cape Town. With dam levels predicted to decline to critically low levels, the city announced plans for \"Day Zero\", when the municipal water supply will largely be shut off, potentially making Cape Town the first major city to run out of water.[1][2][3] Through water saving measures and water supply augmentation, by March 2018 the City had reduced its daily water consumption by more than half to around 500 million litres per day, resulting in the initial prediction of Day Zero in April 2018 being pushed back to 2019. The situation however remains severe, particularly if the run of record dry winters continues through 2018." ]	[ "drought" ]
2663483572754557818	Queen (chess)	Queen ( chess ) - wikipedia Queen ( chess ) White queen Black queen The queen ( ♕ , ♛ ) is the most powerful piece in the game of chess , able to move any number of squares vertically , horizontally or diagonally . Each player starts the game with one queen , placed in the middle of the first rank next to the king . Because the queen is the strongest piece , a pawn is promoted to a queen in the vast majority of cases . In the game shatranj , the ancestor of chess that included only male figures , the closest thing to the queen was the vizier , a weak piece only able to move or capture one step diagonally and not at all in any other direction . The modern chess queen gained power in the 15th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Placement and movement 3 Piece value 4 Strategy 5 Queen sacrifice 6 History 7 Unicode 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves . Nomenclature ( edit ) In most languages the piece is known as `` queen '' or `` lady '' ( e.g. Italian donna ) . Asian and Eastern European languages tend to refer to it as vizier , minister or advisor ( e.g. Persian وزیر wazir , Russian ферзь ferz ) . In Polish it is known as the hetman -- the name of a major historical military - political office , while in Estonian it is called lipp ( `` flag '' , `` standard '' ) . Placement and movement ( edit ) d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h Initial placement of the queens -- d1 and d8 d f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 d f g h Possible moves of the queen Permitted queen moves The white queen starts on d1 , while the black queen starts on d8 . With the chessboard oriented correctly , the white queen starts on a white square and the black queen starts on a black square -- thus the mnemonics `` queen gets her color '' , `` queen on ( her ) ( own ) color '' , or `` the dress ( queen piece ) matches the shoes ( square ) '' ( Latin : servat rēgīna colōrem ) . The queen can be moved any number of unoccupied squares in a straight line vertically , horizontally , or diagonally , thus combining the moves of the rook and bishop . The queen captures by occupying the square on which an enemy piece sits . Although both players start with one queen each , a player can promote a pawn to any of several types of pieces , including a queen , when the pawn is moved to the player 's furthest rank ( the opponent 's first rank ) . Such a queen created by promotion can be an additional queen , or if the player 's queen has been captured , a replacement queen . Pawn promotion to a queen is colloquially called queening , which is by far the most common type of piece a pawn is promoted to because of the relative power of a queen . Piece value ( edit ) Further information : Chess piece relative value Ordinarily , the queen is slightly stronger than a rook and a bishop together , while slightly less strong than two rooks . It is almost always disadvantageous to exchange the queen for a single piece other than the enemy 's queen . The reason that the queen is stronger than a combination of a rook and bishop , even though they control the same number of squares , is twofold . First , the queen is a more mobile unit than the rook and the bishop , as the entire power of the queen can be transferred to another location in one move , while transferring the entire firepower of a rook and bishop requires two moves , the bishop always being restricted to squares of one color . Second , the queen is not hampered by the bishop 's inability to control squares of the opposite color to the square on which it stands . A factor in favor of the rook and bishop is that they can attack ( or defend ) a square twice , while a queen can only do so once . However , experience has shown that this factor is usually less significant than the points favoring the queen . The queen is strongest when the board is open , when the enemy king is poorly defended , or when there are loose ( i.e. undefended ) pieces in the enemy camp . Because of her long range and ability to move in multiple directions , the queen is well equipped to execute forks . Compared to other long range pieces ( i.e. rooks and bishops ) , the queen is less restricted and stronger in closed positions . Strategy ( edit ) Beginners often develop the queen early in the game , hoping to plunder the enemy position and deliver an early checkmate such as Scholar 's mate . This can expose the easily harassed queen to attacks by weaker pieces causing the player to lose time . Experienced players generally prefer to delay developing the queen , and instead develop minor pieces in the opening . Early queen attacks are rare in high level chess , but there are some openings with early queen development that are used by high level players . For example , the Scandinavian Defense ( 1. e4 d5 ) , which often features queen moves by Black on the second and third moves is considered sound , and has been played at the world championship level . Some less common examples have also been observed in high level games . The Danvers Opening ( 1. e4 e5 2. Qh5 ) , which is widely characterized as a beginner 's opening , has occasionally been played by the strong American grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura . A queen exchange often marks the beginning of the endgame , but there are queen endgames , and sometimes queens are exchanged in the opening , long before the endgame . A common goal in the endgame is to promote a pawn to a queen . As the queen has the largest range and mobility , queen and king vs. lone king is an easy win when compared to some other basic mates . Queen sacrifice ( edit ) Main article : Queen sacrifice A queen sacrifice is the deliberate sacrifice of a queen in order to gain a more favorable tactical position . History ( edit ) Vizier piece from a Southern Italian chess set , 12th century The queen was originally the counsellor or prime minister or vizier ( Sanskrit mantri , Persian farzīn , Arabic firzān or firz ) . Initially it could move only one square diagonally . Around 1300 CE its move was enhanced to allow it to move two squares with jump onto a same - colored square for its first move , to help the sides to come into contact sooner . The fers changed into the queen over time . The first surviving mention of this piece as a queen or similar was `` regina '' in the Einsiedeln Poem , written in Latin around 997 and preserved in a monastery at Einsiedeln in Switzerland . Some surviving early medieval pieces depict the piece as a queen , and the word fers became grammatically feminized in several languages , for example alferza in Spanish and fierce or fierge in French , before it was replaced with names such as reine or dame ( lady ) . The Carmina Burana also refer to the queen as femina ( woman ) and coniunx ( spouse ) , and the name Amazon has sometimes been seen . In Russian it keeps its Persian name of ferz to this day ; koroleva ( queen ) is colloquial and is never used by professional chess players . However , the names korolevna ( king 's daughter ) , tsaritsa ( tsar 's wife ) , and baba ( old woman ) are attested as early as 1694 . In Arabic countries the queen remains termed , and in some cases depicted as a vizier . Historian Marilyn Yalom proposes that the prominence of medieval queens such as Eleanor of Aquitaine and Blanche of Castile and Isabella I of Castile , the cult of the Virgin Mary , and the power ascribed to women in the troubadour tradition of courtly love , might have been partly responsible for influencing the piece towards its identity as a queen and later its modern great power on the board , as might the medieval popularity of chess as a game particularly suitable for women to play on equal terms with men . She points to medieval poetry depicting the Virgin as the chess - queen of God or Fierce Dieu . Significantly , the earliest surviving treatise to describe the modern movement of the queen ( as well as the bishop and pawn ) , Repetición de amores e arte de axedres con CL iuegos de partido ( Discourses on Love and the Art of Chess with 150 Problems ) by Luis Ramírez de Lucena , was published during the reign of Isabella I of Castile . Even before that , the Valencian poem Scachs d'amor ( `` Chess of Love '' ) depicted a chess game between Francesc de Castellví and Narcís de Vinyoles and commented on by Bernat Fenollar , which clearly had the modern moves of the queen and the bishop . Well before the queen 's powers expanded , it was already being romantically described as essential to the king 's survival , so that when the queen was lost , there was nothing more of value on the board . Marilyn Yalom wrote that : The chess queen , rather than ferz or similar , is known of in what is now Spain and Portugal only from the 12th century , but started sooner elsewhere . The modern move of the Queen started in Spain during Isabella I 's reign , perhaps inspired by her great political power , and spread from there , perhaps being spread by the invention of printing and the 1492 Expulsion from Spain of the Jews who carried the new chess rule with them as they fled . During the 15th century the queen 's move took its modern form as a combination of the move of the rook and the current move of the bishop . Starting from Spain , this new version -- called `` queen 's chess '' ( scacchi de la donna ) , or pejoratively `` madwoman 's chess '' ( scacchi alla rabiosa ) -- spread throughout Europe rapidly , partly due to the advent of the printing press and the popularity of new books on chess . The new rules faced a backlash in some quarters , ranging from anxiety over a powerful female warrior figure to frank abuse against women in general . At various times , the ability of pawns to be queened was restricted while the original queen was still on the board , so as not to cause scandal by providing the king with more than one queen . An early 12th - century Latin poem refers to a queened pawn as a ferzia , as opposed to the original queen or regina , to account for this . When the queen was attacked , it was customary to warn the opponent by announcing `` gardez la reine '' or simply `` gardez '' , similar to the announcement of `` check '' . Some published rules even required this announcement before the queen could be legally captured . This custom was largely abandoned in the 19th century . In Russia for a long time the queen could also move like a knight ; some players disapproved of this ability to `` gallop like the horse '' ( knight ) . The book A History of Chess by H.J.R. Murray , page 384 , says that William Coxe who was in Russia in 1772 saw chess played with the queen also moving like a knight . Such an augmented queen piece is now known as the fairy chess piece amazon . Around 1230 the queen was also independently invented as a piece in Japan where it formed part of the game of dai shogi , and was retained in its later form , the smaller chu shogi . Unicode ( edit ) Main article : Chess symbols in Unicode Unicode defines two codepoints for queen : ♕ U + 2655 White Chess Queen ( HTML & # 9813 ; ) ♛ U + 265B Black Chess Queen ( HTML & # 9819 ; ) See also ( edit ) Chess piece Chess piece relative value Eight queens puzzle Promotion ( chess ) Queen versus pawn endgame Staunton chess set References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Larsen , Bent ( 1975 ) , Lærebok i sjakk Jump up ^ `` Nakamura 's 2. Qh5 '' . ChessNinja.com. 2005 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 95 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Yalom 2004 : 77 ) Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 218 ) Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 175 ) Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 238 ) Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : passim ) Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 112 -- 114 ) Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 195 ) Jump up ^ Francesco di Castellvi vs Narciso Vinyoles , Valencia , Spain , 1475 , Chessgames.com . Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 192 ) Jump up ^ ( Davidson 1981 : 13 -- 14 , 28 -- 30 ) Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 214 -- 216 ) Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 214 -- 219 ) Jump up ^ ( Yalom 2004 : 91 ) Jump up ^ Hooper and Whyld , p 74 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( in Russian ) Bibliography ( edit ) Barden , Leonard ( 1980 ) , Play better CHESS with Leonard Barden , Octopus Books Limited , p. 10 , ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0967 - 1 Brace , Edward R. ( 1977 ) , An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess , Hamlyn Publishing Group , pp. 230 , 231 , ISBN 1 - 55521 - 394 - 4 Davidson , Henry ( 1981 ) , A Short History of Chess ( 1949 ) , McKay , ISBN 0 - 679 - 14550 - 8 Dickins , Anthony ( 1971 ) , A guide to fairy chess ( first ed . ) , New York : Doven , ISBN 0 - 486 - 22687 - 5 Golombek , Harry ( 1977 ) , Golombek 's Encyclopedia of Chess , Crown Publishing , ISBN 0 - 517 - 53146 - 1 Hooper , David ; Whyld , Kenneth ( 1992 ) , The Oxford Companion to Chess ( second ed . ) , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280049 - 3 Sunnucks , Anne ( 1970 ) , The Encyclopaedia of Chess ( second ed . ) , St. Martins Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7091 - 4697 - 1 Yalom , Marilyn ( 2004 ) , Birth of the Chess Queen : A History ( 2nd ed . ) , Perennial , ISBN 0 - 06 - 009065 - 0 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chess queens . Queen and King vs King Endgame Practice 5 Queens Puzzle Game Piececlopedia : Queen by Fergus Duniho and Hans Bodlaender , The Chess Variant Pages Chess pieces Orthodox pieces Rook Knight Bishop Queen King Pawn Fairy pieces Alfil Amazon Berolina Pawn Camel Centaur Dabbaba Empress Ferz Giraffe Grasshopper Kirin Mann Nightrider Phoenix Princess Threeleaper Tripper Wazir Zebra Related Chess set Chess box Hippogonal Colorbound Piece point values hide Chess Outline Chess theory Chess titles Grandmaster list of Grandmasters Computer chess glossary matches engines software Correspondence chess FIDE Glossary History timeline Rating system world rankings norms Variants Courier World records Equipment Chess set chessboard pieces King Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawn Chess box Chess clock Chess table Rules Castling Check Checkmate Draw by agreement Fifty - move rule Perpetual check Stalemate Threefold repetition En passant Pawn promotion Time control Fast chess Touch - move rule Terms Blunder Chess notation algebraic descriptive PGN annotation symbols symbols in Unicode Fianchetto Gambit Key square King walk Pawns backward connected doubled isolated Maróczy Bind passed Open file Half - open file Outpost School romantic hypermodern Swindle Tempo Transposition Trap Tactics Battery Alekhine 's gun Block Checkmate patterns Combination Decoy Deflection Desperado Discovered attack Double check Fork Interference Overloading Pin Sacrifice Skewer Undermining Windmill X-ray Zwischenzug Strategy Artificial castling Compensation Exchange the exchange Initiative first - move advantage Middlegame Pawn storm Pawn structure Piece values Prophylaxis Openings Flank opening English Opening Zukertort Opening Réti Opening King 's Indian Attack Larsen 's Opening Bird 's Opening Grob 's Attack Dunst Opening Benko Opening King 's Pawn Game Alekhine 's Defence Caro -- Kann Defence French Defence Modern Defence Nimzowitsch Defence Open Game Italian Game Semi-Italian Opening Giuoco Piano King 's Gambit Petrov 's Defence Philidor Defence Ruy Lopez Scotch Game Owen 's Defence Pirc Defence Scandinavian Defense Tennison Gambit Sicilian Defence Alapin Dragon / Accelerated Dragon Najdorf Scheveningen Queen 's Pawn Game Dutch Defence Indian Defence Benoni Defence Modern Benoni Bogo - Indian Defence Grünfeld Defence King 's Indian Defence Nimzo - Indian Defence Queen 's Indian Defence Trompowsky Attack London System Queen 's Gambit Accepted Declined Slav Defence Catalan Opening Other List of openings theory table List of chess gambits Irregular Quick checkmates Fool 's mate Scholar 's mate Endgames Bishop and knight checkmate King and pawn vs king Opposite - coloured bishops Pawnless endgame Queen and pawn vs queen Queen vs pawn Rook and bishop vs rook Rook and pawn vs rook Lucena position Philidor position Strategy fortress opposition Tarrasch rule triangulation Zugzwang Study Tablebase Two knights endgame Wrong bishop Wrong rook pawn Tournaments List of strong chess tournaments Chess Olympiad Women World Chess Championship List Candidates Tournament Chess World Cup FIDE Grand Prix Other world championships Women Team Rapid Blitz Junior Youth Senior Amateur Chess composition Solving Computer chess Computer speed chess Related Cheating in chess Chess aesthetics Chess in the arts in early literature Chess books opening books endgame literature Chess boxing Chess club Chess composer Chess in Europe Göttingen manuscript Chess libraries Chess museums Chess newspaper columns Chess periodicals Chess problem glossary joke chess Chess prodigy Gökyay Association Chess Museum Deep Blue Mutilated chessboard problem Notable games PRO Chess League Simultaneous exhibition Solving chess Staunton chess set Top player comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_(chess)&oldid=846258352 '' Categories : Chess pieces Hidden categories : Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many steps can the queen move in chess	[ "The queen (♕,♛) is the most powerful piece in the game of chess, able to move any number of squares vertically, horizontally or diagonally. Each player starts the game with one queen, placed in the middle of the first rank next to the king. Because the queen is the strongest piece, a pawn is promoted to a queen in the vast majority of cases." ]	[ "any number of squares" ]
4601253918223309872	Rick and Morty (season 1)	Rick and Morty ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Rick and Morty ( season 1 ) Rick and Morty ( season 1 ) Blu - ray cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network Adult Swim Original release December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) -- April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Rick and Morty episodes The first season of the American animated television series , Rick and Morty originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block , Adult Swim . It premiered on December 2 , 2013 with `` Pilot '' and ended on April 14 , 2014 with `` Ricksy Business '' , with a total of eleven episodes . The first season received critical acclaim . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Guest cast 1.3 Other cast members 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Home release 5 References Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Rick and Morty characters The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters . Main cast ( edit ) Justin Roiland as Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith , the two main characters of the show ; Rick is an eccentric mad scientist and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson . Chris Parnell as Jerry Smith , Rick 's son - in - law and Morty 's father ; a simple - minded and insecure person , who disapproves of Rick 's influence over his family . Spencer Grammer as Summer Smith , Rick 's granddaughter and Morty 's sister ; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers . Sarah Chalke as Beth Smith , Rick 's daughter and Morty 's mother ; a generally level - headed person , who is dissatisfied with her marriage . Guest cast ( edit ) Dana Carvey as Leonard Smith , Jerry 's father . John Oliver as Dr. Xenon Bloom , an amoeba and co-founder of the Anatomy Park . David Cross as Prince Nebulon , the alien leader of the Zigerions . Claudia Black as Ma - Sha , ruler of the planet Gazorpazorp . Richard Christy as a stone floating head controlled by female Gazorpians . Virginia Hey as a female Gazorpian inside the stone floating head . Alfred Molina as Lucius Needful , the Devil and owner of a vintage antique shop . Maurice LaMarche as Abradolf Lincler , a human hybrid with the mixed DNA of Adolf Hitler and Abraham Lincoln . Aislinn Paul as Nancy , Summer 's unpopular classmate . Cassie Steele as Tammy , Summer 's friend from school . Other cast members ( edit ) Other cast members of the season , who each have voiced one or more characters , include : Eric Bauza , Dan Harmon , Phil Hendrie , Brandon Johnson , Ryan Ridley , Kari Wahlgren , Melique Berger , Jess Harnell , Smith Harrison , Maurice LaMarche , Rob Paulsen , Jesse Mendel , Dan Benson , Jackie Buscarino , Echo Kellum , Patricia Lentz , Rob Schrab , Gary Anthony Williams , Steve Agee , Tom Kenny , Vatche Panos , Cree Summer , Reagan Gomez , Megan Adams , Will Jennings , Finnegan Perry , Jeff Bergman , Adam Ray , Scott Chernoff , Rich Fulcher , Tress MacNeille , Nolan North , Alejandra Gollas , Lauren Hillman and Chris Romano . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Rick and Morty episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Justin Roiland Dan Harmon & Justin Roiland December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 1.10 Rick , in a drunken state , takes his grandson , Morty , for a ride in his flying car and rambles on about how he plans to use a neutrino bomb to wipe out all life on Earth . Rick lands the vehicle on Morty 's demand and passes out . The bomb activates by itself and seems to be left unchecked , but ultimately it is shown that life on Earth remains intact . After having breakfast with their family , Rick takes Morty to another dimension to collect seeds of `` Mega Trees '' , which Morty is forced to hide in his own rectum to get past intergalactic customs . However , Rick and Morty 's cover is blown and they escape while engaging in a shootout with alien insects . Ultimately , the seeds briefly cause Morty to be highly intelligent , despite the fact that he missed a semester of school because he 's been in adventures with Rick . This causes his parents to believe he is fine with his education , but this wastes the seeds , so Rick informs Morty that they need to go back and get more , while their aftereffects leave Morty writhing on the floor . `` Lawnmower Dog '' John Rice Ryan Ridley December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) 1.51 On Jerry 's demand , Rick gives Snuffles , the family dog , an intelligence - enhancing helmet . Rick and Morty , in an Inception-esque scenario , enter the dream of Morty 's teacher , in an attempt to make him give Morty an `` A '' in math class . They find themselves in a dangerous situation , where they are forced to repeatedly enter dreams within dreams to escape . Eventually , they are chased by a dream character named Scary Terry , a parody of Freddy Krueger . They manage to enter his dream , where they stand up for him against his bully teacher . This persuades Scary Terry to help them complete their mission . Meanwhile , at home , Snuffles builds a mechanical suit and assembles a dog army intending to take over Earth . Returning home from their adventure , Rick and Morty enter Snuffles ' dream , where Rick causes Morty to fall into a coma . This prompts Snuffles to rethink his priorities , resulting in him taking his army to another planet . Post-credit scene : Back in Scary Terry 's class , the old teacher has been replaced by Scary Glenn , a hippie drum player . Rick and Scary Terry are sitting as his students , smoking marijuana , satisfied with this change . `` Anatomy Park '' John Rice Eric Acosta & Wade Randolph December 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) 1.30 On Christmas , Rick sends Morty inside the body of a homeless man to save his life ( a parody of Fantastic Voyage ) . Inside the man 's body is a microscopic enclosure called Anatomy Park ( a parody of Jurassic Park ) , which houses various deadly diseases that escape their enclosures . Back at the family home , Jerry 's parents visit , and the family attempts to bond without electronic devices . Post-credit scene : Rick contacts Annie and her other new associates inside his new patient 's body and as they talk about his `` Pirates of the Pancreas '' ride ( much to Rick 's dislike , since he is sensitive about his ride because it 's his idea ) . Rick hangs up on them only to proceed with a rant and insults , also revealing Summer 's boyfriend Ethan as the new Anatomy Park host . `` M. Night Shaym - Aliens ! '' Jeff Myers Tom Kauffman January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.32 Aliens hold Rick and Jerry captive in a virtual reality , in an attempt to steal Rick 's recipe for Concentrated Dark Matter . As Rick attempts escape , he discovers that there are multiple virtual reality layers on top of each other . Jerry , on the other hand , despite numerous system glitches , remains completely oblivious , and keeps trying to sell his advertising slogan for apples . Rick finally games the aliens by giving them a fake recipe . The aliens send Rick and Jerry on their way , and their ship explodes as they prepare the concoction . Post-credit scene : Jerry is fired on the spot after debuting his new advertising slogan for apples in the real world . At night , a drunk Rick enters Morty 's room , starts showing appreciation for him , but quickly turns on him with a knife and demands to know if Morty is a simulation . Rick then apologizes before passing out . 5 5 `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' Bryan Newton Ryan Ridley January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.61 After killing deadly enemies in an alternative dimension , Morty complains that Rick 's adventures are too dangerous and traumatizing . This leads them into a `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' type adventure , where Morty is in charge . He decides to steal the giant 's treasure and give it to the villagers . The giant dies by accident , Rick and Morty are charged with murder but are ultimately acquitted . Rick and Morty then descend from the Giants ' beanstalk realm and stop in a fairy tale pub on the way down . There , King Jellybean attempts to rape Morty , but Morty escapes . Rick wins money playing poker and gives it to the villagers . As Rick and Morty are leaveing this dimension , Rick kills King Jellybean . Meanwhile , Beth , Summer and Jerry use Rick 's `` Meeseeks Box '' to spawn Meeseeks , blue creatures that fulfill one request and then explode . Jerry summons one Meeseeks to help him improve his golf game , and spends some time training , to no avail . The Meeseeks summons more of them to help , resulting in a increasingly larger crowd of frustrated Meeseeks . They decide to kill Jerry , but given one last chance , he ultimately demonstrates that his skills actually have improved and the Meeseeks are happy to disappear . Post-credit scene : Two villagers find a box of incriminating photographs belonging to King Jellybean , which they burn to preserve the king 's legacy as a benevolent ruler . 6 6 `` Rick Potion # 9 '' Stephen Sandoval Justin Roiland January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.75 Morty is interested in going to the dance at his school with his classmate Jessica , so he asks Rick for a love potion . However , because Jessica has the flu , the potion becomes airborne and goes haywire , causing not only her but the whole population of Earth to fall for Morty save for blood relatives . Rick attempts to fix up an antidote , but he fails twice , ultimately causing all humans affected by the love potion to turn into mutated monsters called `` Cronenbergs '' ( a reference to famous director of body horror films David Cronenberg ) . Meanwhile , Jerry visits Beth in her workplace because he is concerned about her fidelity , and they find Summer later . Rick and Morty then migrate to another dimension where their duplicates died soon after successfully curing all of Earth , thus allowing Rick and Morty to assume their roles . Post-credit scene : Jerry , Beth and Summer are happy to stay together as the only normal human family in their post-apocalyptic mutated world , glad that Rick and Morty are gone . Two Cronenberg versions of Rick and Morty come from the `` Cronenberg world '' to live there as well , because their home was inhabited by Cronenbergs all along , which were accidentally transformed into normal people . 7 7 `` Raising Gazorpazorp '' Jeff Myers Eric Acosta & Wade Randolph March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.76 In a pawn shop in space , Rick buys Morty a sex robot . Soon after , the robot conceives Morty 's alien hybrid child whom he names Morty Jr . Rick and Summer go to the sex robot 's planet of origin , Gazorpazorp , to find better suited parents for Morty Jr . After discovering that the Gazorpazorpian females are the dominant gender on the planet , Rick and Summer learn that the males of this species mature in only days and are , by nature , extremely violent . Morty Jr. 's quick aging teaches Morty about parenting . Post-credit scene : Morty Jr. goes to a talk show to talk about a book he wrote called `` My ( horrible ) Father '' , which has become very successful . 8 8 `` Rixty Minutes '' Bryan Newton Tom Kauffman & Justin Roiland March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.48 As the family watches The Bachelor , Rick is dissatisfied with the quality of Earth TV so he upgrades the cable to show programming from every conceivable dimension . Eventually , they see Jerry from an alternative reality on TV . The family , minus Rick and Morty , uses Rick 's goggles to see through the eyes of their duplicates in that alternative reality , where Jerry and Beth have successful lives , they never married , and Summer was never born because Beth had an abortion . Jerry , Beth and Summer have a heated discussion in which they conclude that family life is holding them back and Beth admits that Summer was an unwanted pregnancy . Summer feels unwanted and plans to run away , but Morty tells her that he and Rick themselves came from an alternate dimension ( as depicted in `` Rick Potion # 9 '' ) and persuades her to stay . Ultimately , Beth and Jerry discover that their alternate selves are miserable in their own ways and witness them getting back together , which convinces them that they belong together too . Post-credit scene : The family goes on vacation into an alternate reality where hamsters live in human rectums that they saw on the interdimensional TV . 9 9 `` Something Ricked This Way Comes '' John Rice Mike McMahan March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.54 Summer works in an antique shop run by the Devil , which gives away items that come with harmful curses . Rick sets up a competitor shop where he uses science to remove the curses , and the Devil is put out of business . Summer helps him to relaunch a successful dot - com company , but he betrays her and keeps the company for himself . Summer and Rick build muscle mass and publicly beat up the Devil to get revenge . Meanwhile , Jerry , helping Morty with his homework , insists that Pluto is a planet . They are abducted by Plutonians to their planet , where Jerry is mistaken for a scientist . His statements about Pluto being a planet make him instantly popular , but it is later revealed to him that Pluto is shrinking due to corporate plutonium mining . He tells Pluto citizens the truth on a public speech , causing him to be hated and deported back to Earth with Morty . Post-credit scene : Rick and Summer merrily beat a Neo-Nazi , a bully , a member of the Westboro Baptist Church who has been holding an anti-gay sign , and an abusive dog owner . 10 10 `` Close Rick - counters of the Rick Kind '' Stephen Sandoval Ryan Ridley April 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) 1.75 The show 's original Rick is wrongfully accused of murdering twenty - seven Ricks from alternate dimensions and kidnapping their respective Mortys . The Trans - Dimensional Council of Ricks arrests him and finds him guilty , upon discovering incriminating evidence which was actually fabricated to frame him . Rick and Morty escape and are chased by a few duplicates of themselves . The Smith household is flooded with other Ricks and Jerry develops a friendship with the good - natured `` Doofus Rick '' . The real culprits seem to be an evil Rick and his Morty . They have been using Mortys ' low intelligence brainwaves as a way to conceal themselves . They capture the original Rick and Morty , but the original Morty leads a rebellion of alternate Mortys and releases the original Rick . Rick informs the Council about the real killer , thus clearing his own name . After Rick and Morty depart , the Council discovers that Evil Rick was actually under control by an unknown puppet - master , which was Evil Morty all along . Evil Morty escapes by blending into the crowd of orphaned Morties . Post-credit scene : Jerry waves at Doofus Rick from the window , prompting Rick to make fun of him . 11 11 `` Ricksy Business '' Stephen Sandoval Ryan Ridley & Tom Kauffman April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) 2.13 Jerry and Beth participate in a reenactment of Titanic , but the ship unexpectedly fails to sink . Jerry spends some time alone with Lucy , a female janitor who eventually proves to be a deranged fan of the movie , forcing him to imitate scenes with her at gunpoint . She almost rapes Jerry , but Beth saves him . Meanwhile , Rick is left in charge of Morty and Summer , but they have a large party . Among the guests are teenagers , aliens , Gearhead , Squanchy , alternate Ricks and Abradolf Lincler ( a DNA combination of Adolf Hitler and Abraham Lincoln ) . Not only do they make a mess , but the whole house is accidentally sent into another dimension , where Lincler seemingly dies ( he actually survives ) . Ultimately , the guests are sent away and the house is returned to its place . Rick , Morty and Summer only have minutes to spare before Beth and Jerry arrive , so they use a contraption to freeze time , allowing them to repair the house . They watch Titanic and unanimously agree on how terrible it is . Post-credit scene : Giant alien beasts repeatedly insert and remove Lincler and a teenager from the party in their bodies . Production ( edit ) Series co-creator Justin Roiland , John Rice , Jeff Myers , Bryan Newton and Stephen Sandoval served as directors , while Roiland , series co-creator Dan Harmon , Tom Kauffman , Ryan Ridley , Wade Randolph and Eric Acosta served as writers ; writer 's assistant Mike McMahan was also given writing credit . All episodes in the first season originally aired in the United States on Adult Swim , and are rated TV - 14 . However , the uncensored version of the episodes released on DVD and Blu - ray are rated TV - MA . Home release ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD ( Region 1 ) and Blu - ray on October 7 , 2014 . Before its release , Roiland had confirmed that it would contain uncensored audio tracks . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Rick and Morty : Season 1 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rodgers , Blake ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Stars You Did n't Know Voiced Rick And Morty Characters '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rick and Morty - Characters / Actors Images '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Adult Swim Weekly Ratings Scorecard ( December 2 -- 8 , 2013 ) '' . TV Ratings . TV Media Insights . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Monday Night Football , Voice Continue Reign '' . Ratings . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night Football Leads Night + Monday Night RAW , Black Ink Crew & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night RAW & Love & Hip Hop Tie for Lead + Single Ladies , Archer & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Love & Hip Hop Wins Night , WWE Raw , Single Ladies , Klondike , The Fosters & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night RAW Tops Night + Love & Hip Hop , Fast N Loud , Single Ladies & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amanda , Kondolojy ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' WWE Hall of Fame ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Archer ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rick and Morty - ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray : Date , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Roiland on Twitter '' . Twitter . Rick and Morty Characters Rick Sanchez Morty Smith Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Lawnmower Dog '' `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' `` Rick Potion # 9 '' `` Rixty Minutes '' Season 2 `` A Rickle in Time '' `` The Ricks Must Be Crazy '' `` The Wedding Squanchers '' Season 3 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' `` Pickle Rick '' Video games Pocket Mortys Rick and Morty : Virtual Rick - ality Related `` Mathlete 's Feat '' ( The Simpsons episode ) `` Terryfold '' Bobby Tarantino II ( Logic mixtape ) Run the Jewels ( `` Oh Mama '' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_and_Morty_(season_1)&oldid=859463264 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons Rick and Morty seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Gaeilge Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2018 , at 06 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which episode of rick and morty has evil morty	[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11\"Pilot\"Justin RoilandDan Harmon & Justin RoilandDecember 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)1.10[4]\nRick, in a drunken state, takes his grandson, Morty, for a ride in his flying car and rambles on about how he plans to use a neutrino bomb to wipe out all life on Earth. Rick lands the vehicle on Morty's demand and passes out. The bomb activates by itself and seems to be left unchecked, but ultimately it is shown that life on Earth remains intact. After having breakfast with their family, Rick takes Morty to another dimension to collect seeds of \"Mega Trees\", which Morty is forced to hide in his own rectum to get past intergalactic customs. However, Rick and Morty's cover is blown and they escape while engaging in a shootout with alien insects. Ultimately, the seeds briefly cause Morty to be highly intelligent, despite the fact that he missed a semester of school because he's been in adventures with Rick. This causes his parents to believe he is fine with his education, but this wastes the seeds, so Rick informs Morty that they need to go back and get more, while their aftereffects leave Morty writhing on the floor.\n22\"Lawnmower Dog\"John RiceRyan RidleyDecember 9, 2013 (2013-12-09)1.51[5]\nOn Jerry's demand, Rick gives Snuffles, the family dog, an intelligence-enhancing helmet. Rick and Morty, in an Inception-esque scenario, enter the dream of Morty's teacher, in an attempt to make him give Morty an \"A\" in math class. They find themselves in a dangerous situation, where they are forced to repeatedly enter dreams within dreams to escape. Eventually, they are chased by a dream character named Scary Terry, a parody of Freddy Krueger. They manage to enter his dream, where they stand up for him against his bully teacher. This persuades Scary Terry to help them complete their mission. Meanwhile, at home, Snuffles builds a mechanical suit and assembles a dog army intending to take over Earth. Returning home from their adventure, Rick and Morty enter Snuffles' dream, where Rick causes Morty to fall into a coma. This prompts Snuffles to rethink his priorities, resulting in him taking his army to another planet.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: Back in Scary Terry's class, the old teacher has been replaced by Scary Glenn, a hippie drum player. Rick and Scary Terry are sitting as his students, smoking marijuana, satisfied with this change.\n33\"Anatomy Park\"John RiceEric Acosta & Wade RandolphDecember 16, 2013 (2013-12-16)1.30[6]\nOn Christmas, Rick sends Morty inside the body of a homeless man to save his life (a parody of Fantastic Voyage). Inside the man's body is a microscopic enclosure called Anatomy Park (a parody of Jurassic Park), which houses various deadly diseases that escape their enclosures. Back at the family home, Jerry's parents visit, and the family attempts to bond without electronic devices.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: Rick contacts Annie and her other new associates inside his new patient's body and as they talk about his \"Pirates of the Pancreas\" ride (much to Rick's dislike, since he is sensitive about his ride because it's his idea). Rick hangs up on them only to proceed with a rant and insults, also revealing Summer's boyfriend Ethan as the new Anatomy Park host.\n44\"M. Night Shaym-Aliens!\"Jeff MyersTom KauffmanJanuary 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)1.32[7]\nAliens hold Rick and Jerry captive in a virtual reality, in an attempt to steal Rick's recipe for Concentrated Dark Matter. As Rick attempts escape, he discovers that there are multiple virtual reality layers on top of each other. Jerry, on the other hand, despite numerous system glitches, remains completely oblivious, and keeps trying to sell his advertising slogan for apples. Rick finally games the aliens by giving them a fake recipe. The aliens send Rick and Jerry on their way, and their ship explodes as they prepare the concoction.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: Jerry is fired on the spot after debuting his new advertising slogan for apples in the real world. At night, a drunk Rick enters Morty's room, starts showing appreciation for him, but quickly turns on him with a knife and demands to know if Morty is a simulation. Rick then apologizes before passing out.\n55\"Meeseeks and Destroy\"Bryan NewtonRyan RidleyJanuary 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)1.61[8]\nAfter killing deadly enemies in an alternative dimension, Morty complains that Rick's adventures are too dangerous and traumatizing. This leads them into a \"Jack and the Beanstalk\" type adventure, where Morty is in charge. He decides to steal the giant's treasure and give it to the villagers. The giant dies by accident, Rick and Morty are charged with murder but are ultimately acquitted. Rick and Morty then descend from the Giants' beanstalk realm and stop in a fairy tale pub on the way down. There, King Jellybean attempts to rape Morty, but Morty escapes. Rick wins money playing poker and gives it to the villagers. As Rick and Morty are leaveing this dimension, Rick kills King Jellybean. Meanwhile, Beth, Summer and Jerry use Rick's \"Meeseeks Box\" to spawn Meeseeks, blue creatures that fulfill one request and then explode. Jerry summons one Meeseeks to help him improve his golf game, and spends some time training, to no avail. The Meeseeks summons more of them to help, resulting in a increasingly larger crowd of frustrated Meeseeks. They decide to kill Jerry, but given one last chance, he ultimately demonstrates that his skills actually have improved and the Meeseeks are happy to disappear.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: Two villagers find a box of incriminating photographs belonging to King Jellybean, which they burn to preserve the king's legacy as a benevolent ruler.\n66\"Rick Potion #9\"Stephen SandovalJustin RoilandJanuary 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)1.75[9]\nMorty is interested in going to the dance at his school with his classmate Jessica, so he asks Rick for a love potion. However, because Jessica has the flu, the potion becomes airborne and goes haywire, causing not only her but the whole population of Earth to fall for Morty save for blood relatives. Rick attempts to fix up an antidote, but he fails twice, ultimately causing all humans affected by the love potion to turn into mutated monsters called \"Cronenbergs\" (a reference to famous director of body horror films David Cronenberg). Meanwhile, Jerry visits Beth in her workplace because he is concerned about her fidelity, and they find Summer later. Rick and Morty then migrate to another dimension where their duplicates died soon after successfully curing all of Earth, thus allowing Rick and Morty to assume their roles.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: Jerry, Beth and Summer are happy to stay together as the only normal human family in their post-apocalyptic mutated world, glad that Rick and Morty are gone. Two Cronenberg versions of Rick and Morty come from the \"Cronenberg world\" to live there as well, because their home was inhabited by Cronenbergs all along, which were accidentally transformed into normal people.\n77\"Raising Gazorpazorp\"Jeff MyersEric Acosta & Wade RandolphMarch 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)1.76[10]\nIn a pawn shop in space, Rick buys Morty a sex robot. Soon after, the robot conceives Morty's alien hybrid child whom he names Morty Jr. Rick and Summer go to the sex robot's planet of origin, Gazorpazorp, to find better suited parents for Morty Jr. After discovering that the Gazorpazorpian females are the dominant gender on the planet, Rick and Summer learn that the males of this species mature in only days and are, by nature, extremely violent. Morty Jr.'s quick aging teaches Morty about parenting.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: Morty Jr. goes to a talk show to talk about a book he wrote called \"My (horrible) Father\", which has become very successful.\n88\"Rixty Minutes\"Bryan NewtonTom Kauffman & Justin RoilandMarch 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)1.48[11]\nAs the family watches The Bachelor, Rick is dissatisfied with the quality of Earth TV so he upgrades the cable to show programming from every conceivable dimension. Eventually, they see Jerry from an alternative reality on TV. The family, minus Rick and Morty, uses Rick's goggles to see through the eyes of their duplicates in that alternative reality, where Jerry and Beth have successful lives, they never married, and Summer was never born because Beth had an abortion. Jerry, Beth and Summer have a heated discussion in which they conclude that family life is holding them back and Beth admits that Summer was an unwanted pregnancy. Summer feels unwanted and plans to run away, but Morty tells her that he and Rick themselves came from an alternate dimension (as depicted in \"Rick Potion #9\") and persuades her to stay. Ultimately, Beth and Jerry discover that their alternate selves are miserable in their own ways and witness them getting back together, which convinces them that they belong together too.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: The family goes on vacation into an alternate reality where hamsters live in human rectums that they saw on the interdimensional TV.\n99\"Something Ricked This Way Comes\"John RiceMike McMahanMarch 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)1.54[12]\nSummer works in an antique shop run by the Devil, which gives away items that come with harmful curses. Rick sets up a competitor shop where he uses science to remove the curses, and the Devil is put out of business. Summer helps him to relaunch a successful dot-com company, but he betrays her and keeps the company for himself. Summer and Rick build muscle mass and publicly beat up the Devil to get revenge. Meanwhile, Jerry, helping Morty with his homework, insists that Pluto is a planet. They are abducted by Plutonians to their planet, where Jerry is mistaken for a scientist. His statements about Pluto being a planet make him instantly popular, but it is later revealed to him that Pluto is shrinking due to corporate plutonium mining. He tells Pluto citizens the truth on a public speech, causing him to be hated and deported back to Earth with Morty.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: Rick and Summer merrily beat a Neo-Nazi, a bully, a member of the Westboro Baptist Church who has been holding an anti-gay sign, and an abusive dog owner.\n1010\"Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind\"Stephen SandovalRyan RidleyApril 7, 2014 (2014-04-07)1.75[13]\nThe show's original Rick is wrongfully accused of murdering twenty-seven Ricks from alternate dimensions and kidnapping their respective Mortys. The Trans-Dimensional Council of Ricks arrests him and finds him guilty, upon discovering incriminating evidence which was actually fabricated to frame him. Rick and Morty escape and are chased by a few duplicates of themselves. The Smith household is flooded with other Ricks and Jerry develops a friendship with the good-natured \"Doofus Rick\". The real culprits seem to be an evil Rick and his Morty. They have been using Mortys' low intelligence brainwaves as a way to conceal themselves. They capture the original Rick and Morty, but the original Morty leads a rebellion of alternate Mortys and releases the original Rick. Rick informs the Council about the real killer, thus clearing his own name. After Rick and Morty depart, the Council discovers that Evil Rick was actually under control by an unknown puppet-master, which was Evil Morty all along. Evil Morty escapes by blending into the crowd of orphaned Morties.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: Jerry waves at Doofus Rick from the window, prompting Rick to make fun of him.\n1111\"Ricksy Business\"Stephen SandovalRyan Ridley & Tom KauffmanApril 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)2.13[14]\nJerry and Beth participate in a reenactment of Titanic, but the ship unexpectedly fails to sink. Jerry spends some time alone with Lucy, a female janitor who eventually proves to be a deranged fan of the movie, forcing him to imitate scenes with her at gunpoint. She almost rapes Jerry, but Beth saves him. Meanwhile, Rick is left in charge of Morty and Summer, but they have a large party. Among the guests are teenagers, aliens, Gearhead, Squanchy, alternate Ricks and Abradolf Lincler (a DNA combination of Adolf Hitler and Abraham Lincoln). Not only do they make a mess, but the whole house is accidentally sent into another dimension, where Lincler seemingly dies (he actually survives). Ultimately, the guests are sent away and the house is returned to its place. Rick, Morty and Summer only have minutes to spare before Beth and Jerry arrive, so they use a contraption to freeze time, allowing them to repair the house. They watch Titanic and unanimously agree on how terrible it is.\n\n\nPost-credit scene: Giant alien beasts repeatedly insert and remove Lincler and a teenager from the party in their bodies." ]	[ "\"Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind\"" ]
-7737934222877964613	Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion	Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion - wikipedia Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that List of the first 32 women ordained as Church of England priests be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2017 . Part of a series on Anglicanism Theology ( show ) Christian theology Anglican doctrine Thirty - nine Articles Books of Homilies Caroline Divines Lambeth Quadrilateral Episcopal polity Sacraments Mary Ministry and worship ( show ) Ministry Music Eucharist King James Version Book of Common Prayer Liturgical year Churchmanship High Low Central Broad Monasticism Saints Christianity ( show ) Jesus Christ Paul Christian Church First seven Ecumenical Councils Background and history ( show ) Celtic Christianity Augustine of Canterbury Bede Medieval cathedral architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Thomas Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Edward VI Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I Charles I Laud Nonjuring schism Anglo - Catholicism Oxford Movement Anglican Communion ( show ) Anglican Communion history Archbishop of Canterbury Anglican Communion Primates ' Meetings Lambeth Conference Bishops Anglican Consultative Council Ecumenism Ordination of women Windsor Report Continuing Anglicanism ( show ) Anglican realignment Bartonville Agreement Congress of St. Louis North American Anglican Conference Anglicanism portal Part of a series on Christianity and gender Theology 1 Timothy 2 : 12 Biblical womanhood Christian views on marriage Female disciples of Jesus Jesus ' interactions with women List of women in the Bible Ordination of women Deaconess ; ( Catholic , Protestant , Anglican ) Paul the Apostle and women Rape in the Hebrew Bible Stay - at - home daughter Women as theological figures Women in the Bible Women in Christianity Four major positions Christian egalitarianism Christian feminism Complementarianism Biblical patriarchy Church and society Christianity and homosexuality Women in Church history Organizations Feminist Evangelical and Ecumenical Women 's Caucus Egalitarian Christians for Biblical Equality Complementarian Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood Patriarchal Vision Forum ( defunct ) Theologians and authors Feminist Anne Eggebroten Grace Jantzen Virginia Ramey Mollenkott Letha Dawson Scanzoni Egalitarian Gilbert Bilezikian Greg Boyd Gordon Fee Kevin Giles Stanley Grenz Kenneth E. Hagin Paul Jewett Roger Nicole Frank Stagg William J. Webb Complementarian Don Carson John MacArthur Susan Foh John Frame Wayne Grudem George W. Knight III Albert Mohler Douglas Moo Dorothy Patterson Paige Patterson John Piper Vern Poythress Roman Catholic Phyllis Zagano Eastern Orthodox Frederica Mathewes - Green The ordination of women in the Anglican Communion has been increasingly common in certain provinces since the 1970s . Several provinces , however , and certain dioceses within otherwise ordaining provinces , continue to ordain only men . Disputes over the ordination of women have contributed to the establishment and growth of conservative separatist tendencies , such the Anglican realignment and Continuing Anglican movements . Some provinces within the Anglican Communion ordain women to the three traditional holy orders of bishop , priest and deacon . Other provinces ordain women as deacons and priests but not as bishops ; others still as deacons only ; and seven provinces do not approve the ordination of women to any order of ministry . Within provinces which permit the ordination of women , approval of enabling legislation is largely a diocesan responsibility . There may , however , be individual dioceses which do not endorse the legislation , or do so only in a modified form , as in those dioceses which ordain women only to the diaconate ( such as the Diocese of Sydney in the Anglican Church of Australia ) , regardless of the fact that the ordination of women to all three orders of ministry is canonically possible . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Ordination of priests 3 Ordination of bishops 3.1 Episcopal Church in the United States 3.2 Anglican Church in Aotearoa , New Zealand and Polynesia 3.3 Anglican Church of Canada 3.4 Anglican Church of Australia 3.5 Anglican Church of Southern Africa 3.6 Church in Wales 3.7 Church of England 3.8 Church of Ireland 3.9 Church of South India 3.10 Scottish Episcopal Church 3.11 Extraprovincial churches 4 Controversies and breakaway groups 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading Overview ( edit ) The current situation regarding women 's ordination in the Anglican Communion can be seen in the following table , which lists the 38 member churches and the 6 extra-provincial churches : Province Ordination of female deacons permitted First female deacon Ordination of female priests permitted First female priest Consecration of female bishops permitted First female bishop Refs Aotearoa , New Zealand and Polynesia 1976 1977 1990 Australia 1985 1986 1992 1992 2007 2008 Bangladesh Brazil 1984 1985 Burundi Canada 1969 1969 1976 1986 1994 Central Africa Central America Congo ? ? England 1985 1992 1994 2014 2015 Hong Kong 1971 1944 Indian Ocean 2002 2006 2006 Ireland 1984 1990 1990 1990 2013 Japan 1998 1998 Jerusalem and the Middle East 2011 2011 Kenya 1990 1992 Korea 2005 2008 Melanesia Mexico Myanmar ( Burma ) ? Nigeria ? North India 1984 Pakistan 2000 Papua New Guinea Philippines Rwanda ? Scotland 1986 1986 1994 1994 2003 2018 Southern Africa 1982 1992 2012 South America 2015 2015 South East Asia South India 2013 South Sudan and Sudan 2000 2000 2000 Tanzania Uganda United States 1970 1976 1976 Wales 1980 1980 1997 2013 2017 West Africa 2000 West Indies 1992 1994 1995 Bermuda ( extra-provincial ) ? 2009 ? ? ? Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ; extra-provincial ) 2003 2006 ? Cuba ( extra-provincial ) 1986 1990 2007 Falkland Islands ( extra-provincial ) ? ? ? ? N / A Portugal ( extra-provincial ) 1997 ? ? ? ? Spain ( extra-provincial ) ? Note that provinces are categorised above according to the overall provincial policy on the ordination of women . In provinces where individual dioceses have considerable autonomy ( e.g. the Anglican Church of Australia ) , some dioceses may be less permissive than the province overall . Ordination of priests ( edit ) The first woman ordained to the priesthood in the Anglican Communion was Florence Li Tim - Oi , who was ordained on 25 January 1944 by Ronald Hall , Bishop of Victoria , Hong Kong , in response to the crisis among Anglican Christians in China caused by the Japanese invasion . To avoid controversy , she resigned her licence ( though not her priestly orders ) after the end of the war . In 1971 , the Synod of Hong Kong and Macao became the first Anglican province to officially permit the ordination of women to the priesthood . Jane Hwang and Joyce M. Bennett were ordained as priests by Gilbert Baker , Bishop of Hong Kong and Macao on November 28 , 1971 . At the same time , Li Tim - Oi was officially recognised again as a priest . In 1974 , in the United States , 11 women ( known as the `` Philadelphia Eleven '' ) were controversially ordained to the priesthood in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , by three retired Episcopal Church bishops ( Daniel Corrigan , Robert L. DeWitt and Edward R. Welles ) . Four more women ( the `` Washington Four '' ) were ordained in 1975 in Washington D.C. by George W. Barrett , retired Bishop of Rochester , New York . All of these ordinations were ruled `` irregular '' because they had been done without the authorisation of the Episcopal Church 's General Convention . The ordinations were regularised in 1976 following the approval by the General Convention of measures to provide for the ordination of women to the priesthood and the episcopate . The first regular ordination occurred on 1 January 1977 , when Jacqueline Means was ordained at the Episcopal Church of All Saints , Indianapolis . In 1975 , the General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada ( ACC ) passed enabling legislation for women priests ; the first six women priests in the ACC were ordained on November 30 , 1976 . In 1977 , the Anglican Church in New Zealand ordained five female priests . In 1980 , the Anglican Church of Kenya agreed in principle that women could be ordained , and that each diocese was to be autonomous in taking up the issue . In 1983 , Henry Okullu , bishop of the Diocese of Maseno South in the Anglican Church of Kenya , ordained Lucia Okuthe as priest . In the same year , William Rukirande , Bishop of Kigezi in the Church of Uganda , ordained three women as priest , Monica Sebidega , Deborah Micungwa Rukara and Margaret Kizanye Byekwaso . Formal legislation for the ordination of women as priests was ultimately approved in both provinces in 1990 . In 1990 , Janet Catterall became the first woman ordained an Anglican priest in Ireland . In 1992 , the general synod of the Anglican Church of Australia approved legislation allowing dioceses to decide whether to ordain women to the priesthood . In the same year , 90 women were ordained in Australia and two others who had been ordained overseas were recognised . Also in 1992 , the Anglican Church of Southern Africa authorised the ordination of women as priests and , in September that year , Nancy Charton , Bride Dickson and Sue Groves were ordained in the Diocese of Grahamstown . Also in 1992 , the General Synod of the Church of England passed a vote to ordain women ; however , it proved controversial . The Act of Synod , passed in 1993 , along with further legislation , allowed parishes to not accept ordained women . In 1994 England 's first two women priests were ordained . The experience of the first women priests and their congregations was the premise of the television programme The Vicar of Dibley . The legality of the ordination of women in the Church of England was challenged in civil courts by Paul Williamson and others . By 2004 , one in five priests was a woman . In 1994 , in the Diocese of Barbados , Sonia Hinds and Beverley Sealy became the first women to be ordained as deacons in the Church in the Province of the West Indies on 25 July , the Feast of St James . On 31 May 1996 , on the Feast of the Visitation of Mary to Elizabeth , both women were ordained as priests . Rufus Brome , the first Barbadian - born bishop , presided at both ordinations at the Cathedral of St Michael and All Angels in Bridgetown , Barbados . In 1997 , Rosalina Villaruel Rabaria became the first woman ordained in the Philippines Independent Church , in the Diocese of Aklan and Capiz on 9 February . In 2015 , Bolivia became the first diocese in the Anglican Province of South America ( formerly known as the Southern Cone ) to ordain women as priests . Also in 2015 , Susana Lopez Lerena , Cynthia Myers Dickin , and Audrey Taylor Gonzalez became the first women Anglican priests ordained in the Diocese of Uruguay . Ordination of bishops ( edit ) Episcopal Church in the United States ( edit ) Katharine Jefferts Schori , Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church ( 2006 -- 2015 ) , the first female primate in the Anglican Communion The first woman to become a bishop in the Anglican Communion was Barbara Harris , who was ordained suffragan bishop of Massachusetts in the United States in February 1989 . As of August 2017 , 24 women have since been elected to the episcopate across the church . The election in December 2009 and consecration on 15 May 2010 of Mary Glasspool , who is openly gay and lives with her partner of 20 years , as a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Los Angeles attracted attention owing to the continued controversy over gay bishops in Anglicanism . The Episcopal Church in the United States also elected the first woman to become a primate ( or senior bishop of a national church ) , Katharine Jefferts Schori , who was elected as 26th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church at the 2006 General Convention for a nine - year term ( 2006 - 2015 ) . Anglican Church in Aotearoa , New Zealand and Polynesia ( edit ) The Anglican Church in Aotearoa , New Zealand and Polynesia first ordained women as priests in 1977 and was the first Anglican province to elect a woman as a diocesan bishop when , in 1989 , Penny Jamieson was elected Bishop of Dunedin . She retired in 2004 . In 2008 the Diocese of Christchurch elected Victoria Matthews , former Bishop of Edmonton in the Anglican Church of Canada , as 8th Bishop of Christchurch . In 2013 , Helen - Ann Hartley became the first woman ordained in the Church of England to become a bishop when she was elected as Bishop of Waikato and joint diocesan bishop in the Diocese of Waikato and Taranaki . Anglican Church of Canada ( edit ) Following the first ordinations of women as priests in 1976 , the first woman to become a bishop in the Anglican Church of Canada was Victoria Matthews . She was elected suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Toronto on 19 November 1993 and was ordained to the episcopate on 12 February 1994 . She later was the first woman to become a diocesan bishop in Canada when she was elected as Bishop of Edmonton in 1997 , an office she held until 2007 when she resigned . She was subsequently elected Bishop of Christchurch in the Anglican Church in Aotearoa , New Zealand and Polynesia in 2008 . Since Matthews ' election , eight more women have been elected to the episcopate in Canada . They are Ann Tottenham ( suffragan , Toronto , 1997 ; retired 2005 ) ; Sue Moxley ( suffragan , Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island , 2004 ; diocesan , 2007 ; retired 2014 ) ; Jane Alexander ( diocesan , Edmonton , 2008 ) ; Linda Nicholls ( suffragan , Toronto , 2008 ; diocesan , Huron , 2016 ) ; Barbara Andrews ( Bishop Suffragan to the Metropolitan with responsibilities for the Anglican Parishes of the Central Interior , 2009 ) ; Lydia Mamakwa ( Area Bishop for Northern Ontario within the Diocese of Keewatin , with special responsibility for the predominantly Aboriginal parishes of the area , 2010 ; subsequently Bishop of Mishamikoweesh , the church 's Indigenous Spiritual Ministry with the status of a diocese , established in 2014 ) ; Melissa Skelton ( diocesan , New Westminster , 2013 ) and Mary Irwin - Gibson ( diocesan Bishop of Montreal , 2015 ) . Anglican Church of Australia ( edit ) See also : Ordination of women in the Anglican Diocese of Sydney The Anglican Church of Australia began to ordain women as priests in 1992 and in the late 1990s embarked on a protracted debate over the ordination of women as bishops , a debate that was ultimately decided though the church 's appellate tribunal , which ruled on 28 September 2007 that there is nothing in the church 's constitution that would prevent the consecration of a woman priest as a bishop in a diocese which by ordinance has adopted the law of the Church of England Clarification Canon 1992 , which paved the way for the ordination of women as priests . Following the agreement at the April 2008 bishops ' conference of the `` Women in the Episcopate '' protocol for the provision of pastoral care to those who reject the ministry of bishops who are women , the first women ordained as bishops were Kay Goldsworthy ( assistant bishop , Diocese of Perth ) on 22 May 2008 ( subsequently elected 12th bishop of the Diocese of Gippsland in the south - eastern Australian state of Victoria and installed on 21 March 2015 ; and Barbara Darling ( assistant bishop , Anglican Diocese of Melbourne ) on 31 May 2008 . Four more women have since been ordained as bishops : Genieve Blackwell , Regional Bishop in Wagga Wagga and subsequently an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Melbourne ( 31 March 2012 ) ; Alison Taylor , Bishop of the Southern Region , Diocese of Brisbane ( 6 April 2013 ) ; Sarah Macneil , Bishop of Grafton , who was the first woman to be a diocesan bishop in the church ( 1 March 2014 ) ; and Kate Wilmot , an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Perth ( 6 August 2015 ) . On 29 August 2017 Kay Goldsworthy was elected Archbishop of Perth in the Province of Western Australia . On taking up her appointment in February 2018 , she will be the first woman in the Anglican Communion appointed to the office of Archbishop . Anglican Church of Southern Africa ( edit ) The first women to become a bishop in the Anglican Church of South Africa was Ellinah Ntombi Wamukoya , who was elected bishop of the Diocese of Swaziland on 18 July 2012 and ordained and installed on 10 November 2012 . Her appointment was closely followed by the election , on 12 October 2012 , of Margaret Vertue as bishop of the Diocese of False Bay . She was consecrated and installed on 19 January 2013 . Church in Wales ( edit ) On 2 April 2008 , the Governing Body of the Church in Wales considered , but did not pass , a bill to enable women to be ordained as bishops . Though the bill was passed by the House of Laity ( 52 to 19 ) and the House of Bishops ( unanimously ) , it failed by three votes ( 27 to 18 ) to secure the required minimum two - thirds majority in the House of Clerics . However , the Church in Wales decisively ended the role of provincial bishop , whose responsibility was to minister to opponents . On 12 September 2013 , the Governing Body passed a bill to enable women to be ordained as bishops subject to the finalisation of a Code of Practice , ultimately published in September 2014 . On 2 November 2016 , Joanna Penberthy was elected as Bishop of St David 's in the Church in Wales . She was consecrated in January 2017 and enthroned in St Davids Cathedral in February 2017 . On 25 February 2017 June Osborn was elected 72nd Bishop of Llandaff . She was consecrated on 15 July 2017 and installed at Llandaff Cathedral on 22 July 2017 . Church of England ( edit ) Since the ordination of women as priests began in 1994 , dioceses generally have on the Bishop 's senior staff a Dean of Women 's Ministry ( or Bishop 's Adviser in Women 's Ministry or similar ) , whose role it is to advocated for clergy who are women and to ensure the Bishop is appraised of issues peculiar to their ministry . These Advisers meet together in a National Association ( NADAWM ) . In 2005 , 2006 and 2008 the General Synod of the Church of England voted in favour of removing the legal obstacles preventing women from becoming bishops . The process did not progress quickly due to problems in providing appropriate mechanisms for the protection of those who can not accept this development . On 7 July 2008 the synod held a more - than - seven - hour debate on the subject and narrowly voted in favour of a national statutory code of practice to make provision for opponents , though more radical provisions ( such as separate structures or overseeing bishops ) proposed by opponents of the measure failed to win the majority required across each of the three houses ( bishops , clergy and laity ) . The task of taking this proposal further fell largely to a revision committee established by the synod to consider the draft legislation on enabling women to become bishops in the Church of England . When , in October 2009 , the revision committee released a statement indicating its proposals would include a plan to vest some functions by law in male bishops who would provide oversight for those unable to receive ministry of women as bishops or priests , there was widespread concern both within and outside the Church of England about the appropriateness of such legislation . In the light of the negative reaction to the proposal , the revision committee subsequently announced the abandonment of this recommendation . The synod , meeting in York from 9 to 12 July 2010 , considered a measure that again endorsed the ordination of women as bishops . The measure included provisions for individual bishops to allow alternative oversight for traditionalists who object to serving under them , but opponents of the measure argued for stronger provisions . A compromise plan put forward by the archbishops of Canterbury and York ( involving the creation of a mechanism providing for `` co-ordinate jurisdiction '' in parishes refusing the ministry of a bishop who is a woman whereby another bishop would fulfil episcopal function ) was endorsed by the House of Bishops and the House of Laity but narrowly failed ( 90 votes against to 85 in favour ) in the House of Clergy . The draft measure , with only minor amendments , passed in all three houses on 12 July 2010 , to be considered by individual dioceses . The measure was approved by 42 of the 44 dioceses , but an amendment by the House of Bishops , offering further concessions to opponents , meant that many proponents of the measure would have reluctantly voted it down , and the synod at York in July 2012 adjourned the decision to a later synod . On 20 November 2012 , the General Synod failed to pass the proposed legislation for the ordination of women as bishops . The measure was lost after narrowly failing to achieve the two - thirds majority required in the House of Laity after being passed by the House of Bishops and the House of Clergy . At its meeting on 7 February 2013 , the House of Bishops decided that eight senior women clergy , elected regionally , would participate in all meetings of the house until such time as there were six women who were bishops sitting as of right . In May 2013 the House of Bishops expressed its commitment `` to publishing new ways forward to enable women to become bishops . '' In July 2013 , the synod decided to reintroduce legislation to be addressed in November . In November 2013 the General Synod approved a package of measures as the next steps to enable women to become bishops , generally welcoming a package of proposals outlined for Draft Legislation of Women in the Episcopate ( GS 1924 ) . The steering committee 's package of proposals followed the mandate set by the July synod and included the first draft of a House of Bishops declaration and a disputes resolution procedure . The debate invited the synod to welcome the proposals and five guiding principles already agreed by the House of Bishops . The General Synod again considered the matter in February 2014 and sent further draft legislation to all the dioceses of the Church of England . All dioceses that were able to meet within the necessary time frame ( 43 of 44 ) approved the draft legislation in time for it be debated at the General Synod in York in July 2014 . That legislation passed all three houses of General Synod on 14 July 2014 , achieving the two - thirds majority required in all three . It gained the necessary parliamentary approvals and royal assent in the subsequent months and was finally approved by the General Synod on 17 November 2014 . The first woman to be ordained as a bishop in the Church of England was Libby Lane , whose appointment as Bishop of Stockport ( a suffragan see in the Diocese of Chester ) was announced on 17 December 2014 . She was consecrated at York Minster on 26 January 2015 ( the Feast of the Conversion of St Paul ) . Alison White was appointed Bishop of Hull ( suffragan , Diocese of York ) on 25 March 2015 and consecrated at York Minister on 3 July 2015 ( the Feast of St Thomas ) . The third woman to be appointed bishop , and the first to be a diocesan bishop , was Rachel Treweek , whose appointment as 43rd Bishop of Gloucester was announced on 26 March 2015 . She became Bishop of Gloucester on 15 June 2015 following the confirmation of her election . On 22 July 2015 ( the Feast of St Mary Magdalene ) she and Sarah Mullally ( Bishop of Crediton , a suffragan see in the Diocese of Exeter ) were the first women to be ordained as bishops at Canterbury Cathedral . Pursuant to the Lords Spiritual ( Women ) Act 2015 , which makes time - limited provision for vacancies among the Lords Spiritual ( the bishops who are members of the House of Lords ) to be filled by diocesan bishops who are women , Treweek also become the first to sit in the House of Lords , where she was introduced on 26 October 2015 . On 30 June 2015 , it was announced that Ruth Worsley would be Bishop of Taunton ( suffragan , Diocese of Bath and Wells ) . On 2 July 2015 the appointment of Anne Hollinghurst as the Bishop of Aston ( suffragan , Diocese of Birmingham ) was announced . Both were consecrated at St Paul 's Cathedral , London , on 29 September ( the Feast of St Michael and All Angels ) . On 2 September 2015 , it was announced that Christine Hardman would be 12th Bishop of Newcastle and , therefore , the second woman to be a diocesan bishop in the Church of England and the first in the Province of York . Hardman became Bishop of Newcastle upon the confirmation of her election on 22 September 2015 ; she was consecrated on 30 November 2015 at York Minster . Hardman will also sit in the House of Lords . On 26 November 2015 , the appointment of Karen Gorham as Bishop of Sherborne ( suffragan , Diocese of Salisbury ) was announced . She was the first woman to be consecrated in Westminster Abbey at a service which took place on 24 February 2016 . Church of Ireland ( edit ) The Church of Ireland approved the ordination of women as priests and bishops in 1990 and the first women were ordained as priests on 24 June 24 that year . The first woman in the episcopate was Pat Storey , who was consecrated Bishop of Meath and Kildare on 1 December 2013 . On 19 September 2013 , Storey was chosen by the House of Bishops to succeed Richard Clarke as Bishop of Meath and Kildare . She was consecrated to the episcopate at Christ Church Cathedral , Dublin , on 30 November 2013 . She is the first woman to be elected as a bishop in the Church of Ireland and the first woman to be an Anglican Communion bishop in Ireland and Great Britain . Church of South India ( edit ) The Church of South India has admitted women to holy orders since its foundation in 1947 . Eggoni Pushpa Lalitha was the first woman elected as a bishop on 25 September 2013 . She was ordained and installed as bishop of the Diocese of Nandyal on 29 September 2013 . Scottish Episcopal Church ( edit ) The Scottish Episcopal Church ordained its first women as priests in 1994 and in 2003 provided for the ordination of women as bishops . The nomination of Alison Peden as one of three nominees for election as Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway in January 2010 attracted wide attention . The first woman to be appointed was the Rev Canon Anne Dyer , who was elected Bishop of the Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney by the Episcopal Synod of the Scottish Episcopal Church on 9 November 2017 . She will be consecrated in 2018 . Extra-provincial Churches ( edit ) In addition to the 38 provinces of the Anglican Communion , there are six Extra-provincial Anglican churches which function semi-autonomously under limited metropolitical oversight and are largely self - determining when it comes to the ordained ministry . Several have provided for the ordination of women as priests for some years . The Episcopal Church of Cuba is the only extra-provincial church to ordain women as bishops , the first of whom was Nerva Cot Aguilera who was appointed as a bishop suffragan in 2007 . Aguilera was appointed by the Metropolitan Council , the ecclesiastical authority for the Episcopal Church of Cuba which in January 2010 appointed Griselda Delgato Del Carpio ( who , along with Aguilera , was one of the first two women priests ordained in Cuba in 1986 ) as bishop coadjutor ( assistant bishop with the right of succession ) . She was ordained to the episcopate on 7 February 2010 and installed as diocesan on 28 November 2010 following the retirement of Miguel Tamayo - Zaldívar . Controversies and breakaway groups ( edit ) The ordination of women has been a controversial issue throughout the Anglican Communion . While the majority of the 38 provinces of the Anglican Communion ordain women as priests , and many have removed all barriers to women becoming bishops , some have taken formal or informal steps to provide pastoral care and support for those who can not in conscience accept the ministry of women as priests and bishops . The Church of England , for example , has created the office of provincial episcopal visitor ( colloquially known as `` flying bishops '' ) to minister to clergy , laity and parishes who do not in conscience accept the ministry of women priests . These are suffragan bishops , appointed by the metropolitans , whose main purpose is to be available for this ministry . There have been a number of protest groups established by conservative Anglicans who see the ordination of women as representative of a trend away from traditional or orthodox doctrine . A network for opponents of women 's ordination called the Evangelical and Catholic Mission was established in 1976 , and following the consecration of Barbara Harris , the first woman to become an Anglican bishop , in 1989 , a group of 22 active and retired bishops established the Episcopal Synod of America , subsequently Forward in Faith North America . A sister organisation , Forward in Faith UK , was established in 1992 . There have also been a number of breakaway groups . Following the Congress of St. Louis in 1977 , the Continuing Anglican Movement developed which sought to provide a formal ecclesiastical structure for those who felt unable to remain within mainstream Anglicanism . The larger groupings within the Continuing movement have been increasingly active since the publication by Pope Benedict XVI of the Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum Coetibus in November 2009 . Anglicanorum Coetibus provides a canonical structure for groups of former Anglicans to enter into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church , with formal structures in the form of personal ordinariates now in place in Great Britain , the United States and Australia . The long - term impact of Anglicanorum Coetibus on the Continuing movement is unknown , though there is a clear realisation that the loss of significant groups and their associated resources , especially to the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter in the United States , necessitates the need for discussion and discernment between the ongoing affiliates of the movement . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Anglican Group for the Ordination of Women to the Historic Ministry List of the first 32 women ordained as Church of England priests Women and the Church Timeline along the protestant evolution Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While the bill allowing for the ordination of women to the presbyterate was adopted and came into effect in 1976 , it `` had to lie on the table for a year to allow for an appeal '' . Jump up ^ The church 's Appellate Tribunal determined in 2007 that the consecration of female bishops was legal by virtue of the legislation adopted in 1992 to allow the ordination of female priests . Jump up ^ Victoria Matthews , the first female bishop of the Anglican Church of Canada , was elected as a bishop in 1993 but not consecrated until 1994 . Jump up ^ Sources conflict as to whether women can be and / or have been ordained to the presbyterate . Jump up ^ While the ordination of women was not permitted in Hong Kong until 1971 , Li Tim - Oi was ordained by Ronald Hall in 1944 . She later surrendered her licence , but she remained in the order of priesthood , which was recognised following 1971 . Jump up ^ While the ordination of women to the presbyterate was not explicitly permitted in the United States until 1976 , 11 women ( later known as the Philadelphia Eleven ) were ordained as priests in 1974 and 4 women ( the Washington Four ) were so ordained in 1975 . The church initially rejected their ordinations as invalid , but later recognised them as `` valid but irregular '' . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : This church is not a province of the Anglican Communion , but is rather an extra-provincial church under the metropolitical oversight of the Archbishop of Canterbury . Jump up ^ This church is not a province of the Anglican Communion , but is rather an extra-provincial church under the oversight of a metropolitan council chaired by the Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada , the Archbishop of the Church in the Province of the West Indies , and the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America . Jump up ^ This church is not a province of the Anglican Communion , but is rather an extra-provincial church under the episcopal authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as Bishop of the Falkland Islands . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cox 2005 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Allan K. ( 2012 ) . `` Anglican Church -- Anglicans in the 20th and 21st centuries '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Government of New Zealand . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sherlock , Peter ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Why Anglican Women can be Bishops in Australia but not England '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter 2012 , pp. 219 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Scarfe 2012 , pp. 123 -- 124 , 136 -- 137 . ^ Jump up to : `` Church of England says yes to women bishops '' . Anglican Communion News Service . London : Anglican Communion Office . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Behera , Suchitra ( December 2006 ) . `` Theological Education for Women in Bangladesh '' ( PDF ) . CTC Bulletin . Christian Conference of Asia . 22 ( 3 ) : 75 . ISSN 0217 - 2631 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Working Party on Women in the Episcopate 2004 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Cruz 2014 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Lynette ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` After 30 years as priests , Brazil 's women look toward episcopacy '' . Episcopal News Service . The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Working Party on Women in the Episcopate 2004 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Mombo 2008 , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ordination of Women in the Anglican Church of Canada ( Deacons , Priests and Bishops ) '' . Anglican Church of Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Reilly & Knowles 2008 , pp. 231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Chipanga , Peter ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Anglican Church in Central Africa Province Vote against Women Priesthood '' . Newstime Africa . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ International Anglican Women 's Network ( 2009 ) . Progress report on implementation of resolution ACC 13 - 31 ( PDF ) . International Anglican Women 's Network . p. 8 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Wild - Wood & Ande 2013 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Mombo 2008 , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan 2015 , p. 620 . Jump up ^ Zagano 2008 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ https://www.churchofengland.org/media/1121182/a8(we)background.pdf p. 1 Jump up ^ https://www.churchofengland.org/media/38523/gs1557.pdf Jump up ^ `` Libby Lane : First female Church of England bishop consecrated '' . BBC News . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trisk 2013 , pp. 619 -- 620 . Jump up ^ Working Party on Women in the Episcopate 2004 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ `` Seychelles : Diocese ordains first woman priest '' . Episcopal News Service . The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society . 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Melton 2010 , pp. 684 -- 685 . Jump up ^ `` First female bishop appointed in Church of Ireland '' . Irish Examiner . Cork. 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gubbins , Eoin ( 17 January 2015 ) . `` Married , female and ordained : Rev Eileen Cremin is part of progress in Church of Ireland '' . The Irish Times . Dublin . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Woman Priest Ordained by Japan Anglican Church '' . ucanews.com . Union of Catholic Asian News . 23 December 1998 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Church votes for women priests '' . Anglican Communion News Service . London : Anglican Communion Office . Church of England Newspaper. 26 June 1998 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferts Schori 2014 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Conger , George ( 25 February 2011 ) . `` Middle East approves women priests '' . Church of England Newspaper . London . p. 7 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Conger , George ( 10 June 2011 ) . `` Briefly noted : First women priest ordained in the Middle East '' . Church of England Newspaper . London . p. 7 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Jefferts Schori 2014 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Omondi , Francis ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Making of Women Bishops in Kenya '' . The Star . Nairobi . Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Rois , Judy ; Faseruk , Alex ( 2013 ) . `` Why is the Stained Glass Window a Glass Ceiling ? Organizational Perspectives on Female Bishops in the Anglican Communion '' ( PDF ) . Chicago : North American Management Society . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Catholic priests become Anglican and marry '' . National Catholic Reporter . Kansas City , Missouri . Catholic News Service . 2 December 2009 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ International Anglican Women 's Network ( 2009 ) . Progress report on implementation of resolution ACC 13 - 31 ( PDF ) . International Anglican Women 's Network . p. 12 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Working Party on Women in the Episcopate 2004 , pp. 237 , 279 . Jump up ^ Skidmore , David ( 1 July 1998 ) . `` Women 's ordination no longer a burning issue for most Anglicans '' . Episcopal News Service . The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Thrall , James H. ( 1 January 2002 ) . `` Rebirth of the church in Myanmar '' . Anglican Journal . Toronto . Episcopal News Service . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting the First CNI Women Priest the Rev. Pearl Prashad '' . E-Newsletter of The Church of North India . 1212 . Church of North India . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Chryssides 2010 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Support for Women Priests Is Gathering Steam in the Anglican Communion '' . Episcopal News Service . The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society . 3 December 1992 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kakaire , Sulaiman ( 29 August 2010 ) . `` Male bishops speak out on female priests '' . The Observer . Kampala , Uganda . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Stranraer - Mull 2012 , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ De Gruchy 1997 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` Swaziland gets first female Anglican bishop '' . Washington Examiner . Associated Press . 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Folkins , Tali ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` First female priests ordained in Uruguay '' . Anglican Journal . Toronto . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Conger , George ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` Province of South East Asia will not ordain women , new bishop says '' . Anglican Ink . AnglicanTV Ministries . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Conger , George ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` First woman bishop for India consecrated '' . Church of England Newspaper . London . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Working Party on Women in the Episcopate 2004 , pp. 238 , 279 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Church 's first woman dean installed in historic ceremony at Renk Cathedral '' . Episcopal News Service . The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society . 25 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Chacha , Emmanuel ; Mwambona , Lauden ; Chidawali , Habel ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Anglican Tanzania okays female bishops '' . The Citizen . Dar es Salaam , Tanzania : Nation Media Group . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mombo 2008 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ntagali , Stanley ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Church of Ugandan applauds CoE women bishops vote '' . Anglican Ink . AnglicanTV Ministries . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Huyck 1982 , pp. 391 , 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2001 , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( 25 September 1988 ) . `` Episcopal Diocese Chooses First Woman to Be a Bishop '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Church in Wales ' first woman bishop consecrated '' . bbc.com . BBC News . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Robbins 2003 , pp. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ `` Canons of the Church in Wales -- Part 1 '' ( PDF ) . Constitution of the Church in Wales . 2 . Church in Wales . 2010 . cc. 15 , 23 , 29 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Church in Wales '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Conger , George ( 26 June 2009 ) . `` Ghana allows women priests '' . Church of England Newspaper . London . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Religion : Year In Review 1996 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women in Ordained Ministry -- History '' . Diocese of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Taneisha ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Female priests in demand in Jamaican Anglican diocese '' . Jamaica Observer . Kingston . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinds 2013 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Pearman , Mikaela Ian ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` Bishop Patrick White reflects on his first year in office '' . The Royal Gazette . Hamilton , Bermuda . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Akkara , Anto ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` First Anglican women priests ordained in Church of Ceylon '' . Anglican Communion News Service . London : Anglican Communion Office . Ecumenical News International . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bishops of Colombo '' . S. Thomas ' College , Mount Lavinia . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lankan ambassador for Parliament of World 's Religions '' . www.adaderana.lk . Colombo , Sri Lanka : Ada Derana. 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ceylon bishop resigns '' ( PDF ) . Church of England Newspaper ( 6262 ) . London . 16 January 2015 . p. 5 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ajo Lázaro 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2014 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Melton & Baumann 2010 , p. 1744 . Jump up ^ `` When Hong Kong ordained two further women priests in 1971 ( Joyce Bennett and Jane Hwang ) , Florence Li Tim - Oi was officially recognised as a priest by the diocese '' http://anorderlyaccount.com/index.php/static2/the_ac_tec_and_acna Jump up ^ `` Bill Moyers Journal . Homosexuality and the Episcopal Church ( 1976 - 2007 ) '' . PBS . October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Woman Episcopal Priest Celebrates Communion '' , New York Times , 3 January 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Ordination of Women in the Anglican Church of Canada ( Deacons , Priests and Bishops ) '' . Anglican.ca . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Female ordination in the Episcopal Church , USA ( ECUSA ) '' . Religioustolerance.org. 16 September 1976 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Oluoch 2006 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Byaruhanga 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The first female priest ordained in Ireland discusses the influence of women priests in the Anglican ministry '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Church of England '' . BBC . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` First female priests ordained in Uruguay '' . Jump up ^ `` US Episcopal Church installs first female presiding bishop '' . Australia : Journeyonline.com.au. 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Episcopal Life Online , 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland woman is Church of England 's first female priest to become a bishop -- in New Zealand '' . Sunderland Echo . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ordination of Women in the Anglican Church of Canada '' Jump up ^ Wawatay News Online , 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Anglican Journal , 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement by the Archbishop of Perth '' , 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ABC Online `` Anglican Church appoints Australia 's first female Archbishop Kay Goldsworthy '' . 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2012/07/[updated]-first-female-anglican-bishop-for-africa-elected-in-a-spirit-filled-atmosphere.aspx Jump up ^ `` Swaziland 's Ellinah Wamukoya becomes Africa 's first female bishop '' . Episcopaldigitalnetwork.com . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Second female Anglican bishop elected by Southern Africa '' . Anglicannews.org . October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Hartle. ( 20 January 2013 ) . `` SA chooses female bishop - Western Cape IOL News '' . IOL.co.za . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Church in Wales backs women bishops . BBC News Wales , Sept 12 2013 Jump up ^ `` Female bishops voted in by Church in Wales '' , The Guardian , 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Women Bishops Code of Practice , Church in Wales website Jump up ^ `` Wales consecrates first woman as bishop '' . churchinwales.org.uk . The Church in Wales . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecration of the Bishop of Llandaff '' . Church in Wales . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop of Llandaff enthroned in cathedral ceremony '' . BBC News . 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ National Association of Diocesan Adviser in Women 's Ministry ( Accessed 7 January 2018 ) Jump up ^ Butt , Riazat ( 8 July 2008 ) . `` Church vote opens door to female bishops '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Revision Committee on Women in the Episcopate Jump up ^ Breakthrough with Revision Committee Jump up ^ The Guardian Online , `` Church of England faces crisis as Synod rejects concession on women bishops '' , 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archbishop warns against delay over women bishops '' , The Guardian , 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Women bishops : PM ' very sad ' at Church of England rejection '' . BBC News . November 21 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England : First female representatives to House of Bishops elected '' . Episcopaldigitalnetwork.com. 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Women Bishops '' , Church of England website , May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England General Synod backs women bishops '' . BBC News . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-30074257 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Prime Minister 's Office announcement 25 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Diocese of York Media Release '' , 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Prime Minister 's Office announcement , 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First female diocesan bishop in C of E consecrated '' , Anglicannews.org , Retrieved on 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lords Spiritual ( Women ) Act 2015 Jump up ^ Church Times report , 26 October 2015 Jump up ^ Prime Minister 's Office announcement , 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Prime Minister 's Office announcement , 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Hardman to be Twelfth Bishop of Newcastle '' , Diocese of Newcastle website ( accessed 2 September 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Diocese of Newcastle -- Confirmation of Election Service for the 12th Bishop of Newcastle ( Accessed 23 September 2015 ) Jump up ^ Prime Minister 's Office announcement , 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.westminster-abbey.org/press/news/2016/february/consecration-of-bishops-at-westminster-abbey Jump up ^ Irish Examiner , 20 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Bishop Clarke '' . Diocese of Meath and Kildare . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Anglicans install Rev Pat Storey as bishop '' . BBC News . 30 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ( 20 September 2013 ) . `` Anglicans Name First Female Bishop in Ireland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Church of South India elects first woman bishop '' . Anglicannews.org . September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First woman bishop for India consecrated `` . Churchnewspaper.com . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish priest fails in bid to become first woman bishop '' , The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` First female Bishop in the Scottish Episcopal Church is elected the new Bishop of Aberdeen & Orkney '' . scotland.anglican.org . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , 71 , died suddenly on 10 July 2010 after a brief illness with severe anemia . Episcopal Life Online item , 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Metropolitan Council appoints bishop coadjutor for Cuba Jump up ^ `` Episcopal News Service - World Report '' . Archive.episcopalchurch.org. 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episcopal News Service : Press Release 89106 '' . Episcopalarchives.org. 8 June 1989 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Brockton Anglican Rose '' . Anglicanrose.wordpress.com. 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ajo Lázaro , Clara Luz ( 2012 ) . `` Diversity in the Anglican Tradition : Women and the Afro - Caribbean Church '' . In Kwok Pui - lan ; Berling , Judith ; Plane Te Paa , Jenny . Anglican Women on Church and Mission . Canterbury Studies in Anglicanism . Harrisburg , Pennsylvania : Morehouse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8192 - 2804 - 8 . Buchanan , Colin ( 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 5015 - 4 . Byaruhanga , Christopher ( 2010 ) . `` Called by God but Ordained by Men : The Work and Ministry of Reverend Florence Spetume Njangali in the Church of the Province of Uganda '' . Journal of Anglican Studies . 8 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 239 . doi : 10.1017 / S1740355309000011 . ISSN 1745 - 5278 . Chryssides , George D. ( 2010 ) . Christianity Today : An Introduction . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 541 - 4 . Carroll , Joy ( 2002 ) . Beneath the Cassock : The Real - life Vicar of Dibley . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 712207 - 3 . Cox , Noel ( 2005 ) . `` The Nature of Ministerial Authority in the Anglican Church in New Zealand '' ( PDF ) . Churchman . Church Society . 119 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 136 . ISSN 0009 - 661X . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Cruz , Joel M. ( 2014 ) . The Histories of the Latin American Church : A Handbook . Minneapolis , Minnesota : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 6564 - 8 . De Gruchy , John W. ( 1997 ) . `` Grappling with a Colonial Heritage : The English - speaking Churches under Imperialism and Apartheid '' . In Elphick , Richard ; Davenport , Rodney . Christianity in South Africa : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20939 - 8 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Hinds , Sonia Sandra Juanita ( 2013 ) . A Perspective on Cultural Diversity in an Anglican Setting ( PDF ) ( D. Min . thesis ) . University of Toronto . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Huyck , Heather ( 1982 ) . `` Indelible Change : Woman Priests in the Episcopal Church '' . Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church . Austin , Texas : Historical Society of the Episcopal Church . 51 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0018 - 2486 . JSTOR 42973918 . Jefferts Schori , Katharine ( 2014 ) . `` Experience of Women 's Leadership in the Anglican Communion '' . In Thompsett , Fredrica Harris . Looking Forward , Looking Backward : Forty Years of Women 's Ordination . Harrisburg , Pennsylvania : Morehouse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8192 - 2922 - 9 . Lewis , Harold T. ( 2001 ) . Christian Social Witness . The New Church 's Teaching Series . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Cowley Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56101 - 188 - 9 . Melton , J. Gordon ( 2010 ) . `` Church of Ireland '' . In Melton , J. Gordon ; Baumann , Martin . Religions of the World : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 203 - 6 . -- -- -- Baumann , Martin , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` Lusitanian Church / Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church '' . Religions of the World : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. 4 ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 203 - 6 . Mombo , Esther ( 2008 ) . `` The Ordination of Women in Africa : A Historical Perspective '' . In Jones , Ian ; Thorpe , Kirsty ; Wootton , Janet . Women and Ordination in the Christian Churches : International Perspectives . London : T&T Clark . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 03154 - 9 . Oluoch , Jemima Atieno ( 2006 ) . The Christian Political Theology of Dr. John Henry Okullu . Nairobi : Uzima Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 870345 - 51 - 4 . Porter , Muriel ( 2012 ) . `` Women Bishops in Australia : Leadership and Authority '' . In Lindsay , Elaine ; Scarfe , Janet . Preachers , Prophets and Heretics : Anglican Women 's Ministry . Sydney : University of New South Wales Press . pp. 205 -- 223 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74223 - 337 - 6 . Reilly , Terry ; Knowles , Norman ( 2008 ) . `` ' A Union Not for Harmony but for Strength ' : The General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada ( 1892 -- 1992 ) '' ( PDF ) . In Knowles , Norman . Seeds Scattered and Sown : Studies in the History of Canadian Anglicanism . Toronto : ABC Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55126 - 499 - 8 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Robbins , Mandy ( 2003 ) . `` A Matter of Age or Experience ? Parishioners ' Attitudes Toward Women Vicars in the Church of Wales '' . In Pope , Robert . Honouring the Past and Shaping the Future : Religious and Biblical Studies in Wales : Essays in Honour of Gareth Lloyd Jones . Leominster , England : Gracewing Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85244 - 401 - 6 . Scarfe , Janet ( 2012 ) . `` Movement for the Ordination of Women : Their Hearts in their Mouths '' . In Lindsay , Elaine ; Scarfe , Janet . Preachers , Prophets and Heretics : Anglican Women 's Ministry . Sydney : University of New South Wales Press . pp. 117 -- 145 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74223 - 337 - 6 . Shaw , Jane ( 2014 ) . `` Conflicts Within the Anglican Communion '' . In Thatcher , Adrian . The Oxford Handbook of Theology , Sexuality , and Gender . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966415 - 3 . Stranraer - Mull , Gerald ( 2012 ) ( 2000 ) . A Church for Scotland : The Story of the Scottish Episcopal Church ( PDF ) . Edinburgh : Scottish Episcopal Church . ISBN 978 - 0 - 905573 - 42 - 7 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Trisk , Janet ( 2013 ) . `` Women in the Anglican Communion '' . In Markham , Ian S. ; Hawkins , J. Barney , IV ; Terry , Justyn ; Steffensen , Leslie Nuñez . The Wiley - Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion . The Wiley - Blackwell Companions to Religion . Somerset , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 65634 - 1 . Wild - Wood , Emma ; Ande , Titre ( 2013 ) . `` The Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo '' . In Markham , Ian S. ; Hawkins , J. Barney , IV ; Terry , Justyn ; Steffensen , Leslie Nuñez . The Wiley - Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion . The Wiley - Blackwell Companions to Religion . Somerset , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 65634 - 1 . Working Party on Women in the Episcopate , House of Bishops of the General Synod of the Church of England ( 2004 ) . Women Bishops in the Church of England ? A report of the House of Bishops ' Working Party on Women in the Episcopate ( PDF ) . London : Church House Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7151 - 4037 - 6 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Zagano , Phyllis ( 2008 ) . `` Ecumenical Questions on Women and Church '' . In Mannion , Gerard . Church and Religious ' Other ' . Ecclesiological Investigations. 4 . London : T&T Clark . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 03286 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Eames Monitoring Group ( 1997 ) . The Eames Monitoring Group Report . Anglican Communion Office . Archived from the original on 1 May 2006 . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Mascall , E.L. ( 1977 ) . Women Priests ? ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Church Literature Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85191 - 115 - 1 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordination_of_women_in_the_Anglican_Communion&oldid=819116645 '' Categories : Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Articles to be merged from August 2017 All articles to be merged Use British English from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 15 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the church of england allow female bishops	[ "The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia first ordained women as priests in 1977 and was the first Anglican province to elect a woman as a diocesan bishop when, in 1989, Penny Jamieson was elected Bishop of Dunedin. She retired in 2004. In 2008 the Diocese of Christchurch elected Victoria Matthews, former Bishop of Edmonton in the Anglican Church of Canada, as 8th Bishop of Christchurch. In 2013, Helen-Ann Hartley became the first woman ordained in the Church of England[91] to become a bishop when she was elected as Bishop of Waikato and joint diocesan bishop in the Diocese of Waikato and Taranaki." ]	[ "2013" ]
-8313563258267473888	2017–18 UEFA Europa League knockout phase	2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League knockout phase - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League knockout phase Jump to : navigation , search The 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League knockout phase began on 13 February and ended on 16 May 2018 with the final at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais in Décines - Charpieu , France , to decide the champions of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League . A total of 32 teams compete in the knockout phase . Times up to 24 March 2018 ( round of 32 and round of 16 ) are CET ( UTC + 1 ) , thereafter ( quarter - finals and beyond ) times are CEST ( UTC + 2 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Round and draw dates 2 Format 3 Qualified teams 3.1 Europa League group stage winners and runners - up 3.2 Champions League group stage third - placed teams 4 Bracket 5 Round of 32 5.1 Summary 5.2 Matches 6 Round of 16 6.1 Summary 6.2 Matches 7 Quarter - finals 7.1 Summary 7.2 Matches 8 Semi-finals 8.1 Summary 8.2 Matches 9 Final 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Round and draw dates ( edit ) The schedule of the knockout phase was as follows ( all draws were held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon , Switzerland ) . Round Draw First leg Second leg Round of 32 11 December 2017 15 February 2018 22 February 2018 Round of 16 23 February 2018 8 March 2018 15 March 2018 Quarter - finals 16 March 2018 5 April 2018 12 April 2018 Semi-finals 13 April 2018 26 April 2018 3 May 2018 Final 16 May 2018 at Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Décines - Charpieu Matches may also be played on Tuesdays or Wednesdays instead of the regular Thursdays due to scheduling conflicts . Format ( edit ) The knockout phase involves 32 teams : the 24 teams which qualify as winners and runners - up of each of the twelve groups in the group stage , and the eight third - placed teams from the Champions League group stage . Each tie in the knockout phase , apart from the final , is played over two legs , with each team playing one leg at home . The team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs advance to the next round . If the aggregate score is level , the away goals rule is applied , i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advances . If away goals are also equal , then thirty minutes of extra time is played . The away goals rule is again applied after extra time , i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level , the visiting team advances by virtue of more away goals scored . If no goals are scored during extra time , the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out . In the final , which is played as a single match , if scores are level at the end of normal time , extra time is played , followed by penalty shoot - out if scores remain tied . The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows : In the draw for the round of 32 , the twelve group winners and the four third - placed teams from the Champions League group stage with the better group records are seeded , and the twelve group runners - up and the other four third - placed teams from the Champions League group stage are unseeded . The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams , with the seeded teams hosting the second leg . Teams from the same group or the same association can not be drawn against each other . In the draws for the round of 16 onwards , there are no seedings , and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other . On 17 July 2014 , the UEFA emergency panel ruled that Ukrainian and Russian clubs would not be drawn against each other `` until further notice '' due to the political unrest between the countries . Qualified teams ( edit ) Europa League group stage winners and runners - up ( edit ) Group Winners ( seeded in round of 32 draw ) Runners - up ( unseeded in round of 32 draw ) Villarreal Astana Dynamo Kyiv Partizan Braga Ludogorets Razgrad Milan AEK Athens Atalanta Lyon Lokomotiv Moscow Copenhagen Viktoria Plzeň FCSB Arsenal Red Star Belgrade Red Bull Salzburg Marseille Athletic Bilbao Östersund Lazio Nice Zenit Saint Petersburg Real Sociedad Champions League group stage third - placed teams ( edit ) Seed Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Seeding CSKA Moscow 6 0 8 10 − 2 9 Seeded in round of 32 draw Atlético Madrid 6 5 + 1 7 RB Leipzig 6 10 11 − 1 7 Sporting CP 6 8 9 − 1 7 5 Napoli 6 0 11 11 0 6 Unseeded in round of 32 draw 6 Spartak Moscow 6 9 13 − 4 6 7 Celtic 6 0 5 5 18 − 13 8 Borussia Dortmund 6 0 7 13 − 6 Source : UEFA Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Away goals scored ; 5 ) Wins ; 6 ) Away wins ; 7 ) Disciplinary points ; 8 ) Club coefficient ( UCL Regulations Article 16.04 ) . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Napoli RB Leipzig ( a ) 0 RB Leipzig Celtic 0 Zenit Saint Petersburg Zenit Saint Petersburg 0 RB Leipzig Marseille 0 Marseille 0 5 5 Braga 0 Marseille 5 Spartak Moscow Athletic Bilbao Athletic Bilbao Marseille ( a.e.t. ) FCSB Red Bull Salzburg 0 Lazio 0 5 5 Lazio AEK Athens 0 Dynamo Kyiv 0 Dynamo Kyiv ( a ) 0 Lazio 5 Borussia Dortmund Red Bull Salzburg 6 Final ( 16 May -- Lyon ) Atalanta Borussia Dortmund 0 Real Sociedad Red Bull Salzburg 0 Red Bull Salzburg Marseille 0 Ludogorets Razgrad 0 0 0 Atlético Madrid Milan Milan 0 Östersund 0 Arsenal 5 Arsenal Arsenal 6 Red Star Belgrade 0 0 0 CSKA Moscow CSKA Moscow 0 CSKA Moscow ( a ) 0 Lyon Lyon Villarreal 0 Arsenal 0 Copenhagen 0 Atlético Madrid Atlético Madrid 5 Atlético Madrid 5 8 Nice 0 Lokomotiv Moscow 0 Lokomotiv Moscow Atlético Madrid 0 Astana Sporting CP 0 Sporting CP 6 Sporting CP ( a.e.t. ) Partizan 0 Viktoria Plzeň 0 Viktoria Plzeň Round of 32 ( edit ) The draw for the round of 32 was held on 11 December 2017 , 13 : 00 CET . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 13 and 15 February , and the second legs were played on 21 and 22 February 2018 . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Borussia Dortmund 4 -- 3 Atalanta 3 -- 2 1 -- 1 Nice 2 -- 4 Lokomotiv Moscow 2 -- 3 0 -- 1 Copenhagen 1 -- 5 Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 0 -- 1 Spartak Moscow 3 -- 4 Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 AEK Athens 1 -- 1 ( a ) Dynamo Kyiv 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 Celtic 1 -- 3 Zenit Saint Petersburg 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 Napoli 3 -- 3 ( a ) RB Leipzig 1 -- 3 2 -- 0 Red Star Belgrade 0 -- 1 CSKA Moscow 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 Lyon 4 -- 1 Villarreal 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 Real Sociedad 3 -- 4 Red Bull Salzburg 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 Partizan 1 -- 3 Viktoria Plzeň 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 FCSB 2 -- 5 Lazio 1 -- 0 1 -- 5 Ludogorets Razgrad 0 -- 4 Milan 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 Astana 4 -- 6 Sporting CP 1 -- 3 3 -- 3 Östersund 2 -- 4 Arsenal 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 Marseille 3 -- 1 Braga 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 Matches ( edit ) 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 2 Atalanta Schürrle 30 ' Batshuayi 65 ' , 90 + 1 ' Report Iličić 51 ' , 56 ' Westfalenstadion , Dortmund Attendance : 62,500 Referee : Daniel Stefański ( Poland ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 21 : 05 Atalanta 1 -- 1 Borussia Dortmund Tolói 11 ' Report Schmelzer 83 ' Mapei Stadium -- Città del Tricolore , Reggio Emilia Attendance : 17,492 Referee : Jesús Gil Manzano ( Spain ) Borussia Dortmund won 4 -- 3 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Nice 2 -- 3 Lokomotiv Moscow Balotelli 4 ' , 28 ' ( pen . ) Report Fernandes 45 ' ( pen . ) , 69 ' , 77 ' Allianz Riviera , Nice Attendance : 16,918 Referee : István Kovács ( Romania ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Lokomotiv Moscow 1 -- 0 Nice Denisov 30 ' Report RZD Arena , Moscow Attendance : 18,104 Referee : Pavel Královec ( Czech Republic ) Lokomotiv Moscow won 4 -- 2 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 21 : 05 Copenhagen 1 -- 4 Atlético Madrid Fischer 15 ' Report Saúl 21 ' Gameiro 37 ' Griezmann 71 ' Vitolo 77 ' Parken Stadium , Copenhagen Attendance : 34,912 Referee : Aleksei Kulbakov ( Belarus ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 19 : 00 Atlético Madrid 1 -- 0 Copenhagen Gameiro 7 ' Report Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Attendance : 44,035 Referee : Gediminas Mažeika ( Lithuania ) Atlético Madrid won 5 -- 1 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Spartak Moscow 1 -- 3 Athletic Bilbao Luiz Adriano 60 ' Report Aduriz 22 ' , 39 ' Kutepov 45 + 1 ' ( o.g. ) Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 43,145 Referee : Benoît Bastien ( France ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 21 : 05 Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 2 Spartak Moscow Etxeita 57 ' Report Luiz Adriano 44 ' Melgarejo 85 ' San Mamés , Bilbao Attendance : 36,873 Referee : Tobias Stieler ( Germany ) Athletic Bilbao won 4 -- 3 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 21 : 05 AEK Athens 1 -- 1 Dynamo Kyiv Ajdarević 80 ' Report Tsyhankov 19 ' Olympic Stadium , Athens Attendance : 30,518 Referee : Carlos del Cerro Grande ( Spain ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 19 : 00 Dynamo Kyiv 0 -- 0 AEK Athens Report NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Attendance : 27,024 Referee : Matej Jug ( Slovenia ) 1 -- 1 on aggregate . Dynamo Kyiv won on away goals . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 21 : 05 Celtic 1 -- 0 Zenit Saint Petersburg McGregor 78 ' Report Celtic Park , Glasgow Attendance : 56,743 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 19 : 00 Zenit Saint Petersburg 3 -- 0 Celtic Ivanović 8 ' Kuzyayev 27 ' Kokorin 61 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 50,492 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Zenit Saint Petersburg won 3 -- 1 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 21 : 05 Napoli 1 -- 3 RB Leipzig Ounas 52 ' Report Werner 61 ' , 90 + 3 ' Bruma 74 ' Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 14,554 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 19 : 00 RB Leipzig 0 -- 2 Napoli Report Zieliński 33 ' Insigne 86 ' Red Bull Arena , Leipzig Attendance : 36,163 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) 3 -- 3 on aggregate . RB Leipzig won on away goals . 13 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 18 : 00 Red Star Belgrade 0 -- 0 CSKA Moscow Report Red Star Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 35,642 Referee : Paweł Raczkowski ( Poland ) 21 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 18 : 00 CSKA Moscow 1 -- 0 Red Star Belgrade Dzagoev 45 + 1 ' Report VEB Arena , Moscow Attendance : 18,753 Referee : Jorge Sousa ( Portugal ) CSKA Moscow won 1 -- 0 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 21 : 05 Lyon 3 -- 1 Villarreal Ndombele 46 ' Fekir 49 ' Depay 82 ' Report Fornals 63 ' Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Décines - Charpieu Attendance : 46,846 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 19 : 00 Villarreal 0 -- 1 Lyon Report Traoré 85 ' Estadio de la Cerámica , Villarreal Attendance : 17,028 Referee : Luca Banti ( Italy ) Lyon won 4 -- 1 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Real Sociedad 2 -- 2 Red Bull Salzburg Odriozola 57 ' Januzaj 80 ' Report Oyarzabal 27 ' ( o.g. ) Minamino 90 + 4 ' Anoeta , San Sebastián Attendance : 19,790 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 21 : 05 Red Bull Salzburg 2 -- 1 Real Sociedad Dabour 10 ' V. Berisha 74 ' ( pen . ) Report Navas 28 ' Red Bull Arena , Wals - Siezenheim Attendance : 13,912 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Red Bull Salzburg won 4 -- 3 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 21 : 05 Partizan 1 -- 1 Viktoria Plzeň Tawamba 58 ' Report Řezník 81 ' Partizan Stadium , Belgrade Attendance : 17,165 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 19 : 00 Viktoria Plzeň 2 -- 0 Partizan Krmenčík 67 ' Čermák 90 + 4 ' Report Doosan Arena , Plzeň Attendance : 10,185 Referee : Jakob Kehlet ( Denmark ) Viktoria Plzeň won 3 -- 1 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 21 : 05 FCSB 1 -- 0 Lazio Gnohéré 29 ' Report Arena Națională , Bucharest Attendance : 33,455 Referee : Deniz Aytekin ( Germany ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 19 : 00 Lazio 5 -- 1 FCSB Immobile 7 ' , 42 ' , 71 ' Bastos 35 ' Felipe Anderson 51 ' Report Gnohéré 82 ' Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 27,597 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Lazio won 5 -- 2 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Ludogorets Razgrad 0 -- 3 Milan Report Cutrone 45 ' Rodríguez 64 ' ( pen . ) Borini 90 + 2 ' Ludogorets Arena , Razgrad Attendance : 7,887 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 21 : 05 Milan 1 -- 0 Ludogorets Razgrad Borini 21 ' Report San Siro , Milan Attendance : 17,453 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) Milan won 4 -- 0 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 17 : 00 Astana 1 -- 3 Sporting CP Tomasov 7 ' Report Fernandes 48 ' ( pen . ) Gelson 50 ' Doumbia 56 ' Astana Arena , Astana Attendance : 29,737 Referee : Ruddy Buquet ( France ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 19 : 00 Sporting CP 3 -- 3 Astana Dost 3 ' Fernandes 53 ' , 63 ' Report Tomasov 37 ' Twumasi 80 ' Shomko 90 + 4 ' Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 30,456 Referee : Tamás Bognár ( Hungary ) Sporting CP won 6 -- 4 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Östersund 0 -- 3 Arsenal Report Monreal 13 ' Papagiannopoulos 24 ' ( o.g. ) Özil 58 ' Jämtkraft Arena , Östersund Attendance : 7,665 Referee : David Fernández Borbalán ( Spain ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 21 : 05 Arsenal 1 -- 2 Östersund Kolašinac 47 ' Report Aiesh 22 ' Sema 23 ' Emirates Stadium , London Attendance : 58,405 Referee : Ivan Kružliak ( Slovakia ) Arsenal won 4 -- 2 on aggregate . 15 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Marseille 3 -- 0 Braga Germain 4 ' , 69 ' Thauvin 74 ' Report Stade Vélodrome , Marseille Attendance : 21,731 Referee : Serdar Gözübüyük ( Netherlands ) 22 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) 21 : 05 Braga 1 -- 0 Marseille R. Horta 31 ' Report Estádio Municipal , Braga Attendance : 9,016 Referee : Svein Oddvar Moen ( Norway ) Marseille won 3 -- 1 on aggregate . Round of 16 ( edit ) The draw for the round of 16 was held on 23 February 2018 , 13 : 00 CET . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 8 March , and the second legs were played on 15 March 2018 . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Lazio 4 -- 2 Dynamo Kyiv 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 RB Leipzig 3 -- 2 Zenit Saint Petersburg 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 Atlético Madrid 8 -- 1 Lokomotiv Moscow 3 -- 0 5 -- 1 CSKA Moscow 3 -- 3 ( a ) Lyon 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 Marseille 5 -- 2 Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 Sporting CP 3 -- 2 Viktoria Plzeň 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Borussia Dortmund 1 -- 2 Red Bull Salzburg 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 Milan 1 -- 5 Arsenal 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 Matches ( edit ) 8 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 21 : 05 Lazio 2 -- 2 Dynamo Kyiv Immobile 54 ' Felipe Anderson 62 ' Report Tsyhankov 52 ' Júnior Moraes 79 ' Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 21,562 Referee : Ivan Kružliak ( Slovakia ) 15 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Dynamo Kyiv 0 -- 2 Lazio Report Lucas 23 ' De Vrij 83 ' NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Attendance : 52,639 Referee : Jesús Gil Manzano ( Spain ) Lazio won 4 -- 2 on aggregate . 8 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 21 : 05 RB Leipzig 2 -- 1 Zenit Saint Petersburg Bruma 56 ' Werner 77 ' Report Criscito 86 ' Red Bull Arena , Leipzig Attendance : 19,877 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) 15 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Zenit Saint Petersburg 1 -- 1 RB Leipzig Driussi 45 + 1 ' Report Augustin 22 ' Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 44,092 Referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) RB Leipzig won 3 -- 2 on aggregate . 8 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 19 : 00 Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Lokomotiv Moscow Saúl 22 ' Costa 47 ' Koke 90 ' Report Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Attendance : 40,767 Referee : Jakob Kehlet ( Denmark ) 15 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 17 : 00 Lokomotiv Moscow 1 -- 5 Atlético Madrid Rybus 20 ' Report Correa 16 ' Saúl 47 ' Torres 65 ' ( pen . ) , 70 ' Griezmann 85 ' RZD Arena , Moscow Attendance : 22,041 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Atlético Madrid won 8 -- 1 on aggregate . 8 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 19 : 00 CSKA Moscow 0 -- 1 Lyon Report Marcelo 68 ' VEB Arena , Moscow Attendance : 13,990 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 15 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 21 : 05 Lyon 2 -- 3 CSKA Moscow Cornet 58 ' Mariano 71 ' Report Golovin 39 ' Musa 60 ' Wernbloom 65 ' Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Décines - Charpieu Attendance : 38,622 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) 3 -- 3 on aggregate . CSKA Moscow won on away goals . 8 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 21 : 05 Marseille 3 -- 1 Athletic Bilbao Ocampos 1 ' , 57 ' Payet 14 ' Report Aduriz 45 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Stade Vélodrome , Marseille Attendance : 37,657 Referee : Jorge Sousa ( Portugal ) 15 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 2 Marseille Williams 74 ' Report Payet 38 ' ( pen . ) Ocampos 52 ' San Mamés , Bilbao Attendance : 40,580 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) Marseille won 5 -- 2 on aggregate . 8 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 21 : 05 Sporting CP 2 -- 0 Viktoria Plzeň Montero 45 + 1 ' , 49 ' Report Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 26,090 Referee : Aleksei Kulbakov ( Belarus ) 15 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 19 : 00 Viktoria Plzeň 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Sporting CP Bakoš 6 ' , 65 ' Report Battaglia 105 + 2 ' Doosan Arena , Plzeň Attendance : 9,370 Referee : Tobias Stieler ( Germany ) Sporting CP won 3 -- 2 on aggregate . 8 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 19 : 00 Borussia Dortmund 1 -- 2 Red Bull Salzburg Schürrle 62 ' Report V. Berisha 49 ' ( pen . ) , 56 ' Westfalenstadion , Dortmund Attendance : 53,700 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) 15 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 21 : 05 Red Bull Salzburg 0 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Report Red Bull Arena , Wals - Siezenheim Attendance : 29,520 Referee : Benoît Bastien ( France ) Red Bull Salzburg won 2 -- 1 on aggregate . 8 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 19 : 00 Milan 0 -- 2 Arsenal Report Mkhitaryan 15 ' Ramsey 45 + 4 ' San Siro , Milan Attendance : 72,821 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 15 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 21 : 05 Arsenal 3 -- 1 Milan Welbeck 39 ' ( pen . ) , 86 ' Xhaka 71 ' Report Çalhanoğlu 35 ' Emirates Stadium , London Attendance : 58,973 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) Arsenal won 5 -- 1 on aggregate . Quarter - finals ( edit ) The draw for the quarter - finals was held on 16 March 2018 , 13 : 00 CET . For the first time since the 2004 -- 05 UEFA Cup , all the eight teams at this stage represented different national associations . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 5 April , and the second legs were played on 12 April 2018 . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg RB Leipzig 3 -- 5 Marseille 1 -- 0 2 -- 5 Arsenal 6 -- 3 CSKA Moscow 4 -- 1 2 -- 2 Atlético Madrid 2 -- 1 Sporting CP 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 Lazio 5 -- 6 Red Bull Salzburg 4 -- 2 1 -- 4 Matches ( edit ) 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 21 : 05 RB Leipzig 1 -- 0 Marseille Werner 45 + 1 ' Report Red Bull Arena , Leipzig Attendance : 34,043 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 21 : 05 Marseille 5 -- 2 RB Leipzig Ilsanker 6 ' ( o.g. ) Sarr 9 ' Thauvin 38 ' Payet 60 ' Sakai 90 + 4 ' Report Bruma 2 ' Augustin 55 ' Stade Vélodrome , Marseille Attendance : 61,882 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Marseille won 5 -- 3 on aggregate . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 21 : 05 Arsenal 4 -- 1 CSKA Moscow Ramsey 9 ' , 28 ' Lacazette 23 ' ( pen . ) , 35 ' Report Golovin 15 ' Emirates Stadium , London Attendance : 58,285 Referee : Pavel Královec ( Czech Republic ) 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 21 : 05 CSKA Moscow 2 -- 2 Arsenal Chalov 39 ' Nababkin 50 ' Report Welbeck 75 ' Ramsey 90 + 2 ' VEB Arena , Moscow Attendance : 29,284 Referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Arsenal won 6 -- 3 on aggregate . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 21 : 05 Atlético Madrid 2 -- 0 Sporting CP Koke 1 ' Griezmann 40 ' Report Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Attendance : 53,301 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 21 : 05 Sporting CP 1 -- 0 Atlético Madrid Montero 28 ' Report Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 28,437 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Atlético Madrid won 2 -- 1 on aggregate . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 21 : 05 Lazio 4 -- 2 Red Bull Salzburg Lulić 8 ' Parolo 49 ' Felipe Anderson 74 ' Immobile 76 ' Report V. Berisha 30 ' ( pen . ) Minamino 71 ' Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 42,538 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 21 : 05 Red Bull Salzburg 4 -- 1 Lazio Dabour 56 ' Haidara 72 ' Hwang Hee - chan 74 ' Lainer 76 ' Report Immobile 55 ' Red Bull Arena , Wals - Siezenheim Attendance : 29,520 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Red Bull Salzburg won 6 -- 5 on aggregate . Semi-finals ( edit ) The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018 , 12 : 00 CEST . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 26 April , and the second legs were played on 3 May 2018 . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Marseille 3 -- 2 Red Bull Salzburg 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Arsenal 1 -- 2 Atlético Madrid 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 Matches ( edit ) 26 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 21 : 05 Marseille 2 -- 0 Red Bull Salzburg Thauvin 15 ' N'Jie 63 ' Report Stade Vélodrome , Marseille Attendance : 62,312 Referee : Willie Collum ( Scotland ) 3 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 21 : 05 Red Bull Salzburg 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Marseille Haidara 53 ' Sarr 65 ' ( o.g. ) Report Rolando 116 ' Red Bull Arena , Wals - Siezenheim Attendance : 29,520 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Marseille won 3 -- 2 on aggregate . 26 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 21 : 05 Arsenal 1 -- 1 Atlético Madrid Lacazette 61 ' Report Griezmann 82 ' Emirates Stadium , London Attendance : 59,066 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 3 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 21 : 05 Atlético Madrid 1 -- 0 Arsenal Costa 45 + 2 ' Report Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Attendance : 64,196 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Atlético Madrid won 2 -- 1 on aggregate . Final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 UEFA Europa League Final The final was played at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais in Décines - Charpieu on 16 May 2018 . The `` home '' team ( for administrative purposes ) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw . 16 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 20 : 45 Marseille 0 -- 3 Atlético Madrid Report Griezmann 21 ' , 49 ' Gabi 89 ' Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Décines - Charpieu Attendance : 55,768 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Atalanta played their home match at Mapei Stadium -- Città del Tricolore , Reggio Emilia , instead of their regular stadium Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia , Bergamo , as it was n't given a UEFA licence to hold games . Jump up ^ The Red Star Belgrade v CSKA Moscow match was scheduled on 13 February in order to avoid a scheduling conflict with the Partizan v Viktoria Plzeň match , in the same city . Jump up ^ The CSKA Moscow v Red Star Belgrade match was scheduled on 21 February in order to avoid a scheduling conflict with the Lokomotiv Moscow v Nice match , in the same city . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 / 18 Europa League match and draw calendar '' . UEFA.com. 11 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the UEFA Europa League 2017 / 18 Season '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Panel decisions '' . UEFA.org. 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017 / 18 Season '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Round of 32 draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Borussia Dortmund vs. Atalanta '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why are Atalanta playing in Reggio - Emilia ? '' . Football Italia. 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atalanta vs. Borussia Dortmund '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nice vs. Lokomotiv Moskva '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lokomotiv Moskva vs. Nice '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` København vs. Atlético Madrid '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. København '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Moskva vs. Athletic Club '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Spartak Moskva '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AEK Athens vs. Dynamo Kyiv '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamo Kyiv vs. AEK Athens '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic vs. Zenit '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenit vs. Celtic '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Napoli vs. RB Leipzig '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RB Leipzig vs. Napoli '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` `` Црвена Звезда '' примет ЦСКА 13 февраля '' ( Red Star Belgrade will host CSKA on February 13 ) . sportbox.ru ( in Russian ) . Sportbox. 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crvena Zvezda vs. CSKA Moskva '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CSKA Moskva vs. Crvena Zvezda '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympique Lyonnais vs. Villarreal '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Villarreal vs. Olympique Lyonnais '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Salzburg '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salzburg vs. Real Sociedad '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Partizan vs. Viktoria Plzeň '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Viktoria Plzeň vs. Partizan '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FCSB vs. Lazio '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lazio vs. FCSB '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ludogorets vs. Milan '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Milan vs. Ludogorets '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Astana vs. Sporting CP '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting CP vs. Astana '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Östersunds FK vs. Arsenal '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs. Östersunds FK '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympique Marseille vs. Sporting Braga '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Braga vs. Olympique Marseille '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Round of 16 draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Lazio vs. Dynamo Kyiv '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamo Kyiv vs. Lazio '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RB Leipzig vs. Zenit '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenit vs. RB Leipzig '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Lokomotiv Moskva '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lokomotiv Moskva vs. Atlético Madrid '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CSKA Moskva vs. Olympique Lyonnais '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympique Lyonnais vs. CSKA Moskva '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympique Marseille vs. Athletic Club '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Olympique Marseille '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting CP vs. Viktoria Plzeň '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Viktoria Plzeň vs. Sporting CP '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Borussia Dortmund vs. Salzburg '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salzburg vs. Borussia Dortmund '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Milan vs. Arsenal '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs. Milan '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quarter - final draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Teams from 8 countries to participate in Europa League quarter - final '' . mediamax sport . 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RB Leipzig vs. Olympique Marseille '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympique Marseille vs. RB Leipzig '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs. CSKA Moskva '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CSKA Moskva vs. Arsenal '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Sporting CP '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting CP vs. Atlético Madrid '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lazio vs. Salzburg '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salzburg vs. Lazio '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Semi-final and final draws '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Olympique Marseille vs. Salzburg '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salzburg vs. Olympique Marseille '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal vs. Atlético Madrid '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Arsenal '' . Soccerway . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Final -- Marseille v Atlético Madrid '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 16 May 2018 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) UEFA Europa League ( official website ) ( hide ) 2017 -- 18 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 17 ' 18 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 17 ' 18 Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 17 ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova ' 17 ' 18 Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 17 ' 18 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia France Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic & Slovakia England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 17 qualification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_UEFA_Europa_League_knockout_phase&oldid = 841745873 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League February 2018 sports events in Europe March 2018 sports events in Europe April 2018 sports events in Europe May 2018 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 19 : 46 . About Wikipedia	when is the europa league round of 16 draw	[ "\n\nRound\nDraw\nFirst leg\nSecond leg\n\n\nRound of 32\n11 December 2017\n15 February 2018\n22 February 2018\n\n\nRound of 16\n23 February 2018\n8 March 2018\n15 March 2018\n\n\nQuarter-finals\n16 March 2018\n5 April 2018\n12 April 2018\n\n\nSemi-finals\n13 April 2018\n26 April 2018\n3 May 2018\n\n\nFinal\n16 May 2018 at Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Décines-Charpieu\n\n" ]	[ "23 February 2018" ]
-3310955155426196666	Electoral College (United States)	Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices ; the new terms for those offices then begin . Each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method , '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and not once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.1. 8 Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder , '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity , '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors , '' neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History ( edit ) Original plan ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision ( edit ) The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans ( edit ) In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment ( edit ) Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years ( edit ) For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics ( edit ) The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary ( edit ) Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors ( edit ) Apportionment. ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination ( edit ) Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings ( edit ) Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness ( edit ) Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies ( edit ) Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House ( edit ) The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate ( edit ) If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election ( edit ) Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution ( edit ) See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table ( edit ) Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 ! 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 ! 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 ! 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 ! 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 ! 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 ! 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors ( edit ) Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature ( edit ) In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts ( edit ) Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote ( edit ) Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method ( edit ) There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation ( edit ) Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues ( edit ) Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism ( edit ) Nondeterminacy of popular vote ( edit ) See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 39 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states ( edit ) Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation ( edit ) Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states ( edit ) According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories ( edit ) See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population ( edit ) Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties ( edit ) See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues ( edit ) While many of the critics of the Electoral College wish to abolish or weaken it , others are seeking to strengthen it , at least in regard to its original aim of preventing the election of demagogues by too direct of a system of election . Allowing for representatives to vote their conscience dispassionately for the good of the country is considered hampered by the potential for legal consequences in some states at being a faithless elector ( though the Constitutionality of these laws have to date not been challenged ) and the lack of secret ballot by electors in the voting process itself may lead to a consequent stigma and even death threats for those voting against the electorate . Support ( edit ) Prevention of an urban - centric victory ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation ( edit ) The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups ( edit ) Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies ( edit ) According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems ( edit ) Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish ( edit ) Bayh -- Celler Amendment ( edit ) The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal ( edit ) On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal ( edit ) On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact ( edit ) Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not go into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact form a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact without congressional consent could face court challenges to its constitutionality . As of 2018 , 11 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 172 electoral votes , which is 64 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election and for Hillary Clinton in 2016 . See also ( edit ) County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Openshaw , Pamela Romney ( 2014 ) . Promises Of The Constitution : Yesterday Today Tomorrow . BookBaby . p. 10.3 . ASIN B00LEWCS4E . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Gateway Editions . p. 26 . ASIN B072FK8W7X . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 -- 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/electoral-college-electors-232791 Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpress.com/news/despite-two-faithless-electors-in-texas-trump-wins-the-electoral-college-9040222 Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carter v . The Electoral College '' , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . The New York Times . 15 March 1979 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Avery Anapol . `` Connecticut state Senate passes bill giving electoral votes to presidential candidate who wins popular vote '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alex Pappas ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Blue states rally to upend Electoral College , with addition of Connecticut '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did we start using the electoral college	[ "The Convention approved the Committee's Electoral College proposal, with minor modifications, on September 6, 1787.[20] Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut, New Jersey, and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states.[21] At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates, the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections.[22]" ]	[ "September 6, 1787" ]
6678890948106242846	Just the Way You Are (Billy Joel song)	Just the Way You Are ( Billy Joel song ) - wikipedia Just the Way You Are ( Billy Joel song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Billy Joel song . For the Bruno Mars song , see Just the Way You Are ( Bruno Mars song ) . `` Just the Way You Are '' Side - A label of U.S. vinyl single Single by Billy Joel from the album The Stranger B - side `` Get It Right the First Time '' Released September 26 , 1977 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1977 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 47 ( Album version ) 3 : 36 ( Single version ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Billy Joel Producer ( s ) Phil Ramone Billy Joel singles chronology `` The Entertainer '' ( 1974 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 1977 ) `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' ( 1977 ) `` The Entertainer '' ( 1974 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 1977 ) `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' ( 1977 ) Alternative release Dutch vinyl single `` Just The Way You Are '' Billy Joel 's `` Just The Way You Are '' from The Stranger Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Just the Way You Are '' is a song by Billy Joel and the third track from his 1977 album The Stranger that became Joel 's first US Top 10 ( reaching # 3 ) and UK Top 20 single , as well as Joel 's first gold single in the US . The song also topped the Billboard Easy Listening Chart for the entire month of January 1978 . `` Just the Way You Are '' garnered two Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year in 1979 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Track listing 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Joel shared that the melody and chord progression for this song came to him while he was dreaming . In an interview on the Howard Stern Radio Show on November 16 , 2010 , Joel revealed that the inspiration for writing the name of the song and how it sounds in the chorus was directly taken from the last line in the Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons song `` Rag Doll '' ; which incidentally was also a larger inspiration for Joel 's later song , `` Uptown Girl '' . The song , which Joel had written for his first wife ( and also his business manager at the time ) Elizabeth Weber , was not liked by either Joel or his band , and Joel had originally decided against making the track a part of The Stranger , but at the request of both Linda Ronstadt and Phoebe Snow ( both were recording in other studios in the same building at the time ) , he agreed to put the song on the final mix . However , the album 's producer , Phil Ramone , later contradicted Joel 's claim , stating in an interview that they could not afford to exclude the song because Joel did not have that much material to choose from for the album . After Joel and Weber split in 1982 , Joel rarely performed the song live after 1986 until the 2000s , and Joel has publicly stated that he disliked playing the song live in the wake of his divorce from his first wife . He noted that during performances of the song around the time of his first divorce , his drummer Liberty DeVitto would jokingly parody the lyrics in the chorus as `` She got the house . She got the car . '' When `` Just the Way You Are '' was released as a single , it was shortened by over a minute . The differences are the removal of the second verse and an earlier fade . A live performance of the song was also used as a music video . On February 18 , 1978 , the song peaked at # 3 , and Joel performed a shorter version of the song as the musical guest that day on Saturday Night Live ( along with `` Only the Good Die Young '' ) . The single version ( fading 8 seconds later ) was included in the first release of Greatest Hits Volume I & Volume II , but the full album version was restored for the remastered release of that compilation . The saxophone solo was played by Phil Woods , a well - known jazz performer and Grammy award winner . Woods was criticized by some purists in the jazz community for playing on a rock session , but in fact he had already played previously on such sessions both for Steely Dan and for Paul Simon . The performance here on a hit record undoubtedly exposed him to a wider audience and introduced his music to rock fans . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 -- 78 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( RiSA ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 US Easy Listening ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Zimbabwe Singles ( ZIMA ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Position Canada 26 New Zealand 41 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Cash Box Top 100 18 Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' U.S. and UK single ( 1977 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- 3 : 27 `` Get It Right the First Time '' -- 3 : 54 See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1978 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lecaro , Lina ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` This Monthly Club Is a Non-Ironic Celebration of Rock 's Softer Side '' . LA Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search '' . The Grammys . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb , Craig ( 2016 ) . The Dreams Behind the Music : Learn Creative Dreaming As 100 + Top Artists Reveal Their Breakthrough Inspirations . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel Visits The Howard Stern Show 11.16. 10 by VideodromeVaultRadio Videodrome Vault Radio Free Listening on SoundCloud '' . Soundcloud.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ray Kelly ( 2008 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Billy Joel - The Republican interview '' . Masslive.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ The Stranger : 30th Anniversary Edition . `` Making of The Stranger Documentary. 2008 Jump up ^ Rose , Charlie . `` Billy Joel Interview . '' The Charlie Rose Show , 1993 . Jump up ^ Gordon Bock , `` Phil Woods ' Sax Keeps Showing Up . '' Dallas Morning News , August 6 , 1978 , p. 8 C . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Billy Joel -- Just the Way You Are '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Billy Joel -- Just the Way You Are '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` '' Just the Way You Are '' on the South African Singles Chart `` . Springbok Radio . July 28 , 1978 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Billy Joel . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 127 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , February 18 , 1978 Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1978 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1978 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1978 / Top 100 Songs of 1978 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 30 , 1978 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Billy Joel Studio albums Cold Spring Harbor Piano Man Streetlife Serenade Turnstiles The Stranger 52nd Street Glass Houses The Nylon Curtain An Innocent Man The Bridge Storm Front River of Dreams Fantasies & Delusions Live albums Songs in the Attic KOHЦEPT 2000 Years : The Millennium Concert 12 Gardens Live Live at Shea Stadium : The Concert Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 -- 3 Souvenir : The Ultimate Collection The Ultimate Collection The Essential Billy Joel Piano Man : The Very Best of Billy Joel My Lives The Hits Singles `` She 's Got a Way '' `` Piano Man '' `` You 're My Home '' `` Worse Comes to Worst '' `` Travelin ' Prayer '' `` The Ballad of Billy the Kid '' `` The Entertainer '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' `` Only the Good Die Young '' `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' `` The Stranger '' `` My Life '' `` Big Shot '' `` Honesty '' `` Until the Night '' `` All for Leyna '' `` You May Be Right '' `` It 's Still Rock and Roll to Me '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' `` Say Goodbye to Hollywood '' ( Live ) `` She 's Got a Way '' ( Live ) `` Pressure '' `` Allentown '' `` Goodnight Saigon '' `` Tell Her About It '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` An Innocent Man '' `` The Longest Time '' `` Leave a Tender Moment Alone '' `` This Night '' `` Keeping the Faith '' `` You 're Only Human ( Second Wind ) '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Modern Woman '' `` A Matter of Trust '' `` This Is the Time '' `` Baby Grand '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( Live ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' `` Leningrad '' `` I Go to Extremes '' `` The Downeaster ' Alexa ' '' `` That 's Not Her Style '' `` And So It Goes '' `` Shameless '' `` All Shook Up '' `` The River of Dreams '' `` All About Soul '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` Hey Girl '' `` All My Life '' `` Christmas in Fallujah '' Other songs `` Everybody Loves You Now '' `` Captain Jack '' `` Los Angelenos '' `` Root Beer Rag '' `` New York State of Mind '' `` Prelude / Angry Young Man '' `` Miami 2017 ( Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway ) '' `` Scenes from an Italian Restaurant '' `` Zanzibar '' `` Laura '' `` Scandinavian Skies '' `` Big Man on Mulberry Street '' Tours An Innocent Man Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Face to Face 1998 Face to Face 2001 Face to Face 2003 Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 Billy Joel in Concert Film Oliver & Company The Last Play at Shea See also Discography Movin ' Out Billy Joel Band The Hassles Attila Alexa Ray Joel Christie Brinkley Katie Lee `` Movin ' Out '' ( Glee episode ) Book Barry White Studio albums I 've Got So Much to Give ( 1973 ) Stone Gon ' ( 1973 ) Ca n't Get Enough ( 1974 ) Just Another Way to Say I Love You ( 1975 ) Let the Music Play ( 1976 ) Is This Whatcha Wont ? ( 1976 ) Barry White Sings for Someone You Love ( 1977 ) The Man ( 1978 ) I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing ( 1979 ) The Message Is Love ( 1979 ) Sheet Music ( 1980 ) Barry & Glodean ( with Glodean White ) ( 1981 ) Beware ! ( 1981 ) Change ( 1982 ) Dedicated ( 1983 ) The Right Night & Barry White ( 1987 ) The Man Is Back ! ( 1989 ) Put Me in Your Mix ( 1991 ) The Icon Is Love ( 1994 ) Staying Power ( 1999 ) Compilations Barry White 's Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) Barry White 's Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( 1977 ) Heart and Soul ( 1985 ) The Collection ( 1988 ) Just for You ( 1992 ) All - Time Greatest Hits ( 1994 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2000 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) The Millennium Collection : The Best of Barry White ( 2003 ) White Gold : The Very Best of Barry White ( 2005 ) Gold ( 2006 ) Number Ones ( 2009 ) Unlimited ( 2009 ) Icon ( 2010 ) Icon 2 ( 2010 ) Singles `` Man Ai n't Nothin '' `` All in the Run of a Day '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` I 'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby '' `` I 've Got So Much to Give '' `` Never , Never Gonna Give Ya Up '' `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' `` You 're the First , the Last , My Everything '' `` What Am I Gonna Do with You '' `` I 'll Do for You Anything You Want Me To '' `` Let the Music Play '' `` You See the Trouble with Me '' `` Baby , We Better Try to Get It Together '' `` Do n't Make Me Wait Too Long '' `` I 'm Qualified to Satisfy You '' `` It 's Ecstasy When You Lay Down Next to Me '' `` Playing Your Game , Baby '' `` Oh , What a Night for Dancing '' `` Your Sweetness Is My Weakness '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Sha La La Means I Love You '' `` It 's Only Love Doing Its Thing '' `` Any Fool Can See ( You Were Meant for Me ) '' `` It Ai n't Love , Babe ( Until You Give It ) '' `` I Love to Sing the Songs I Sing '' `` How Did You Know It Was Me ? '' `` Love Ai n't Easy '' `` Sheet Music '' `` Love Makin ' Music '' `` I Believe in Love '' `` Did n't We Make It Happen , Baby '' ( with Glodean White ) `` I Want You '' ( with Glodean White ) `` You 're the Only One for Me '' ( with Glodean White ) `` Louie Louie '' `` Beware '' `` Change '' `` Passion '' `` America '' `` Do n't Let Them Blow Your Mind '' `` Sho ' You Right '' `` For Your Love ( I 'll Do Most Anything ) '' `` Never , Never Gonna Give You Up '' ( Paul Hardcastle Remix ) `` Super Lover '' `` Follow That and See ( Where It Leads Y'All ) '' `` I Wanna Do It Good to Ya '' `` When Will I See You Again '' `` Put Me in Your Mix '' `` Dark and Lovely ( You Over There ) '' ( with Isaac Hayes ) `` Practice What You Preach '' `` Love Is the Icon '' `` Come On '' `` I Only Want to Be with You '' `` There It Is '' `` Staying Power '' `` The Longer We Make Love '' ( with Lisa Stansfield & Chaka Khan ) `` Let the Music Play '' ( Funkstar Deluxe Remixes ) Featured singles `` The Secret Garden ( Sweet Seduction Suite ) '' ( with Quincy Jones , Al B. Sure ! , James Ingram , & El DeBarge ) `` All of Me '' ( with Big Daddy Kane ) `` Slow Jams '' ( with Quincy Jones , Babyface , Tamia , & Portrait ) `` In Your Wildest Dreams '' ( with Tina Turner ) Related articles Discography Love Unlimited The Love Unlimited Orchestra Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1970s ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis , Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) produced by Bones Howe ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) produced by Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon & Roy Halee ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King produced by Lou Adler ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack produced by Joel Dorn ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack produced by Joel Dorn ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John produced by John Farrar ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) produced by Daryl Dragon ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson produced by Tommy LiPuma ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) produced by Bill Szymczyk ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel produced by Phil Ramone ( 1979 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1970s ) 1970 Joe South - `` Games People Play '' 1971 Paul Simon - `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' 1972 Carole King - `` You 've Got a Friend '' 1973 Ewan MacColl - `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox - `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch - `` The Way We Were '' 1976 Stephen Sondheim - `` Send in the Clowns '' 1977 Bruce Johnston - `` I Write the Songs '' 1978 Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams - `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' and Joe Brooks - `` You Light Up My Life '' 1979 Billy Joel - `` Just the Way You Are '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_the_Way_You_Are_(Billy_Joel_song)&oldid=801012875 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1978 singles Billy Joel songs Rock ballads Songs written by Billy Joel Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by Phil Ramone Columbia Records singles 1977 songs Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 03 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did billy joel sing just the way you are	[ "\"Just the Way You Are\" is a song by Billy Joel and the third track from his 1977 album The Stranger that became Joel's first US Top 10 (reaching #3) and UK Top 20 single, as well as Joel's first gold single in the US. The song also topped the Billboard Easy Listening Chart for the entire month of January 1978." ]	[ "1977" ]
-629684863188442354	List of Henry Danger episodes	List of Henry Danger episodes - Wikipedia List of Henry Danger episodes Jump to : navigation , search Henry Danger is an American sitcom created by Dan Schneider and Dana Olsen that premiered on Nickelodeon on July 26 , 2014 . The series stars Jace Norman , Cooper Barnes , Riele Downs , Sean Ryan Fox , and Ella Anderson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 18 September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 19 September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) TBA October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Danger Begins '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) 999 - 60 1.94 After finding an after - school job at Junk ' n ' Stuff , Henry Hart lands a job as a sidekick to his town 's superhero , Captain Man . Now he must keep his identity a secret at the time when The Toddler is planning to turn all the babies in Swellview into monsters . Meanwhile , Jasper hosts his birthday party , which is very boring until Captain Man and Kid Danger , Henry 's sidekick persona , arrive . `` Mo ' Danger , Mo ' Problems '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) 103 1.57 `` The Secret Gets Out '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow September 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 20 ) 104 1.74 Charlotte figures out that Henry is Kid Danger and he confirms it , getting fired afterwards . At the same time , the villain Phone Shark is at large and Henry must catch him so that Captain Man rehires him . Meanwhile , Jasper must serve Piper so that she does n't upload the footage of him trying to sing The Cup Song . `` Tears of the Jolly Beetle '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak September 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 27 ) 105 1.53 During an event held by Vice Mayor Willard , Captain Man becomes vulnerable to harm when someone sprays him with perfume containing tears of the jolly beetle . Henry traces the source of the jolly beetles to Dr. Minyak so that he and Captain Man can capture them and use the euphoric acid they release when they laugh to restore Captain Man 's powers . 5 5 `` Substitute Teacher '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff October 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 04 ) 106 1.79 6 6 `` Jasper Danger '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen October 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 18 ) 107 1.62 Jasper dresses up as Kid Danger for Halloween to impress a girl named Monica since he had convinced her at school he was the real Kid Danger . After they finish trick - or - treating , Monica and Jasper spot someone breaking into a car . Jasper goes over to confront the criminal Jeff to stop him from stealing the car . Instead , Jeff takes him and Monica back to his house and refuses to let them go unless Captain Man brings him what he wants . 7 7 `` The Space Rock '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow November 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 01 ) 108 2.19 8 8 `` Birthday Girl Down '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak November 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 08 ) 109 1.67 Special guest star : Nathan Kress as himself 9 9 `` Too Much Game '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff November 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 15 ) 110 2.38 When Coach Bix says his team is a team of losers , Henry believes that he was replaced on the Swellview Honey Badgers basketball team by a 14 year old boy named Shawn Corbit , who has been recruited by Coach Bix . After losing a one - on - one match that determines who will be point guard , Shawn reveals to Henry that he 's really 26 years old & Coach Bix is forcing Shawn to pretend he 's 14 years old because Coach Bix kidnaped Shawn 's Cockapoo hostage in order to get the team to win . Meanwhile , Ray is reluctant to call his former worker Schwoz when the Man Cave is on the fritz . Later , Henry tells Ray the bad news . So , Ray turns into Captain Man & goes to Coach Bix 's apartment with Shawn & gives his puppy back to him and the Man Cave becomes fixed by Schwoz & Ray befriends Schwoz again . Special guest star : Russell Westbrook as Shawn Corbit 10 10 `` Henry the Man - Beast '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen November 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 22 ) 111 2.03 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) A device in the Man Cave meant to make men stronger , more powerful , and `` manlier '' strikes Henry when he accidentally pushes a button on the machine . The effect makes him grow facial hair and increases his adrenaline , making him angry and eventually turning him `` beastly '' . Captain Man , Schwoz , and Charlotte rush to find Henry before his crazy behavior ruins his date with Chloe Hartman . Guest star : Jade Pettyjohn as Chloe 11 11 `` Invisible Brad '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff January 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 10 ) 112 1.82 Guest star : Jake Farrow as the voice of Brad 12 12 `` Spoiler Alert '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak January 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 24 ) 113 1.63 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Henry and Ray must deal with The Spoiler , an annoying new teenage super-villain that finds out the endings of TV shows and movies and tells people about it before they see it . Meanwhile , Piper tries to get into the Man Fans , a Captain Man fan club led by Paula Marikto , and goes through the initiation process with the latest one involving getting a selfie with Captain Man . Guest star : Noland Ammon as Spoiler 13 13 `` Let 's Make a Steal '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff January 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) 114 1.62 14 14 `` Super Volcano '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen February 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) 115 1.62 15 15 `` My Phony Valentine '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow February 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 14 ) 116 1.84 When Henry asks his crush Bianca to be his valentine and go out with him to Club Soda , she rejects his offer since Mitch Bilsky already asked her out . In order to impress Bianca , Schwoz provides Henry an android which can be turned into any human form as a date . Meanwhile , Captain Man reluctantly has a date with Henry 's teacher Miss Shapen so that she will change Henry 's grade on a test that he failed . 16 16 `` Caved In '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) 117 2.17 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Henry and Charlotte plan to take Ray to Six Poles Amusement Park to give Ray the childhood that he never had . When Jasper accidentally triggers the emergency lockdown mode for the Man Cave and Junk ' n ' Stuff , Henry , Charlotte and Ray are trapped in the Man Cave , spoiling the plans . At the same time , Jasper and Piper are trapped upstairs alone . 17 17 `` Elevator Kiss '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) 118 1.65 18 18 `` Man of the House '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen March 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 14 ) 119 1.76 19 19 `` Dream Busters '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow March 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 21 ) 120 1.38 Guest star : Baron Jay as Kanye West 20 20 `` Kid Grounded '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak April 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 04 ) 121 1.58 After getting caught sneaking out by Piper late at night , his parents ground him alongside Piper , who watched a rated R movie . While Henry is indisposed , he gets upset when Charlotte fills in as Kid Danger , causing a rift between them . A deal is made by Henry 's parents in which if he and Piper can go 24 hours without arguing , then their grounding will be lifted . However , they will be grounded for a month if they fail . Meanwhile , Jasper tries to make life hack videos . 21 21 `` Captain Jerk '' Mike Caron Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff & Andrew Thomas April 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) 122 1.92 Guest stars : Dave Fennoy as Kid Danger 's deep voice , Shayne Topp as Dennis 22 22 `` The Bucket Trap '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Dana Olsen April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) 123 1.42 23 23 `` Henry & the Bad Girl , Part 1 '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jake Farrow May 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 02 ) 124 1.44 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) While Captain Man and Kid Danger pursue the Van Del , the leader of a graffiti group known as the Wall Dogs , Kid Danger falls for Wall Dogs member Veronika . Meanwhile , Jasper , Sydney , Oliver , and Oliver 's cousin Krish work with Piper in order to get $10,000 rewarded to whoever finds the Wall Dogs so that Jasper can pay for foot - reduction surgery . Guest stars : Josh Fingerhut as Van Del , Madison Iseman as Veronika , Baron Jay as Kanye West 24 24 `` Henry & the Bad Girl , Part 2 '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff May 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 09 ) 125 1.87 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Following the fight against Captain Man near the Swellview sign , Veronika brings Kid Danger to her fellow Wall Dogs members Beyonspray , Spray - Z , Two Canz , and T Paint so that Van Del will welcome Henry into the Wall Dogs . At the same time , Captain Man searches for Kid Danger , while Piper , Jasper , Sydney , Oliver , and Krish continue looking for the Wall Dogs . Guest stars : Josh Fingerhut as Van Del , Madison Iseman as Veronika 25 25 `` Jasper 's Real Girlfriend '' David Kendall Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak May 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 16 ) 126 1.55 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Courtney Sham , Jasper 's girlfriend from summer camp , arrives from Fibberton and becomes jealous of Charlotte when she thinks she is dating Jasper . Meanwhile , Henry and Ray make a bet revolving around the loser of a ping - pong game having to clean the tube in ducky pajamas after Mexican food splattered over it following a visit from Schwoz ' sister . Guest star : Jada Facer as Courtney Sham Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 26 `` The Beat Goes On '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak September 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) 201 2.13 Special guest star : Benjamin Flores , Jr. as Li'l Biggie Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort , Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak 27 `` One Henry , Three Girls : Part 1 '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen September 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 19 ) 202 1.78 28 `` One Henry , Three Girls : Part 2 '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff September 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 26 ) 203 1.78 29 `` Henry & the Woodpeckers '' Mike Caron Dan Schneider & Avin Das October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) 204 1.57 Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Wendy Braun as Ms. Sherwood , Layla Crawford as Sophie , Rodney J. Hobbs as Mr. Berman , Mandy June Turpin as Ms. Weiner 30 5 `` Captain Man Goes on Vacation '' `` Captain Man : On Vacation '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak October 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 10 ) 205 1.61 Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver , Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff 31 6 `` The Time Jerker '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen November 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 07 ) 206 1.85 Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Joey Richter as The Time Jerker 32 7 `` Secret Beef '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) 207 1.35 Two weeks after Captain Man and Kid Danger captured the Time Jerker , Henry receives a gift basket . Henry finds a gift card to Swellview 's most exclusive steakhouse , Montego 's , inside . When his friends , family , neighbors , and Herb from Sam & Cat , who came to Swellview from Venice , Los Angeles as part of his vacation , want Henry to invite them as his guest , Henry decides to bring Ray , who has not yet been invited to Montego 's as Captain Man . Henry soon finds himself conflicted when he also invites Bianca as part of their one year `` Lockerversary '' . Ray and Schwoz try to pose as Henry and Bianca , but Henry and Bianca appear and catch them in the act . A dispute then ensures on who 's who , but it eventually ends with Bianca leaving since she is not into beef , but chicken instead . After having their steak , Henry and Ray notice petty criminals Ert and Bernie leaving the restaurant and end up fighting them , causing damage to the dining area . Following Ert and Bernie 's arrest , Captain Man and Kid Danger are told by the manager that they are n't on the reservation list and have the food confiscated . Upon returning to the Man Cave , Captain Man finds out that some of the steak fell into Kid Danger 's outfit and the two of them split it . Afterward , they head to Back Out Steakhouse . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Rob Locke as Turk , Joey Richter as The Time Jerker , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Maeve Tomalty as Bianca Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 33 8 `` Henry 's Jelly '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Avin Das November 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) 208 1.52 When Jasper stops a thief and becomes a big news hit , Henry becomes jealous because nobody gives him any credit as Henry . In an attempt to prove himself , he tries to stop an angry customer who 's taken hostages at an animal store as himself ; however , Captain Man shows up , causing Henry to become distracted and taken hostage . When the angry customer threatens to drop a poisonous spider on Henry 's face , Captain Man is forced to lock himself in a cage . Meanwhile , Jasper shows up at Henry 's house looking for Henry , where Mr. and Mrs. Hart are getting massages . When he discovers Henry is in danger , he runs off to rescue him . Jasper then shows up at the animal store and lets Captain Man out of his cage . The angry customer becomes aware and comes back out demanding answers , but Captain Man punches him and puts a stop to him . When Henry and the rest of the hostages are freed , Jasper mentions how Henry does n't need to thank him because they are best friends , causing Henry to feel bad for being jealous . To make up for it , Henry purchases the same poisonous spider that the angry customer threatened to drop onto Henry as an apology because Jasper saw it at the store and really wanted , but he could not afford it as it cost $150 . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Zach Callison as Chet , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Toby Wilson as Dirk Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 34 9 `` Christmas Danger '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak November 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 28 ) 209 1.62 Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart 35 10 `` Indestructible Henry , Part 1 '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen March 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 19 ) 210 2.02 After Kid Danger is nearly injured trying to help Captain Man stop a clock store from exploding , he decides to go through Dr. Carl Manchester 's trans - molecular densitizer that made Ray indestructable , located in the Man Cave 's storage room . Meanwhile , Piper wants to be on the TV show `` Junior Chefs '' much to the dismay of Mr. Hart after the last two times Piper had cooked for the family . Ray is hesitant to use the trans - molecular densitizer on Henry after some incidents that Dr. Manchester and his fellow scientists did on Dave McCallen who gained a face on his stomach , John Walker whose hands became feet , and Glenn Levit who gained arms that emerge from his ears . Schwoz theorizes that it worked well with Ray when he was a young boy and uses it on Henry . The experiment appears to work , but the next morning , Henry discovers that the densitizer gave him a side effect . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 36 11 `` Indestructible Henry , Part 2 '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff March 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 26 ) 211 2.12 As a side effect of going through the trans - molecular densitizer , Henry breathes fire whenever he laughs . Upon examining Henry , Schwoz tells Ray and Charlotte that the machine mutated his throat muscles . Meanwhile , Piper has another attempt at making her parents dinner after the dogs that Jasper walked ate it . Jasper brings his comedian cousin Dex Dunlop to dinner as Henry tries not to laugh at his jokes . Piper eventually catches on to the family 's plan to avoid saying that her cooking is awful . Thanks to Piper declaring that dinner is over , Henry returns to the Man Cave , where Ray is used to conduct the two components of the trans - molecular densitizer in order to reverse the mutation to Henry 's throat muscles . Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Joshua Carlon as Dex 37 12 `` Text , Lies & Video '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Avin Das April 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 09 ) 212 1.65 Henry and Ray want a video made to see what they would look like when they blow their bubbles and transform into their superhero personas . However , Henry accidentally sends the video to Piper . Henry must now get Piper 's phone and delete the video before Piper can see it . When Jasper brings the phone to Henry with Piper on his tail , it turns out that Jasper accidentally grabbed Mrs. Hart 's phone by mistake , and Henry then races home to get to Piper 's phone before Piper does . After much difficulty , Henry deletes the video from the phone and brings it to Junk ' n ' Stuff . Henry stalls Piper as Charlotte deletes the video from the Cloud . Piper then reclaims her phone and storms off . At the end , Henry and Ray discover that Charlotte videoed herself instead of them . Guest star : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart 38 13 `` Opposite Universe '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak April 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 16 ) 213 1.75 Henry and Charlotte get caught in an electrical disturbance in the transport tubes during a thunderstorm and end up in an alternate dimension where Ray / Captain Man and Schwoz are evil and are planning to force the tickets for The Halkings ' concert from that reality 's version of Piper . To keep the alternate Piper from being eliminated , Henry and Charlotte must prevent the alternate Captain Man from succeeding . Meanwhile , Ray and Schowz deal with the alternate Henry and Charlotte that ended up in their universe . After Henry tells the alternate Captain Man the truth , a truce is held to get both versions of Henry and Charlotte back to their respectful dimensions . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver 39 14 `` Grave Danger '' David Kendall Dan Schneider & Andrew Reese Thomas & Joe Sullivan April 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 23 ) 217 1.67 When strange things have been happening to Ray , Charlotte and Schwoz find out that Ray 's old friend , Invisible Brad , survived being hit by a bus . While investigating his grave at the Swellview cemetery , Kid Danger and Captain Man exam Invisible Brad 's casket . However , they end up being ambushed by Invisible Brad , who traps them in the casket and buries them alive . Meanwhile , Jasper gets a pair of petite walkie - talkies and tries using different code names for Henry . At the same time , Piper gets a driver 's license from Swellview 's DMV . Invisible Brad then proceeds to enter the Man Cave and uses Ray 's power gum to become Captain Brad . With help from Piper , Jasper rescues Captain Man and Kid Danger from the casket . Back at the Man Cave , Invisible Brad reveals that he faked his death so that he could take over as Swellview 's hero , but when Henry and Ray return , they find him , and Henry uses bear spray to defeat him . Guest star : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 40 15 `` Ox Pox '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Samantha Martin April 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 30 ) 218 1.83 Piper comes down with an illness called Ox Pox after unknowingly consuming one of the cookies that Schwoz made with comodium acetate due to him mistaking it for sugar . In order to get the feathers of the extinct Chica - Willow , Captain Man uses the Time Jerker 's confiscated time machine to go back to Prudhoe Bay , Alaska , in 1709 in order to obtain the Chica - Willow feathers so that he can make a cure for Piper . Meanwhile , Jasper wants Henry to play ultimate hide and seek with him by giving him clues . When Captain Man obtains the Chica - Willow , Scwhoz accidentally brings an elderly Ray from 50 years in the future by mistake . Henry , Charlotte , and Schwoz then work together to bring Captain Man back to the present and send the elderly Ray back to his own time , before Henry makes the cure for Piper . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 41 16 `` Twin Henrys '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Avin Das May 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 07 ) 216 1.37 Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Steve Lewis as Mark 42 17 `` Danger & Thunder '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Jay Kogen & Dave Malkoff June 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 18 ) 995 2.24 A crime wave has hit Swellview and Dr. Minyak has escaped from prison . In Hiddenville , Phoebe Thunderman sees the news and plans to help Captain Man and Kid Danger . After an unsuccessful robbery by the Three Muchachos , they learn from the Three Muchachos that Dr. Minyak has called a meeting with Swellview 's villains to discuss how to destroy Captain Man and Kid Danger . Meanwhile , Piper 's neck gets stiff , causing Jasper and Mr. Hart to work to unstiffen her neck . As Captain Man and Kid Danger work to pose as two of the Three Muchachos , Phoebe mistakes them for the real Three Muchachos and goes on the attack until Captain Man and Kid Danger clear things up . Meanwhile , Piper 's doctor diagnoses her condition as `` Text Neck '' and she must wear a cone until her neck recuperates . Phoebe joins Captain Man and Kid Danger and goes undercover where Dr. Minyak , Nurse Cohort , Drill Finger , Jeff , Van Del , and Time Jerker are assembled at the bottom of an underwater base beneath Lake Swellview by Toddler , who has Phoebe 's brother Max Thunderman working for them . Toddler explains to the assembled villains that he survived the bottomless ball pit by being blasted 100 feet beneath the Earth and had to dig himself out where he ended up emerging from the public sandbox . Toddler proposes to the assembled villains that if they combine their powers , they can destroy Captain Man and Kid Danger . When Phoebe makes herself known to Max , she learns that Max came to steal Dr. Minyak 's Heliometer . Meanwhile , Jasper helps Piper and ends up accidentally texting the wrong guy to sushi party causing Piper 's friends to get angry at her . As the villains work to come up with a plan to destroy Captain Man and Kid Danger , Max ends up giving Captain Man and Kid Danger away , causing Phoebe to come to their defense . Captain Man has Kid Danger get Phoebe away from the villains as he works to buy them some time until Toddler uses the Heliometer on Captain Man . With Captain Man trapped in a cement block on the train , Toddler and his henchmen state that the train will go over the Jandy Bridge and be thrown into the Jandy River as Max attempts to take the Heliometer . With help from Charlotte and Schwoz , Kid Danger and Phoebe locate Captain Man . Meanwhile , Piper 's friends show up at her house to express their anger toward Piper as her admits to the mistake , and the group takes their anger out on Jasper . Kid Danger and Phoebe catch up and face off against Toddler , Dr. Minyak , Van Del , and their henchmen as Charlotte unleashes the man - grenades to free Captain Man . With Captain Man free , the heroes fight the villains who are thrown off the train . Max is forgiven by Captain Man and Kid Danger , but is given a ride home dangling from Schwoz 's helicopter . Also starring : Jack Griffo , Kira Kosarin Guest stars : Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Josh Fingerhut as Van Del , Ben Giroux as The Toddler , Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff , Joey Richter as The Time Jerker , Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort , Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak Note : This episode features crossover appearances from Phoebe and Max Thunderman of The Thundermans . 43 18 `` I Know Your Secret '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 219 2.60 Henry receives a note in his locker from an unknown person that they are aware of what he did on Wednesday and know his secret , and Henry immediately assumes that the person who sent the note knows he 's Kid Danger . He takes the note back to the Man Cave , where Schwoz tries to identify any DNA that could find the creator of the note ; however , nothing is found . Meanwhile , Piper tries to send back a spray tan gun when she believes she was sent the wrong item and later decides to operate a tanning salon from home . When Henry and Charlotte arrive home , Henry heads to his room where he finds Jasper waiting for him . Shocked , Henry tries to explain , but is unable to speak , assuming that Jasper knows he 's Kid Danger . Downstairs , Piper tells Charlotte that Jasper told her his secret . Charlotte asks what he told her and Piper says that Henry had promised to see Galaxy Wars 10 on Saturday with Jasper , but his mom wanted to see it on opening night , which was Wednesday , so Henry had gone with her . Meanwhile , Henry 's father is arrested on the misunderstanding that he was running an illegal tanning operation . Frazzled by the misunderstanding , Charlotte rushes to Henry 's room to tell him that Jasper does n't know his secret identity ; however , it 's too late as Henry has revealed to Jasper that he 's Kid Danger . Jasper faints in excitement , and Henry contacts Captain Man and asks him to come to his house . When Captain Man gets there , they get into an argument about Henry 's oath to never tell anyone he 's Kid Danger . Afterward , Captain Man decides they have to erase Jasper 's memory -- including memories of his best friend -- to prevent any more exposure . Henry contemplates and asks if he can spend a few minutes with Jasper before his memory is wiped . He and Jasper relapse on their past , with Jasper saying he is proud of Henry . Emotional by this and not willing to lose his best friend , Henry eventually resists wiping Jasper 's memory and begs Captain Man not to . He relents , but finally agrees and takes Jasper under his wing . Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nichols Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 44 `` A Fiñata Full of Death Bugs '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) 301 1.82 When Jasper accidentally gives away a piñata full of killer bees to Piper for her friend 's birthday party , Henry and Ray must find a way to sneak in and remove it before harm can be done . They eventually dress up as clowns to infiltrate the house , but things do n't exactly go as planned , and the fiñata eventually breaks when Henry finally manages to get it down from the tree . Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Saylor Bell as Marla , Winston Story as Trent Overunder 45 `` Love Muffin '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) 302 1.90 A female criminal named Gwen uses special muffins to make Captain Man fall in love with her so that she can access the Man Cave . When Henry , Charlotte , and Schowz catch onto the plan , they must work to keep Captain Man from marrying her . Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Courtney Henggeler as Gwen 46 `` Scream Machine '' Nathan Kress Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 303 1.60 Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Tristen MacDonald as Ms. Tanner , Kayla Madison as Jana 47 `` Mouth Candy '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 305 1.78 Guest stars : Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky , Henry Dittman as Mr. Sugarman , Matthew Zhang as Oliver Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 48 5 `` The Trouble with Frittles '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Samantha Martin November 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) 304 1.60 Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Saylor Bell as Marla , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Alec Mapa as Jack , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Matthew Zhang as Oliver 49 6 `` Hour of Power '' Steve Hoefer Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff Andrew Thomas November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 994 - 60 3.16 Drex , a former sidekick of Captain Man - turned - supervillain , has escaped from prison when the daughter of the parole board 's chairman tampers with the prison computers during `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' which allowed Drex to get paroled . As part of his revenge , Drex traps Captain Man in an unbreakable box . After failing to free Captain Man , and subsequently being embarrassed by Drex , Henry turns to Schowz for help where he gains superspeed as a new superpower . Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Danielle Morrow as Kooschtello , Jeremy Rowley as Schwahbbit , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Tommy Walker as Drex Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 50 7 `` Dodging Danger '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson December 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) 311 2.50 Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Andrew Caldwell as Mitch Bilsky , Matthew Zhang as Oliver 51 8 `` Double Date Danger '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson February 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) 314 2.06 Miss Shapen persuades Henry to let her niece Noelle stay at his house since she is allergic to the cats at her house . When wanting to date someone , Noelle chooses Jasper over Henry where they end up on a double date with Piper and Kale . Henry does n't know it yet , but Noelle is secretly working for Drill Finger in his plot to target people 's teeth where Jasper , Piper , and Kale end up being one of Drill Finger 's captives . Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart . Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Annalisa Cochrane as Noelle 52 9 `` Space Invaders , Part 1 '' Mike Caron Dan Schneider & Joe Sullivan March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 312 2.56 When two astronauts are held hostage aboard a space station , Kid Danger and Captain Man must travel to space in order to rescue them . Upon reaching the space station , they shockingly discover who the person holding the astronauts captive is . Meanwhile , Piper is eager to see her own commercial premiere on television . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Michael C. Alexander as Neil , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Emma Shannon as Kelsey , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Jeff Witzke as Jim 53 10 `` Space Invaders , Part 2 '' Mike Caron Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 313 1.65 On the space station , Captain Man and Kid Danger discover the reason why the two astronauts were taken hostage by the little girl , who is revealed to be Jim 's daughter Kelsey . She reveals that the astronauts are taking bunnies to the Moon for experiments . In the process of transporting the bunnies back , however , problems soon arise . Eventually , they all travel back to Earth on the Love Shuttle , with Captain Man having to cling onto the side of the shuttle , much to his dismay . Meanwhile , Piper is getting impatient from the multiple interruptions to her commercial , much to the dismay of her friends and father . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Michael C. Alexander as Neil , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Emma Shannon as Kelsey , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Jeff Witzke as Jim 54 11 `` Gas or Fail '' David Kendall Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 306 1.79 When a gas pipe bursts below Swellview 's nuclear plant , Henry and Ray must go fix it before the gas reaches the surface . However , Henry is stuck in school because of Achievement Test Day and is not allowed to leave . Eventually , Captain Man and Schwoz are able to devise a plan to sneak Henry out of school and into the shaft where they both successfully seal the pipe and eliminate the threat to Swellview . Guest stars : Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Jill Benjamin as Miss Shapen , Winston Story as Trent Overunder , Matthew Zhang as Oliver Absent : Ella Anderson as Piper 55 12 `` JAM Session '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) 309 1.65 Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Carrie Barrett as Mary Gaperman , Winston Story as Trent Overunder 56 13 `` License to Fly '' David Kendall Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) 315 1.72 57 14 `` Green Fingers '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) 310 1.83 Guest stars : Kelly Sullivan as Mrs. Hart , Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 58 15 `` Stuck in Two Holes '' Harry Matheu Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) 317 1.72 Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Ryan Grassmeyer as Jeff 59 16 `` Live & Dangerous : Part 1 '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) 319 1.57 After Kid Danger and Captain Man are invited to a party that will be hosted by a huge webstar named Frankini , it is revealed that Frankini is using Kid Danger and Captain Man to break the world record for the most people watching a live stream . Meanwhile , Charlotte babysits Piper and both end up watching pimple popping videos . Guest stars : Frankie Grande as Frankini , Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Zoran Korach as Goomer 60 17 `` Live & Dangerous : Part 2 '' Russ Reinsel Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson September 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) 320 2.22 Charlotte , Jasper , Piper , and Schwoz must stop Kid Danger and Captain Man before they reveal their true identities to the world . With the help of Sydney and Oliver , Piper tries to take away viewers from Frankini 's live stream so that people can watch Piper popping Jasper 's big pimple . Meanwhile , Charlotte and Schwoz are back at the Man Cave and Schwoz comes up with the idea of turning off the power in all of Swellview . As Kid Danger and Captain Man are about to take off their masks , the power goes out and they return to their old selves . Later , Piper pops Jasper 's pimple which gets all over Frankini . Guest stars : Frankie Grande as Frankini , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Zoran Korach as Goomer , Joe Kaprielian as Sidney , Matthew Zhang as Oliver 61 18 `` Balloons of Doom '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Dave Malkoff September 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 30 ) 318 1.61 Piper is about to start a man fan meeting when Dr. Minyak and Nurse Cohort take her and the man fans hostage ; Henry and Ray must now find a way to rescue them . Schwoz comes up with the idea of using a background board so it looks like Henry and Ray are in the Man Cave so they can sneak out without Dr. Minyak being aware of their plan . If they are detected , Dr. Minyak will launch Piper into space . Later , Henry and Ray are able to rescue Piper and the man fans and send Dr. Minyak into space instead . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Izabella Alvarez as Sharon , Amber Bela Muse as Nurse Cohort , Mike Ostroski as Dr. Minyak , Samuel Sadovnik as Benny 62 19 `` Swellview 's Got Talent '' Steve Hoefer Dan Schneider & Christopher J. Nowak October 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 316 1.65 Kid Danger and Captain Man are judges on the show `` Swellview 's Got Talent '' , which Piper and her friend , Carl ( William Simmons ) , are performing in . After the first performance goes awry due to Harry Hoagie ( Jay Tapaoan ) acting strangely and then passing out , it is Piper and Carl 's turn to perform their dance . Unfortunately , they too start to act strangely before passing out . Later in the backstage area , Jasper notices that champion Steven Sharp is making a big deal about having performers pet his ferret for good luck . Jasper searches on his phone and discovers that it is a Norwegian ferret and that it is dangerous and contact should be avoided because it secretes powerful oils that are capable of causing strange reactions , tongue - chewing , and loss of consciousness . Steven Sharp was having performers do this so he could win . Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Mr. Hart , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz , Charlie Burg as Steven Sharp , Kevin Railsback as Danny Chest Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Sick & Wired '' Adam Weissman Dan Schneider & Hayes Jackson October 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 404 1.41 Guest stars : Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Jake , Michael D. Cohen as Schwoz 64 `` Brawl in the Hall '' TBA TBA November 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 04 ) 405 TBD 65 `` The Rock Box Dump '' TBA TBA November 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 11 ) 406 TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Season 1 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.20. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas Pucci ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Final Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.15. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.22. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.31. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.28. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Season 2 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.26. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.3. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.28. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 6.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Season 3 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 11.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 12.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 4.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Danger Season 4 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 10.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Henry Danger episodes on IMDb Nickelodeon portal Television portal Comedy portal Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is henry danger coming back on tv	[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n25\nJuly 26, 2014 (2014-07-26)\nMay 16, 2015 (2015-05-16)\n\n\n\n2\n18\nSeptember 12, 2015 (2015-09-12)\nJuly 17, 2016 (2016-07-17)\n\n\n\n3\n19\nSeptember 17, 2016 (2016-09-17)\nOctober 7, 2017 (2017-10-07)\n\n\n\n4\nTBA\nOctober 21, 2017 (2017-10-21)\nTBA\n\n" ]	[ "October 21, 2017" ]
2096298623871437476	Education in Vietnam	Education in Vietnam - wikipedia Education in Vietnam Jump to : navigation , search Education in Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training Minister Phùng Xuân Nhạ National education budget ( 2012 ) Budget 6.3 % of GDP General details Primary languages Vietnamese System type Public , private Literacy ( 2015 est . ) Total 94.5 % Male 96.3 % Female 92.8 % Primary 7.54 million Secondary 2.4 million Post secondary 2,363,942 Attainment ( 2014 ) Secondary diploma 94 % Post-secondary diploma 441,800 Education in Vietnam is a state - run system of public and private education run by the Ministry of Education and Training . It is divided into five levels : preschool , primary school , secondary school , high school , and higher education . Formal education consists of twelve years of basic education . Basic education consists of five years of primary education , four years of intermediate education , and three years of secondary education . The majority of basic education students are enrolled on a half - day basis . The main education goal in Vietnam is `` improving people 's general knowledge , training quality human resources , and nurturing and fostering talent . '' Vietnam is known for its rigorous curriculum that is deemed as competitive for students . Secondary education is one of the most significant social issues in the country : designated schools known as `` High schools for the gifted '' ( Trường trung học phổ thông chuyên ) are regarded as prestigious and often demand high entrance examination results . Higher education is also a fundamental cornerstone in Vietnamese society . Entrance to university is determined through the National High School Graduation Examination , whose results will be considered for evaluation . The higher the score is , the more prestigious the institution will be . Failure to attend university often leads to social stigma , as those who could not pass the Graduation Examination would be looked down upon by members of society . With one of the highest GDP growth rates in Asia , Vietnam is attempting to improve its education system ; in 2012 , estimated national budget for education was 6.3 % . In the last decade , Vietnamese public reception of the country 's education system has been mixed . Citizens have been critical of the rigorous curriculum , which has led to serious social issues including depression , anxiety , and even increasing suicide rates . There have been comments from the public that schools should opt for a more flexible studying program , with less emphasis on paper tests and more focus on life skills development . In response to public opinion , the Ministry of Education and Training has come up with resolutions to reform the education system , which were met with both positive and negative feedback , leaving education reform still a controversial topic to date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of educational establishments 2 School grades 3 Academic grading 4 Pre-primary education 5 Primary education 6 Intermediate / Lower secondary education 7 Middle school and secondary school education 7.1 Middle and secondary curriculum 7.2 High School Graduation Examination 8 Higher education 8.1 Types of higher education institutions 8.2 Higher education qualifications 9 Teaching quality issues 9.1 English as a Second Language teachers 10 Notes 11 See also 12 References Types of educational establishments ( edit ) Regarding ownership , as prescribed in Article 44 of Vietnam 's Education Law , there are four types of educational establishments : Public education establishments : established and monitored by the State . The State also nominates their administrators and decides staff quota . The State invests in infrastructure and allocates funding for their regular spending tasks . Semi-public educational establishments : set up by the State on the basis of mobilizing organizations and individuals in the society to jointly invest in infrastructure . People - founded educational establishments : Social or economic organizations apply for permission from the State to set up an institution with non-State budget capital . Private educational establishments : Individuals or groups of individuals apply for permission from the State to set up and invest in the institution by themselves . The semi-public , people - founded and private educational establishments are referred collectively to as non-public educational establishments . School grades ( edit ) In Vietnam , a school year is divided into two semesters : the first begins in late August and ends in December , while the second begins right after the first , which is about late January and lasts until the end of May . Level / Grade Typical age school Pre-school playgroup 3 - 4 Kindergarten 4 - 6 Primary education First grade 6 - 7 Second grade 7 - 8 Third grade 8 - 9 Fourth grade 9 - 10 Fifth grade 10 - 11 Middle school Sixth grade 11 -- 12 Seventh grade 12 - 13 Eighth grade 13 -- 14 Ninth grade 14 - 15 High school Tenth grade 15 -- 16 Eleventh grade 16 -- 17 Twelfth grade 17 -- 18 Post-secondary education University Ages vary ( usually 4 years ) College Ages vary ( usually 2 years ) Academic grading ( edit ) Main article : Academic grading in Vietnam Pre-primary education ( edit ) Public kindergartens usually admit children ranging from 18 months to 5 years of age . Sometimes , four - or five - year - old children are taught the alphabet and basic arithmetic . This level of education is not compulsory and tends to be popular in major cities such as Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City , Da Nang , Hai Phong , Can Tho and Vung Tau . Primary education ( edit ) Children normally start primary education at the age of six . Education at this level lasts for 5 years and is compulsory for all children. The country 's literacy rate is over 90 % . According to the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey 2006 of Vietnam 's General Statistics Office , 96 % of six to 11 - year - old children enrolled in primary school . However , there was still a significant disparity in the primary education completion rate among different ethnicity . While primary completion rate for Kinh students was 86 % , the rate for ethnic minority children was only 61 % . In school year 2009 - 2010 , Vietnam had 15,172 primary schools and 611 combined primary and lower secondary schools . The total enrollment was 7.02 million pupils , of whom 46 % were girls . The renovated primary education curriculum in Vietnam is divided into two phases as follows : Phase 1 includes Grades 1 , 2 and 3 with 6 subjects : Vietnamese Language , Mathematics , Morality , Nature and Society , Arts and Physical Education . Phase 2 includes Grades 4 and 5 with 9 subjects : Vietnamese Language , Mathematics , Morality , Science , History , Geography , Basic Techniques , Music , Arts and Physical Education . Intermediate / lower secondary education ( edit ) Lower secondary school ( Vietnamese : trung học cơ sở ) or Junior high school includes sixth , seventh , eighth and ninth grade . Until its abolition in 2006 , students had to pass the Intermediate Graduation Examination ( IGE ) presented by the local Department of Education and Training to graduate . This educational level is homogeneous throughout most of the country , except in very remote provinces , which expect to popularize and standardize middle education within the next few years . Intermediate education is not compulsory in Vietnam . The Lower Secondary Education 's weekly schedule includes the following subjects and activities : Vietnamese Language , Mathematics , Biology , Physics , Chemistry , History , Geography , Civics , Foreign Language ( most often English or French ) , Physical Education , Technology , Art , Music , Optional Subjects , Class Activities and School Activities , Vocational - oriented activities ( 3 periods per month in Grade 8 or in some cases , the summer between 7th and 8th Grade ) and Extra-curricular activities ( 4 periods per month in all grades ). in the end of year 8 , student will participate in secondary vocational exam to earn extra-mark for the 10th grade examination . The Technology subject aims to show the link between theory and practice . It includes three parts : home economics ( in Grade 6 ) , agriculture - forestry and aquaculture ( in Grade 7 ) , Industry ( in Grade 8 ) and optional modules ( in Grade 9 ) . Middle school and secondary school education ( edit ) Hanoi - Amsterdam High School Middle school education ( Vietnamese : trung học cơ sở ) consists of grades six to nine , while secondary school / high school education ( Vietnamese : trung học phổ thông ) consists of grades ten to twelve . The IGE is a prerequisite entrance examination for high schooling . The IGE score determines the schools at which students are able to enroll . The higher the score , the more prestigious the school . Middle and secondary curriculum ( edit ) All subjects are compulsory for students Literature : mostly Vietnamese literature , occasionally combined with foreign literature including Chinese , French , American and Russian Mathematics Years 6 -- 9 : two separate subjects -- Algebra and Geometry Year 10 : two separate subjects -- Algebra and Geometry Year 11 : two separate subjects -- Algebra - Mathematical analysis and Geometry Year 12 : two separate subjects -- Mathematical analysis and Geometry Physics Chemistry ( from year 8 onwards ) Biology History Geography Civics : generally consists of economics , philosophy ( Marxism - Leninism ) , politics , law and ethics Foreign language : English is the predominant foreign language ; French , Chinese , Russian , Japanese and German are taught at some specialized schools Technology : consists of Agriculture / Horticulture , Mechanics , Electronics , Design , etc . Information Technology : recently introduced , yet to be implemented in poorer regions . Students study basic programming in languages such as Pascal and C / C++ Physical Education ( P.E ) Military education and training Advanced classes consists of either : Natural sciences : Students follow an advanced curriculum ( and different textbooks ) in mathematics , physics , chemistry and biology Social sciences : Students follow an advanced curriculum ( and different textbooks ) in literature , history , geography and foreign language At the start of secondary school , students can enroll in Specialist Classes if they pass the class entrance exam , which usually consists of a Mathematics exam , a Literature exam , an English exam and an exam of the subject that the student wants to specialize in . The specialised subject can be any of the subjects listed above , except Technology , Physical Education and Civics . Students enrolled in these programs have a heavier workload than regular secondary school students . The workload varies from school to school , but grade 11 students are generally expected to study grade 12 courses concurrently . Other courses include university - level courses . Some schools go as far as requiring their students to finish secondary school by the end of grade 10 . Only prestigious schools offer these classes , and they have yet to be standardized . High school Graduation examination ( edit ) All high school students in Vietnam are required to take the National High School Graduation Examination ( Kỳ thi Trung học phổ thông quốc gia ) , which is administered by the Ministry of Education and Training , at the end of grade 12 to get a diploma called the High School Graduation Certificate ( Bằng tốt nghiệp Trung học phổ thông ) . They still have to take the regular end - of - term examinations before taking the High School Graduation Examination . The Ministry of Education and Training announced that for the graduation examination of 2017 , five papers would be included : Mathematics , Literature , Foreign language , Natural Sciences , and Social Sciences . Three papers are mandatory for all students : Mathematics , Literature , and Foreign language . Foreign language exam can be one of the following : English , French , German , Chinese , Japanese , or Russian . Apart from three mandatory papers , student must complete a fourth paper by choosing either natural sciences ( a combination of Physics , Chemistry , and Biology ) or Social Sciences ( a combination of History , Geography , and Civic Education ) . In some cases , students can take both the Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and will choose the paper with the higher result to be evaluated . Higher education ( edit ) Vietnam National University , Hanoi is among the oldest and most prestigious state institutions for higher education in Vietnam . University entrance is based on the scores achieved in the entrance examination . High school graduates need high scores to be admitted to universities . Securing a place in a public university is considered a major step towards a successful career , especially for those from rural areas or disadvantaged families . The pressure on the candidates therefore remains very high , despite the measures taken to reduce the importance of these exams . In 2004 , it was estimated that nearly one million students took the exam but , on average , only 20 % passed . Normally , candidates take three exams for the fixed group of subjects they choose . There are many fixed groups of subjects : Group A : Mathematics , Physics , Chemistry Group A1 : Mathematics , Physics , English Group B : Mathematics , Biology , Chemistry Group C : Literature , History , Geography Group D: Literature , Foreign Language , Mathematics Group D consists of six subgroups based on the languages they provide in universities : Group D1 : entrance exam subject is English ; major language in university is English , but there are also French , Russian , Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , German , Arabic , Japanese , Mandarin and Korean . Group D2 : entrance exam subject is Russian ; major language in university is Russian Group D3 : entrance exam subject is French ; major language in university is French , students can choose Italian instead Group D4 : entrance exam subject is Chinese ; major language in university is Mandarin Group D5 : entrance exam subject is German ; major language in university is German Group D6 : entrance exam subject is Japanese ; major language in university is Japanese Besides these , there are groups for artistic and cultural education : Group H : Literature , Colored Painting , Pencil Drawing Group M : Literature , Mathematics , Singing and Expressive Reading , Instrument Performance ( optional ) Group N : Literature , Tone and Melody , Vocal Group R : Literature , History , Journalism Group S : Literature , Theatrical Talents Group T : Mathematics , Biology , Sports Group V : Mathematics , Physics , Drawing In 2007 , Vietnam 's Ministry of Education and Training started to use multiple choice exam format for several subjects during the university entrance examination . These subjects include Physics , Chemistry , Biology and Foreign Language . Each multiple choice exam lasts 90 minutes . The foreign language exam consists of 80 multiple choice questions ; meanwhile , the Physics , Chemistry , Biology exam has 50 questions . Math , Literature , History and Geography exams use composition format . Starting from the entrance exam of 2013 , 10 artistic and cultural universities will remove Literature from the exam of the group H , N and S. Instead , the results of three years in high school and the scores of the HGE will be used to evaluate the candidates . Starting from 2015 , high school graduation and university entrance merged to one exam . Each student will take at least four subjects for the exam including three compulsory -- mathematics , literature and foreign language ( mostly English ) -- and one sub-subject such as physics , chemistry , geography , biology , history . After the result has been given , the student can use their score to pass the high school graduation exam and to go to their desired college with three chosen points from the four given . Types of higher education institutions ( edit ) See also : List of universities in Vietnam Vietnamese Government decree ( decree 43 / 2000 / ND - CP , dated August 30 , 2000 ) identified three types of higher education institutions : `` Đại học '' ( university ) , which is a multidisciplinary institution offering fields of study and which has research capacities . Five major multidisciplinary universities in Vietnam are Vietnam National University , Hanoi ; Vietnam National University , Ho Chi Minh City ; Huế University ; University of Da Nang ; Can Tho University Can Tho University and Thai Nguyen University . `` Trường Đại học '' ( senior college ) , which is more narrowly focused in its curriculum , sometimes on a single study area . `` Học viện '' ( institute ) , which is also narrowly focused in terms of study area but which may have a specialized research capacity . In addition , there are junior college or community colleges , professional secondary schools , and vocational schools which offer degrees or certificates . In the school year 2010 - 2011 , Vietnam had 163 universities ( including senior colleges and institutes ) and 223 junior colleges , in which 50 senior colleges and 30 junior colleges are non-public . The presence of foreign universities is increasing . Universities such as PSB International College , RMIT and University of Hawaii offer degrees in fields such as business , English as a Second Language and Information Technology . Running a foreign education system in Vietnam is challenging . Quality control and affordability are key issues , as well as red tape . Higher education qualifications ( edit ) Associate Degree ( Vietnamese : Cao đẳng ) : a three - year program delivered by junior colleges ( including teachers colleges and others ) and by some universities as additional training programs . Bachelor 's degree ( Vietnamese : Cử nhân ) : a four - to six - year program -- six years for students studying medical and dental sciences ; five years for students of industrial engineering ; and four years for the majority of other undergraduate degrees such as Social Sciences . Graduates receive degrees with a title corresponding to their field of study such as bachelor ( cử nhân ) , engineer ( kỹ sư ) , medical doctor ( bác sĩ ) , or lawyer ( luật sư ) , etc . Most of Vietnam 's universities also offer master 's ( two years ) and Doctor of Philosophy ( four years ) degrees . Teaching quality issues ( edit ) The entire higher education system is facing several crises , such as outdated curricula , a lecturer - centered method of teaching and learning , a lack of linkage between teaching and research activities , and a large discord between theory and practical training that leads to a large number of graduates being unable to find a job , while skills shortages drive inflation to double - digit levels . Vietnamese students have a lack of knowledge despite being taught a lot due to the fact that the main purpose of studying hard is to pass exams . According to the survey on graduate employment in 2009 - 2010 conducted by Center for Policy Studies and Analysis - University of Social Sciences and Humanities , Vietnam National University , Hanoi , among 3000 respondents , 26.2 % are still unemployed with the majority unable to find a job . Among those employed , 61 % said they lacked sufficient working skill , 42 % lacked experience and 32 % cited insecure professional expertise . Aside from degrees offered by foreign universities , qualifications from Vietnamese universities are not recognized worldwide . Teaching methods delivered in the public system are teacher - oriented . Class discussions are uncommon , and students are expected to be studious and passively attentive in the classroom . This method is a manifestation of Confucian culture , and is a sharp contrast to American and British pedagogy , where interaction and debate are more prominent . Advanced and specialized high school students are generally expected to study additional courses , which can amount to a total of nine periods a day . Parents also enroll their children into extensive tutoring sessions , which is not to be confused with cram schools , because the tutoring sessions are taken regardless of any upcoming tests or exams . The average monthly salary of local Vietnamese public teachers is between US $60 and US $100 , so many supplement their income by moonlighting , working in the private sector or tutoring . Students who do not attend these sessions are always at a disadvantage , as materials appearing on tests and exams are often covered only in tutoring sessions . Public schools are underfunded . Currently , only primary schools are subsidized by the government , to 50 % of the total tuition cost . Enrollment rates may be high ; however , primary education quality , particularly in poor areas , is below the required standard . Moreover , the drop - out rate after fifth grade is also high , especially in rural and mountainous area since most students can not afford to attend secondary school or university , due to poverty . Participatory Poverty Assessments ( PPAs ) found that for many poor households , child labor is considered much more valuable than school attendance . Regular school absenteeism also leads to poor academic performance . For poor families , the opportunity cost of sending their children to school is perceived to be high and the long - term benefit of education can not outweigh the short - term economic losses . English as a Second language teachers ( edit ) Private language centers offering English as a Second Language are in high demand in the larger cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City . Students flock to these schools to increase their employment opportunities . These classes are usually taught by foreign expatriates who are generally paid between 10 and 20 US dollars per hour , depending on their qualifications and on the quality of the school . Lower standards in some of the lower - paying schools have resulted in a proliferation of low - quality teachers ( known to the community as `` backpacker teachers '' , who are typically travelers hired for teaching , hence `` backpacker '' ) . Those teachers are often only hired for being blond , white and ' foreign ' . Many come to Vietnam for the promise of a high salary for easy work -- their job is usually showing the children flashcards and playing games with them . Many centers are only there to make money for the owners and hire foreigners to keep the parents of the students happy enough to keep them sending their children to those schools . The costs can be very high , 12 euro per lesson of 1.5 h is not uncommon . However , a number of recent developments have contributed to changes in the sector affecting the numbers and roles of such `` backpacker '' teachers and , it is hoped , improving quality and standards as a result . Firstly , a more stringent immigration / visa system is now being more strictly enforced ( where previously the regulations were only enforced if visiting teachers fell foul of the criminal legal system ) . Now schools are routinely inspected for foreign teachers ( ostensibly to ensure the tax codes are applied ) and , as part of this process , degrees and teaching qualifications must be verified by the holder 's embassy or relevant authority . Copies must be filed with immigration authorities . ( Similar regulations for opening bank accounts and registration of residences of foreigners mean unqualified teachers remain but are often consigned to the `` back - street '' schools or may be susceptible to disreputable school owners and landlords . The penalties for abuse of these regulations are substantial with respect to rents or incomes of schools . ) Secondly , despite high standards of university qualifications , until recently , the numbers of qualified , Asian ( native or non-native speakers ) career teachers working in Vietnamese schools , language schools or universities , were quite low . This is partly due to the preference for white European ( native and non-native speakers ) , Australian / New Zealand , US / Canadian teachers ( which often kept fees high , whether this made any real impact on teaching salaries ) and partly due to difficulties in securing work permits . Recently , perceptions have changed and , in an attempt to maintain higher standards while simultaneously reduce costs , Filipino teachers have been hired . They are playing a fundamental role in many schools by augmenting teaching standards by virtue of their skills and professionalism , while altering public perceptions about their abilities -- moving the focus away from `` white , native - speakers at all cost , even if they are backpackers '' . The country has implemented OECD guidelines to the education sector with respect to English language skills of high school and university graduates . This means that for high school graduates to apply for university entry , overseas study ( high school or university ) , or graduate from an undergraduate university course , individuals must achieve an internationally recognised and standardised test of English ( IELTS , TOEIC , TOEFL , etc. , or sometimes worryingly `` an equivalent , designed , created and marked by local instructors , with scores / levels varying from course / degree / university / institution ) . This recent development has caused further changes in this sector , attracting further experienced IELTS trainers , retaining existing trainers and creating demands for teacher training from such agencies as British Council and IDP ( and in the process probably diminishing opportunities for unqualified teachers , consigning them further to the fringes ) . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In Vietnam , tertiary education is divided into two types : university education ( giáo dục đại học ) -- which offers research - orientated programs and lasts for four years , and college education ( giáo dục cao đẳng ) -- which offers vocational programs and lasts for two years . See also ( edit ) Vietnam portal Education portal Vietnamese studies List of universities in Vietnam References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook : Vietnam '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Số liệu thống kê giáo dục Việt Nam '' ( Education statistics in Vietnam ) ( in Vietnamese ) . General Statistics Office of Vietnam . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Số liệu thống kê giáo dục đại học , cao đẳng '' ( Education statistics for higher education ( university , college ) in Vietnam ) ( in Vietnamese ) . General Statistics Office of Vietnam . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Số liệu thống kê tốt nghiệp THPT theo địa phương '' ( Secondary graduation statistics by provinces ) ( in Vietnamese ) . General Statistics Office of Vietnam . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Data on Education . 7th Ed '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoang , Lien ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Ending Vietnam 's ' Suicide Season ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide cases show Vietnamese students lack life skills '' . Lao Động ( via Vietnamnet ) . 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Linh , Thuy ( 11 November 2015 ) . `` Vietnam 's ambitious education reform plans come in for praise '' . Thanh Niên . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Tran , Van Hoa ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Grading Vietnam 's higher education reforms '' . East Asia Forum . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Vinh Quoc , Le ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Rối bời đổi mới giáo dục '' ( Education reform in limbo ) . Người lao động ( in Vietnamese ) . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ired.edu.vn/en/Documents/LegalDocuments/27 ^ Jump up to : Vietnam 's Ministry of Education and Training ( 2006 ) . ' Vietnam Primary Education ' . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO ( 2011 ) `` World Data on Education . 7th Ed . '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Education in Vietnam , World Bank Jump up ^ `` Thi đại học và thi tốt nghiệp THPT quốc gia 2017 như thế nào ? '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Ministry of Education and Training Vietnam , via Luyện thi THPT quốc gia. 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khối H , N , S được miễn thi môn Ngữ văn '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Dantri.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , G. ( 2010 ) , ' Vietnam higher education sector analysis . ' , ADB Technical Assistance Consultants ' Report . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ ' Vietnam 's Ministry of Education and Training General Statistics . ' Retrieved on 2012 - 3 - 1 . Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sheridan , G. ( 2010 ) , ' Vietnam higher education sector analysis . ' ADB Technical Assistance Consultants ' Report . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 03 Jump up ^ Napier , Nancy K. ; Vuong , Quan Hoang . What we see , why we worry , why we hope : Vietnam going forward . Boise , ID : Boise State University CCI Press , October 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0985530587 . ^ Jump up to : ' Education for All in Vietnam : high enrollment , but problems of quality remain . ' ( 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 04 Jump up ^ http://apollo.edu.vn/sites/default/files/Apollo-course-information-from-Jan-2017-HN.jpg ( hide ) Education in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Vietnam&oldid=822616420 '' Categories : Education in Vietnam Hidden categories : CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 13 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the school year start in vietnam	[ "In Vietnam, a school year is divided into two semesters: the first begins in late August and ends in December, while the second begins right after the first, which is about late January and lasts until the end of May." ]	[ "late August" ]
217928461154676720	Tennis players with most titles in the Open Era	Tennis Players with most Titles in the Open Era - wikipedia Tennis Players with most Titles in the Open Era This page lists all tennis players who have won at least 30 top - level professional tournament titles since the Open Era began in 1968 . Titles can be any combination of singles and doubles , so the combined total is the default sorting of the lists . The current top - level events are on the ATP World Tour for men and the WTA Tour for women . Contents 1 Key 2 Men 3 Women 4 See also 5 References Key ( edit ) Player Name and nationality Span Years ( any gaps omitted ) Sing . Singles titles Doub . Same - gender doubles titles Mix . Mixed doubles titles Total Combined number of titles † Tennis Hall of Fame member * Player is currently active Men ( edit ) John McEnroe won the most titles overall . Jimmy Connors won the most singles titles . Bob and Mike Bryan won 116 doubles titles together . Player Span Sing . Doub . Mix . Total Ref . John McEnroe 1978 -- 06 77 78 156 Jimmy Connors 1972 -- 96 109 15 0 124 Mike Bryan 1998 -- 0 119 123 Bob Bryan 1998 -- 0 116 7 123 Rod Laver 1968 -- 76 74 37 0 111 Ilie Năstase 1968 -- 89 58 51 111 Tom Okker 1968 -- 82 31 78 0 109 Roger Federer 1998 -- 98 8 0 106 / Ivan Lendl 1978 -- 94 94 6 0 100 Daniel Nestor 1991 -- 0 91 95 Stan Smith 1968 -- 86 38 54 0 92 Todd Woodbridge 1988 -- 05 83 6 91 Rafael Nadal 2001 -- 80 11 0 91 Raúl Ramírez 1973 -- 83 19 62 0 81 Frew McMillan 1968 -- 83 74 80 Brian Gottfried 1972 -- 85 25 54 0 79 Guillermo Vilas 1968 -- 92 62 16 0 78 Mark Woodforde 1984 -- 00 67 5 76 Bob Hewitt 1968 -- 83 65 5 74 Marty Riessen 1968 -- 81 6 60 7 73 Novak Djokovic 2003 -- 70 0 71 Peter Fleming 1973 -- 88 66 0 69 Björn Borg 1973 -- 83 64 0 68 Wojtek Fibak 1973 -- 89 15 52 0 67 Anders Järryd 1980 -- 96 8 59 0 67 Pete Sampras 1988 -- 02 64 0 66 Leander Paes 1991 -- 55 10 66 John Newcombe 1968 -- 83 32 33 0 65 Emilio Sánchez 1984 -- 97 15 50 0 65 Tomáš Šmíd 1976 -- 92 9 55 0 64 Boris Becker 1984 -- 99 49 15 0 64 Andre Agassi 1986 -- 06 60 0 61 Jonas Björkman 1991 -- 08 6 54 0 60 Mahesh Bhupathi 1995 -- 16 0 52 8 60 Stefan Edberg 1983 -- 96 41 18 0 59 / Nenad Zimonjić 1995 -- 0 54 5 59 Max Mirnyi 1996 -- 52 5 58 Ken Rosewall 1968 -- 80 43 14 0 57 Mark Knowles 1992 -- 12 0 55 56 Manuel Orantes 1968 -- 83 33 22 0 55 Paul Haarhuis 1989 -- 03 54 0 55 Sherwood Stewart 1968 -- 85 51 54 Andrés Gómez 1979 -- 95 21 33 0 54 Yevgeny Kafelnikov 1992 -- 03 26 27 0 53 Robert Lutz 1968 -- 85 9 43 0 52 Rick Leach 1987 -- 06 0 46 50 Sergio Casal 1981 -- 95 47 49 Jacco Eltingh 1988 -- 98 44 0 48 Arthur Ashe 1968 -- 79 33 14 0 47 Andy Murray 2005 -- 45 0 47 Thomas Muster 1985 -- 99 44 0 45 Mark Edmondson 1975 -- 88 6 34 0 40 Mats Wilander 1981 -- 96 33 7 0 40 Martin Damm 1990 -- 11 0 40 0 40 Balázs Taróczy 1972 -- 90 13 26 0 39 Yannick Noah 1977 -- 96 23 16 0 39 Guy Forget 1982 -- 00 11 28 0 39 John Fitzgerald 1980 -- 95 6 30 38 Ken Flach 1983 -- 96 0 34 36 Patrick Galbraith 1987 -- 00 0 36 0 36 Cyril Suk 1988 -- 06 0 32 36 Andy Roddick 2000 -- 12 32 0 36 Horia Tecău 1998 -- 0 35 36 Vitas Gerulaitis 1972 -- 86 26 9 0 35 Pavel Složil 1973 -- 92 32 35 Kevin Ullyett 1990 -- 10 0 34 35 Sandy Mayer 1970 -- 85 10 24 0 34 Kevin Curren 1979 -- 93 5 26 34 Michael Chang 1988 -- 03 34 0 0 34 Lleyton Hewitt 1998 -- 16 30 0 33 František Čermák 1998 -- 0 31 32 Bruno Soares 2000 -- 0 29 32 / Goran Ivanišević 1988 -- 04 22 9 0 31 Fabrice Santoro 1989 -- 10 6 24 31 Michaël Llodra 1999 -- 14 5 26 0 31 David Rikl 1989 -- 05 0 30 0 30 Marcelo Melo 1998 -- 0 30 0 30 Women ( edit ) Martina Navratilova won the most singles and doubles titles . Player Span Sing . Doub . Mix . Total Ref . / Martina Navratilova 1975 -- 06 167 177 10 354 Billie Jean King 1968 -- 83 67 101 7 175 Chris Evert 1972 -- 89 157 18 0 175 Margaret Court 1968 -- 77 92 48 7 147 Pam Shriver 1979 -- 97 21 106 128 Rosemary Casals 1968 -- 91 11 112 126 Steffi Graf 1982 -- 99 107 11 0 118 Martina Hingis 1994 -- 17 43 64 7 114 Jana Novotná 1987 -- 99 24 76 104 A. Sánchez Vicario 1985 -- 02 29 69 102 Serena Williams 1995 -- 72 23 97 Lindsay Davenport 1993 -- 08 55 38 0 93 Lisa Raymond 1993 -- 15 79 5 88 / Natasha Zvereva 1988 -- 02 80 86 Helena Suková 1981 -- 98 10 69 5 84 E. Goolagong Cawley 1968 -- 83 68 11 80 Venus Williams 1994 -- 49 22 73 Gigi Fernández 1983 -- 97 69 0 71 / Larisa Neiland 1982 -- 99 65 71 Wendy Turnbull 1970 -- 89 9 55 5 69 Cara Black 1998 -- 60 5 66 Rennae Stubbs 1986 -- 11 0 60 62 / / Monica Seles 1989 -- 08 53 6 0 59 Virginia Wade 1968 -- 86 55 0 0 55 / Liezel Huber 1993 -- 17 0 53 55 Kim Clijsters 1999 -- 12 41 11 0 52 Paola Suárez 1991 -- 12 44 0 48 Katarina Srebotnik 1995 -- 39 5 48 V. Ruano Pascual 1992 -- 10 43 47 / Hana Mandlíková 1978 -- 90 27 19 0 46 Conchita Martínez 1988 -- 06 33 13 0 46 Ai Sugiyama 1992 -- 09 6 38 45 Justine Henin 1999 -- 11 43 0 45 Sania Mirza 2003 -- 41 45 Lori McNeil 1983 -- 02 10 33 44 Gabriela Sabatini 1985 -- 96 27 14 0 41 A. Medina Garrigues 1997 -- 11 28 0 39 Maria Sharapova 2001 -- 36 0 39 Elizabeth Smylie 1982 -- 97 32 37 Nadia Petrova 1999 -- 17 13 24 0 37 Samantha Stosur 1999 -- 9 24 36 Tracy Austin 1978 -- 94 30 35 Roberta Vinci 1999 -- 18 10 25 0 35 Sara Errani 2002 -- 9 26 0 35 Svetlana Kuznetsova 2000 -- 18 16 0 34 Claudia Kohde - Kilsch 1980 -- 94 8 25 0 33 Zina Garrison 1982 -- 97 11 19 33 Nathalie Tauziat 1984 -- 03 8 25 0 33 Caroline Wozniacki 2005 -- 29 0 31 Květa Peschke 1993 -- 30 0 31 Latisha Chan 2004 -- 0 29 30 See also ( edit ) Tennis portal Open Era tennis records -- men 's singles Open Era tennis records -- women 's singles List of Open Era tennis records References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 ATP Media Guide - Statistical Information ( Page 11 ) '' ( PDF ) . ATPWorldTour.com . Jump up ^ `` Mike Bryan -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Bryan -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ listed at Rod Laver career statistics Jump up ^ `` Ilie Nastase -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Lendl -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Nestor -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Smith -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Woodbridge -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raúl Ramírez -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frew McMillan -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Gottfried -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Vilas -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Woodforde -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bjorn Borg -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wojtek Fibak -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Sampras -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Sanchez -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Becker -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stefan Edberg -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ listed at Ken Rosewall career statistics Jump up ^ `` Bruno Soares -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Melo -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martina Navratilova Archived 2012 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . WTA profile . Jump up ^ Billie Jean King WTA profile . Jump up ^ Chris Evert WTA profile . Jump up ^ Margaret Court WTA profile Jump up ^ Pam Shriver WTA profile . Jump up ^ Rosemary Casals Encyclopedia.com Jump up ^ Joel Drucker ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` Casals far more than King 's sidekick '' . sports.espn.go.com . ESPN . Jump up ^ Steffi Graf WTA profile Jump up ^ Martina Hingis WTA profile . Jump up ^ Jana Novotná WTA profile Jump up ^ Arantxa Sánchez Vicario WTA profile Jump up ^ Serena Williams WTA profile . Jump up ^ Lindsay Davenport WTA profile Jump up ^ Lisa Raymond WTA profile . Jump up ^ Natasha Zvereva WTA profile Jump up ^ Helena Suková WTA profile . Jump up ^ Evonne Goolagong Cawley WTA profile . Jump up ^ Venus Williams WTA profile . Jump up ^ Gigi Fernandez WTA profile . Jump up ^ Larisa Savchenko Neiland WTA profile . Jump up ^ Wendy Turnbull WTA profile . Jump up ^ Cara Black WTA profile . Jump up ^ Rannae Stubbs WTA profile . Jump up ^ Monica Seles WTA profile . Jump up ^ Virginia Wade WTA profile . Jump up ^ Liezel Huber WTA profile . Jump up ^ Kim Clijsters WTA profile . Jump up ^ Paola Suárez WTA profile . Jump up ^ Katarina Srebotnik WTA profile . Jump up ^ Virginia Ruano Pascual WTA profile . Jump up ^ Hana Mandlíková WTA profile . Jump up ^ Conchita Martínez WTA profile . Jump up ^ Ai Sugiyama WTA profile . Jump up ^ Justine Henin WTA profile . Jump up ^ Sania Mirza WTA profile . Jump up ^ Lori McNeil WTA profile . Jump up ^ Gabriela Sabatini WTA profile . Jump up ^ Anabel Medina Garrigues WTA profile . Jump up ^ Maria Sharapova WTA profile . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Smylie WTA profile . Jump up ^ Nadia Petrova WTA profile . Jump up ^ Samantha Stosur WTA profile . Jump up ^ Tracy Austin WTA profile . Jump up ^ Roberta Vinci WTA profile . Jump up ^ Sara Errani WTA profile . Jump up ^ Svetlana Kuznetsova WTA profile . Jump up ^ Claudia Kohde - Kilsch WTA profile . Jump up ^ Zina Garrison WTA profile . Jump up ^ Nathalie Tauziat WTA profile . Jump up ^ Caroline Wozniacki WTA profile . Jump up ^ Kveta Peschke WTA profile . Jump up ^ Latisha Chan WTA profile . Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Ranking per country Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_players_with_most_titles_in_the_Open_Era&oldid=856393307 '' Categories : Tennis records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 21 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has the most titles in mens tennis	[ "\n\nPlayer\n\nSpan\n\nSing.\n\nDoub.\n\nMix.\n\nTotal\n\nRef.\n\n\n John McEnroe†\n1978–06\n77\n78\n1\n156\n[1]\n\n\n Jimmy Connors†\n1972–96\n109\n15\n0\n124\n\n\n\n Mike Bryan\n1998–\n0\n119\n4\n123\n[2]\n\n\n Bob Bryan\n1998–\n0\n116\n7\n123\n[3]\n\n\n Rod Laver†\n1968–76\n74\n37\n0\n111\n[4][1]\n\n\n Ilie Năstase†\n1968–89\n58\n51\n2\n111\n[5][1]\n\n\n Tom Okker\n1968–82\n31\n78\n0\n109\n[1]\n\n\n Roger Federer\n1998–\n98\n8\n0\n106\n[6]\n\n\n/ Ivan Lendl†\n1978–94\n94\n6\n0\n100\n[7]\n\n\n Daniel Nestor\n1991–\n0\n91\n4\n95\n[8]\n\n\n Stan Smith†\n1968–86\n38\n54\n0\n92\n[9][1]\n\n\n Todd Woodbridge†\n1988–05\n2\n83\n6\n91\n[10]\n\n\n Rafael Nadal\n2001–\n80\n11\n0\n91\n[11]\n\n\n Raúl Ramírez\n1973–83\n19\n62\n0\n81\n[12][1]\n\n\n Frew McMillan†\n1968–83\n2\n74\n4\n80\n[13][1]\n\n\n Brian Gottfried\n1972–85\n25\n54\n0\n79\n[14][1]\n\n\n Guillermo Vilas†\n1968–92\n62\n16\n0\n78\n[15]\n\n\n Mark Woodforde†\n1984–00\n4\n67\n5\n76\n[16]\n\n\n Bob Hewitt\n1968–83\n4\n65\n5\n74\n[1]\n\n\n Marty Riessen\n1968–81\n6\n60\n7\n73\n[1]\n\n\n Novak Djokovic\n2003–\n70\n1\n0\n71\n[17]\n\n\n Peter Fleming\n1973–88\n3\n66\n0\n69\n[1]\n\n\n Björn Borg†\n1973–83\n64\n4\n0\n68\n[18]\n\n\n Wojtek Fibak\n1973–89\n15\n52\n0\n67\n[19]\n\n\n Anders Järryd\n1980–96\n8\n59\n0\n67\n\n\n\n Pete Sampras†\n1988–02\n64\n2\n0\n66\n[20]\n\n\n Leander Paes\n1991–\n1\n55\n10\n66\n\n\n\n John Newcombe†\n1968–83\n32\n33\n0\n65\n\n\n\n Emilio Sánchez\n1984–97\n15\n50\n0\n65\n[21]\n\n\n Tomáš Šmíd\n1976–92\n9\n55\n0\n64\n\n\n\n Boris Becker†\n1984–99\n49\n15\n0\n64\n[22]\n\n\n Andre Agassi†\n1986–06\n60\n1\n0\n61\n\n\n\n Jonas Björkman\n1991–08\n6\n54\n0\n60\n\n\n\n Mahesh Bhupathi\n1995–16\n0\n52\n8\n60\n\n\n\n Stefan Edberg†\n1983–96\n41\n18\n0\n59\n[23]\n\n\n/ Nenad Zimonjić\n1995–\n0\n54\n5\n59\n\n\n\n Max Mirnyi\n1996–\n1\n52\n5\n58\n\n\n\n Ken Rosewall†\n1968–80\n43\n14\n0\n57\n[24]\n\n\n Mark Knowles\n1992–12\n0\n55\n1\n56\n\n\n\n Manuel Orantes†\n1968–83\n33\n22\n0\n55\n\n\n\n Paul Haarhuis\n1989–03\n1\n54\n0\n55\n\n\n\n Sherwood Stewart\n1968–85\n1\n51\n2\n54\n\n\n\n Andrés Gómez\n1979–95\n21\n33\n0\n54\n\n\n\n Yevgeny Kafelnikov\n1992–03\n26\n27\n0\n53\n\n\n\n Robert Lutz\n1968–85\n9\n43\n0\n52\n\n\n\n Rick Leach\n1987–06\n0\n46\n4\n50\n\n\n\n Sergio Casal\n1981–95\n1\n47\n1\n49\n\n\n\n Jacco Eltingh\n1988–98\n4\n44\n0\n48\n\n\n\n Arthur Ashe†\n1968–79\n33\n14\n0\n47\n\n\n\n Andy Murray\n2005–\n45\n2\n0\n47\n\n\n\n Thomas Muster\n1985–99\n44\n1\n0\n45\n\n\n\n Mark Edmondson\n1975–88\n6\n34\n0\n40\n\n\n\n Mats Wilander†\n1981–96\n33\n7\n0\n40\n\n\n\n Martin Damm\n1990–11\n0\n40\n0\n40\n\n\n\n Balázs Taróczy\n1972–90\n13\n26\n0\n39\n\n\n\n Yannick Noah†\n1977–96\n23\n16\n0\n39\n\n\n\n Guy Forget\n1982–00\n11\n28\n0\n39\n\n\n\n John Fitzgerald\n1980–95\n6\n30\n2\n38\n\n\n\n Ken Flach\n1983–96\n0\n34\n2\n36\n\n\n\n Patrick Galbraith\n1987–00\n0\n36\n0\n36\n\n\n\n Cyril Suk\n1988–06\n0\n32\n4\n36\n\n\n\n Andy Roddick†\n2000–12\n32\n4\n0\n36\n\n\n\n Horia Tecău\n1998–\n0\n35\n1\n36\n\n\n\n Vitas Gerulaitis\n1972–86\n26\n9\n0\n35\n\n\n\n Pavel Složil\n1973–92\n2\n32\n1\n35\n\n\n\n Kevin Ullyett\n1990–10\n0\n34\n1\n35\n\n\n\n Sandy Mayer\n1970–85\n10\n24\n0\n34\n\n\n\n Kevin Curren\n1979–93\n5\n26\n3\n34\n\n\n\n Michael Chang†\n1988–03\n34\n0\n0\n34\n\n\n\n Lleyton Hewitt\n1998–16\n30\n3\n0\n33\n\n\n\n František Čermák\n1998–\n0\n31\n1\n32\n\n\n\n Bruno Soares\n2000–\n0\n29\n3\n32\n[25]\n\n\n/ Goran Ivanišević\n1988–04\n22\n9\n0\n31\n\n\n\n Fabrice Santoro\n1989–10\n6\n24\n1\n31\n\n\n\n Michaël Llodra\n1999–14\n5\n26\n0\n31\n\n\n\n David Rikl\n1989–05\n0\n30\n0\n30\n\n\n\n Marcelo Melo\n1998–\n0\n30\n0\n30\n[26]\n\n" ]	[ "John McEnroe" ]
5124217201536597781	El Paso, Texas	El Paso , Texas - wikipedia El Paso , Texas Jump to : navigation , search `` El Paso '' redirects here . For other uses , see El Paso ( disambiguation ) . El Paso , Texas City City of El Paso From upper left : The Cathedral of Saint Patrick , star on the Franklin Mountains , North Franklin Peak , downtown El Paso skyline , Wyler Aerial Tramway , Ysleta Mission Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Sun City , El Chuco Location in El Paso County and the state of Texas El Paso Location in the United States Coordinates : 31 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W / 31.79028 ° N 106.42333 ° W / 31.79028 ; - 106.42333 Coordinates : 31 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W / 31.79028 ° N 106.42333 ° W / 31.79028 ; - 106.42333 Country United States State Texas County El Paso Metropolitan area El Paso Founded 1680 Incorporated 1873 Government Type Council -- manager City Council Mayor Dee Margo ( R ) Peter Svarzbein Alexsandra Annello Cassandra Hernandez Sam Morgan Dr. Michiel Noe Claudia Ordaz Henry Rivera Cissy Lizarraga City manager Tommy Gonzalez Area City 256.3 sq mi ( 663.7 km ) Land 255.3 sq mi ( 661.1 km ) Water 1.0 sq mi ( 2.6 km ) Elevation 3,740 ft ( 1,140 m ) Population ( 2010 ) 649,133 Estimate ( 2015 ) 681,124 ( US : 20th ) Metro 838,972 ( US : 68th ) CSA 1,053,267 ( US : 58th ) Demonym ( s ) El Pasoan Time zone MST ( UTC - 7 ) Summer ( DST ) MDT ( UTC - 6 ) ZIP codes 79900 - 79999 , 88500 - 88599 ( PO Boxes ) Area code ( s ) 915 , 575 FIPS code 48 - 24000 GNIS feature ID 1380946 Primary Airport El Paso International Airport ELP ( Major / International ) Secondary Airport Biggs Army Airfield - KBIF ( Military ) Interstates U.S. Routes Website www.elpasotexas.gov El Paso ( / ɛl ˈpæsoʊ / el PASS - oh ; from Spanish , `` the pass '' ) is a city in and the seat of El Paso County , Texas . It is situated in the far western corner of the U.S. state of Texas . El Paso stands on the Rio Grande river across the Mexico -- United States border from Ciudad Juárez , the largest city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua . The two cities , along with Las Cruces in the neighboring U.S. state of New Mexico , form a combined international metropolitan area sometimes referred to as the Paso del Norte or El Paso -- Juárez -- Las Cruces . The region of over 2.7 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere . The city is the headquarters of Western Refining , a Fortune 500 company , and three publicly traded companies , as well as home to the Medical Center of the Americas , the only medical research and care provider complex in west Texas and southern New Mexico , and the University of Texas at El Paso , the city 's primary university . The city hosts the annual Sun Bowl college football post-season game , the second oldest bowl game in the country . El Paso has a strong federal and military presence . William Beaumont Army Medical Center , Biggs Army Airfield , and Fort Bliss call the city home . Fort Bliss is one of the largest military complexes of the United States Army and the largest training area in the United States . Also headquartered in El Paso are the DEA domestic field division 7 , El Paso Intelligence Center , Joint Task Force North , United States Border Patrol El Paso Sector , and the US Border Patrol Special Operations Group ( SOG ) . In 2010 , El Paso received an All - America City Award . El Paso has been ranked the safest large city in the U.S. for four consecutive years and has ranked in the top three since 1997 . As of July 1 , 2016 , the population estimate for the city from the U.S. Census was 683,080 . Its U.S. metropolitan area covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth counties in Texas , and has a population of 841,971 . The El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso -- Las Cruces CSA , with a population of 1,056,178 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 1900 - present 2 Geography 3 Climate 3.1 Flooding 3.2 Monthly statistics 4 Neighborhoods 4.1 Downtown and central El Paso 4.2 Northwest El Paso 4.3 West central El Paso 4.4 Northeast El Paso 4.5 East El Paso 4.6 Mission Valley 4.7 Texas and New Mexico suburbs 4.8 Cityscape 4.9 Tallest buildings 5 Demographics 6 Economy 7 Arts and culture 7.1 Annual cultural events and festivals 7.1. 1 Amigo Airsho 7.1. 2 KLAQ Great River Raft Race 7.1. 3 Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo 7.1. 4 Fiesta de las Flores 7.1. 5 El Paso Balloonfest 7.2 Music Festivals 7.2. 1 El Paso Downtown Street Festival 7.2. 2 Neon Desert Music Festival 7.2. 3 Music Under the Stars 7.2. 4 Sun City Music Festival 7.2. 5 Texas Showdown Festival 7.3 Performing arts 7.3. 1 Viva ! El Paso 7.3. 2 El Paso Symphony Orchestra 7.3. 3 Ballet in El Paso 7.4 Theaters 7.5 Area museums 7.6 Sites within the city limits 7.7 Sites within the metro and surrounding area 8 Sports 9 Parks and recreation 9.1 Botanical Gardens 9.2 Golf courses 9.3 Zoo 10 Government 10.1 City 10.2 County 10.3 State 10.4 Federal 11 Education 11.1 Public libraries 12 Media 12.1 Newspapers 12.2 Radio stations 12.3 Television 12.4 Cellular phone coverage 13 El Paso in popular culture 14 Infrastructure 14.1 Healthcare 14.2 Transportation 14.2. 1 Airports 14.2. 2 Passenger rail 14.2. 3 Major highways 14.2. 4 Mass transit 14.2. 5 International border crossings 15 Notable people 16 See also 17 Notes 17.1 Footnotes 17.2 Source notes 18 References 19 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of El Paso , Texas and Timeline of El Paso , Texas Early years ( edit ) The El Paso region has had human settlement for thousands of years , as evidenced by Folsom points from hunter - gatherers found at Hueco Tanks . The evidence suggests 10,000 to 12,000 years of human habitation . The earliest known cultures in the region were maize farmers . When the Spanish arrived , the Manso , Suma , and Jumano tribes populated the area . These were subsequently incorporated into the Mestizo culture , along with immigrants from central Mexico , captives from Comanchería , and genízaros of various ethnic groups . The Mescalero Apache were also present . Ysleta Mission , constructed in 1680 by the Spanish Spanish explorer Don Juan de Oñate was born in 1550 in Zacatecas , Zacatecas , Mexico and was the first New Spain ( Mexico ) explorer known to have observed the Rio Grande near El Paso , in 1598 , celebrating a Thanksgiving Mass there on April 30 , 1598 ( decades before the Pilgrims ' Thanksgiving ) . However , the four survivors of the Narváez expedition , Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , Alonso del Castillo Maldonado , Andrés Dorantes de Carranza , and his enslaved Moor Estevanico , are thought to have passed through the area in the mid-1530s . El Paso del Norte ( present - day Ciudad Juárez ) was founded on the south bank of the Río Bravo del Norte ( Rio Grande ) , in 1659 by Fray Garcia de San Francisco . In 1680 , the small village of El Paso became the temporary base for Spanish governance of the territory of New Mexico as a result of the Pueblo Revolt , until 1692 when Santa Fe was reconquered and once again became the capital . El Paso remained the largest settlement in New Mexico until its cession to the U.S. in 1848 , when Texas took possession of it with the Compromise of 1850 . The Texas Revolution ( 1836 ) was generally not felt in the region , as the American population was small ; not being more than 10 % of the population . However , the region was claimed by Texas as part of the treaty signed with Mexico and numerous attempts were made by Texas to bolster these claims . However , the village which consisted of El Paso and the surrounding area remained essentially a self - governed community with both representatives of the Mexican and Texan government negotiating for control until Texas irrevocably took control in 1846 . Map of the city in 1886 During this interregnum , 1836 -- 1848 , Americans nonetheless continued to settle the region . As early as the mid-1840s , alongside long extant Hispanic settlements such as the Rancho de Juan María Ponce de León , Anglo settlers such as Simeon Hart and Hugh Stephenson had established thriving communities of American settlers owing allegiance to Texas . Stephenson , who had married into the local Hispanic aristocracy , established the Rancho de San José de la Concordia , which became the nucleus of Anglo and Hispanic settlement within the limits of modern - day El Paso , in 1844 . Given the reclamations of the Texas Republic that wanted a chunk of the Santa Fe trade , the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo effectively made the settlements on the north bank of the river a formal American settlement , separate from Old El Paso del Norte on the Mexican side . The present Texas -- New Mexico boundary placing El Paso on the Texas side was drawn in the Compromise of 1850 . El Paso County was established in March 1850 , with San Elizario as the first county seat . The United States Senate fixed a boundary between Texas and New Mexico at the 32nd parallel , thus largely ignoring history and topography . A military post called `` The Post opposite El Paso '' ( meaning opposite El Paso del Norte , across the Rio Grande ) was established in 1854 . Further west , a settlement on Coons ' Rancho called Franklin became the nucleus of the future El Paso , Texas . A year later , pioneer Anson Mills completed his plan of the town , calling it El Paso . However , the various communities never totalled more than several hundred residents with Hispanics and Americans holding an equal percentage of the population . During the Civil War , a Confederate presence was in the area until it was captured by the Union California Column in 1862 . It was then headquarters for the 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry until December 1864 . El Paso circa 1880 After the Civil War 's conclusion , the town 's population began to grow as Texans continued to move into the villages and soon became the majority . El Paso itself , incorporated in 1873 , encompassed the small area communities that had developed along the river . In the 1870s , a population of 23 non-Hispanic whites and 150 Hispanics was reported . With the arrival of the Southern Pacific , Texas and Pacific and the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe railroads in 1881 , the population boomed to 10,000 by the 1890 census , with many Anglo - Americans , recent immigrants , old Hispanic settlers , and recent arrivals from Mexico . The location of El Paso as well as the arrival of these more wild newcomers caused the city to become a violent and wild boomtown known as the `` Six Shooter Capital '' because of its lawlessness . Indeed , prostitution and gambling flourished until World War I , when the Department of the Army pressured El Paso authorities to crack down on vice ( thus benefitting vice in neighboring Ciudad Juárez ) . With the suppression of the vice trade and in consideration of the city 's geographic position , the city continued into developing as a premier manufacturing , transportation , and retail center of the U.S. Southwest . 1900 - present ( edit ) El Paso , Texas ( postcard ) , ca . 1910 . St. Louis Street , El Paso , Texas ( postcard , circa 1908 ) In 1909 , William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz planned a summit in El Paso , Texas , and Ciudad Juárez , Mexico , an historic first meeting between a U.S. president and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico But tensions rose on both sides of the border , including threats of assassination , so the Texas Rangers , 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops , U.S. Secret Service agents , FBI agents and U.S. marshals were all called in to provide security . Frederick Russell Burnham , the celebrated scout , was put in charge of a 250 private security detail hired by John Hays Hammond , who in addition to owning large investments in Mexico was a close friend of Taft from Yale and a U.S. Vice-Presidential candidate in 1908 . On October 16 , the day of the summit , Burnham and Private C.R. Moore , a Texas Ranger , discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route . Burnham and Moore captured , disarmed , and arrested the assassin within only a few feet of Taft and Díaz . By 1910 , the overwhelming number of people in the city were Americans creating a settled environment . However , this period was short lived as the Mexican Revolution greatly impacted the city , bringing an influx of refugees -- and capital -- to the bustling boom town . Spanish - language newspapers , theaters , movie houses , and schools were established , many supported by a thriving Mexican refugee middle class . Large numbers of clerics , intellectuals , and businessmen took refuge in the city , particularly between 1913 and 1915 . Downtown El Paso in 1908 Mesa Avenue , the heart of El Paso , Texas ( postcard , circa 1917 ) Ultimately , the violence of the Mexican Revolution followed with the large Mexican diaspora which had fled into El Paso . In 1915 and again in 1916 and 1917 various Mexican revolutionary societies planned , staged , and launched violent attacks against both Texans and their political Mexican opponents in El Paso . This state of affairs eventually led to the vast Plan de San Diego which resulted in the murder of 21 white citizens . The subsequent reprisals by local militia soon caused an escalation of violence , wherein it is estimated that approximately 300 Mexicans and Mexican - Americans lost their lives . These actions affected almost every resident of the entire lower Rio Grande Valley , resulting in millions of dollars of losses ; the end result of the Plan of San Diego was long - standing enmity between the two racial groups . Simultaneously , other Texans and Americans gravitated to the city and by 1920 , along with the U.S. Army troops , the population exceeded 100,000 and whites once again were in the clear majority . Nonetheless , the city increased the segregation between Mexicans and Mexican - Americans with Americans . In reply , the Catholic Church attempted to garner the Mexican - American community 's allegiance through education and political and civic involvement organizations , including the National Catholic Welfare Fund . In 1916 , the Census Bureau reported El Paso 's population as 53 % Mexican and 44 % white . General Pershing 's punitive expedition camp near the border , El Paso , Texas ( postcard , circa 1916 ) : Franklin Mountains , left - to - right ( i.e. , south - to - north ) are : Ranger Peak , Sugarloaf Mountain , and part of South Franklin Mountain Mining and other industries gradually developed in the area . The El Paso and Northeastern Railway was chartered in 1897 , to help extract the natural resources of surrounding areas , especially in southeastern New Mexico Territory . The 1920s and 1930s saw the emergence of major business development in the city , partially enabled by Prohibition - era bootlegging . However , the military demobilization , an agricultural economic depression which hit places like El Paso first before the larger Great Depression was felt in the big cities , hit the city hard . In turn , as in the rest of the United States , the Depression era overall hit the city hard , and El Paso 's population declined through the end of World War II with most of population losses coming from the white community . Nonetheless , whites remained the majority to the 1940s . During and following the war , military expansion in the area , as well as oil discoveries in the Permian Basin ( North America ) , helped to engender rapid economic expansion in the mid-1900s . Copper smelting , oil refining , and the proliferation of low - wage industries ( particularly garment making ) led the city 's growth . Additionally , the departure of region 's rural population , which was mostly white , to cities like El Paso , brought a short term burst of capital and labor . However , this was balanced by additional departures of middle class Americans to other parts of the country which offered new and better paying jobs . In turn , local businesses looked south to the opportunities afforded by cheap Mexican labor . Furthermore , the period from 1942 to 1956 saw the bracero program which brought in cheap Mexican labor into the rural area to replace the losses of the native white population . In turn , seeking better - paying jobs these migrants also moved to El Paso . By 1965 , Hispanics once again were a majority . Meanwhile , the post-war expansion slowed again in the 1960s , but the city continued to grow with the annexation of surrounding neighborhoods and in large part because of its significant economic relationship with Mexico . Geography ( edit ) El Paso and the Franklin Mountains with snow from winter storm Goliath ; neighborhoods around Austin High School ( center ) are shown , from central El Paso at the bottom to Northeast El Paso at the top . The Patriot Freeway ( aka the North -- South Freeway ) , US Highway 54 , is on the right . Looking northwest at the Franklin Mountains from Ranger Peak False - color satellite image of El Paso and Ciudad Juárez : Paved streets and buildings appear in varying shades of blue - gray , and red indicates vegetation . Image courtesy of NASA . El Paso is at 31 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W / 31.79028 ° N 106.42333 ° W / 31.79028 ; - 106.42333 ( 31.790208 , − 106.423242 ) . It lies at the intersection of three states ( Texas , New Mexico , and Chihuahua ) and two countries ( the U.S. and Mexico ) . It is the only major Texas city on Mountain Time . Ciudad Juarez used to be on Central Time , but both cities are now on Mountain Time . El Paso is closer to the capital cities of four other states - Phoenix , Arizona ( 348 miles away ) ; Santa Fe , New Mexico , ( 272 miles away ) ; Ciudad Chihuahua , Chihuahua , ( 212 miles away ) ; and Hermosillo , Sonora ( 327 miles away ) - than it is to the capital of its own state , Austin ( 526 miles away ) . It is closer to Los Angeles , California ( 702 miles away ) than it is to Orange , Texas ( 762 miles away ) , the easternmost town in the state . El Paso is located within the Chihuahuan Desert , the easternmost section of the Basin and Range Region . The Franklin Mountains extend into El Paso from the north and nearly divide the city into two sections ; the west side forms the beginnings of the Mesilla Valley , and the east side expands into the desert and lower valley . They connect in the central business district at the southern end of the mountain range . The city 's elevation is 3,800 ft ( 1,200 m ) above sea level . North Franklin Mountain is the highest peak in the city at 7,192 ft ( 2,192 m ) above sea level . The peak can be seen from 60 mi ( 100 km ) in all directions . Additionally , this mountain range is home to the famous natural red - clay formation , the Thunderbird , from which the local Coronado High School gets its mascot 's name . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 256.3 square miles ( 663.7 km ) . The 24,000 - acre ( 9,700 ha ) Franklin Mountains State Park , the largest urban park in the United States , lies entirely in El Paso , extending from the north and dividing the city into several sections along with Fort Bliss and El Paso International Airport . The Rio Grande Rift , which passes around the southern end of the Franklin Mountains , is where the Rio Grande flows . The river defines the border between El Paso and Ciudad Juárez to the south and west until the river turns north of the border with Mexico , separating El Paso from Doña Ana County , New Mexico . Mt . Cristo Rey , an example of a pluton , rises within the Rio Grande Rift just to the west of El Paso on the New Mexico side of the Rio Grande . Nearby volcanic features include Kilbourne Hole and Hunt 's Hole , which are Maar volcanic craters 30 miles ( 50 km ) west of the Franklin Mountains . Climate ( edit ) Palm trees in far east El Paso El Paso has a transitional climate between cold desert climate ( Köppen BWk ) and hot desert climate ( Köppen BWh ) with hot summers , usually with little humidity , and mild , dry winters . Rainfall averages 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) per year , much of which occurs during the summer from July through September , and is predominantly caused by the North American Monsoon . During this period , southerly and southeasterly winds carry moisture from the Pacific , the Gulf of California , and the Gulf of Mexico into the region . When this moisture moves into the El Paso area and places to the southwest , orographic lift from the mountains , combined with strong daytime heating , causes thunderstorms , some severe enough to produce flash flooding and hail , across the region . The sun shines 302 days per year on average in El Paso , 83 % of daylight hours , according to the National Weather Service ; from this , the city is nicknamed `` The Sun City '' . Due to its arid , windy climate , El Paso often experiences sand and dust storms during the dry season , particularly during the springtime between March and early May . With an average wind speed often exceeding 30 mph ( 50 km / h ) and gusts that have been measured at over 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , these wind storms kick up large amounts of sand and dust from the desert , causing loss of visibility . El Paso , at 3,800 ft ( 1,200 m ) elevation , also receives snow ; weather systems have produced over one foot ( 30 cm ) of snow on several occasions . In the 1982 -- 1983 winter season , three major snowstorms produced record seasonal snowfall . On December 25 -- 26 , 1982 , 6.0 inches ( 15 cm ) of snow fell , producing a white Christmas for the city . This was followed by another 7.0 inches ( 18 cm ) on December 30 -- 31 , 1982 . On April 4 -- 7 , 1983 , 16.5 inches ( 42 cm ) of snow fell on El Paso , bringing the seasonal total to nearly 30 inches ( 76 cm ) . On December 13 -- 14 , 1987 , a record storm dumped over 22 inches ( 56 cm ) of snow on El Paso , and two weeks later ( December 25 -- 26 ) , another three inches ( 7.6 cm ) fell , bringing the monthly total for December 1987 to an all - time record high of 25.9 inches ( 66 cm ) of snow . The average annual snowfall for the city varies widely between different neighborhoods at different elevations , but is 6.1 inches ( 15 cm ) at the airport ( but with a median of 0 , meaning most years see no snow at all ) . It is most rare around Ysleta and the eastern valley area , which usually include large numbers of palm trees ; while in the higher neighborhoods palm trees are more vulnerable to cold snaps and as a result many of which can be seen with brown leaves . Snow on Franklin Mountains One example of El Paso 's varying climate at its most extreme was the damaging winter storm of early February 2011 , which caused closures of schools , businesses , and City Hall . The snow , which was light , stopped after about a day , but during the ensuing cold episode , municipal utilities went into a crisis . The high temperature on February 2 , 2011 was 15 ° F ( − 9 ° C ) , the lowest daily maximum on record . In addition , the low temperature on February 3 was 1 ° F ( − 17 ° C ) , breaking the 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) monthly record low set during the cold wave of 1899 . Loss of desert vegetation , such as Mexican / California palm trees , oleanders , and iceplants to the cold weather was one of the results . Two local power plants failed , forcing El Paso Electric to institute rolling blackouts over several days , and electric wires were broken , causing localised blackouts . Many water utility pipes froze , causing areas of the city to be without water for several days . Rio Grande in west El Paso near New Mexico state line Monthly means range from 44.8 ° F ( 7.1 ° C ) in December to 82.8 ° F ( 28.2 ° C ) in July , but high temperatures typically peak in June before the monsoon arrives , while daily low temperatures typically peak in July or early August with the higher humidity the monsoon brings ( translating to warmer nights ) . On average , there are 52 nights of at - or below - freezing lows , 109 days of 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) + highs and 20 days of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) + highs annually ; it is extremely rare for temperatures to stay below the freezing mark all day . The city 's record high is 114 ° F ( 46 ° C ) on June 30 , 1994 , and its record low is − 8 ° F ( − 22 ° C ) on January 11 , 1962 ; the highest daily minimum was 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) on July 1 and 3 , 1994 , with weather records for the area maintained by the National Weather Service since 1879 . Flooding ( edit ) Although the average annual rainfall is only about 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) , many parts of El Paso are subject to occasional flooding during intense summer monsoonal thunderstorms . In late July and early August 2006 , up to 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain fell in a week , the flood - control reservoirs overflowed and caused major flooding citywide . The city staff estimated damage to public infrastructure at $21 million , and to private property ( residential and commercial ) at $77 million . Much of the damage was associated with development in recent decades in arroyos protected by flood - control dams and reservoirs , and the absence of any storm drain utility in the city to handle the flow of rain water . Monthly statistics ( edit ) ( show ) Climate data for El Paso Int'l , Texas ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1879 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 86 ( 30 ) 93 ( 34 ) 98 ( 37 ) 105 ( 41 ) 114 ( 46 ) 112 ( 44 ) 108 ( 42 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 87 ( 31 ) 80 ( 27 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 87.8 ( 31 ) 95.5 ( 35.3 ) 94.7 ( 34.8 ) 92.4 ( 33.6 ) 87.6 ( 30.9 ) 78.2 ( 25.7 ) 66.2 ( 19 ) 57.1 ( 13.9 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 45.1 ( 7.3 ) 50.1 ( 10.1 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 73.9 ( 23.3 ) 82.0 ( 27.8 ) 82.8 ( 28.2 ) 81.0 ( 27.2 ) 75.5 ( 24.2 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 37.1 ( 2.8 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 60.0 ( 15.6 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 70.9 ( 21.6 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 63.3 ( 17.4 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 8 ( − 22 ) ( − 17 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 46 ( 8 ) 56 ( 13 ) 52 ( 11 ) 41 ( 5 ) 25 ( − 4 ) ( − 17 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 8 ( − 22 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.40 ( 10.2 ) 0.46 ( 11.7 ) 0.26 ( 6.6 ) 0.23 ( 5.8 ) 0.47 ( 11.9 ) 0.94 ( 23.9 ) 1.55 ( 39.4 ) 2.01 ( 51.1 ) 1.51 ( 38.4 ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 0.49 ( 12.4 ) 0.78 ( 19.8 ) 9.71 ( 246.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) trace 0.8 ( 2 ) 3.1 ( 7.9 ) 6.9 ( 17.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 3.8 3.4 2.4 1.9 2.7 3.9 8.3 8.7 6.3 4.7 3.1 3.9 53.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 1.1 3.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 50.5 41.6 32.4 26.9 27.1 29.9 43.9 48.4 50.5 47.1 46.1 51.5 41.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 254.5 263.0 326.0 348.0 384.7 384.1 360.2 335.4 304.1 298.6 257.6 246.3 3,762.5 Percent possible sunshine 80 85 88 89 90 90 83 81 82 85 82 79 85 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1962 -- 1990 , sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Neighborhoods ( edit ) Downtown and central El Paso ( edit ) Main articles : Downtown El Paso and Central El Paso The Cathedral of Saint Patrick , built in 1916 , is located in Central El Paso . This part of town contains some of the city 's oldest and most historic neighborhoods . Located in the heart of the city , it is home to approximately 130,000 people . Development of the area started around 1875 , when the city was barely beginning to gain its roots . Today , central El Paso has grown into the center of the city 's economy and a thriving urban community . It contains numerous historic sites and landmarks mostly in the Sunset Heights district . It is close to the El Paso International Airport , the international border , and Fort Bliss . It is part of the El Paso Independent School District . Dr. James Day , an El Paso historian , said that downtown 's main business area was originally centered between Second Avenue ( now Paisano Drive ) and San Francisco Avenue . At a later point the main business area was centered around Stanton Street and Santa Fe Street . In the late 1800s most of the white American residents lived to the north of the non-white areas , living in brick residences along Magoffin , Myrtle , and San Antonio Avenues . Hispanic - American residents lived in an area called Chihuahuita ( `` little Chihuahua '' ) , which was located south of Second Avenue and west of Santa Fe Street . Several African Americans and around 300 Chinese Americans also lived in Chihuahuita . Many of the Chinese Americans participated in the building of railroads in the El Paso area . Another downtown neighborhood is El Segundo Barrio , which is near the United States / Mexico border . Northwest El Paso ( edit ) Main article : Northwest El Paso El Paso 's upper valley in northwest El Paso The west side of the Franklin Mountains after winter storm Goliath Better known as West El Paso or the West Side , the area includes a portion of the Rio Grande floodplain upstream from downtown which is known locally as the Upper Valley and is located on the west side of the Franklin Mountains . The Upper Valley is the greenest part of the county due to the Rio Grande . The west side is home to some of the most affluent neighborhoods within the city , such as the Coronado Hills and Country Club neighborhoods . It is one of the fastest - growing areas of El Paso . West central El Paso ( edit ) Main article : West central El Paso Historic home at Kern Place West central El Paso is located north of Interstate 10 and west of the Franklin Mountains . The University of Texas at El Paso and the Cincinnati Entertainment district are located in the heart of the area . Historic districts Kern Place and Sunset Heights are in this part of town . Kern Place was founded in 1914 by Peter E. Kern , for whom the neighborhood was named . The homes of Kern Place are unique in architecture and some were built by residents themselves . One of the better known homes is the Paul Luckett Home located at 1201 Cincinnati Ave . above Madeline Park , and is made of local rock . It is known as `` The Castle '' due to its round walls and a crenelated rooftop . Kern Place Kern Place is extremely popular with college and university students . The area is known for its glitzy entertainment district , restaurants and coffee shops who cater to both business patrons and university students . After UTEP 's basketball and football games , UTEP fans pack the Kern Place area for food and entertainment at Cincinnati Street a small bar district . This bar scene has grown over the years and has attracted thousands to its annual Mardi Gras block party as well as after sporting events or concerts . Young men and women make up the majority of the crowds who stop in between classes or after work . Sunset Heights is one of the most historic areas in town , which has existed since the latter part of the 1890s . Many wealthy residents have had their houses and mansions built on this hill . Although some buildings have been renovated to their former glory , but many have been neglected and have deteriorated . During the Mexican Revolution , a widely popular Mexican revolutionary leader , Doroteo Arango ( also known as Francisco `` Pancho '' Villa ) , owned and resided in this area during the 1910s . During the 1910 Mexican Revolution many Mexicans fled Mexico and settled in Sunset Heights . Northeast El Paso ( edit ) Main article : Northeast El Paso This part of town is located north of central El Paso and east of the Franklin Mountains . Development of the area was extensive during the 1950s and 1960s . It is one of the more ethnically diverse areas in the city due to the concentration of military families . The Northeast has not developed as rapidly as other areas like east El Paso and northwest El Paso , but its development is steadily increasing . It is expected that the population will grow more rapidly as a result of the troop increase at Ft . Bliss in the coming years . The area has also gained recognition throughout the city for the outstanding high school athletic programs at Andress High School , Parkland High School , Irvin High School , and Chapin High School . East El Paso ( edit ) Main article : East El Paso The area is located north of Interstate 10 , east of Airway Blvd. , and south of Montana Ave . It is the largest and fastest growing area of town with a population of over 150,000 . It includes the 79936 zip code , which was considered in 2013 as the most populous in the nation with over 114,000 people . Its neighborhoods are mainly middle - class , but does have a considerable number of affluent neighborhoods . East El Paso is noted also for its ridges and cliffs which offer desirable views of the lower valley , the Franklin Mountains and downtown El Paso . It also possesses the greatest number of entertainment venues in the city . Mission valley ( edit ) Main article : Mission Valley ( El Paso ) Formerly known as the lower valley , it includes part of Eastside and all lower valley districts . It is the third largest area of the city , behind east El Paso and central El Paso . Hawkins Road and Interstate 10 border the Mission Valley . This location is considered the oldest area of El Paso , dating back to the late 17th century when present - day Texas was under the rule of Nueva España ( New Spain ) . La Mision de Corpus Christi de San Antonio de la Ysleta del Sur In 1680 the Isleta Pueblo tribe revolted against the Spaniards who were pushed south to what is now El Paso . Some Spaniards and tribe members settled here permanently . Soon afterward , three Spanish missions were built ; they remain standing , currently functioning as churches : Ysleta Mission - 1682 ( La Misión de Corpus Christi y de San Antonio de la Ysleta del Sur / Our Lady of Mt . Carmel ) , Socorro Mission - 1759 ( Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción del Socorro ) - 1759 and San Elizario Chapel ( Capilla de San Elcear ) - 1789 . On April 30 , 1598 , the northward - bound Spanish conquistadors crossed large sand dunes about 27 miles south of present - day downtown El Paso . It is said that the expeditionaries and their horses ran toward the river , and two horses drank themselves to death . Don Juan de Oñate , a New Spain - born conquistador of Spanish parents , was an expedition leader who ordered a big feast north of the Río Grande in what is now San Elizario . This was the first documented and true Thanksgiving in North America . Oñate declared La Toma ( taking possession ) , claiming all territory north of the Río Grande for King Philip II of Spain . Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo ( related to the insurgent Isleta Pueblo Tribe ) is also located in this valley . The Tigua ( pronounced Tiwa ) is one of three Indian tribes in Texas whose sovereignty is recognized by the United States government . Ysleta is spelled with a `` Y '' because 19th - century script did not differentiate between a capital `` Y '' and a capital `` I . '' Some people in this area and its twin city across the river , Ciudad Juárez , are direct descendants of the Spaniards . Texas and New Mexico suburbs ( edit ) El Paso is surrounded by many cities and communities in both Texas and New Mexico . The most populated suburbs in Texas are Socorro , Horizon City , Fort Bliss and San Elizario . Other Texas suburbs are Anthony , Canutillo , Sparks , Fabens and Vinton . Although Anthony , Santa Teresa , Sunland Park , and Chaparral lie adjacent to El Paso County , they are considered to be part of the Las Cruces , New Mexico metropolitan area by the United States Census Bureau . Cityscape ( edit ) A panoramic view of El Paso , looking northeast through south , near Scenic Drive . The Hueco Mountains can be seen toward the east , and Downtown El Paso can be seen to the south ( far right of the image ) . Tallest buildings ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in El Paso Wells Fargo Plaza Plaza Hotel Rank Building Height Floors Built Wells Fargo Plaza 296 ft ( 90 m ) 21 1972 Chase Tower 250 ft ( 76 m ) 20 1971 Plaza Hotel 239 ft ( 73 m ) 19 1930 Kayser Building 232 ft ( 71 m ) 20 5 O.T. Bassett Tower 216 ft ( 66 m ) 17 1930 6 Doubletree Hotel 211 ft ( 64 m ) 17 1970 7 El Paso Natural Gas Company Building 208 ft ( 63 m ) 18 1954 8 Camino Real Hotel 205 ft ( 62 m ) 17 1986 9 One Texas Tower 205 ft ( 62 m ) 15 1921 10 El Paso County Courthouse 185 ft ( 56 m ) 13 1991 El Paso 's tallest building , the Wells Fargo Plaza , was built in the early 1970s as State National Plaza . The black - windowed , 296 - foot ( 90 m ) building is famous for its 13 white horizontal lights ( 18 lights per row on the east and west sides of the building , and seven bulbs per row on the north and south sides ) that were lit at night . The tower did use a design of the United States flag during the July 4 holidays , as well as the American hostage crisis of 1980 , and was lit continuously following the September 11 attacks in 2001 until around 2006 . During the Christmas holidays , a design of a Christmas tree was used , and at times , the letters `` UTEP '' were used to support University of Texas at El Paso athletics . The tower is now only lit during the holiday months , or when special events take place in the city . Central business districts of Texas 's ten largest cities ( 2010 ) Downtown Houston Downtown San Antonio Downtown Dallas Downtown Austin Downtown Fort Worth Downtown El Paso Downtown Arlington Downtown Corpus Christi Downtown Plano Downtown Laredo Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 200 -- 1860 428 114.0 % 1880 736 -- 1890 10,338 1,304.6 % 1900 15,906 53.9 % 1910 39,279 146.9 % 1920 77,560 97.5 % 1930 102,421 32.1 % 1940 96,810 − 5.5 % 1950 130,485 34.8 % 1960 276,687 112.0 % 1970 339,615 22.7 % 1980 425,259 25.2 % 1990 515,342 21.2 % 2000 563,662 9.4 % 649,121 15.2 % Est. 2016 683,080 5.2 % U.S. Decennial Census Texas Almanac : 1850 -- 2000 2012 Estimate El Paso 1850 to 2006 TX State Historical Association ( hide ) Demographic profile 2000 1990 1970 White 80.8 % 76.3 % 76.9 % 96.7 % -- Non-Hispanic whites 14.2 % 18.3 % 26.4 % 40.4 % African American or Black 3.4 % 3.5 % 3.4 % 2.3 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 80.7 % 76.6 % 69.0 % 57.3 % Asian 1.2 % 1.5 % 1.2 % 0.3 % Map of racial distribution in El Paso , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic ( of any race ) , or Other ( yellow ) As of the census of 2010 , 649,121 people , 216,694 households , and 131,104 families resided in the city . The population density was 2,263.0 people per square mile ( 873.7 / km2 ) . There were 227,605 housing units at an average density of 777.5 per square mile ( 300.2 / km2 ) . According to the 2010 US Census , the racial composition of El Paso was : White -- 80.8 % ( Non-Hispanic Whites : 14.2 % ) African American or Black -- 3.4 % Two or more races -- 3.3 % Asian -- 1.2 % Native American -- 0.7 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- 0.1 % Ethnically , the city was : Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) -- 80.7 % There were 182,063 households out of which 42.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 54.6 % were married couples living together , 18.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 22.5 % were not families . About 19.2 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 7.2 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.54 . In the city , the population was distributed as 31.0 % under the age of 18 , 10.0 % from 18 to 24 , 29.1 % from 25 to 44 , 19.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.7 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 31 years . For every 100 females , there were 90.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 85.0 males . The median income for a household in the city was $32,124 , and for a family was $35,432 . Males had a median income of $28,989 versus $21,540 for females . The per capita income for the city was $14,388 . About 19.0 % of families and 22.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 29.8 % of those under age 18 and 17.7 % of those age 65 or over . Economy ( edit ) El Paso has a diversified economy focused primarily within international trade , military , government civil service , oil and gas , health care , tourism and service sectors . The El Paso metro area had a GDP of $29 billion in 2011 . There were also $92 billion worth of trade in 2012 . Over the past 15 years the city has become a significant location for American - based call centers . Cotton , fruit , vegetables , and livestock are also produced in the area . El Paso has added a significant manufacturing sector with items and goods produced that include petroleum , metals , medical devices , plastics , machinery , defense - related goods and automotive parts . The city is the second busiest international crossing point in the U.S. behind San Diego . Helen of Troy Limited corporate office El Paso is home to one Fortune 500 company , Western Refining , which is listed on the New York Stock Exchange . This makes the city one of six Texas metro areas to have at least one Fortune 500 company call it home ; the others being Houston , Dallas - Fort Worth , San Antonio , Austin and Corpus Christi . The second publicly traded company is Helen of Troy Limited , a NASDAQ - listed company that manufactures personal health care products under many labels , such as OXO , Dr. Scholl 's , Vidal Sassoon , Pert Plus , Brut and Sunbeam , and the third is El Paso Electric listed on the New York Stock Exchange , a public utility engaging in the generation , transmission , and distribution of electricity in west Texas and southern New Mexico . The fourth publicly traded company is Western Refining Logistics also traded in the New York Stock Exchange . It is a Western Refining subsidiary which owns , operates , develops , and acquires terminals , storage tanks , pipelines , and other logistics assets . Largest Employers in El Paso Fort Bliss El Paso Independent School District City of El Paso Ysleta Independent School District 5 T & T Staff Management L.P. 6 Tenet Healthcare 7 University of Texas at El Paso 8 El Paso Healthcare System , LTD . 9 El Paso County 10 El Paso Community College 11 U.S. Customs and Border Protection 12 Automatic Data Processing , Inc . 13 University Medical Center 14 Dish Network 15 Texas Tech University Health Sciences Network More than 70 Fortune 500 companies have offices in El Paso , including AT&T , ADP , Boeing , Charles Schwab , Delphi , dish network , Eureka , Hoover , Raytheon , Prudential Financial , USAA and Verizon Wireless . Hispanic Business Magazine included 28 El Paso companies in its list of the 500 largest Hispanic owned businesses in the United States . El Paso 's 28 companies are second only to Miami 's 57 . The list of the largest Hispanic owned businesses includes companies like Fred Loya Insurance , a Hispanic 500 company and the 18th largest Hispanic business in the nation . Other companies on the list are Dos Lunas Spirits , Dynatec Labs , Spira Footwear , Datamark , Inc. and El Taco Tote . El Paso was home to El Paso Corporation formerly known as El Paso Natural Gas Company . The city also has a large military presence with Fort Bliss , William Beaumont Army Medical Center and Biggs Army Airfield . The defense industry in El Paso employs over 41,000 and provides a $6 billion annual impact to the city 's economy . Fort Bliss was chosen as the newly configured U.S. Air Force Security Forces Regional Training Center which will bring 8,000 to 10,000 Air Force personnel annually . In addition to the military , the federal government has a strong presence in El Paso to manage its status and unique issues as an important border region . Operations headquartered in El Paso include the DEA domestic field division 7 , El Paso Intelligence Center , Joint Task Force North , U.S. Border Patrol El Paso Sector and U.S. Border Patrol Special Operations Group ( SOG ) . Call center operations employ more than 10,000 people in the area . Automatic Data Processing has an office in West El Paso , employing about 1,100 people with expansion plans to reach 2,200 by 2020 . Tourism is another major industry in El Paso , bringing in $1.5 billion - a-year and over 2.3 million visitors annually due to the city 's sunny weather , natural beauty , rich cultural history and many outdoor attractions . Education is also a driving force in El Paso 's economy . El Paso 's three large school districts are among the largest employers in the area , employing more than 20,000 people among them . UTEP has an annual budget of nearly $418 million and employs nearly 4,800 people . A 2010 study by the university 's Institute for Policy and Economic Development stated the university 's impact on local businesses is $417 million annually . Arts and culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of El Paso Annual cultural events and festivals ( edit ) Amigo Airsho ( edit ) Amigo Airsho is one of El Paso 's premier events , and is ranked as one of the top ten air shows in the country . The show is filled with air entertainment and ground activities . Acts include the Franklin 's Flying Circus , where performers walk on the wings of an airborne plane . Ground activities include the Jet Powered School Bus . After 31 years of being held at Biggs Army Airfield , the show was moved to Dona Ana Airport in 2014 . KLAQ Great river Raft Race ( edit ) Great River Raft Race held annually on the Rio Grande in El Paso 's upper valley . The KLAQ Great River Raft Race is an annual event celebrated on the second to last Saturday of June . Participants are encouraged to ride the river and float the Rio Grande with family and friends . The organizers encourage the building of unique rafts that will get you down the river with prizes and trophies awarded for the most points earned , best looking crew , and best decorated raft . The race starts at the Vinton bridge and ends three miles downstream at the Canutillo bridge . Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo ( edit ) The Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo is the 17th oldest rodeo in the nation and El Paso 's longest running sporting event . Consistently ranked as one of the top 50 shows in the country by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association , this charitable event is a true celebration of western culture and heritage . Fiesta de Las Flores ( edit ) Fiesta de las Flores is the oldest Hispanic Festival in the Southwest . The three - day Fiesta is held each year during the Labor Day weekend and emphasizes El Paso 's Hispanic heritage and culture . The festival attracts 20,000 to 30,000 visitors from El Paso County , New Mexico , West Texas and the State of Chihuahua , Mexico . Activities included in the Fiesta are crowning of the Queen , a Fiesta Parade , Senior Appreciation Dance , Military Appreciation Day , and live Entertainment . The Fiesta is also well known for the authentic regional cuisine , arts and craft wares , games , and services available for the enjoyment of all segments of the attendees . Over 80 booths , sponsored by local vendors and nonprofit organizations create the Hispanic ambience and culture . Cleveland Square in downtown El Paso is where many of the festivals are held annually . El Paso Balloonfest ( edit ) The El Paso Balloonfest is an annual event celebrated on Memorial Day weekend and is self described as `` 3 days of hot air balloons filling the El Paso skies , 3 afternoons of concerts and fun in the sun at Wet N ' Wild Waterworld in Anthony , Texas . '' Over 60 balloons take to the air annually from TFCU launch field which is adjacent to the water park . After the balloons launch , visitors have a weekend of water rides , swimming , concerts , and grilling . The concert aspect of the event features local bands , starting at noon , and different headlining artists in the afternoon . Overnight camping has been added for 2014 . Music festivals ( edit ) El Paso downtown Street Festival ( edit ) The annual El Paso Downtown Street Festival is held during the last weekend of June in downtown El Paso near the El Paso Convention center . It is the oldest musical festival in the city and brings local , regional and nationally known acts . Neon Desert Music Festival ( edit ) The annual Neon Desert Music Festival is a two - day event usually held on the last Saturday and Sunday of May on five stages in downtown El Paso stretching from San Jacinto Plaza to Cleveland Square . The festival brings over 30 acts from the worlds of indie rock , Latin and electronic dance music . Music under the Stars ( edit ) The outdoor concert series , started in 1983 , is held annually at the Chamizal National Memorial and draws over 60,000 attendees . It features local and international performers with musical genres ranging from Classical , Country , Tejano , rock and others . The evening concerts are showcased every Sunday afternoon and start in early June and end in the middle of August . Sun city Music Festival ( edit ) The only El Paso musical festival not held downtown ; instead it is held at Ascarate Park . The Sun City Music Festival is a two - day event dubbed as the largest electronic dance music festival in Texas . Texas Showdown Festival ( edit ) The Texas Showdown Festival is an annual event celebrating musicians and tattoo artists under one roof . Dubbed as the world 's largest tattoo and musical festival , the event is held usually the last weekend of July at the El Paso County Coliseum . Performing arts ( edit ) Viva ! El Paso ( edit ) The outdoor musical extravaganza Viva ! El Paso is performed in the McKelligon Canyon Amphitheatre . It is locally produced and chronicles the 400 - year history and cultural evolution of the El Paso region . The show is performed each Friday and Saturday night in June , July , and August . Viva ! El Paso has entertained local residents and out - of - town visitors for over 35 years . El Paso Symphony orchestra ( edit ) The El Paso Symphony was established in the 1930s , it is the oldest performing arts organization in El Paso and the longest continuously running symphony orchestra in the state of Texas . It has received both national and international recognition as a result of its very successful tours of Germany in 1996 and Turkey in 2000 , and continues to represent the El Paso region with pride and distinction . The El Paso Symphony Orchestra Association season is anchored by 12 classical concerts . Special events serve as outreach toward new audiences . Ballet in El Paso ( edit ) Ballet was largely nonexistent in El Paso until the arrival of Ingeborg Heuser , a professional ballerina from Germany , in the 1950s . Heuser taught ballet at the University of Texas at El Paso for 47 years and founded the city 's first professional ballet company , firstly known as Texas Western Civic Ballet and eventually as Ballet El Paso . The company dissipated due to financial trouble in 1997 and Heuser retired from UTEP soon after . The El Paso Youth Ballet was founded in 2009 by Heuser 's previous student , Marta Katz , following Heuser 's departure from the university . With students from the youth ballet , Heuser staged her last Nutcracker in 2006 . The youth company continues to perform the Nutcracker and other pre-professional pieces in and around the El Paso area . The company provides the only platform for young ballet dancers to train and perform at such a level within the city since the folding of Ballet El Paso . El Paso City Ballet is a current professional ballet company in El Paso , providing local employment for professional dancers in the field of ballet . The company performs a variety of classical and contemporary works choreographed by Artistic Director Lisa Skaf and artists from the US and Latin America . It has been active since 2005 , performing yearly productions . Theaters ( edit ) The Plaza Theatre The Abraham Chavez Theatre , adjacent to the El Paso Convention and Performing Arts Center , welcomes patrons with a three - story - high glass - windowed entry and unique sombrero - shaped architecture , making it a distinct feature on El Paso 's southwestern landscape . The Plaza Theatre is a historic building located at 125 Pioneer Plaza . The theater stands as one of the city 's most well - known landmarks . It shows various Broadway productions , musical concerts , and individual performers . It has a seating capacity of 2,100 . McKelligon Canyon is a 90 - acre ( 360,000 m ) park , located in the Franklin Mountains , open to hikers and picnickers . In the canyon , McKelligon Canyon Amphitheatre is surrounded on three sides by dramatic canyon walls ; the 1,500 - seat amphitheatre is used for concerts and special events , such as Viva El Paso ! El Paso Playhouse is a theater affiliated with Kids - N - Co , a theater for child actors . The UTEP Dinner Theatre is a theatre within the UTEP campus . Area Museums ( edit ) El Paso Museum of Archaeology , diorama shows Cueva de la Olla ( cave of the pot -- a large pot - shaped storage container for grain ) , Paquimé , Sierra Madre of Chihuahua El Paso Museum of Art The Centennial Museum and Chihuahuan Desert Gardens , located on the grounds of UTEP , includes a comprehensive collection of El Paso Brown , Native American pottery , as well as educational exhibits for students . The El Paso Museum of Archaeology is located on the eastern slope of North Franklin Mountain , west of Gateway South Blvd . on TransMountain Rd . Its grounds include native plants of the American Southwest , as well samples of Native American shelters , in an unspoiled location . The museum includes dioramas for school children which illustrate the culture and geology of the American Southwest , such as Hueco Tanks in El Paso County . One diorama ( see image to the right ) is of the Cueva de la Olla ( cave of the pot ) which is located in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua , an example of the Paquimé culture . The El Paso Museum of Art is located next to the Plaza Theater adjacent to San Jacinto Plaza , the public square downtown . It contains works of southwestern artists such as Tom Lea . Other area museums include : El Paso Holocaust Museum and Study Center International Museum of Art El Paso El Paso Museum of History Fort Bliss Museums and Study Center Insights El Paso Science Museum The Magoffin Homestead , dating from 1875 , is now a state historic site . The National Border Patrol Museum is located adjacent to the El Paso Museum of Archaeology . Railroad and Transportation Museum of El Paso War Eagles Air Museum in nearby Santa Teresa , New Mexico The Gene Roddenberry Planetarium Lynx Exhibits Sites within the city limits ( edit ) Sea Lion exhibit at the El Paso Zoo Ysleta Mission is recognized as the oldest continuously operated parish in the State of Texas . Cathedral of Saint Patrick erected in 1916 is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of El Paso . Chamizal National Memorial El Paso Zoo Magoffin Home State Historic Site Plaza Hotel Union Depot El Paso High School University of Texas at El Paso The university 's distinctive style is a type of fortress architecture , Dzong , found in the present and former Buddhist mountain kingdoms of the Himalayas , Bhutan and Tibet . Sites within the Metro and surrounding area ( edit ) Within driving distance from El Paso are nine state parks , two national parks , two national monuments , one national memorial and a national forest . Guadalupe Peak from Bowl Trail Guadalupe Mountains National Park Guadalupe Peak -- the highest point in Texas at 8,749 feet in elevation . Hueco Tanks State Historic Site McKittrick Canyon Lincoln National Forest Mt . Cristo Rey Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks National Monument Socorro Mission White Sands National Monument San Elizario Chapel Carlsbad Caverns National Park Old Mesilla Wet N ' Wild Waterworld Spaceport America Sunland Park Racetrack & Casino Western Playland Sports ( edit ) Aerial view of Sun Bowl Stadium and Kidd Field Chihuahuas baseball game at Southwest University Park El Paso is home to the Sun Bowl , the second oldest consecutive college football contest ( after the Rose Bowl ) . Its first game was held in 1937 . On September 18 , 2012 , the city council voted to approve the demolition of the current city hall to make way for Southwest University Park , to be the new home of the El Paso Chihuahuas Triple - A team ( San Diego Padres affiliate ) beginning with the 2014 season . The team was recently purchased by Mountainstar Sports Group of El Paso . The El Paso Marathon takes place annually since 2007 . The El Paso Patriots played their last season in 2013 and are no longer an organization . Club Sport League Venue Capacity El Paso Chihuahuas Baseball AAA PCL Southwest University Park 9,500 El Paso Rhinos Ice Hockey WSHL Sierra Providence Event Center 5,250 El Paso Coyotes Indoor Soccer MASL Sierra Providence Event Center 5,250 UTEP Miners Football NCAA Division I FBS Football C - USA Sun Bowl Stadium 51,500 UTEP Basketball Men NCAA Division I Basketball C - USA Don Haskins Center 12,000 UTEP Basketball Women NCAA Division I Basketball C - USA Memorial Gym 5,000 UTEP Softball NCAA Division I Softball C - USA Helen of Troy Field 607 UTEP Track and Field NCAA Division I Track and Field C - USA Kidd Field 15,000 UTEP Women 's Soccer NCAA Division I Soccer C - USA University Field 500 EPCC Baseball NJCAA Division I Baseball WJCAC EPCC Baseball Field 520 Parks and recreation ( edit ) Wyler Aerial Tramway at the Franklin Mountains State Park El Paso is home to the largest urban park in the nation . The Franklin Mountains State Park , with its more than 24,248 acres ( 9,813 ha ) , is completely located within the city limits . The park is open year - round for recreation including hiking , mountain biking , picnicking , scenic driving and views of the city . The city is also home to 242 municipal parks . The Wyler Aerial Tramway is operated by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is in the Franklin Mountains State Park . The tramway complex covers 196 acres ( 0.79 km ) on the east side of the Franklin Mountains . The gondolas travel along two 2,600 - foot ( 790 m ) 1 ⁄ diameter steel cables to Ranger Peak , 5,632 feet ( 1,717 m ) above sea level . The trip takes about four minutes and lifts riders 940 feet ( 290 m ) above the boarding area . Bouldering on North Mountain at Hueco Tanks Hueco Tanks State Historic Site is a Texas historic site in the Hueco Tanks area , approximately 32 miles ( 51 km ) northeast of El Paso . The park is popular for recreation such as birdwatching and bouldering , and is culturally and spiritually significant to many Native Americans . This significance is partially manifested in the pictographs ( rock paintings ) that can be found throughout the region , many of which are thousands of years old . Also within the city limits , the Chamizal National Memorial is a 54.90 - acre ( 22.22 ha ) memorial park that serves primarily as a cultural center and contains art galleries , a theater , and an amphitheatre . A museum detailing the history of the Mexico -- U.S. border is located inside the visitor center . Botanical Gardens ( edit ) The Chihuahuan Desert Gardens ( CDG ) display the flora of the Chihuahuan Desert and adjacent regions in the United States and Mexico . The Gardens were formally dedicated in September 1999 and contain over 625 different species of plants , comprising one of the largest captive assemblages of Chihuahuan Desert flora in the world . The El Paso Municipal Rose Garden or officially known as the All - American Rose Selection ( AARS ) public garden is one of over 100 certified gardens within the United States . There are over 1,900 rosebushes with 500 varieties . The wrought - iron fenced garden has wide walkways with handicap accessibility , raised beds , a waterfall , and trees and shrubs . Several new rose varieties are planted each year , and after two years the highest - rated are named and receive the AARS symbol . Feather Lake is a 43.5 - acre ( 17.6 ha ) wildlife sanctuary based on a 40 - acre ( 16 ha ) wetland built by the City of El Paso in 1969 as a stormwater - retention basin . Since 1976 , the El Paso / Trans - Pecos Audubon Society has leased this land from the city and managed it for wildlife . Over 200 different species of birds , especially those associated with water , have been observed at the sanctuary . Fauna residing there include muskrats , spiny softshell turtles , pond sliders , and Trans - Pecos striped whiptail lizards . Keystone Heritage Park comprises an Archaic - period archaeological site , wetlands , and a desert botanical garden . The 4,500 - year - old site is one of the oldest villages in the United States . The wetlands are home to many birds , and over 200 species have been spotted there on their seasonal migrations . The botanical garden features a variety of native plants , and includes a pavilion and a replica of an Archaic period brush hut . The newest component , The Chihuahuan Desert Experience , is a work in progress that will allow visitors to stroll the 900 - mile ( 1,400 km ) length of desert over a 17 - acre ( 6.9 ha ) recreation of the plant indigenous life . Rio Bosque Wetlands is a 372 - acre ( 151 ha ) city park , managed by the Center for Environmental Resource Management of the University of Texas at El Paso , which began restoration efforts in 1998 . In the fall and winter , water flows through the park along the route of the river before it was confined within levees in the 1930s . Many animals and birds have returned to the area as the restoration proceeds , and over 200 species of birds have been sighted . Golf courses ( edit ) The metro area has 16 golf courses including Butterfield Trail Golf Club , the only public premium daily fee Tom Fazio designed golf course in the state of Texas . It was ranked No. 1 in Texas and No. 3 in the Nation on Golfweek 's 2013 Best Municipal Golf Courses . Other golf courses found in the county include : Ascarate Golf Course Coronado Country Club El Paso Country Club Horizon City Golf Course Lone Star Golf Club Painted Dunes Desert Golf Club Vista Hills Country Club Underwood Golf Complex Next door in Dona Ana County there are the following golf courses : Dos Lagos Golf Course Las Cruces Country Club New Mexico State Golf Course Picacho Hills Country Club Red Hawk Golf Club Santa Teresa Country Club Sonoma Ranch Golf Course Zoo ( edit ) The El Paso Zoo has 35 acres ( 14 ha ) and over 200 animal species . The zoo is divided into three distinct sections : the Americas ; Asia ; and Africa . Exhibits include elephants , lions , tigers , sea lions , zebras , and giraffes . Government ( edit ) El Paso City Council City Council is officially nonpartisan Peter Svarzbein District 1 , Westside Alexsandra Annello District 2 , West Central Cassandra Hernandez District 3 , East Central Sam Morgan District 4 , Northeast Dr. Michiel Noe District 5 , Eastside Claudia Ordaz District 6 , East Valley Henry Rivera District 7 , Mid Valley Vacant District 8 , Southside / Upper Valley City ( edit ) The city government is officially nonpartisan . Mayors and city council members are elected for four year terms and may not be elected more than twice or serve for more than 10 years in their respective offices . Municipal elections are currently held in May in odd - numbered years , but a voter - approved charter amendment will change this to November in even - numbered years , beginning in 2018 . Council members elected in 2015 will serve through December 2018 , and council members and the mayor elected in 2017 will serve through December 2020 . Those elected in 2018 and 2020 will serve regular four - year terms . The city operates under a council -- manager form of government . Power is concentrated in the eight - member elected city council and mayor , who hire a manager to carry out its directives and oversee the delivery of public services . The current city manager is Tommy Gonzalez and the current mayor of El Paso is Oscar Leeser , who was elected to the office in 2013 . The terms of Mayor Margo and Councillors Annello , Hernandez , Morgan , and Rivera will end in 2020 . The terms of Lizarraga , Noe , Ordaz , and Svarzbein will end in 2018 . Noe has been on the council since 2011 , Ordaz since 2014 , Svarzbein since 2015 , and Annello , Hernandez , Lizarraga , Morgan , and Rivera since 2017 . Due to the term limits clause of the city charter Noe is ineligible for reelection . All other councilors and the mayor are eligible for reelection . County ( edit ) The El Paso County Judge is Ruben Vogt , and the county commissioners are Carlos Leon ( Precinct 1 ) , David Stout ( Precinct 2 ) , Vince Perez ( Precinct 3 ) , and Andrew Haggerty ( Precinct 4 ) . Haggerty is a Republican , the other commissioners and the county judge are Democrats . Vogt was appointed County Judge in October 2017 by the County Commissioners , following County Judge Veronica Escobar 's resignation to run for Congress . He was previously Escobar 's chief of staff . He will serve the remainder of her term , through the end of 2018 . Leon and Perez were first elected to their positions in 2012 , were re-elected in 2016 , and have been in office since 2013 . Haggerty and Stout were first elected to their positions in 2014 , and have been in office since 2015 . State ( edit ) The El Paso metropolitan area is represented in the Texas State House by Democrats Cesar Blanco , Mary Gonzalez , Joe Moody , Lina Ortega and Joe Pickett , and in the State Senate by José R. Rodríguez ( D - El Paso ) . The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the El Paso I District Parole Office in the city . The El Paso II District Parole Office is in an unincorporated area east of Horizon City . Federal ( edit ) El Paso City and County vote overwhelmingly Democratic , like most of the Texas -- Mexico border area and urban Texas . The El Paso metropolitan area is represented by Beto O'Rourke ( D - El Paso ) , and Will Hurd ( R - San Antonio ) in the House of Representatives . The current U.S. Senators for Texas are Ted Cruz ( R - Texas ) and John Cornyn ( R - Texas ) . Education ( edit ) UTEP 's College of Engineering building El Paso is home to the University of Texas at El Paso , the largest public university in the region . UTEP was recently ranked as the 7th best university in Washington Monthly 's 2013 National University Rankings , just behind Stanford and ahead of Harvard . Also , the university 's School of Engineering is the nation 's top producer of Hispanic engineers with M.S. and Ph. D. degrees . Paul L. Foster School of Medicine within Texas Tech University HSC at El Paso 's campus El Paso is also home to Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso , Paul L. Foster School of Medicine , Texas Tech College of Architecture at El Paso , Brightwood College , Park University , Webster University and the University of Phoenix . Also due to its proximity , many El Paso students attend New Mexico State University where the school offers in - state tuition to El Paso County residents . The El Paso Community College serves most of the area as well as several technical schools and for profit schools . El Pasoans also have access to the Doña Ana Community College with campuses in Sunland Park , Anthony and Chaparral , New Mexico : This community college is a part of the New Mexico State University system . El Paso area students primarily attend public schools in four school districts , El Paso Independent School District , Ysleta Independent School District , Socorro Independent School District and Canutillo Independent School District . Numerous accredited private preparatory schools also serve El Paso students . These include various pre-high school religious ( Christian , Catholic , Jewish ) affiliates and Montessori schools , Cathedral High School , Loretto Academy , Father Yermo High School , Lydia Patterson Institute , Faith Christian Academy , El Paso Jewish Academy , Rose of Sharon Christian Academy , Zion Lutheran Day School and Radford School . Public libraries ( edit ) The El Paso Public Library serves the needs of the public in El Paso , Southern New Mexico , and Ciudad Juarez , Mexico . It consists of 13 branches and one bookmobile service . It also has multiple outreach services available , including a homebound service . Livability.com ranked El Paso 's libraries as the 6th best library for kids in the U.S. Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in Texas , List of radio stations in Texas , and List of television stations in Texas Newspapers ( edit ) The main newspapers are the English - language daily El Paso Times , founded in 1881 ; the Spanish - language daily El Diario de El Paso , and the online newspaper El Paso Herald Post started in 2015 . The original and defunct El Paso Herald Post was also founded in 1881 as the El Paso Herald , which then merged with the El Paso Post in 1931 . The paper was shut down in 1997 . El Paso also has some weekly and niche magazines . El Paso Inc Newspaper Tree El Paso Developmental News La Polaka Art Magazine El Paso El Paso News El Paso Scene The Prospector - Student run UTEP publication . The City Magazine of El Paso Radio stations ( edit ) Radio stations in the El Paso , Texas market By AM frequency 600 690 750 920 1060 1150 1340 1380 1590 1650 By FM frequency 88.5 89.5 91.1 92.3 93.1 93.9 94.7 95.5 96.3 97.5 99.9 102.1 103.1 104.3 NOAA Weather Radio frequency 162.475 162.55 By callsign KAMA KBNA - FM KELP KHEY KHEY - FM KHRO KINT - FM KKLY KLAQ KOFX KPAS KPRR KQBU KROD KSII KSVE KTEP KTSM KTSM - FM KVER KVIV KXPL KYSE WNG652 WXK25 XHTO - FM Nearby radio markets Carlsbad Ciudad Juárez Las Cruces See also List of radio stations in Texas Radio stations from Las Cruces , New Mexico , and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua , can also be heard within the El Paso market . Television ( edit ) El Paso was the largest city in the United States without a PBS television station within the city limits until 1978 . El Paso viewers had to watch channel 22 , KRWG , from Las Cruces until 1978 . In fact , the city had only three English - speaking channels and two Spanish - language channels ( channel 2 and channel 5 ) from Juarez , and cable TV subscribers in the 1970s and 1980s could receive four Los Angeles independent channels : KTLA , KHJ , KTTV and KCOP as well as Spanish - language stations KMEX of Los Angeles and KWEX of San Antonio usually sharing the same cable channel slot . Over time , as more television stations signed on , more cable channels were added and those stations added network affiliations , the Los Angeles and San Antonio stations disappeared from the lineup . The last to be removed was KTLA in the fall of 2006 as a consequence of the WB - UPN merger into The CW , when KVIA - TV launched a digital subchannel with the network 's programming . El Paso 's current television stations are as shown in the table below : ( show ) Television stations in the El Paso / Las Cruces / Juárez area El Paso KDBC ( 4.1 CBS , 4.2 MNTV / This TV , 4.3 Me - TV ) KVIA ( 7.1 ABC , 7.2 CW , 7.3 StormTRACK 24 / 7 , 7.4 K42DJ / AZA ) KTSM ( 9.1 NBC , 9.2 Estrella TV , 9.3 Escape , 9.4 Laff ) KCOS ( 13.1 PBS , 13.2 EPCC - TV , 13.3 Create ) KFOX ( 14.1 Fox , 14.2 Comet , 14.3 Grit ) K26KJ - D ( 25.1 Multimedios HD , 25.2 Milenio ) KINT ( 26.1 UNI , 26.2 UniMás SD , 26.3 LATV ) KSCE ( 38.1 Religious Ind , 38.2 Spanish religious Ind , 38.3 Unknown , 38.4 Scriptures ) KTFN ( 65.1 UniMás ) Las Cruces KCWF - CA ( 4.1 CBS , 4.2 MNTV , 4.3 Me - TV ) K41KY - D ( 7.1 ABC , 7.2 CW , 7.3 StormTRACK 24 / 7 , 7.4 K42DJ / AZA ) K54GR ( 9.1 NBC , 9.2 Estrella TV , 9.3 Escape , 9.4 Laff ) KRWG ( 22.1 PBS , 22.2 World , 22.3 PBS Kids ) KLCP ( 30.1 GLC ) K42DJ ( 42.1 AZA ) KTDO ( 48.1 TMD , 48.2 Test pattern ) Ciudad Juárez XHCJE ( 1.1 Azteca Trece , 1.2 Proyecto 40 ) XEPM ( 2.1 Las Estrellas Targeting Ciudad Juárez , 2.2 Las Estrellas Targeting El Paso ) XHCTCJ ( 3.1 Imagen TV ) XHJUB ( 5.1 Canal 5 ) XHCJH ( 20.1 Azteca 7 , 7.2 a+ ) XHJCI ( 32.1 Televisa Regional ) XHIJ ( 44.1 Canal 44 , 44.2 Canal 44 delayed , 44.3 Una Voz con Todos , 44.4 Milenio Televisión ) XEJ ( 50.1 Gala TV , 50.2 Televisión Alternativa ) Texas television ( by city ) Abilene / Sweetwater Amarillo ( Texas Panhandle ) Austin ( Hill Country ) Beaumont / Port Arthur Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth ( North Texas ) Ciudad Acuña -- Del Rio Eagle Pass El Paso ( West Texas ) Houston Laredo Lubbock ( South Plains ) Midland -- Odessa ( Permian Basin ) Rio Grande Valley San Angelo San Antonio Sherman / Ada , OK Texarkana / Shreveport , LA Tyler / Longview ( East Texas ) Victoria Waco / Bryan ( Brazos Valley ) Wichita Falls / Lawton , OK New Mexico broadcast television areas by city Albuquerque / Santa Fe Amarillo , TX El Paso , TX Odessa / Midland , TX Chihuahua broadcast television areas by city Chihuahua City Ciudad Juárez Cellular phone coverage ( edit ) KTSM - TV reports that cellular phone users in El Paso may be subject to international calling fees . El Paso in popular culture ( edit ) Main article : El Paso in popular culture Infrastructure ( edit ) Healthcare ( edit ) El Paso Children 's Hospital at the Medical Center of the Americas El Paso is the medical hub of West Texas and Southern New Mexico , hosting numerous state - of - the - art medical centers . Some of the city 's top hospitals include William Beaumont Army Medical Center , Sierra Medical Center , Las Palmas Medical Center , Del Sol Medical Center , Sierra Providence East Medical Center , El Paso Children 's Hospital , and Providence Memorial Hospital . University Medical Center is the only level I trauma center in the region . William Beaumont Army Medical Center will be replaced by a new state of the art $650 million Fort Bliss Replacement Hospital expected to open in 2017 . West El Paso will be getting a new $120 million 140 - bed teaching hospital complex with construction expected to be completed by late 2016 . The hospital will be affiliated with the Texas Tech Paul L. Foster School of Medicine . El Paso is also home to the Medical Center of the Americas , an integrated complex of medical facilities anchored by Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso , Paul L. Foster School of Medicine , its primary teaching hospital University Medical Center , the El Paso Psychiatric Center and by the new El Paso Children 's Hospital . It is also site to the future Cardwell Collaborative biomedical research park and the Gayle Greve Hunt School of Nursing . Transportation ( edit ) Hotel Bristol and the Union Depot at El Paso , Texas ( postcard , circa 1912 ) El Paso is served by El Paso International Airport and Amtrak via the historic Union Depot . Several roads and highways connect El Paso , including Interstate 10 , US Highway 54 ( known locally as `` 54 '' , the `` North - South Freeway '' or officially as the Patriot Freeway ) , Spur 601 ( Liberty Expressway ) , US Highway 180 and US Highway 62 ( Montana Avenue ) , US Highway 85 ( Paisano Drive ) , Loop 375 , Loop 478 ( Copia Street - Pershing Drive - Dyer Street ) , numerous Texas Farm - to - Market roads ( a class of state highway commonly abbreviated to FM ) and the city 's original thoroughfare , State Highway 20 , the eastern portion of which is known locally as Alameda Avenue ( formerly US Highway 80 ) . Texas 20 also includes portions of Texas Avenue in central El Paso , Mesa Street from Downtown to the West Side , and Doniphan Drive on the West Side . Northeast El Paso is connected to West El Paso by Transmountain Road ( Loop 375 ) . The city also shares four international bridges and one railbridge with Ciudad Juárez , Mexico . In 2009 , El Paso was home to number 52 , number 98 , and number 100 of the 100 most congested roads in Texas , which are , respectively : North Zaragoza Road between Sun Fire Boulevard and Interstate 10 ; Lee Trevino Drive between Montana Avenue and Interstate 10 ; and Interstate 10 between Patriot Freeway and Loop 375 . In 2009 , 79.8 % of El Paso ( city ) commuters drive to work alone . The 2009 mode share for El Paso ( city ) commuters are 10.3 % for carpooling , 2.4 % for transit , 2.5 % for walking , and . 2 % for cycling . In 2016 , Walk Score ranked El Paso as the 32nd most walkable of the 50 largest U.S. cities , rating it `` car - dependent '' . Airports ( edit ) Airport Security Concourse at the El Paso International Airport El Paso International Airport , a public airport four miles ( 6 km ) northeast of downtown El Paso . It is the largest commercial airport in West Texas , handling 2,778,248 passengers in 2014 . Biggs Army Airfield Horizon Airport Dona Ana Airport Passenger rail ( edit ) Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , serves El Paso at the Union Depot , operating its Sunset Limited / Texas Eagle three times weekly between Los Angeles and New Orleans via San Antonio and Houston and between Los Angeles and Chicago via San Antonio and Fort Worth . Major highways ( edit ) Interstate 10 : The primary thoroughfare through the city , connecting the city with other major U.S. cities such as Los Angeles , Phoenix , Tucson , San Antonio , Houston , Baton Rouge , New Orleans , Gulfport and Mobile , with the east end located in Jacksonville , Florida . I - 10 is also a connector to Interstate 25 , which connects with the cities of Albuquerque , Santa Fe , Colorado Springs , Denver , Fort Collins , Cheyenne , Casper , and north to the junction with I - 90 , located in Buffalo , Wyoming . US Highway 54 : Officially called the Patriot Freeway , it is also known as the North - South Freeway . A business route runs along Dyer Street , the former US 54 , from the freeway near Fort Bliss to the Texas -- New Mexico border , where it again rejoins the expressway . The original US 54 was a transcontinental route connecting El Paso with Chicago . IH - 10 - US - 54 Interchange US Highway 62 : Santa Fe Street south of Paisano Drive concurrently runs with US 85 , Paisano Drive east of Santa Fe Street to Montana Avenue , then Montana Avenue concurrently with US 180 . US Highway 85 : Santa Fe Street south of Paisano Drive concurrently runs with US 62 and Paisano Drive west of Santa Fe Street to I - 10 . US Highway 180 : Montana Avenue is a bypass route to the Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex to the east , and Flagstaff , Arizona to the west . SH 20 : Alameda Avenue ( formerly US 80 ) , Texas Avenue , Mesa Street and Doniphan Drive SH 178 : Artcraft Road in northwest El Paso extends from Interstate 10 west to the New Mexico state line , at which point it becomes New Mexico Highway 136 , the Pete V. Domenici International Highway . Loop 375 : Texas Highway Loop 375 encircles the city of El Paso . Between Interstate 10 and Fort Bliss , including the stretch that crosses the Franklin Mountains via Smuggler 's Pass , it is TransMountain Road . In the Ft . Bliss Military Reservation between northeast and east El Paso , it is officially the Purple Heart Memorial Highway . In east El Paso , the north - and south - bound sections are known as Joe Battle Boulevard , or simply as `` the Loop '' . South of I - 10 , in the east and westbound portion , it is known as the Cesar Chavez Border Highway , a four - lane expressway which is located along the Mexico - U.S. border between downtown El Paso and the Ysleta area . Spur 601 : Once known as the Inner Loop , it was officially named the Liberty Expressway by the El Paso City Council in April 2010 at the request of then Fort Bliss commander Maj. Gen. Howard Bromberg . It was fully completed on April 27 , 2011 ; it connects the Patriot Freeway ( US 54 ) and Biggs Army Airfield to the Purple Heart Memorial Highway ( Loop 375 ) . North Loop Road , as well as Delta Drive between North Loop Road and Alameda Avenue ( Texas Highway 20 ) Zaragoza Road , running more or less north from the Ysleta International Bridge to US 62 -- 180 ( Montana Avenue ) , it lies mostly in east El Paso . Texas Farm - to - Market Road 3255 runs north from US 54 to the New Mexico state line in northeast El Paso and bears the city street name Martin Luther King Boulevard . Mass Transit ( edit ) The Sun Metro Mass Transit System operates a system of medium - to large - capacity natural gas - powered buses all around the city of El Paso . El Paso County Transit makes trips with small - capacity buses mainly in the eastern El Paso area . On September 1 , 2009 , NMDOT Park and Ride began operating commuter bus service to and from Las Cruces , New Mexico . Historically , El Paso and Ciudad Juarez had a shared streetcar system with a peak electrified route mileage of 64 miles ( 103 km ) in 1920 . The first electrified line across the Rio Grande , which opened on January 11 , 1902 , was preceded by a network that relied on animal labor . The system quickly spread into residential and industrial areas of El Paso . In 1913 , a 12 - mile ( 19 km ) interurban line was built to Ysleta . At the close of 1943 , the holding company El Paso Electric sold its subsidiary , the El Paso Electric Railway Company and its Mexican counterpart , to one of National City Lines ' subsidiaries . This resulted in the formation of El Paso City Lines , whose domestic streetcar lines were replaced by buses in 1947 . The international streetcar line which crossed the border via the Stanton Street Bridge continued to operate until 1973 . In 1977 , El Paso City Lines and two other bus companies were bought by the municipality and merged to form Sun City Area Transit ( SCAT ) . In 1987 , SCAT restyled itself Sun Metro . El Paso Streetcar is a $90 million Sun Metro project to restore and run the original rolling stock on a 4.8 miles ( 7.7 km ) route from Downtown El Paso to University of Texas at El Paso . In 2011 , Sun Metro was named the most outstanding public transit system of the year in all of North America for a mid-size transit system by the American Public Transportation Association . International border Crossings ( edit ) The first bridge to cross the Rio Grande at El Paso del Norte was built in the time of Nueva España , over 250 years ago , from wood hauled in from Santa Fe . Today , this bridge is honored by the modern Santa Fe Street Bridge , and Santa Fe Street in downtown El Paso . The Bridge of the Americas as seen from El Paso , Texas in June 2016 . Several bridges serve the El Paso -- Ciudad Juárez area : Bridge of the Americas , also known as the Cordova Bridge . Good Neighbor International Bridge , also known as the Stanton Street Bridge Paso del Norte International Bridge , also known as the Santa Fe Street Bridge . Ysleta - Zaragoza International Bridge , also known as the Zaragoza Bridge . There is also a land crossing at nearby Santa Teresa , New Mexico , and the Fabens - Caseta International Bridge in nearby Fabens , Texas . Notable people ( edit ) See also : List of people from El Paso , Texas See also ( edit ) Texas portal New Spain portal List of museums in West Texas National Register of Historic Places listings in El Paso County , Texas Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official records for El Paso kept January 1879 to June 1947 at downtown and at El Paso Int'l since July 1947 . For more information , see Threadex Source notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Visit El Paso , Texas '' . El Paso Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Chuco tells of El Paso pachuco history -- Ramon Renteria '' . El Paso Times . June 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso -- Juárez -- Las Cruces '' ( PDF ) . elpasotexas.gov. 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Cities and 4 Bridges Where Commerce Flows '' . The New York Times . March 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Western Refining edges up 2 spots on Fortune 500 list '' . El Paso Times . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Center of the Americas Foundation '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso businessman to make large donation for medical center '' . El Paso Times . July 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Bowl Association Unveils 80th Anniversary Logo '' . Sun Bowl Association . 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Bliss Fact Sheet '' . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` City Crime Rankings 2014 '' . CQ Press . 2014 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Named Safest U.S. City '' . Texas Monthly . 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hueco Tanks State Historic Site Videos Big Bend Country Region '' . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Leon C. Metz ( 1993 ) . El Paso Chronicles : A Record of Historical Events in El Paso , Texas . El Paso : Mangan Press . ISBN 0 - 930208 - 32 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mark Sumner ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` America , the artifact '' . Jump up ^ El Paso , A Borderlands History , by W.H. Timmons , pp. 74 , 75 ^ Jump up to : El Paso , Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ Richard H. Orton , ed. ( 1890 ) . Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion 1861 to 1867 . Sacramento : Adjutant General 's Office . p. 672 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` elpasonext -- Downtown El Paso History '' . Elpasotexas.gov . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harris 2009 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Harris 2009 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hampton 1910 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail 1909 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Harris 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Hammond 1935 , pp. 565 - 66 . Jump up ^ Harris 2009 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Harris 2004 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan of San Diego '' . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Víctor M. Macías - González ( 1995 ) . Mexicans `` of the better class '' : The elite culture and ideology of Porfirian Chihuahua and its influence on the Mexican American generation , 1876 -- 1936 . El Paso : UTEP . Jump up ^ Emmons K. Ellsworth , ed . ( January 15 , 1916 ) . Special Census of the Population of El Paso , Tex : January 15 , 1916 . United States Bureau of the Census . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Time changes in Chihuahua '' . Timeanddate.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : El Paso city , Texas '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carlos A. Rincón ( 2002 ) . `` Solving Transboundary Air Quality Problems in the Paso Del Norte Region '' . In Linda Fernandez ; Richard Carson . Both Sides of the Border . Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 7126 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Heavy Snow Events '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climatography of the United States No. 20 : El Paso Intl AP , TX 1971 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Centers for Environmental Information ( NCEI ) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) - NCEI offers access to the most significant archives of oceanic , atmospheric , geophysical and coastal data '' ( PDF ) . noaa.gov . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Blackouts Resume Friday Morning '' . Jump up ^ J. Rogash ; M. Hardiman ; D. Novlan ; T. Brice ; V. MacBlain . `` Meteorological Aspects of the 2006 El Paso Texas Metropolitan Area Floods '' . NOAA / National Weather Service , Weather Forecast Office , Santa Teresa , New Mexico / El Paso , Texas . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` City of El Paso '' . www.elpasotexas.gov. 2006 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : TX EL PASO INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for EL PASO / INT'L ARPT TX 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Metz , Leon . `` Downtown El Paso has colorful history Archived July 31 , 2012 , at Archive.is . '' El Paso Times . November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Most Endangered : Chihuahuita and El Segundo Barrio '' . National Trust for Historic Preservation . 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Jump up ^ Paul Horgan , Great River : The Rio Grande in North American History . Volume 1 , Indians and Spain . Vol. 2 , Mexico and the United States . 2 Vols. in 1 , 1038 pages -- Wesleyan University Press 1991 , 4th Reprint , ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6251 - 3 References ( edit ) Hammond , John Hays ( 1935 ) . The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 05913 - 1 . Hampton , Benjamin B ( April 1 , 1910 ) . `` The Vast Riches of Alaska '' . Hampton 's Magazine . 24 ( 1 ) . Harris , Charles H. III ; Sadler , Louis R. ( 2009 ) . The Secret War in El Paso : Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue , 1906 - 1920 . Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 4652 - 0 . Harris , Charles H. III ; Sadler , Louis R. ( 2004 ) . The Texas Rangers And The Mexican Revolution : The Bloodiest Decade. 1910 -- 1920 . Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3483 - 0 . `` Mr. Taft 's Peril ; Reported Plot to Kill Two Presidents '' . Daily Mail . London . October 16 , 1909 . ISSN 0307 - 7578 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutEl Paso , Texasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity City of El Paso Website Chamber of Commerce Website El Paso Developmental News El Paso , Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online El Paso -- The Best Little Music City in Texas , from Vanity Fair , March 2009 . Forty years at El Paso , 1858 -- 1898 ; recollections of war , politics , adventure , events , narratives , sketches , etc. , by W.W. 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8 BNF : cb11955411v ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Paso,_Texas&oldid=810211599 '' Categories : El Paso , Texas Cities in Texas County seats in Texas Mexico -- United States border towns Populated places established in 1659 Cities in El Paso County , Texas 1659 establishments in New Spain San Antonio - El Paso Road Special economic zones of the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is el paso texas located in texas	[ "El Paso (/ɛl ˈpæsoʊ/ el PASS-oh; from Spanish, \"the pass\") is a city in and the seat of El Paso County, Texas. It is situated in the far western corner of the U.S. state of Texas." ]	[ "far western corner" ]
-831285302269583985	Bindi (decoration)	Bindi ( decoration ) - wikipedia Bindi ( decoration ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bindi ( disambiguation ) . Hindu woman wearing a bindi A Bindi ( Hindi : बिंदी , from Sanskrit bindu , meaning `` point , drop , dot or small particle '' ) is a red dot worn on the centre of the forehead , commonly by Hindu and Jain women . The word Bindu dates back to the hymn of creation known as Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda . Bindu is considered the point at which creation begins and may become unity . It is also described as `` the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state '' . Bindi is a bright dot of red colour applied in the centre of the forehead close to the eyebrow worn in the Indian Subcontinent ( particularly amongst Hindus in India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Nepal , and Sri Lanka ) and Southeast Asia among Bali and Javanese Hindus . Bindi in Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism is associated with Ajna Chakra and Bindu is known as the third eye chakra . Bindu is the point or dot around which the mandala is created , representing the universe . Bindi has historical and cultural presence in the region of Greater India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Religious significance 2 Traditional application method 2.1 Related customs within other Asian regions 3 Modern use 4 Alternative terms 5 Images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Religious significance ( edit ) See also : Ajna , Chakra , Bindu ( symbol ) , and Tilaka Ajna chakra has two lotus petals dedicated to the sun , the other to the moon ( e.g. light and dark , or male and female ) merged at the centre . Bindi and traditional head ornament with sun and moon pendants . Traditionally , the area between the eyebrows ( where the bindi is placed ) is said to be the sixth chakra , ajna , the seat of `` concealed wisdom '' . The bindi is said to retain energy and strengthen concentration . The bindi also represents the third eye . The Nasadiya Sukta of the Rig Veda , the earliest known Sanskrit text , mentions the word Bindu . The Ajna is symbolised by a sacred lotus with two petals , and corresponds to the colours violet , indigo or deep blue , though it is traditionally described as white . It is at this point that the two side nadi Ida ( yoga ) and Pingala are said to terminate and merge with the central channel Sushumna , signifying the end of duality , the characteristic of being dual ( e.g. light and dark , or male and female ) . The seed syllable for this chakra is the syllable OM , and the presiding deity is Ardhanarishvara , who is a half male , half female Shiva / Shakti . The Shakti goddess of Ajna is called Hakini . In metaphysics , Bindu is considered the dot or point at which creation begins and may become unity . It is also described as `` the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state '' . Bindu is the point around which the mandala is created , representing the universe . Ajna ( along with Bindu ) , is known as the third eye chakra and is linked to the pineal gland which may inform a model of its envisioning . The pineal gland is a light sensitive gland that produces the hormone melatonin which regulates sleep and waking up , and is also postulated to be the production site of the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine , the only known hallucinogen endogenous to the human body . Ajna 's key issues involve balancing the higher and lower selves and trusting inner guidance . Ajna 's inner aspect relates to the access of intuition . Mentally , Ajna deals with visual consciousness . Emotionally , Ajna deals with clarity on an intuitive level . Buddha depicted with Ajna Bhrumadhya Bindu known as inner gaze . Bhrumadhya is the point in the centre of the forehead commonly referred to as the third eye , or centre of consciousness . In Hinduism , Buddhism and Jainism , bindi is associated with Ajna Chakra and Bindu . Divinities in these religions are typically depicted with Bhrumadhya Bindu , in meditative pose with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between eyebrows , other spot being the tip of the nose -- Naasikagra . The very spot between the eyebrows known as Bhrumadhya is where one focuses his / her sight , so that it helps concentration . In South Asia , bindi is worn by women of all religious dispositions and is not restricted to religion or region . However , the Islamic Research Foundation , located in India , says `` wearing a bindi or mangalsutra is a sign of Hindu women . The traditional bindi still represents and preserves the symbolic significance that is integrated into Indian mythology in many parts of India . '' Relief from Stupa , 2nd century B.C. As decoration only female figures were marked with sacred lotus during this period . The red bindi has multiple meanings which are all simultaneously valid -- One simple interpretation it is a cosmetic mark used to enhance beauty . From Vedic times , the bindi was created as a means to worship one 's intellect . Therefore , it was used by both men and women . Worship of the intellect was so as to ensure that thoughts , speech , actions , habits and ultimately one 's character becomes pure . A strong intellect can help one to make noble decisions in life , be able to stand up to challenges in life with courage , and recognise and welcome good thoughts in life . The belief was that on this a strong individual , a strong family and strong society can be formed . Red represents honour , love and prosperity , hence it was worn to symbolise these aspects . In meditation , this very spot between the eyebrows ( Bhrumadhya ) is where one focuses his / her sight , so that it helps concentration . Most images of Buddha or Hindu divinities in meditative pose with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between eyebrows ( other spot being the tip of the nose -- naasikagra ) . Swami Muktananda writes ' auspicious Kumkum or sandalwood paste is applied ( between the eyebrows ) out of respect for inner Guru . It is the Guru 's seat . There is a chakra ( centre of spiritual energy within human body ) here called Ajna ( Aadnyaa ) chakra meaning ' Command centre ' . Here is received the Guru 's command to go higher in Sadhana ( spiritual practice ) to the ' Sahasraar ' ( seventh and final chakra ) which leads to Self - realisation . The flame seen at the eyebrow is called ' Guru Jyoti ' . The encyclopaedic Dictionary of Yoga informs that this ' Ajna Chakra ' is also called the ' Third eye ' . This centre is connected with the sacred syllable ' Om ' and presiding , is ' Parashiva ' . On activating this centre , the aspirant overcomes ' Ahamkar ' ( ego or sense of individuality ) , the last hoe on the path of spirituality . Traditional application method ( edit ) Bride with decorative bindis and maang tikka between hair parting where married women apply sindoor . Ornamental bindis were made and sold by lac workers known as Lakhera . A traditional bindi is red or maroon in colour . A pinch of vermilion powder is applied skilfully with a ring - finger to make a perfect red dot . It takes considerable practice to achieve the perfect round shape by hand . A small annular disc aids application for beginners . First they apply a sticky wax paste through the empty centre of the disc . This is then covered with kumkum or vermilion and then the disc is removed to get a perfect round bindi . Various materials such as lac , sandal , ' aguru ' , mica , ' kasturi ' , kumkum ( made of red turmeric ) and sindoor colour the dot . Saffron ground together with ' kusumba ' flower can also work . Traditionally they are green in colour with red dot in the middle . The bindi is no longer restricted in colour or shape . Historically , the ornamental bindi spangle consists of a small piece of lac over which is smeared vermilion , while above it a piece of mica or thin glass is fixed for ornament . Women wore large spangles set in gold with a border of jewels if they can afford it . The bindi was made and sold by lac workers known as Lakhera . In Hinduism it 's part of the Suhāg or lucky trousseau at marriages and is affixed to the girl 's forehead on her wedding and thereafter always worn . Unmarried girls optionally wore small ornamental spangles on their foreheads . A widow was not allowed to wear bindi or any ornamentation associated with married women . In modern times , self - adhesive bindis are available in various materials , usually made of felt or thin metal and adhesive on the other side . These are simple to apply , disposable substitutes for older lac tikli bindis . Sticker bindis come in many colours , designs , materials , and sizes . Courtesan Bani Thani as Radha with ornamental bindi spangle , c. 1750 There are different regional variations of the bindi . In Maharashtra a large crescent moon shaped bindi is worn with a smaller black dot underneath or above , associated with Chandrabindu and Bindu chakra represented by crescent moon , they are commonly known as Chandrakor in this region , outside Maharashtra they are popularly known as Marathi bindi . In Bengal region a large round red bindi is worn , brides in this region are often decorated with Alpana design on forehead and cheeks , along with bindi . In southern India a smaller red bindi is worn with a white tilak at the bottom , another common type is a red tilak shaped bindi . In Rajasthan the bindi is often worn round , long tilak shaped bindi are also common , as well as crescent moon on some occasions . Decorative bindis have become popular among women in South Asia , regardless of religious background . Bindis are staple and symbolic for South Asian women . Balinese Hindu girls with bindi . In addition to the bindi , in India , a vermilion mark in the parting of the hair just above the forehead is worn by married women as commitment to long - life and well - being of their husbands . During all Hindu marriage ceremonies , the groom applies sindoor in the part in the bride 's hair . Apart from their cosmetic use , bindis have found a modern medical application in India . Iodine patch bindis have often been used among women in north - west Maharashtra to battle iodine deficiency . Related customs within other Asian regions ( edit ) See also : Balinese Hinduism and Greater India In Southeast Asia Bindis are worn by Balinese and Javanese Hindus of Indonesia . Historically , it was worn by many Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia . Ancient Chinese women wore similar marks ( for purely decorative purposes ) since the second century , which became popular during the Tang dynasty . Common decorative design was of sacred lotus , most likely symbolising Ajna . Modern use ( edit ) Bindis and other religious affiliated markings are worn by recent Hindu converts like Hare Krishnas Bindis are popular outside South Asia and Southeast Asia as well . They are sometimes worn purely for decorative purpose or style statement without any religious or cultural affiliation . Decorative and ornamental bindis were introduced to other parts of the world by South Asian immigrants . International celebrities such as Gwen Stefani , Julia Roberts , Madonna , Selena Gomez and many others have been seen wearing bindis . The appropriateness of such uses has been disputed . Reacting to Gomez 's appearance , Hindu leader Rajan Zed said that the bindi has religious significance and should not be used as a fashion accessory , but Indian actress Priyanka Chopra praised Gomez 's choice as `` an embrace of Indian culture '' . Alternative terms ( edit ) A bindi can be called : Phot ( literally meaning a small pressing mark ) in Assamese Tip ( literally meaning `` a pressing '' ) in Bengali Tikuli ( literally meaning `` a small tika '' ) in Madhyadeshi areas Chandlo in Gujarati meaning moon shape Tilaka in Hindi Tika in Nepali Kunkuma or Bottu or Tilaka in Kannada Tilakaya in Sinhala Tikli in Konkani Kunkoo कुंकू or Tikali टिकली in Marathi Tikili in Odia Bindi in Punjabi meaning long red mark Pottu or Kunkumam or Netri or Tilakam ' in Tamil and Malayalam Bottu or Tilakam in Telugu Bottu in Kannada Alpana are the small decorative design over the eyebrows and cheeks used in marriage or festivals . Nandek is a term erroneously used to describe a bindi in Malaysia . It may contain pejorative connotations although not in most cases . Images ( edit ) Shyama Tara Attended by Sita Tara and Bhrikuti . India . ca . 8th century . Kalpasutra Manuscript , folio dated c. 1375 - 1400 . Miniature showing the birth of Mahavira ( Vardhamana ) Green Tara as Prajnyaparamita , ca . 11th century AD . Kalpasutra Manuscript folio dated 1472 . recto image of Trishala 's grief . Goddess Lalita flanked by Gaṇeśa and Kārttikeya , Pala Dynasty . Courtesan Bani Thani as Radha with ornamental bindi spangle and maang tikka . ca . 1750 Lady with a bindi holding a wine cup and rose . ca . 1701 Idealized portrait of Princess Padmavati with maang tikka . ca . 1701 Hindu bride wearing Bindi and Groom with Tilaka . Hindu bride with decorated forehead Bride with decorated forehead Hindu woman with Bindi Modern stick - on bindi Bindi are often used as decoration or as a style statement . See also ( edit ) Tilaka Thirunamam Urna References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` nasadiya - suktha - and - purusha - suktha '' . ^ Jump up to : Khanna 1979 : p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Swami Ranganathananda ( 1991 ) . Human Being in Depth : A Scientific Approach to Religion . SUNY Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0791406792 . ^ Jump up to : Mercier ( 2007 ) . p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Shakya , p. 82 - 83 Jump up ^ Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor , by Keat Gin Ooi p. 642 Jump up ^ Hindu - Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia by Daigorō Chihara p. 226 Jump up ^ Das , Subhamoy . `` Bindi : The Great Indian Forehead Art '' . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Fuel India 's Vibrant Art Scene '' . The New York Times . 13 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ From Finite to Infinite , by Swami Muktananda , SYDA Foundation , S. Fallsburg , New York , 1989 , pp. 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Encyclopedic Dictionary of Yoga , by Georg Fuerstein , Paragon House Publishers , New York , 1990 , p. 15 Jump up ^ http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Lakhera Jump up ^ `` Bindi : The Great Indian Forehead Art '' . About.com . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bahadur , Om Lata ( 1996 ) . The book of Hindu festivals and ceremonies ( 3rd ed . ) . New Delhi : UBS Publishers Distributors ltd . p. 168 . ISBN 81 - 86112 - 23 - 5 . Jump up ^ Khadi and Village Industries Commission , Government of India ^ Jump up to : Parvesh Handa , `` Home Beauty Clinic '' , Pustak Mahal , ISBN 81 - 223 - 0099 - 5 Jump up ^ http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20668/20668-h/20668-h.htm Jump up ^ Priyabala Shah ( April 1986 ) `` Tilaka : Hindu marks on the forehead '' , p. 88 Jump up ^ Gwynne , Paul ( 2009 ) . World Religions in Practice : A Comparative Introduction . Maiden , MA : Blackwell Publishing . Jump up ^ Dhar , Shobha ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Iodine bindis for tribal women to fight deficiency '' . TNN . The Times of India . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legends about `` Xiehong '' `` . cultural-china.com. 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Make - up tips of the women in the Tang Dynasty '' . cultural-china.com. 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Svami Sadananda Dasa : Disciple of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati and Guru of Vamandas ( Walther Eidlitz ) '' . sadananda.com . Jump up ^ Khu phố Little India ở Artesia , Nguoi Viet Online , 11 November 2011 , Retrieved 22 November 2011 Jump up ^ Juventud organiza un mercadillo solidario a beneficio de la Fundación Vicente Ferrer , elperiodic.com , 17 November 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Pretty Woman ' in temple upset '' . BBC News . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Try a bindi now with Western wear '' . Punjab Newsline. 6 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tony & Cherie Blair it well '' . The Sun . 7 January 2002 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cherie 's sari starry night '' . The Sun . 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood dreams : Uma Thurman and Debra Messing sparkle in Indian dress as they film scenes for Smash '' . Daily Mail . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan ( 16 April 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez Bindi : Hindu Leaders Demand Apology For MTV Movie Awards Costume '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ DelliCarpini Jr. , Gregory ( 22 May 2013 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's Bindi Styling : Offensive ? Bollywood Star Priyanka Chopra Talks About the Star 's Usage '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dazzling bindis '' . MSN India . 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bindi . Bindi design as hobby Bindi and its significance `` History & Significance of Bindis '' . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . `` Bindis : Everything You Need to Know '' . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . ( hide ) Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Lapel pin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Silversmith Jewelry designer Lapidary Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost - wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers Materials Precious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga Base metals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume - gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten Mineral gemstones Aventurine Agate Amethyst Beryl Carnelian Chrysoberyl Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Pearl Peridot Prasiolite Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger 's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Zircon Organic gemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Ivory Jet Nacre Other natural objects Bog - wood Hair Shell jewelry Toadstone Terms Carat ( mass ) Carat ( purity ) Finding Millesimal fineness Art jewelry Related topics Body piercing Fashion Gemology Phaleristics Metalworking Wearable art Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bindi_(decoration)&oldid=797185067 '' Categories : Bangladeshi culture Body art Cosmetics Indian culture Red symbols Types of jewellery Desi culture Hidden categories : EngvarB from February 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2017 Articles containing Hindi - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 12 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the red dot on their forehead	[ "A Bindi (Hindi: बिंदी, from Sanskrit bindu, meaning \"point, drop, dot or small particle\") is a red dot worn on the centre of the forehead, commonly by Hindu and Jain women. The word Bindu dates back to the hymn of creation known as Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda.[1] Bindu is considered the point at which creation begins and may become unity. It is also described as \"the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state\".[2][3] Bindi is a bright dot of red colour applied in the centre of the forehead close to the eyebrow worn in the Indian Subcontinent (particularly amongst Hindus in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka)[2] and Southeast Asia among Bali and Javanese Hindus. Bindi in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism is associated with Ajna Chakra and Bindu[4] is known as the third eye chakra. Bindu is the point or dot around which the mandala is created, representing the universe.[3][5] Bindi has historical and cultural presence in the region of Greater India.[6][7]", "A Bindi (Hindi: बिंदी, from Sanskrit bindu, meaning \"point, drop, dot or small particle\") is a red dot worn on the centre of the forehead, commonly by Hindu and Jain women. The word Bindu dates back to the hymn of creation known as Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda.[1] Bindu is considered the point at which creation begins and may become unity. It is also described as \"the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state\".[2][3] Bindi is a bright dot of red colour applied in the centre of the forehead close to the eyebrow worn in the Indian Subcontinent (particularly amongst Hindus in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka)[2] and Southeast Asia among Bali and Javanese Hindus. Bindi in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism is associated with Ajna Chakra and Bindu[4] is known as the third eye chakra. Bindu is the point or dot around which the mandala is created, representing the universe.[3][5] Bindi has historical and cultural presence in the region of Greater India.[6][7]" ]	[ "Hindu", "Jain" ]
-8315883964825407036	Mount Everest	Mount Everest - Wikipedia Mount Everest `` Everest '' redirects here . For other uses , see Everest ( disambiguation ) . This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mount Everest सगरमाथा ( Sagarmāthā ) ཇོ ་ མོ ་ གླང ་ མ ( Chomolungma ) 珠穆朗玛峰 ( Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng ) Everest 's north face from the Tibetan plateau Highest point Elevation 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) Ranked 1st Prominence Ranked 1st ( Notice special definition for Everest ) Listing Seven Summits Eight - thousander Country high point Ultra Coordinates 27 ° 59 ′ 17 '' N 86 ° 55 ′ 31 '' E / 27.98806 ° N 86.92528 ° E / 27.98806 ; 86.92528 Coordinates : 27 ° 59 ′ 17 '' N 86 ° 55 ′ 31 '' E / 27.98806 ° N 86.92528 ° E / 27.98806 ; 86.92528 Geography Mount Everest Location on the Province No. 1 , Nepal -- Tibet Autonomous Region , China border Mount Everest Mount Everest ( Nepal ) Mount Everest Mount Everest ( Tibet ) Mount Everest Mount Everest ( China ) Mount Everest Mount Everest ( Asia ) Show map of Province No. 1 Show map of Nepal Show map of Tibet Show map of China Show map of Asia Show all Location Solukhumbu District , Province No. 1 , Nepal ; Tingri County , Xigazê , Tibet Autonomous Region , China Countries Nepal and China Parent range Mahalangur Himal , Himalayas Climbing First ascent 29 May 1953 Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay ( First winter ascent 17 February 1980 Krzysztof Wielicki , Leszek Cichy ) Normal route southeast ridge ( Nepal ) This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . This article contains Tibetan script . Without proper rendering support , you may see very small fonts , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tibetan characters . Aerial photo from the south , with Mount Everest rising above the ridge connecting Nuptse and Lhotse Mount Everest , known in Nepali as Sagarmatha ( सगरमाथा ) and in Tibetan as Chomolungma ( ཇོ ་ མོ ་ གླང ་ མ ) , is Earth 's highest mountain above sea level , located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas . The international border between Nepal ( Province No. 1 ) and China ( Tibet Autonomous Region ) runs across its summit point . The current official elevation of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) , recognized by China and Nepal , was established by a 1955 Indian survey and subsequently confirmed by a Chinese survey in 1975 . In 2005 , China remeasured the rock height of the mountain , with a result of 8844.43 m . There followed an argument between China and Nepal as to whether the official height should be the rock height ( 8,844 m. , China ) or the snow height ( 8,848 m. , Nepal ) . In 2010 , an agreement was reached by both sides that the height of Everest is 8,848 m , and Nepal recognizes China 's claim that the rock height of Everest is 8,844 m . In 1865 , Everest was given its official English name by the Royal Geographical Society , upon a recommendation by Andrew Waugh , the British Surveyor General of India . As there appeared to be several different local names , Waugh chose to name the mountain after his predecessor in the post , Sir George Everest , despite George Everest 's objections . Mount Everest attracts many climbers , some of them highly experienced mountaineers . There are two main climbing routes , one approaching the summit from the southeast in Nepal ( known as the `` standard route '' ) and the other from the north in Tibet . While not posing substantial technical climbing challenges on the standard route , Everest presents dangers such as altitude sickness , weather , and wind , as well as significant hazards from avalanches and the Khumbu Icefall . As of 2017 , nearly 300 people have died on Everest , many of whose bodies remain on the mountain . The first recorded efforts to reach Everest 's summit were made by British mountaineers . As Nepal did not allow foreigners into the country at the time , the British made several attempts on the north ridge route from the Tibetan side . After the first reconnaissance expedition by the British in 1921 reached 7,000 m ( 22,970 ft ) on the North Col , the 1922 expedition pushed the north ridge route up to 8,320 m ( 27,300 ft ) , marking the first time a human had climbed above 8,000 m ( 26,247 ft ) . Seven porters were killed in an avalanche on the descent from the North Col . The 1924 expedition resulted in one of the greatest mysteries on Everest to this day : George Mallory and Andrew Irvine made a final summit attempt on 8 June but never returned , sparking debate as to whether or not they were the first to reach the top . They had been spotted high on the mountain that day but disappeared in the clouds , never to be seen again , until Mallory 's body was found in 1999 at 8,155 m ( 26,755 ft ) on the north face . Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary made the first official ascent of Everest in 1953 , using the southeast ridge route . Norgay had reached 8,595 m ( 28,199 ft ) the previous year as a member of the 1952 Swiss expedition . The Chinese mountaineering team of Wang Fuzhou , Gonpo , and Qu Yinhua made the first reported ascent of the peak from the north ridge on 25 May 1960 . Contents 1 History 2 Early surveys 3 Name 4 Surveys 4.1 Comparisons 5 Geology 6 Flora and fauna 7 Environment 8 History of expeditions 8.1 Overview 8.2 Early attempts 8.3 First successful ascent by Tenzing and Hillary 8.4 1970 disaster 8.5 1979 / 1980 : Winter Himalaism 8.6 1996 disaster 8.7 2006 mountaineering season 8.7. 1 David Sharp ethics controversy 8.7. 2 Lincoln Hall rescue 8.8 2007 8.9 Ascent statistics up to 2010 season 8.10 2012 and 2013 events 8.11 2014 avalanche and season 8.12 2015 avalanche , earthquake , season 8.12. 1 Mountain re-opens in August 2015 8.13 2016 season 8.13. 1 Rescues and fatalities 8.14 2017 season 8.15 2018 9 Climbing 9.1 Permits 9.2 Routes 9.2. 1 Southeast ridge 9.2. 2 North ridge route 9.3 Summit 9.4 Death zone 9.5 Supplemental oxygen 9.6 Autumn climbing 9.7 Selected climbing records 9.8 Summiting with disabilities 10 Everest and aviation 10.1 1988 : First climb and glide 10.2 1991 : Hot air balloon flyover 10.3 2005 : Pilot summits Everest with helicopter 10.4 2011 Paraglide off summit 10.5 2014 : Helicopter - assisted ascent 10.6 2016 : Helicopter business increases 11 Financial cost of guided climbs 12 Commercial climbing 12.1 Law and order 13 2014 Sherpa strike 14 Extreme sports at Mount Everest 15 Everest and religion 16 Waste management 17 Names 18 Context and maps 19 Panorama 20 See also 21 References 22 Further reading 23 External links History The history of this area dates back to 800 BCE , when the ancient Kirati had their Kirata Kingdom in the Himalayan mountains . The Mahalangur range of the Himalaya is also known as Kirat area of eastern Nepal . Early surveys Location on Earth In 1715 , the Qing Empire surveyed the mountain while mapping its territory and depicted it as Mount Qomolangma no later than 1719 . Mount Everest relief map In 1802 , the British began the Great Trigonometric Survey of India to fix the locations , heights , and names of the world 's highest mountains . Starting in southern India , the survey teams moved northward using giant theodolites , each weighing 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) and requiring 12 men to carry , to measure heights as accurately as possible . They reached the Himalayan foothills by the 1830s , but Nepal was unwilling to allow the British to enter the country due to suspicions of political aggression and possible annexation . Several requests by the surveyors to enter Nepal were turned down . The British were forced to continue their observations from Terai , a region south of Nepal which is parallel to the Himalayas . Conditions in Terai were difficult because of torrential rains and malaria . Three survey officers died from malaria while two others had to retire because of failing health . Nonetheless , in 1847 , the British continued the survey and began detailed observations of the Himalayan peaks from observation stations up to 240 km ( 150 mi ) distant . Weather restricted work to the last three months of the year . In November 1847 , Andrew Waugh , the British Surveyor General of India made several observations from the Sawajpore station at the east end of the Himalayas . Kangchenjunga was then considered the highest peak in the world , and with interest , he noted a peak beyond it , about 230 km ( 140 mi ) away . John Armstrong , one of Waugh 's subordinates , also saw the peak from a site farther west and called it peak `` b '' . Waugh would later write that the observations indicated that peak `` b '' was higher than Kangchenjunga , but given the great distance of the observations , closer observations were required for verification . The following year , Waugh sent a survey official back to Terai to make closer observations of peak `` b '' , but clouds thwarted his attempts . In 1849 , Waugh dispatched James Nicolson to the area , who made two observations from Jirol , 190 km ( 120 mi ) away . Nicolson then took the largest theodolite and headed east , obtaining over 30 observations from five different locations , with the closest being 174 km ( 108 mi ) from the peak . Nicolson retreated to Patna on the Ganges to perform the necessary calculations based on his observations . His raw data gave an average height of 9,200 m ( 30,200 ft ) for peak `` b '' , but this did not consider light refraction , which distorts heights . However , the number clearly indicated that peak `` b '' was higher than Kangchenjunga . Nicolson contracted malaria and was forced to return home without finishing his calculations . Michael Hennessy , one of Waugh 's assistants , had begun designating peaks based on Roman numerals , with Kangchenjunga named Peak IX . Peak `` b '' now became known as Peak XV . In 1852 , stationed at the survey headquarters in Dehradun , Radhanath Sikdar , an Indian mathematician and surveyor from Bengal , was the first to identify Everest as the world 's highest peak , using trigonometric calculations based on Nicolson 's measurements . An official announcement that Peak XV was the highest was delayed for several years as the calculations were repeatedly verified . Waugh began work on Nicolson 's data in 1854 , and along with his staff spent almost two years working on the numbers , having to deal with the problems of light refraction , barometric pressure , and temperature over the vast distances of the observations . Finally , in March 1856 he announced his findings in a letter to his deputy in Calcutta . Kangchenjunga was declared to be 8,582 m ( 28,156 ft ) , while Peak XV was given the height of 8,840 m ( 29,002 ft ) . Waugh concluded that Peak XV was `` most probably the highest in the world '' . Peak XV ( measured in feet ) was calculated to be exactly 29,000 ft ( 8,839.2 m ) high , but was publicly declared to be 29,002 ft ( 8,839.8 m ) in order to avoid the impression that an exact height of 29,000 feet ( 8,839.2 m ) was nothing more than a rounded estimate . Waugh is sometimes playfully credited with being `` the first person to put two feet on top of Mount Everest '' . Name The name `` Mount Everest '' was first proposed in this 1856 speech , later published in 1857 , in which the mountain was first confirmed as the world 's highest While the survey wanted to preserve local names if possible ( e.g. , Kangchenjunga and Dhaulagiri ) , Waugh argued that he could not find any commonly used local name . Waugh 's search for a local name was hampered by Nepal and Tibet 's exclusion of foreigners . Many local names existed , including `` Deodungha '' ( `` Holy Mountain '' ) in Darjeeling and the Tibetan `` Chomolungma '' , which appeared on a 1733 map published in Paris by the French geographer D'Anville . In the late 19th century , many European cartographers incorrectly believed that a native name for the mountain was Gaurishankar , a mountain between Kathmandu and Everest . Waugh argued that because there were many local names , it would be difficult to favour one name over all others , so he decided that Peak XV should be named after Welsh surveyor Sir George Everest , his predecessor as Surveyor General of India . Everest himself opposed the name suggested by Waugh and told the Royal Geographical Society in 1857 that `` Everest '' could not be written in Hindi nor pronounced by `` the native of India '' . Waugh 's proposed name prevailed despite the objections , and in 1865 , the Royal Geographical Society officially adopted Mount Everest as the name for the highest mountain in the world . The modern pronunciation of Everest ( / ˈɛvərɪst / ) is different from Sir George 's pronunciation of his surname ( / ˈiːvrɪst / EEV - rist ) . The Tibetan name for Mount Everest is ཇོ ་ མོ ་ གླང ་ མ ( IPA : ( t͡ɕhòmòlɑ́ŋmɑ̀ ) , lit . `` Holy Mother '' ) , whose official Tibetan pinyin form is Qomolangma . It is also popularly romanised as Chomolungma and ( in Wylie ) as Jo - mo - glang - ma or Jomo Langma . The official Chinese transcription is 珠穆朗玛峰 ( t 珠穆朗瑪峰 ) , whose pinyin form is Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng . It is also infrequently simply translated into Chinese as Shèngmǔ Fēng ( t 聖母峰 , s 圣母峰 , lit . `` Holy Mother Peak '' ) . In 2002 , the Chinese People 's Daily newspaper published an article making a case against the use of `` Mount Everest '' in English , insisting that the mountain should be referred to as Mount `` Qomolangma '' , based on the official form of the local Tibetan name . The article argued that British colonialists did not `` first discover '' the mountain , as it had been known to the Tibetans and mapped by the Chinese as `` Qomolangma '' since at least 1719 . In the early 1960s , the Nepalese government coined a Nepali name for Mount Everest , Sagarmāthā or Sagar - Matha ( सागर - मथ्था ) . Surveys Published by the Survey of Nepal , this is Map 50 of the 57 map set at 1 : 50,000 scale `` attached to the main text on the First Joint Inspection Survey , 1979 -- 80 , Nepal - China border . '' At the top centre , a boundary line , identified as separating `` China '' and `` Nepal '' , passes through the summit contour . The boundary here and for much of the China - Nepal border follows the main Himalayan watershed divide . Kangshung Face ( the east face ) as seen from orbit The 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) height given is officially recognised by Nepal and China , although Nepal plans a new survey . In 1856 , Andrew Waugh announced Everest ( then known as Peak XV ) as 8,840 m ( 29,002 ft ) high , after several years of calculations based on observations made by the Great Trigonometric Survey . The elevation of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) was first determined by an Indian survey in 1955 , made closer to the mountain , also using theodolites . It was subsequently reaffirmed by a 1975 Chinese measurement of 8,848.13 m ( 29,029.30 ft ) . In both cases the snow cap , not the rock head , was measured . In May 1999 an American Everest Expedition , directed by Bradford Washburn , anchored a GPS unit into the highest bedrock . A rock head elevation of 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) , and a snow / ice elevation 1 m ( 3 ft ) higher , were obtained via this device . Although it has not been officially recognised by Nepal , this figure is widely quoted . Geoid uncertainty casts doubt upon the accuracy claimed by both the 1999 and 2005 surveys . A detailed photogrammetric map ( at a scale of 1 : 50,000 ) of the Khumbu region , including the south side of Mount Everest , was made by Erwin Schneider as part of the 1955 International Himalayan Expedition , which also attempted Lhotse . An even more detailed topographic map of the Everest area was made in the late - 1980s under the direction of Bradford Washburn , using extensive aerial photography . On 9 October 2005 , after several months of measurement and calculation , the Chinese Academy of Sciences and State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping officially announced the height of Everest as 8,844.43 m ( 29,017.16 ft ) with accuracy of ± 0.21 m ( 8.3 in ) . They claimed it was the most accurate and precise measurement to date . This height is based on the highest point of rock and not the snow and ice covering it . The Chinese team also measured a snow - ice depth of 3.5 m ( 11 ft ) , which is in agreement with a net elevation of 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) . The snow and ice thickness varies over time , making a definitive height of the snow cap impossible to determine . It is thought that the plate tectonics of the area are adding to the height and moving the summit northeastwards . Two accounts suggest the rates of change are 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) per year ( upwards ) and 3 to 6 mm ( 0.12 to 0.24 in ) per year ( northeastwards ) , but another account mentions more lateral movement ( 27 mm or 1.1 in ) , and even shrinkage has been suggested . Comparisons The summit of Everest is the point at which earth 's surface reaches the greatest distance above sea level . Several other mountains are sometimes claimed to be the `` tallest mountains on earth '' . Mauna Kea in Hawaii is tallest when measured from its base ; it rises over 10,200 m ( 33,464.6 ft ) when measured from its base on the mid-ocean floor , but only attains 4,205 m ( 13,796 ft ) above sea level . By the same measure of base to summit , Denali , in Alaska , also known as Mount McKinley , is taller than Everest as well . Despite its height above sea level of only 6,190 m ( 20,308 ft ) , Denali sits atop a sloping plain with elevations from 300 to 900 m ( 980 to 2,950 ft ) , yielding a height above base in the range of 5,300 to 5,900 m ( 17,400 to 19,400 ft ) ; a commonly quoted figure is 5,600 m ( 18,400 ft ) . By comparison , reasonable base elevations for Everest range from 4,200 m ( 13,800 ft ) on the south side to 5,200 m ( 17,100 ft ) on the Tibetan Plateau , yielding a height above base in the range of 3,650 to 4,650 m ( 11,980 to 15,260 ft ) . The summit of Chimborazo in Ecuador is 2,168 m ( 7,113 ft ) farther from earth 's centre ( 6,384.4 km ( 3,967.1 mi ) ) than that of Everest ( 6,382.3 km ( 3,965.8 mi ) ) , because the earth bulges at the equator . This is despite Chimborazo having a peak 6,268 m ( 20,564.3 ft ) above sea level versus Mount Everest 's 8,848 m ( 29,028.9 ft ) . The second highest mountain , K2 Dhaulagiri , shown here , was thought to be highest before Kanchenjunga and Everest were measured Kanchenjunga , now determined to be third highest , took over from Dhaulagiri , and in turn surpassed by Everest Geology Mount Everest with snow melted , showing upper geologic layers in bands . Geologists have subdivided the rocks comprising Mount Everest into three units called formations . Each formation is separated from the other by low - angle faults , called detachments , along which they have been thrust southward over each other . From the summit of Mount Everest to its base these rock units are the Qomolangma Formation , the North Col Formation , and the Rongbuk Formation . The Qomolangma Formation , also known as the Jolmo Lungama Formation or the Everest Formation , runs from the summit to the top of the Yellow Band , about 8,600 m ( 28,200 ft ) above sea level . It consists of greyish to dark grey or white , parallel laminated and bedded , Ordovician limestone interlayered with subordinate beds of recrystallised dolomite with argillaceous laminae and siltstone . Gansser first reported finding microscopic fragments of crinoids in this limestone . Later petrographic analysis of samples of the limestone from near the summit revealed them to be composed of carbonate pellets and finely fragmented remains of trilobites , crinoids , and ostracods . Other samples were so badly sheared and recrystallized that their original constituents could not be determined . A thick , white - weathering thrombolite bed that is 60 m ( 200 ft ) thick comprises the foot of the `` Third Step '' , and base of the summit pyramid of Everest . This bed , which crops out starting about 70 m ( 230 ft ) below the summit of Mount Everest , consists of sediments trapped , bound , and cemented by the biofilms of micro-organisms , especially cyanobacteria , in shallow marine waters . The Qomolangma Formation is broken up by several high - angle faults that terminate at the low angle normal fault , the Qomolangma Detachment . This detachment separates it from the underlying Yellow Band . The lower five metres of the Qomolangma Formation overlying this detachment are very highly deformed . The bulk of Mount Everest , between 7,000 and 8,600 m ( 23,000 and 28,200 ft ) , consists of the North Col Formation , of which the Yellow Band forms its upper part between 8,200 to 8,600 m ( 26,900 to 28,200 ft ) . The Yellow Band consists of intercalated beds of Middle Cambrian diopside - epidote - bearing marble , which weathers a distinctive yellowish brown , and muscovite - biotite phyllite and semischist . Petrographic analysis of marble collected from about 8,300 m ( 27,200 ft ) found it to consist as much as five percent of the ghosts of recrystallised crinoid ossicles . The upper five metres of the Yellow Band lying adjacent to the Qomolangma Detachment is badly deformed . A 5 -- 40 cm ( 2.0 -- 15.7 in ) thick fault breccia separates it from the overlying Qomolangma Formation . The remainder of the North Col Formation , exposed between 7,000 to 8,200 m ( 23,000 to 26,900 ft ) on Mount Everest , consists of interlayered and deformed schist , phyllite , and minor marble . Between 7,600 and 8,200 m ( 24,900 and 26,900 ft ) , the North Col Formation consists chiefly of biotite - quartz phyllite and chlorite - biotite phyllite intercalated with minor amounts of biotite - sericite - quartz schist . Between 7,000 and 7,600 m ( 23,000 and 24,900 ft ) , the lower part of the North Col Formation consists of biotite - quartz schist intercalated with epidote - quartz schist , biotite - calcite - quartz schist , and thin layers of quartzose marble . These metamorphic rocks appear to be the result of the metamorphism of Middle to Early Cambrian deep sea flysch composed of interbedded , mudstone , shale , clayey sandstone , calcareous sandstone , graywacke , and sandy limestone . The base of the North Col Formation is a regional low - angle normal fault called the `` Lhotse detachment '' . Below 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) , the Rongbuk Formation underlies the North Col Formation and forms the base of Mount Everest . It consists of sillimanite - K - feldspar grade schist and gneiss intruded by numerous sills and dikes of leucogranite ranging in thickness from 1 cm to 1,500 m ( 0.4 in to 4,900 ft ) . These leucogranites are part of a belt of Late Oligocene -- Miocene intrusive rocks known as the Higher Himalayan leucogranite . They formed as the result of partial melting of Paleoproterozoic to Ordovician high - grade metasedimentary rocks of the Higher Himalayan Sequence about 20 to 24 million years ago during the subduction of the Indian Plate . Mount Everest consists of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that have been faulted southward over continental crust composed of Archean granulites of the Indian Plate during the Cenozoic collision of India with Asia . Current interpretations argue that the Qomolangma and North Col formations consist of marine sediments that accumulated within the continental shelf of the northern passive continental margin of India before it collided with Asia . The Cenozoic collision of India with Asia subsequently deformed and metamorphosed these strata as it thrust them southward and upward . The Rongbuk Formation consists of a sequence of high - grade metamorphic and granitic rocks that were derived from the alteration of high - grade metasedimentary rocks . During the collision of India with Asia , these rocks were thrust downward and to the north as they were overridden by other strata ; heated , metamorphosed , and partially melted at depths of over 15 to 20 kilometres ( 9.3 to 12.4 mi ) below sea level ; and then forced upward to surface by thrusting towards the south between two major detachments . The Himalayas are rising by about 5 mm per year . Flora and fauna A yak at around 4790 m ( 15,715 ft ) There is very little native flora or fauna on Everest . A moss grows at 6,480 metres ( 21,260 ft ) on Mount Everest . It may be the highest altitude plant species . An alpine cushion plant called Arenaria is known to grow below 5,500 metres ( 18,000 ft ) in the region . Euophrys omnisuperstes , a minute black jumping spider , has been found at elevations as high as 6,700 metres ( 22,000 ft ) , possibly making it the highest confirmed non-microscopic permanent resident on Earth . It lurks in crevices and may feed on frozen insects that have been blown there by the wind . There is a high likelihood of microscopic life at even higher altitudes . Birds , such as the bar - headed goose , have been seen flying at the higher altitudes of the mountain , while others , such as the chough , have been spotted as high as the South Col at 7,920 metres ( 25,980 ft ) . Yellow - billed choughs have been seen as high as 7,900 metres ( 26,000 ft ) and bar - headed geese migrate over the Himalayas . In 1953 , George Lowe ( part of the expedition of Tenzing and Hillary ) said that he saw bar - headed geese flying over Everest 's summit . Yaks are often used to haul gear for Mount Everest climbs . They can haul 100 kg ( 220 pounds ) , have thick fur and large lungs . One common piece of advice for those in the Everest region is to be on the higher ground when around yaks and other animals , as they can knock people off the mountain if standing on the downhill edge of a trail . Other animals in the region include the Himalayan tahr which is sometimes eaten by the snow leopard . The Himalayan black bear can be found up to about 4,300 metres ( 14,000 ft ) and the red panda is also present in the region . One expedition found a surprising range of species in the region including a pika and ten new species of ants . Environment Atmospheric pressure comparison Pressure Reference kilopascal psi Olympus Mons summit 0.03 0.0044 -- Mars average 0.6 0.087 -- Hellas Planitia bottom 1.16 0.168 -- Armstrong limit 6.25 0.906 -- Mount Everest summit 33.7 4.89 Earth sea level 101.3 14.69 -- Dead Sea level 106.7 15.48 Surface of Venus 9,200 1,330 In 2008 , a new weather station at about 8,000 m altitude ( 26,246 feet ) went online . The station 's first data in May 2008 were air temperature − 17 ° C ( 1 ° F ) , relative humidity 41.3 percent , atmospheric pressure 382.1 hPa ( 38.21 kPa ) , wind direction 262.8 ° , wind speed 12.8 m / s ( 28.6 mph , 46.1 km / h ) , global solar radiation 711.9 watts / m , solar UVA radiation 30.4 W / m . The project was orchestrated by Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment ( SHARE ) , which also placed the Mount Everest webcam in 2011 . The solar - powered weather station is on the South Col . Everest and Lhotse from the south . In the foreground are Thamserku , Kantega , and Ama Dablam One of the issues facing climbers is the frequent presence of high - speed winds . The peak of Mount Everest extends into the upper troposphere and penetrates the stratosphere , which can expose it to the fast and freezing winds of the jet stream . In February 2004 a wind speed of 280 km / h ( 175 mph ) was recorded at the summit and winds over 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) are common . These winds can blow climbers off Everest . Climbers typically aim for a 7 - to 10 - day window in the spring and fall when the Asian monsoon season is either starting up or ending and the winds are lighter . The air pressure at the summit is about one - third what it is at sea level , and by Bernoulli 's principle , the winds can lower the pressure further , causing an additional 14 percent reduction in oxygen to climbers . The reduction in oxygen availability comes from the reduced overall pressure , not a reduction in the ratio of oxygen to other gases . In the summer , the Indian monsoon brings warm wet air from the Indian Ocean to Everest 's south side . During the winter the west - southwest flowing jet stream shifts south and blows on the peak . History of expeditions Climbers below the Geneva Spur Reunion of the 1953 British team Because Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world , it has attracted considerable attention and climbing attempts . A set of climbing routes has been established over several decades of climbing expeditions to the mountain . Whether the mountain was climbed in ancient times is unknown . It may have been climbed in 1924 . Overview Everest 's first known summitting occurred by 1953 , and interest by climbers increased . Despite the effort and attention poured into expeditions , only about 200 people had summitted by 1987 . Everest remained a difficult climb for decades , even for serious attempts by professional climbers and large national expeditions , which were the norm until the commercial era began in the 1990s . By March 2012 , Everest had been climbed 5,656 times with 223 deaths . Although lower mountains have longer or steeper climbs , Everest is so high the jet stream can hit it . Climbers can be faced with winds beyond 320 km / h ( 200 mph ) when the weather shifts . At certain times of the year the jet stream shifts north , providing periods of relative calm at the mountain . Other dangers include blizzards and avalanches . By 2013 , The Himalayan Database recorded 6,871 summits by 4,042 different people . Early attempts In 1885 , Clinton Thomas Dent , president of the Alpine Club , suggested that climbing Mount Everest was possible in his book Above the Snow Line . The northern approach to the mountain was discovered by George Mallory and Guy Bullock on the initial 1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition . It was an exploratory expedition not equipped for a serious attempt to climb the mountain . With Mallory leading ( and thus becoming the first European to set foot on Everest 's flanks ) they climbed the North Col to an altitude of 7,005 metres ( 22,982 ft ) . From there , Mallory espied a route to the top , but the party was unprepared for the great task of climbing any further and descended . The British returned for a 1922 expedition . George Finch climbed using oxygen for the first time . He ascended at a remarkable speed -- 290 metres ( 951 ft ) per hour , and reached an altitude of 8,320 m ( 27,300 ft ) , the first time a human reported to climb higher than 8,000 m . Mallory and Col. Felix Norton made a second unsuccessful attempt . Mallory was faulted for leading a group down from the North Col which got caught in an avalanche . Mallory was pulled down too but survived . Seven native porters were killed . The next expedition was in 1924 . The initial attempt by Mallory and Geoffrey Bruce was aborted when weather conditions prevented the establishment of Camp VI . The next attempt was that of Norton and Somervell , who climbed without oxygen and in perfect weather , traversing the North Face into the Great Couloir . Norton managed to reach 8,550 m ( 28,050 ft ) , though he ascended only 30 m ( 98 ft ) or so in the last hour . Mallory rustled up oxygen equipment for a last - ditch effort . He chose young Andrew Irvine as his partner . 1952 documentary On 8 June 1924 , George Mallory and Andrew Irvine made an attempt on the summit via the North Col - North Ridge - Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned . On 1 May 1999 , the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition found Mallory 's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI . Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both of them reached the summit 29 years before the confirmed ascent and safe descent of Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953 . In 1933 , Lady Houston , a British millionairess , funded the Houston Everest Flight of 1933 , which saw a formation of aircraft led by the Marquess of Clydesdale fly over the summit in an effort to deploy the British Union Flag at the top . Early expeditions -- such as General Charles Bruce 's in the 1920s and Hugh Ruttledge 's two unsuccessful attempts in 1933 and 1936 -- tried to ascend the mountain from Tibet , via the North Face . Access was closed from the north to Western expeditions in 1950 after China took control of Tibet . In 1950 , Bill Tilman and a small party which included Charles Houston , Oscar Houston , and Betsy Cowles undertook an exploratory expedition to Everest through Nepal along the route which has now become the standard approach to Everest from the south . The Swiss Expedition of 1952 , led by Edouard Wyss - Dunant , was granted permission to attempt a climb from Nepal . The expedition established a route through the Khumbu icefall and ascended to the South Col at an elevation of 7,986 m ( 26,201 ft ) . No attempt at an ascent of Everest was ever under consideration in this case . Raymond Lambert and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay were able to reach an elevation of about 8,595 m ( 28,199 ft ) on the southeast ridge , setting a new climbing altitude record . Tenzing 's experience was useful when he was hired to be part of the British expedition in 1953 . First successful ascent by Tenzing and Hillary Main article : 1953 British Mount Everest expedition Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay In 1953 , a ninth British expedition , led by John Hunt , returned to Nepal . Hunt selected two climbing pairs to attempt to reach the summit . The first pair , Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans , came within 100 m ( 330 ft ) of the summit on 26 May 1953 , but turned back after running into oxygen problems . As planned , their work in route finding and breaking trail and their oxygen caches were of great aid to the following pair . Two days later , the expedition made its second and final assault on the summit with its second climbing pair , the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay , a Nepali Sherpa climber . They reached the summit at 11 : 30 local time on 29 May 1953 via the South Col route . At the time , both acknowledged it as a team effort by the whole expedition , but Tenzing revealed a few years later that Hillary had put his foot on the summit first . They paused at the summit to take photographs and buried a few sweets and a small cross in the snow before descending . News of the expedition 's success reached London on the morning of Queen Elizabeth II 's coronation , 2 June . A few days later , the Queen gave orders that Hunt ( a Briton ) and Hillary ( a New Zealander ) were to be knighted in the Order of the British Empire for the ascent . Tenzing , a Nepali Sherpa who was a citizen of India , was granted the George Medal by the UK . Hunt was ultimately made a life peer in Britain , while Hillary became a founding member of the Order of New Zealand . Hillary and Tenzing are also recognised in Nepal , where annual ceremonies in schools and offices celebrate their accomplishment . The next successful ascent was on 23 May 1956 by Ernst Schmied and Juerg Marmet . This was followed by Dölf Reist and Hans - Rudolf von Gunten on 24 May 1957 . Wang Fuzhou , Gonpo and Qu Yinhua of China made the first reported ascent of the peak from the North Ridge on 25 May 1960 . The first American to climb Everest , Jim Whittaker , joined by Nawang Gombu , reached the summit on 1 May 1963 . 1970 disaster See also : 1970 Mount Everest disaster In 1970 Japanese mountaineers conducted a major expedition . The centerpiece was a large `` siege '' - style expedition led by Saburo Matsukata , working on finding a new route up the southwest face . Another element of the expedition was an attempt to ski Mount Everest . Despite a staff of over one hundred people and a decade of planning work , the expedition suffered eight deaths and failed to summit via the planned routes . However , Japanese expeditions did enjoy some successes . For example , Yuichiro Miura became the first man to ski down Everest from the South Col ( he descended nearly 4,200 vertical feet from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries ) . Another success was an expedition that put four on the summit via the South Col route . Miura 's exploits became the subject of film , and he went on to become the oldest person to summit Mount Everest in 2003 at age 70 and again in 2013 at the age of 80 . In 1975 , Junko Tabei , a Japanese woman , became the first woman to summit Mount Everest . 1979 / 1980 : winter Himalaism Confirmation of the summit obtained by the Nepalese Ministry of Tourism The Polish climber Andrzej Zawada headed the first winter ascent of Mt . Everest , the first winter ascent of an eight - thousander . The team of 20 Polish climbers and 4 Sherpas established a base camp on Khumbu Glacier in early January 1980 . On 15 January , the team managed to set up Camp III at 7150 meters above sea level , but further action was stopped by hurricane - force winds . The weather improved after 11 February , when Leszek Cichy , Walenty Fiut and Krzysztof Wielicki set up camp IV on South Col ( 7906 m ) . Cichy and Wielicki started the final ascent at 6 : 50 AM on 17 February . At 2 : 40 PM Andrzej Zawada at base camp heard the climbers ' voices over the radio - `` We are on the summit ! The strong wind blows all the time . It is unimaginably cold . '' . The successful winter ascent of Mt . Everest started a new decade of Winter Himalaism , which became a Polish specialisation . After 1980 Poles did ten first winter ascents on 8000 metre peaks , which earned Polish climbers a reputation of `` Ice Warriors '' . 1996 disaster Main article : 1996 Mount Everest disaster On 11 May 1996 eight climbers died after several expeditions were caught in a blizzard high up on the mountain . During the 1996 season , 15 people died while climbing on Mount Everest . These were the highest death tolls for a single event , and for a single season , until the sixteen deaths in the 2014 Mount Everest avalanche . The disaster gained wide publicity and raised questions about the commercialisation of climbing Mount Everest . Journalist Jon Krakauer , on assignment from Outside magazine , was in one of the affected parties , and afterward published the bestseller Into Thin Air , which related his experience . Anatoli Boukreev , a guide who felt impugned by Krakauer 's book , co-authored a rebuttal book called The Climb . The dispute sparked a debate within the climbing community . In May 2004 , Kent Moore , a physicist , and John L. Semple , a surgeon , both researchers from the University of Toronto , told New Scientist magazine that an analysis of weather conditions on 11 May suggested that freak weather caused oxygen levels to plunge approximately 14 percent . One of the survivors was Beck Weathers , an American client of New Zealand - based guide service Adventure Consultants . Weathers was left for dead about 275 metres ( 900 feet ) from Camp 4 at 7,950 metres ( 26,085 feet ) . After spending a night on the mountain , Weathers managed to find his way to Camp 4 with massive frostbite and vision impaired due to snow blindness . When he arrived at Camp 4 , fellow climbers considered his condition terminal and left him in a tent to die overnight . Before leaving Camp 4 Jon Krakauer heard Weathers calling for help from his tent . Weathers ' condition had not improved and an immediate descent to a lower elevation was deemed essential . A helicopter rescue was considered but was out of the question : Camp 4 was higher than the rated ceiling of any available helicopter and in any case would be extraordinarily dangerous . Eventually , a rescue was organised thanks to a lieutenant colonel of the Nepalese Army who conducted the second - highest known helicopter medical evacuation up to that time . The storm 's impact on climbers on the North Ridge of Everest , where several climbers also died , was detailed in a first - hand account by British filmmaker and writer Matt Dickinson in his book The Other Side of Everest. 16 - year - old Mark Pfetzer was on the climb and wrote about it in his account , Within Reach : My Everest Story . The 2015 feature film Everest , directed by Baltasar Kormákur , is based on the events of this disaster . 2006 mountaineering season show 2006 fatalities Deaths Nation Tuk Bahadur Thapa Masa Nepal Igor Plyushkin Russia Vitor Negrete Brazil David Sharp United Kingdom Thomas Weber Germany Tomas Olsson Sweden Jacques - Hugues Letrange France Ang Phinjo Nepal * Pavel Kalny Czech Republic Lhakpa Tseri Nepal Dawa Temba Nepal Sri Kishan India * Lhotse face fatality Small avalanche on Everest , 2006 In 2006 12 people died . One death in particular ( see below ) triggered an international debate and years of discussion about climbing ethics . The season was also remembered for the rescue of Lincoln Hall who had been left by his climbing team and declared dead , but was later discovered alive and survived being helped off the mountain . David Sharp ethics controversy There was an international controversy about the death of a solo British climber David Sharp , who attempted to climb Mount Everest in 2006 but died in his attempt . The story broke out of the mountaineering community into popular media , with a series of interviews , allegations , and critiques . The question was whether climbers that season had left a man to die and whether he could have been saved . He was said to have attempted to summit Mount Everest by himself with no Sherpa or guide and fewer oxygen bottles than considered normal . He went with a low - budget Nepali guide firm that only provides support up to Base Camp , after which climbers go as a `` loose group '' , offering a high degree of independence . The manager at Sharp 's guide support said Sharp did not take enough oxygen for his summit attempt and did not have a Sherpa guide . It is less clear who knew Sharp was in trouble , and if they did know , whether they were qualified or capable of helping him . Double - amputee climber Mark Inglis said in an interview with the press on 23 May 2006 , that his climbing party , and many others , had passed Sharp , on 15 May , sheltering under a rock overhang 450 metres ( 1,480 ft ) below the summit , without attempting a rescue . Inglis said 40 people had passed by Sharp , but he might have been overlooked as climbers assumed Sharp was the corpse nicknamed `` Green Boots '' , but Inglis was not aware that Turkish climbers had tried to help Sharp despite being in the process of helping an injured woman down ( a Turkish woman named Burçak Poçan ) . There has also been some discussion about Himex in the commentary on Inglis and Sharp . In regards to Inglis 's initial comments , he later revised certain details because he had been interviewed while he was `` ... physically and mentally exhausted , and in a lot of pain . He had suffered severe frostbite -- he later had five fingertips amputated . '' When they went through Sharp 's possessions they found a receipt for $7,490 USD , believed to be the whole financial cost . Comparatively , most expeditions are between $35,000 to $100,000 USD plus an additional $20,000 in other expenses that range from gear to bonuses . It was estimated on 14 May that Sharp summitted Mount Everest and began his descent down , but 15 May he was in trouble but being passed by climbers on their way up and down . On 15 May 2006 it is believed he was suffering from hypoxia and was about 1,000 feet from the summit on the North Side route . `` Dawa from Arun Treks also gave oxygen to David and tried to help him move , repeatedly , for perhaps an hour . But he could not get David to stand alone or even stand to rest on his shoulders , and crying , Dawa had to leave him too . Even with two Sherpas , it was not going to be possible to get David down the tricky sections below . '' -- Jamie McGuiness Some climbers who left him said that the rescue efforts would have been useless and only have caused more deaths . Beck Weathers of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster said that those who are dying are often left behind and that he himself had been left for dead twice but was able to keep walking . The Tribune of India quoted someone who described what happened to Sharp as `` the most shameful act in the history of mountaineering '' . In addition to Sharp 's death , at least nine other climbers perished that year , including multiple Sherpas working for various guiding companies . `` You are never on your own . There are climbers everywhere . '' -- David Sharp Much of this controversy was captured by the Discovery Channel while filming the television program Everest : Beyond the Limit . A crucial decision affecting the fate of Sharp is shown in the program , where an early returning climber Lebanese adventurer Maxim Chaya is descending from the summit and radios to his base camp manager ( Russell Brice ) that he has found a frostbitten and unconscious climber in distress . Chaya is unable to identify Sharp , who had chosen to climb solo without any support and so did not identify himself to other climbers . The base camp manager assumes that Sharp is part of a group that has already calculated that they must abandon him , and informs his lone climber that there is no chance of him being able to help Sharp by himself . As Sharp 's condition deteriorates through the day and other descending climbers pass him , his opportunities for rescue diminish : his legs and feet curl from frostbite , preventing him from walking ; the later descending climbers are lower on oxygen and lack the strength to offer aid ; time runs out for any Sherpas to return and rescue him . David Sharp 's body remained just below the summit on the Chinese side next to `` Green Boots '' ; they shared a space in a small rock cave that was an ad hoc tomb for them . Sharp 's body was removed from the cave in 2007 , according to the BBC , and since 2014 , Green Boots has been missing , presumably removed or buried . Lincoln Hall rescue As the Sharp debate kicked off , on 26 May 2006 Australian climber Lincoln Hall was found alive , after being left for dead the day before . He was found by a party of four climbers ( Dan Mazur , Andrew Brash , Myles Osborne and Jangbu Sherpa ) who , giving up their own summit attempt , stayed with Hall and descended with him and a party of 11 Sherpas sent up to carry him down . Hall later fully recovered . His team assumed he had died from cerebral edema , and they were instructed to cover him with rocks . There were no rocks around to do this and he was abandoned . The erroneous information of his death was passed on to his family . The next day he was discovered by another party alive . I was shocked to see a guy without gloves , hat , oxygen bottles or sleeping bag at sunrise at 28,200 - feet height , just sitting up there . -- Dan Mazur Lincoln greeted his fellow mountaineers with this : I imagine you are surprised to see me here . -- Lincoln Hall Lincoln Hall went on to live for several more years , often giving talks about his near - death experience and rescue , before dying from medical issues in 2012 at the age of 56 ( born in 1955 ) . 2007 Similar heroic rescue actions have been recorded since Hall , including on 21 May 2007 , when Canadian climber Meagan McGrath initiated the successful high - altitude rescue of Nepali Usha Bista . Recognising her heroic rescue , Major Meagan McGrath was selected as a 2011 recipient of the Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation of Canada Humanitarian Award , which recognises a Canadian who has personally or administratively contributed a significant service or act in the Himalayan Region of Nepal . Ascent statistics up to 2010 season Ascents of Mount Everest by year through 2010 The sun rising on Everest in 2011 By the end of the 2010 climbing season , there had been 5,104 ascents to the summit by about 3,142 individuals , with 77 % of these ascents being accomplished since 2000 . The summit was achieved in 7 of the 22 years from 1953 to 1974 and was not missed between 1975 and 2014 . In 2007 , the record number of 633 ascents was recorded , by 350 climbers and 253 sherpas . A remarkable illustration of the explosion of popularity of Everest is provided by the numbers of daily ascents . Analysis of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster shows that part of the blame was on the bottleneck caused by a large number of climbers ( 33 to 36 ) attempting to summit on the same day ; this was considered unusually high at the time . By comparison , on 23 May 2010 , the summit of Mount Everest was reached by 169 climbers -- more summits in a single day than in the cumulative 31 years from the first successful summit in 1953 through 1983 . There have been 219 fatalities recorded on Mount Everest from the 1922 British Mount Everest Expedition through the end of 2010 , a rate of 4.3 fatalities for every 100 summits ( this is a general rate , and includes fatalities amongst support climbers , those who turned back before the peak , those who died en route to the peak and those who died while descending from the peak ) . Of the 219 fatalities , 58 ( 26.5 % ) were climbers who had summited but did not complete their descent . Though the rate of fatalities has decreased since the year 2000 ( 1.4 fatalities for every 100 summits , with 3938 summits since 2000 ) , the significant increase in the total number of climbers still means 54 fatalities since 2000 : 33 on the northeast ridge , 17 on the southeast ridge , 2 on the southwest face , and 2 on the north face . Nearly all attempts at the summit are done using one of the two main routes . The traffic seen by each route varies from year to year . In 2005 -- 07 , more than half of all climbers elected to use the more challenging , but cheaper northeast route . In 2008 , the northeast route was closed by the Chinese government for the entire climbing season , and the only people able to reach the summit from the north that year were athletes responsible for carrying the Olympic torch for the 2008 Summer Olympics . The route was closed to foreigners once again in 2009 in the run - up to the 50th anniversary of the Dalai Lama 's exile . These closures led to declining interest in the north route , and , in 2010 , two - thirds of the climbers reached the summit from the south . 2012 and 2013 events Main articles : Mount Everest in 2012 and Mount Everest in 2013 Selfie on the summit , 2012 Years in review summary Year Summiters Reference ( s ) 2012 547 2013 658 2014 106 2015 0 2016 641 2017 648 2014 avalanche and season Main article : 2014 Mount Everest avalanche Mount Everest , 2014 On 18 April 2014 , an avalanche hit the area just below the Base Camp 2 at around 01 : 00 UTC ( 06 : 30 local time ) and at an elevation of about 5,900 metres ( 19,400 ft ) . Sixteen people were killed in the avalanche ( all Nepalese guides ) and nine more were injured . This was not the only tragedy in the region , with over 43 killed in the 2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster , and they were not even summiting but rather trekking the Annapurna Circuit . One positive outcome of the season was a 13 - year - old girl , Malavath Purna , reaching the summit , breaking the record for youngest female . Additionally , one team used a helicopter to fly from south base camp to Camp 2 to avoid the Khumbu Icefall , then reached the Everest summit . This team had to use the south side because the Chinese had denied them a permit to climb . Nepal turned Chinese reluctance into a success for the country , with the executive donating tens of thousands of dollars to local hospitals and achieving a new hybrid aviation - mountaineering technique . She was named the Nepalese `` International Mountaineer of the Year '' . The location of the fatal ice avalanche on the 2014 route , and the revised 2015 route through the Khumbu . Over 100 people summited Everest from China ( Tibet region ) , and six from Nepal in the 2014 season . This included 72 - year - old Bill Burke , the Indian teenage girl , and a Chinese woman Jing Wang . Another teen girl summiter was Ming Kipa Sherpa who summited with her elder sister Lhakpa Sherpa in 2003 , and who had achieved the most times for woman to the summit of Mount Everest at that time . ( see also Santosh Yadav ) 2015 avalanche , earthquake , season Main article : 2015 Mount Everest avalanches Everest , April 2015 2015 was set to be a record - breaking season of climbs , with hundreds of permits issued in Nepal and many additional permits in Tibet ( China ) . However , a magnitude 7.8 earthquake on 25 April 2015 effectively shut down the Everest climbing season . 2015 was the first time since 1974 with no spring summits , as all climbing teams pulled out after the quakes and avalanche . One of the reasons for this was the high probability of aftershocks ( over 50 percent according to the USGS ) . Just weeks after the first quake , the region was rattled again by a 7.3 magnitude quake and there were also many considerable aftershocks . On 25 April 2015 , an earthquake measuring 7.8 M triggered an avalanche that hit Everest Base Camp . Eighteen bodies were recovered from Mount Everest by the Indian Army mountaineering team . The avalanche began on Pumori , moved through the Khumbu Icefall on the southwest side of Mount Everest , and slammed into the South Base Camp . The quakes trapped hundreds of climbers above the Khumbu icefall , and they had to be evacuated by helicopter as they ran low on supplies . The quake shifted the route through the ice fall , making it essentially impassable to climbers . Bad weather also made helicopter evacuation difficult . The Everest tragedy was small compared the impact overall on Nepal , with almost nine thousand dead and about 22 thousand injured . In Tibet , by 28 April at least 25 had died , and 117 were injured . By 29 April 2015 , the Tibet Mountaineering Association ( North / Chinese side ) closed Everest and other peaks to climbing , stranding 25 teams and about 300 people on the north side of Everest . On the south side , helicopters evacuated 180 people trapped at Camps 1 and 2 . Mountain re-opens in August 2015 On 24 August 2015 Nepal re-opened Everest to tourism including mountain climbers . The only climber permit for the autumn season was awarded to Japanese climber Nobukazu Kuriki , who had tried four times previously to summit Everest without success . He made his fifth attempt in October , but had to give up just 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) from the summit due to `` strong winds and deep snow '' . Kurki noted the dangers of climbing Everest , having himself survived being stuck in a freezing snow hole for two days near the top , which came at the cost of all his fingertips and his thumb , lost to frostbite , which added further difficulty to his climb . Some sections of the trail from Lukla to Everest Base Camp ( Nepal ) were damaged in the earthquakes earlier in the year and needed repairs to handle trekkers . 2016 season Mount Everest , May 2016 , with Nuptse and Lhotse peaks to the upper right The Nepal Department of Tourism said by June 2016 that about 456 people made it to the summit of Mount Everest , including 45 women . They noted some good summit windows , and on one day , 19 May 2016 , 209 climbers made it to the summit . By 11 May 2016 the lines were fixed on the south side of Everest , after which several hundred climbers would make it up in the critical weather windows . Alan Arnette published his Everest report by year end , based on results for the now 93 - year - old Elizabeth Hawley , which were released in December 2016 . For 2016 her records indicate 641 made it to the summit early 2016 . On 11 May 2016 , nine Sherpas summited Mount Everest . The next day another six persons reached the top . These were the first summitings since 2014 , when 106 made it to the top . By 13 May , 42 climbers had reached the summit and by 22 May , good weather had allowed over 400 climbers to reach the summit . However , about 30 climbers developed frostbite or became sick , and two climbers died from what was reported as possible altitude sickness . Among those that had to turn back was a science expedition attempting to study the link between hypoxia and cognitive decline . Although it did not run its course , it did give some clues into the effects of high - altitude acclimatisation on human blood . Adrian Ballinger and Cory Richards were sponsored by Eddie Bauer to climb Everest , and they relayed information from the Everest climb using the smartphone software application and service Snapchat . Mount Everest has had a 3G wireless data communication network since 2010 . One of the things that was reported by them , was that bottled oxygen was stolen from them and there was some bad behaviour up there . The bottled oxygen was there for emergency back - up if they ran into trouble . Cory Richards summited Mount Everest without oxygen and returned safely , and Adrian made it almost to the top also . Another famous mountaineer , British climber Kenton Cool achieved his 12th Everest summit ( the second - highest number of Everest summitings for a foreigner after Dave Hahn ) , and US celebrity mountaineer Melissa Arnot , completed her sixth summit , and achieved her personal goal of climbing Everest without supplementary bottled oxygen . This also turned out to be the most summits for a foreign female ( not Nepali or Chinese ) , and one of the first US women to summit and survive without supplementary oxygen . In 1998 , Francys Arsentiev had made it to the summit , but died during the descent ; she went on to become a famous corpse as a landmark known as `` Sleeping Beauty '' until she was buried on Everest in 2007 by one of the people who had tried to help her . Another woman from the Americas , the Ecuadorian woman Carla Perez also summited Mount Everest in 2016 without supplementary oxygen . Perez and Arnot became the fifth and sixth women to summit Everest without supplementary oxygen . There is an ongoing discussion about the use of extra bottled oxygen in mountaineering . Also at issue is Dexamethasone ( Dex ) , which is valuable as a lifesaver as it reduces swelling in the brain if someone comes down with high - altitude cerebral edema ( HACE ) . When American Bill Burke was interviewed for his attempt , he noted how one of his team members had overdosed on Dex , prompting a medical evacuation even as in his more recent expedition , someone had 25 doses of Dex . He also noted it was hard to argue against large supplies of Dex , due its life - saving properties against some types of altitude sickness , especially HACE . An example of a death in which Dex was implicated was Dr. Eberhard Schaaf in 2012 on Everest . Schaaf died on descent at the south summit from altitude sickness . It has a good reputation as a life saver , and is commonly given to Everest climbers for its ability to intervene in last desperate moments when altitude sickness sets in . For example , in the 2016 season Robert Gropel said he gave Dex to his wife ( as reported by the Daily Telegraph ) in attempt to save her as they tried to descend Everest . Dex is just the tip of the iceberg , with the UIAA noting the aforementioned dexamethasone , but also acetazolamide ( aka Diamox ) , amphetamine , and alcohol use ; and another noted Diamox ( acetazolamide ) use among trekkers . It is not really a matter of some authorities being for or against medications , but awareness , as misuse can cause drug interactions and various side effects . In particular it was noted that supplementary oxygen significantly lowers death rate on ultra-high altitude mountain climbing , and is generally not regulated as a drug , whereas the safe use of medications is less understood or even acknowledged in many cases . ( see also : Effects of high altitude on humans ) `` We estimate that during our informal survey on Everest spring 2012 , at least two - thirds of climbers we contacted were prescribed several performance - enhancing drugs ( PEDs ) and had intended to use them not for rescue , but to increase their chances of summit success '' -- Dr. L. Freer of Everest ER Mexican - American David Liaño Gonzalez ( aka David Liano ) summited for the sixth time , promoting a charity and also carrying a Seattle Seahawks flag with him to the Everest summit . Another sports team represented at the Everest summit was the Denver Broncos , with its flag unfurled by Kim Hess . Rounding out US mountaineering was news that a group of soldiers and veterans summited , including some who had been wounded in combat . A British wounded veteran ( one - eyed ) was also trying to summit but gave up his bid to help some Indian climbers . In 2016 the first climbers from Sri Lanka , Myanmar , and Tunisia reached the summit of Mount Everest . Only two other people from North Africa have summited Everest , one from Algeria and the other from Morocco . The youngest Australian woman to summit Mount Everest was Alyssa Azar . She returned to Australia safely , but a bittersweet victory for Australia after the loss of another Australian woman who was also trying to summit that May with her husband . The youngest Japanese woman also summited ( and returned alive ) at the age of 19 . Another woman record - breaker in 2016 was the first woman from Thailand to summit Mount Everest , Napassaporn Chumnarnsit , who was granted an audience with the Prime Minister of Thailand for her achievement . The first person with Cystic Fibrosis also summited Mount Everest on his third try . Also , a 61 - year old summited with two artificial knees . He had been trying for several years and had lost his Nepali friend Sherpa Nawang Tenzing in the 2015 earthquakes . He was not alone in being grief - stricken , as many climbers connected with the Everest mountaineering community lost climbing buddies in two years of disasters . One who narrowly survived the disasters himself climbed this year to bring attention to the disease Lewy body dementia ( DLB ) , which had affected his father . Rescues and fatalities show 2016 fatalities Fatalities Nationality Eric Arnold Netherlands Dr. Maria Strydom Australia Subhash Pal India * Phurba Sherpa Nepal Paresh Nath India Goutam Ghosh India Dr. Charles MacAdams Canada * Lhotse face fatality A one - eyed British war veteran rescued a woman from India who was in trouble on her descent . The climber , Leslie Binns , successfully rescued her and tried to save another from her ill - fated eleven - person expedition which suffered three fatalities . About 500 metres from the summit , which he could see with his one eye , he heard a woman screaming for help so he gave up his summit bid to help her down . She had run out of bottled oxygen and was getting frostbitten . On 11 May 2016 a Calgary physician died in Tibet , in the Chinese - side base camp . A 25 - year old Nepali named Phurba Sherpa , fixing lines near the Lhotse summit , fell to his death . A guide company , Arnold Coster Expeditions , suffered two fatalities , and a third client had to be airlifted out . One was a man from the Netherlands , and another was a South African - born Australian woman . Her husband had tried to save her , but he also ran into trouble and had to be airlifted out with medical complications . These deaths were very widely reported in international news and triggered some public discussion about Everest mountaineering and tourism . An Indian expedition from West Bengal suffered a great tragedy , with the single expedition suffering three fatalities and third , a mother of an 11 - year old had to be rescued on her way down . At first it was reported one died and two were missing , but later the other two were located and had not survived . One British climber gave up his summit bid to help a Bengali woman that had fallen and was ailing on her descent . She was evacuated by the Himalayan Rescue Association and airlifted to Kathmandu with bad frostbite injuries . They were part of an eleven - member expedition from India . Eight had reached the summit , including the injured woman The death toll for Everest climbers rose to five in most reports by late May 2016 , and with a death of a high - altitude worker on Lhotse face during the season ( Everest summiters sometimes need to climb Lhotse face depending on the route ) , gives a total of six known deaths from the Everest massif by the time the season drew to a close . Although not widely reported during May , a climber in Tibet had died on 11 May 2016 which makes it possibly six for Mount Everest and seven for the Everest Massif . The Nepal ministry of tourism said five people died ( on the Nepali side ) . 2017 season Main article : Mount Everest in 2017 2017 was the biggest season yet , permit-wise , yielding hundreds of summiters and a handful of deaths . On 27 May 2017 , Kami Rita Sherpa made her 21st climb to the summit with the Alpine Ascents Everest Expedition , one of three people in the World along with Apa Sherpa and Phurba Tashi Sherpa to make it to the summit of Mount Everest 21 times . The season had a tragic start with the death of famous climber Ueli Steck of Switzerland , who died from a fall during a warm - up climb . There was a continued discussion about the nature of possible changes to the Hillary Step . Total summiters for 2017 was tallied up to be 648 . 449 summited via Nepal ( from the South ) and 120 from Chinese Tibet ( North side ) . 2018 Famous Himalayan record keeper Elizabeth Hawley died in late January 2018 . In 2018 , Nepal may re-measure the height of Mount Everest , which is typically recognized as being 29,029 , although re-measurement by teams have come up with somewhat varying figures including 29,022 and 29,035 . One of the issues is if the height is from the rock summit or includes the ice and snow , which can add a significant amount of height . It is known the height of Everest may be changing due to its position on tectonic plates , which can alternately raise or lower it depending on the type of tectonic event . Another goal in 2018 that many organizations have , is to remove trash from the mountain and nature areas . Nepal honoured several mountain climbers , including those that and summited Everest in the 1970s and went on to conduct humanitarian projects in the impoverished land - locked country . Climbers honoured by Nep al included Wolfgang Nairz , Oswald Ölz , Peter Habeler , Raimund Magreiter , Robert Schauer , Hanns Schell and Helmuth Hagner . Nepal also honored Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler in April 2018 , for their 1978 climb of Mount Everest . As of April 2018 , about 350 climbing permits for tourists had been issued so far on the Nepal side . Olympic Gold Medal winner Victoria Pendleton , made a summit bid with TV show host Ben Fogle , however , the summit bid had to be abandoned due to medical concerns . One reason for this was that a weather window opened up earlier than expected , but her body was not taking in enough oxygen . Everest has claimed perhaps 300 lives in the last century of expeditions on the mountain , often with little regard to a climber 's skill -- it has claimed the careless and sometimes the careful as well . The weather window is a time , in modern times carefully watched with modern weather observation and prediction technology , to find the time of calm to avoid treacherously high winds which are known to reach 175 mph ( 280 kph ) . A gourmet pop - up restaurant at Everest Base camp was planned this year , making international news . A group of chefs planned a seven course meal featuring local ingredients , and one of the challenges of serving gourmet food at high altitude is that people 's sense of taste is altered . The Chef noted he planned to use the style of cooking Sous - vide on the expedition . On May 13 , 2018 , a group of Nepali climbers reached the summit of Mount Everest , the first of the season . This group paves the way for more climbers to reach from the Nepal side of the mountain , and 346 permits were granted for this year in the climbing season which runs in the spring from April to the end of May . Another 180 climbers are said to be making a summit bid from the northern side , in China ( Tibet region ) . This is the time when there are a few days of calm and good weather high on the mountain . Some of the fatalities this season were a Japanese climber who died on his 8th attempt and was known for returning to make a summit attempt in 2015 even after he lost nine of his fingers in an attempt to summit in 2012 . Also , a climber from Macedonia is reported to have died on the mountain . By May 19 , 2018 , the Kathmandu Times reports that at least 277 climbers had summited Mount Everest . Among those that summited this year was a team lead by Adrian Ballinger , including Neal Beidleman who survived the 1996 Mount Everest disaster and returned to summit this season . Record - breaking woman summiter Lhakpa Sherpa summited Mount Everest again , making 2018 her 9th summit of Mount Everest , meanwhile Kami Rita Sherpa attained his 22nd summit in 2018 , overtaking the previous maximum of 21 set by Apa Sherpa . The famous British climber Kenton Cool increased his summit tally to 13 in 2018 , the most for the United Kingdom . Some the various national records include Alyssa Azar , she became the youngest Australian to summit the mountain in 2016 when she was just 19 and reached the summit again in 2018. The achievement also makers her the youngest Australian to summit Mount Everest , to summit it twice , and youngest from both south and north sides of the Mountain . A group of woman journalists that climbed Everest as part of the Women Journalists Everest Expedition - 2018 was awarded for their expedition by the Prime Minister of Nepal , in Kathmandu . Due to various incentives for Sherpas that will receive $2 per kilo of trash removed and can earn up to $500 for returning an oxygen bottle discard on Everest has resulted in cleaned up trails . This season additional confirmation has come in that the Hillary Step has been altered , with the climber 's describing it as a slope . It used to be a 40 foot ( 12 meter ) climbing face a ways down from the summit , and there was a clear report it has now changed as in previous years there was a lot of snow that made it harder to determine what had happened . In particular , one large stone of about 5 meters in height is gone . The step was famous since it was first known to be climbed by Hillary in 1953 , and so named . About 5 people are reported to have died or gone missing mountaineering at Mount Everest by late May 2018 in this season , including Nobukazu Kuriki , Gjeorgi Petkov , Rustem Amirov , and Lama Babu Sherpa . Climbing Looking up along the southern ridgeline , the face of the Hillary Step is visible . The top of the South - West face is on the left in shadow , and in the light to the right is the top of the East / Kangshung face . In 2016 and 2017 there were serious reports that the Hillary Step was changed , which triggered a big discussion in the climbing community . ( 2010 photo ) Typical Nepal Camp Altitudes Location Altitude ( km ) Base camp 5400 m / 17700 ft . 5.4 5.4 Camp 1 6100 m / 20000 ft . 6.1 6.1 Camp 2 6400 m / 21000 ft . 6.4 6.4 Camp 3 6800m / 22300 ft . 6.8 6.8 Camp 4 8000 m / 26000 ft . 8 8 Summit 8850 m / 29035 ft . 8.8 8.8 One of the big activities is trips to base camp ( aka trekking ) , which can be higher than some of the highest mountains . The other big activity is serious attempts to make it to the top of Everest , and those in support of those attempts . The peak time for this is late May , because that is when the monsoons push the jet stream away , there is another time later in the year when the monsoon ends yielding another break in the weather , but there is more snow then . Some technology for climbing include crampons , fixed ropes , various cold - weather gear , bottled oxygen , and weather prediction . Predicting the weather is critical ; one of the big disasters came in 1996 when a storm hit during a summit bid . In modern times , there is greater on - demand logistical support available such as internet access , but also some new challenges like not offending the locals and watching out for oxygen - bottle thefts . Helicopter support has grown and the availability of helicopter rescues increased , but there are limits on how high and in what weather they are able to fly . Modern dangers include unexpected avalanches ( these claimed many lives in 2014 and 2015 ) , sudden onset of altitude sickness , and classic climbing danger - falling . For a price , permits are available from both China in the Tibet region and from Nepal ; there is a multitude of mountaineering firms from all over the world operating on the mountain . Permits There were 334 climbing permits issued in 2014 in Nepal , these were extended until 2019 due to the closure . In 2015 there was 357 permits to climb Everest , but the mountain was closed again because of the avalanche and earthquake , and these permits were given a two - year extension to 2017 ( not to 2019 as with the 2014 issue ) . This was an example of hospitality that Nepalis have become famous for ; an extension was especially requested by expedition firms ( which in turn bring resources into the country due for mountaineering ) . Nepal is essentially a `` fourth world '' country , as of 2015 one of the poorest non-African countries along with Haiti and Myanmar , and the 19th poorest country in the world overall . Despite this , Nepal has been very welcoming to tourists and a significant tourism industry has been established . Although there is some difficulties , especially it can be hard to maintain order in distant areas or control the actions of trouble - makers there is along history of going the extra kilometer for tourists . In 2017 a permit evader who tried to climb Everest without the 11,000 dollar permit , faced among other penalties a 22,000 dollar fine , bans , and a possible four years in jail after he was caught ( he had made it up past the Khumbu icefall ) . In the end he was given a ten - year mountaineering ban in Nepal and allowed to return home according to the British newspaper Daily Mail . The rogue mountaineer , who in fact had not climbed other mountains , said he was `` ecstatic '' and that he would try again but buy a permit next time . Nepal permits by year : 2008 -- 160 2009 -- 220 2010 -- 209 2011 -- 225 2012 -- 208 2013 -- 316 2014 -- 326 ( extended for use in any year up to 2019 ) 2015 -- 356 ( extended for in any year up to 2017 ) 2016 -- 289 2017 -- 373 ( last year for 2015 extended permits ) The Chinese side in Tibet is also managed with permits for summiting Everest . They did not issue permits in 2008 , due to the Olympic torch relay being taken to the summit of Mount Everest . Routes Overview South Col route and North Col / Ridge route Mt . Everest has two main climbing routes , the southeast ridge from Nepal and the north ridge from Tibet , as well as many other less frequently climbed routes . Of the two main routes , the southeast ridge is technically easier and more frequently used . It was the route used by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953 and the first recognised of 15 routes to the top by 1996 . This was , however , a route decision dictated more by politics than by design , as the Chinese border was closed to the western world in the 1950s , after the People 's Republic of China invaded Tibet . Most attempts are made during May , before the summer monsoon season . As the monsoon season approaches , the jet stream shifts northward , thereby reducing the average wind speeds high on the mountain . While attempts are sometimes made in September and October , after the monsoons , when the jet stream is again temporarily pushed northward , the additional snow deposited by the monsoons and the less stable weather patterns at the monsoons ' tail end makes climbing extremely difficult . Southeast ridge The ascent via the southeast ridge begins with a trek to Base Camp at 5,380 m ( 17,700 ft ) on the south side of Everest , in Nepal . Expeditions usually fly into Lukla ( 2,860 m ) from Kathmandu and pass through Namche Bazaar . Climbers then hike to Base Camp , which usually takes six to eight days , allowing for proper altitude acclimatisation in order to prevent altitude sickness . Climbing equipment and supplies are carried by yaks , dzopkyos ( yak - cow hybrids ) , and human porters to Base Camp on the Khumbu Glacier . When Hillary and Tenzing climbed Everest in 1953 , the British expedition they were part of ( comprising over 400 climbers , porters , and Sherpas at that point ) started from the Kathmandu Valley , as there were no roads further east at that time . Climbers spend a couple of weeks in Base Camp , acclimatising to the altitude . During that time , Sherpas and some expedition climbers set up ropes and ladders in the treacherous Khumbu Icefall . Seracs , crevasses , and shifting blocks of ice make the icefall one of the most dangerous sections of the route . Many climbers and Sherpas have been killed in this section . To reduce the hazard , climbers usually begin their ascent well before dawn , when the freezing temperatures glue ice blocks in place . Above the icefall is Camp I at 6,065 metres ( 19,900 ft ) . Climber traversing Khumbu Icefall From Camp I , climbers make their way up the Western Cwm to the base of the Lhotse face , where Camp II or Advanced Base Camp ( ABC ) is established at 6,500 m ( 21,300 ft ) . The Western Cwm is a flat , gently rising glacial valley , marked by huge lateral crevasses in the centre , which prevent direct access to the upper reaches of the Cwm . Climbers are forced to cross on the far right , near the base of Nuptse , to a small passageway known as the `` Nuptse corner '' . The Western Cwm is also called the `` Valley of Silence '' as the topography of the area generally cuts off wind from the climbing route . The high altitude and a clear , windless day can make the Western Cwm unbearably hot for climbers . From ABC , climbers ascend the Lhotse face on fixed ropes , up to Camp III , located on a small ledge at 7,470 m ( 24,500 ft ) . From there , it is another 500 metres to Camp IV on the South Col at 7,920 m ( 26,000 ft ) . From Camp III to Camp IV , climbers are faced with two additional challenges : the Geneva Spur and the Yellow Band . The Geneva Spur is an anvil shaped rib of black rock named by the 1952 Swiss expedition . Fixed ropes assist climbers in scrambling over this snow covered rock band . The Yellow Band is a section of interlayered marble , phyllite , and semischist , which also requires about 100 metres of rope for traversing it . On the South Col , climbers enter the death zone . Climbers making summit bids typically can endure no more than two or three days at this altitude . That 's one reason why clear weather and low winds are critical factors in deciding whether to make a summit attempt . If the weather does not cooperate within these short few days , climbers are forced to descend , many all the way back down to Base Camp . From Camp IV , climbers begin their summit push around midnight , with hopes of reaching the summit ( still another 1,000 metres above ) within 10 to 12 hours . Climbers first reach `` The Balcony '' at 8,400 m ( 27,600 ft ) , a small platform where they can rest and gaze at peaks to the south and east in the early light of dawn . Continuing up the ridge , climbers are then faced with a series of imposing rock steps which usually forces them to the east into the waist - deep snow , a serious avalanche hazard . At 8,750 m ( 28,700 ft ) , a small table - sized dome of ice and snow marks the South Summit . From the South Summit , climbers follow the knife - edge southeast ridge along what is known as the `` Cornice traverse '' , where snow clings to intermittent rock . This is the most exposed section of the climb , and a misstep to the left would send one 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) down the southwest face , while to the immediate right is the 3,050 m ( 10,010 ft ) Kangshung Face . At the end of this traverse is an imposing 12 m ( 39 ft ) rock wall , the Hillary Step , at 8,790 m ( 28,840 ft ) . Hillary and Tenzing were the first climbers to ascend this step , and they did so use primitive ice climbing equipment and ropes . Nowadays , climbers ascend this step using fixed ropes previously set up by Sherpas . Once above the step , it is a comparatively easy climb to the top on moderately angled snow slopes -- though the exposure on the ridge is extreme , especially while traversing large cornices of snow . With increasing numbers of people climbing the mountain in recent years , the Step has frequently become a bottleneck , with climbers forced to wait significant amounts of time for their turn on the ropes , leading to problems in getting climbers efficiently up and down the mountain . After the Hillary Step , climbers also must traverse a loose and rocky section that has a large entanglement of fixed ropes that can be troublesome in bad weather . Climbers typically spend less than half an hour at the summit to allow time to descend to Camp IV before darkness sets in , to avoid serious problems with afternoon weather , or because supplemental oxygen tanks run out . North ridge route See also : Three Steps Mount Everest north face from Rongbuk in Tibet The north ridge route begins from the north side of Everest , in Tibet . Expeditions trek to the Rongbuk Glacier , setting up base camp at 5,180 m ( 16,990 ft ) on a gravel plain just below the glacier . To reach Camp II , climbers ascend the medial moraine of the east Rongbuk Glacier up to the base of Changtse , at around 6,100 m ( 20,000 ft ) . Camp III ( ABC -- Advanced Base Camp ) is situated below the North Col at 6,500 m ( 21,300 ft ) . To reach Camp IV on the North Col , climbers ascend the glacier to the foot of the col where fixed ropes are used to reach the North Col at 7,010 m ( 23,000 ft ) . From the North Col , climbers ascend the rocky north ridge to set up Camp V at around 7,775 m ( 25,500 ft ) . The route crosses the North Face in a diagonal climb to the base of the Yellow Band , reaching the site of Camp VI at 8,230 m ( 27,000 ft ) . From Camp VI , climbers make their final summit push . Climbers face a treacherous traverse from the base of the First Step : ascending from 8,501 to 8,534 m ( 27,890 to 28,000 ft ) , to the crux of the climb , the Second Step , ascending from 8,577 to 8,626 m ( 28,140 to 28,300 ft ) . ( The Second Step includes a climbing aid called the `` Chinese ladder '' , a metal ladder placed semi-permanently in 1975 by a party of Chinese climbers . It has been almost continuously in place since , and ladders have been used by virtually all climbers on the route . ) Once above the Second Step the inconsequential Third Step is clambered over , ascending from 8,690 to 8,800 m ( 28,510 to 28,870 ft ) . Once above these steps , the summit pyramid is climbed by a snow slope of 50 degrees , to the final summit ridge along which the top is reached . Summit A view from the summit of Mount Everest in May 2013 The routes usually share one spot in common , the summit itself . The summit of Everest has been described as `` the size of a dining room table '' . The summit is capped with snow over ice over rock , and the layer of snow varies from year to year . The rock summit is made of Ordovician limestone and is a low - grade metamorphic rock according to Montana State University . ( see survey section for more on its height and about the Everest rock summit ) Below the summit there is an area known as `` rainbow valley '' , filled with dead bodies still wearing brightly coloured winter gear . Down to about 8000 metres is an area commonly called the `` death zone '' , due to the high danger and low oxygen because of the low pressure . Below the summit the mountain slopes downward to the three main sides , or faces , of Mount Everest : the North Face , the South - West Face , and the East / Kangshung Face . Death zone Main article : Effects of high altitude on humans The summit of Mount Everest from the North side From Kala Patthar At the higher regions of Mount Everest , climbers seeking the summit typically spend substantial time within the death zone ( altitudes higher than 8,000 metres ( 26,000 ft ) ) , and face significant challenges to survival . Temperatures can dip to very low levels , resulting in frostbite of any body part exposed to the air . Since temperatures are so low , snow is well - frozen in certain areas and death or injury by slipping and falling can occur . High winds at these altitudes on Everest are also a potential threat to climbers . Another significant threat to climbers is low atmospheric pressure . The atmospheric pressure at the top of Everest is about a third of sea level pressure or 0.333 standard atmospheres ( 337 mbar ) , resulting in the availability of only about a third as much oxygen to breathe . Debilitating effects of the death zone are so great that it takes most climbers up to 12 hours to walk the distance of 1.72 kilometres ( 1.07 mi ) from South Col to the summit . Achieving even this level of performance requires prolonged altitude acclimatisation , which takes 40 -- 60 days for a typical expedition . A sea - level dweller exposed to the atmospheric conditions at the altitude above 8,500 m ( 27,900 ft ) without acclimatisation would likely lose consciousness within 2 to 3 minutes . In May 2007 , the Caudwell Xtreme Everest undertook a medical study of oxygen levels in human blood at extreme altitude . Over 200 volunteers climbed to Everest Base Camp where various medical tests were performed to examine blood oxygen levels . A small team also performed tests on the way to the summit . Even at base camp , the low partial pressure of oxygen had direct effect on blood oxygen saturation levels . At sea level , blood oxygen saturation is generally 98 -- 99 % . At base camp , blood saturation fell to between 85 and 87 % . Blood samples taken at the summit indicated very low oxygen levels in the blood . A side effect of low blood oxygen is a greatly increased breathing rate , often 80 -- 90 breaths per minute as opposed to a more typical 20 -- 30 . Exhaustion can occur merely attempting to breathe . Lack of oxygen , exhaustion , extreme cold , and climbing hazards all contribute to the death toll . An injured person who can not walk is in serious trouble , since rescue by helicopter is generally impractical and carrying the person off the mountain is very risky . People who die during the climb are typically left behind . As of 2006 , about 150 bodies had never been recovered . It is not uncommon to find corpses near the standard climbing routes . Debilitating symptoms consistent with high altitude cerebral oedema commonly present during descent from the summit of Mount Everest . Profound fatigue and late times in reaching the summit are early features associated with subsequent death . -- Mortality on Mount Everest , 1921 -- 2006 : descriptive study A 2008 study noted that the `` death zone '' is indeed where most Everest deaths occur , but also noted that most deaths occur during descent from the summit . A 2014 article in the magazine The Atlantic about deaths on Everest noted that while falling is one of the greatest dangers the DZ presents for all 8000ers , avalanches are a more common cause of death at lower altitudes . However , Everest climbing is more deadly than BASE jumping , although some have combined extreme sports and Everest including a beverage company that had someone base - jumping off Everest in a wingsuit ( they did survive , though ) . Despite this , Everest is safer for climbers than a number of peaks by some measurements , but it depends on the period . Some examples are Kangchenjunga , K2 , Annapurna , Nanga Parbat , and the Eiger ( especially the nordwand ) . Mont Blanc has more deaths each year than Everest , with over one hundred dying in a typical year and over eight thousand killed since records were kept . Some factors that affect total mountain lethality include the level of popularity of the mountain , the skill of those climbing , and the difficulty of the climb . Another health hazard is retinal haemorrhages , which can damage eyesight and cause blindness . Up to a quarter of Everest climbers can experience retinal haemorrhages , and although they usually heal within weeks of returning to lower altitudes , in 2010 a climber went blind and ended up dying in the death zone . At one o'clock in the afternoon , the British climber Peter Kinloch was on the roof of the world , in bright sunlight , taking photographs of the Himalayas below , `` elated , cheery and bubbly '' . But Mount Everest is now his grave , because only minutes later , he suddenly went blind and had to be abandoned to die from the cold . -- A. McSmith The team made a huge effort for the next 12 hours to try to get him down the mountain , but to no avail , as they were unsuccessful in getting him through the difficult sections . Even for the able , the Everest North - East ridge is recognised as a challenge . It is hard to rescue someone who has become incapacitated and it can be beyond the ability of rescuers to save anyone in such a difficult spot . One way around this situation was pioneered by two Nepali men in 2011 , who had intended to paraglide off the summit . They had no choice and were forced to go through with their plan anyway , because they had run out of bottled oxygen and supplies . They successfully launched off the summit and para-glided down to Namche in just 42 minutes , without having to climb down the mountain . Supplemental oxygen Climber at the summit wearing an oxygen mask Available oxygen at Everest Most expeditions use oxygen masks and tanks above 8,000 m ( 26,000 ft ) . Everest can be climbed without supplementary oxygen , but only by the most accomplished mountaineers and at increased risk . Humans do not think clearly with low oxygen , and the combination of extreme weather , low temperatures , and steep slopes often requires quick , accurate decisions . While about 95 percent of climbers who reach the summit use bottled oxygen in order to reach the top , about five percent of climbers have summited Everest without supplemental oxygen . The death rate is double for those who attempt to reach the summit without supplemental oxygen . Travelling above 8,000 feet altitude is a factor in cerebral hypoxia . This decrease of oxygen to the brain can cause dementia and brain damage , as well as other symptoms . One study found that Mount Everest may be the highest an acclimatised human could go , but also found that climbers may suffer permanent neurological damage despite returning to lower altitudes . Brain cells are extremely sensitive to a lack of oxygen . Some brain cells start dying less than 5 minutes after their oxygen supply disappears . As a result , brain hypoxia can rapidly cause severe brain damage or death . -- Healthline Website The use of bottled oxygen to ascend Mount Everest has been controversial . It was first used on the 1922 British Mount Everest Expedition by George Finch and Geoffrey Bruce who climbed up to 7,800 m ( 25,600 ft ) at a spectacular speed of 1,000 vertical feet per hour ( vf / h ) . Pinned down by a fierce storm , they escaped death by breathing oxygen from a jury - rigged set - up during the night . The next day they climbed to 8,100 m ( 26,600 ft ) at 900 vf / h -- nearly three times as fast as non-oxygen users . Yet the use of oxygen was considered so unsportsmanlike that none of the rest of the Alpine world recognised this high ascent rate . George Mallory described the use of such oxygen as unsportsmanlike , but he later concluded that it would be impossible for him to summit without it and consequently used it on his final attempt in 1924 . When Tenzing and Hillary made the first successful summit in 1953 , they used bottled oxygen , with the expedition 's physiologist Griffith Pugh referring to the oxygen debate as a `` futile controversy '' , noting that oxygen `` greatly increases subjective appreciation of the surroundings , which after all is one of the chief reasons for climbing . '' For the next twenty - five years , bottled oxygen was considered standard for any successful summit . ... although an acclimatised lowlander can survive for a time on the summit of Everest without supplemental oxygen , one is so close to the limit that even a modicum of excess exertion may impair brain function . -- Thomas F. Hornbein in The high - altitude brain Reinhold Messner was the first climber to break the bottled oxygen tradition and in 1978 , with Peter Habeler , made the first successful climb without it . In 1980 , Messner summited the mountain solo , without supplemental oxygen or any porters or climbing partners , on the more difficult northwest route . Once the climbing community was satisfied that the mountain could be climbed without supplemental oxygen , many purists then took the next logical step of insisting that is how it should be climbed . The aftermath of the 1996 disaster further intensified the debate . Jon Krakauer 's Into Thin Air ( 1997 ) expressed the author 's personal criticisms of the use of bottled oxygen . Krakauer wrote that the use of bottled oxygen allowed otherwise unqualified climbers to attempt to summit , leading to dangerous situations and more deaths . The disaster was partially caused by the sheer number of climbers ( 34 on that day ) attempting to ascend , causing bottlenecks at the Hillary Step and delaying many climbers , most of whom summitted after the usual 14 : 00 turnaround time . He proposed banning bottled oxygen except for emergency cases , arguing that this would both decrease the growing pollution on Everest -- many bottles have accumulated on its slopes -- and keep marginally qualified climbers off the mountain . The 1996 disaster also introduced the issue of the guide 's role in using bottled oxygen . Guide Anatoli Boukreev 's decision not to use bottled oxygen was sharply criticised by Jon Krakauer . Boukreev 's supporters ( who include G. Weston DeWalt , who co-wrote The Climb ) state that using bottled oxygen gives a false sense of security . Krakauer and his supporters point out that , without bottled oxygen , Boukreev could not directly help his clients descend . They state that Boukreev said that he was going down with client Martin Adams , but just below the south summit , Boukreev determined that Adams was doing fine on the descent and so descended at a faster pace , leaving Adams behind . Adams states in The Climb , `` For me , it was business as usual , Anatoli 's going by , and I had no problems with that . '' The low oxygen can cause a mental fog - like impairment of cognitive abilities described as `` delayed and lethargic thought process , clinically defined as bradypsychia '' even after returning to lower altitudes . In severe cases , climbers can experience hallucinations . Some studies have found that high - altitude climbers , including Everest climbers , experience altered brain structure . The effects of high altitude on the brain , particularly if it can cause permanent brain damage , continue to be studied . Autumn climbing Everest in September 2006 , what can be seen here is how white all the mountains are from snowfall . The increased snowfall in the autumn has made it popular for ski / snow boarding but the increased risk of avalanche from all the snow does not benefit mountaineering Although generally less popular than spring , Mount Everest has also been climbed in the autumn ( also called the `` post-monsoon season '' ) . For example , in 2010 Eric Larsen and five Nepali guides summited Everest in the autumn for the first time in ten years . The first mainland British ascent of Mount Everest ( Hillary was from New Zealand ) , led by Chris Bonnington , was an autumn ascent in 1975 . The autumn season , when the monsoon ends , is regarded as more dangerous because there is typically a lot of new snow which can be unstable . However , this increased snow can make it more popular with certain winter sports like skiing and snow boarding . Two Japanese also summited in October 1973 . Chris Chandler and Bob Cormack summited Everest in October 1976 as part of the American Bicentennial Everest Expedition that year , the first Americans to make an autumn ascent of Mt . Everest according to the Los Angeles Times . By the 21st century , summer and autumn can be more popular with skiing and snowboard attempts on Mount Everest . During the 1980s , climbing in autumn was actually more popular than in spring . The U.S. astronaut Karl Gordon Henize died in October 1993 on a fall ( autumn ) expedition conducting an experiment on radiation . The amount of background radiation increases with higher altitudes . The mountain has also been climbed in the winter , but that is not popular because of the combination of cold high winds and shorter days . By January the peak is typically battered by 170 mph ( 270 km / h ) winds and the average temperature of the summit is around − 33 ° F ( − 36 ° C ) . Selected climbing records Main article : Timeline of climbing Mount Everest The Khumbu Icefall in 2005 The Western Cwm ( `` Coom '' ) , with Everest on the left and Lhotse to the right By the end of the 2010 climbing season , there had been 5,104 ascents to the summit by about 3,142 individuals . Some notable `` firsts '' by climbers include : 1922 -- First climb to 8,000 metres ( 26,247 ft ) , by George Finch and Captain Geoffrey Bruce 1952 -- First climb to South Col by 1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition 1953 -- First ascent , by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary on 1953 British Mount Everest expedition 1960 -- First reported ascent from the North Ridge by Wang Fuzhou , Gonpo and Qu Yinhua of China . 1975 -- First female ascent , by Junko Tabei ( 16 May ) . 1975 -- First female ascent from the North Ridge , by Phanthog , deputy head of the second Chinese Everest expedition that sent nine climbers to the summit ( 27 May ) . 1978 -- First ascent without supplemental oxygen by Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler 1980 -- First winter ascent , by Polish National Expedition Winter 1979 / 1980 ( Leszek Cichy and Krzysztof Wielicki ) 1980 -- First solo ascent , by Reinhold Messner 1988 -- First `` cross-over '' climb by Chinese , Japanese and Nepalese teams which ascended the peak simultaneously from both the North and South sides of the mountain and descended down the other side . The cross-over climb was also the first to be recorded on live broadcast television . 1988 -- First descent by paraglider , by Jean - Marc Boivin 1988 -- First female ascent without supplemental oxygen by Lydia Bradey 1998 -- Fastest to reach the summit via the southeast ridge ( South Col ) , without supplemental oxygen , by Kazi Sherpa , in 20 hours and 24 minutes . 2000 -- First descent by ski by Davo Karničar 2001 -- First ascent by a blind climber , Erik Weihenmayer 2001 -- Lhakpa Sherpa becomes first Nepali woman to summit Everest and survive . 2004 -- Fastest to reach the summit via the southeast ridge ( South Col ) , with supplemental oxygen , by Pemba Dorje , in 8 hours and 10 minutes . 2006 -- Lhakpa Sherpa summits for the 6th time , breaking her own record for most successful female Everest climber . 2007 -- Fastest to reach the summit via the northeast ridge , without supplemental oxygen , by Christian Stangl , in 16 hours , 42 minutes . 2010 -- Youngest male to reach the summit , by Jordan Romero ( 13 - year and 10 months old ) 2011 -- Most times to reach the summit , Apa Sherpa ( 21 times ; 10 May 1990 -- 11 May 2011 ) 2013 -- Apa Sherpa tied for most times to reach the summit by Phurba Tashi ( 21 times ; 1999 -- 2013 ) 2013 -- Melissa Arnot , American , summits for the 5th time breaking her own record for most successful summits by any non-Sherpa woman . 2014 -- Youngest female to reach the summit , by Malavath Purna ( 13 - year and 11 months old ) 2017 -- Kami Rita Sherpa of Alpine Ascents reaches 21 ascents to the summit . Summiting with disabilities Summiting Everest with disabilities such as amputations and diseases has become popular in the 21st century , with stories like that of Sudarshan Gautam , a man with no arms who made it to the top in 2013 . A teenager with Down 's syndrome made it to Base camp , which has become a substitute for more extreme record - breaking because it carries many of the same thrills including the trip to the Himalayas and rustic scenery . Danger lurks even at base camp though , which was the site where dozens were killed in the 2015 Mount Everest avalanches . Others that have climbed Everest with amputations include Mark Inglis ( no legs ) , Paul Hockey ( 1 arm only ) , and Arunima Sinha ( 1 leg ) . Everest and aviation 1988 : first climb and glide On 26 September 1988 , having climbed the mountain via the south - east ridge , Jean - Marc Boivin made the first paraglider descent of Everest , in the process creating the record for the fastest descent of the mountain and the highest paraglider flight . Boivin said : `` I was tired when I reached the top because I had broken much of the trail , and to run at this altitude was quite hard . '' Boivin ran 18 m ( 60 ft ) from below the summit on 40 - degree slopes to launch his paraglider , reaching Camp II at 5,900 m ( 19,400 ft ) in 12 minutes ( some sources say 11 minutes ) . Boivin would not repeat this feat , as he was killed two years later in 1990 , base - jumping off Venezuela 's Angel Falls . 1991 : hot air balloon flyover In 1991 four men in two balloons achieved the first hot - air balloon flight over Mount Everest . In one balloon was Andy Elson and Eric Jones ( cameraman ) , and in the other balloon Chris Dewhirst and Leo Dickinson ( cameraman ) . Leo went on to write a book about the adventure called Ballooning Over Everest . The hot - air balloons were modified to function at up to 40,000 feet altitude . Reinhold Messner called one of Leo 's panoramic views of Everest , captured on the now discontinued Kodak Kodachrome film , the `` best snap on Earth '' , according to UK newspaper The Telegraph . Dewhirst has offered to take passengers on a repeat of this feat for 2.6 million USD per passenger . 2005 : pilot summits Everest with helicopter Photo of a Eurocopter AS350 B3 `` Squirrel '' In May 2005 , pilot Didier Delsalle of France landed a Eurocopter AS350 B3 helicopter on the summit of Mount Everest . He needed to land for two minutes to set the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) official record , but he stayed for about four minutes , twice . In this type of landing the rotors stay engaged , which avoids relying on the snow to fully support the aircraft . The flight set rotorcraft world records , for highest of both landing and take - off . Some press reports suggested that the report of the summit landing was a misunderstanding of a South Col landing , but he had also landed on South Col two days earlier , with this landing and the Everest records confirmed by the FAI . Delsalle also rescued two Japanese climbers at 4,880 m ( 16,000 ft ) while he was there . One climber noted that the new record meant a better chance of rescue . 2011 Paraglide off summit In 2011 two Nepali paraglided from the Everest Summit to Namche in 42 minutes . They had run out of oxygen and supplies , so it was a very fast way off the mountain . The duo won National Geographic Adventurers of the Year for 2012 for their exploits . After the paraglide they kayaked to the Indian Ocean , and they had made it to the Bay of Bengal by the end of June 2011 . One had never climbed , and one had never para-glided , but together they accomplished a ground - breaking feat . By 2013 footage of the flight was shown on the television Nightline . ( see also kayaking for more on this style of activity ) 2014 : helicopter - assisted ascent In 2014 , a team financed and led by mountaineer Wang Jing used a helicopter to fly from South base camp to Camp 2 to avoid the Khumbu Icefall , and thence climbed to the Everest summit . This climb immediately sparked outrage and controversy in much of the mountaineering world over the legitimacy and propriety of her climb . Nepal ended up investigating Wang , who initially denied the claim that she had flown to Camp 2 , admitting only that some support crew were flown to that higher camp , over the Khumbu Icefall . In August 2014 , however , she stated that she had flown to Camp 2 because the icefall was impassable . `` If you do n't fly to Camp II , you just go home , '' she said in an interview . In that same interview she also insisted that she had never tried to hide this fact . Her team had had to use the south side because the Chinese had denied them a permit to climb . Ultimately , the Chinese refusal may have been beneficial to Nepalese interests , allowing the government to showcase improved local hospitals and provided the opportunity for a new hybrid aviation / mountaineering style , triggering discussions about helicopter use in the mountaineering world . National Geographic noted that a village festooned Wang with honours after she donated 30,000 USD to the town 's hospital . Wang won the International Mountaineer of the Year Award from the Nepal government in June 2014 . 2016 : helicopter business increases In 2016 the increased use of helicopters was noted for increased efficiency and for hauling material over the deadly Khumbu icefall . In particular it was noted that flights saved icefall porters 80 trips but still increased commercial activity at Everest . After many Nepalis died in the icefall in 2014 , the government had wanted helicopters to handle more transportation to Camp 1 but this was not possible because of the 2015 deaths and earthquake closing the mountain , so this was then implemented in 2016 ( helicopters did prove instrumental in rescuing many people in 2015 though ) . That summer Bell tested the 412EPI , which conducted a series of tests including hovering at 18,000 feet and flying as high as 20,000 feet altitude near Mount Everest . Financial cost of guided climbs Going with a `` celebrity guide '' , usually a well - known mountaineer typically with decades of climbing experience and perhaps several Everest summits , can cost over £ 100,000 as of 2015 . On the other hand , a limited support service , offering only some meals at base camp and bureaucratic overhead like a permit , can cost as little as US $7,000 as of 2007 . There are issues with the management of guiding firms in Nepal , and one Canadian woman was left begging for help when her guide firm , which she had paid perhaps US $40,000 to , could n't stop her from dying in 2012 . She ran out of bottled oxygen after climbing for 27 hours straight . Despite decades of concern over inexperienced climbers , neither she nor the guide firm had summited Everest before . The Tibetan / Chinese side has been described as `` out of control '' due to reports of thefts and threats . By 2015 , Nepal was considering requiring that climbers have some experience and wanted to make the mountain safer , and especially increase revenue . One barrier to this is that low - budget firms make money not taking inexperienced climbers to the summit. ( subscription required ) Those turned away by Western firms can often find another firm willing to take them for a price -- that they return home soon after arriving after base camp , or part way up the mountain . Whereas a Western firm will convince those they deem incapable to turn back , other firms simply give people the freedom to choose . Commercial climbing Top down view showing the location of the summit , and its three main faces / sides Everest base camp Gorak Shep is about a three - hour walk to South EBC ( Everest Base Camp ) . Climbing Mount Everest can be a relatively expensive undertaking for climbers . Climbing gear required to reach the summit may cost in excess of US $8,000 , and most climbers also use bottled oxygen , which adds around US $3,000 . The permit to enter the Everest area from the south via Nepal costs US $10,000 to US $25,000 per person , depending on the size of the team . The ascent typically starts at one of the two base camps near the mountain , both of which are approximately 100 kilometres ( 60 mi ) from Kathmandu and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from Lhasa ( the two nearest cities with major airports ) . Transferring one 's equipment from the airport to the base camp may add as much as US $2,000 . By 2016 , most guiding services cost between US $35,000 -- 200,000 . However , the services offered vary widely and it is `` buyer beware '' when doing deals in Nepal , one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world . Tourism is about four percent of Nepal 's economy , but Everest is special in that an Everest porter can make nearly double the nations 's average wage in a region in which other sources of income are lacking . Beyond this point , costs may vary widely . It is technically possible to reach the summit with minimal additional expenses , and there are `` budget '' travel agencies which offer logistical support for such trips . However , this is considered difficult and dangerous ( as illustrated by the case of David Sharp ) . Many climbers hire `` full service '' guide companies , which provide a wide spectrum of services , including acquisition of permits , transportation to / from base camp , food , tents , fixed ropes , medical assistance while on the mountain , an experienced mountaineer guide , and even personal porters to carry one 's backpack and cook one 's meals . The cost of such a guide service may range from US $40,000 -- 80,000 per person . Since most equipment is moved by Sherpas , clients of full - service guide companies can often keep their backpack weights under 10 kilograms ( 22 lb ) , or hire a Sherpa to carry their backpack for them . By contrast , climbers attempting less commercialised peaks , like Denali , are often expected to carry backpacks over 30 kilograms ( 66 lb ) and , occasionally , to tow a sled with 35 kilograms ( 77 lb ) of gear and food . According to Jon Krakauer , the era of commercialisation of Everest started in 1985 , when the summit was reached by a guided expedition led by David Breashears that included Richard Bass , a wealthy 55 - year - old businessman and an amateur mountain climber with only four years of climbing experience . By the early - 1990s , several companies were offering guided tours to the mountain . Rob Hall , one of the mountaineers who died in the 1996 disaster , had successfully guided 39 clients to the summit before that incident . The degree of commercialisation of Mount Everest is a frequent subject of criticism . Jamling Tenzing Norgay , the son of Tenzing Norgay , said in a 2003 interview that his late father would have been shocked to discover that rich thrill - seekers with no climbing experience were now routinely reaching the summit , `` You still have to climb this mountain yourself with your feet . But the spirit of adventure is not there any more . It is lost . There are people going up there who have no idea how to put on crampons . They are climbing because they have paid someone $65,000 . It is very selfish . It endangers the lives of others . '' Reinhold Messner concurred in 2004 , `` You could die in each climb and that meant you were responsible for yourself . We were real mountaineers : careful , aware and even afraid . By climbing mountains we were not learning how big we were . We were finding out how breakable , how weak and how full of fear we are . You can only get this if you expose yourself to high danger . I have always said that a mountain without danger is not a mountain ... High altitude alpinism has become tourism and show . These commercial trips to Everest , they are still dangerous . But the guides and organisers tell clients , `` Do n't worry , it 's all organised . '' The route is prepared by hundreds of Sherpas . Extra oxygen is available in all camps , right up to the summit . People will cook for you and lay out your beds . Clients feel safe and do n't care about the risks . However , not all opinions on the subject among prominent mountaineers are strictly negative . For example , Edmund Hillary , who went on record saying that he has not liked `` the commercialization of mountaineering , particularly of Mt . Everest '' and claimed that `` Having people pay $65,000 and then be led up the mountain by a couple of experienced guides ... is n't really mountaineering at all '' , nevertheless noted that he was pleased by the changes brought to Everest area by Westerners , `` I do n't have any regrets because I worked very hard indeed to improve the condition for the local people . When we first went in there they did n't have any schools , they did n't have any medical facilities , all over the years we have established 27 schools , we have two hospitals and a dozen medical clinics and then we 've built bridges over wild mountain rivers and put in fresh water pipelines so in cooperation with the Sherpas we 've done a lot to benefit them . '' One of the early guided summiters , Richard Bass ( of Seven Summits fame ) responded in an interview about Everest climbers and what it took to survive there , `` Climbers should have high altitude experience before they attempt the really big mountains . People do n't realise the difference between a 20,000 - foot mountain and 29,000 feet . It 's not just arithmetic . The reduction of oxygen in the air is proportionate to the altitude alright , but the effect on the human body is disproportionate -- an exponential curve . People climb Denali ( 20,320 feet ) or Aconcagua ( 22,834 feet ) and think , ' Heck , I feel great up here , I 'm going to try Everest . ' But it 's not like that . '' Law and order Some climbers have reported life - threatening thefts from supply caches . Vitor Negrete , the first Brazilian to climb Everest without oxygen and part of David Sharp 's party , died during his descent , and theft from his high - altitude camp may have contributed . `` Several members were bullied , gear was stolen , and threats were made against me and my climbing partner , Michael Kodas , making an already stressful situation even more dire . '' said one climber . In addition to theft , Michael Kodas describes in his book High Crimes : The Fate of Everest in an Age of Greed ( 2008 ) , unethical guides and Sherpas , prostitution and gambling at the Tibet Base Camp , fraud related to the sale of oxygen bottles , and climbers collecting donations under the pretense of removing trash from the mountain . The Chinese side of Everest in Tibet was described as `` out of control '' after one Canadian had all his gear stolen and was abandoned by his Sherpa . Another sherpa helped him get off the mountain safely and gave him some spare gear . Other climbers have also reported missing oxygen bottles , which can be worth hundreds of dollars each . One problem is that hundreds of climbers pass by people 's tents . Also weather can damage or even blow people 's equipment away . In the late 2010s the reports of theft of oxygen bottles from camps became more common . Westerners have sometimes struggled to understand the ancient culture and desperate poverty that drives some locals , some with a different concept of the value of a human life . For example , for just 1,000 rupees ( £ 6.30 ) per person several foreigners were forced to leave the lodge where they were staying and tricked into believing they were being led to safety . Instead they were abandoned and died in the snowstorm . 2014 Sherpa strike On 18 April 2014 , in one of the worst disasters to ever hit the Everest climbing community up to that time , 16 Sherpas died in Nepal due to the avalanche that swept them off Mount Everest . In response to the tragedy numerous Sherpa climbing guides walked off the job and most climbing companies pulled out in respect for the Sherpa people mourning the loss . Some still wanted to climb but there was really too much controversy to continue that year . One of the issues that triggered the work action by Sherpas was unreasonable client demands during climbs . Extreme sports at Mount Everest A paraglider at Neustift , Tirol , Austria Mount Everest has been host to other winter sports and adventuring besides mountaineering , including snowboarding , skiing , paragliding , and BASE jumping . Yuichiro Miura became the first man to ski down Everest in the 1970s . He descended nearly 4,200 vertical feet from the South Col before falling with extreme injuries . Stefan Gatt and Marco Siffredi snowboarded Mount Everest in 2001 . Other Everest skiers include Davo Karničar of Slovenia , who completed a top to south base camp descent in 2000 , Hans Kammerlander of Italy in 1996 on the north side , and Kit DesLauriers of the United States in 2006 . In 2006 Tomas Olsson planned to ski down the north face , but his anchor broke while he was rappelling down a cliff in the Norton couloir at about 8,500 metres , resulting in his death from a two and a half kilometre fall . Also , Marco Siffredi died in 2002 on his second snow - boarding expedition . Various types of gliding descents have slowly become more popular , and are noted for their rapid descents to lower camps . In 1986 Steve McKinney led an expedition to Mount Everest , during which he became the first person to fly a hang - glider off the mountain . Frenchman Jean - Marc Boivin made the first paraglider descent of Everest in September 1988 , descending in minutes from the south - east ridge to a lower camp . In 2011 , two Nepalese made a gliding descent from the Everest summit down 5,000 metres ( 16,400 ft ) in 45 minutes . On 5 May 2013 , the beverage company Red Bull sponsored Valery Rozov , who successfully BASE jumped off of the mountain while wearing a wingsuit , setting a record for world 's highest BASE jump in the process . Everest and religion The Rongphu Monastery , with Mt . Everest in the background The southern part of Mt . Everest is regarded as one of several `` hidden valleys '' of refuge designated by Padmasambhava , a ninth - century `` lotus - born '' Buddhist saint . Near the base of the north side of Everest lies Rongbuk Monastery , which has been called the `` sacred threshold to Mount Everest , with the most dramatic views of the world . '' For Sherpas living on the slopes of Everest in the Khumbu region of Nepal , Rongbuk Monastery is an important pilgrimage site , accessed in a few days of travel across the Himalayas through Nangpa La . Miyolangsangma , a Tibetan Buddhist `` Goddess of Inexhaustible Giving '' , is believed to have lived at the top of Mt Everest . According to Sherpa Buddhist monks , Mt Everest is Miyolangsangma 's palace and playground , and all climbers are only partially welcome guests , having arrived without invitation . The Sherpa people also believe that Mt . Everest and its flanks are blessed with spiritual energy , and one should show reverence when passing through this sacred landscape . Here , the karmic effects of one 's actions are magnified , and impure thoughts are best avoided . Waste management In 2015 the president of the Nepal Mountaineering Association warned that pollution , especially human waste , has reached critical levels . As much as `` 26,500 pounds of human excrement '' each season is left behind on the mountain . Human waste is strewn across the verges of the route to the summit , making the four sleeping areas on the route up Everest 's south side minefields of human excrement . Climbers above Base Camp -- for the 62 - year history of climbing on the mountain -- have most commonly either buried their excrement in holes they dug by hand in the snow , or slung it into crevasses , or simply defecated wherever convenient , often within meters of their tents . The only place where climbers can defecate without worrying about contaminating the mountain is Base Camp . At approximately 18,000 feet , Base Camp sees the most activity of all camps on Everest because climbers acclimate and rest there . In the late - 1990s , expeditions began using toilets that they fashioned from blue plastic 50 - gallon barrels fitted with a toilet seat and enclosed . The problem of human waste is compounded by the presence of more anodyne waste : spent oxygen tanks , abandoned tents , empty cans and bottles . The Nepalese government now requires each climber to pack out eight kilograms of waste when descending the mountain . Names 1890 graphic with the Himalayas , including Gaurisankar ( Mount Everest ) in the distance Peak XV ( British Empire 's Survey ) `` The Bastard '' ( Hillary ) Romanised Tibetan name : `` Chomolongma '' Romanised Chinese name : `` Mount Qomolangma '' Romanised Nepalese name : `` Sagar - Matha '' ( usually Sagarmatha ) Old Darjeeling name : `` Deodungha '' Mount Everest `` Gauri Shankar '' or `` Gaurisankar '' ; in modern times the name is used for a different peak about 30 miles away , but was used occasionally until about 1900 Context and Maps Nearby peaks include Lhotse , 8,516 m ( 27,940 ft ) ; Nuptse , 7,855 m ( 25,771 ft ) , and Changtse , 7,580 m ( 24,870 ft ) among others . Another nearby peak is Khumbutse , and many of the highest mountains in the world are near Mount Everest . On the southwest side , a major feature in the lower areas is the Khumbu icefall and glacier , which is a famous obstacle to climbers on those routes but also nearby the base camps of those attempting to climb it Southern and northern climbing routes as seen from the International Space Station . ( The names on the photo are links to corresponding pages . ) Satellite view of Everest , Khumbu Glacier , Khumbu Icefall Annotated image of Everest and surroundings as seen from Gokyo Ri . Changtse , Nirekha , Everest , Lobuche West , Cho La , Nuptse , Lhotse , Lobuche , Island Peak A comparison of a Mount Everest height comparison with several other peaks . Note Mount Sharp is on planet Mars , it is the one with Curiosity ( rover ) Panorama 2004 photo mosaic of the Himalayas with Makalu and Mount Everest from the International Space Station , Expedition 8 Sunset lights up the peak of Everest 's North face See also Mountains portal Geology of the Himalaya List of elevation extremes by country List of Mount Everest records List of people who died climbing Mount Everest List of ski descents of Eight - Thousanders List of tallest mountains in the Solar System Qomolangma National Park Sagarmatha National Park Timeline of climbing Mount Everest Chinese plan for a rail tunnel under Everest The lowest point of Nepal References ^ Jump up to : Based on the 1999 and 2005 surveys of elevation of snow cap , not rock head . For more details , see Surveys . Jump up ^ The WGS84 coordinates given here were calculated using detailed topographic mapping and are in agreement with adventurestats . They are unlikely to be in error by more than 2 `` . Coordinates showing Everest to be more than a minute further east that appeared on this page until recently , and still appear in Wikipedia in several other languages , are incorrect . Jump up ^ Geography of Nepal : Physical , Economic , Cultural & Regional By Netra Bahadur Thapa , D.P. Thapa Orient Longmans , 1969 Jump up ^ The position of the summit of Everest on the international border is clearly shown on detailed topographic mapping , including official Nepalese mapping . Jump up ^ `` Official height for Everest set '' . BBC . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Papers relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest '' . Proceedings of the London Royal Geographical Society of London . IX : 345 -- 351 . April -- May 1857 . Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel . `` Death in the clouds : The problem with Everest 's 200 + bodies '' . BBC Future . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Jon E. ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Appendix 1 '' . The Mammoth Book of How it Happened -- Everest . Little , Brown Book Group . p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78033 - 727 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gonpo : first Chinese atop Mount Qomolangma '' . CCTV. 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Searching for Yeti : The Abominable Snowman By Turin Truet , Laura Anne Gilman The Rosen Publishing Group , 2011 Jump up ^ South Asian Studies , Volume 10 By South Asian Studies Centre , Department of Political Science , University of Rajasthan , 1975 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India : Provincial Series , Volume 1 By Superintendent of Government Printing , 1908 Jump up ^ `` No Longer Everest but Mount Qomolangma '' . People 's Daily Online . 20 November 2002 . Retrieved 9 June 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Gillman , ed. ( 1993 ) . Everest -- The Best Writing and Pictures from Seventy Years of Human Endeavour . Little , Brown and Company . pp. 10 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 90489 - 6 . Jump up ^ Biswas , Soutik ( 20 October 2003 ) . `` The man who `` discovered '' Everest `` . BBC News . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Letters to the Editor '' . The American Statistician. 36 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 67 . February 1982 . doi : 10.1080 / 00031305.1982. 10482782 . JSTOR 2684102 . Jump up ^ Beech , Martin ( 2014 ) . The Pendulum Paradigm : Variations on a Theme and the Measure of Heaven and Earth . Universal - Publishers . p. 267 . Jump up ^ `` Mt . Everest 1857 '' . harappa.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Waddell , LA ( December 1898 ) . `` The Environs and Native Names of Mount Everest '' . The Geographical Journal . 12 ( 6 ) : 564 -- 569 . doi : 10.2307 / 1774275 . JSTOR 1774275 . ^ Jump up to : `` India and China '' . The Times ( 22490 ) . 4 October 1856 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papers relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest '' . Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London . IX : 345 -- 351 . April -- May 1857 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Everest '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged ( v 1.1 ) . Random House , Inc . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Claypole , Jonty ( Director ) ; Kunzru , Hari ( Presenter ) ( 2003 ) . Mapping Everest ( TV Documentary ) . London : BBC Television . ^ Jump up to : `` Chomo - lungma : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Djomo - lungma : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chomolongma : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Jolmo Lungma : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Other variants include `` Chomo - lungma '' , `` Djomo - lungma '' , `` Jolmo Lungma '' , and `` Chomolongma '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Qomolangma Feng : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sagar - Matha : Nepal '' . Geographical Names . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Unsworth , Walt ( 2000 ) . Everest -- The Mountaineering History ( 3rd ed . ) . Bâton Wicks . p. 584 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898573 - 40 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal and China agree on Mount Everest 's height '' . BBC News . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Everest , World 's Tallest Mountain , Maybe Not That Tall '' . Fox News . 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everest not as tall as thought '' . News in Science . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 5 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevation of Mount Everest newly defined '' . Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research . 12 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profile '' . Government of Nepal. 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mount Everest ( 1 : 50,000 scale map ) , prepared under the direction of Bradford Washburn for the Boston Museum of Science , the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research , and the National Geographic Society , 1991 , ISBN 3 - 85515 - 105 - 9 Jump up ^ `` China says Mount Qomolangma stands at 8844.43 '' . Xinhua online . Xinhua News Agency . 9 October 2005 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roof of the World '' . National Geographic Society . 1999 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Everest : Plate Tectonics '' . Museum of Science . 1998 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Lim , Louisa ( 25 January 2005 ) . `` China fears Everest is shrinking '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : The `` base '' of a mountain is a problematic notion in general with no universally accepted definition . However , for a peak rising out of relatively flat terrain , such as Mauna Kea or Denali , an `` approximate '' height above `` base '' can be calculated . Everest is more complicated since it only rises above relatively flat terrain on its north ( Tibetan Plateau ) side . Hence the concept of `` base '' has even less meaning for Everest than for Mauna Kea or Denali , and the range of numbers for `` height above base '' is wider . In general , comparisons based on `` height above base '' are somewhat suspect . Jump up ^ `` Surviving Denali , The Mission '' . NOVA . Public Broadcasting Corporation . 2000 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mount McKinley 83 feet shorter than thought , new data show '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ Robert Krulwich ( 7 April 2007 ) . `` The ' Highest ' Spot on Earth ? '' . NPR . ^ Jump up to : Yin , C. - H. , and S. - T. Kuo. 1978 . `` Stratigraphy of the Mount Jolmo Langma and its north slope . '' Scientia Sinica . v. 5 , pp. 630 -- 644 ^ Jump up to : Sakai , H. , M. Sawada , Y . Takigami , Y . Orihashi , T. Danhara , H. Iwano , Y . Kuwahara , Q. Dong , H. Cai , and J. Li. 2005 . `` Geology of the summit limestone of Mount Qomolangma ( Everest ) and cooling history of the Yellow Band under the Qomolangma detachment . '' Island Arc . v. 14 no . 4 pp. 297 -- 310 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Everest , Geology '' . Jump up ^ Gansser , A. 1964 . Geology of the Himalayas , John Wiley Interscience , London , 1964 289 pp . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt . `` A site which uses this dramatic fact first used in illustration of `` deep time '' in John McPhee 's book ' ' ' Basin and Range ' ' ' `` . Geology.about.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Myrow , P.M. , N.C. Hughes , M.P. Searle , C.M. Fanning , S. - C. Peng , and S.K. Parcha , 2009 , `` Stratigraphic correlation of Cambrian Ordovician deposits along the Himalaya : Implications for the age and nature of rocks in the Mount Everest region '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . v. 121 , no . 3 - 4 , pp. 323 -- 332 . Jump up ^ Searle , M.P. ( 1999 ) Emplacement of Himalayan leucogranites by magma injection along giant sill complexes : examples from the Cho Oyu , Gyachung Kang and Everest leucogranites ( Nepal Himalaya ) . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences . v. 17 , no . 5 - 6 , pp. 773 -- 783 . Jump up ^ Guo , Z. , and M. Wilson ( 2012 ) The Himalayan leucogranites : Constraints on the nature of their crustal source region and geodynamic setting . Gondwana Research . v. 22 , no . 2 , pp. 360 -- 376 . Jump up ^ `` Tectonic Motion : Making the Himalayas '' . Nature on PBS . 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Himalayas : Two continents collide '' . USGS. 5 May 1999 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : An Earth Plate Is Breaking in Two '' . Jump up ^ Myrow , P.M. , N.C. Hughes , T.S. Paulsen , I.S. Williams , S.K. Parcha , K.R. Thompson , S.A. Bowring , S. - C. Peng , and A.D. Ahluwalia. 2003 . Integrated tectonostratigraphic reconstruction of the Himalaya and implications for its tectonic reconstruction . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . vol. 212 , pp. 433 -- 441 . Jump up ^ Myrow , P.M. , N.C. Hughes , J.W. Goodge , C.M. Fanning , I.S. Williams , S. - C. Peng , O.N. Bhargava , S.K. Tangri , S.K. Parcha , and K.R. Pogue. 2010 . Extraordinary transport and mixing of sediment across Himalayan central Gondwanaland during the Cambrian - Ordovician . Geological Society of America Bulletin . vol. 122 , pp. 1660 -- 1670 . Jump up ^ Searle , M. 2012 . Colliding Continents : A geological exploration of the Himalaya , Karakoram , & Tibet . Oxford University Press , Oxford , United Kingdom . 464 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 965300 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` High altitude plants '' . Adventure Scientists . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Heinrichs ( 1 September 2009 ) . Mount Everest . Marshall Cavendish . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 4649 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wanless , F.R. ( 1975 ) . `` Spiders of the family Salticidae from the upper slopes of Everest and Makalu '' . British Arachnological Society . Jump up ^ The Ascent of Everest by John Hunt ( Hodder & Stoughton , 1953 ) In chapter 14 , Hunt describes seeing a chough on the South Col ; meanwhile Charles Evans saw some unidentified birds fly over the col Jump up ^ Jesse Greenspan . `` 7 Things You Should Know About Mount Everest '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bar - headed geese : Highest bird migration tracked '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaun Francis ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Trekking etiquette : Seek higher ground than the yaks or risk a push off the cliff '' . National Post . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ale , Som B. `` Ecology of the Snow Leopard and the Himalayan Tahr in Sagarmatha ( Mt . Everest ) National Park , Nepal . '' University of Illinois , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` List of Animals on Mount Everest '' . Pets on mom.me . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest Expedition Uncovers Exotic Species '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ West , John B. ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` Barometric pressures on Mt . Everest : new data and physiological significance '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 86 : 1062 -- 1066 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Dead Sea Region as a Health Resort '' . The CF Center . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Basilevsky , Alexandr T. ; Head , James W. ( 2003 ) . `` The surface of Venus '' . Rep. Prog . Phys. 66 ( 10 ) : 1699 -- 1734 . Bibcode : 2003RPPh ... 66.1699 B . doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 66 / 10 / R04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everest weather station goes online '' . UIAA. 16 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Claire ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` Mount Everest webcam gives new meaning to high - def '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ da Polenza , Agostino ; Vuillermoz , Elisa ; Verza , Gian Pietro ; Cortinovis , Alberto . `` SHARE Everest Automatic Weather Station : South Col , Mt . Everest , Nepal '' ( PDF ) . Italy : Ev - K2 - CNR Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The deadly odds of climbing Mount Everest : By the numbers '' . The Week . ^ Jump up to : godhead / v . `` The Open Graveyard of Mt . Everest 's `` Death Zone '' `` . Gizmodo . Gawker Media . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Peplow ( 25 May 2004 ) . `` High winds suck oxygen from Everest '' . Nature . Jump up ^ `` The Physiological Effects of Altitude '' . TheTech . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mt . Everest 's Popularity Is Still Climbing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James , Victoria ( 27 May 2012 ) . `` Japan 's Everest timeline '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Tallest Mountain '' . Earth Observatory . NASA . 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Everest Facts for Kids '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Window of Opportunity : Everest Climbing Season Underway '' . Accuweather . Jump up ^ `` Everest by the Numbers : The Latest Summit Stats '' ( Blog ) . alanarnette.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ William Buxton ( 5 October 2015 ) . From First Sight to Summit : A Guide to the Literature on Everest up to the 1953 Ascent ( PDF ) . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aeroplane expeditions to Everest '' . flymicro.com . Jump up ^ `` Wings Over Everest 2003 '' . Everestnews.com. 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Flying Over World 's Highest Peak '' . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation . 122 ( 5 ) : 20 . May 1933 . Jump up ^ `` Everest History Time Line '' . Everest History . 2003 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from : Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research , 1939 to 1970 '' . Zurich . 1972 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tenzing Norgay GM '' . Imagining Everest . The Royal Geographical Society . Archived from the original on 14 April 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tenzing Norgay ; James Ramsey Ullman ( 1955 ) . Man of Everest : The Autobiography of Tenzing . also published as Tiger of the Snows . George Harrap & Co , Ltd . Jump up ^ `` The London Gazette '' . 6 June 1953 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE ORDER OF NEW ZEALAND ( Instituted 1987 ) '' . Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute to Sir Ed Hillary From Nepal '' . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ernst Schmied '' . EverestHistory.com . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Whittaker '' . EverestHistory.com . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ( February -- March 2007 ) . `` Highest Adventure '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Unsworth ( 2000 ) , p. 594 . Jump up ^ `` THE JAPANESE MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION , 1969 -- 1970 '' . Jump up ^ `` Everest Summits in the 1970s '' . EverestHistory.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yuichiro Miura , 80 , scales Everest '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1984_files/AJ%201984%2050-59%20Zawada%20Everest.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` The Ice Warriors : Poland 's Golden Alpine Generation '' . 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Granowski , Damian . `` The first winter ascent of Mount Everest - WinterClimb.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Krzysztof Wielicki -- Polish Winter Expedition 1980 -- part 1 '' . 13 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Adventurestats.com '' . www.adventurestats.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden Decade : The Birth of 8000m Winter Climbing - Alpinist.com '' . www.alpinist.com . Jump up ^ `` Poland 's ' ice warriors ' risk life and limb to be first to summit K2 in winter '' . Jump up ^ `` The day the sky fell on Everest '' . New Scientist ( 2449 ) : 15 . 29 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Peplow , Mark ( 25 May 2004 ) . `` High winds suck oxygen from Everest . Predicting pressure lows could protect climbers '' . BioEd Online . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Moore explains that these jet streaks can drag a huge draught of air up the side of the mountain , lowering the air pressure . He calculates that this typically reduces the partial pressure of oxygen in the air by about 6 % , which translates to a 14 % reduction in oxygen uptake for the climbers . Air at that altitude already contains only one third as much oxygen as sea - level air . ^ Jump up to : `` Beck Weathers '' . Badass of the Week . ^ Jump up to : Weathers , Beck ( May 2000 ) . `` MY JOURNEY HOME FROM EVEREST '' . D Magazine . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . They left me alone in Scott Fischer 's tent that night , expecting me to die . On a couple of occasions , I heard the others referring to ' a dead guy ' in the tent . Who could that be ? I wondered as I slipped in and out of wakefulness . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` ' 2 Guns ' Helmer Kormakur Set to Climb ' Everest ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cold mountain : Death on Everest '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley '' . himalayandatabase.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dispatch 19 : Massive Collapse in Khumbu Icefall Claims the Lives of Three Sherpa Climbers '' . greatoutdoors.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashley Strickland , CNN ( 25 May 2013 ) . `` Striving for Everest : World 's highest battle - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Over the Top '' . Outside Online . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest climber left to die alone '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest climber defends leaving dying Briton '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 23 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Breed , Allen G. ; Gurubacharya , Binaj ( 18 July 2006 ) . `` Part II : Near top of Everest , he waves off fellow climbers : ' I just want to sleep ' '' . Oh My News . ^ Jump up to : Ed Douglas ( 13 January 2007 ) . `` Summit fever '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Much it Costs to Climb Mount Everest - TIME.com '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D. Savage ; B. Torgler ( 25 February 2015 ) . The Times They Are A Changin ' : The Effect of Institutional Change on Cooperative Behaviour at 26,000 ft over Sixty Years . Springer . pp. 5 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 52515 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Everest K2 News ExplorersWeb -- Jamie McGuiness about David Sharp : `` Crying , Dawa had to leave him '' `` . explorersweb.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Did Everest Climber Sharp Have to Die ? '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Tribune -- Spectrum '' . tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest K2 News ExplorersWeb -- Un-named Everest Sherpa gets a name -- and fatality details '' . explorersweb.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Seattle Times : Outdoors : David Sharp 's vow on Everest : `` If I do n't do it this time , I 'm not coming back . '' `` . seattletimes.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Death in the Clouds : The problem with Everest 's 200 + bodies '' . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Death in the clouds : The problem with Everest 's 200 + bodies '' . BBC Future . ^ Jump up to : Sydney , By Nick Squires in . `` Climber declared dead on Everest is brought down alive '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( 24 March 2012 ) . `` Lincoln Hall , Australian Mountaineer , Dies at 56 '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( 24 March 2012 ) . `` Lincoln Hall , Australian Mountaineer , Dies at 56 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation of Canada '' . Thesiredmundhillaryfoundation.ca . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full list of all ascents of Everest up to and including 2010 '' . 8000ers.com. 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( 15 March 2008 ) . `` Nepal Puts Everest Off Limits During China 's Olympic Torch Relay in May '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Moore , Malcolm ( 25 February 2009 ) . `` China closes Tibetan side of Everest to climbers ahead of anniversary of Dalai Lama 's exile '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Everest Maxed Out '' . ngm.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2013 : Season Recap : Summits , Records and Fights '' . alanarnette.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2014 : Season Summary - A Nepal Tragedy '' . alanarnette.com . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Holley ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` The Washington Post - For the first time in four decades , nobody made it to the top of Mount Everest last year '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everest by the Numbers : 2017 Edition - The Blog on alanarnette.com '' . 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is it time to ban Western travellers - and their egos - from Mount Everest ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Everest avalanche kills at least 12 Sherpa guides '' . BBC News . 18 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Death and Anger on Everest '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Of the twenty - five men hit by the falling ice , sixteen were killed , all of them Nepalis working for guided climbing teams . Jump up ^ `` 13 - year - old Andhra teen becomes the youngest woman to scale Everest '' . Times of India . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Woman Whose Post-Avalanche Everest Ascent Sparked Outrage Defends Her Feat '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2014 : Season Summary -- A Nepal Tragedy '' ( Blog ) . alanarnette.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2014 : Summits -- Update 6 '' ( Blog ) . alanarnette.com . Jump up ^ Luke Harding . `` Teenage girl conquers Everest , 50 years on '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2015 : Season Summary -- Summits Do n't Matter '' ( Blog ) . alanarnette.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mt . Everest Will Not Be Climbed for First Time Since 1974 '' . snowbrains.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Laura ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` Will Everest 's Climbing Circus Slow Down After Disasters ? '' . News . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No One Will Climb Everest This Year -- The Last Team Pulls Out '' ( Blog ) . snowbrains.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Nick Rawlinson ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` Nepal earthquake : such huge aftershocks are rare '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardiner Harris ( 25 April 2015 ) . `` Everest Climbers Are Killed as Nepal Quake Sets Off Avalanche '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche triggered by quake kills 18 on Mount Everest '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest Base Camp a ' War Zone ' After Earthquake Triggers Avalanches '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 confirmed dead in Mount Everest avalanche , but toll expected to rise '' . The Washington Post . 25 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trapped at 20,000 feet : Hundreds of Everest climbers await choppers as supplies run low '' . Fox News . ^ Jump up to : `` Incident Report of Earthquake 2015 '' . Nepal Disaster Risk Reduction Portal , drrportal.gov.np . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal earthquake death toll rises to 8,413 '' . The Times of India . 7 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal quake : Death toll rises to 25 in Tibet ; 117 injured '' . Business Standard . Press Trust of India . 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Side of Everest Closing '' . Outside . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal earthquake : Hopes fade for survivors ; 180 rescued on Mount Everest '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Everest opens for business '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese climber with no fingertips abandons bid to scale Everest '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Tanya Basu . `` Everest Reopened to Climbers '' . Time . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japan finger frostbite victim exposes Nepali desperation to revive Everest climbs '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 4 sections of trekking route to Mount Everest were damaged by earthquake , assessment finds '' . Fox News . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mt Everest records 456 south summits , five deaths '' . The Himalayan Times . 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 19 - year - old becomes youngest Japanese to climb Mount Everest '' . Japan Times . Kyodo. 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everest by the Numbers : 2017 Edition '' . alanarnette.com. 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Chris Graham ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` ' It breaks my heart ' : Australian climber blames himself for wife 's death on Everest '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UIAA OFFICIAL STANDARDS OF THE UIAA MEDICAL COMMISSION . VOL : 22a '' . Docplayer.net . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Well under drugs is half way up ? - Mount Everest - Adventure Sports - DW.COM '' . Blogs.dw.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bob Condotta ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Top of the world ! Fan takes love of Seahawks to summit of Mount Everest '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Brits , Mexican are 1st foreigners on Everest in 2 years '' . Seattle Times . 11 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Gelardi ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` Colorado woman checks Mount Everest off list on quest to climb `` seven summits '' `` . Thedenverchannel.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Ashley Strickland , . `` Active - duty U.S. soldiers , veteran summit Everest '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Briton Leslie Binns abandons Everest peak to save fellow climber '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Everest Expedition Nepal '' . International Mountain Guides . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mizzima ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Myanmar climbers reach Everest summit in country first '' . Mizzima . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` For the first time Tunisian climber reaches Everest peak '' . Ansamed.info. 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alyssa Azar welcomed home at Toowoomba after climbing Mount Everest '' . ABC News . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Thai Mount Everest woman summiter meets PM Prayut '' . Thaivisa.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Thai woman conquers Mount Everest today Coconuts Bangkok '' . Bangkok.coconuts.co. 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Harry Yorke ; Sophie Jamieson ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` British man becomes first person with cystic fibrosis to climb Everest '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Donaldson , Amy ( 11 June 2016 ) . `` How a 61 - year - old Utah man made history by summiting Everest with two artificial knees '' . deseretnews.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Joisher , Kuntal ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` A Life 's Dream Complete : Conquering Mount Everest '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian climber third to die on Mount Everest in recent days '' . Spokesman.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Chan , Melissa . `` Woman Trying to Prove ' Vegans Can Do Anything ' Dies on Mount Everest '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marszal , Andrew ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Mount Everest climbers : Death toll rises to five '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Emma McIntosh ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` Calgary doctor dies at Everest base camp '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dunn , James ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` Mount Everest British climber Leslie Binns turns back just 500m from top to help stranger '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charles MacAdams Obituary '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 climbers die in 3 days on Mount Everest '' . fox13now.com. 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Marszal ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Mount Everest climbers : Death toll rises to five '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Metres away from Mt Everest summit , Briton turns around to save Bengali woman '' . Hindustan Times . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Back from Everest , Kolkata 's frostbitten survivor plans her next climb '' . The Indian Express . 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2017 : South Col Dead Body Report was Wrong '' . alanarnette.com. 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You are being redirected ... '' thehimalayantimes.com . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ PTI . `` Nepalese Sherpa scales Everest for record 21 times '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mettler , Katie ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Ueli Steck , famed Swiss mountain climber , dead after plunging 3,280 feet near Mount Everest '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Mount Everest 's famed Hillary Step collapses '' . abc.net.au. 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` First climbers of 2018 reach Mount Everest summit - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Hawley dies at 94 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` How Tall Is Mount Everest ? For Nepal , It 's a Touchy Question '' . 3 February 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . 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The New York Times . 2018 - 05 - 13 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` First climbers of 2018 reach Mount Everest summit - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climber dies on eighth Everest attempt '' . BBC News . 2018 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 277 mountaineers reach atop Mount Everest '' . Jump up ^ `` Alpinist Adrian Ballinger and Climbing Team Successfully Summit Mt . Everest and Cho Oyu in 23 Days - Press Release - Digital Journal '' . www.digitaljournal.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lhakpa Sherpa -- First Woman with Record Everest Summits Inspiring Nepali Women '' . Nepali Sansar. 2018 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Kenton Cool Summits Everest for his 13th time '' . 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Lucy ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Brisbane woman becomes youngest Australian to climb Everest twice '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . 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Jump up ^ `` Everest 's decline blamed on trail of rich tourists '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Home on the range '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary : The Right Stuff '' . Jump up ^ `` Hillary laments Everest changes '' . BBC News . 26 May 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sir Edmund Hillary '' . Foreign Correspondent . ABC . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ James Clash ( 12 November 2003 ) . `` The Adventurer : Dick Bass ' Many Summits '' . Forbes . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Everest fatality silence mystery solved : British David Sharp left to die by 40 climbers '' . Explorersweb . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian Vitor Negrete lost on Everest after a no O2 summit '' . Explorersweb . Jump up ^ `` Guest Insights : A leadership nightmare turned Everest triumph -- Anne Parmenter '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kodas , Michael ( 2008 ) . High Crimes : The Fate of Everest in an Age of Greed . Hyperion . ISBN 9781401302733 . Jump up ^ `` Go Sell It on the Mountain '' . Mother Jones . 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Bristow , Michael ( 13 July 2007 ) . `` Everest base camp a ' wild - west town ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Two Climbers Return to Everest to Snapchat the Summit '' . nationalgeographic.com. 14 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dean ( 17 October 2014 ) . `` Nepal trekkers ' kicked out of lodge during snow storm ' blame local greed for eight deaths '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` Nepal blizzard : survivor tells of friends ' deaths on Annapurna circuit '' . Retrieved 23 October 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Julie ( 24 April 2014 ) . `` Sherpas Walk Off The Job After Deadly Avalanche '' . NPR . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherpas Consider Boycott After Everest Disaster '' . NPR . Associated Press . 21 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Everest Snowboard Controversy Solved '' . TransWorld SNOWboarding. 27 June 2001 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skiing Down Mount Everest and the World 's Highest Peaks '' . igluski.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Richard ( 2004 ) . The Himalayan database the expedition archives of Elizabeth Hawley . Golden , CO : American Alpine Club Press . ISBN 0930410998 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Olsson found dead -- Skiing down from the North side of Mount Everest ended in tragedy ! '' . travelexplorations.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Walt Unsworth ( 2000 ) . Everest : The Mountaineering History . London : Mountaineers . p. 626 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89886 - 670 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sano Babu Sunuwar & Lakpa Tsheri Sherpa . `` Ultimate Adventure Bucket List -- Dream Trip : Make the Ultimate Descent '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Tarquin ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Valery Rozov BASE Jumps From Mt Everest '' . Red Bull . ^ Jump up to : Coburn , Broughton . `` Mount Everest Fight Raises Questions About Sherpas '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Jeanne - Marie . `` Rongbuk Monastery '' . PBS . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` Morning Mix Decades of human waste have made Mount Everest a ' fecal time bomb ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brent ( 7 April 2015 ) . `` Peak Poop : The Feces Problem on Everest Needs a Solution '' . Outside . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` Human waste left by climbers on Mount Everest is causing pollution and could spread diseases '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherpa , Phurba ( 28 May 2016 ) . `` Mount Everest death toll rises to five '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Everest facts '' . historyextra.com . Archived from the original on 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ H.P.S. Ahluwalia ( 1978 ) . Faces of Everest . Vikas Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7069 - 0563 - 2 . Further reading For 1924 Mount Everest expedition , see 1924 British Mount Everest expedition § Bibliography . For first ascent of Mount Everest , see 1953 British Mount Everest expedition § Further reading . Astill , Tony ( 2005 ) . Mount Everest : The Reconnaissance 1935 . Boukreev , Anatoli ; DeWalt , G. Weston ( 1997 ) . The Climb : Tragic Ambitions on Everest . Saint Martin 's Press . ISBN 0312168144 . Hillary , Edmund ( 1953 ) . High Adventure . London : Hodder & Stoughton . Messner , Reinhold ( 1989 ) . The Crystal Horizon : Everest -- the first solo ascent . Seattle : The Mountaineers . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 207 - 8 . Murray , W.H. ( 1953 ) . The Story of Everest , 1921 -- 1952 . London : J.M. Dent & Sons . Norgay , Tenzing ; Ullman , Ramsey James ( 1955 ) . Tiger of the Snows . New York : Putnam . Tilman , H.W. ( 1952 ) . Nepal Himalaya . Cambridge University Press . Washburn , Bradford ( November 1988 ) . `` Mount Everest : Surveying the Third Pole '' . National Geographic . Vol. 174 no . 5 . pp. 652 -- 659 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links External image 360 ° panoramic view ( virtual tour ) Find more aboutMount Everestat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Mount Everest at Encyclopædia Britannica Mount Everest on Himalaya-Info.org ( German ) 360 panorama view from top of Mount Everest -- large dimension drawing National Geographic site on Mt . Everest NOVA site on Mt . Everest Imaging Everest , a collection of photographs Panoramas : North South Interactive climb of Everest from Discovery Channel Mount Everest on Summitpost Full list of all ascents of Everest up to and including 2008 ( in pdf format ) Summits and deaths per year Mount Everest panorama , Mount Everest interactive panorama ( QuickTime format ) , Virtual panoramas National Geographic , 2015 article with info - graphic on climbing routes Mount Everest Topography and landmarks Base Camp Geneva Spur Hillary Step Hornbein Couloir Kangshung Face ( East Face ) Kangshung Glacier Khumbu Glacier Khumbu Icefall Lhakpa La Lho La North Col North Face Norton Couloir Rongbuk Glacier South Col South Summit Three Pinnacles Three Steps `` Green Boots cave '' Western Cwm Expeditions 1921 British reconnaissance 1922 British 1924 British ( Affair of the Dancing Lamas ) 1933 British 1935 British 1936 British 1938 British 1950 -- 52 British -- Swiss -- US reconnaissance 1951 British 1952 Swiss 1953 British 1960 Chinese 1975 British SW Face 1996 Indo - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the peak of mount everest located	[ "Mount Everest, known in Nepali as Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा) and in Tibetan as Chomolungma (ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ), is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. The international border between Nepal (Province No. 1) and China (Tibet Autonomous Region) runs across its summit point.\n", "Mount Everest, known in Nepali as Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा) and in Tibetan as Chomolungma (ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ), is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. The international border between Nepal (Province No. 1) and China (Tibet Autonomous Region) runs across its summit point.\n" ]	[ "Nepal (Province No. 1)", "China (Tibet Autonomous Region)" ]
-1469794268641863442	New England Colonies	New England colonies - wikipedia New England colonies Jump to : navigation , search The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony , Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Massachusetts Bay Colony , and Province of New Hampshire , as well as a few smaller short - lived colonies . The New England colonies were part of the Thirteen Colonies and eventually became five of the six states in New England . Captain John Smith was the author of the 1616 work A Description of New England which first applied the term `` New England '' to the coastal lands from Long Island Sound to Newfoundland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the Mayflower 2 Pilgrims and Puritans 3 Founding ( 1636 ) 4 Commerce 5 Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England 6 Education 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Sources Before the Mayflower The English royal charters granted land to the north to Queen Elizabeth , land to the south to the London Company . France , England , and other countries made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century , and those nations were often in contention for lands in the New World . French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island , Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France . The small St. Croix River Island is located on the northern boundary of present - day Maine . Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy , and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port - Royal of Nova Scotia ( see symbol `` R '' on map to the right ) in the spring of 1605 . King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England , and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company . The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River ( then called the Sagadahoc River ) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony , better known as Popham Colony ( see symbol `` Po '' on map to right ) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham . The colonists faced a harsh winter , the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire , and mixed relations with the indigenous tribes . Colony leader Captain George Popham died , and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother -- at which point , all of the colonists decided to return to England . It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc . The 30 - ton Virginia was the first sea - going ship ever built in North America . Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century , with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near present - day Castine , Maine in 1613 . The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was considered the first longer - term settlement in New England . It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English , French , and Dutch colonists . In 1614 , Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to present - day Hartford , Connecticut . By 1623 , the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there and , ten years later , they fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site `` House of Hope '' ( also identified as `` Fort Hoop , '' `` Good Hope , '' and `` Hope '' ) . Pilgrims and Puritans A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in modern - day Massachusetts , the second successful English colony in North America , following Jamestown , Virginia . About half of the one hundred - plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter , mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter . In 1621 , an Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish . His assistance was invaluable and helped the Pilgrims to survive the early years of the colonization . The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto 's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases . The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits , but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration . Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their adventures in 1622 called Mourt 's Relation . This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and adventures encountered by the Pilgrims , but it may have served to encourage other Puritans to emigrate during the Great Migration . Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th century and 18th century . Modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context . The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies , buildings , and food supplies , learning from the Pilgrims ' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony . In 1623 , the Plymouth Council for New England ( successor to the Plymouth Company ) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company . The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support , and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White . Other settlements were started in nearby areas ; however , the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s . A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630 , leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England . Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower , except that the Pilgrims were known as `` separatists '' because they felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England , whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England . The separate colonies were governed independent of each other until 1691 , when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Early dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . The Connecticut Colony was started after Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay with around 100 followers in search of greater religious and political freedom . Puritan minister Roger Williams left Massachusetts Bay to found the Rhode Island Colony , while John Wheelwright left with his followers to a colony in present - day New Hampshire and shortly thereafter on to present day Maine . The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves , which was a central tenet of Puritan worship . Founding ( 1636 ) It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when Salem minister Roger Williams had been banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences . In Salem , he preached that government and religion should be separate ; he also believed that the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes had been treated unfairly . That winter , the tribes helped Williams to survive and sold him land for a new colony in present - day Providence , Rhode Island which he named Providence Plantation in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony . It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state . Roger Williams returned to England two times to prevent the attempt of other colonies to take over Providence and to charter or incorporate Providence and other nearby communities into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . A map of the Connecticut , New Haven , and Saybrook colonies Later in 1636 , Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts with one hundred followers and founded a new English settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop that became Connecticut Colony . The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford shortly afterwards to honor the English town of Hertford . One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay , which he believed should include any adult male owning property . The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut ( the Dutch were first ) or even the first English settlement ( Windsor was first in 1633 ) . Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders , considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America . Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony , including New Haven and Saybrook . Commerce Whaling in small wooden boats with hand harpoons was a hazardous enterprise , even when hunting the `` right '' whale . The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers . The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies , but the land provided rich resources , including lumber that was valued for building homes and ships . Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England , where there was a shortage of wood . In addition , the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table . In Massachusetts their economy was heavily based off of small industries with people working as , porters , tanners , shopkeepers and metalworkers . They had merchants which carried raw materials such as furs , timber , and the tar and pitch needed for shipbuilding . Trade went on directly between the English colonists and the European Caribbean islands . The New England Colonies were located near the ocean where there was an abundance of whales , fish , and other marketable sea life . Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for fresh water fishing . By the end of the 17th century , New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as the West African slave coast , the Caribbean 's plantation islands , and the Iberian Peninsula . Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass , linens , hardware , machinery , and other items for the colonial household . The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco , rice , and indigo in exchange for imports , whereas New England 's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish , furs , and lumber . Inflation was a major issue in the economy . During the 18th century , shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy , often under the direction of the British Crown . Wartime enslavement of enemy combatants in New England Enslavement of enemies defeated in war was a common practice in European nations at this time . This was a policy that had been going on for decades in Ireland , particularly since the time of Elizabeth I and during the mid-17th century Cromwell wars in Britain and Ireland , where large numbers of Irish , Welsh , and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies , especially to Barbados and Jamaica . The practice of selling enemy combatants into slavery was begun in the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip 's War . Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out at that time against enslavement of Indians . ( Church 's militia company was responsible for killing King Philip in August 1676 . ) In the summer of 1675 , he described the enslavement of Indian combatants as `` an action so hateful ... that ( I ) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were ( my ) good friends . '' This said , Church was an owner of African slaves himself , like many Englishmen in the colony . Ships carrying captured war combatants began to leave New England ports during King Philip 's War ( 1675 - 78 ) for places far away late in 1675 and , by the next summer , the shipping out of slaves had turned into a regular process which continued for the three years of the war . The policy concerning war enemies was that `` no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony . '' It is estimated that at least a thousand New England Indian warriors were sold as slaves during King Philip 's War , with over half of those coming from Plymouth . By the end of the war , villages that were once crowded Indian population centers were empty of inhabitants , due to the fact that the male Indian population had risen in armed war against their English neighbors . Education In the New England Colonies , the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves . Depending upon social and financial status , education was taught by the parents home - schooling their children , public grammar schools , and private governesses , which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more . See also Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Thirteen Colonies History of Massachusetts Historical outline of Massachusetts British Colonial America New England Manor of East Greenwich History of New England Dominion of New England New England Confederation Notes Jump up ^ Gipson Jump up ^ Bisceglia Jump up ^ Smith Jump up ^ St. Croix Celebration . `` St. Croix Island History '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Maine 's First Ship : Historic Overview '' . Maine 's First Ship . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New France Forts '' . New France New Horizons . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ New York Historical Society , p. 260 Jump up ^ Deetz , Patricia Scot ; James F. Deetz . `` Passengers on the Mayflower : Ages & Occupations , Origins & Connections '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ NativeAmericans.com . `` Squanto ( The History of Tisquantum ) '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradford , William ( 1865 ) . Mourt 's Relation , or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth . Boston : J.K. Wiggin . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Young , Alexander ( 1846 ) . Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay , 1623 - 1636 . Boston : C.C. Little and J. Brown . p. 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Web Site . `` America as a Religious Refuge : The Seventeenth Century '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Roger Williams , Family Association . `` Biography of Roger Williams '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ . N.p. . Web . 20 Aug 2013 . < https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/britain-and-the-settling-of-the-colonies-1600-1750/settling-new-england/commerce-in-the-new-england-colonies/ > . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) p. 253 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) pp 253 , 345 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) p. 345 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) p. 332 Sources Bisceglia , Michael ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` John Smith : The man who named New England '' . Sea Coast Online . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Gipson , Lawrence . The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes ) ( 1936 - 1970 ) . Knopf . Collections of the New York Historical Society . New York : H. Ludwig. 1841 . Smith , John , Captain & Admiral ( 1616 ) . Royster , Paul , ed . A Description of New England ( 1616 ) : An Online Electronic Text Edition . Electronic Texts in American Studies . ( hide ) The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey New England New Haven Plymouth West Jersey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Colonies&oldid=802537504 '' Categories : Colonial United States ( British ) Colonization history of the United States Thirteen Colonies History of New England Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Latina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the first successful english colony in the new world	[ "A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in modern-day Massachusetts, the second successful English colony in North America, following Jamestown, Virginia. About half of the one hundred-plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter.[8] In 1621, an Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped the Pilgrims to survive the early years of the colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases.[9]" ]	[ "Jamestown, Virginia" ]
2920092122946918887	Docking station	Docking station - wikipedia Docking station Jump to : navigation , search For the game , see Docking Station ( Creatures ) . `` Docking port '' redirects here . For the spacecraft technology , see docking and berthing of spacecraft . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Nintendo Switch is a tablet - like hybrid video game console and has a docking station where the main Switch unit can be placed . Docking station Docking station and laptop In computing and video gaming , a docking station or port replicator or dock provides a simplified way of `` plugging - in '' an electronic device such as the tablet - like hybrid video game console , the Nintendo Switch and laptop computer to common peripherals . Because a wide range of dockable devices -- from mobile telephones to wireless mice -- have different connectors , power signaling , and uses , docks are not standardized and are therefore often designed with a specific make and model of a device in mind . A dock can allow some laptop computers to become a substitute for a desktop computer , without sacrificing the mobile computing functionality of the machine . Portable computers can dock and undock hot , cold or standby , depending on the capabilities of the system . In a cold dock or undock , one completely shuts the computer down before docking / undocking . In a hot dock or undock , the computer remains running when docked / undocked . Standby docking or undocking , an intermediate style used in some designs , allows the computer to be docked / undocked while powered on , but requires that it be placed into a sleep mode prior to docking / undocking . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Port replicator 1.2 Breakout dock 1.3 Converter dock / universal dock 2 Computer stands 3 In video gaming / Use in video game consoles 4 Mobile docking stations 5 Types of mobile docking stations 5.1 Vehicle mount components 6 See also Types ( edit ) Docking stations can be broadly split up into four basic varieties . Port replicator ( edit ) Port replicators ( also called passthroughs ) are functionally and logically identical to a bundle of extension cables , except that they are plugged in and unplugged together through the docking port . Some also include electrical adaptors to change from one pinout to another ( e.g. , Micro-DVI to normal DVI connector . ) Breakout dock ( edit ) See also : Breakout box A breakout dock is conceptually a breakout box in the form of a dock . It is an extension to a typical port replicator in that it not only replicates existing ports already on the computer , but also offers additional ports . Modern computers most often accomplish this by using a special , often proprietary , connector that consolidates the signals from many concealed traces from onboard external buses into one connector . As such , the dock can offer a greater number of ports than is physically present on the computer . This allows the basic unit to have fewer physical ports while still allowing users a way to access to the full range of features of its motherboard . Most companies that produce laptops with such breakout ports also offer simpler adapters that grant access to one or two of the buses consolidated in them at a time . Converter dock / universal dock ( edit ) Similar to a breakout device , some docking stations produce multiple connections from one port , only instead of extracting them from internal chipsets , they create them inside the dock using converters . They are functionally identical to a hub with various converters plugged in . Typically USB - or Thunderbolt - based , they incorporate a range of converters such as USB display adapters or a full external GPU , audio chipsets , NICs , storage enclosures , modems and memory card readers even PCI Express card slots connected through an internal USB hub or PCI Express bridge to give the host computer access to extra connections it did not previously possess . Simpler `` docking stations '' consist of nothing more than a hub inside a stand . As they tend to use non-proprietary connections , converter docks are usually vendor neutral and supplied by third parties . Computer stands ( edit ) Computer stands are sometimes also called docking stations , although they do not connect to the computer in any way . They are an inert accessory designed merely to physically support a computer that is placed on it , typically to raise its screen up to a more ergonomic height , provide cooling , or just to conserve desk space . In video gaming / use in video game consoles ( edit ) The Nintendo Switch is a tablet - like hybrid video game console that has a docking station where the main Switch unit can be placed to charge it , or to play on a television . Mobile docking stations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Kodiak mobile docking - station Mobile docking stations , also referred to as vehicle mounts , provide stable platforms for notebook , laptop and tablet operation in vehicles . Many industries have adopted mobile computing and hence operators wish to have their vehicles fully equipped as mobile field - offices , commonly referred to as mobile offices . As of 2015 organizations use mobile docking stations in sectors such as ( for example ) : law - enforcement , electricity , telecommunications , the military , EMS , fire , construction , insurance , real - estate , agriculture , oil , gas , transportation , warehousing , food - distribution , surveying , and landscaping . Some manufacturers design mobile docking stations specially to withstand the rigors of travel ; such products may have MIL - STD 810E construction - specifications for vibration and impact . Mobile docking stations usually come mated to an armature , laptop desk or standard rack in order to provide the ability to position the computer in a vehicle in a safe and ergonomic position . As with all docking stations , a mobile docking station will provide the user with a means to quickly and easily dock and undock the computer . In addition , some mobile docking - stations provide a security - lock to discourage theft . 342 Types of mobile docking stations ( edit ) Car Mountain are designed for use with most popular automobiles . Truck Mounts are designed for use with most popular pickup trucks , vans , SUVs and heavy - duty trucks . Cart Mounts and Forklift Mounts are designed to mount notebook , laptop & tablet computers on forklifts and warehouse carts . Vehicle mount components ( edit ) Basic components in the design of computer vehicle mounts include : Docking station : The actual station or cradle in which the mobile PC rests . These stations may come equipped with additional functionality , such as charging and USB ports . Motion attachments : Movable components of a mounting system that attach between the pole or tube and the mount base . These come in a number of varieties , allowing the user to configure their mount 's range of motion to desired specifications . Mounting base : Attaches the mounting system to the vehicle . This element is commonly composed of rugged materials such as steel . Tunnel Mounts attach to the raised floor area ( drive shaft tunnel ) between the driver and passenger . Passenger Side Mounts attach to floor on the passenger side of the vehicle . Console mounting brackets attach to an existing vehicle center console . Trunk Mounts provide mounting options for use inside car trunks . Poles and tubes : Attachments that allow the user to adjust the length and particular setup of the mount for the particular vehicle style . Docking systems are shipped in their individual components , requiring the user to install and configure the device . See also ( edit ) Carputer Dock connector Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Docking_station&oldid=792425473 '' Categories : Docking stations Computer peripherals Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2017 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2017 , at 13 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does a docking station for a laptop do	[ "In computing and video gaming, a docking station or port replicator or dock provides a simplified way of \"plugging-in\" an electronic device such as the tablet-like hybrid video game console, the Nintendo Switch and laptop computer to common peripherals. Because a wide range of dockable devices—from mobile telephones to wireless mice—have different connectors, power signaling, and uses, docks are not standardized and are therefore often designed with a specific make and model of a device in mind.[citation needed]" ]	[ "provides a simplified way of \"plugging-in\" an electronic device such as the tablet-like hybrid video game console, the Nintendo Switch and laptop computer to common peripherals" ]
-8245260812055309075	Lists of English words by country or language of origin	Lists of English words by country or language of origin - wikipedia Lists of English words by country or language of origin Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Foreign language influences in English According to surveys , the percentage of modern English words derived from each language group are as follows : Latin ≈ 29 % French ≈ 29 % Germanic ≈ 26 % Greek ≈ 6 % Others ≈ 10 % These are lists of words in the English language that are known as `` loanwords '' or `` borrowings , '' which are derived from other languages . For purely native ( Anglo - Saxon - derived ) words , see List of English words of Anglo - Saxon origin . List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin English words of African origin List of English words of Afrikaans origin List of South African slang words List of English words of Arabic origin List of English words of Chinese origin List of English words of Czech origin List of English words of Danish origin List of English words of Dutch origin Dutch linguistic influence on naval terms List of English words of Afrikaans origin List of South African slang words List of place names of Dutch origin Australian places with Dutch names List of English words of Etruscan origin List of English words of Finnish origin List of English words of French origin List of French expressions in English List of English words with dual French and Anglo - Saxon variations List of pseudo-French words adapted to English List of English Latinates of Germanic origin List of English words of Gaulish origin List of German expressions in English List of pseudo-German words adapted to English English words of Greek origin ( a discussion rather than a list ) List of Greek morphemes used in English List of English words of Hawaiian origin List of English words of Hebrew origin List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin List of English words of Hungarian origin List of English words of Indian origin List of English words of Indonesian origin , including from Javanese , Malay ( Sumatran ) Sundanese , Papuan ( Papua ) , Balinese , Dayak and other local languages in Indonesia List of English words of Irish origin List of English words of Italian origin List of Italian musical terms used in English List of English words of Japanese origin List of English words of Korean origin List of Latin words with English derivatives List of English words of Malay origin List of English words of Māori origin List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas List of English words of Norwegian origin List of English words of Old Norse origin ( often coming from Vikings from Denmark or Norway , but at the time there was little distinction between the Old Norse dialects spoken in the three Scandinavian countries . ) List of English words of Persian origin List of English words of Philippine origin List of English words of Polish origin List of English words of Portuguese origin List of English words of Romani origin List of English words of Romanian origin List of English words of Russian origin List of English words of Sami origin List of English words of Sanskrit origin List of English words of Scots origin List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin List of English words of Serbo - Croatian origin List of English words of Slovak origin List of English words of Spanish origin List of English words of Swedish origin List of English words of Tamil origin List of English words of Turkic origin List of English words of Ukrainian origin List of English words of Welsh origin List of English words of Yiddish origin See also ( edit ) Anglicisation English terms with diacritical marks Inkhorn term Linguistic purism in English List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English List of Greek and Latin roots in English List of proposed etymologies of OK References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Finkenstaedt , Thomas ; Dieter Wolff ( 1973 ) . Ordered profusion ; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter . ISBN 3 - 533 - 02253 - 6 . Jump up ^ Joseph M. Williams ( 1986 ) ( 1975 ) . Origins of the English Language . A social and linguistic history . Free Press . ISBN 0029344700 . External links ( edit ) Ancient Egyptian Loan - Words in English List of etymologies of English words Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin&oldid=803830046 '' Categories : Lists of lists Lists of English words of foreign origin Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2010 Talk About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 22 : 18 . About Wikipedia	where do most of our english words come from	[ "These are lists of words in the English language that are known as \"loanwords\" or \"borrowings,\" which are derived from other languages." ]	[ "other languages" ]
7324097415466437053	Thermosphere	Thermosphere - wikipedia Thermosphere Jump to : navigation , search Earth atmosphere diagram showing the exosphere and other layers . The layers are to scale . From Earth 's surface to the top of the stratosphere ( 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) ) is just under 1 % of Earth 's radius . The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth 's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere . The exosphere is above that but is a minor layer of the atmosphere . Within this layer of the atmosphere , ultraviolet radiation causes photoionization / photodissociation of molecules , creating ions in the ionosphere . The radiative properties of UV rays cause an imbalance of positive and negative energy , creating ions . Taking its name from the Greek θερμός ( pronounced thermos ) meaning heat , the thermosphere begins about 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) above the Earth . At these high altitudes , the residual atmospheric gases sort into strata according to molecular mass ( see turbosphere ) . Thermospheric temperatures increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation . Temperatures are highly dependent on solar activity , and can rise to 2,000 ° C ( 3,630 ° F ) . Radiation causes the atmosphere particles in this layer to become electrically charged ( see ionosphere ) , enabling radio waves to be refracted and thus be received beyond the horizon . In the exosphere , beginning at 500 to 1,000 kilometres ( 310 to 620 mi ) above the Earth 's surface , the atmosphere turns into space , although by the criteria set for the definition of the Kármán line , the thermosphere itself is part of space . The highly diluted gas in this layer can reach 2,500 ° C ( 4,530 ° F ) during the day . Even though the temperature is so high , one would not feel warm in the thermosphere , because it is so near vacuum that there is not enough contact with the few atoms of gas to transfer much heat . A normal thermometer might be significantly below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) , at least at night , because the energy lost by thermal radiation would exceed the energy acquired from the atmospheric gas by direct contact . In the anacoustic zone above 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) , the density is so low that molecular interactions are too infrequent to permit the transmission of sound . The dynamics of the thermosphere are dominated by atmospheric tides , which are driven by the very significant diurnal heating . Atmospheric waves dissipate above this level because of collisions between the neutral gas and the ionospheric plasma . The International Space Station orbits the Earth within the middle of the thermosphere , between 330 and 435 kilometres ( 205 and 270 mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Neutral gas constituents 2 Energy input 2.1 Energy budget 2.2 Solar XUV radiation 2.3 Solar wind 2.4 Atmospheric waves 3 Dynamics 4 Thermospheric storms 5 See also 6 References Neutral gas constituents ( edit ) It is convenient to separate the atmospheric regions according to the two temperature minima at about 12 km altitude ( the tropopause ) and at about 85 km ( the mesopause ) ( Figure 1 ) . The thermosphere ( or the upper atmosphere ) is the height region above 85 km , while the region between the tropopause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere ( stratosphere and mesosphere ) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near 45 km altitude and causes the ozone layer . Figure 1 . Nomenclature of atmospheric regions based on the profiles of electric conductivity ( left ) , temperature ( middle ) , and electron number density in m ( right ) The density of the Earth 's atmosphere decreases nearly exponentially with altitude . The total mass of the atmosphere is M = ρ H ≃ 1 kg / cm within a column of one square centimeter above the ground ( with ρ = 1.29 kg / m the atmospheric density on the ground at z = 0 m altitude , and H ≃ 8 km the average atmospheric scale height ) . 80 % of that mass is concentrated within the troposphere . The mass of the thermosphere above about 85 km is only 0.002 % of the total mass . Therefore , no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions can be expected . Turbulence causes the air within the lower atmospheric regions below the turbopause at about 110 km to be a mixture of gases that does not change its composition . Its mean molecular weight is 29 g / mol with molecular oxygen ( O ) and nitrogen ( N ) as the two dominant constituents . Above the turbopause , however , diffusive separation of the various constituents is significant , so that each constituent follows its own barometric height structure with a scale height inversely proportional to its molecular weight . The lighter constituents atomic oxygen ( O ) , helium ( He ) , and hydrogen ( H ) successively dominate above about 200 km altitude and vary with geographic location , time , and solar activity . The ratio N / O which is a measure of the electron density at the ionospheric F region is highly affected by these variations . These changes follow from the diffusion of the minor constituents through the major gas component during dynamic processes . The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium located in a 10 - km thick band that occurs at the edge of the mesosphere , 80 to 100 km above Earth 's surface . The sodium has an average concentration of 400,000 atoms per cubic centimeter . This band is regularly replenished by sodium sublimating from incoming meteors . Astronomers have begun utilizing this sodium band to create `` guide stars '' as part of the optical correction process in producing ultra-sharp ground - based observations . Energy input ( edit ) Energy budget ( edit ) The thermospheric temperature can be determined from density observations as well as from direct satellite measurements . The temperature vs. altitude z in Fig. 1 can be simulated by the so - called Bates profile : ( 1 ) T = T ∞ − ( T ∞ − T 0 ) exp ⁡ ( − s ( z − z 0 ) ) ( \ displaystyle T = T_ ( \ infty ) - ( T_ ( \ infty ) - T_ ( 0 ) ) \ exp \ ( - s ( z - z_ ( 0 ) ) \ ) ) with T the exospheric temperature above about 400 km altitude , T = 355 K , and z = 120 km reference temperature and height , and s an empirical parameter depending on T and decreasing with T. That formula is derived from a simple equation of heat conduction . One estimates a total heat input of q ≃ 0.8 to 1.6 mW / m above z = 120 km altitude . In order to obtain equilibrium conditions , that heat input q above z is lost to the lower atmospheric regions by heat conduction . The exospheric temperature T is a fair measurement of the solar XUV radiation . Since solar radio emission F at 10.7 cm wavelength is a good indicator of solar activity , one can apply the empirical formula for quiet magnetospheric conditions . ( 2 ) T ∞ ≃ 500 + 3.4 F 0 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ infty ) \ simeq 500 + 3.4 F_ ( 0 ) ) with T in K , F in 10 W m Hz ( the Covington index ) a value of F averaged over several solar cycles . The Covington index varies typically between 70 and 250 during a solar cycle , and never drops below about 50 . Thus , T varies between about 740 and 1350 K. During very quiet magnetospheric conditions , the still continuously flowing magnetospheric energy input contributes by about 250 K to the residual temperature of 500 K in eq. ( 2 ) . The rest of 250 K in eq. ( 2 ) can be attributed to atmospheric waves generated within the troposphere and dissipated within the lower thermosphere . Solar XUV radiation ( edit ) The solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation ( XUV ) at wavelengths < 170 nm is almost completely absorbed within the thermosphere . This radiation causes the various ionospheric layers as well as a temperature increase at these heights ( Figure 1 ) . While the solar visible light ( 380 to 780 nm ) is nearly constant with a variability of not more than about 0.1 % of the solar constant , the solar XUV radiation is highly variable in time and space . For instance , X-ray bursts associated with solar flares can dramatically increase their intensity over preflare levels by many orders of magnitude over a time span of tens of minutes . In the extreme ultraviolet , the Lyman α line at 121.6 nm represents an important source of ionization and dissociation at ionospheric D layer heights . During quiet periods of solar activity , it alone contains more energy than the rest of the XUV spectrum . Quasi-periodic changes of the order of 100 % or greater , with periods with period of 27 days and 11 years , belong to the prominent variations of solar XUV radiation . However , irregular fluctuations over all time scales are present all the time . During low solar activity , about half of the total energy input into the thermosphere is thought to be solar XUV radiation . Evidently , that solar XUV energy input occurs only during daytime conditions , maximizing at the equator during equinox . Solar wind ( edit ) A second source of energy input into the thermosphere is solar wind energy which is transferred to the magnetosphere by mechanisms that are not well understood . One possible way to transfer energy is via a hydrodynamic dynamo process . Solar wind particles penetrate into the polar regions of the magnetosphere where the geomagnetic field lines are essentially vertically directed . An electric field is generated , directed from dawn to dusk . Along the last closed geomagnetic field lines with their footpoints within the auroral zones , field aligned electric currents can flow into the ionospheric dynamo region where they are closed by electric Pedersen and Hall currents . Ohmic losses of the Pedersen currents heat the lower thermosphere ( see e.g. , Magnetospheric electric convection field ) . In addition , penetration of high energetic particles from the magnetosphere into the auroral regions enhance drastically the electric conductivity , further increasing the electric currents and thus Joule heating . During quiet magnetospheric activity , the magnetosphere contributes perhaps by a quarter to the thermosphere 's energy budget . This is about 250 K of the exospheric temperature in eq. ( 2 ) . During very large activity , however , this heat input can increase substantially , by a factor of four or more . That solar wind input occurs mainly in the auroral regions during both day and night . Atmospheric waves ( edit ) Two kinds of large - scale atmospheric waves within the lower atmosphere exist : internal waves with finite vertical wavelengths which can transport wave energy upward ; and external waves with infinitely large wavelengths which can not transport wave energy . Atmospheric gravity waves and most of the atmospheric tides generated within the troposphere belong to the internal waves . Their density amplitudes increase exponentially with height , so that at the mesopause these waves become turbulent and their energy is dissipated ( similar to breaking of ocean waves at the coast ) , thus contributing to the heating of the thermosphere by about 250 K in eq. ( 2 ) . On the other hand , the fundamental diurnal tide labelled ( 1 , − 2 ) which is most efficiently excited by solar irradiance is an external wave and plays only a marginal role within lower and middle atmosphere . However , at thermospheric altitudes , it becomes the predominant wave . It drives the electric Sq - current within the ionospheric dynamo region between about 100 and 200 km height . Heating , predominately by tidal waves , occurs mainly at lower and middle latitudes . The variability of this heating depends on the meteorological conditions within troposphere and middle atmosphere , and may not exceed about 50 % . Dynamics ( edit ) Figure 2 . Schematic meridian - height cross-section of circulation of ( a ) symmetric wind component ( P ) , ( b ) of antisymmetric wind component ( P ) , and ( d ) of symmetric diurnal wind component ( P ) at 3 h and 15 h local time . Upper right pannel ( c ) shows the horizontal wind vectors of the diurnal component in the northern hemisphere depending on local time . Within the thermosphere above about 150 km height , all atmospheric waves successively become external waves , and no significant vertical wave structure is visible . The atmospheric wave modes degenerate to the spherical functions P with ma meridional wave number and n the zonal wave number ( m = 0 : zonal mean flow ; m = 1 : diurnal tides ; m = 2 : semidiurnal tides ; etc . ) . The thermosphere becomes a damped oscillator system with low - pass filter characteristics . This means that smaller - scale waves ( greater numbers of ( n , m ) ) and higher frequencies are suppressed in favor of large - scale waves and lower frequencies . If one considers very quiet magnetospheric disturbances and a constant mean exospheric temperature ( averaged over the sphere ) , the observed temporal and spatial distribution of the exospheric temperature distribution can be described by a sum of spheric functions : ( 3 ) T ( φ , λ , t ) = T ∞ ( 1 + Δ T 2 0 P 2 0 ( φ ) + Δ T 1 0 P 1 0 ( φ ) cos ⁡ ( ω a ( t − t a ) ) + Δ T 1 1 P 1 1 ( φ ) cos ⁡ ( τ − τ d ) + ⋯ ) ( \ displaystyle T ( \ varphi , \ lambda , t ) = T_ ( \ infty ) \ ( 1 + \ Delta T_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 0 ) P_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 0 ) ( \ varphi ) + \ Delta T_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 0 ) P_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 0 ) ( \ varphi ) \ cos ( \ omega _ ( a ) ( t - t_ ( a ) ) ) + \ Delta T_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) P_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( \ varphi ) \ cos ( \ tau - \ tau _ ( d ) ) + \ cdots \ ) ) Here , it is φ latitude , λ longitude , and t time , ω the angular frequency of one year , ω the angular frequency of one solar day , and τ = ω t + λ the local time . t = June 21 is the date of northern summer solstice , and τ = 15 : 00 is the local time of maximum diurnal temperature . The first term in ( 3 ) on the right is the global mean of the exospheric temperature ( of the order of 1000 K ) . The second term ( with P = 0.5 ( 3 sin ( φ ) − 1 ) ) represents the heat surplus at lower latitudes and a corresponding heat deficit at higher latitudes ( Fig . 2a ) . A thermal wind system develops with wind toward the poles in the upper level and wind away from the poles in the lower level . The coefficient ΔT ≈ 0.004 is small because Joule heating in the aurora regions compensates that heat surplus even during quiet magnetospheric conditions . During disturbed conditions , however , that term becomes dominant , changing sign so that now heat surplus is transported from the poles to the equator . The third term ( with P = sin φ ) represents heat surplus on the summer hemisphere and is responsible for the transport of excess heat from the summer into the winter hemisphere ( Fig . 2b ) . Its relative amplitude is of the order ΔT ≃ 0.13 . The fourth term ( with P ( φ ) = cos φ ) is the dominant diurnal wave ( the tidal mode ( 1 , − 2 ) ) . It is responsible for the transport of excess heat from the daytime hemisphere into the nighttime hemisphere ( Fig . 2d ) . Its relative amplitude is ΔT ≃ 0.15 , thus on the order of 150 K. Additional terms ( e.g. , semiannual , semidiurnal terms and higher order terms ) must be added to eq. ( 3 ) . However , they are of minor importance . Corresponding sums can be developed for density , pressure , and the various gas constituents . Thermospheric storms ( edit ) In contrast to solar XUV radiation , magnetospheric disturbances , indicated on the ground by geomagnetic variations , show an unpredictable impulsive character , from short periodic disturbances of the order of hours to long - standing giant storms of several days ' duration . The reaction of the thermosphere to a large magnetospheric storm is called thermospheric storm . Since the heat input into the thermosphere occurs at high latitudes ( mainly into the auroral regions ) , the heat transport represented by the term P in eq. ( 3 ) is reversed . In addition , due to the impulsive form of the disturbance , higher - order terms are generated which , however , possess short decay times and thus quickly disappear . The sum of these modes determines the `` travel time '' of the disturbance to the lower latitudes , and thus the response time of the thermosphere with respect to the magnetospheric disturbance . Important for the development of an ionospheric storm is the increase of the ratio N / O during a thermospheric storm at middle and higher latitude . An increase of N increases the loss process of the ionospheric plasma and causes therefore a decrease of the electron density within the ionospheric F - layer ( negative ionospheric storm ) . See also ( edit ) Atmospheric sciences portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duxbury & Duxbury . Introduction to the World 's Oceans . 5ed. ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Prölss , G.W. and M.K. Bird , `` Physics of the Earth 's Space Environment '' , Springer Verlag , Heidelberg , 2010 Jump up ^ Martin Enderlein et al. , ESO 's Very Large Telescope sees four times first light , Laser Focus World , July 2016 , pp. 22 - 24 Jump up ^ Rawer , K. , Modelling of neutral and ionized atmospheres , in Flügge , S. ( ed ) : Encycl . Phys. , 49 / 7 , Springer Verlag , Heidelberg , 223 ^ Jump up to : Hedin , A.E. , A revised thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data : MSIS - 83 J. Geophys . Res. , 88 , 10170 , 1983 Jump up ^ Willson , R.C. , Measurements of the solar total irradiance and its variability , Space Sci. Rev. , 38 , 203 , 1984 Jump up ^ Brasseur , G. , and S. Salomon , `` Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere '' , Reidel Pub. , Dordrecht , 1984 Jump up ^ Schmidtke , G. , Modelling of the solar radiation for aeronomical applications , in Flügge , S. ( ed ) , Encycl . Phys. 49 / 7 , Springer Verlag , Heidelberg , 1 Jump up ^ Knipp , D.J. , W.K. Tobiska , and B.A. Emery , Direct and indirect thermospheric heating source for solar cycles , Solar Phys. , 224 , 2506 , 2004 Jump up ^ Volland , H. , `` Atmospheric Tidal and Planetary Waves '' , Kluwer , Dordrecht , 1988 Jump up ^ Köhnlein , W. , A model of thermospheric temperature and composition , Planet . Space Sci. 28 , 225 , 1980 Jump up ^ von Zahn , U. , et al. , ESRO - 4 model of global thermospheric composition and temperatures during low solar activity , Geophy . Res . Lett. , 4 , 33 , 1977 Jump up ^ Prölss , G.W. , Density perturbations in the upper atmosphere caused by dissipation of solar wind energy , Surv . Geophys. , 32 , 101 , 2011 Earth 's atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermosphere&oldid=802708083 '' Categories : Atmosphere of Earth Atmosphere Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 23 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the source of heating in the thermosphere is the absorption of	[ "The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere. The exosphere is above that but is a minor layer of the atmosphere. Within this layer of the atmosphere, ultraviolet radiation causes photoionization/photodissociation of molecules, creating ions in the ionosphere. The radiative properties of UV rays cause an imbalance of positive and negative energy,creating ions. Taking its name from the Greek θερμός (pronounced thermos) meaning heat, the thermosphere begins about 85 kilometres (53 mi) above the Earth.[1] At these high altitudes, the residual atmospheric gases sort into strata according to molecular mass (see turbosphere). Thermospheric temperatures increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation. Temperatures are highly dependent on solar activity, and can rise to 2,000 °C (3,630 °F). Radiation causes the atmosphere particles in this layer to become electrically charged (see ionosphere), enabling radio waves to be refracted and thus be received beyond the horizon. In the exosphere, beginning at 500 to 1,000 kilometres (310 to 620 mi) above the Earth's surface, the atmosphere turns into space, although by the criteria set for the definition of the Kármán line, the thermosphere itself is part of space." ]	[ "highly energetic solar radiation" ]
6103747005475733073	Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom	Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom - Wikipedia Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( disambiguation ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Robert Watts Screenplay by Willard Huyck Gloria Katz Story by George Lucas Starring Harrison Ford Kate Capshaw Amrish Puri Roshan Seth Philip Stone Jonathan Ke Quan Music by John Williams Cinematography Douglas Slocombe Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date May 8 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 08 ) ( Westwood ) May 23 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Sinhala Hindi Budget $28.2 million Box office $333.1 million Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action - adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg . It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark , featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as the title character . After arriving in North India , Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery , black magic and ritual human sacrifice in honor of the goddess Kali . Executive producer and co-writer George Lucas decided to make the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again . After three rejected plot devices , Lucas wrote a film treatment that resembled the film 's final storyline . Lawrence Kasdan , Lucas 's collaborator on Raiders of the Lost Ark , turned down the offer to write the script , and Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz were hired as his replacements , with the screenplay partly based upon the 1939 film Gunga Din . The film was released to financial success , but initial reviews were mixed , which criticized its violence , later contributing to the creation of the PG - 13 rating . However , critical opinion has improved since 1984 , citing the film 's intensity and imagination . Some of the film 's cast and crew , including Spielberg , retrospectively view the film in a negative light , partly due to the film being the darkest and most overtly violent Indiana Jones film . The film has also been the subject of controversy due to its portrayal of India and Hinduism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Editing 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Promotion 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards 5.3 Controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1935 , Indiana Jones narrowly escapes the clutches of Lao Che , a crime boss in Shanghai , China . With his 11 - year - old Chinese sidekick Short Round and the nightclub singer Willie Scott in tow , Indy flees Shanghai on an airplane that , unknown to them , is owned by Lao . While the three of them sleep on the plane , the pilots parachute out , and they leave the plane to crash over the Himalayas while dumping its fuel . Indy , Shorty , and Willie discover this and narrowly manage to escape by jumping out of the plane on an inflatable raft , and then riding down the slopes into a raging river . They come to Mayapore , a village in northern India , where the poor villagers believe them to have been sent by Shiva to retrieve the sacred sivalinga stone stolen from their shrine , as well as the community 's children , from evil forces in the nearby Pankot Palace . During the journey to Pankot , Indy hypothesizes that the stone may be one of the five fabled Sankara stones that promise fortune and glory . The trio receive a warm welcome from the Prime Minister of Pankot Palace , Chattar Lal . The visitors are allowed to stay the night as guests , during which they attend a lavish but grotesque banquet given by the young Maharaja , Zalim Singh . Chattar Lal rebuffs Indy 's questions about the villagers ' claims and his theory that the ancient Thuggee cult is responsible for their troubles . Later that night , Indy is attacked by an assassin , leading Indy , Willie , and Shorty to believe that something is amiss . They discover a series of tunnels hidden behind a statue in Willie 's room and set out to explore them , overcoming a number of booby - traps along the way . The trio eventually reach an underground temple where the Thugs worship Kali with human sacrifice . They watch as the Thugs chain one of their victims in a cage and slowly lower him into a ceremonial fire pit , burning him alive . They discover that the Thugs , led by their high priest Mola Ram , are in possession of three of the five Sankara stones , and have enslaved the children to mine for the final two stones . As Indy tries to retrieve the stones , he , Willie , and Shorty are captured and separated . Indy is whipped and forced to drink a potion called the Blood of Kali , which places him in a trance - like state where he begins to mindlessly serve the Thugs . Willie , meanwhile , is kept as a human sacrifice , while Shorty is put to work in the mines alongside the enslaved children . Shorty breaks free and escapes back into the temple where he burns Indy with a torch , shocking him out of the trance . After defeating Chattar Lal , Indy stops Willie 's cage and cranks it out of the pit just in time before it has a chance to enter the fire . They go back to the mines to free the children , but Indy is caught up in a fight with a hulking overseer . The Maharajah , who was also entranced , attempts to cripple Indy with a voodoo doll . Shorty spars with the Maharajah , ultimately burning him to snap him out of the trance . With his strength returned , Indy kills the overseer . The Maharajah then tells Shorty how to get out of the mines . While Mola Ram escapes , Indy and Shorty rescue Willie and retrieve the three Sankara stones , the village children escape . After a mine cart chase to escape the temple , the trio emerge above ground and are again cornered by Mola Ram and his henchmen on a rope bridge high above a crocodile - infested river . Using a sword , Indy cuts the rope bridge in half , leaving everyone to hang on for their lives . Indy utters an incantation which causes the stones to glow red hot . Two of the stones fall into the river , while the last falls into Mola Ram 's hand , burning his hand . Indy catches the now - cool stone , while Mola Ram falls into the river below and gets devoured by hungry crocodiles . The Thuggees then attempt to shoot Indy with arrows , until a company of British Indian Army riflemen , summoned by the Maharajah , arrive and open fire on the Thuggee archers . Indy , Willie , and Shorty return to the village with the children and give the missing stone back to the villagers . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Indiana Jones characters Harrison Ford as Dr. Henry `` Indiana '' Jones Jr. : An archaeologist adventurer who is asked by a desperate Indian village to retrieve a mysterious stone and rescue the missing village children . Ford undertook a strict physical exercise regimen headed by Jake Steinfeld to gain a more muscular tone for the part . Kate Capshaw as Wilhelmina `` Willie '' Scott : An American nightclub singer working in Shanghai . Willie is unprepared for her adventure with Indy and Short Round , and appears to be a damsel in distress . She also forms a romantic relationship with Indy . Over 120 actresses auditioned for the role , including Sharon Stone . To prepare for the role , Capshaw watched The African Queen and A Guy Named Joe . Spielberg wanted Willie to be a complete contrast to Marion Ravenwood from Raiders of the Lost Ark , so Capshaw dyed her brown hair blonde for the part . Costume designer Anthony Powell wanted the character to have red hair . Amrish Puri as Mola Ram : A Thuggee priest who performs rituals of human sacrifices . The character is named after a 17th - century Indian painter . Lucas wanted Mola Ram to be terrifying , so the screenwriters added elements of Aztec and Hawaiian human sacrificers , and European devil worship to the character . To create his headdress , make - up artist Tom Smith based the skull on a cow ( as this would be sacrilegious ) , and used a latex shrunken head . Jonathan Ke Quan as Short Round : Indy 's eleven - year - old Chinese sidekick , who drives the 1936 Auburn Boat Tail Speedster which allows Indy to escape during the opening sequence . Quan was chosen as part of a casting call in Los Angeles . Around 6000 actors auditioned worldwide for the part : Quan was cast after his brother auditioned for the role . Spielberg liked his personality , so he and Ford improvised the scene where Short Round accuses Indy of cheating during a card game . He was credited by his birthname , Ke Huy Quan . Roshan Seth as Chattar Lal : The Prime Minister of the Maharaja of Pankot . Chattar , also a Thuggee worshiper , is enchanted by Indy , Willie and Short Round 's arrival , but is offended by Indy 's questioning of the palace 's history and the archaeologist 's own dubious past . Philip Stone as Captain Philip Blumburtt : A British Indian Army Captain called to Pankot Palace for `` exercises '' . Alongside a unit of his riflemen , Blumburtt assists Indy towards the end in fighting off Thuggee reinforcements . Roy Chiao as Lao Che : A Shanghai crime boss who , with his sons , hires Indy to recover the cremated ashes of one of his ancestors , only to attempt to kill him and cheat him out of his fee , a large diamond . David Yip as Wu Han : A friend of Indy . He is killed by one of Lao Che 's sons while posing as a waiter at Club Obi Wan . Raj Singh as Zalim Singh , the adolescent Maharajá of Pankot , who appears as an innocent puppet of the Thuggee faithful . In the end , he helps to defeat them . D.R. Nanayakkara as Shaman : The leader of a small village that recruits Indy to retrieve their stolen sacred Shiva lingam stone . Actor Pat Roach plays the Thuggee overseer in the mines . Spielberg , Lucas , Marshall , Kennedy , and Dan Aykroyd have cameos at the airport . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) When George Lucas first approached Steven Spielberg for Raiders of the Lost Ark , Spielberg recalled , `` George said if I directed the first one then I would have to direct a trilogy . He had three stories in mind . It turned out George did not have three stories in mind and we had to make up subsequent stories . '' Spielberg and Lucas attributed the film 's tone , which was darker than Raiders of the Lost Ark , to their personal moods following the breakups of their relationships ( George with his wife , and Spielberg with his girlfriend ) . In addition , Lucas felt `` it had to have been a dark film . The way Empire Strikes Back was the dark second act of the Star Wars trilogy . '' Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains once more . Spielberg originally wanted to bring Marion Ravenwood back , with Abner Ravenwood being considered as a possible character . Lucas created an opening chase scene that had Indiana Jones on a motorcycle on the Great Wall of China . In addition , Indiana discovered a `` Lost World pastiche with a hidden valley inhabited by dinosaurs '' . Chinese authorities refused to allow filming , and Lucas considered the Monkey King as the plot device . Lucas wrote a film treatment that included a haunted castle in Scotland , but Spielberg felt it was too similar to Poltergeist . The haunted castle in Scotland slowly transformed into a demonic temple in India . Lucas came up with ideas that involved a religious cult devoted to child slavery , black magic and ritual human sacrifice . Lawrence Kasdan of Raiders of the Lost Ark was asked to write the script . `` I did n't want to be associated with Temple of Doom , '' he reflected . `` I just thought it was horrible . It 's so mean . There 's nothing pleasant about it . I think Temple of Doom represents a chaotic period in both their ( Lucas and Spielberg ) lives , and the movie is very ugly and mean - spirited . '' Lucas hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script because of their knowledge of Indian culture . Gunga Din served as an influence for the film . Huyck and Katz spent four days at Skywalker Ranch for story discussions with Lucas and Spielberg in early 1982 . They later said the early plot consisted of two notions of Lucas ' : that Indy would recover something stolen from a village and decide whether to give it back , and that the picture would start in China and work its way to India . Huyck says Lucas was very single - minded about getting through meetings , while `` Steve would always stop and think about visual stuff . '' Lucas ' initial idea for Indiana 's sidekick was a virginal young princess , but Huyck , Katz and Spielberg disliked the idea . Just as Indiana Jones was named after Lucas ' Alaskan Malamute , Willie was named after Spielberg 's Cocker Spaniel , and Short Round was named after Huyck 's dog , whose name was derived from The Steel Helmet . Lucas handed Huyck and Katz a 20 - page treatment in May 1982 titled Indiana Jones and the Temple of Death to adapt into a screenplay . Scenes such as the fight scene in Shanghai , escape from the airplane and the mine cart chase came from original scripts of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Lucas , Huyck , and Katz had been developing Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) since the early 1970s . The opening music was taken from that script and applied to Temple of Doom . Spielberg reflected , `` George 's idea was to start the movie with a musical number . He wanted to do a Busby Berkeley dance number . At all our story meetings he would say , ' Hey , Steven , you always said you wanted to shoot musicals . ' I thought , ' Yeah , that could be fun . ' '' Lucas , Spielberg , Katz and Huyck were concerned how to keep the audience interest while explaining the Thuggee cult . Huyck and Katz proposed a tiger hunt but Spielberg said , `` There 's no way I 'm going to stay in India long enough to shoot a tiger hunt . '' They eventually decided on a dinner scene involving eating bugs , monkey brains and the like . `` Steve and George both still react like children , so their idea was to make it as gross as possible , '' says Katz . Lucas sent Huyck and Katz a 500 - page transcript of their taped conversations to help them with the script . The first draft was written in six weeks , in early August 1982 . `` Steve was coming off an enormously successful movie and George did n't want to lose him , '' said Katz . `` He desperately wanted him to direct ( Temple of Doom ) . We were under a lot of pressure to do it really , really fast so we could hold on to Steve . '' A second draft was finished by September . Captain Blumburtt , Chattar Lal , and the boy Maharaja originally had more crucial roles . A dogfight was deleted , as well as those who drank the Kali blood turned into zombies with physical superhuman abilities . During pre-production , the Temple of Death title was replaced with Temple of Doom . From March to April 1983 , Huyck and Katz simultaneously performed rewrites for a final shooting script . Huyck and Katz later said Harrison Ford took many of the one liners originally given to Short Round . Filming ( edit ) Steven Spielberg and Chandran Rutnam on a location in Sri Lanka during the filming of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Huyck later recalled `` at one point when we were writing it we told George `` We know a lot of Indians . We 've been there ... I do n't think they 're going to think this is really so cool . Do you think you 're going to have trouble shooting there ? '' He said , `` Are you kidding ? It 's me and Steve . '' Months later they called and said , `` We ca n't shoot in India . They 're really upset . '' So they shot in Sri Lanka and London , mostly . '' The filmmakers were denied permission to film in North India and Amer Fort due to the government finding the script offensive . The government demanded many script changes , rewritings and final cut privilege . As a result , location work went to Kandy , Sri Lanka , with matte paintings and scale models applied for the village , temple , and Pankot Palace . Budgetary inflation also caused Temple of Doom to cost $28.17 million , $8 million more than Raiders of the Lost Ark . Filming began on April 18 , 1983 in Kandy , and moved to Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire , England on May 5 . Producer Frank Marshall recalled , `` when filming the bug scenes , crew members would go home and find bugs in their hair , clothes and shoes . '' Eight out of the nine sound stages at Elstree housed the filming of Temple of Doom . Lucas biographer Marcus Hearn observed , `` Douglas Slocombe 's skillful lighting helped disguise the fact that about 80 percent of the film was shot with sound stages . '' Harrison Ford with Chandran Rutnam on the set of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom which was shot in Kandy , Sri Lanka in 1983 . Danny Daniels choreographed the opening music number `` Anything Goes '' . Capshaw learned to sing in Mandarin and took tap dance lessons . However the dress was fitted so tightly that Capshaw was not able to dance in it . Made by Barbara Matera out of original 1920s and 1930s beads , the dress was one of a kind . The opening dance number was actually the last scene to be shot , but the dress did feature in some earlier location shots in Sri Lanka , drying on a nearby tree . Unfortunately an elephant had started to eat it , tearing the whole back of the dress . Consequently , some emergency repair work had to be done by Matera with what remained of the original beads , and it was costume designer Anthony Powell who had to fill in the insurance forms . As to the reason for damage , he had no option but to put `` dress eaten by elephant '' . Norman Reynolds could not return for Temple of Doom because of his commitment to Return of the Jedi . Elliot Scott ( Labyrinth , Who Framed Roger Rabbit ) , Reynolds ' mentor , was hired . To build the rope bridge the filmmakers found a group of British engineers from Balfour Beatty working on the nearby Victoria Dam . Harrison Ford suffered a severe spinal disc herniation by performing a somersault while filming the scene with the assassin in Jones ' bedroom . A hospital bed was brought on set for Ford to rest between takes . Lucas stated , `` He could barely stand up , yet he was there every day so shooting would not stop . He was in incomprehensible pain , but he was still trying to make it happen . '' With no alternatives , Lucas shut down production while Ford was flown to Centinela Hospital on June 21 for recovery . Stunt double Vic Armstrong spent five weeks as a stand - in for various shots . Wendy Leech , Armstrong 's wife , served as Capshaw 's stunt double . Macau was substituted for Shanghai , while cinematographer Douglas Slocombe caught fever from June 24 to July 7 and could not work . Ford returned on August 8 . Despite the problems during filming , Spielberg was able to complete Temple of Doom on schedule and on budget , finishing principal photography on August 26 . Various pick - ups took place afterwards . This included Snake River Canyon , in Idaho , Mammoth Mountain , Tuolumne and American River , Yosemite National Park , San Joaquin Valley , Hamilton Air Force Base and Arizona . Producer Frank Marshall directed a second unit in Florida in January 1984 , using alligators to double as crocodiles . The mine chase was a combination of a roller coaster and scale models with dolls doubling for the actors . Minor stop motion was also used for the sequence . Visual effects supervisors Dennis Muren , Joe Johnston and a crew at Industrial Light & Magic provided the visual effects work , while Skywalker Sound , headed by Ben Burtt , commissioned the sound design . Burtt recorded Willie Scott 's scream and roller coasters at Disneyland Park in Anaheim for the mine cart scene . Editing ( edit ) `` After I showed the film to George ( Lucas ) , at an hour and 55 minutes , we looked at each other , '' Spielberg remembered . `` The first thing that we said was , ' Too fast ' . We needed to decelerate the action . I did a few more matte shots to slow it down . We made it a little bit slower , by putting breathing room back in so there 'd be a two - hour oxygen supply for the audience . '' Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Temple of Doom was released on May 23 , 1984 in America , accumulating a record - breaking $45.7 million in its first week . The film went on to gross $333.1 million worldwide , with $180 million in North America and $153.1 million in other markets . The film had the highest opening weekend of 1984 , and was that year 's highest - grossing film ( third in North America , behind Beverly Hills Cop and Ghostbusters ) . It was also the tenth highest - grossing film of all time during its release . It sold an estimated 53,532,800 tickets in the US . Promotion ( edit ) Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer David Michelinie and artists Jackson Guice , Ian Akin , Brian Garvey , and Bob Camp . It was published as Marvel Super Special # 30 and as a three - issue limited series . LucasArts and Atari Games promoted the film by releasing an arcade game . Hasbro released a toy line based on the film in September 2008 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews upon its release , but over the years the film 's reception has shifted to a more positive tone . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 85 % , based on 63 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It may be too ' dark ' for some , but Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom remains an ingenious adventure spectacle that showcases one of Hollywood 's finest filmmaking teams in vintage form . '' On Metacritic the film has a rating of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 14 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film a perfect four - star rating , calling it `` the most cheerfully exciting , bizarre , goofy , romantic adventure movie since Raiders , and it is high praise to say that it 's not so much a sequel as an equal . It 's quite an experience . '' Vincent Canby felt the film was `` too shapeless to be the fun that Raiders is , but shape may be beside the point . Old - time , 15 - part movie serials did n't have shape . They just went on and on and on , which is what Temple of Doom does with humor and technical invention . '' Neal Gabler commented that `` I think in some ways , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was better than Raiders of the Lost Ark . In some ways it was less . In sum total , I 'd have to say I enjoyed it more . That does n't mean it 's better necessarily , but I got more enjoyment out of it . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune called the film `` sillier , darkly violent and a bit dumbed down , but still great fun . '' Pauline Kael , writing in The New Yorker , claimed it was `` one of the most sheerly pleasurable physical comedies ever made . '' Halliwell 's Film Guide described the film as a `` slow - starting adventure romp with much ingenuity and too much brutality and horror . '' Dave Kehr gave a largely negative review ; `` The film betrays no human impulse higher than that of a ten - year - old boy trying to gross out his baby sister by dangling a dead worm in her face . '' Ralph Novak of People complained `` The ads that say ' this film may be too intense for younger children ' are fraudulent . No parent should allow a young child to see this traumatizing movie ; it would be a cinematic form of child abuse . Even Harrison Ford is required to slap Quan and abuse Capshaw . There are no heroes connected with the film , only two villains ; their names are Steven Spielberg and George Lucas . '' The Observer described it as `` a thin , arch , graceless affair . '' The Guardian summarized it as `` a two - hour series of none too carefully linked chase sequences ... sitting on the edge of your seat gives you a sore bum but also a numb brain . '' Leonard Maltin gave the movie only 2 out of 4 stars , saying that the film is `` headache inducing '' and `` never gives us a chance to breathe '' , and chiding the `` ' gross - out ' gags . '' Kate Capshaw called her character `` not much more than a dumb screaming blonde . '' Steven Spielberg said in 1989 , `` I was n't happy with Temple of Doom at all . It was too dark , too subterranean , and much too horrific . I thought it out - poltered Poltergeist . There 's not an ounce of my own personal feeling in Temple of Doom . '' He later added during the Making of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom documentary , `` Temple of Doom is my least favorite of the trilogy . I look back and I say , ' Well the greatest thing that I got out of that was I met Kate Capshaw . ' We married years later and that to me was the reason I was fated to make Temple of Doom . '' In 2014 , Time Out polled several film critics , directors , actors and stunt actors to list their top action films . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was listed at 71st place on this list . Awards ( edit ) Dennis Muren and Industrial Light & Magic 's visual effects department won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 57th Academy Awards . Soundtrack composer John Williams was , as he had been for his work on Raiders of the Lost Ark , again nominated for Original Music Score . The visual effects crew won the same category at the 38th British Academy Film Awards . Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe , editor Michael Kahn , Ben Burtt and other sound designers at Skywalker Sound received nominations . Spielberg , the writers , Harrison Ford , Jonathan Ke Quan , Anthony Powell and makeup designer Tom Smith were nominated for their work at the Saturn Awards . Temple of Doom was nominated for Best Fantasy Film but lost to Ghostbusters . Controversy ( edit ) The film 's depiction of Hindus caused controversy in India , and brought it to the attention of the country 's censors , who placed a temporary ban on it . The depiction of the goddess Kali as a representative of the underworld and evil was met with much criticism , as she is almost exclusively depicted as a goddess of change and empowerment ( Shakti ) , meaning that while she does destroy , she almost always does so in order to effect positive change . The depiction of Indian cuisine was also criticized , as dishes such as baby snakes , eyeball soup , beetles , and chilled monkey brains are not actual Indian foods . Shashi Tharoor has condemned the film and has criticised numerous parts of the film as offensive and factually inaccurate . Yvette Rosser has criticized the film for contributing to negative stereotypes of Indians in Western society , writing `` ( it ) seems to have been taken as a valid portrayal of India by many teachers , since a large number of students surveyed complained that teachers referred to the eating of monkey brains . '' See also ( edit ) White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` INDIANA JONES AND THE TEMPLE OF DOOM ( PG ) ( CUT ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 31 , 1984 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , Chapter 8 : `` Forward on All Fronts ( August 1983 -- June 1984 ) '' , p. 168 -- 183 ^ Jump up to : J.W. Rinzler ; Laurent Bouzereau ( 2008 ) . `` Temple of Death : ( June 1981 -- April 1983 ) '' . The Complete Making of Indiana Jones . Random House . pp. 129 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8 . Jump up ^ Anthony Breznican ( August 24 , 2004 ) . `` PG - 13 remade Hollywood ratings system '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gogoi , Pallavi ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` Banned Films Around the World : Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . BusinessWeek . ^ Jump up to : Tharoor , Shashi ( March 10 , 2007 ) . `` SHASHI ON SUNDAY : India , Jones and the template of dhoom '' . The Times of India . ^ Jump up to : Yvette Rosser . `` Teaching South Asia '' . Missouri Southern State University . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : John Baxter ( 1999 ) . `` Snake Surprise '' . Mythmaker : The Life and Work of George Lucas . Avon Books . pp. 332 -- 341 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 97833 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` The People Who Were Almost Cast '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure 's New Name '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scouting for Locations and New Faces '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy , 2003 , Paramount Pictures ^ Jump up to : `` Temple of Doom : An Oral History '' . Empire . May 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved May 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck 's Best Defense Against Critics Is Their Screenwriting Track Record '' By Donald G. McNeil Jr . August 20 , 1984 People Magazine accessed April 22 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Joseph McBride ( 1997 ) . `` Ecstasy and Grief '' . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . New York City : Faber and Faber . pp. 323 -- 358 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` FORTUNE AND GLORY : Writers of Doom ! Quint interviews Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ! '' Ai n't It Cool New 23 May 2014 accessed April 23 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , Chapter 6 : `` Doomruners ( April -- August 1983 , p. 142 -- 167 ^ Jump up to : Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . Harry N. Abrams Inc . pp. 144 -- 147 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Stunts of Indiana Jones , 2003 , Paramount Pictures Jump up ^ The Light and Magic of Indiana Jones , 2003 , Paramount Pictures Jump up ^ The Sound of Indiana Jones , 2003 , Paramount Pictures ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Marvel Super Special # 30 '' . comics.org . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Edward Douglas ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` Hasbro Previews G.I. Joe , Hulk , Iron Man , Indy & Clone Wars '' . Superhero Hype ! . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( March 23 , 1983 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Dan ( January 1988 ) . `` Neal Gabler '' . Comics Interview ( 54 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 61 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Halliwell 's Film Guide , 13th edition -- ISBN 0 - 00 - 638868 - X . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( September 1 , 1984 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Maltin ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Leonard Maltin 's 2010 Movie Guide '' . PENGUIN group . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best action movies '' . Time Out . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best action movies : 80 -- 71 '' . Time Out . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 25 , 2008 . Further reading Willard Huyck ; Gloria Katz ( October 1984 ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom : The Illustrated Screenplay . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31878 - 1 . James Kahn ( May 1984 ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . novelization of the film . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31457 - 4 . Rinzler , J.W. ; Bouzereau , Laurent ( January 1 , 2008 ) . The Complete Making of Indiana Jones . Ebury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8 . Suzanne Weyn ( May 2008 ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . `` junior novelization '' of the film . Scholastic Corporation . ISBN 0 - 545 - 04255 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Official website Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at LucasFilm.com Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom on IMDb Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Box Office Mojo Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom at Rotten Tomatoes Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1993 ) episodes Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Portal Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid Graphics Group ( Pixar ) Kerner Optical SoundDroid THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Television Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 1986 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 1986 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1996 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 2005 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Star Wars Detours ( TBA ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia VIAF : 225067341 LCCN : n82224093 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom&oldid=818045259 '' Categories : 1984 films Indiana Jones films American films English - language films 1980s action films 1980s adventure films American action films American adventure films British India in fiction Foreign films shot in India Films scored by John Williams Films about slavery Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films set in 1935 Films set in India Films set in the British Raj Films set in Shanghai Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Films shot in Macau Films shot in England Films shot in Florida Films shot in Sri Lanka Films shot in Washington ( state ) Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Mining in film Prequel films Screenplays by Willard Huyck Screenplays by Gloria Katz Supernatural thriller films Treasure hunt films Films shot at Elstree Studios Lucasfilm films Paramount Pictures films Action adventure films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who directed indiana jones and the temple of doom	[ "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second installment in the Indiana Jones franchise and a prequel to the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, featuring Harrison Ford reprising his role as the title character. After arriving in North India, Indiana Jones is asked by desperate villagers to find a mystical stone and rescue their children from a Thuggee cult practicing child slavery, black magic and ritual human sacrifice in honor of the goddess Kali." ]	[ "Steven Spielberg" ]
682453266668081625	Economy of India	Economy of India - Wikipedia Economy of India Economy of India Mumbai , Maharashtra is the financial center of India Currency Indian rupee ( INR ) ₹ 1 = 0.015 USD Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organisations WTO , WCO , WFTU , G - 20 , BIS , AIIB , ADB , WCO Statistics GDP $2.848 trillion ( nominal ; 2018 est ) $10.385 trillion ( PPP ; 2018 est ) GDP rank 6th ( nominal ) 3rd ( PPP ) GDP growth 7.7 % ( Q4 , 2017 - 18 ) ( MOSPI ) GDP per capita $2,134 ( nominal ; 2018 est ) $7,783 ( PPP ; 2018 est ) GDP per capita rank 139th ( nominal ) 122nd ( PPP ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 17.32 % Industry : 29.02 % Services : 53.66 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 4.17 % ( July 2018 ) Base borrowing rate 6.50 % ( as on 6 July 2018 ) Population below poverty line 5.3 % ( May 2018 ) ( World Poverty Clock estimate ) Gini coefficient 33.9 ( 2013 ) Human Development Index 0.624 ( 2015 ) medium ( 131st ) Labour force 520.2 million ( 2017 est . ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 47 % Industry : 22 % Services : 31 % ( FY 2014 est . ) Unemployment 8.8 % ( 2017 est . ) Average net salary ₹ 113,000 ( US $1,600 ) ( 2017 - 18 ) Main industries Textiles chemicals food processing steel cement mining petroleum machinery software pharmaceuticals transportation equipment Ease - of - doing - business rank 100 ( 2017 ) External Exports $303.4 billion ( 2017 - 18 ) Export goods Agricultural products 13.2 % Fuels and mining products 15.7 % Manufacturers 68.4 % Others 2.7 % Main export partners European Union 17.6 % United States 16.1 % United Arab Emirates 11.5 % Hong Kong 5.1 % China 3.4 % Other 46.3 % Imports $465.6 billion ( 2017 - 18 ) Import goods Agricultural products 7.1 % Fuels and mining products 33.1 % Manufacturers 47.8 % Other 12 % Main import partners China 17 % European Union 11.3 % United States 5.7 % United Arab Emirates 5.4 % Saudi Arabia 5.2 % Other 55.5 % FDI stock Inward : $377.68 billion Outward : $155.34 billion ( 2017 ) Current account 0.7 % of GDP ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gross external debt $513.4 billion ( 31 December 2017 ) Net international investment position - $429.7 billion ( Dec. 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 67.7 % of GDP ( 2017 ) Budget balance - ₹ 12.25 trillion ( US $180 billion ) ( 2018 ) Revenues ₹ 39.86 trillion ( US $580 billion ) ( 2018 ) Expenses ₹ 52.11 trillion ( US $760 billion ) ( 2018 ) Economic aid $2.68 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BBB − ( Domestic ) BBB − ( Foreign ) BBB+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Baa2 Outlook : Stable Fitch : BBB − Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $405.8 billion ( 13 July 2018 ) ( 8th ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of India is a developing mixed economy . It is the world 's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The country ranks 139th in per capita GDP ( nominal ) with $2,134 and 122nd in per capita GDP ( PPP ) with $7,783 as of 2018 . After the 1991 economic liberalisation , India achieved 6 - 7 % average GDP growth annually . In FY 2015 and 2018 India 's economy became the world 's fastest growing major economy , surpassing China . The long - term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population , corresponding low dependency ratio , healthy savings and investment rates , and increasing integration into the global economy . India topped the World Bank 's growth outlook for the first time in fiscal year 2015 -- 16 , during which the economy grew 7.6 % . Despite previous reforms , economic growth is still significantly slowed by bureaucracy , poor infrastructure , and inflexible labor laws ( especially the inability to lay off workers in a business slowdown ) . India has one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world with an annual growth rate above 9 % since 2001 , which contributed to 57 % of GDP in 2012 -- 13 . India has become a major exporter of IT services , Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) services , and software services with $154 billion revenue in FY 2017 . This is the fastest - growing part of the economy . The IT industry continues to be the largest private - sector employer in India . India is the third - largest start - up hub in the world with over 3,100 technology start - ups in 2014 -- 15 . The agricultural sector is the largest employer in India 's economy but contributes to a declining share of its GDP ( 17 % in 2013 -- 14 ) . India ranks second worldwide in farm output . The industry ( manufacturing ) sector has held a steady share of its economic contribution ( 26 % of GDP in 2013 -- 14 ) . The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 21.48 million vehicles ( mostly two and three - wheelers ) in 2013 -- 14 . India had $600 billion worth of retail market in 2015 and one of world 's fastest growing e-commerce markets . Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval eras 1.1. 1 Indus Valley Civilisation 1.1. 2 West Coast 1.1. 3 Silk Route 1.2 Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) 1.3 British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) 1.4 Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) 1.5 Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) 2 Sectors 3 Agriculture 4 Manufacturing 4.1 Petroleum products and Chemicals 4.2 Pharmaceuticals 4.3 Engineering 4.4 Gems and jewellery 4.5 Textile 4.6 Defence 4.7 Pulp and paper 5 Services 5.1 Aviation 5.1. 1 Nationalisation 5.1. 2 De-regulation 5.2 Banking and financial services 5.3 Financial technology 5.4 Information technology 5.5 Insurance 5.6 Electricity sector 5.7 Infrastructure 5.8 Retail 5.9 Tourism 5.10 Education 5.11 Entertainment industry 5.12 Healthcare 5.13 Logistics 5.14 Printing 5.15 Telecommunications 6 Mining and Construction 6.1 Mining 6.2 Iron and steel 6.3 Construction 7 Foreign trade and investment 7.1 Foreign trade 7.2 Balance of payments 7.3 Foreign direct investment 7.3. 1 Outflows 7.4 Remittances 7.5 Mergers and Acquisitions 8 Currency 9 Income and consumption 9.1 Poverty 10 Employment 11 Economic trends and issues 11.1 Agriculture 11.2 Corruption 11.3 Education 11.4 Economic disparities 12 Security markets 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History Main articles : Economic history of India and Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent The spice trade between India and Europe was the main catalyst for the Age of Discovery . Tharisapalli plates granted to Saint Thomas Christians by South Indian Chera ruler Sthanu Ravi Varma testify that merchant guilds and trade corporations played a very significant role in the economy and social life during the Kulasekhara period of Kerala , India . Atashgah is a temple built by Indian traders before 1745 , west of the Caspian Sea . The inscription shown , is a Sanskrit invocation of Lord Shiva . The combination of protectionist , import - substitution , Fabian socialism , and social democratic - inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British rule . The economy was then characterised by extensive regulation , protectionism , public ownership of large monopolies , pervasive corruption and slow growth . Since 1991 , continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market - based economy . By 2008 , India had established itself as one of the world 's faster - growing economies . Ancient and medieval eras Indus Valley Civilisation The citizens of the Indus Valley Civilisation , a permanent settlement that flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC , practised agriculture , domesticated animals , used uniform weights and measures , made tools and weapons , and traded with other cities . Evidence of well - planned streets , a drainage system and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planning , which included the first - known urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government . For a continuous duration of nearly 1700 years from the year 1 AD , India is the top most economy constituting 35 to 40 % of world GDP . West coast Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and Southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD . Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BC , used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia . Over time , traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage . Historians Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib claim this state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century AD , when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi , Jewish , Syrian Christian and Muslim communities , initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast . Silk route Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between the 14th and 18th centuries . During this period , Indian traders settled in Surakhani , a suburb of greater Baku , Azerbaijan . These traders built a Hindu temple , which suggests commerce was active and prosperous for Indians by the 17th century . Further north , the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade , and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river - borne commerce . Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia . Although many kingdoms and rulers issued coins , barter was prevalent . Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers , while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services . Silver coin of the Maurya Empire , 3rd century BC . Silver coin of the Gupta dynasty , 5th century AD . Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) Main article : Mughal economy See also : Muslin trade in Bengal and Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire , up until the 18th century . Sean Harkin estimates China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century . The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency , land revenue and trade . Gold , silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage . The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralised administration under the Mughals , coupled with a well - developed internal trade network , ensured that India -- before the arrival of the British -- was to a large extent economically unified , despite having a traditional agrarian economy characterised by a predominance of subsistence agriculture , with 64 % of the workforce in the primary sector ( including agriculture ) , but with 36 % of the workforce also in the secondary and tertiary sectors , higher than in Europe , where 65 -- 90 % of its workforce were in agriculture in 1700 and 65 -- 75 % were in agriculture in 1750 . Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms , with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time , such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture , and higher per - capita agricultural output and standards of consumption . A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century . The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy , with India producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output up until 1750 , making it the most important manufacturing center in international trade . Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world . Key industries included textiles , shipbuilding , and steel , and processed exports included cotton textiles , yarns , thread , silk , jute products , metalware , and foods such as sugar , oils and butter . Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire , which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time , with 15 % of its population living in urban centres , higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for products from Mughal India , particularly cotton textiles , as well as goods such as spices , peppers , indigo , silks , and saltpeter ( for use in munitions ) . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . From the late 17th century to the early 18th century , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient . Indian goods , especially those from Bengal , were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets , such as Indonesia and Japan . At the time , Mughal Bengal was the most important center of cotton textile production and shipbuilding . In the early 18th century , the Mughal Empire declined , as it lost western , central and parts of south and north India to the Maratha Empire , which integrated and continued to administer those regions . The decline of the Mughal Empire led to decreased agricultural productivity , which in turn negatively affected the textile industry . The subcontinent 's dominant economic power in the post-Mughal era was the Bengal Subah in the east. , which continued to maintain thriving textile industries and relatively high real wages . However , the former was devastated by the Maratha invasions of Bengal and then British colonization in the mid-18th century . After the loss at the Third Battle of Panipat , the Maratha Empire disintegrated into several confederate states , and the resulting political instability and armed conflict severely affected economic life in several parts of the country -- although this was mitigated by localised prosperity in the new provincial kingdoms . By the late eighteenth century , the British East India Company had entered the Indian political theatre and established its dominance over other European powers . This marked a determinative shift in India 's trade , and a less - powerful impact on the rest of the economy . British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) Main articles : Economy of India under Company rule and Economy of India under the British Raj There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis . As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown , India 's share of world income collapsed from 22.6 % in 1700 , almost equal to Europe 's share of 23.3 % at that time , to as low as 3.8 % in 1952 . Indeed , at the beginning of the 20th century , `` the brightest jewel in the British Crown '' was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income . -- Manmohan Singh The global contribution to world 's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus Maddison 's estimates . Up until the 18th century , China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output . From the beginning of the 19th century , the British East India Company 's gradual expansion and consolidation of power brought a major change in taxation and agricultural policies , which tended to promote commercialisation of agriculture with a focus on trade , resulting in decreased production of food crops , mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers , and in the short term , led to numerous famines . The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors , due to reduced demand and dipping employment . After the removal of international restrictions by the Charter of 1813 , Indian trade expanded substantially with steady growth . The result was a significant transfer of capital from India to England , which , due to the colonial policies of the British , led to a massive drain of revenue rather than any systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy . Estimated GDP per capita of India and United Kingdom during 1700 -- 1950 in 1990 US $ according to Maddison . However , Maddison 's estimates for 18th - century India have been criticized as gross underestimates , Bairoch estimates India had a higher GDP per capita in the 18th century , and Parthasarathi 's findings show higher real wages in 18th - century Bengal and Mysore . But there is consensus that India 's per capita GDP and income stagnated during the colonial era , starting in the late 18th century . Under British rule , India 's share of the world economy declined from 24.4 % in 1700 down to 4.2 % in 1950 . India 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule . India 's share of global industrial output declined from 25 % in 1750 down to 2 % in 1900 . At the same time , the United Kingdom 's share of the world economy rose from 2.9 % in 1700 up to 9 % in 1870 . The British East India Company , following their conquest of Bengal in 1757 , had forced open the large Indian market to British goods , which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties , compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed , while in Britain protectionist policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there , whereas raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market . British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India 's large market and cotton resources . India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods . British territorial expansion in India throughout the 19th century created an institutional environment that , on paper , guaranteed property rights among the colonisers , encouraged free trade , and created a single currency with fixed exchange rates , standardised weights and measures and capital markets within the company - held territories . It also established a system of railways and telegraphs , a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference , a common - law and an adversarial legal system . This coincided with major changes in the world economy -- industrialisation , and significant growth in production and trade . However , at the end of colonial rule , India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world , with industrial development stalled , agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population , a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force , and extremely inadequate infrastructure . The 1872 census revealed that 91.3 % of the population of the region constituting present - day India resided in villages . This was a decline from the earlier Mughal era , when 85 % of the population resided in villages and 15 % in urban centers under Akbar 's reign in 1600 . Urbanisation generally remained sluggish in British India until the 1920s , due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation . Subsequently , the policy of discriminating protection ( where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state ) , coupled with the Second World War , saw the development and dispersal of industries , encouraging rural -- urban migration , and in particular the large port cities of Bombay , Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly . Despite this , only one - sixth of India 's population lived in cities by 1951 . The impact of British rule on India 's economy is a controversial topic . Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India 's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India . At the same time , right - wing historians have countered that India 's low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration . Several economic historians have argued that real wage decline occurred in the early 19th century , or possibly beginning in the very late 18th century , largely as a result of British imperialism . Economic historian Prasannan Parthasarathi presented earnings data which showed real wages and living standards in 18th century Bengal and Mysore being higher than in Britain , which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe . Mysore 's average per - capita income was five times higher than subsistence level , i.e. five times higher than $400 ( 1990 international dollars ) , or $2,000 per capita . In comparison , the highest national per - capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain . It has also been argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire . Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) Main article : Licence Raj Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience , which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union . Domestic policy tended towards protectionism , with a strong emphasis on import substitution industrialisation , economic interventionism , a large government - run public sector , business regulation , and central planning , while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal . Five - Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union . Steel , mining , machine tools , telecommunications , insurance , and power plants , among other industries , were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s . Change in per capita GDP of India , 1820 -- 2015 . Figures are inflation - adjusted to 1990 International Geary - Khamis dollars . Never talk to me about profit , Jeh , it is a dirty word . -- Nehru , India 's Fabian Socialism - inspired first prime minister to industrialist J.R.D. Tata , when Tata suggested state - owned companies should be profitable Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime minister of India , along with the statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis , formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country 's independence . They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy , involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors , and based on direct and indirect state intervention , rather than the more extreme Soviet - style central command system . The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital - and technology - intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual , low - skill cottage industries was criticised by economist Milton Friedman , who thought it would waste capital and labour , and retard the development of small manufacturers . The rate of growth of the Indian economy in the first three decades after independence was derisively referred to as the Hindu rate of growth by economists , because of the unfavourable comparison with growth rates in other Asian countries . I can not decide how much to borrow , what shares to issue , at what price , what wages and bonus to pay , and what dividend to give . I even need the government 's permission for the salary I pay to a senior executive . -- J.R.D. Tata , on the Indian regulatory system , 1969 Since 1965 , the use of high - yielding varieties of seeds , increased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in India , which improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity , improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry . However , it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort , resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming , ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities . Subsequently , the Emergency and Garibi Hatao concept under which income tax levels at one point rose to a maximum of 97.5 % -- a world record for non-communist economies -- started diluting the earlier efforts . In the late 1970s , the government led by Morarji Desai eased restrictions on capacity expansion for incumbent companies , removed price controls , reduced corporate taxes and promoted the creation of small - scale industries in large numbers . Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) Main articles : Economic liberalisation in India and Economic development in India P.V. Narasimha Rao Manmohan Singh Economic liberalisation in India was initiated in 1991 by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and his then - Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh . Rao was often referred to as Chanakya for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government . The collapse of the Soviet Union , which was India 's major trading partner , and the Gulf War , which caused a spike in oil prices , resulted in a major balance - of - payments crisis for India , which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans . India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , which in return demanded de-regulation . In response , the Narasimha Rao government , including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh , initiated economic reforms in 1991 . The reforms did away with the Licence Raj , reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies , allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors . Since then , the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same , although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers , on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . By the turn of the 21st century , India had progressed towards a free - market economy , with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation . This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy , literacy rates and food security , although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents . The GDP is exponential and almost double every 5 years . Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red , compared to that of China in green . While the credit rating of India was hit by its nuclear weapons tests in 1998 , it has since been raised to investment level in 2003 by Standard & Poor 's ( S&P ) and Moody 's . India experienced high growth rates , averaging 9 % from 2003 to 2007 . Growth then moderated in 2008 due to the global financial crisis . In 2003 , Goldman Sachs predicted that India 's GDP in current prices would overtake France and Italy by 2020 , Germany , UK and Russia by 2025 and Japan by 2035 , making it the third - largest economy of the world , behind the US and China . India is often seen by most economists as a rising economic superpower which will play a major role in the 21st - century global economy . Starting in 2012 , India entered a period of reduced growth , which slowed to 5.6 % . Other economic problems also became apparent : a plunging Indian rupee , a persistent high current account deficit and slow industrial growth . Hit by the US Federal Reserve 's decision to taper quantitative easing , foreign investors began rapidly pulling money out of India -- though this reversed with the stock market approaching its all - time high and the current account deficit narrowing substantially . India started recovery in 2013 -- 14 when the GDP growth rate accelerated to 6.4 % from the previous year 's 5.5 % . The acceleration continued through 2014 - 15 and 2015 -- 16 with growth rates of 7.5 % and 8.0 % respectively . For the first time since 1990 , India grew faster than China which registered 6.9 % growth in 2015 . However the growth rate subsequently decelerated , to 7.1 % and 6.6 % in 2016 - 17 and 2017 - 18 respectively , partly because of the disruptive effects of 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation and the Goods and Services Tax ( India ) . India is ranked 100th out of 190 countries in the World Bank 's 2018 ease of doing business index , up 30 points from the last year 's 130 . This is first time in history where India got into the top 100 rank . In terms of dealing with construction permits and enforcing contracts , it is ranked among the 10 worst in the world , while it has a relatively favourable ranking when it comes to protecting minority investors or getting credit . The strong efforts taken by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion ( DIPP ) to boost ease of doing business rankings at the state level is said to impact the overall rankings of India . Sectors Percent labour employment in India by economic sectors ( 2010 ) . Contribution to GDP of India by economic sectors of Indian economy have evolved between 1951 and 2013 , as its economy has diversified and developed . Historically , India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors : agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture includes crops , horticulture , milk and animal husbandry , aquaculture , fishing , sericulture , aviculture , forestry and related activities . Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors . India 's definition of services sector includes its construction , retail , software , IT , communications , hospitality , infrastructure operations , education , healthcare , banking and insurance , and many other economic activities . Agriculture Rice fields near Puri , Odisha on India 's east coast Main articles : Agriculture in India , Forestry in India , Animal husbandry in India , Fishing in India , and Natural resources in India India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry , logging and fishing accounted for 17 % of the GDP and employed 49 % of its total workforce in 2014 . Agriculture accounted for 23 % of GDP , and employed 59 % of the country 's total workforce in 2016 . As the Indian economy has diversified and grown , agriculture 's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011 , yet it is still the country 's largest employment source and a significant piece of its overall socio - economic development . Crop - yield - per - unit - area of all crops has grown since 1950 , due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five - year plans and steady improvements in irrigation , technology , application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India . However , international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30 % to 50 % of the highest average yield in the world . The states of Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , Haryana , Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Bihar , West Bengal , Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture . The state of Punjab led India 's Green Revolution and earned the distinction of being the country 's bread basket . Amul Dairy Plant at Anand , Gujarat , was a highly successful co-operative started during Operation Flood in the 1970s . India receives an average annual rainfall of 1,208 millimetres ( 47.6 in ) and a total annual precipitation of 4000 billion cubic metres , with the total utilisable water resources , including surface and groundwater , amounting to 1123 billion cubic metres . 546,820 square kilometres ( 211,130 sq mi ) of the land area , or about 39 % of the total cultivated area , is irrigated . India 's inland water resources and marine resources provide employment to nearly six million people in the fisheries sector . In 2010 , India had the world 's sixth - largest fishing industry . India exports more than 100,000 tonnes of processed cashew kernels every year . There are more than 600 cashew processing units in Kollam alone . India is the largest producer of milk , jute and pulses , and has the world 's second - largest cattle population with 170 million animals in 2011 . It is the second - largest producer of rice , wheat , sugarcane , cotton and groundnuts , as well as the second - largest fruit and vegetable producer , accounting for 10.9 % and 8.6 % of the world fruit and vegetable production , respectively . India is also the second - largest producer and the largest consumer of silk , producing 77,000 tons in 2005 . India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid ( CNSL ) . Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011 -- 12 reached ₹ 4,390 crore ( ₹ 43.9 billion ) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ( CEPCI ) . 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011 -- 12 . There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam , Kerala . India 's foodgrain production remained stagnant at approximately 252 million tonnes ( MT ) during both the 2015 -- 16 and 2014 -- 15 crop years ( July -- June ) . India exports several agriculture products , such as Basmati rice , wheat , cereals , spices , fresh fruits , dry fruits , buffalo beef meat , cotton , tea , coffee and other cash crops particularly to the Middle East , Southeast and East Asian countries . About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade . Manufacturing Industry accounts for 26 % of GDP and employs 22 % of the total workforce . According to the World Bank , India 's industrial manufacturing GDP output in 2015 was 6th largest in the world on current US dollar basis ( $559 billion ) , and 9th largest on inflation - adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ( $197.1 billion ) . The industrial sector underwent significant changes due to the 1991 economic reforms , which removed import restrictions , brought in foreign competition , led to the privatisation of certain government - owned public - sector industries , liberalised the foreign direct investment ( FDI ) regime , improved infrastructure and led to an expansion in the production of fast - moving consumer goods . Post-liberalisation , the Indian private sector was faced with increasing domestic and foreign competition , including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports . It has since handled the change by squeezing costs , revamping management , and relying on cheap labour and new technology . However , this has also reduced employment generation , even among smaller manufacturers who previously relied on labour - intensive processes . Petroleum products and chemicals Main article : Oil and gas industry in India An Essar Oil Petrol Station in Khammam , Telangana . Petroleum products and chemicals are a major contributor to India 's industrial GDP , and together they contribute over 34 % of its export earnings . India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations , including the world 's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.24 million barrels of crude per day . By volume , the Indian chemical industry was the third - largest producer in Asia , and contributed 5 % of the country 's GDP . India is one of the five - largest producers of agrochemicals , polymers and plastics , dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals . Despite being a large producer and exporter , India is a net importer of chemicals due to domestic demands . The chemicals manufacturing industry contributed $141 billion ( 6 % of GDP ) and employed 17.33 million people ( 4 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . Pharmaceuticals Main article : Pharmaceutical industry in India The Indian pharmaceutical industry has grown in recent years to become a major manufacturer of health care products to the world . India produced about 8 % of the global pharmaceutical supply in 2011 by value , including over 60,000 generic brands of medicines . The industry grew from $6 billion in 2005 to $36.7 billion in 2016 , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 17.46 % . It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15.92 % to reach $55 billion in 2020 . India is expected to become the sixth - largest pharmaceutical market in the world by 2020 . It is one of the fastest - growing industrial sub-sectors and a significant contributor of India 's export earnings . The state of Gujarat has become a hub for the manufacture and export of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) . Engineering See also : Automotive industry in India and Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India Mahindra XUV 500 is one of the several indigenously designed and manufactured vehicles Engineering is the largest sub-sector of India 's industrial sector , by GDP , and the third - largest by exports . It includes transport equipment , machine tools , capital goods , transformers , switchgears , furnaces , and cast and forged parts for turbines , automobiles and railways . The industry employs about four million workers . On a value - added basis , India 's engineering subsector exported $67 billion worth of engineering goods in the 2013 -- 14 fiscal year , and served part of the domestic demand for engineering goods . The engineering industry of India includes its growing car , motorcycle and scooters industry , and productivity machinery such as tractors . India manufactured and assembled about 18 million passenger and utility vehicles in 2011 , of which 2.3 million were exported . India is the largest producer and the largest market for tractors , accounting for 29 % of global tractor production in 2013 . India is the 12th - largest producer and 7th - largest consumer of machine tools . The automotive manufacturing industry contributed $79 billion ( 4 % of GDP ) and employed 6.76 million people ( 2 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . Gems and jewellery Many famous stones such as the Koh - i - noor and Hope Diamond ( above ) , came from India . India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery ; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold . After crude oil and petroleum products , the export and import of gold , precious metals , precious stones , gems and jewellery accounts for the largest portion of India 's global trade . The industry contributes about 7 % of India 's GDP , employs millions , and is a major source of its foreign - exchange earnings . The gems and jewellery industry , in 2013 , created ₹ 251,000 crore ( US $37 billion ) in economic output on value - added basis . It is growing sector of Indian economy , and A.T. Kearney projects it to grow to ₹ 500,000 crore ( US $73 billion ) by 2018 . The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years . Until the 18th century , India was the only major reliable source of diamonds . Now , South Africa and Australia are the major sources of diamonds and precious metals , but along with Antwerp , New York , and Ramat Gan , Indian cities such as Surat and Mumbai are the hubs of world 's jewellery polishing , cutting , precision finishing , supply and trade . Unlike other centres , the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan - driven ; the sector is manual , highly fragmented , and almost entirely served by family - owned operations . The particular strength of this sub-sector is in precision cutting , polishing and processing small diamonds ( below one carat ) . India is also a hub for processing of larger diamonds , pearls and other precious stones . Statistically , 11 out of 12 diamonds set in any jewellery in the world are cut and polished in India . It is also a major hub of gold and other precious - metal - based jewellery . Domestic demand for gold and jewellery products is another driver of India 's GDP . Textile Main article : Textile industry in India Textile industry contributes about 4 per cent to the country 's GDP , 14 per cent of the industrial production , and 17 per cent to export earnings . India 's textile industry has transformed in recent years from a declining sector to a rapidly developing one . After freeing the industry in 2004 -- 2005 from a number of limitations , primarily financial , the government permitted massive investment inflows , both domestic and foreign . From 2004 to 2008 , total investment into the textile sector increased by 27 billion dollars . Ludhiana produces 90 % of woollens in India and is known as the Manchester of India . Tirupur has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery , knitted garments , casual wear and sportswear . Expanding textile centres such as Ichalkaranji enjoy one of the highest per - capita incomes in the country . India 's cotton farms , fibre and textile industry provides employment to 45 million people in India , including some child labour ( 1 % ) . The sector is estimated to employ around 400,000 children under the age of 18 . Defence Main article : Defence industry of India Nuclear capable Agni - II ballistic missile . Since May 1998 , India declared itself to be a full - fledged nuclear state . With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel , India has the third - largest military force and the largest volunteer army . The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2017 was ( US $53.5 billion ) . Defence spending is expected to rise to US $62 billion by 2022 . Pulp and paper Main article : Pulp and paper industry in India Ancient Sanskrit on hemp based paper . Hemp fiber was commonly used in the production of paper from 200 BCE to the late 1800s . The pulp and paper industry in India is one of the major producers of paper in the world and has adopted new manufacturing technology . Services Hyderabad is a major IT services centre . The services sector has the largest share of India 's GDP , accounting for 57 % in 2012 , up from 15 % in 1950 . It is the seventh - largest services sector by nominal GDP , and third largest when purchasing power is taken into account . The services sector provides employment to 27 % of the work force . Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest - growing sectors , having a cumulative growth rate of revenue 33.6 % between fiscal years 1997 -- 98 and 2002 -- 03 , and contributing to 25 % of the country 's total exports in 2007 -- 08 . Aviation Main articles : Aviation in India and Civil aviation in India Air India became the first Asian carrier to induct a jet aircraft , with the Boeing 707 -- 420 Gauri Shankar . India is the fourth - largest civil aviation market in the world recording an air traffic of 131 million passengers in 2016 . The market is estimated to have 800 aircraft by 2020 . which would account for 4.3 per cent of global volumes . Civil aviation in India traces its beginnings to 18 February 1911 , when Henri Pequet , a French aviator , carried 6,500 pieces of mail on a Humber biplane from Allahabad to Naini . Later on 15 October 1932 , J.R.D. Tata flew a consignment of mail from Karachi to Juhu Airport . His airline later became Air India and was the first Asian airline to cross the Atlantic Ocean as well as first Asian airline to fly jets . Nationalisation In March 1953 , the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act to streamline and nationalise the then existing privately owned eight domestic airlines into Indian Airlines for domestic services and the Tata group - owned Air India for international services. . The International Airports Authority of India ( IAAI ) was constituted in 1972 while the National Airports Authority was constituted in 1986 . The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in 1987 following the crash of Air India Flight 182 . Deregulation the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in 1991 when the government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the ' Air Taxi ' Scheme until 1994 , when the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services . Private airlines including Jet Airways , Air Sahara , Modiluft , Damania Airways and NEPC Airlines commenced domestic operations during this period . The aviation industry experienced a rapid transformation following deregulation . Several low - cost carriers entered the Indian market in 2004 -- 05 . Major new entrants included Air Deccan , Air Sahara , Kingfisher Airlines , SpiceJet , GoAir , Paramount Airways and IndiGo . Kingfisher Airlines became the first Indian air carrier on 15 June 2005 to order Airbus A380 aircraft worth US $ 3 billion . However , Indian aviation would struggle due to an economic slowdown and rising fuel and operation costs . This led to consolidation , buyouts and discontinuations . In 2007 , Air Sahara and Air Deccan were acquired by Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines respectively . Paramount Airways ceased operations in 2010 and Kingfisher shut down in 2012 . Etihad Airways agreed to acquire a 24 % stake in Jet Airways in 2013 . AirAsia India , a low - cost carrier operating as a joint venture between Air Asia and Tata Sons launched in 2014 . As of 2013 -- 14 , only IndiGo and GoAir were generating profits . Banking and financial services Main articles : Banking in India and Finance in India State Bank of India is the largest bank in India . The financial services industry contributed $809 billion ( 37 % of GDP ) and employed 14.17 million people ( 3 % of the workforce ) in 2016 , and the banking sector contributed $407 billion ( 19 % of GDP ) and employed 5.5 million people ( 1 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector , comprising private , public and foreign - owned commercial banks and cooperative banks , together known as ' scheduled banks ' ; and the unorganised sector , which includes individual or family - owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies . The unorganised sector and microcredit are preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas , especially for non-productive purposes such as short - term loans for ceremonies . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969 , followed by six others in 1980 , and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40 % of their net credit to priority sectors including agriculture , small - scale industry , retail trade and small business , to ensure that the banks fulfilled their social and developmental goals . Since then , the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period . The total bank deposits increased from ₹ 59.1 billion ( US $860 million ) in 1970 -- 71 to ₹ 38,309.22 billion ( US $560 billion ) in 2008 -- 09 . Despite an increase of rural branches -- from 1,860 or 22 % of the total in 1969 to 30,590 or 42 % in 2007 -- only 32,270 of 500,000 villages are served by a scheduled bank . India 's gross domestic savings in 2006 -- 07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high 32.8 % . More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land , houses , cattle , and gold . The government - owned public - sector banks hold over 75 % of total assets of the banking industry , with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2 % and 6.5 % respectively . Since liberalisation , the government has approved significant banking reforms . While some of these relate to nationalised banks -- such as reforms encouraging mergers , reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness -- other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies . Financial technology Main article : FinTech in India According to the report of The National Association of Software and Services Companies ( NASSCOM ) , India has a presence of around 400 companies in the fintech space , with an investment of about $420 million in 2015 . The NASSCOM report also estimated the fintech software and services market to grow 1.7 times by 2020 , making it worth $8 billion . The Indian fintech landscape is segmented as follows -- 34 % in payment processing , followed by 32 % in banking and 12 % in the trading , public and private markets . Information technology Main articles : Information technology in India and Business process outsourcing in India A BPO ( Business process outsourcing ) hub in DLF Cyber City in Gurgaon , India . The information technology ( IT ) industry in India consists of two major components : IT services and business process outsourcing ( BPO ) . The sector has increased its contribution to India 's GDP from 1.2 % in 1998 to 7.5 % in 2012 . According to NASSCOM , the sector aggregated revenues of US $ 147 billion in 2015 , where export revenue stood at US $ 99 billion and domestic at US $ 48 billion , growing by over 13 % . The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation , and an availability of a large pool of low - cost , highly skilled , fluent English - speaking workers -- matched by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India 's service exports , or looking to outsource their operations . The share of the Indian IT industry in the country 's GDP increased from 4.8 % in 2005 -- 06 to 7 % in 2008 . In 2009 , seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world . The business process outsourcing services in the outsourcing industry in India caters mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations . As of 2012 , around 2.8 million people work in the outsourcing sector . Annual revenues are around $11 billion , around 1 % of GDP . Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year . Wages are rising by 10 -- 15 percent as a result of skill shortages . Insurance Main article : Insurance in India India became the tenth - largest insurance market in the world in 2013 , rising from 15th in 2011 . At a total market size of US $66.4 billion in 2013 , it remains small compared to world 's major economies , and the Indian insurance market accounts for 2 % of the world 's insurance business . India 's life and non-life insurance industry has been growing at 20 % , and double - digit growth is expected to continue through 2021 . The market retains about 360 million active life - insurance policies , the most in the world . Of the 52 insurance companies in India , 24 are active in life - insurance business . The life - insurance industry is projected to increase at double - digit CAGR through 2019 , reaching US $1 trillion annual notional values by 2021 . The industry reported a growth rate of around 10 % from 1996 -- 97 to 2000 -- 01 . After opening the sector , growth rates averaged 15.85 % from 2001 -- 02 to 2010 -- 11 . Specialised insurers Export Credit Guarantee Corporation and Agriculture Insurance Company ( AIC ) offer credit guarantee and crop insurance , respectively . AIC , which initially offered coverage under the National Agriculture Insurance Company ( NAIS ) , has now started providing crop insurance on commercial line as well . It has introduced several innovative products such as weather insurance and insurance related to specific crops . The premium underwritten by the non-life insurers during 2010 -- 11 was ₹ 42,576 crore ( ₹ 425 billion ) against ₹ 34,620 crore ( ₹ 346 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . The growth was satisfactory , particularly given across - the - broad cuts in the tariff rates . The private insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 17,424 crore ( ₹ 174 billion ) against ₹ 13,977 crore ( ₹ 140 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . Public sector insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 25,151.8 crore ( ₹ 252 billion ) in 2010 -- 11 against ₹ 20,643.5 crore ( ₹ 206 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 , a growth of 21.8 % against 14.5 % in 2009 -- 10 . The Indian insurance business had been under - developed with low levels of insurance penetration . Post liberalisation , the sector has succeeded in raising penetration from 2.3 ( life 1.8 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2000 to 5.1 ( life 4.4 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2010 . Electricity sector Main articles : Electricity sector in India and Energy policy of India NTPC 's Ramagudam Super Thermal Power Station Primary energy consumption of India is the third - largest after China and the US with 5.3 % global share in the year 2015 . Coal and crude oil together account for 85 % of the primary energy consumption of India . India 's oil reserves meet 25 % of the country 's domestic oil demand . As of April 2015 , India 's total proven crude oil reserves are 763.476 million metric tons , while gas reserves stood at 1,490 billion cubic metres ( 53 trillion cubic feet ) . Oil and natural gas fields are located offshore at Bombay High , Krishna Godavari Basin and the Cauvery Delta , and onshore mainly in the states of Assam , Gujarat and Rajasthan . India is the fourth - largest consumer of oil and net oil imports were nearly ₹ 820,000 crore ( US $120 billion ) in 2014 -- 15 , which had an adverse effect on the country 's current account deficit . The petroleum industry in India mostly consists of public sector companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) , Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited ( HPCL ) , Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ( BPCL ) and Indian Oil Corporation Limited ( IOCL ) . There are some major private Indian companies in the oil sector such as Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ) which operates the world 's largest oil refining complex . India became the world 's third - largest producer of electricity in 2013 with a 4.8 % global share in electricity generation , surpassing Japan and Russia . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India had an electricity surplus with many power stations idling for want of demand . The utility electricity sector had an installed capacity of 303 GW as of May 2016 of which thermal power contributed 69.8 % , hydroelectricity 15.2 % , other sources of renewable energy 13.0 % , and nuclear power 2.1 % . India meets most of its domestic electricity demand through its 106 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves . India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar , wind and biofuels ( jatropha , sugarcane ) . India 's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years . Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide , and an estimated reserve of 846,477 metric tons ( 933,081 short tons ) of thorium -- about 25 % of world 's reserves -- are expected to fuel the country 's ambitious nuclear energy program in the long - run . The Indo - US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries . Infrastructure Main articles : Indian road network , Indian Railways , Ports in India , and Transport in India Visakhapatnam Port in the Bay of Bengal . India 's infrastructure and transport sector contributes about 5 % of its GDP . India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres ( 3,400,233 mi ) as of 31 March 2015 , the third - largest road network in the world behind United States and China . At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land ( 2.68 miles per square mile ) , the quantitative density of India 's road network is higher than that of Japan ( 0.91 ) and the United States ( 0.67 ) , and far higher than that of China ( 0.46 ) , Brazil ( 0.18 ) or Russia ( 0.08 ) . Qualitatively , India 's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow , unpaved roads , and are being improved . As of 31 March 2015 , 61.05 % of Indian roads were paved . India has the lowest kilometre - lane road density per 100,000 people among G - 27 countries , leading to traffic congestion . It is upgrading its infrastructure . As of May 2014 , India had completed over 22,600 kilometres ( 14,000 mi ) of 4 - or 6 - lane highways , connecting most of its major manufacturing , commercial and cultural centres . India 's road infrastructure carries 60 % of freight and 87 % of passenger traffic . Indian Railways is the fourth - largest rail network in the world , with a track length of 114,500 kilometres ( 71,100 mi ) and 7,172 stations . This government - owned - and - operated railway network carried an average of 23 million passengers a day , and over a billion tonnes of freight in 2013 . India has a coastline of 7,500 kilometres ( 4,700 mi ) with 13 major ports and 60 operational non-major ports , which together handle 95 % of the country 's external trade by volume and 70 % by value ( most of the remainder handled by air ) . Nhava Sheva , Mumbai is the largest public port , while Mundra is the largest private sea port . The airport infrastructure of India includes 125 airports , of which 66 airports are licensed to handle both passengers and cargo . Retail Main article : Retailing in India Neighbourhood grocery shops handle much of retail trade in India . The retail industry , excluding wholesale , contributed $482 billion ( 22 % of GDP ) and employed 249.94 million people ( 57 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . The industry is the second largest employer in India , after agriculture . The Indian retail market is estimated to be US $600 billion and one of the top - five retail markets in the world by economic value . India has one of the fastest - growing retail markets in the world , and is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2020 . India 's retail industry mostly consists of local mom - and - pop stores , owner - manned shops and street vendors . Retail supermarkets are expanding , with a market share of 4 % in 2008 . In 2012 , the government permitted 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail and 100 % FDI in single - brand retail . However , a lack of back - end warehouse infrastructure and state - level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail . Compliance with over thirty regulations such as `` signboard licences '' and `` anti-hoarding measures '' must be made before a store can open for business . There are taxes for moving goods from state to state , and even within states . According to The Wall Street Journal , the lack of infrastructure and efficient retail networks cause a third of India 's agriculture produce to be lost from spoilage . Tourism Main article : Tourism in India Kerala became a major tourist destination after the state government promoted its natural coastline . Bactrian camel ride at Nubra Valley in Ladakh . The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹ 15.24 lakh crore ( US $220 billion ) or 9.4 % of the nation 's GDP in 2017 and supported 41.622 million jobs , 8 % of its total employment . The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 6.9 % to ₹ 32.05 lakh crore ( US $470 billion ) by 2028 ( 9.9 % of GDP ) . Over 10 million foreign tourists arrived in India in 2017 compared to 8.89 million in 2016 , recording a growth of 15.6 % . India earned $21.07 billion in foreign exchange from tourism receipts in 2015 . International tourism to India has seen a steady growth from 2.37 million arrivals in 1997 to 8.03 million arrivals in 2015 . The United States is the largest source of international tourists to India , while European Union nations and Japan are other major sources of international tourists . Less than 10 % of international tourists visit the Taj Mahal , with the majority visiting other cultural , thematic and holiday circuits . Over 12 million Indian citizens take international trips each year for tourism , while domestic tourism within India adds about 740 million Indian travellers . India has a fast - growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy , offering low - cost health services and long - term care . In October 2015 , the medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US $3 billion . It is projected to grow to $7 -- 8 billion by 2020 . In 2014 , 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment . Education Main article : Education in India Entertainment industry Main article : Entertainment industry in India See also : Gambling in India Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in India India 's healthcare sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29 % between 2015 and 2020 , to reach US $280 billion , buoyed by rising incomes , greater health awareness , increased precedence of lifestyle diseases , and improved access to health insurance . Logistics The logistics industry in India was worth over $160 billion in 2016 , and grew at a CAGR of 7.8 % in the previous five - year period . The industry employs about 22 million people . India was ranked 35th out of 160 countries in the World Bank 's 2016 Logistics Performance Index . Printing Main article : Printing industry in India Telecommunications Main article : Telecommunications in India INSAT - 1B satellite : Broadcasting sector in India is highly dependent on INSAT system . The telecommunication sector generated ₹ 2.20 lakh crore ( US $32 billion ) in revenue in 2014 -- 15 , accounting for 1.94 % of total GDP . India is the second - largest market in the world by number of telephone users ( both fixed and mobile phones ) with 1.053 billion subscribers as of 31 August 2016 . It has one of the lowest call - tariffs in the world , due to fierce competition among telecom operators . India has the world 's third - largest Internet user - base . As of 31 March 2016 , there were 342.65 million Internet subscribers in the country . Industry estimates indicate that there are over 554 million TV consumers in India as of 2012 . India is the largest direct - to - home ( DTH ) television market in the world by number of subscribers . As of May 2016 , there were 84.80 million DTH subscribers in the country . Mining and construction Mining Main article : Mining in India Indian coal production is the 3rd highest in the world according to the 2008 Indian Ministry of Mines estimates . Shown above is a coal mine in Jharkhand . Mining contributed $63 billion ( 3 % of GDP ) and employed 20.14 million people ( 5 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . India 's mining industry was the fourth - largest producer of minerals in the world by volume , and eighth - largest producer by value in 2009 . In 2013 , it mined and processed 89 minerals , of which four were fuel , three were atomic energy minerals , and 80 non-fuel . The government - owned public sector accounted for 68 % of mineral production by volume in 2011 -- 12 . Nearly 50 % of India 's mining industry , by output value , is concentrated in eight states : Odisha , Rajasthan , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka . Another 25 % of the output by value comes from offshore oil and gas resources . India operated about 3,000 mines in 2010 , half of which were coal , limestone and iron ore . On output - value basis , India was one of the five largest producers of mica , chromite , coal , lignite , iron ore , bauxite , barite , zinc and manganese ; while being one of the ten largest global producers of many other minerals . India was the fourth - largest producer of steel in 2013 , and the seventh - largest producer of aluminium . India 's mineral resources are vast . However , its mining industry has declined -- contributing 2.3 % of its GDP in 2010 compared to 3 % in 2000 , and employed 2.9 million people -- a decreasing percentage of its total labour . India is a net importer of many minerals including coal . India 's mining sector decline is because of complex permit , regulatory and administrative procedures , inadequate infrastructure , shortage of capital resources , and slow adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies . Iron and steel Main article : Iron and steel industry in India Durgapur Steel plant . In fiscal year 2014 -- 15 , India was the third - largest producer of raw steel and the largest producer of sponge iron . The industry produced 91.46 million tons of finished steel and 9.7 million tons of pig iron . Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore . Construction Main article : Construction industry of India The construction industry contributed $288 billion ( 13 % of GDP ) and employed 60.42 million people ( 14 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . Foreign trade and investment A map showing the global distribution of Indian exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market ( US at $20.9 billion ) . Further information : Globalisation in India Foreign trade Main article : Foreign trade of India Further information : List of the largest trading partners of India India 's exports ( top ) and imports ( bottom ) , by value , in 2013 -- 14 . Until the liberalisation of 1991 , India was largely and intentionally isolated from world markets , to protect its economy and to achieve self - reliance . Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs , export taxes and quantitative restrictions , while foreign direct investment ( FDI ) was restricted by upper - limit equity participation , restrictions on technology transfer , export obligations and government approvals ; these approvals were needed for nearly 60 % of new FDI in the industrial sector . The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only around $200 million annually between 1985 and 1991 ; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of foreign aid , commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians . India 's exports were stagnant for the first 15 years after independence , due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period ; imports in the same period , with early industrialisation , consisted predominantly of machinery , raw materials and consumer goods . Since liberalisation , the value of India 's international trade has increased sharply , with the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the GDP rising from 16 % in 1990 -- 91 to 47 % in 2009 -- 10 . Foreign trade accounted for 48.8 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . Globally , India accounts for 1.44 % of exports and 2.12 % of imports for merchandise trade and 3.34 % of exports and 3.31 % of imports for commercial services trade . India 's major trading partners are the European Union , China , the United States and the United Arab Emirates . In 2006 -- 07 , major export commodities included engineering goods , petroleum products , chemicals and pharmaceuticals , gems and jewellery , textiles and garments , agricultural products , iron ore and other minerals . Major import commodities included crude oil and related products , machinery , electronic goods , gold and silver . In November 2010 , exports increased 22.3 % year - on - year to ₹ 850.63 billion ( US $12 billion ) , while imports were up 7.5 % at ₹ 1,251.33 billion ( US $18 billion ) . The trade deficit for the same month dropped from ₹ 468.65 billion ( US $6.8 billion ) in 2009 to ₹ 400.7 billion ( US $5.8 billion ) in 2010 . India is a founding - member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and its successor , the WTO . While participating actively in its general council meetings , India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world . For instance , India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour , environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies . Balance of payments Cumulative current account balance 1980 -- 2008 based on IMF data Since independence , India 's balance of payments on its current account has been negative . Since economic liberalisation in the 1990s , precipitated by a balance - of - payment crisis , India 's exports rose consistently , covering 80.3 % of its imports in 2002 -- 03 , up from 66.2 % in 1990 -- 91 . However , the global economic slump followed by a general deceleration in world trade saw the exports as a percentage of imports drop to 61.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . India 's growing oil import bill is seen as the main driver behind the large current account deficit , which rose to $118.7 billion , or 11.11 % of GDP , in 2008 -- 09 . Between January and October 2010 , India imported $82.1 billion worth of crude oil . The Indian economy has run a trade deficit every year from 2002 to 2012 , with a merchandise trade deficit of US $189 billion in 2011 -- 12 . Its trade with China has the largest deficit , about $31 billion in 2013 . India 's reliance on external assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy , and the debt service ratio decreased from 35.3 % in 1990 -- 91 to 4.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . In India , external commercial borrowings ( ECBs ) , or commercial loans from non-resident lenders , are being permitted by the government for providing an additional source of funds to Indian corporates . The Ministry of Finance monitors and regulates them through ECB policy guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 . India 's foreign exchange reserves have steadily risen from $5.8 billion in March 1991 to $318.6 billion in December 2009 . In 2012 , the United Kingdom announced an end to all financial aid to India , citing the growth and robustness of Indian economy . India 's current account deficit reached an all - time high in 2013 . India has historically funded its current account deficit through borrowings by companies in the overseas markets or remittances by non-resident Indians and portfolio inflows . From April 2016 to January 2017 , RBI data showed that , for the first time since 1991 , India was funding its deficit through foreign direct investment inflows . The Economic Times noted that the development was `` a sign of rising confidence among long - term investors in Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's ability to strengthen the country 's economic foundation for sustained growth '' . Foreign direct investment This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2015 ) Main article : Foreign direct investment in India Share of top five investing countries in FDI inflows ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Rank Country Inflows ( million US $ ) Inflows ( % ) Mauritius 50,164 42.00 Singapore 11,275 9.00 US 8,914 7.00 UK 6,158 5.00 5 Netherlands 4,968 4.00 As the third - largest economy in the world in PPP terms , India has attracted foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . During the year 2011 , FDI inflow into India stood at $36.5 billion , 51.1 % higher than the 2010 figure of $24.15 billion . India has strengths in telecommunication , information technology and other significant areas such as auto components , chemicals , apparels , pharmaceuticals , and jewellery . Despite a surge in foreign investments , rigid FDI policies were a significant hindrance . Over time , India has adopted a number of FDI reforms . India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise . The size of the middle - class population stands at 300 million and represents a growing consumer market . India liberalised its FDI policy in 2005 , allowing up to a 100 % FDI stake in ventures . Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements , removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and investment . The upward growth curve of the real - estate sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalised FDI regime . In March 2005 , the government amended the rules to allow 100 % FDI in the construction sector , including built - up infrastructure and construction development projects comprising housing , commercial premises , hospitals , educational institutions , recreational facilities , and city - and regional - level infrastructure . Between 2012 and 2014 , India extended these reforms to defence , telecom , oil , retail , aviation , and other sectors . From 2000 to 2010 , the country attracted $178 billion as FDI . The inordinately high investment from Mauritius is due to routing of international funds through the country given significant tax advantages -- double taxation is avoided due to a tax treaty between India and Mauritius , and Mauritius is a capital gains tax haven , effectively creating a zero - taxation FDI channel . FDI accounted for 2.1 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . As the government has eased 87 foreign investment direct rules across 21 sectors in the last three years , FDI inflows hit $60.1 billion between 2016 and 2017 in India . Outflows Since 2000 , Indian companies have expanded overseas , investing FDI and creating jobs outside India . From 2006 to 2010 , FDI by Indian companies outside India amounted to 1.34 per cent of its GDP . Indian companies have deployed FDI and started operations in the United States , Europe and Africa . The Indian company Tata is the United Kingdom 's largest manufacturer and private - sector employer . Remittances Main article : Remittances to India In 2015 , a total of US $68.91 billion was made in remittances to India from other countries , and a total of US $8.476 billion was made in remittances by foreign workers in India to their home countries . The UAE , the US , and Saudi Arabia were the top sources of remittances to India , while Bangladesh , Pakistan and Nepal were the top recipients of remittances from India . Remittances to India accounted for 3.32 % of the country 's GDP in 2015 . Mergers and Acquisitions Between 1985 and 2018 20,846 deals have been announced in , into ( inbound ) and out of ( outbound ) India . This cumulates to a value of 618 bil . USD . In terms of value , 2010 has been the most active year with deals worth almost 60 bil . USD . Most deals have been conducted in 2007 ( 1,510 ) . Here is a list of the top 10 deals with Indian companies participating : Acquiror Name Acquiror Mid Industry Acquiror Nation Target Name Target Mid Industry Target Nation Value of Transaction ( $ mil ) Petrol Complex Pte Ltd Oil & Gas Singapore Essar Oil Ltd Oil & Gas India 12,907.25 Vodafone Grp Plc Wireless United Kingdom Hutchison Essar Ltd Telecommunications Services India 12,748.00 Vodafone Grp PLC - Vodafone Asts Wireless India Idea Cellular Ltd - Mobile Bus Wireless India 11,627.32 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa 11,387.52 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India Zain Africa BV Wireless Nigeria 10,700.00 BP PLC Oil & Gas United Kingdom Reliance Industries Ltd - 21 Oil Oil & Gas India 9,000.00 MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India 8,775.09 Shareholders Other Financials India Reliance Inds Ltd - Telecom Bus Telecommunications Services India 8,063.01 Oil & Natural Gas Corp Ltd Oil & Gas India Hindustan Petro Corp Ltd Petrochemicals India 5,784.20 Reliance Commun Ventures Ltd Telecommunications Services India Reliance Infocomm Ltd Telecommunications Services India 5,577.18 Currency The RBI 's headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra . Main articles : Indian rupee and Reserve Bank of India Year INR ₹ per US $ ( average annual ) 9.4058 1980 7.8800 1985 12.3640 17.4992 1995 32.4198 2000 44.9401 2005 44.1000 45.7393 2015 64.05 2016 67.09 2017 64.14 The Indian rupee ( ₹ ) is the only legal tender in India , and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan , both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee . The rupee is divided into 100 paisas . The highest - denomination banknote is the ₹ 2,000 note ; the lowest - denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin . Since 30 June 2011 , all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency . India 's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , the country 's central bank . Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949 , the RBI serves as the nation 's monetary authority , regulator and supervisor of the monetary system , banker to the government , custodian of foreign exchange reserves , and as an issuer of currency . It is governed by a central board of directors , headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India . The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee . The rupee was linked to the British pound from 1927 to 1946 , and then to the US dollar until 1975 through a fixed exchange rate . It was devalued in September 1975 and the system of fixed par rate was replaced with a basket of four major international currencies : the British pound , the US dollar , the Japanese yen and the Deutsche mark . In 1991 , after the collapse of its largest trading partner , the Soviet Union , India faced the major foreign exchange crisis and the rupee was devalued by around 19 % in two stages on 1 and 2 July . In 1992 , a Liberalized Exchange Rate Mechanism ( LERMS ) was introduced . Under LERMS , exporters had to surrender 40 percent of their foreign exchange earnings to the RBI at the RBI - determined exchange rate ; the remaining 60 % could be converted at the market - determined exchange rate . In 1994 , the rupee was convertible on the current account , with some capital controls . After the sharp devaluation in 1991 and transition to current account convertibility in 1994 , the value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces . The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade 2000 -- 2010 . In September 2013 , the rupee touched an all - time low 68.27 to the US dollar . Income and consumption Main article : Income in India Gini index of India compared to other countries per World Bank data tables as of 2014 . India 's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002 . It tripled from ₹ 19,040 in 2002 -- 03 to ₹ 53,331 in 2010 -- 11 , averaging 13.7 % growth each of these eight years , with peak growth of 15.6 % in 2010 -- 11 . However growth in the inflation - adjusted per - capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6 % in 2010 -- 11 , down from 6.4 % in the previous year . These consumption levels are on an individual basis . The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011 . According to 2011 census data , India has about 330 million houses and 247 million households . The household size in India has dropped in recent years , the 2011 census reporting 50 % of households have four or fewer members , with an average 4.8 members per household including surviving grandparents . These households produced a GDP of about $1.7 trillion . Consumption patterns note : approximately 67 % of households use firewood , crop residue or cow - dung cakes for cooking purposes ; 53 % do not have sanitation or drainage facilities on premises ; 83 % have water supply within their premises or 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from their house in urban areas and 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) from the house in rural areas ; 67 % of the households have access to electricity ; 63 % of households have landline or mobile telephone service ; 43 % have a television ; 26 % have either a two - or four - wheel motor vehicle . Compared to 2001 , these income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements . One report in 2010 claimed that high - income households outnumber low - income households . Countries by nominal GNI per capita according to the Atlas method ( 2016 ) New World Wealth publishes reports tracking the total wealth of countries , which is measured as the private wealth held by all residents of a country . According to New World Wealth , India 's total wealth increased from $3,165 billion in 2007 to $8,230 billion in 2017 , a growth rate of 160 % . India 's total wealth rose by 25 % from $6.2 trillion in 2016 to $8.23 trillion in 2017 , making it the sixth wealthiest nation in the world . There are 20,730 multimillionaires ( 7th largest in the world ) and 119 billionaires in India ( 3rd largest in the world ) . With 330,400 high net - worth individuals ( HNWI ) , India is home to the 9th highest number of HNWIs in the world . Mumbai is the wealthiest Indian city and the 12th wealthiest in the world , with a total net worth of $950 billion in 2017 . Twenty - eight billionaires reside in the city . As of December 2016 , the next wealthiest cities in India were Delhi ( $450 billion ) , Bangalore ( $320 billion ) , Hyderabad ( $310 billion ) , Kolkata ( $290 billion ) , Chennai ( $150 billion ) and Gurgaon ( $110 billion ) . Poverty Main article : Poverty in India Poverty rate map of India by prevalence in 2012 , among its states and union territories . In May 2014 , the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing - power - parity basis for measuring poverty . According to the revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million lived in India . With 17.5 % of total world 's population , India had a 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2013 . According to a 2005 -- 2006 survey , India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished . A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010 , India achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates , and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric . Since the early 1960s , successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty , under central planning , that have met with partial success . In 2005 , the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) , guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India . In 2011 , it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials , deficit financing as the source of funds , poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme , and unintended destructive effects . Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases . Yet other studies report that India 's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction , though a sizeable population remains in poverty . Employment See also : Labour in India , Indian labour law , Child labour in India , and Unemployment in India A majority of labour in India is employed by unorganised sector ( unincorporated ) . These include family - owned shops and street vendors . Above is a self - employed child labourer in the unorganised retail sector of India . Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1 % of the total workforce in 2009 -- 10 . While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed , services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3 % of employment in 2012 -- 13 . Of the total workforce , 7 % is in the organised sector , two - thirds of which are in the government - controlled public sector . About 51.2 % of the workforce in India is self - employed . According to a 2005 -- 06 survey , there is a gender gap in employment and salaries . In rural areas , both men and women are primarily self - employed , mostly in agriculture . In urban areas , salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006 . Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic ( disguised ) unemployment . Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment -- which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods -- attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses , honing skills , setting up public sector enterprises , reservations in governments , etc . The decline in organised employment , due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation , has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms . India 's labour regulations are heavy , even by developing country standards , and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation . The 11th five - year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation , by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required . Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle , which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society . Child labour in India is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty . Since the 1990s , the government has implemented a variety of programs to eliminate child labour . These have included setting up schools , launching free school lunch programs , creating special investigation cells , etc . Author Sonalde Desai stated that recent studies on child labour in India have found some pockets of industries in which children are employed , but overall , relatively few Indian children are employed . Child labour below the age of 10 is now rare . In the 10 -- 14 age group , the latest surveys find only 2 % of children working for wage , while another 9 % work within their home or rural farms assisting their parents in times of high work demand such as sowing and harvesting of crops . India has the largest diaspora around the world , an estimated 16 million people , many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families . The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians . The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians . Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades . In 2009 -- 10 , remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at ₹ 2,500 billion ( US $36 billion ) , the highest in the world , but their share in FDI remained low at around 1 % . Economic trends and issues Commercial office buildings in Gurgaon With 1.27 billion people and the world 's third - largest economy in terms of purchasing power , India 's recent growth and development has been one of the most significant achievements of our times . Over the six and half decades since independence , the country has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on grain imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is now a net exporter of food . Life expectancy has more than doubled , literacy rates have quadrupled , health conditions have improved . India will soon have the largest and youngest workforce the world has ever seen . At the same time , the country is in the midst of a massive wave of urbanization as some 10 million people move to towns and cities each year in search of jobs and opportunity . It is the largest rural - urban migration of this century . Massive investments will be needed to create the jobs , housing , and infrastructure to meet soaring aspirations and make towns and cities more livable and green . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 Agriculture Main article : Agriculture in India Indian agriculture is diverse , ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed farms using modern agricultural technologies . This image shows a farming community in a more prosperous part of India . Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy . At around 1,530,000 square kilometres ( 590,000 sq mi ) , India has the second - largest amount of arable land , after the US , with 52 % of total land under cultivation . Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than one third of China or the US , India 's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US , and marginally larger than that of China . However , agricultural output lags far behind its potential . The low productivity in India is a result of several factors . According to the World Bank , India 's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty , and governmental intervention in labour , land , and credit are hurting the market . Infrastructure such as rural roads , electricity , ports , food storage , retail markets and services remain inadequate . The average size of land holdings is very small , with 70 % of holdings being less than one hectare ( 2.5 acres ) in size . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 46 % of the total cultivable land was irrigated as of 2016 , resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season , which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country . In an effort to bring an additional two crore hectares ( 20 million hectares ; 50 million acres ) of land under irrigation , various schemes have been attempted , including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme ( AIBP ) which was provided ₹ 80,000 crore ( ₹ 800 billion ) in the union budget . Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure ; a third of India 's agricultural production is lost from spoilage . Corruption Corruption Perceptions Index for India compared to other countries , 2015 Main articles : Corruption in India and Indian black money Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India . A 2005 study by Transparency International ( TI ) found that more than half of those surveyed had first - hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year . A follow - up study in 2008 found this rate to be 40 percent . In 2011 , TI ranked India at 95th place amongst 183 countries in perceived levels of public sector corruption . By 2016 , India saw a reduction in corruption and its ranking improved to 79th place . In 1996 , red tape , bureaucracy and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency . More recent reports suggest the causes of corruption include excessive regulations and approval requirements , mandated spending programs , monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government - controlled institutions , bureaucracy with discretionary powers , and lack of transparent laws and processes . Computerisation of services , various central and state vigilance commissions , and the 2005 Right to Information Act -- which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action -- have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances . In 2011 , the Indian government concluded that most spending fails to reach its intended recipients , as the large and inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets . India 's absence rates are among the worst in the world ; one study found that 25 % of public sector teachers and 40 % of government - owned public - sector medical workers could not be found at the workplace . Similarly , there are many issues facing Indian scientists , with demands for transparency , a meritocratic system , and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology . India has an underground economy , with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks . This would amount to 13 times the country 's total external debt . These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association . James Nason , the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association , suggested `` The ( black money ) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles , and circulated as gospel truth . However , this story was a complete fabrication . The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report . Anyone claiming to have such figures ( for India ) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them . '' A recent step taken by Prime Minister Modi , on 8 November 2016 , involved the demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupee bank notes ( replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes ) in order to return black money into the economy . Education Main article : Education in India University of Calcutta , established on 1857 , was the first multidisciplinary and secular Western - style institution in Asia . India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three - fourths of the population . India 's literacy rate had grown from 52.2 % in 1991 to 74.04 % in 2011 . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty - sixth Amendment of 2002 , and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children . However , the literacy rate of 74 % is lower than the worldwide average and the country suffers from a high drop - out rate . Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region , gender , urban and rural areas , and among different social groups . Economic disparities Main articles : Economic disparities in India and Poverty in India Economic disparities among the states and union territories of India , on GDP per capita , PPP basis in 2011 Poverty rates in India 's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states . While India 's average annual per capita income was $1,410 in 2011 -- placing it among the poorest of the world 's middle - income countries -- it was just $436 in Uttar Pradesh ( which has more people than Brazil ) and only $294 in Bihar , one of India 's poorest states . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 A critical problem facing India 's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India 's different states and territories in terms of poverty , availability of infrastructure and socio - economic development . Six low - income states -- Assam , Chhattisgarh , Nagaland , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha and Uttar Pradesh -- are home to more than one - third of India 's population . Severe disparities exist among states in terms of income , literacy rates , life expectancy and living conditions . The five - year plans , especially in the pre-liberalisation era , attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions and distributing industries across states . The results have been discouraging as these measures increased inefficiency and hampered effective industrial growth . The more advanced states have been better placed to benefit from liberalisation , with well - developed infrastructure and an educated and skilled workforce , which attract the manufacturing and service sectors . Governments of less - advanced states have tried to reduce disparities by offering tax holidays and cheap land , and focused on sectors like tourism which can develop faster than other sectors . India 's income Gini coefficient is 33.9 , according to the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) , indicating overall income distribution to be more uniform than East Asia , Latin America and Africa . There is a continuing debate on whether India 's economic expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor . Studies suggest that the economic growth has been pro-poor and has reduced poverty in India . Security markets Bombay Stock Exchange in Mumbai The development of Indian security markets began with the launch of the Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) in July 1875 and Ahmedabad Stock exchange in 1894 . Since then , 22 other exchanges have traded in Indian cities . In 2014 , India 's stock exchange market became the 10th largest in the world by market capitalisation , just above those of South Korea and Australia . India 's two major stock exchanges , BSE and National Stock Exchange of India , had a market capitalisation of US $1.71 trillion and US $1.68 trillion as of February 2015 , according to World Federation of Exchanges . The initial public offering ( IPO ) market in India has been small compared to NYSE and NASDAQ , raising US $300 million in 2013 and US $1.4 billion in 2012 . Ernst & Young stated that the low IPO activity reflects market conditions , slow government approval processes and complex regulations . Before 2013 , Indian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India . In 2013 , these security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first : overseas , domestically , or both concurrently . Further , security laws have been revised to ease overseas listings of already - listed companies , to increase liquidity for private equity and international investors in Indian companies . See also India portal Business and economics portal Economic Advisory Council Economic development in India Make in India -- a government program to encourage manufacturing in India Events : Late - 2000s recession Oil price increases since 2003 Lists : List of companies of India List of the largest trading partners of India Trade unions in India Natural resources of India References Jump up ^ `` Information About Maharashtra , Industries , Economy , Exports of Maharashtra '' . ibef.org . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ SUDALAIMUTHU , S. ; RAJ , S.A. ( 2009 ) . Logistics Management for International Business : Text and Cases . PHI Learning . ISBN 9788120337923 . ^ Jump up to : `` India '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . 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Raychaudhuri , Tapan ; Habib , Irfan ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume I : c. 1200 -- c. 1750 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2709 - 6 . Roy , Tirthankar ( 2006 ) . The Economic History of India 1857 -- 1947 . Oxford University Press . p. 385 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568430 - 8 . Alamgir , Jalal ( 2008 ) . India 's Open - Economy Policy . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77684 - 4 . Bharadwaj , Krishna ( 1991 ) . `` Regional differentiation in India '' . In Sathyamurthy , T.V. Industry & agriculture in India since independence . Oxford University Press . pp. 189 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564394 - 1 . Papers and reports Bahl , R. , Heredia - Ortiz , E. , Martinez - Vazquez , J. , & Rider , M. ( 2005 ) . India : Fiscal Condition of the States , International Experience , and Options for Reform : Volume 1 ( No. paper05141 ) . International Center for Public Policy , Andrew Young School of Policy Studies , Georgia State University . `` Economic reforms in India : Task force report '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . p. 32 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 February 2009 . `` Economic Survey 2009 -- 10 '' . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . p. 294 . Articles `` Growth of India '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` Milton Friedman on the Nehru / Mahalanobis Plan '' . Retrieved 16 July 2005 . `` Infrastructure in India : Requirements and favourable climate for foreign investment '' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 August 2005 . Bernardi , Luigi ; Fraschini , Angela ( 2005 ) . `` Tax System And Tax Reforms in India '' . Working paper n . 51 . Centre for Media Studies ( 2005 ) . `` India Corruption Study 2005 : To Improve Governance Volume -- I : Key Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Transparency International India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Ghosh , Jayati . `` Bank Nationalisation : The Record '' . Macroscan . Archived from the original on 23 October 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2005 . Gordon , Jim ; Gupta , Poonam ( 2003 ) . `` Understanding India 's Services Revolution '' ( PDF ) . 12 November 2003 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Panagariya , Arvind ( 2004 ) . `` India in the 1980s and 1990s : A Triumph of Reforms '' . Sachs , D. Jeffrey ; Bajpai , Nirupam ; Ramiah , Ananthi ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India '' ( PDF ) . Working paper 88 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Srinivasan , T.N. ( 2002 ) . `` Economic Reforms and Global Integration '' ( PDF ) . 17 January 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Kurian , N.J. `` Regional disparities in india '' . Retrieved 6 August 2005 . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2012 ) . `` India Inc. and its Moral Discontent '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2015 ) . `` Good Times , Brought to you by Brand Modi '' ( PDF ) . News Ravi S Jha . `` India , the Goliath , Falls with a Thud '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . `` India says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax '' . Daily Times . 25 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . `` Economic structure '' . The Economist. 6 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . a `` Regional stock exchanges -- Bulldozed by the Big Two '' . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` FinMin considers three single - brand retail FDI proposals '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of India . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of economic system does india have	[ "The economy of India is a developing mixed economy.[34] It is the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The country ranks 139th in per capita GDP (nominal) with $2,134 and 122nd in per capita GDP (PPP) with $7,783 as of 2018.[35][36] After the 1991 economic liberalisation, India achieved 6-7% average GDP growth annually. In FY 2015 and 2018 India's economy became the world's fastest growing major economy, surpassing China.[37]\n" ]	[ "a developing mixed economy" ]
-3268854645593085747	LeBron James	LeBron James - wikipedia LeBron James `` LeBron '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lebron ( disambiguation ) . It has been suggested that LeBron James Jr. be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2018 . LeBron James James with the Cavaliers in 2017 No. 23 -- Los Angeles Lakers Position Small forward / Shooting guard League NBA ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Akron , Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Listed weight 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Career information High school St. Vincent -- St. Mary ( Akron , Ohio ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2010 Cleveland Cavaliers 2010 -- 2014 Miami Heat 2014 -- 2018 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 -- present Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 3 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 2005 -- 2018 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2006 , 2008 , 2018 ) 12 × All - NBA First Team ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2005 , 2007 ) 5 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 -- 2013 ) NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2014 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2004 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2008 ) J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award ( 2017 ) 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2012 ) 2 × Mr. Basketball USA ( 2002 , 2003 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 2003 ) McDonald 's All - American Game MVP ( 2003 ) 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team 2004 Athens Team FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas LeBron Raymone James Sr. ( / ləˈbrɒn / ; born December 30 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Often considered the best basketball player in the world and regarded by some as the greatest player of all time , James ' NBA accomplishments are extensive and include four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards , three NBA Finals MVP Awards , two Olympic gold medals , three All - Star Game MVP awards , and an NBA scoring title . He is the all - time NBA playoffs scoring leader and has amassed fourteen NBA All - Star Game appearances , twelve All - NBA First Team designations , and five All - Defensive First Team honors . A prep - to - pro , James played high school basketball for St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron , Ohio , where he was heavily touted in the national media as a future NBA superstar . He joined the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003 as the first overall draft pick . James quickly emerged as a league star and concluded his first season by winning the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . He would go on to establish himself as one of the premier players in the NBA with multiple accolades , including being given the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2009 and 2010 . However , after falling short of the championship expectations set by the media , fans , and himself , James departed Cleveland in 2010 as a free agent to sign with the Miami Heat . This move was announced in an ESPN special titled The Decision , and is one of the most controversial free agent decisions in American sports history . In Miami , James won his first NBA championship in 2012 , and followed that with another title a year later . He was named league MVP and NBA Finals MVP in both championship years . In 2014 , James opted out of his contract with Miami after four seasons to re-sign with the Cavaliers . In 2016 , James led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship by defeating the Golden State Warriors to end Cleveland 's 52 - year professional sports title drought . In 2018 , he opted out of his Cleveland contract to sign with the Lakers . Contents 1 Early life 2 High school career 2.1 Basketball 2.2 Football 3 Professional career 3.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3.1. 1 2003 -- 2004 : Rookie season 3.1. 2 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom 3.1. 3 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons 3.2 Miami Heat 3.2. 1 The Decision 3.2. 2 2010 -- 2011 : Year of media and fan scrutiny 3.2. 3 2011 -- 2013 : Back - to - back championships 3.2. 4 2013 -- 2014 : Final season in Miami 3.3 Return to the Cavaliers 3.3. 1 2014 -- 16 : Ending the Cleveland sports curse 3.3. 2 2016 -- 18 : Final seasons in Cleveland 3.4 Los Angeles Lakers 4 National team career 5 Player profile 5.1 Offense 5.2 Defense 6 Off the court 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Public image 6.3 Media figure and business interests 6.4 Activism 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Awards and honors 9 Filmography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life James was born on December 30 , 1984 , in Akron , Ohio to a 16 - year - old mother , Gloria Marie James . His father , Anthony McClelland , has an extensive criminal record and was not involved in their life . When James was growing up , life was often a struggle for the family , as they moved from apartment to apartment in the seedier neighborhoods of Akron while Gloria struggled to find steady work . Realizing that her son would be better off in a more stable family environment , Gloria allowed him to move in with the family of Frank Walker , a local youth football coach who introduced James to basketball when he was nine years old . James started playing organized basketball in the fifth grade . He later played Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) basketball for the Northeast Ohio Shooting Stars . The team enjoyed success on a local and national level , led by James and his friends Sian Cotton , Dru Joyce III , and Willie McGee . The group was inseparable and dubbed themselves the `` Fab Four '' , promising each other that they would attend high school together . In a move that stirred local controversy , they chose to attend St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School , a predominantly white private Catholic school . High school career Basketball As a freshman , James averaged 21 points and 6 rebounds per game for the St. Vincent - St. Mary varsity basketball team . The Fighting Irish finished the year 27 -- 0 , winning the Division III state title and becoming the only boys high school team to have an undefeated season . As a sophomore , James averaged 25.2 points and 7.2 rebounds with 5.8 assists and 3.8 steals per game . For some home games during the season , St. Vincent - St. Mary played at the University of Akron 's 5,492 - seat Rhodes Arena to satisfy ticket demand from alumni , fans , and college and NBA scouts who wanted to see James play . The Fighting Irish finished the season 26 -- 1 and repeated as state champions . For his outstanding play , James was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , becoming the first sophomore to do either . Prior to the start of his junior year , James appeared in SLAM Magazine and writer Ryan Jones lauded him as possibly `` the best high school basketball player in America right now '' . During the season , he appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated , becoming the first high school basketball underclassman to do so . With averages of 29 points , 8.3 rebounds , 5.7 assists , and 3.3 steals per game , he was again named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , and became the first junior to be named boys ' basketball Gatorade National Player of the Year . St. Vincent - St. Mary finished the year with a 23 -- 4 record , ending their season with a loss in the Division II championship game . Following the loss , James unsuccessfully petitioned for a change to the NBA 's draft eligibility rules , which required prospective players to have at least a high school diploma , in an attempt to enter the 2002 NBA draft . During this time , he used marijuana , which he said was to help cope with the stress that resulted from the constant media attention he was receiving . Throughout his senior year , James and the Fighting Irish traveled around the country to play a number of nationally ranked teams , including a game against Oak Hill Academy that was nationally televised on ESPN2 . Time Warner Cable , looking to capitalize on James 's popularity , offered St. Vincent - St. Mary 's games to subscribers on a pay - per - view basis throughout the season . For the year , James averaged 31.6 points , 9.6 rebounds , 4.6 assists , and 3.4 steals per game , was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team for an unprecedented third consecutive year , and was named Gatorade National Player of the Year for the second consecutive year . He participated in three year - end high school basketball all - star games -- the EA Sports Roundball Classic , the Jordan Capital Classic , and the McDonald 's All - American Game -- losing his National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) eligibility and making it official that he would enter the 2003 NBA draft . Many basketball analysts , scouts , and writers have remarked that James left high school as one of the best and most hyped prospects of all time . Also during his senior year , James was the centerpiece of several controversies . For his 18th birthday , he skirted state amateur bylaws by accepting a Hummer H2 from his mother , who had secured a loan for the vehicle by utilizing LeBron 's future earning power as an NBA superstar . This prompted an investigation by the Ohio High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) because its guidelines stated that no amateur may accept any gift valued over $100 as a reward for athletic performance . James was cleared of any wrongdoing because he had accepted the gift from a family member and not from an agent or any outside source . Later in the season , James accepted two throwback jerseys worth $845 from an urban clothing store in exchange for posing for pictures , officially violating OHSAA rules and resulting in him being stripped of his high school sports eligibility . James appealed the ruling and his penalty was eventually dropped to a two - game suspension , allowing him to play the remainder of the year . The Irish were also forced to forfeit one of their wins , their only official loss that season . In his first game back after the suspension , James scored a career - high 52 points . St. Vincent - St. Mary went on to win the Division II championship , marking their third division title in four years . Football As an underclassman , James played wide receiver for St. Vincent - St. Mary 's football team and was recruited by some Division I programs , including Notre Dame . In his sophomore year , he was named first team all - state , and as a junior , he helped lead the Fighting Irish to the state semifinals . After James broke his wrist during an AAU basketball game , he decided not to play football in his senior year . Some sports analysts , football critics , high school coaches , former and current players have speculated that he could have played in the National Football League . Professional career Cleveland Cavaliers 2003 -- 2004 : rookie season James picks up his dribble against the Washington Wizards in November 2006 . James was selected by his hometown team , the Cleveland Cavaliers , as the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft . In his first regular season game , he scored 25 points against the Sacramento Kings , setting an NBA record for most points scored by a prep - to - pro player in his debut performance . At the conclusion of the season , he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year , finishing with averages of 20.9 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.9 assists per game . He became the first Cavalier to receive the honor and just the third player in NBA history to average at least 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . The Cavaliers finished the season 35 -- 47 , failing to make the playoffs despite an 18 - game improvement over the previous year . 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom James earned his first NBA All - Star Game selection in 2004 -- 05 , contributing 13 points , 8 rebounds , and 6 assists in a winning effort for the Eastern Conference . Around the league , teams took note of his rapid development , with Denver Nuggets coach George Karl telling Sports Illustrated , `` It 's weird talking about a 20 - year - old kid being a great player , but he is a great player ... He 's the exception to almost every rule . '' On March 20 , James scored 56 points against the Toronto Raptors , setting Cleveland 's new single - game points record . With final averages of 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds , 7.2 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , he was named to his first All - NBA Team . Despite a 30 -- 20 record to start the year , the Cavaliers again failed to make the playoffs , finishing the season 42 -- 40 . At the 2006 All - Star Game , James led the East to victory with 29 points and was named the NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . Behind final season averages of 31.4 points , 7 rebounds , and 6.6 assists per game , he also finished second in overall NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting to Steve Nash . Under James 's leadership , the Cavaliers qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1998 . In his postseason debut , James recorded a triple - double in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards . In Game 3 of the series , he made the first game - winning shot of his career , making another in Game 5 . Cleveland would go on to defeat the Wizards before being ousted by the Detroit Pistons in the second round . James engages in his pre-game ritual of tossing crushed chalk into the air , March 2008 . The routine was mostly ended after 2011 . In 2006 -- 07 , James 's averages declined to 27.3 points , 6.7 rebounds , 6 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Some analysts attributed the fall to a regression in his passing skills and shot selection , which stemmed from a lack of effort and focus . The Cavaliers finished the season with 50 wins for the second consecutive year and entered the playoffs as the East 's second seed . In Game 5 of the NBA Conference Finals , James notched 48 points with 9 rebounds and 7 assists , scoring 29 of Cleveland 's last 30 points , including the game - winning layup with two seconds left , against the Pistons . After the game , play - by - play announcer Marv Albert called the performance `` one of the greatest moments in postseason history '' and color commentator Steve Kerr described it as `` Jordan-esque '' . In 2012 , ESPN ranked the performance the fourth greatest in modern NBA playoff history . The Cavaliers went on to win Game 6 and claim their first - ever Eastern Conference championship , earning them a matchup with the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA Finals . During the championship round , James struggled , averaging 22 points , 7.0 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on just 35.6 percent shooting , and Cleveland was eliminated in a sweep . In February of the 2007 -- 08 season , James was named All - Star Game MVP for the second time behind a 27 - point , 8 - rebound , and 9 - assist performance . On March 21 , he moved past Brad Daugherty as the Cavaliers ' all - time leading scorer in a game against the Raptors , doing so in over 100 less games than Daugherty . His 30 points per game were also the highest in the league , representing his first scoring title . Despite his individual accomplishments , Cleveland 's record fell from the year before to 45 -- 37 . Seeded fourth in the East entering the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated the Wizards in the first round for the third consecutive season before being eliminated in seven games by the eventual - champion Boston Celtics in the next round . During the decisive seventh game in Boston , James scored 45 points and Paul Pierce scored 41 in a game the Associated Press described as a `` shootout '' . 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons James and DeShawn Stevenson in April 2008 . The two had a short feud after Stevenson called James `` overrated '' . At the conclusion of the 2008 -- 09 season , James finished second in NBA Defensive Player of the Year voting and made his first NBA All - Defensive Team , posting 23 chase - down blocks and a career - high 93 total blocks . He also became only the fourth postmerger player to lead his team in points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks in a single season . Behind his play and the acquisition of All - Star guard Mo Williams , Cleveland went a franchise record 66 -- 16 and fell just one game short of matching the best home record in league history . With final averages of 28.4 points , 7.6 rebounds , 7.2 assists , 1.7 steals , and 1.2 blocks per game , James became the first Cavalier to win the MVP Award . Reflecting on James 's performance for ESPN , John Hollinger later wrote , `` He 's having what is arguably the greatest individual season in history , and it 's time we gave him his due for it . '' In the playoffs , Cleveland swept the Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks to earn a matchup with the Orlando Magic in the Conference Finals . In Game 1 of the series , James scored 49 points on 66 percent shooting in a losing effort for the Cavaliers . In Game 2 , he hit a game - winner to tie the series at 1 -- 1 . Cleveland would lose the series in six games , and following the loss in Game 6 , James immediately left the floor without shaking hands with his opponents , which was an act that many media members viewed as unsportsmanlike . For the series , he averaged 38.5 points , 8.3 rebounds , and 8 assists per game , finishing the postseason with a career playoff - high 35.3 points per game . In February of the 2009 -- 10 season , James was forced into a temporary point guard role following a series of injuries to players in the Cavaliers ' backcourt . Behind his leadership , Cleveland lost no momentum , finishing the year with the best record in the league for the second consecutive season . Due in part to his increased minutes as the Cavaliers ' primary ball handler , James increased his statistical production , averaging 29.7 points , 7.3 rebounds , 8.6 assists , 1.6 steals , and 1 block per game on 50 percent shooting en route to another MVP Award . To open the playoffs , Cleveland advanced past the Bulls to earn a matchup with the Celtics in the second round . James was heavily criticized for not playing well in Game 5 of the series , shooting only 20 percent on 14 shots and scoring 15 points . The team suffered its worst loss in franchise history , and at the conclusion of the game , James walked off the court to a smattering of boos from Cleveland 's home crowd . The Cavaliers were officially eliminated from the postseason in Game 6 , with James posting 27 points , 19 rebounds , 10 assists , and nine turnovers in the losing effort . Miami Heat The Decision Main article : The Decision ( TV special ) James with the Cavaliers in November 2009 . He finished his first stint with the Cavs averaging 27.8 points , 7 rebounds , 7 assists , and 1.7 steals per game . James became an unrestricted free agent at 12 : 01 am EDT on July 1 , 2010 . During this time , he was contacted by several teams , including the Bulls , Los Angeles Clippers , Miami Heat , New York Knicks , New Jersey Nets , and Cavaliers . On July 8 , he announced on a live ESPN special titled The Decision that he would sign with the Heat . The telecast was broadcast from the Boys & Girls Club of Greenwich , Connecticut and raised $2.5 million for the charity . An additional $3.5 million was raised from advertising revenue , which was donated to other charities . The day before the special , fellow free agents Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade also announced that they would sign with Miami ; reports later arose that the trio had discussed their upcoming 2010 free agencies among themselves back in 2006 . James decided to join with Bosh and Wade in part so that he could shoulder less of the offensive load ; he thought that his improved teammates would give him a better chance of winning an NBA championship than had he stayed in Cleveland . Heat president Pat Riley played a major role in selling James on the idea of playing with Bosh and Wade . James would be relieved of the burden of scoring , and he thought he could be the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple - double in a season . Upon leaving the Cavaliers , James drew intense criticism from sports analysts , executives , fans , and current and former players . The Decision itself was also scrutinized and viewed as unnecessary . Many thought that the prolonged wait for James 's choice was unprofessional as not even the teams courting him were aware of his decision until moments before the show . Upon learning that James would not be returning to Cleveland , Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert published an open letter to fans in which he aggressively denounced James 's actions . Some angry fans of the team recorded videos of themselves burning his jersey . Former NBA players , including Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson , were also critical of James , condemning him for joining with Bosh and Wade in Miami and not trying to win a championship as `` the guy '' . James drew further criticism in a September interview with CNN when he claimed that race might have been a factor in the fallout from The Decision . As a result of his actions during the 2010 free agency period , he quickly gained a reputation as one of America 's most disliked athletes , a radical change from years prior . The phrase `` taking my talents to South Beach '' became a punch line for critics . In retrospect , James has expressed some regret over his handling of The Decision . 2010 -- 2011 : year of media and Fan scrutiny James goes in for a slam dunk as a member of the Miami Heat in March 2011 . James officially signed with the Heat on July 10 , 2010 . With the move , he became only the third reigning MVP to change teams and the first since Moses Malone in 1982 . That evening , the Heat threw a welcome party for their new `` big three '' at the American Airlines Arena , an event that took on a rock concert atmosphere . During the gathering , James predicted a dynasty for the Heat and alluded to multiple championships . Outside of Miami , the spectacle was not well - received , furthering the negative public perception of James . Throughout the 2010 -- 11 season , James and the Heat were treated as villains by the media and opposing fanbases . To begin the year , they struggled to adjust to these new circumstances , going only 9 -- 8 after 17 games . James later admitted that the constant negativity surrounding the team made him play with an angrier demeanor than in years past . On December 2 , James faced the Cavaliers in Cleveland for the first time since departing as a free agent . He scored 38 points and led Miami to a win while being booed every time he touched the ball . The Heat eventually turned their season around and finished as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.7 points , 7.5 rebounds , and 7 assists per game on 51 percent shooting . In the conference semifinals , James and his teammates found themselves matched up with the Celtics for the second consecutive year . In Game 5 , he scored Miami 's last ten points to help seal a series - clinching win . After the final buzzer , he famously knelt on the court in an emotional moment , later telling reporters that it was an extremely personal victory for him and the team . The Heat eventually advanced to the Finals , where they were defeated by the Dallas Mavericks in six games . James received the brunt of the criticism for the loss , averaging only three points in fourth quarters in the series . His Finals scoring average of 17.8 points per game signified an 8.9 - point drop from the regular season , the largest point drop - off in league history . 2011 -- 2013 : back - to - back championships James was humbled by the Heat 's loss to the Mavericks , and the experience inspired him to leave behind the villain role that he had been embracing , which helped him regain a sense of joy on the court . He also decided that his post game needed improvement , so he worked with Hakeem Olajuwon during the offseason . Behind James 's significantly - expanded skillset , Miami began the year with a franchise - best 18 -- 6 record . He was eventually named MVP for the third time , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 7.9 rebounds , 6.2 assists , and 1.9 steals per game on 53 percent shooting . James stands at midcourt during a dead ball in January 2013 . On that night , he became the youngest player in NBA history to score 20,000 career points . In the second round of the playoffs , Miami temporarily lost Chris Bosh to an abdominal injury and found themselves trailing the Indiana Pacers 2 -- 1 . James responded with a 40 - point , 18 - rebound , and 9 - assist outing in Game 4 to help even the series . To compensate for Bosh 's absence , the Heat embraced a small - ball lineup with James at power forward , which they retained even after Bosh 's return in the Conference Finals against the Celtics . Facing elimination in Game 6 , James scored 45 points to lead the Heat to victory in what The New York Times called a `` career - defining performance '' . Miami won Game 7 to advance to the Finals , earning them a matchup with the Oklahoma City Thunder and James 's budding rival , Kevin Durant . Late in Game 4 of the series , James hit a three - pointer to give the Heat a lead , helping them win the game despite missing time with leg cramps . In Game 5 , he registered a triple - double as Miami defeated Oklahoma City for their second - ever championship and James 's first championship . James was unanimously voted the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player with averages of 28.6 points , 10.2 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . His full postseason run , in which he averaged 30.3 points , 9.7 rebounds , and 5.6 assists per game , was ranked the second best in modern NBA history by ESPN . In February of the 2012 -- 13 season , James averaged 29.7 points and 7.8 assists per game while setting multiple shooting efficiency records . That same month , the Heat also began a 27 - game winning streak , the third longest in NBA history . Based on these accomplishments , James 's performance was described as a `` month for the ages '' by Sports Illustrated . Miami eventually finished the year with a franchise and league best 66 -- 16 record , and James was named MVP for the fourth time , falling just one vote shy of becoming the first player in NBA history to win the award unanimously . His final season averages were 26.8 points , 8 rebounds , 7.3 assists , and 1.7 steals per game on 56.5 percent shooting . In Game 1 of the Conference Finals , James scored a buzzer - beating layup to give Miami a one - point victory against the Pacers . Throughout the series , his supporting cast struggled significantly , and his added scoring load prompted him to compare his responsibilities to those of his `` Cleveland days '' . Despite these struggles , the Heat advanced to the Finals for a meeting with the Spurs , signifying a rematch for James from his first Finals six years earlier . At the beginning of the series , he was criticized for his lack of aggressiveness and poor shot selection as Miami fell behind 2 -- 3 . In Game 6 , he recorded his second triple - double of the series , including 16 fourth quarter points , to lead the Heat to a comeback victory . In Game 7 , he tied the Finals record for most points scored in a Game 7 victory , leading Miami over San Antonio with 37 points . He was named Finals MVP for the second straight season , averaging 25.3 points , 10.9 rebounds , 7 assists , and 2.3 steals per game for the championship round . 2013 -- 2014 : final season in Miami On March 3 of the 2013 -- 14 season , James scored a career - high and franchise - record 61 points in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats . Throughout the year , he was one of the few staples for a Heat roster that used 20 different starting lineups due to injuries , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 6.9 rebounds , and 6.4 assists per game on 56.7 percent shooting . In the second round of the playoffs , he tied a career postseason - high by scoring 49 points in Game 4 against the Brooklyn Nets . In the next round , Miami defeated the Pacers to earn their fourth consecutive Finals berth , becoming one of only four teams in NBA history to do so . In Game 1 of the Finals , James missed most of the fourth quarter because of leg cramps , helping the Spurs take an early series lead . In Game 2 , he led the Heat to a series - tying victory with 35 points on a 64 percent shooting rate . San Antonio eventually eliminated the Heat in five games , ending Miami 's quest for a three - peat . For the Finals , James averaged 28.2 points , 7.8 rebounds , and 2.0 steals per game . Return to the Cavaliers James throws a pass in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves , December 2014 . Later that season , he reached several passing milestones , including becoming the Cavaliers ' all - time assists leader . On June 25 , 2014 , James opted out of his contract with the Heat and officially became an unrestricted free agent on July 1 . On July 11 , he revealed via a first - person essay in Sports Illustrated that he intended to return to the Cavaliers . In contrast to The Decision , his announcement to return to Cleveland was well received . On July 12 , he officially signed with the team , who had compiled a league - worst 97 -- 215 record in the four seasons following his departure . A month after James 's signing , the Cavaliers acquired Kevin Love from the Minnesota Timberwolves , forming a new star trio along with Kyrie Irving . 2014 -- 16 : ending the Cleveland Sports curse In January of the 2014 -- 15 season , James missed two weeks due to left knee and lower back strains , the longest stretch of missed games in his career . In total , he played a career - low 69 games and his final averages were 25.3 points , 6 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . In the second round of the playoffs , he hit a baseline jumper at the buzzer to give Cleveland a 2 -- 2 series tie with the Bulls . In the Conference Finals , the Cavaliers defeated the Hawks to advance to the Finals , making James the first player since the 1960s to play in five consecutive Finals . For most of the Finals against the Golden State Warriors , Irving and Love were sidelined due to injury , giving James more offensive responsibilities . Behind his leadership , the Cavaliers opened the series with a 2 -- 1 lead before being eliminated in six games . Despite the loss , he received serious consideration for the Finals MVP Award , averaging 35.8 points , 13.3 rebounds , and 8.8 assists per game for the championship round . During the 2015 -- 16 season , James was criticized for his role in several off - court controversies , including the midseason firing of Cavaliers ' coach David Blatt . Despite these distractions , Cleveland finished the year with 57 wins and the best record in the East . James 's final averages were 25.3 points , 7.4 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on 52 percent shooting . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers advanced comfortably to the Finals , losing only two games en route to a rematch with the Warriors , who were coming off a record - setting 73 win season . To begin the series , Cleveland fell behind 3 -- 1 , including two blowout losses . James responded by registering back - to - back 41 point games in Games 5 and 6 , leading the Cavaliers to two consecutive wins to stave off elimination . In Game 7 , he posted a triple - double and made a number of key plays , including a memorable chase - down block on Andre Iguodala in the final two minutes , as Cleveland emerged victorious , winning the city 's first professional sports title in 52 years and becoming the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit in the Finals . James became just the third player to record a triple - double in an NBA Finals Game 7 , and behind series averages of 29.7 points , 11.3 rebounds , 8.9 assists , 2.3 blocks , and 2.6 steals per game , he also became the first player in league history to lead both teams in all five statistical categories for a playoff round , culminating in a unanimous Finals MVP selection . 2016 -- 18 : final seasons in Cleveland The 2016 -- 17 season was marred by injuries and unexpected losses for the Cavaliers ; James later described it as one of the `` strangest '' years of his career . Following a January defeat to the New Orleans Pelicans , he publicly criticized Cleveland 's front office for constructing a team that he felt was too `` top heavy '' , for which he received counter criticism . The Cavaliers finished the season as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.4 points and career highs in rebounds ( 8.6 ) , assists ( 8.7 ) , and turnovers ( 4.1 ) per game . In Game 3 of the first round of the postseason , he registered 41 points , 13 rebounds , and 12 assists against the Pacers , leading Cleveland to a comeback victory after trailing by 25 points at halftime , representing the largest halftime deficit overcome in NBA playoff history . In Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Celtics , James scored 35 points and surpassed Michael Jordan as the league 's all - time postseason scoring leader . The Cavaliers won the game and the series , advancing to their third consecutive Finals against the Warriors . Behind averages of 33.6 points , 12 rebounds , and 10 assists per game , James became the first player to average a triple - double in the Finals , but Cleveland was defeated in five games . LeBron James and Celtics ' Kyrie Irving in October 2017 . After the Cavaliers traded All - Star point guard Kyrie Irving in the off - season , Cleveland started the 2017 -- 18 season with a 3 -- 5 record . The next game , the Cavaliers defeated the Washington Wizards 130 -- 122 . James scored 57 points in the game to set the second - highest point total of his career , making 23 of 34 field - goal tries and all nine free throws , adding 11 rebounds and seven assists . James reached at least 10 points for the 800th game in a row , joining Michael Jordan ( 866 ) as the only other NBA player with a streak that long . James also became the youngest player to reach 29,000 career points in the NBA . On November 28 , 2017 , James was ejected for the first time in his career during the third quarter of the Cavaliers ' 108 -- 97 win over the Miami Heat . James was in the midst of his 1,082 nd career regular season game , and 1,299 th overall . On December 16 , 2017 , he had his 60th career triple - double in a 109 -- 100 win over the Utah Jazz . James had his fifth triple - double of the season and passed Larry Bird for sixth on the career list . On January 23 , 2018 , in a 114 -- 102 loss to the San Antonio Spurs , James became the seventh player in NBA history to reach 30,000 career points . At 33 years and 24 days , James became the youngest player to score 30,000 -- Kobe Bryant was 34 years and 104 days when he got there . On February 27 , 2018 , he scored 31 points and finished a month averaging a triple - double for the first time in his career , as the Cavaliers defeated the Brooklyn Nets 129 -- 123 . James also had 12 rebounds and 11 assists for his 12th triple - double of the season and 67th of his career . He reached 8,000 assists during the game to become the first player in NBA history to reach 30,000 points , 8,000 rebounds and 8,000 assists . On March 30 , 2018 , in a 107 -- 102 win over the Pelicans , James scored in double digits in his 867th straight game , breaking Michael Jordan 's long - standing record . During the 2018 NBA Playoffs , James was named to the All - NBA First Team for the 12th straight year , marking a new NBA record . With the Cavaliers defeating the Boston Celtics 87 -- 79 in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals , James reached the NBA Finals for the eighth straight year , which no player had done since members of the early Celtics dynasty did so in the 1960s . In Game 1 of the NBA Finals , James scored 51 points to go with eight assists and eight rebounds in a 124 -- 114 overtime loss . James became only the sixth player to ever score at least 50 points in a NBA Finals game . This also notched his eighth game of at least 40 points in the 2018 playoffs and tied Jerry West 's feat in 1965 for most in a single postseason . The Cavaliers went on to lose to the Warriors in four games , with James averaged 34 points ( his second - highest total ) , 8.5 rebounds and 10 assists in the series despite playing with a self - inflicted hand injury that he sustained after Game 1 . James scored 748 points in the playoffs , the second most in a postseason behind Jordan , who scored 759 in 1992 . On June 29 , 2018 , James announced that he opted out of his contract with the Cavaliers to become a free agent . Los Angeles Lakers On July 1 , James 's management agency announced that he had agreed to a four - year , $154 million contract with the Los Angeles Lakers , which he signed on July 9 . Within the first three hours of when his jersey went on sale , it saw a 600 percent spike compared to his new Cavaliers jersey upon his return to Cleveland in July 2014 . National team career James attempts a shot over China 's Yao Ming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing en route to the gold medal . James made his debut for the United States national team at the 2004 Olympics in Athens , Greece . He spent the Games mostly on the bench , averaging 14.6 minutes per game with 5.8 points and 2.6 rebounds per game in eight games . Team USA finished the competition with a bronze medal , becoming the first U.S. basketball team to return home without a gold medal since adding active NBA players to their line - up . James felt his limited playing time was a `` lowlight '' and believed he was not given `` a fair opportunity to play '' . His attitude during the Olympics was described as `` disrespectful '' and `` distasteful '' by columnists Adrian Wojnarowski and Peter Vecsey , respectively . At the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan , James took on a greater role for Team USA , averaging 13.9 points , 4.8 rebounds , and 4.1 assists per game as co-captain . The team finished the tournament with an 8 -- 1 record , winning another bronze medal . James 's behavior was again questioned , this time by teammate Bruce Bowen , who confronted James during tryouts regarding his treatment of staff members . Before naming James to the 2008 Olympic team , Team USA managing director Jerry Colangelo and coach Mike Krzyzewski gave James an ultimatum to improve his attitude , and he heeded their advice . At the FIBA Americas Championship 2007 , he averaged 18.1 points , 3.6 rebounds , and 4.7 assists per game , including a 31 - point performance against Argentina in the championship game , the most ever by an American in an Olympic qualifier . Team USA went 10 -- 0 , winning the gold medal and qualifying for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing , China . James credited the team 's attitude and experience for their improvement , saying : `` I do n't think we understood what it meant to put on a USA uniform and all the people that we were representing in 2004 . We definitely know that now . '' At the Olympics , Team USA went unbeaten , winning their first gold medal since 2000 . In the final game , James turned in 14 points , 6 rebounds , and 3 assists against Spain . James did not play at the 2010 FIBA World Championship but rejoined Team USA for the 2012 Olympics in London , England . He became the leader of the team with Kobe Bryant , who would soon be 34 , stepping back . James facilitated the offense from the post and perimeter , called the defensive sets , and provided scoring when needed . During a game against Australia , he recorded the first triple - double in U.S. Olympic basketball history with 11 points , 14 rebounds and 12 assists . Team USA went on to win their second straight gold medal , again defeating Spain in the final game . James contributed 19 points in the win , becoming the all - time leading scorer in U.S. men 's basketball history . He also joined Michael Jordan as the only players to win an NBA MVP award , NBA championship , NBA Finals MVP , and Olympic gold medal in the same year . Afterwards , Krzyzewski said James `` is the best player , he is the best leader and he is as smart as anybody playing the game right now . '' Player Profile It 's not just that ( LeBron James ) is really good in his 15th year . He 's the best player . -- Greg Anthony , NBA TV and TNT analyst Standing 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) and weighing 250 pounds ( 113 kg ) , James has started at small forward and power forward , but he can also play the other three positions . His athletic and versatile playing style has drawn comparisons to Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson , Magic Johnson , and Michael Jordan . James 's career averages are 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds , 7.2 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Many basketball analysts , coaches , fans , and current and former players consider James to be one of the greatest players of all time , often ranking him as the best small forward and in the top five overall . Since 2011 , he has been ranked the best player in the NBA by ESPN and Sports Illustrated . He has earned All - NBA honors every season since his second year , All - Defensive honors every season from 2009 to 2014 , and was named Rookie of the Year in his debut season . With four MVP awards , he is part of a select group of players who have won the award four times , including Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Jordan , Wilt Chamberlain , and Bill Russell ; James and Russell are the only two players who have won four MVP awards in a five - year span . James has never won the Defensive Player of the Year Award , but he has twice finished second in the voting and lists the award as one of his main goals . James has appeared in the Finals nine times and won three championships . Some analysts have criticized him for not having a better Finals record , while others have defended him , arguing that James usually performed well , but his team was defeated by superior competition . Offense James drives to the basket in March 2008 . A deft finisher , he led the NBA in scoring and shooting percentage at the rim in 2013 . James entered the NBA as an 18 - year - old rookie and made an immediate offensive impact when he led the Cavaliers in scoring . He holds numerous `` youngest to '' distinctions , including being the youngest player to score 28,000 career points . During his first stint in Cleveland , he was primarily used as an on - ball point forward . His shooting tendencies were perimeter - oriented , and he established himself as one of the best slashers and finishers in basketball ; he led the NBA in three - point plays in 2006 . His combination of speed , quickness , and size often created matchup problems for opposing teams because he was capable of blowing by larger defenders and overpowering smaller ones . These qualities became more apparent in transition , where he developed a reputation for grabbing defensive rebounds and then beating the defense downcourt for highlight - quality baskets . Around this time , James was frequently criticized for not having developed a reliable jump shot or post game . Teams would try to exploit these weaknesses by giving him space in the half court and forcing him to settle for three - pointers and long two - pointers , a strategy famously utilized by Spurs coach Greg Popovich in the 2007 Finals , where James converted on only 36 percent of his field goals in four games . In Miami , Heat coach Erik Spoelstra changed James 's role to a more unconventional one . James began spending more time in the post and shooting fewer three - pointers , attempting a career - low 149 in 2012 . He improved his shot selection and accuracy on jump shots , finishing second in the league in catch - and - shoot field goal percentage in 2013 . He also learned how to work as an off - ball cutter in the Heat 's `` pass - happy '' offense . Behind these improvements , James 's overall scoring efficiency rose to historically - great levels , peaking in 2014 when he registered a 64.9 true shooting percentage . During this period , ESPN 's Tom Haberstroh called James 's free - throw shooting his biggest weakness , describing it as `` average '' . Upon returning to the Cavaliers , James began to experience subtle age - related declines in productivity , posting his lowest scoring averages since his rookie season in 2015 and 2016 . His shooting also temporarily regressed , and he briefly ranked as the worst high - volume outside shooter from outside the paint in the NBA . Despite these changes , he has remained an elite offensive player who is capable of beating defenses with body control , strength , and varying attacking speeds . James 's playmaking ability is generally considered to be one of his premier skills , with some analysts ranking him among the greatest passers in NBA history . He is the only frontcourt player in league history to register over 7,000 career assists . Using his size , vision , and the attention he garners from opposing defenses to his advantage , James is able to create easy points for his teammates with accurate assists , manufacturing a league leading 2.6 three - pointers per game by way of his passing alone in 2013 . He will often execute passes that would normally be considered unconventional , including passes after leaving his feet and passes through defensive traffic . His uncanny tendency to find the open man played a significant role in the evolution of modern NBA defenses , which forces teams to incorporate some elements of zone into their schemes to better cover the weak side of the court and prevent James from passing to open shooters . Early in James 's career , he was criticized by the media for his buck passing play in pressure situations ; specifically , for passing instead of shooting in the waning seconds of close games . In a 2011 interview , teammate Chris Bosh stated that he would rather have Dwyane Wade and not James take a last - second shot . Later in James 's career , his clutch play was viewed more favorably ; for example , in 2015 , FiveThirtyEight wrote that he might be `` the most clutch playoff shooter of his generation '' . Defense At the beginning of James 's NBA career , he was considered to be a poor defensive player , but he improved steadily through the years . Near the end of his first tenure in Cleveland , he became proficient at the chase - down block , which involved coming in from behind the opposition in transition to block their shot . In Miami , he developed into a more versatile defensive player , and the Heat relied on him to guard all five positions . James was paired with teammates Shane Battier and Dwyane Wade , and Miami used him in an ultra-aggressive defensive scheme , with James cheating off the ball to help out inside or get into rebounding position . Beginning in 2014 , some analysts noted a regression in his defensive impact , stemming from a lack of effort and expected age - related declines . James himself admitted to taking plays off at times , referring to this approach as `` chill mode '' . Writing for ESPN in 2016 , Nate Duncan observed that while James tended to take off more plays than in his younger days , he was able to raise his level in that year 's Finals and temporarily recapture his Miami form . Off the court Personal life James proposed to Savannah Brinson , his high school sweetheart , at a December 31 , 2011 party celebrating New Year 's Eve and his 27th birthday . She accepted , and the two were married on September 14 , 2013 in San Diego , California . Together , they have three children : LeBron James Jr. ( b . 2004 ) , Bryce Maximus James ( b . 2007 ) , and Zhuri Nova James ( b . 2014 ) . During his stint with the Heat , James resided in Coconut Grove , where he bought a $9 million three - story mansion overlooking Biscayne Bay . In November 2015 , James bought a 9,350 square - foot ( 870 m ) East Coast -- style mansion in Brentwood , Los Angeles for about $21 million . Public image James is considered by many people , including his fellow NBA players , to be the `` face of the NBA '' . His opinions have yielded significant influence on people who make important league decisions ; for example , in 2014 he asked commissioner Adam Silver to increase the duration of the All - Star break , and the request was granted the following season . On February 13 , 2015 , James was elected the first vice president of the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) . The WWI Destroy This Mad Brute poster and the April 2008 Vogue cover with James and Gisele Bündchen , which critics said referenced the earlier poster . Throughout his career , James has been ranked by Forbes as one of the world 's most influential athletes , and in 2017 , he was listed by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world . During his first stint with the Cavaliers , he was adored by local fans , and Sherwin - Williams displayed a giant Nike - produced banner of James on its world headquarters . Despite their affection for James , Cleveland fans and critics were frequently annoyed when he sported a Yankees hat when he attended Cleveland Indians baseball games versus the New York Yankees . Following his actions during the 2010 free agency period and , more specifically , The Decision , he was listed as one of the world 's most disliked athletes . By 2013 , his image had mostly recovered and he was reported by ESPN as the most popular player in the NBA for the second time in his career . In 2014 , he was named the most popular male athlete in America by the Harris Poll . He has led the league in jersey sales six times . In March 2008 , James became the first black man -- and third man overall after Richard Gere and George Clooney -- to appear on the cover of Vogue , when he posed with Gisele Bündchen . In response , noted ESPN columnist Jemele Hill considered the cover offensive and `` memorable for the wrong reasons '' , describing the demeanor of James and his holding Bündchen as a reference to classic imagery of the movie monster King Kong , a dark savage capturing his light - skinned love interest . Media figure and business interests James is represented by agent Rich Paul of Klutch Sports . His first agent was Aaron Goodwin , whom he left in 2005 for Leon Rose . Rose joined Creative Artists Agency ( CAA ) in 2007 , and he worked with fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas , who represented Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh , to bring James to Miami in 2010 . James left CAA for Paul in 2012 . James , Paul , Maverick Carter , and Randy Mims -- all childhood friends -- formed agent and sports - marketing company LRMR after James left Goodwin . LRMR handles James 's marketing , including the marketing of The Decision , for which it was criticized . Throughout his career , James has taken a unique approach to his NBA contracts , usually opting to sign shorter - term deals in order to maximize his earnings potential and flexibility ; for example , in 2006 , he and the Cavaliers negotiated a three - year , $60 million contract extension instead of the four - year maximum as it allotted him the option of seeking a new contract worth more money as an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 season . This move ultimately allowed James , Dwyane Wade , and Chris Bosh to sign with the Heat together . During his second stint in Cleveland , he began opting out and re-signing on new contracts after each season in order to take advantage of higher salaries resulting from the NBA 's rising salary cap . In 2016 , he signed with the Cavaliers on a three - year deal , becoming the highest - paid player in the league for the first time in his career . Nike installed a 10 - stories - tall mural of James in downtown Cleveland . James has signed numerous endorsement contracts ; some of the companies that he has done business with are Audemars Piguet , Coca - Cola , Dunkin ' Brands , McDonald 's , Nike , State Farm and Beats by Dre . Coming out of high school , he was the target of a three - way bidding war among Nike , Reebok , and Adidas , eventually signing with Nike for approximately $90 million . His signature shoes have performed well for Nike . In 2011 , Fenway Sports Group became the sole global marketer of his rights , and as part of the deal , he was granted a minority stake in the English Premier League football club Liverpool , who he has claimed his support for . As a result of James 's endorsement money and NBA salary , he has been listed as one of the world 's highest - paid athletes . In 2013 , he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world , with earnings of $56.5 million . In 2014 , James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple 's acquisition of Beats Electronics ; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones . In 2015 , he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson , and third highest in 2016 ( after Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ) . James has stated that he would like to own an NBA team in the future , albeit in a hands - off capacity . James and comedian Jimmy Kimmel co-hosted the 2007 ESPY Awards . In other comedic pursuits , he hosted the 33rd - season premiere of Saturday Night Live . He has also tried his hand at acting , appearing in a cameo role on the HBO series Entourage . In 2015 , he played himself in the Judd Apatow film Trainwreck , receiving positive reviews for his performance . That same year , James 's digital video company , Uninterrupted , raised $15.8 million from Warner Bros. Entertainment and Turner Sports to help expand the company 's efforts to bring athlete - created content to fans . It is hosted on Bleacher Report and is used by several other athletes including New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski and Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman . James and his business partner Maverick Carter own production company SpringHill Entertainment , whose first work was the Lions Gate documentary More Than a Game , which was released in 2009 and chronicled James 's high school years . Series produced by SpringHill include the Disney XD sports documentaries Becoming , Starz sitcom Survivor 's Remorse , and animated web series The LeBrons . In 2016 , CNBC aired an unscripted series hosted by James called Cleveland Hustles , where four up - and - coming Northern Ohio entrepreneurs will be financed on the condition of revitalizing a neighborhood in Cleveland . In the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , a 60 - minute Vince Carter documentary entitled The Carter Effect was executive produced by James and Maverick Carter along with rapper Drake and Future the Prince . In February 2018 it was announced that James ' production company will produce a new film in the House Party series with James expected to make a cameo . Later that month , Fox News journalist Laura Ingraham told James to `` Shut up and dribble '' as a response to his political agendas . This largely contributed to James creating a documentary series looking at the changing role of athletes in the current political and cultural climate , aptly named , `` Shut Up and Dribble '' on Showtime . Activism James , First Lady Michelle Obama , and Dwyane Wade tape a public service announcement , January 2014 . James is an active supporter of non-profit organizations , including After - School All - Stars , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , and Children 's Defense Fund . He also has his own charity foundation , the LeBron James Family Foundation , which is based in Akron . Since 2005 , the foundation has held an annual bike - a-thon to raise money for various causes . In 2015 , James announced a partnership with the University of Akron to provide scholarships for as many as 2,300 children beginning in 2021 . In 2016 , he donated $2.5 million to the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture to support an exhibit on Muhammad Ali . In 2017 , he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award from the NBA for his `` outstanding service and dedication to the community . '' In November of that same year , the Akron School Board approved the `` I Promise School '' , a public elementary school created in a partnership with the LeBron James Family Foundation to help struggling elementary school students stay in school . James later reflected that it was his most important professional accomplishment of his life . The school officially opened on July 30 , 2018 . Throughout his career , James has taken stances on controversial issues . On several occasions , he mentioned a feeling of obligation to effect change using his status . Those include the War in Darfur , the Trayvon Martin case , the now - former NBA owner Donald Sterling 's racist comments in 2014 , the Michael Brown verdict , and the death of Eric Garner . Following a racist incident at his Los Angeles home in 2017 , James expressed , `` being black in America is tough . We got a long way to go for us as a society and for us as African Americans until we feel equal in America . '' Later on that same year , in the aftermath of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , James questioned president Donald Trump 's `` Make America Great Again '' slogan and said , `` It 's sad what 's going on in Charlottesville . Is this the direction our country is heading ? Make America Great Again huh ? '' and that `` Our youth deserve better ! ! '' James also called Trump a `` bum '' after the president rescinded a White House invitation to Stephen Curry . During a 2018 interview with CNN journalist Don Lemon , James accused the president for attempting to divide the country with sports , suggesting `` sports has never been something that divides people it 's always been something that brings someone together . '' He also declared he would `` never sit across from him . I 'd sit across from Barack ( Obama ) though . '' In response , Trump said `` LeBron James was just interviewed by the dumbest man on television , Don Lemon . He made LeBron look smart , which is n't easy to do . '' However , many players , including former NBA great Michael Jordan ( who was mentioned in Trump 's Tweet afterward ) , supported James and disavowed President Trump 's statements on the subject . In June 2008 , James donated $20,000 to a committee to elect Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama . Later that year , James gathered almost 20,000 people at the Quicken Loans Arena for a viewing of Obama 's 30 - minute American Stories , American Solutions television advertisement . The advertisement was shown on a large screen above the stage , where Jay - Z later held a free concert . In November 2016 , James endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which James won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Cleveland 79 79 39.5 . 417 . 290 . 754 5.5 5.9 1.6 . 7 20.9 2004 -- 05 Cleveland 80 80 42.4 * . 472 . 351 . 750 7.4 7.2 2.2 . 7 27.2 2005 -- 06 Cleveland 79 79 42.5 . 480 . 335 . 738 7.0 6.6 1.6 . 8 31.4 2006 -- 07 Cleveland 78 78 40.9 . 476 . 319 . 698 6.7 6.0 1.6 . 7 27.3 2007 -- 08 Cleveland 75 74 40.4 . 484 . 315 . 712 7.9 7.2 1.8 1.1 30.0 * 2008 -- 09 Cleveland 81 81 37.7 . 489 . 344 . 780 7.6 7.2 1.7 1.1 28.4 2009 -- 10 Cleveland 76 76 39.0 . 503 . 333 . 767 7.3 8.6 1.6 1.0 29.7 2010 -- 11 Miami 79 79 38.8 . 510 . 330 . 759 7.5 7.0 1.6 . 6 26.7 2011 -- 12 † Miami 62 62 37.5 . 531 . 362 . 771 7.9 6.2 1.9 . 8 27.1 2012 -- 13 † Miami 76 76 37.9 . 565 . 406 . 753 8.0 7.3 1.7 . 9 26.8 2013 -- 14 Miami 77 77 37.7 . 567 . 379 . 750 6.9 6.4 1.6 . 3 27.1 2014 -- 15 Cleveland 69 69 36.1 . 488 . 354 . 710 6.0 7.4 1.6 . 7 25.3 2015 -- 16 † Cleveland 76 76 35.6 . 520 . 309 . 731 7.4 6.8 1.4 . 6 25.3 2016 -- 17 Cleveland 74 74 37.8 * . 548 . 363 . 674 8.6 8.7 1.2 . 6 26.4 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 82 82 36.9 * . 542 . 367 . 731 8.6 9.1 1.4 . 9 27.5 Career 1,143 1,142 38.8 . 504 . 344 . 739 7.4 7.2 1.6 . 8 27.2 All - Star 14 14 29.6 . 530 . 357 . 743 6.3 6.0 1.3 . 1 24.5 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2006 Cleveland 13 13 46.5 . 476 . 333 . 737 8.1 5.8 1.4 . 7 30.8 2007 Cleveland 20 20 44.7 . 416 . 280 . 755 8.1 8.0 1.7 . 5 25.1 2008 Cleveland 13 13 42.5 . 411 . 257 . 731 7.8 7.6 1.8 1.3 28.2 2009 Cleveland 14 14 41.4 . 510 . 333 . 749 9.1 7.3 1.6 . 9 35.3 Cleveland 11 11 41.8 . 502 . 400 . 733 9.3 7.6 1.7 1.8 29.1 2011 Miami 21 21 43.9 . 466 . 353 . 763 8.4 5.9 1.7 1.2 23.7 2012 † Miami 23 23 42.7 . 500 . 259 . 739 9.7 5.6 1.9 . 7 30.3 2013 † Miami 23 23 41.7 . 491 . 375 . 777 8.4 6.6 1.8 . 8 25.9 2014 Miami 20 20 38.2 . 565 . 407 . 806 7.1 4.8 1.9 . 6 27.4 2015 Cleveland 20 20 42.2 . 417 . 227 . 731 11.3 8.5 1.7 1.1 30.1 2016 † Cleveland 21 21 39.1 . 525 . 340 . 661 9.5 7.6 2.3 1.3 26.3 2017 Cleveland 18 18 41.3 . 565 . 411 . 698 9.1 7.8 1.9 1.3 32.8 2018 Cleveland 22 22 41.9 . 539 . 342 . 746 9.1 9.0 1.4 1.0 34.0 Career 239 239 42.0 . 491 . 323 . 743 8.9 7.1 1.8 1.0 28.9 Awards and honors Main article : List of career achievements by LeBron James James ( center ) celebrates during the Heat 's 2012 championship parade . NBA 3 × NBA Champion : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 3 × NBA Finals Most Valuable Player : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player : 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 14 × NBA All - Star : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP : 2006 , 2008 , 2018 14 × All - NBA selection : 12 × First team : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 2 × Second team : 2005 , 2007 6 × NBA All - Defensive selection : 5 × First team : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Second team : 2014 NBA Rookie of the Year : 2004 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2004 NBA Scoring Champion : 2008 3 × NBA minutes leader : 2007 , 2017 , 2018 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award : 2017 National team 2 × Olympic Gold Medal winner : 2008 , 2012 2004 Olympic Bronze Medal winner 2006 FIBA World Championship Bronze Medal winner 2007 FIBA Americas Championship Gold Medal winner 2012 USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year Commemorative banner in Miami 's American Airlines Arena ( for his 2012 gold medal won as a member of the Miami Heat ) High school 2003 National Champion 3 × OHSAA Champion : 2000 , 2001 , 2003 2 × Gatorade National Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 2 × USA Today High School Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 3 × USA Today All - USA First Team : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 2 × PARADE High School Player of the Year : 2002 , 2003 2003 Naismith Prep Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's National Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's High School All - American 2003 McDonald 's All - American Game 2003 2003 EA Sports Roundball Classic MVP 2003 Jordan Capital Classic MVP Number 23 retired by St. Vincent - St. Mary St. Vincent - St. Mary Hall of Fame ( class of 2011 ) St. Vincent - St. Mary home basketball court named The LeBron James Arena Other 3 × Cleveland Sports Awards Professional Athlete of the Year : 2009 , 2016 , 2017 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) 2011 -- 12 EFL Cup Champion ( as part owner of Liverpool F.C. ) 2012 Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2006 Sporting News NBA MVP 2004 Sporting News Rookie of the Year Sports Illustrated NBA All - Decade First Team ( 2000s ) 19 × ESPY Award winner in various categories ( 15 individually , four as part of a team ) 2 × Hickok Belt winner : 2012 , 2013 2017 NAACP Image Awards -- Jackie Robinson Award South Main Street in downtown Akron renamed King James Way Six - story commemorative banner in downtown Akron Three - story mural in Venice , California honoring his signing with the Lakers Honorary lockers at Ohio State 's football and basketball facilities Filmography Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2008 More than a Game Himself 2009 Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants 2015 Trainwreck 2018 Smallfoot Gwangi ( voice ) Post-production Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 My Wife and Kids Himself Episode : `` Outbreak Monkey '' 2009 Entourage Episode : `` Give a Little Bit '' 2009 SpongeBob 's Truth or Square 2011 -- 2014 The LeBrons 2015 Survivor 's Remorse Episode : `` Guts '' 2016 Teen Titans Go ! Episode : `` The Cruel Giggling Ghoul '' See also Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records NBA post-season records NBA All - Star Game records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with 1,000 games played List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association season minutes leaders List of Olympic medalists in basketball Cleveland Cavaliers draft history Notes Jump up ^ Assists were recorded as an official Olympic statistic starting in 1976 . Jump up ^ ESPN - 3rd ( March 2016 ) , Sports Illustrated - 5th ( March 2016 ) , Fox Sports - 2nd ( December 2016 ) , CBS Sports - 2nd ( February 2017 ) , Slam - 2nd ( February 2018 ) . Jump up ^ ESPN . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ References Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why LeBron James is the best NBA player of all time '' . FoxSports . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron Is the Best Player the NBA Has Ever Seen , Even If He 's Not the GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armen - Graham , Bryan ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` It 's time to call LeBron James what he is : the NBA 's greatest ever player '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baillie , Ryan ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron James Is The Best NBA Player Of All Time And It Is Time To Accept It '' . Odyssey Online . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Ryan ( 2003 ) . King James : Believe the Hype . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34992 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( March 2 , 2003 ) . `` America 's most wanted '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James Biography '' . JockBio.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Rachel . `` LeBron James opens up on his new school , the Lakers and life 's challenges '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Movie review : Band of brothers in ' More Than a Game ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff Reports ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James , SVSM teammates to enter school 's hall of fame : High school newswatch '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prospect Profile : LeBron James '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee Morgan , David ; Gaffney , Tom ( March 26 , 2000 ) . `` Winning one for Carter '' . Akron Beacon Journal . p . D8 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James stats , details , videos , and news '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Heading Home to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ryan ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ohio Player '' . SLAM Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garner , Dwight ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` An N.B.A. Giant and How He Grew '' . The New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron 's Book Shows Struggle With Fame '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Julian ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` The pot thickens : LeBron James admits smoking marijuana as a high school junior in new book '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Bill ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` New LeBron James book tells of a ' shooting star ' always willing to learn lessons '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` James ruled ineligible , plans to appeal decision '' . ESPN . ESPN.com News Services . January 31 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bilas , Jay ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` Did ' LeBron Mania ' go too far ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` James Answers the Hype with Standout Debut '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Hype over LeBron does n't match Alcindor 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 draft prospects since 2000 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prep star James can continue drive for state title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 NCAA Division I Manual '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2009 . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( February 9 , 2003 ) . `` James Is Too Much for Westchester '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Basketball D2 State Champs '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , Austin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Remember that time Urban Meyer tried to recruit LeBron James ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron James : Two Sports , One Superstar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Tim ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` LBJ and NFL : A fantasy based in reality '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Theismann : LeBron James is ' talented enough ' to be an NFL QB '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnwell , Bill ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Could LeBron James Really Play in the NFL ? '' . Grantland . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Wallace latest to say LeBron James would dominate NFL '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NBA Draft '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Expectations for James more than met '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 30 , 2003 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James : Player Info Page '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 20 - 5 - 5 : Tyreke Evans makes rookie history '' . News10 / KXTV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA All - Star Game '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Charles ( February 21 , 2005 ) . `` The Future Is Now '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 2005 Season '' ( PDF ) . NBA . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` LeBron and Pistons lead East to All - Star game win '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James , Cavs Top Mavs To Clinch Playoff Berth '' . NBA.com . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James ' playoff debut triple - double carries Cavs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The NBA Realist ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant vs. Lebron James : Game Winning Shots '' . Chasing 23 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Win Series 4 -- 2 '' . ESPN . May 6 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( Oct 2 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James returns to chalk toss '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James is bringing the chalk toss back after 95 % of Twitter users voted yes '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 499 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` Now playoff - bound , Cavs ' 50th win caps season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron bewilders Pistons as Cavaliers inch closer to NBA finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Jun 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ LeBron James takes over Game 5 ! on YouTube ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com Staff ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Greatest NBA playoff performances '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson 's 31 points , James ' balanced play puts Cavs in NBA Finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 2 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allen 's flurry of 3s help East hold on for All - Star win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Starkey , Mike ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron James becomes Cleveland Cavaliers all - time scoring leader '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron James : ' Scoring not my job ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Standings '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce , James duke it out as Celtics close out Cavs in Game 7 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` Stevenson : LeBron beef ' pretty much over ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Jonathan ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` On Defense , James Is Closer Than He Appears '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard , Bryant headline 2008 -- 09 NBA All - Defensive First Team '' . NBA.com . May 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 477 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron sits as Cavs fail to match best home record '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award '' . NBA.com . May 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , John ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` PER Diem : March 24 , 2009 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' dramatic buzzer - beater drops Magic , evens series at 1 -- 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron sent a clear message by not shaking hands with Magic '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Not only would it have saved him the smattering of grief he 's been getting from the media and fans the last few days , it just would have also been the right thing to do Jump up ^ Rhoden , William ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Handshake Is Not Too Much to Ask , Even From a King '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . It 's hard for me to congratulate somebody after you just lose to them ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron : Do what 's best for team '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitt Boyer , Mary ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James glad point - guard assignment is temporary '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins NBA 's 2009 -- 10 Most Valuable Player Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron 's triple - double not enough as Celtics move on to face Magic '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` NBA Playoffs Celtics Cavs Game 5 : Celtics dominate as LeBron James fails in the big time '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics hand Cavaliers worst home playoff loss in team history '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James goes home '' . ESPN The Magazine . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Free Agency : Who 's going where ? '' . ESPN . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron says he 'll sign with Miami Heat '' . Fox Sports . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` A look back at the fateful ' Decision ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James makes his pick : He 's going to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks , The Plain Dealer ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' ' Decision ' generated $6 million in ad revenue '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wade granted one of his wishes with Bosh coming to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Done deals : LeBron , Bosh and Wade sign six - year contracts '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Inside ' The Decision ' : Miami 's coup was a ' surprise ' built on long - coveted goal of James , Wade and Bosh '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thomsen , Ian ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` The Plot Starts Here ... Showtime Starts Here '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Biggane , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James admits Pat Riley sold him on being part of a family with Miami Heat '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Inside look at LeBron 's free - agent coup '' . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 ... the issue of James ' immaturity and downright disrespectfulness had become a consuming topic on the march to the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Open Letter to Fans from Cavaliers Majority Owner Dan Gilbert '' ( Press release ) . Cleveland Cavaliers . July 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ron , Nurwisah ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Plain Dealer 's final word on LeBron James '' . National Post . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ; Shipp , Catherine ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Criticism Grows as James Arrives in Miami '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Jordan would n't have called Magic , Bird '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Barry ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Magic Johnson Says He Would n't Have Joined Bird After LeBron James 's Move '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . From college , I was trying to figure out how to beat Larry Bird . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Lambasted LeBron conveniently sees hurtful role of race '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . He has catered to corporate America , mostly ignored issues that affect people of color , and then when so many people turned on James , he 's now suddenly seeing the racial light . Jump up ^ Whitlock , Jason ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Point the finger at yourself , LeBron '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . LeBron 's enablers are providing him the racial cocoon of denial . They 're giving LeBron an excuse to avoid dealing with his own bad ( The ) Decision . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Forbes : Vick , Tiger among most ' disliked ' athletes '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , Tom ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James expresses regrets about ' The Decision ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron 's decisive backlash tops all stories '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerasotis , Peter ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` For Miami Heat , High Hopes but Lower Volume '' . The New York Times . p . SP8 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moehringer , J.R. ( September 2010 ) . `` Into the Funhouse with King James '' . GQ . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . During that postmortem interview , when Moehringer asked James what he 'd change if he had a do - over , James replied , ' Nothing at all . ' Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` James Faces Jeering , but Little Competition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . ' If I had to go back on it , I probably would do it a little bit different , ' James said before the game . ' But I 'm happy with my decision . ' He declined to be more specific . ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com News Services ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Heat stars sign six - year deals '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Benjamin ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' choice puts Miami back in the game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heat throw welcome party for LeBron James , Chris Bosh '' . USA Today . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . With 13,000 fans chanting `` Yes We Did ! '' amid an atmosphere more suited to a rock concert than a basketball game , the Miami Heat welcomed the NBA 's newest trio of superstars Friday night for a celebration unlike just about any other in team history . Jump up ^ Wade , Dwyane ; Bosh , Chris ; James , LeBron ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` On Stage Interview with Wade , Bosh and James -- July 9 , 2010 '' . NBA.com ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Eric Reid . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Miami 's upgrade status holds lessons for Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Shift in Talent Fortifies Elite Teams '' . The New York Times . p . B -- 12 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . In that moment on July 9 , amid the pyrotechnics , the Miami Heat became a national Rorschach test . Everyone saw something : greatness , arrogance , self - indulgence , boldness , cowardice , pride , friendship , collusion , joy , cynicism , heroes , mercenaries . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : ' Not 2 , not 3 , not 4 , not 5 , not 6 , not 7 ' titles ... None ? : Video '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : No more Mr. Bad Guy '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Magoloff , Scott ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James : A timeline of his Miami Heat career '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James returns to Cleveland '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron shrugs off boos in return to Cleveland to lead Heat to easy win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 - 11 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` 1 . One Year Later , Sweet Turnaround For James '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat 's LeBron James closes out Celtics in Game 5 : Video '' . cleveland.com . Associated Press . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Thunder pull away from Heat , win Game 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hollis , Charles ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Hot Corner : With NBA title at stake , LeBron James was a big flop '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldsberry , Kirk . `` The Evolution of King James '' . Grantland . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dwork , David ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` Heat top Raptors , tie best start in franchise history '' . Hot Hot Hoops . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins 3rd NBA MVP award '' . CBS News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 20,000 th '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Roy Hibbert scores 19 and adds 18 boards as Pacers pound Heat '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James ' box score gem powers Heat '' . ESPN . ESPN Stats & Information . May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron eyeing ' point power forward ' role ? '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron James is embracing playing power forward for the Cavaliers like never before '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` James Takes Game 6 Personally '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Finals take edge off season 's start '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat overcome Russell Westbrook 's 43 points , take 3 -- 1 Finals lead '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , Heat dominate Thunder to win NBA championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Gary ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` MVP clear choice '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Best playoff runs : Players 1 - 5 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James sets NBA record in Heat 's win against Blazers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Dime -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki . `` Timeline of the Miami Heat 's Winning Streak '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob . `` LeBron James ' month for the ages '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James wins 4th Kia MVP award in near unanimous vote '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' layup as time expires in OT lifts Heat past Pacers '' . ESPN.com . May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James says he went back to his ' Cleveland days ' in Game 5 '' . Vox Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . 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Jump up ^ Dan , Feldman . `` LeBron James becomes first player on record to lead series in points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocks '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` ' Fantasy ' no more : LeBron James gives Cavs ' season a wake - up call '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe . `` LeBron James posts second straight triple - double , Cavs snap three - game skid 116 - 104 over Magic '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi . `` Cavs should send LeBron on in - season vacation after latest rant '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James leads Cleveland to historic comeback win '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James passes Jordan , Cavs back in Finals with 135 - 102 win '' . ESPN . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Jack . `` Cavaliers set for third straight NBA Finals vs. Warriors after bouncing Celtics '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Becomes 1st Player to Average Triple - Double in NBA Finals History '' . Bleacher Report . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 57 , Cavaliers top Wiz 130 - 122 , end skid '' . ESPN . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James ejected for first time in career '' . NBA.com . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has 60th triple - double , Cavs beat Jazz 109 - 100 '' . ESPN . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron gets 30,000 , but Spurs beat slumping Cavs 114 - 102 '' . ESPN . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James leads Cavaliers past Nets 129 - 123 '' . ESPN . February 27 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` ' Point center ' LeBron James fourth in DPOY '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Lights , Cameras , Revolution '' . Grantland . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach . `` LeBron James ' defensive assignment allows versatility for Miami Heat '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Who 's the real plus - minus MVP ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Partnow , Seth . `` Here 's proof LeBron James is exiting the prime of his career '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` LeBron 's ' chill mode ' hurting Cavs '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Nate . `` Player profiles : Projecting LeBron , Kyrie , Love and the Cavs '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wire Reports ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron James and Savannah Brinson are engaged '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LEBRON WEDS GIRLFRIEND IN SAN DIEGO '' . AP . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amato . `` LeBron James ' Kids : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Said . `` LeBron James Kids '' . TheRichest . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN Library . `` LeBron James Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Nicole ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Miami heat : LeBron James buys $9 M mansion in Coconut Grove , Fla '' . New York : NY Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Snags Brentwood Mansion for $21 Million '' . Variety . November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe . `` LeBron James is the ' face ' of the NBA , but is Stephen Curry next ? '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` LeBron James reportedly asked Adam Silver for longer All - Star break , fewer back - to - backs '' . NBC Sports . 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CBS Sports . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Opts Out of Contract '' . International Business Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Re-sign Forward LeBron James '' . NBA.com . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam , Amick . `` LeBron James gets two - year contract with Cavaliers '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers And LeBron James Sign Multi-Year Contract '' . NBA.com . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Pat . `` NBA Scoreboard Stats Standings Teams Players Odds LeBron James Just Became NBA 's Highest - Paid Player For First Time Ever '' . NESN . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic LeBron James banner getting championship upgrade '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ariel . `` You Can Now Buy The $51,500 LeBron James Limited Edition Watch By Audemars Piguet '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Highkin , Sean . `` Magic Johnson thinks LeBron does n't have enough endorsements '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' aims at China with pork donuts , LeBron James '' . Reuters . March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James to endorse for McDonald 's '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James enters partnership with State Farm '' . USA Today . February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beats by Dre signs UFC star Conor McGregor to endorsement deal as it moves deeper into popular culture '' . The Drum . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James Signs New Deal With Nike '' . CNBC . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berman , John . `` Is LeBron James Worth $90 Million ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Ben . `` LeBron James reportedly leads all NBA players in U.S. shoe sales '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James in Deal With Fenway Sports '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 famous Liverpool fans from North America '' . Liverpool F.C. April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` LeBron James passes Kobe Bryant on SI 's ' Fortunate 50 ' highest - earning athletes list '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` Heat look to target Carmelo Anthony '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes List 2016 '' . Forbes . June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : `` My Dream Is To Actually Own An NBA Team '' `` . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron , Kimmel to co-host ESPY Awards '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts : LeBron James '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebron James Matt Damon `` Entourage '' Cameo October 4 `` . Pop Crunch . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. `` LeBron James filming ' Trainwreck ' with Amy Schumer and other movie projects '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Movie Performance by an Active Professional Basketball Player '' . The New Yorker . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James 's confessional video web site for athletes gets investment from Turner and Warner Bros '' . Mashable . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' SpringHill Entertainment Signs Deal With Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh . `` Self - Love and Basketball '' . Slate . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD picks up ' Becoming ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King of Comedy : Trailer for LeBron 's new sitcom released '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBrons : Season 2 Kickoff Party with LeBron James '' . Houston Press . February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' reality TV show ' Cleveland Hustles ' to premiere Aug. 24 '' . Crain 's Cleveland Business . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Carter Effect '' Trailer `` . cowbellkingdom.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Look : LeBron , business partner dine with Drake '' . theScore.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' production company to remake 1990 hit ' House Party ' '' . ABC.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/19/587097707/laura-ingraham-told-lebron-james-to-shutup-and-dribble-he-went-to-the-hoop Jump up ^ `` LeBron doc ' Shut Up and Dribble ' set to air on TV '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . Look to the Stars . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Just Delivered Nikes He Helped Design for Kids With Disabilities '' . Global Citizen . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ EnStars ( 2015 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Inspiring Videos : Cleveland Cavaliers Star LeBron James Pays Respect To A Fan In The Middle Of A Game '' . Enstarz . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBron James Family Foundation to Unveil its Brand New Website , LeBronJamesFamilyFoundation.org '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron 's bike event stresses education '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron James , Akron to fund 4 - year scholarships for I Promise students '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James donates $2.5 million to Smithsonian 's Muhammad Ali exhibit '' . ESPN.com . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins PBWA 's 2016 - 17 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2017/11/28/board-oks-plan-for-lebron-james-i-promise-school-in-akron/108092894/ Jump up ^ Singer , Michael . `` LeBron James : Opening school is my most important professional accomplishment '' . USA Today . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Michael . `` LeBron : No place for Sterling '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Draws Criticism For Stand on Darfur Issue '' . Yahoo . May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Cavalier Seeks Players ' Support for Darfur '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jonathan . `` On Darfur , LeBron James drops the ball '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Shelley ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron speaking out on Darfur '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Hill , Jemele . `` The Heat 's hoodies as change agent '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James : Bigger issues at play '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron , Irving in ' I Ca n't Breathe ' tees '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` Cavs ' LeBron James responds to racist graffiti on house with powerful statement '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Tsuji , Alysha . `` LeBron James saddened by Charlottesville : ' Make America Great Again huh ? ! ' '' . For The Win . USA Today . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ; Marissa Payne . `` LeBron James sticks up for Stephen Curry , calls President Trump a ' bum ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaydos , Ryan . `` LeBron : Trump is using sports to ' divide ' the country '' . New York Post . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieu , Amy . `` Trump tweet slams LeBron James , Don Lemon over CNN interview '' . Fox News . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2018/8/4/17651332/lebron-james-donald-trump-tweets Jump up ^ `` Lebron donates cash to Obama '' . InsideHoops.com . July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jay - Z , LeBron James get out vote for Obama '' . msnbc . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lebron James lets fans know Love , genuine LOVE and FAITH they 'll get through '' . Hotnewhiphop . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Wiggins Named Naismith Player of the Year ; Quincy Lewis Named Coach of the Year '' . SLAM Online . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimala , Michael . `` Shabazz Muhammad is McDonald 's POY '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's High School Basketball All American Teams '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Cavaliers choose LeBron James with No. 1 pick in 2003 : NBA Draft rewind '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' Number Retired '' . Associated Press via cincinnati.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent - St. Mary High School . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent St. Mary . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists & Past Winners '' . Cleveland Sports Awards . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` LeBron James named 2013 AP Male Athlete of the Year '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Miami Heat 's LeBron James named SI 's Sportsman of the Year '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2012 '' . Sporting News . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA All - Decade Team '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ESPY Awards '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Akron designates downtown street `` King James Way '' `` . Akron Beacon Journal . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has honorary locker at OSU '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has football locker at OSU '' . Cavaliers 24 / 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 30 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James ' show ' Survivor 's Remorse ' begins second season '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Further reading Freedman , Lew ( 2008 ) . LeBron James : A Biography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34361 - 2 . Morgan , David Lee ( 2003 ) . LeBron James : The Rise of a Star . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 886228 - 74 - 4 . Pluto , Terry ; Windhorst , Brian ( 2007 ) . The Franchise : Lebron James and the Remaking of the Cleveland Cavaliers . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 59851 - 028 - 2 . External links Find more aboutLeBron Jamesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website NBA.com Prospect Profile : LeBron James USA Basketball -- LeBron James 100 Olympic Athletes to Watch : 1 . LeBron James LeBron James ' 61 - point game vs Charlotte Bobcats on YouTube LeBron James on IMDb `` LeBron James collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Los Angeles Lakers current roster 0 Kuzma 1 Caldwell - Pope 2 Ball 3 Hart 4 Caruso ( TW ) 6 Stephenson 7 McGee 9 Deng 10 Mykhailiuk 11 Beasley 14 Ingram 15 Wagner 17 Bonga 21 Wear ( TW ) 23 James 30 Carroll 40 Zubac -- Berry -- Rondo -- Williams Head coach : Walton Assistant coaches : Keefe Madsen Mermuys Moser Murray Owens Robertson Shaw LeBron James Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games The Decision The Block Family Savannah James ( wife ) LeBron James Jr. ( son ) Films More than a Game Other Big Three ( Miami Heat ) I Promise School The LeBrons Links to related articles Mr. Basketball USA winners 1955 : Chamberlain 1956 : Robertson 1957 : Lucas 1958 : Lucas 1959 : Raftery 1960 : Hawkins 1961 : Bradley 1962 : Russell 1963 : Lacy 1964 : Alcindor 1965 : Alcindor 1966 : Murphy 1967 : Haywood 1968 : Westphal 1969 : McGinnis 1970 : McMillen 1971 : Lucas 1972 : Buckner 1973 : Dantley 1974 : Malone 1975 : Cartwright 1976 : Griffith 1977 : King 1978 : Aguirre 1979 : Kellogg 1980 : Rivers 1981 : Ewing 1982 : Tisdale 1983 : R. Williams 1984 : J. Williams 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bibby 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Lewis 1999 : Bender 2000 : Miles 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Telfair 2005 : Ellis 2006 : Oden 2007 : Mayo 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Kidd - Gilchrist 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter 2018 : R.J. Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams Gatorade High School Athlete of the Year Award Boys 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Paulus 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Barkley 2009 : Gilbert 2010 : Knight 2011 : Bundy 2012 : Gray 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Towns 2015 : Murray 2016 : Tatum 2017 : Gore Girls 2003 : Felix 2004 : Parker 2005 : Barboza 2006 : Charles 2007 : Moore 2008 : Price 2009 : Diggins 2010 : Ogwumike 2011 : Brian 2012 : Stewart 2013 : Andrews 2014 : Turner 2015 : Hill 2016 : McLaughlin 2017 : McLaughlin McDonald 's Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year 1997 : Battier 1998 : Curry 1999 : Williams 2000 : Duhon 2001 : Miles 2002 : Francis 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Monroe 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Parker 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Carter 2018 : Barrett McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989 : Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. Curry 1999 : Bender 2000 : Randolph 2001 : E. Curry 2002 : Redick 2003 : James 2004 : Howard & Smith 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Budinger & Durant 2007 : Beasley 2008 : Evans 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes & Sullinger 2011 : Gilchrist & McAdoo 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Ju. Jackson & Okafor 2015 : Diallo 2016 : F. Jackson & Jo. Jackson 2017 : Porter 2018 : Little Jordan Brand Classic All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 2002 : Stoudemire & May 2003 : James & Brown 2004 : Howard 2005 : Hansbrough & Blatche 2006 : Young & Durant 2007 : Greene & Fisher 2008 : Evans & Jennings 2009 : Favors & Sidney 2010 : Barnes & Irving 2011 : Davis & McAdoo 2012 : Purvis & Muhammad 2013 : Randle & Parker 2014 : Alexander & Okafor 2015 : Diallo & Trier 2016 : Fox & Monk 2017 : Bowen & Walker 2018 : Little & Williams 2003 NBA draft First round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T.J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz 2018 : Ayton NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon 2018 : Simmons NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant 2018 : Durant Miami Heat 2011 -- 12 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 5 Howard 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 13 Miller 14 Harris 15 Chalmers 21 Turiaf 22 Jones 30 Cole 31 Battier 40 Haslem 45 Pittman 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer De La Grana Regular season Playoffs Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 9 Lewis 11 Andersen 13 Miller 15 Chalmers 22 Jones 24 Varnado 30 Cole 31 Battier 34 Allen 40 Haslem 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer Craig Regular season Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah . Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Longabardi Dam . Jones Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve ESPY Awards Cross-cutter Courage Female Athlete Male Athlete Breakthrough Athlete Championship Performance Coach / Manager Female College Athlete Male College Athlete Comeback Athlete Female Athlete with a Disability Male Athlete with a Disability Game Perseverance Upset Moment Play Record - Breaking Performance Team Individual Female Action Male Action Bowler Driver Fighter Female Golfer Male Golfer Jockey MLS MLB NBA NFL NHL Female Tennis Male Tennis WNBA International Athlete Male U.S. Olympian Female U.S. Olympian Discontinued Action Soccer Female Soccer Male Soccer U.S. Olympian Male College Basketball Female College Basketball College Football Disabled Angler Boxer Golfer Female Track Male Track Outdoor Sportsman Movie Undeniable Performance Track and Field Award ceremonies 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Ovechkin Hickok Belt winners 1950 : Phil Rizzuto 1951 : Allie Reynolds 1952 : Rocky Marciano 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Otto Graham 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Carmen Basilio 1958 : Bob Turley 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Jim Brown 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Joe Namath 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Brooks Robinson 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Steve Carlton 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Ken Stabler 1977 -- 2011 not awarded 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : Michael Phelps 2017 : José Altuve LCCN : n2003099514 MusicBrainz : 7d6308c5 - 7412 - 4afe - 879f - 181c7827744d VIAF : 53530499 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeBron_James&oldid=854764105 '' Categories : LeBron James 1984 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American investors American investors American soccer chairmen and investors Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Ohio Businesspeople from Akron , Ohio Businesspeople from Los Angeles Cleveland Cavaliers draft picks Cleveland Cavaliers players Film producers from California Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year Liverpool F.C. chairmen and investors McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Miami Heat players National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association high school draftees Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in basketball Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) People from Brentwood , Los Angeles Power forwards ( basketball ) Small forwards Sportspeople from Akron , Ohio Sportspeople from Los Angeles United States men 's national basketball team players American men 's basketball players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles to be merged from August 2018 All articles to be merged Good articles Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what season did lebron win his first championship	[ "In Miami, James won his first NBA championship in 2012, and followed that with another title a year later. He was named league MVP and NBA Finals MVP in both championship years. In 2014, James opted out of his contract with Miami after four seasons to re-sign with the Cavaliers. In 2016, James led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship by defeating the Golden State Warriors to end Cleveland's 52-year professional sports title drought. In 2018, he opted out of his Cleveland contract to sign with the Lakers.\n" ]	[ "2012" ]
-917181795764929175	Luxury tax (sports)	Luxury tax ( sports ) - wikipedia Luxury tax ( sports ) Jump to : navigation , search Luxury tax rules by sport League Payroll rules Major League Baseball Luxury tax National Basketball Association Soft salary cap + luxury tax National Football League Hard salary cap National Hockey League Hard salary cap Major League Soccer Hard salary cap A luxury tax in professional sports is a surcharge put on the aggregate payroll of a team to the extent to which it exceeds a predetermined guideline level set by the league . The ostensible purpose of this `` tax '' is to prevent teams in major markets with high incomes from signing almost all of the more talented players and hence destroying the competitive balance necessary for a sport to maintain fan interest . The money derived from the `` tax '' is either divided among the teams that play in the smaller markets , presumably to allow them to have more revenue to devote toward the contracts of high - quality players , or in the case of Major League Baseball , used by the league for other pre-defined purposes . In North America , Major League Baseball has implemented the luxury tax system . The National Basketball Association also has a luxury tax provision ; its utility is somewhat limited by the fact that the league also has a salary cap provision . The `` hard '' salary cap of the National Football League and the National Hockey League has prevented any need for a luxury tax arrangement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methods for limiting payroll 1.1 Hard salary cap 1.2 Soft salary cap 1.3 Luxury tax 2 Luxury tax rules by league 2.1 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 2.2 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 2.3 Current Tax Levels 2.4 Other leagues 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Methods for limiting payroll ( edit ) In the Big 4 North American sports leagues ( Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , National Football League ( NFL ) , and National Hockey League ( NHL ) ) , there are three different methods employed to limit individual teams payroll : hard salary cap , soft salary cap with luxury tax , and luxury tax . Hard salary cap ( edit ) A hard salary cap is where the league sets a maximum amount of money allowed for player salaries , and no team can exceed that limit . Soft salary cap ( edit ) A soft salary cap has a set limit to player salaries , but there are several major exceptions that allow teams to exceed the salary cap . For example , in the case of the NBA , teams can exceed the salary cap when keeping players that are already on the team . Luxury tax ( edit ) A luxury tax system does not have a limit to how much money can be spent on player salaries . However , there is a tax levied on money spent above a threshold set by the Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) between the players union and the owners . For every dollar a team spends above the tax threshold , they must also pay some fraction to the league . This system is used to discourage teams from greatly exceeding the tax threshold , with the goal of ensuring parity between large and small market teams . Luxury tax rules by League ( edit ) Former Owner George Steinbrenner 's New York Yankees have paid over $297 million in luxury tax since 2003 ( as of December 2016 ) . Major League Baseball ( MLB ) ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball Luxury Tax As explained by Fangraphs : `` Technically called the ' Competitive Balance Tax ' , the Luxury Tax is the punishment that large market teams get for spending too much money . While MLB does not have a set salary cap , the luxury tax charges teams with high payrolls a considerable amount of money , giving teams ample reason to want to keep their payrolls below that level . '' The threshold level for the luxury tax will be $189 MM in 2014 ( up from $178 MM from 2011 - 2013 ) and will remain at $189 MM through 2016 . From 2012 through 2016 , teams who exceed the threshold for the first time must pay 17.5 % of the amount they are over , 30 % for the second consecutive year over , 40 % for the third consecutive year over , and 50 % for four or more consecutive years over the cap . Only seven teams have ever exceeded the luxury tax threshold : the San Francisco Giants , the Boston Red Sox , the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , the Detroit Tigers , the Los Angeles Dodgers , the New York Yankees and the Chicago Cubs for the very first time in 2016 . Only the Red Sox , Dodgers and Yankees have exceeded it more than once . The LA Dodgers have exceed it four times . Boston has exceeded it six times . New York has exceeded it fourteen times , or , every year since it has been in enforcement . In aggregate , the Yankees have paid out some $325.00 MM , 73.78 % , of the total fines assessed since the luxury tax began . In 2016 a record six teams were issued the luxury tax by the MLB . The Los Angeles Dodgers ( $31.8 million ) , The New York Yankees ( $27.4 million ) , The Boston Red Sox ( $4.5 million ) , The Detroit Tigers ( $4 million ) , The San Francisco Giants ( $3.4 million ) and the Chicago Cubs ( $2.96 million ) . The luxury tax is separate from revenue sharing , which is a system to balance out the income distribution between large and small market teams by dividing money from merchandise sales and media contracts . The money generated from the luxury tax is not distributed to the rest of the league , as is the case with the NBA , but rather is used for other purposes . The first $2,375,400 and 50 % of the remaining total are used to fund player benefits , 25 % goes to the Industry Growth Fund , and the remaining 25 % is used to defray teams ' funding obligations from player benefits . Luxury tax paid per year by team ( in millions of $ ) Team 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total Luxury tax threshold 117 120.5 128 136.5 148 155 162 170 178 178 178 189 189 - Yankees 11.80 25.96 34.05 26.01 23.88 26.86 25.69 18.03 13.90 18.92 28.11 18.33 26.1 297.64 Dodgers - - - - - - - - - - 11.42 26.62 43.6 81.64 Red Sox - 3.15 4.15 0.50 6.06 - - 1.49 3.43 - - - 1.8 20.58 Tigers - - - - - 1.31 - - - - - - - 1.31 Giants - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.3 1.3 Angels - 0.93 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.93 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( edit ) Main article : NBA salary cap The NBA utilizes a soft salary cap , meaning there is a salary cap but there are a variety of exceptions that allow teams to exceed that cap . For example , teams can re-sign players already on the team to an amount up to the maximum salary allowed by the league for up to five years regardless of where their payroll is relative to the cap . This provision is known as the `` Larry Bird '' exception , named after the former Boston Celtics great who was retained by that team until his retirement under the provisions of this rule . The result is that the majority of teams are over the cap at any given time . In addition to the soft cap , the NBA utilizes a luxury tax system that is applied if the team payroll exceeds a separate threshold higher than the salary cap . These teams pay a penalty for each dollar their team salary exceeds the tax level . From 2002 to 2013 , if a team exceeded the luxury tax threshold , they must pay one dollar to the league for every dollar that they are over the limit . For the 2013 - 14 season and onward , teams paid an incremental rate based on their team salary . They also have to pay a repeat offender rate , which is an additional dollar for every dollar over . For 2014 - 15 teams pay the repeater rate if they also were taxpayers in all of the previous three seasons . For 2015 - 16 and all subsequent seasons , teams pay the repeater rate if they were taxpayers in at least three of the four previous seasons . The table of rates is shown below . Current tax levels ( edit ) Amount over tax threshold Standard tax per excess dollar Repeat offender tax per excess dollar $4,999,999 or less $1.50 $2.50 $5 million to $9,999,999 $1.75 $2.75 $10 million to $14,999,999 $2.50 $3.50 $15 million to $19,999,999 $3.25 $4.25 Over $20 million $3.75 + $0.50 per $5 million $4.75 + $0.50 per $5 million The resulting total is then distributed to the remaining teams that are under the tax threshold . There was no luxury tax implemented in the 2004 - 2005 season due to insufficient BRI . The effectiveness of the luxury tax system at limiting the growth of players salaries is in question . Although exceeding the luxury tax threshold costs the team twice as much money , it does not seem to limit teams ' willingness to spend big money on players . Luxury tax paid per year by team ( in millions of $ ) ( NBA Champ ) Team 2002 - 03 2003 - 04 2004 - 05 2005 - 06 2006 - 07 2007 - 08 2008 - 09 2009 - 10 2010 - 11 2011 - 12 2012 - 13 2013 - 14 2014 - 15 2015 - 16 Total Paid Luxury Tax Threshold 52.88 54.56 N / A 61.7 65.42 67.86 71.15 69.92 70.31 70.31 70.31 71.75 76.83 84.74 N / A Knicks 24.37 39.87 - 37.25 45.14 19.72 23.74 5.20 - - 9.96 36.35 6.95 - 248.54 Mavericks 19.5 25.03 - 17.33 7.20 19.61 23.61 17.58 18.92 2.74 - - - - 150.53 Nets 5.73 9.39 - - - - - - - - 12.88 90.57 19.78 - 138.55 Lakers 9.75 6.44 - - - 5.13 7.19 21.43 19.92 12.56 29.26 8.96 - - 122.64 Trail Blazers 51.97 28.85 - - - - 5.899 - - - - - - - 89.05 Heat 5.18 - - - - 8.32 - 3.04 - 6.13 13.35 14.43 - - 50.44 Cavaliers - - - - - 14.01 13.71 15.41 - - - - 6.96 54 104.09 Celtics - 1.60 - - - 8.22 8.29 14.93 5.69 7.37 1.18 - - - 47.28 Magic - - - 7.76 - - - 11.05 20.18 - - - - - 38.95 Kings 17.38 13.14 - - - - - - - - - - - - 30.52 Timberwolves 6.03 17.63 - - 1.00 - - - - - - - - - 24.66 Nuggets - - - - 2.02 13.57 - 5.56 - - - - - - 21.16 Sixers 12.76 5.10 - - - - - - - - - - - - 17.86 Suns 1.89 - - - - 3.87 4.92 4.96 - - - - - - 15.63 Spurs 0.19 - - 0.90 0.20 - - 8.81 - 2.52 - - - 4.9 17.5 Grizzlies 7.55 - - 3.74 - - - - - - - - - - 11.30 Pacers 0.89 3.32 - 4.67 - - - - - - - - - - 8.89 Jazz - - - - - - - 3.11 5.00 - - - - - 8.10 Raptors 2.68 4.09 - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.77 Clippers - - - - - - - - - - - 1.33 4.80 19.9 26.03 Bucks 4.73 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.73 Hawks 3.72 - - - - - - - - 0.67 - - - - 4.38 Bulls - - - - - - - - - - 3.93 - - 4.2 8.13 Thunder - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.79 14.5 17.29 Rockets - - - - - - - - 0.76 - - - - 4.5 5.26 Pistons - 0.76 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.76 Warriors - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14.8 14.8 Hornets - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 Pelicans - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 Wizards - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 Other leagues ( edit ) The National Football League ( NFL ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) both have hard salary caps , making it unnecessary to utilize the luxury tax . Several other leagues in the United States and abroad use salary caps , but the luxury tax is uncommon . See also ( edit ) Sports portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dietl , H. , Lang , M. and Werner , S. ( 2010 ) : `` The Effect of Luxury Taxes on Competitive Balance , Club Profits , and Social Welfare in Sports Leagues '' , forthcoming in International Journal of Sport Finance . Jump up ^ Andreff , Wladimir ; Stefan Szymański ( 2006 ) . Handbook on the economics of sport . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 656 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84376 - 608 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://www.fangraphs.com/library/business/luxury-tax/ Jump up ^ Luxury Tax '' Fangraphs Jump up ^ `` Record 6 MLB teams to pay luxury tax '' . Metroland News . 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MLB CBA '' ( PDF ) . pp. 132 -- 133 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ CHART OF THE DAY : The MLB Luxury Tax Should Really Be Called `` The Yankees Tax '' . '' Business Insiders April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yankees Assessed Luxury Tax . '' mlb.com 12 / 29 / 2009 . Jump up ^ MLB players , owners announce 5 - year deal . '' ESPN.com October 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ New York Yankees cut the amount they spend on Major League Baseball luxury tax by over $7 million . '' NY Daily News December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Breaking Down MLB 's Luxury Tax : 2003 - 2007 . '' The Biz of Baseball December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baseball Luxury Tax . '' Juliettes Interiors . Jump up ^ Report : Yanks hit with luxury tax : '' ESPN December 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Yankees , Dodgers hit with luxury tax penalties '' sbnation.com September 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Dodgers lead MLB with record $43.6 million paid in luxury tax '' ESPN December 18 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.shamsports.com/2015/07/complete-history-of-nba-luxury-tax.html Jump up ^ `` NBA luxury tax payments by team 2012 - 2016 Statistic '' . Statista . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxury_tax_(sports)&oldid=814265880 '' Categories : Sports culture Terminology used in multiple sports Personnel economics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 19 : 49 . About Wikipedia	where does the luxury tax money go in the nba	[ "The resulting total is then distributed to the remaining teams that are under the tax threshold." ]	[ "teams that are under the tax threshold" ]
-3036332256811402038	Political freedom	Political freedom - wikipedia Political freedom Jump to : navigation , search `` Freedoms '' redirects here . For other uses , see Freedom . Part of a series on Liberalism Schools ( show ) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas ( hide ) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Right - libertarianism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism People ( show ) Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Nick Clegg Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Ludwig Joseph Brentano Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Thomas Hobbes L.T. 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Political freedom was described as freedom from oppression or coercion , the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions , or the absence of life conditions of compulsion , e.g. economic compulsion , in a society . Although political freedom is often interpreted negatively as the freedom from unreasonable external constraints on action , it can also refer to the positive exercise of rights , capacities and possibilities for action , and the exercise of social or group rights . The concept can also include freedom from `` internal '' constraints on political action or speech ( e.g. social conformity , consistency , or `` inauthentic '' behaviour ) . The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of civil liberties and human rights , which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Views 2 History 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Views ( edit ) Various groups along the political spectrum naturally differ on what they believe constitutes `` true '' political freedom . Left - wing political philosophy generally couples the notion of freedom with that of positive liberty , or the enabling of a group or individual to determine their own life or realize their own potential . Freedom , in this sense , may include freedom from poverty , starvation , treatable disease , and oppression , as well as freedom from force and coercion , from whomever they may issue . Friedrich Hayek , a classical liberal , criticized this as a misconception of freedom : ( T ) he use of `` liberty '' to describe the physical `` ability to do what I want '' , the power to satisfy our wishes , or the extent of the choice of alternatives open to us ... has been deliberately fostered as part of the socialist argument ... the notion of collective power over circumstances has been substituted for that of individual liberty . Anarcho - socialists see negative and positive liberty as complementary concepts of freedom . Such a view of rights may require utilitarian trade - offs , such as sacrificing the right to the product of one 's labor or freedom of association for less racial discrimination or more subsidies for housing . Social anarchists describe the negative liberty - centric view endorsed by capitalism as `` selfish freedom '' . Anarcho - capitalists see negative rights as a consistent system . Ayn Rand described it as `` a moral principle defining and sanctioning a man 's freedom of action in a social context . To such libertarians , positive liberty is contradictory , since so - called `` rights '' must be traded off against each other , debasing legitimate rights which , by definition , trump other moral considerations . Any alleged `` right '' which calls for an end result ( e.g. housing , education , medical services ) produced by people is , in effect , a purported `` right '' to enslave others . Some notable philosophers , such as Alasdair MacIntyre , have theorized freedom in terms of our social interdependence with other people . American Economist Milton Friedman in his book Capitalism and Freedom argues that there are two types of freedom : political freedom and Economic freedom . Friedman asserted that without economic freedom , there can not be political freedom . This idea was contested by Robin Hahnel in his article `` Why the Market Subverts Democracy . '' Robin Hahnel points out a set of issues with Friedman 's understanding of economic freedom : that there will in fact be infringements on the freedom of others whenever anyone exercises their own economic freedom , and that such infringements can only be avoided if there is a precisely defined property rights system -- which Friedman fails to provide or specify directly . According to political philosopher Nikolas Kompridis , the pursuit of freedom in the modern era can be broadly divided into two motivating ideals : freedom as autonomy or independence ; and freedom as the ability to cooperatively initiate a new beginning . Political freedom has also been theorized in its opposition to ( and a condition of ) `` power relations '' , or the power of `` action upon actions , '' by Michel Foucault . It has also been closely identified with certain kinds of artistic and cultural practice by Cornelius Castoriadis , Antonio Gramsci , Herbert Marcuse , Jacques Ranciere , and Theodor Adorno . Environmentalists often argue that political freedoms should include some constraint on use of ecosystems . They maintain there is no such thing , for instance , as `` freedom to pollute '' or `` freedom to deforest '' given that such activities create negative externalities . The popularity of SUVs , golf , and urban sprawl has been used as evidence that some ideas of freedom and ecological conservation can clash . This leads at times to serious confrontations and clashes of values reflected in advertising campaigns , e.g. that of PETA regarding fur . John Dalberg - Acton stated that `` The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities . '' Gerald MacCallum spoke of a compromise between positive and negative freedoms . An agent must have full autonomy over themselves . It is triadic in relation to each other , because it is about three things : the agent , the constraints they need to be free from , and the goal they 're aspiring to . History ( edit ) Hannah Arendt traces freedom 's conceptual origins to ancient Greek politics . According to her study , the concept of freedom was historically inseparable from political action . Politics could only be practiced by those who had freed themselves from the necessities of life , so that they could participate in the realm of political affairs . According to Arendt , the concept of freedom became associated with the Christian notion of freedom of the will , or inner freedom , around the 5th century C.E. and since then , freedom as a form of political action has been neglected , even though , as she says , freedom is `` the raison d'être of politics . '' Arendt says that political freedom is historically opposed to sovereignty or will - power , since in ancient Greece and Rome , the concept of freedom was inseparable from performance , and did not arise as a conflict between the `` will '' and the `` self . '' Similarly , the idea of freedom as freedom from politics is a notion that developed in modern times . This is opposed to the idea of freedom as the capacity to `` begin anew , '' which Arendt sees as a corollary to the innate human condition of natality , or our nature as `` new beginnings and hence beginners . '' In Arendt 's view , political action is an interruption of automatic process , either natural or historical . The freedom to begin anew is thus an extension of `` the freedom to call something into being which did not exist before , which was not given , not even as an object of cognition or imagination , and which therefore , strictly speaking , could not be known . '' See also ( edit ) Academic freedom Civil and political rights Decentralization Dissident Economic freedom Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures , which is related to freedom of privacy Freedom House Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of thought Global Social Change Research Project Libertarianism ( disambiguation ) List of indices of freedom Political prisoner Right to arms Scientific freedom Suffrage Two Treatises of Government Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hannah Arendt , `` What is Freedom ? '' , Between Past and Future : Eight Exercises in Political Thought , ( New York : Penguin , 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Iris Marion Young , `` Five Faces of Oppression '' , Justice and the Politics of Difference '' ( Princeton University press , 1990 ) , 39 - 65 . Jump up ^ Michael Sandel , Justice : What 's the Right Thing to Do ? ( Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Amartya Sen , Development as Freedom ( Anchor Books , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Karl Marx , `` Alienated Labour '' in Early Writings . Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin , Liberty ( Oxford 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Charles Taylor , `` What 's Wrong With Negative Liberty ? '' , Philosophy and the Human Sciences : Philosophical Papers ( Cambridge , 1985 ) , 211 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ralph Waldo Emerson , `` Self - Reliance '' ; Nikolas Kompridis , `` Struggling Over the Meaning of Recognition : A Matter of Identity , Justice or Freedom ? '' in European Journal of Political Theory July 2007 vol. 6 no . 3 277 - 289 . Jump up ^ Friedrich August von Hayek , ' Freedom and Coercion ' in David Miller ( ed ) , Liberty ( 1991 ) pp. 80 , 85 - 86 Jump up ^ Anarchism FAQ Jump up ^ Alasdair MacIntyre , `` The Virtues of Acknowledged Dependence '' , Rational Dependent Animals : Why Humans Need the Virtues ( Open Court , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Hahnel , R. ( 2009 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Why the Market Subverts Democracy '' . American Behavioral Scientist. 52 ( 7 ) : 1006 -- 1022 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002764208327672 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Milton ( 1962 ) . Capitalism and Freedom . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Nikolas Kompridis , `` The Idea of a New Beginning : A Romantic Source of Normativity and Freedom '' in Philosophical Romanticism ( New York : Routledge , 2007 ) , 32 - 59 . Jump up ^ Michel Foucault , `` The Subject and Power '' in Paul Rabinow and Nikolas S. Rose , eds. , The Essential Foucault . Jump up ^ Acton , John D. ( 1907 ) . The History of Freedom and Other Essays . London : Macmillan . p. 4 . Jump up ^ MacCallum , Gerald ( July 1967 ) . `` Negative and Positive Freedom '' ( PDF ) . The Philosophical Review . 73 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Hannah Arendt , `` What is Freedom ? '' , Between Past and Future : Eight exercises in political thought ( New York : Penguin , 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Hannah Arendt , `` What is Freedom ? '' , p. 151 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Freedom Poverty , Political Freedom , and the Roots of Terrorism from Alberto Abadie -- Harvard University and NBER , October 2004 ( pdf ) . Brief review of trends in political change : freedom and conflict Global trends . Freedom : The Great Gift of the West Liberty Concepts Positive liberty Negative liberty Cognitive liberty Social liberty Rights Free will Moral responsibility Goddess of Liberty By type Academic Civil Economic Intellectual Morphological Political By right Assembly Association Choice Education Information Movement Press Religion Public speech Thought Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_freedom&oldid=767410724 '' Categories : Civil rights and liberties Political concepts Social concepts Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Variants Views Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Қазақша Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands Norsk Patois Português Русский سنڌي தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2017 , at 19 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what freedoms are usually enjoyed in a democratic country	[ "Political freedom (also known as a political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies.[1] Political freedom was described as freedom from oppression[2] or coercion,[3] the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions,[4] or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society.[5] Although political freedom is often interpreted negatively as the freedom from unreasonable external constraints on action,[6] it can also refer to the positive exercise of rights, capacities and possibilities for action, and the exercise of social or group rights.[7] The concept can also include freedom from \"internal\" constraints on political action or speech (e.g. social conformity, consistency, or \"inauthentic\" behaviour).[8] The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of civil liberties and human rights, which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the state.", "Political freedom (also known as a political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies.[1] Political freedom was described as freedom from oppression[2] or coercion,[3] the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions,[4] or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society.[5] Although political freedom is often interpreted negatively as the freedom from unreasonable external constraints on action,[6] it can also refer to the positive exercise of rights, capacities and possibilities for action, and the exercise of social or group rights.[7] The concept can also include freedom from \"internal\" constraints on political action or speech (e.g. social conformity, consistency, or \"inauthentic\" behaviour).[8] The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of civil liberties and human rights, which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the state.", "Political freedom (also known as a political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies.[1] Political freedom was described as freedom from oppression[2] or coercion,[3] the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions,[4] or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society.[5] Although political freedom is often interpreted negatively as the freedom from unreasonable external constraints on action,[6] it can also refer to the positive exercise of rights, capacities and possibilities for action, and the exercise of social or group rights.[7] The concept can also include freedom from \"internal\" constraints on political action or speech (e.g. social conformity, consistency, or \"inauthentic\" behaviour).[8] The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of civil liberties and human rights, which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the state." ]	[ "Political freedom", "civil liberties", "human rights" ]
2840489436255994123	Methuselah	Methuselah - wikipedia Methuselah Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biblical Methuselah . For other uses , see Methuselah ( disambiguation ) . Methuselah Spouse ( s ) Edna Children Lamech , and other sons and daughters Parent ( s ) Enoch ( father ) Methuselah ( Hebrew : מְתוּשֶׁלַח ‬ , Methushelah `` Man of the dart / spear '' , or alternatively `` his death shall bring judgment '' ) is a biblical character and a figure in Judaism and Christianity . He is reported to have lived the longest of all characters mentioned in the Hebrew Bible at the age of 969 . Methuselah was the son of Enoch , the father of Lamech , and the grandfather of Noah . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Bible 2 Extra-biblical mentions 3 Interpretations 3.1 Literal 3.2 Mistranslation 3.3 Symbolic 3.4 Myth 4 Cultural influence 5 See also 6 References 7 External links In the Bible ( edit ) Methuselah is mentioned in Genesis 5 : 21 -- 27 , as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah . The following is taken from the King James Version of the Bible . 21 And Enoch lived sixty and five years , and begat Methuselah : 22 And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years , and begat sons and daughters : 23 And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years : 24 And Enoch walked with God : and he ( was ) not ; for God took him . 25 And Methuselah lived a hundred eighty and seven years , and begat Lamech : 26 And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years , and begat sons and daughters : 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years : and he died . -- Genesis 5 : 21 -- 27 There have been numerous attempts to account for these differences -- the most obvious being accidental corruption by copyists and translators . Some errors may be the result of mistaken attempts to correct previous errors . Gerhard Larsson has suggested that those who translated the Septuagint from Hebrew to Greek in Alexandria around the 3rd century BC , aware that the Egyptian historian Manetho makes no mention of a Deluge , lengthened the patriarchs ' ages to push back the time of the flood to before the first Egyptian dynasty . Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis ; in 1 Chronicles 1 : 3 , he is mentioned in a genealogy of Saul . Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament , when the Gospel of Luke traces Saint Joseph 's lineage back to Adam in Luke 3 : 23 -- 38 . Extra-biblical mentions ( edit ) Methuselah appears in two important Jewish works from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC . In the Book of Enoch , Enoch ( as the narrator ) tells Methuselah of the coming worldwide flood and of the future Messianic kingdom . He is known to have a great sword ( Sword of Methuselah ) that conquers evils and ghosts . The Book of Jubilees names Methuselah 's mother and his wife -- both are named Edna -- and his daughter - in - law , Betenos , Lamech 's wife . The 17th century midrashic Sefer haYashar ( `` Book of Jasher '' ) describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness . All other very long - lived people died , and Methuselah was the only one of this class left . God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died ( besides Noah and his family ) . Methuselah lived until the ark was built , but died before the flood , since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous . The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah 's age at death as 960 and does not synchronize his death with the flood . The Sumerian King List mentions a character named Ubara - Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah . He was the son of En - men - dur - ana the Sumerian Enoch , and king of Sumer until the flood swept over the land . Although their ages are different , their father and their year of death remain the same . Methuselah ( Arabic : Mattūshalakh ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets , which also say he was an ancestor of Noah . Furthermore , early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad . Joseph Smith taught that Methuselah was `` righteous '' . The Book of Moses says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven , Methusaleh stayed behind ; this was so that God 's promises to Enoch - that he would always have descendants on earth and that he would be an ancestor of Noah - would be fulfilled . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet . Interpretations ( edit ) Further information : Biblical longevity Bartolomé Bermejo , Christ Leading the Patriarchs to Paradise , c. 1480 . In this depiction of the Harrowing of Hell , Methuselah is portrayed as leading the procession of the righteous behind Christ , along with Solomon , the Queen of Sheba , Adam and Eve . The meaning of Methuselah 's age has engendered considerable speculation , but no widely accepted conclusions . These speculations can be discussed under four categories and their combinations : literal , mistranslation , symbolic , and fictional interpretations . Literal ( edit ) Interpretations of the Bible following biblical literalism take Methuselah 's 969 years to be 969 solar years . Some literalists suggest certain arguments for how this could be : early humans had a better diet , or a water vapor canopy protected the earth from radiation before the Flood . Others introduce theological causes : humans were originally to have everlasting life , but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve , its influence became greater with each generation , and God progressively shortened human life , particularly after the Flood . The Catholic Encyclopedia says `` Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year . '' Mistranslation ( edit ) Some believe that Methuselah 's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted `` months '' to `` years '' , producing a more credible 969 lunar months , or 781⁄2 years , but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text . Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers `` might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10 '' . If the Septuagint numbers are divided by 10 , Methuselah 's 165 when he fathered his son would be 16.5 years , and the 969 when he died would be 96.9 years . Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years , which `` will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years , and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years , and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years '' ... `` Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem , Ham , and Japheth . '' and lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points : 93.0 for Adam , 91.0 for Cainan , 96.9 for Methuselah , 95.0 for Noah , etc . Robert M. Best provided a similar table of the same Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers with decimal points inserted in the same tenth position . There is also the possibility that the ages represent not the length of life of an individual but rather the time span of a dynasty . Under this interpretation , it is n't that Methuselah lived for 969 years but rather that his clan had `` dominion '' for that period . Symbolic ( edit ) Methuselah 's father Enoch , who does not die but is taken by God , is the seventh patriarch , and Methuselah , the eighth , dies in the year of the Flood , which ends the ten - generational sequence from Adam to Noah , in whose time the world is destroyed . Myth ( edit ) Among those who believe that all the numbers of Genesis 5 , including Methuselah 's age , have no meaning at all , Kenneth Kitchen calls them `` pure myth '' , Yigal Levin believes they are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah , and Claus Westermann believes they are intended to create the impression of a distant past . Cultural influence ( edit ) According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , Methuselah 's name `` has become a synonym for longevity '' . It was used in this sense in the title of Robert Heinlein 's novella Methuselah 's Children , about a group of people persecuted because of their longevity . Saying that someone is `` as old as Methuselah '' is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly . The word `` Methuselarity , '' a portmanteau of Methuselah and singularity , was coined by Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time when all of the medical conditions that cause human death would be eliminated , and death would occur only by accident or homicide . Anthony Hopkins played Methuselah in Darren Aronofsky 's 2014 film Noah . In the film , Noah 's adopted daughter Ila ( played by Emma Watson ) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her . In the novel Altered Carbon , which has been adapted into a TV series of the same name , a class of people are known as Meths , in reference to Methuselah , as they can afford to live forever by transferring their consciousness into cloned bodies . In 2016 , it was announced that producer David Heyman would produce a biblical epic starring Tom Cruise as Methuselah with Joachim Rønning to direct . Methuselah 's great - granddaughter is a character in Many Waters by Madeleine L'Engle . In the short story , The Curious Case of Benjamin Button by Francis Scott Fitzgerald , at the end of the second chapter when Mr. Button was asked by his son , `` What are you going to call me , dad '' ; after thinking for just a brief moment his father responded , '' I think we 'll call you Methuselah . '' See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methuselah . Aging Genealogies of Genesis Longevity Longevity myths Maximum life span Oldest people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornwall and Stelman Smith , The Exhaustive Dictionary of Bible Names Jump up ^ Genesis 5 : 27 Jump up ^ Quoted in the website of the Institute for Biblical and Scientific Studies ^ Jump up to : `` Methuselah '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Enoch '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sefer Ha - Yashar : Or , the Book of Jasher ( 1887 ) , Salt Lake City : J. Parry & Co . Jump up ^ ( Jasher 5 : 7 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Jasher 5 : 21 ) Jump up ^ ( Jasher 4 : 20 ) Jump up ^ ( Jasher 5 : 36 ) Jump up ^ Pritchard , James B. ( ed . ) , Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1955 , 1969 ) . 1950 1st edition at Google Books . p. 44 : `` ... a flood ( will sweep ) over the cult - centers ; to destroy the seed of mankind ; is the decision , the word of the assembly ( of the gods ) . '' Jump up ^ Ibn Ishāq , Sīrat Rasūl Allāh , tr . A. Guillaume ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Methuselah '' . Guide to the Scriptures . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John C. Whitcomb , Jr. and Henry M. Morris , `` The Genesis Flood '' ( Grand Rapids : Baker Book House , 1961 ) , 399 -- 404 Jump up ^ Pilch , John J. ( 1999 ) . The Cultural Dictionary of the Bible . Liturgical Press . pp. 144 -- 146 . ISBN 0 - 8146 - 2527 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methuselah '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hill , Carol A. ( December 2003 ) . `` Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 55 ( 4 ) : 239 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Morris , Henry M. ( 1976 ) . The Genesis Record : A Scientific and Devotional Commentary on the Book of Beginnings . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Book House . p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 6004 - 4 . Such an interpretation would have made Enoch only five years old when his son was born ! Jump up ^ Etz , Donald V. ( April 1993 ) . `` The Numbers of Genesis V 3 - 31 : A Suggested Conversion and Its Implications '' . Vetus Testamentum. 43 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 89 . doi : 10.1163 / 15685339993X00034 . JSTOR 1519351 . INIST : 4293595 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Ellen H. ( 1897 ) . `` Cosmogony , or Creation of the World '' . Astrology : Science of Knowledge and Reason : A Treatise on the Heavenly Bodies in an Easy and Comprehensive Form . New York . pp. 30 -- 7 . OCLC 11451986 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Best , Noah 's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic , 1999 , page 108 Jump up ^ Borland , James A. ( 1990 ) . `` Did People Live to be Hundreds of Years Old Before the Flood ? '' . The Genesis Debate . Grand Rapids , MI . p. 174 . Jump up ^ Abraham Malamat , `` King Lists of the Old Babylonian Period and Biblical Genealogies , '' Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 ( 1968 ) : 165 . See also the discussion of `` ten '' in the Gen. genealogies in M. Abot section 5 , Jacob Neusner , The Mishnah : A New Translation ( New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1988 ) , 685 . Duane A. Garrett also thinks this is deliberate , thus indicating redaction , Rethinking Genesis : The Sources and Authorship of the First Book of the Bible , Ross - shire , Great Britain : Christian Focus Publications , 2000 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , K.A. ( 1966 ) . Ancient Orient and Old Testament . Downers Grove , IL : InterVarsity Press . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Levin , Yigal ( October 2001 ) . `` Understanding Biblical Genealogies '' . Currents in Research : Biblical Studies . 9 : 11 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Westermann . Genesis 1 -- 11 : A Commentary . p. 354 . Jump up ^ `` as old as Methuselah '' . Cambridge Dictionary . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ de Grey , Aubrey ( 2008 ) . `` The singularity and the Methuselarity : similarities and differences '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Zuckerman , Esther ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Why Emma Watson Is the Secret Key to ' Noah ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana . `` Joachim Rønning Attached To Direct David Heyman 's ' Methuselah ' With Tom Cruise '' . Deadline Hollywood . External links ( edit ) Methuselah at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Complete Bible Genealogy Family tree of Methuselah Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Methuselah '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . McKague , Lee ( 1999 ) . `` Methuselah : Oldest Myth , or Oldest Man ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Scientific Exploration . 13 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 97 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 13 . ( hide ) Adam to David according to the Bible Creation to Flood Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem Cain line Adam Cain Enoch Irad Mehujael Methusael Lamech Tubal - cain Patriarchs after Flood Arpachshad Cainan Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob Tribe of Judah to Kingdom Judah Perez Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David Names in italics only appear in the Greek Septuagint version Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methuselah&oldid=843654962 '' Categories : Longevity myths Book of Genesis people Bereshit ( parsha ) Prophets in Mormonism Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing Hebrew - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with Curlie links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Asturianu Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Walon ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the oldest living person in the bible	[ "Methuselah (Hebrew: מְתוּשֶׁלַח‬, Methushelah \"Man of the dart/spear\", or alternatively \"his death shall bring judgment\"[1]) is a biblical character and a figure in Judaism and Christianity. He is reported to have lived the longest of all characters mentioned in the Hebrew Bible at the age of 969.[2] Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah." ]	[ "Methuselah" ]
-2849307957729000866	Ian McKellen	Ian McKellen - wikipedia Ian McKellen Jump to : navigation , search Sir Ian McKellen CH CBE McKellen at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International Ian Murray McKellen ( 1939 - 05 - 25 ) 25 May 1939 ( age 78 ) Burnley , Lancashire , England Alma mater St Catharine 's College , Cambridge Occupation Actor Years active 1959 -- present Partner ( s ) Brian Taylor ( 1964 -- 1972 ) Sean Mathias ( 1978 -- 1988 ) Website Official website Sir Ian Murray McKellen , CH , CBE ( born 25 May 1939 ) is an English actor . He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards , a Tony Award , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , a BIF Award , two Saturn Awards , four Drama Desk Awards , and two Critics ' Choice Awards . He has also received two Oscar nominations , four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations . McKellen 's career spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction . The BBC states his `` performances have guaranteed him a place in the canon of English stage and film actors '' . A recipient of every major theatrical award in the UK , McKellen is regarded as a British cultural icon . He started his professional career in 1961 at the Belgrade Theatre as a member of their highly regarded repertory company . In 1965 McKellen made his first West End appearance . In 1969 he was invited to join the Prospect Theatre Company to play the lead parts in Shakespeare 's Richard II and Marlowe 's Edward II , and he firmly established himself as one of the country 's foremost classical actors . In the 1970s McKellen became a stalwart of the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre of Great Britain . He achieved worldwide fame for his notable film roles , which include Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies and Magneto in the X-Men films , both of which introduced McKellen to a new generation . McKellen was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1979 Birthday Honours , was knighted in the 1991 New Year Honours for services to the performing arts , and made a Companion of Honour for services to drama and to equality in the 2008 New Year Honours . He has been openly gay since 1988 , and continues to be a champion for LGBT social movements worldwide . He was made a Freeman of the City of London in October 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Theatre 2.2 Popular success 3 Personal life 4 LGBT activism 4.1 LGBT rights campaigning 4.2 Charity work 4.3 Other work 5 Selected credits 5.1 Stage 5.2 Filmography , awards and nominations 5.3 Music 5.4 Audiobooks 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Early life ( edit ) McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley , Lancashire , the son of Margery Lois ( née Sutcliffe ) and Denis Murray McKellen , a civil engineer . He was their second child , with a sister , Jean , five years his senior . Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 , his family moved to Wigan . They lived there until Ian was twelve years old , before relocating to Bolton in 1951 , after his father had been promoted . The experience of living through the war as a young child had a lasting impact on him , and he later said that `` only after peace resumed ... did I realise that war was n't normal . '' When an interviewer remarked that he seemed quite calm in the aftermath of 11 September attacks , McKellen said : `` Well , darling , you forget -- I slept under a steel plate until I was four years old . '' Even though he only lived in Bolton for less than seven years , as opposed to the eleven years in Wigan beforehand , he refers to Bolton as his `` Hometown '' . McKellen 's father was a civil engineer and lay preacher , and was of Protestant Irish and Scottish descent . Both of McKellen 's grandfathers were preachers , and his great - great - grandfather , James McKellen , was a `` strict , evangelical Protestant minister '' in Ballymena , County Antrim . His home environment was strongly Christian , but non-orthodox . `` My upbringing was of low nonconformist Christians who felt that you led the Christian life in part by behaving in a Christian manner to everybody you met . '' When he was 12 , his mother died of breast cancer ; his father died when he was 24 . After his coming out of the closet to his stepmother , Gladys McKellen , who was a member of the Religious Society of Friends , he said , `` Not only was she not fazed , but as a member of a society which declared its indifference to people 's sexuality years back , I think she was just glad for my sake that I was n't lying anymore . '' His great - great - grandfather Robert J. Lowes was an activist and campaigner in the ultimately successful campaign for a Saturday half - holiday in Manchester , the forerunner to the modern five - day work week , thus making Lowes a `` grandfather of the modern weekend '' . McKellen attended Bolton School ( Boys ' Division ) , of which he is still a supporter , attending regularly to talk to pupils . McKellen 's acting career started at Bolton Little Theatre , of which he is now the patron . An early fascination with the theatre was encouraged by his parents , who took him on a family outing to Peter Pan at the Opera House in Manchester when he was three . When he was nine , his main Christmas present was a wood and bakelite , fold - away Victorian theatre from Pollocks Toy Theatres , with cardboard scenery and wires to push on the cut - outs of Cinderella and of Laurence Olivier 's Hamlet . His sister took him to his first Shakespeare play , Twelfth Night , by the amateurs of Wigan 's Little Theatre , shortly followed by their Macbeth and Wigan High School for Girls ' production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , with music by Mendelssohn , with the role of Bottom played by Jean McKellen , who continued to act , direct , and produce amateur theatre until her death . In 1958 , McKellen , at the age of 18 , won a scholarship to St Catharine 's College , Cambridge , where he read English literature . He has since been made an Honorary Fellow of the College . While at Cambridge , McKellen was a member of the Marlowe Society , where he appeared in 23 plays over the course of 3 years . At that young age he was already giving performances that have since become legendary such as his Justice Shallow in Henry IV alongside Trevor Nunn and Derek Jacobi ( March 1959 ) , Cymbeline ( as Posthumus , opposite Margaret Drabble as Imogen ) and Doctor Faustus . During this period McKellen had already been directed by Peter Hall , John Barton and Dadie Rylands all of whom would have a huge impact on McKellen 's future career . Career ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) McKellen with actors Billy Crudup and Patrick Stewart on 24 September 2013 for a press junket at Sardi 's restaurant for Waiting for Godot and No Man 's Land . McKellen made his first professional appearance in 1961 at the Belgrade Theatre , as Roper in A Man for All Seasons , although an audio recording of the Marlowe Society 's Cymbeline had gone on commercial sale as part of the Argo Shakespeare series . After four years in regional repertory theatres he made his first West End appearance , in A Scent of Flowers , regarded as a `` notable success '' . In 1965 he was a member of Laurence Olivier 's National Theatre Company at the Old Vic , which led to roles at the Chichester Festival . With the Prospect Theatre Company , McKellen made his breakthrough performances of Richard II ( directed by Richard Cottrell ) and Marlowe 's Edward II ( directed by Toby Robertson ) at the Edinburgh festival in 1969 , the latter causing a storm of protest over the enactment of the homosexual Edward 's lurid death . In the 1970s and 1980s McKellen became a well - known figure in British theatre , performing frequently at the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal National Theatre , where he played several leading Shakespearean roles , including the title role in Macbeth ( which he had first played for Trevor Nunn in a `` gripping ... out of the ordinary '' production , with Judi Dench , at Stratford in 1976 ) , and Iago in Othello , in award - winning productions directed by Nunn . Both of these productions were adapted into television films , also directed by Nunn . In 2007 he returned to the Royal Shakespeare Company , in productions of King Lear and The Seagull , both directed by Trevor Nunn . In 2009 he appeared in a very popular revival of Waiting for Godot at London 's Haymarket Theatre , directed by Sean Mathias , and playing opposite Patrick Stewart . He is Patron of English Touring Theatre and also President and Patron of the Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain , an association of amateur theatre organisations throughout the UK . In late August 2012 , he took part in the opening ceremony of the London Paralympics , portraying Prospero from The Tempest . Popular success ( edit ) McKellen had taken film roles throughout his career -- beginning in 1969 with his role of George Matthews in A Touch of Love , and his first leading role was in 1980 as D.H. Lawrence in Priest of Love , but it was not until the 1990s that he became more widely recognised in this medium after several roles in blockbuster Hollywood films . In 1993 he had a supporting role as a South African tycoon in the critically acclaimed Six Degrees of Separation , in which he starred with Stockard Channing , Donald Sutherland , and Will Smith . In the same year , he appeared in minor roles in the television miniseries Tales of the City , based on the novel by his friend Armistead Maupin , and the film Last Action Hero , in which he played Death . Later in 1993 , McKellen appeared in the television film And the Band Played On , about the discovery of the AIDS virus , for which McKellen won a CableACE Award for Supporting Actor in a Movie or Miniseries and was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie . In 1995 , he played the title role in Richard III , which transported the setting into an alternative 1930s in which England is ruled by fascists . The film was a critical success . McKellen co-produced and co-wrote the film , adapting the play for the screen based on a stage production of Shakespeare 's play directed by Richard Eyre for the Royal National Theatre , in which McKellen had appeared . As executive producer he returned his £ 50,000 fee to complete the filming of the final battle . In his review of the film , Washington Post film critic Hal Hinson , called McKellen 's performance a `` lethally flamboyant incarnation '' , and said his `` florid mastery ... dominates everything '' . His performance in the title role garnered BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor , and won the European Film Award for Best Actor . His screenplay was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . McKellen at the premiere of The Return of the King in Wellington , New Zealand , 1 December 2003 . He appeared in the modestly acclaimed film Apt Pupil , which was directed by Bryan Singer and based on a story by Stephen King . McKellen portrayed a fugitive Nazi officer , living under a false name in the US , who is befriended by a curious teenager ( Brad Renfro ) who threatens to expose him unless he tells his story in detail . He was subsequently nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the 1998 film Gods and Monsters , wherein he played James Whale , the director of Show Boat ( 1936 ) and Frankenstein . In 1999 McKellen was cast , again under the direction of Bryan Singer , to play the comic book supervillain Magneto in the 2000 film X-Men and its sequels X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) and X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) . He later made a short appearance as an older Magneto in 2014 's X-Men : Days of Future Past . While filming the first X-Men film in 1999 , McKellen was cast as the wizard Gandalf in Peter Jackson 's three - film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings ( consisting of The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) ) . He received honors from the Screen Actors Guild for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the same role . He provided the voice of Gandalf for several video game adaptations of the Lord of the Rings films , then reprised the role on screen in Jackson 's film adaptation of The Hobbit , which was released in three parts from 2012 to 2014 . On 16 March 2002 , he hosted Saturday Night Live . In 2003 , McKellen made a guest appearance as himself on the American cartoon show The Simpsons , in a special British - themed episode entitled `` The Regina Monologues '' , along with the then UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and author J.K. Rowling . In April and May 2005 , he played the role of Mel Hutchwright in Granada Television 's long running British soap opera , Coronation Street , fulfilling a lifelong ambition . He narrated Richard Bell 's film Eighteen , as a grandfather who leaves his World War II memoirs on audio - cassette for his teenage grandson . McKellen has appeared in limited release films , such as Emile ( which was shot in three weeks following the X2 shoot ) , Neverwas and Asylum . He appeared as Sir Leigh Teabing in The Da Vinci Code . During a 17 May 2006 interview on The Today Show with the Da Vinci Code cast and director , Matt Lauer posed a question to the group about how they would have felt if the film had borne a prominent disclaimer that it is a work of fiction , as some religious groups wanted . McKellen responded , `` I 've often thought the Bible should have a disclaimer in the front saying ' This is fiction . ' I mean , walking on water ? It takes ... an act of faith . And I have faith in this movie -- not that it 's true , not that it 's factual , but that it 's a jolly good story . '' He continued , `` And I think audiences are clever enough and bright enough to separate out fact and fiction , and discuss the thing when they 've seen it '' . McKellen appeared in the 2006 BBC series of Ricky Gervais ' comedy series Extras , where he played himself directing Gervais ' character Andy Millman in a play about gay lovers . McKellen received a 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor - Comedy Series nomination for his performance . In 2009 he portrayed Number Two in The Prisoner , a remake of the 1967 cult series The Prisoner . In 2013 , McKellen co-starred in the ITV sitcom Vicious as Freddie Thornhill , alongside Derek Jacobi . The series revolves around an elderly gay couple who have been together for 50 years . On 23 August 2013 the show was renewed for a six - episode second series which began airing in June 2015 . In November 2013 , McKellen appeared in the Doctor Who 50th anniversary comedy homage The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot . He reprised his role as Magneto in X-Men : Days of Future Past , released in May 2014 ; he shared the role with Michael Fassbender , who played a younger version of the character in 2011 's X-Men : First Class . In October 2015 , McKellen appeared as Norman to Anthony Hopkins ' Sir in a BBC Two production of Ronald Harwood 's The Dresser , alongside Edward Fox and Emily Watson . In 2017 , McKellen voiced Cogsworth , the Beast 's loyal majordomo , who was cursed into a pendulum clock , in a live - action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast . Personal life ( edit ) McKellen and his first partner , Brian Taylor , a history teacher from Bolton , began their relationship in 1964 . Their relationship lasted for eight years , ending in 1972 . They lived in London , where McKellen continued to pursue his career as an actor . For over a decade , he has lived in a five - storey Victorian conversion in Narrow Street , Limehouse . In 1978 he met his second partner , Sean Mathias , at the Edinburgh Festival . This relationship lasted until 1988 . According to Mathias , the ten - year love affair was tempestuous , with conflicts over McKellen 's success in acting versus Mathias 's somewhat less - successful career . Mathias later directed McKellen in Waiting for Godot at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in 2009 . The pair entered into a business partnership with Evgeny Lebedev , purchasing the lease on The Grapes public house in Narrow Street . McKellen is an atheist . In the late 1980s , McKellen lost his appetite for meat except for fish , and has since followed a mainly pescetarian diet . In 2001 , Ian McKellen received the Artist Citizen of the World Award ( France ) . He has a tattoo of the Elvish number nine , written using J.R. R Tolkien 's artificial script of Tengwar , on his shoulder in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring . The other actors of `` The Fellowship '' ( Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Sean Bean , Dominic Monaghan and Viggo Mortensen ) have the same tattoo . John Rhys - Davies , whose character was also one of the original nine companions , arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead . He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2006 . In 2012 , McKellen stated on his blog that `` There is no cause for alarm . I am examined regularly and the cancer is contained . I 've not needed any treatment . '' He became an ordained minister of the Universal Life Church in early 2013 in order to preside over the marriage of his friend and X-Men co-star Patrick Stewart to his then fiancée Sunny Ozell . McKellen was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by Cambridge University on 18 June 2014 . He was made a Freeman of the city of London on Thursday 30 October 2014 . The ceremony took place at Guildhall in London . McKellen was nominated by London 's Lord Mayor Fiona Woolf , who said he was chosen as he was an `` exceptional actor '' and `` tireless campaigner for equality '' . He is also a Fellow of St Catherine 's College , Oxford . LGBT activism ( edit ) LGBT rights campaigning ( edit ) McKellen at Manchester Pride 2010 While McKellen had made his sexual orientation known to fellow actors early on in his stage career , it was not until 1988 that he came out to the general public , in a programme on BBC Radio . The context that prompted McKellen 's decision -- overriding any concerns about a possible negative effect on his career -- was that the controversial Section 28 of the Local Government Bill , known simply as Section 28 , was then under consideration in the British Parliament . Section 28 proposed prohibiting local authorities from promoting homosexuality `` ... as a kind of pretended family relationship '' . McKellen became active in fighting the proposed law , and , during a BBC Radio 3 programme where he debated Section 28 with the conservative journalist Peregrine Worsthorne , declared himself gay . McKellen has stated that he was influenced in his decision by the advice and support of his friends , among them noted gay author Armistead Maupin . In a 1998 interview that discusses the 29th anniversary of the Stonewall riots , McKellen commented , I have many regrets about not having come out earlier , but one of them might be that I did n't engage myself in the politicking . He has said of this period : My own participating in that campaign was a focus for people ( to ) take comfort that if Ian McKellen was on board for this , perhaps it would be all right for other people to be as well , gay and straight . Section 28 was , however , enacted and remained on the statute books until 2000 in Scotland and 2003 in England and Wales . Section 28 never applied in Northern Ireland . In 2003 , during an appearance on Have I Got News For You , McKellen claimed when he visited Michael Howard , then Environment Secretary ( responsible for local government ) , in 1988 to lobby against Section 28 , Howard refused to change his position but did ask him to leave an autograph for his children . McKellen agreed , but wrote , `` Fuck off , I 'm gay . '' McKellen described Howard 's junior ministers , Conservatives David Wilshire and Dame Jill Knight , who were the architects of Section 28 , as the ' ugly sisters ' of a political pantomime . McKellen at Europride 2003 in Manchester . McKellen has continued to be very active in LGBT rights efforts . In a statement on his website regarding his activism , the actor commented that : I have been reluctant to lobby on other issues I most care about -- nuclear weapons ( against ) , religion ( atheist ) , capital punishment ( anti ) , AIDS ( fund - raiser ) because I never want to be forever spouting , diluting the impact of addressing my most urgent concern ; legal and social equality for gay people worldwide . McKellen is a co-founder of Stonewall , an LGBT rights lobby group in the United Kingdom , named after the Stonewall riots . McKellen is also patron of LGBT History Month , Pride London , Oxford Pride , GAY - GLOS , The Lesbian & Gay Foundation , and FFLAG where he appears in their video `` Parents Talking '' . In 1994 , at the closing ceremony of the Gay Games , he briefly took the stage to address the crowd , saying , `` I 'm Sir Ian McKellen , but you can call me Serena '' : This nickname , given to him by Stephen Fry , had been circulating within the gay community since McKellen 's knighthood was conferred . In 2002 , he was the Celebrity Grand Marshal of the San Francisco Pride Parade and he attended the Academy Awards with his then - boyfriend , New Zealander Nick Cuthell . In 2006 , McKellen spoke at the pre-launch of the 2007 LGBT History Month in the UK , lending his support to the organisation and its founder , Sue Sanders . In 2007 , he became a patron of The Albert Kennedy Trust , an organisation that provides support to young , homeless and troubled LGBT people . In 2006 , he became a patron of Oxford Pride , stating : I send my love to all members of Oxford Pride , their sponsors and supporters , of which I am proud to be one ... Onlookers can be impressed by our confidence and determination to be ourselves and gay people , of whatever age , can be comforted by the occasion to take the first steps towards coming out and leaving the closet forever behind . McKellen has taken his activism internationally , and caused a major stir in Singapore , where he was invited to do an interview on a morning show and shocked the interviewer by asking if they could recommend him a gay bar ; the programme immediately ended . In December 2008 , he was named in Out 's annual Out 100 list . In 2010 , McKellen extended his support for Liverpool 's Homotopia festival in which a group of gay and lesbian Merseyside teenagers helped to produce an anti-homophobia campaign pack for schools and youth centres across the city . In May 2011 , he called Sergey Sobyanin , Moscow 's mayor , a `` coward '' for refusing to allow gay parades in the city . In 2014 , he was named in the top 10 on the World Pride Power list . Charity work ( edit ) In April 2010 , along with actors Brian Cox and Eleanor Bron , McKellen appeared in a series of TV advertisements to support Age UK , the charity recently formed from the merger of Age Concern and Help the Aged . All three actors gave their time free of charge . A cricket fan since childhood , McKellen umpired in March 2011 for a charity cricket match in New Zealand to support earthquake victims of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake . McKellen is an honorary board member for the New York and Washington , DC based organization Only Make Believe . Only Make Believe creates and performs interactive plays in children 's hospitals and care facilities . He was honoured by the organisation in 2012 and hosted their annual Make Believe on Broadway Gala in November 2013 . He garnered publicity for the organisation by stripping down to his Lord of the Rings underwear on stage . McKellen also has a history of supporting individual theatres . While in New Zealand filming The Hobbit in 2012 , he announced a special New Zealand tour `` Shakespeare , Tolkien , and You ! '' , with proceeds going to help save the Isaac Theatre Royal , which suffered extensive damage during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake . McKellen said he opted to help save the building as it was the last theatre he played in New Zealand ( Waiting for Godot in 2010 ) and the locals ' love for it made it a place worth supporting . In July 2017 , he performed a new one - man show for a week at Park Theatre ( London ) , donating the proceeds to the theatre . Other work ( edit ) A friend of Ian Charleson and an admirer of his work , McKellen contributed an entire chapter to For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . A recording of McKellen 's voice is heard before performances at the Royal Festival Hall , reminding patrons to ensure their mobile phones and watch alarms are switched off and to keep coughing to a minimum . He also took part in the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in London as Prospero from Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Selected credits ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stage ( edit ) The hands of McKellen on a 1999 Gods and Monsters plaque in London 's Leicester Square Much Ado About Nothing , Royal National Theatre , Old Vic , London , 1965 Trelawny of the ' Wells ' , National Theatre , London & Chichester Festival , 1965 The Promise , West End ; Broadway , 1967 Edward II ( in title role ) , Edinburgh Festival & West End , 1969 Hamlet ( title role ) , UK / European Tour , 1971 Tis Pity She 's a Whore , UK Tour , 1972 Dr Faustus ( title role ) , Royal Shakespeare Company , Edinburgh Festival & Aldwych Theatre ( London ) , 1974 King John , RSC , 1975 Romeo and Juliet ( as Romeo ) , RSC , Stratford - upon - Avon & London , 1976 The Winter 's Tale , RSC , Stratford - upon - Avon , 1976 Macbeth ( title role ) , RSC , Stratford - upon - Avon & Young Vic ( London ) , 1976 -- 1977 The Alchemist , RSC , Stratford - upon - Avon & London , 1977 Every Good Boy Deserves Favour , RSC , Barbican Arts Centre ( London ) , 1977 Three Sisters , RSC , UK Tour , 1978 Bent , ( as Max ) Royal Court and Criterion , London , 1979 Acting Shakespeare ( as Himself ) , Copenhagen , 1980 Amadeus ( as Salieri ) , Broadway , 1980 Coriolanus ( title role ) , National Theatre , 1984 Wild Honey , National Theatre , 1984 ( & Broadway , 1986 ) The Cherry Orchard ( as Lopakhin ) , National Theatre , 1985 The Duchess of Malfi , National Theatre , 1985 The Real Inspector Hound , National Theatre , London & Paris , 1985 Othello ( as Iago ) , RSC , London & Stratford - upon - Avon , 1989 Richard III ( title role ) , National Theatre , world tour , 1990 & US tour , 1992 Uncle Vanya ( title role ) , National Theatre , 1992 Peter Pan ( as Mr. Darling / Captain Hook ) , National Theatre , 1997 An Enemy of the People , National Theatre , 1997 & Ahmanson Theatre ( Los Angeles ) , 1998 Present Laughter , West Yorkshire Playhouse ( Leeds , England ) , 1998 Dance of Death , at the Broadhurst Theatre ( New York ) in 2001 . At the Lyric Theatre ( London , England ) in 2003 Aladdin , ( as Widow Twankie ) Old Vic , 2004 & 2005 The Cut , Donmar Warehouse , 2006 King Lear by William Shakespeare , ( as Lear ) , Courtyard Theatre , Stratford - upon - Avon , 2007 ; New Zealand , 2007 ; New York ( Brooklyn Academy of Music ) , 2007 , Minneapolis , 2007 , New London Theatre ( West End ) , 2007 -- 8 The Seagull by Anton Chekhov , ( as Sorin ) , Courtyard Theatre , Stratford - upon - Avon , 2007 ; New York ( Brooklyn Academy of Music ) , 2007 Minneapolis , 2007 , New London Theatre ( West End ) , 2007 -- 8 Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett , ( as Estragon ) , Theatre Royal Haymarket , London , 2009 and 2010 ; Comedy Theatre , Melbourne , Australia , 2010 and Fugard Theatre , Cape Town , South Africa , 2010 The Syndicate by Eduardo De Filippo , Chichester Festival Theatre , 2011 No Man 's Land and Waiting for Godot ( double bill ) , Cort Theatre , Broadway , 2013 -- 2014 Letters Live , Freemasons ' Hall , London , 2015 No Man 's Land , Wyndham 's Theatre , London , 2016 King Lear ( as Lear ) , Chichester Festival Theatre , 2017 Filmography , awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : Ian McKellen , roles and awards Music ( edit ) In 1987 , McKellen appeared reciting Shakespeare while rock group The Fleshtones improvised behind him on Andy Warhol 's Fifteen Minutes which ran on MTV . Vampire in the music video `` Heart '' by Pet Shop Boys The man who 's `` falling out of reach '' in the music video `` Falling Out of Reach '' by Guillemots Appears on the Scissor Sisters track `` Invisible Light '' from their 2010 album `` Night Work '' , reciting a passage regarding the `` Invisible Light '' of the title . Appeared as himself alongside George Ezra in the latter 's music video for `` Listen to the Man '' . Whilst Ezra is singing his song , McKellen joins in and lip - syncs Ezra 's voice . Audiobooks ( edit ) Audiobook narrator of Michelle Paver 's series Wolf Brother , Spirit Walker , Soul Eater , Outcast , Oath Breaker , and Ghost Hunter , as well as a version of Homer 's The Odyssey . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1208 ) . Time Inc. 25 May 2012 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Jackson , George ( 4 February 2013 ) . `` Nesbitt does the honours as fellow actor McKellen gets Ulster degree '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . McKellen is recognised as one of the greatest living actors . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen receives award from University of Ulster '' . BBC News . BBC . 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ( O ) ne of the greatest actors on stage and screen ( ... ) Sir Ian 's performances have guaranteed him a place in the canon of English stage and film actors Jump up ^ `` British Actor Ian Mckellen in China for Shakespeare on Film '' . British Council . 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty of the very best of British '' . The Telegraph . 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No. 47888 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 26 June 1979 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen '' . Cinema.com . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No. 58557 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 29 December 2007 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2006 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ian McKellen From the Beginning '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pierless Youth '' . The Sunday Times Magazine . 2 January 1977 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( 14 November 2009 ) . `` Full Interview with McKellen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen featured article '' . TheGenealogist . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian McKellen : an unofficial biography , Mark Barratt , Virgin Books , 2005 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen traces roots to Ballymena '' . UTV . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Steele , Bruce C. ( 11 December 2001 ) . `` The Knight 's Crusade '' . The Advocate . pp. 36 -- 38 , 40 -- 45 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Adams , Stephen ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` McKellen about his stepmother '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/2643671/sir-ian-mckellen-who-do-you-think-you-are/ Jump up ^ `` Famous Old Boltonians '' . Bolton School . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton Little Theatre '' . Bolton Little Theatre . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nick ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Panto 's grandest Dame '' . Evening Standard . London . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ J.W. Braun , The Lord of the Films ( ECW Press , 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Inside the Actors Studio . Bravo . 8 December 2002 . No. 5 , season 9 ^ Jump up to : Trowbridge , Simon ( 2008 ) . Stratfordians . Oxford , England : Editions Albert Creed . pp. 338 -- 343 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9559830 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Marlowe Chronology '' . Cambridge University Marlowe Dramatic Society . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Drabble , Margaret ( 1993 ) . `` Stratford revisited '' . In Novy , Marianne . Cross-cultural performances : differences in women 's re-visions of Shakespeare . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06323 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steven , Alasdair ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Obituary : Toby Robertson , OBE , theatre director '' . The Scotsman . The Scotsman . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Paddock , Terri ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` McKellen & Stewart Wait in Haymarket Godot '' . Whatsonstage.com . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( 7 May 2009 ) . `` McKellen and Stewart Deliver a ' Godot ' With a Difference '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain '' . Littletheatreguild.org . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC News -- Paralympics : Games opening promises ' journey of discovery ' '' . BBC News . 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Cosmopolitan -- `` Ian McKellen bursts into film '' -- May 1981 Jump up ^ `` Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen '' . Emmy Award . n.d . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard III ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notes '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Empire , May 2006 Jump up ^ `` A Rich ' Richard III ' Rules '' . The Washington Post . 19 January 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 's '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` Hobbit ' scoop : Ian McKellen and Andy Serkis on board '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Salpeter interviews Ian McKellen about Emile '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Ian McKellen Unable to Suspend Disbelief While Reading the Bible. `` '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Us Weekly . 17 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Benji ( 11 April 2010 ) . `` The Prisoner : remake of a 1960s TV classic '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Vicious '' . ITV Press Centre . ITV . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vicious ' renewed for second series by ITV , ' Job Lot ' moving to ITV2 '' . Digital Spy. 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot '' , BBC programmes , retrieved 26 November 2013 Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( 27 November 2012 ) . `` Patrick Stewart & Ian McKellen Join ' X-Men : Days of Future Past ' '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen : ' Working with Anthony Hopkins was bliss ' - BBC News '' . Bbc.co.uk. 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen profile at Tiscali '' . Tiscali Film and TV . Archived from the original on 17 February 2005 . Retrieved 11 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen '' . The Times . London . 27 August 2005 . Retrieved 10 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Grapes History '' , thegrapes.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Famous atheists and their beliefs '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Correspondence with Ian McKellen -- Vegetarianism from Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Artist winners Prize Citizen of the World '' . Institut Citoyen du Cinéma Jump up ^ `` The stars of The Lord of the Rings trilogy reach their journey 's end '' . SciFi.com . Archived from the original on 6 March 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Noah , Sherna ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Sir Ian McKellen speaks of prostate cancer shock '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Gwynedd , Myrddin ( 14 December 2012 ) . `` Ian McKellen clarifies prostate cancer reports '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN New Zealand . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Stewart 's Wedding and Ian McKellen - TIME.com '' . TIME.com. 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen officiates Sir Patrick Stewart and Sunny Ozell 's wedding -- Metro News '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` Honorary degrees 2014 '' . Cambridge University Alumni News . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen receives Freedom of the City of London '' . cityoflondon.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Emeritus Fellows Jump up ^ An archived recording of the programme is online : `` Third Ear : Section 28 '' , BBC Radio 3 , 27 January 1988 Jump up ^ `` When gay became a four - letter word '' . BBC . 20 January 2000 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Third Ear : Section 28 '' , BBC Radio 3 , 27 January 1988 Jump up ^ Mendelsohn , Scott , `` Ian McKellen '' , BOMB Magazine . Fall 1998 . Retrieved on ( 18 July 2012 . ) Jump up ^ 10 things we did n't know this time last week . BBC News . 14 November 2003 . Jump up ^ `` ' Section 28 ' '' . Ian McKellen Official Website. 1 July 1988 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Activism '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 13 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ian McKellen becomes the Albert Kennedy Trust 's new patron '' . The Albert Kennedy Trust . 5 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` LGBT History Month 2007 PreLaunch '' . LGBT History Month . 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Aim High '' . the Lesbian & Gay Foundation . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Toby . `` Home '' . fflag.org.uk . Jump up ^ QTV news coverage of San Francisco Pride Parade 2002 incl . McKellen interview snippet Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian becomes gay pride patron '' . BBC News . 10 May 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Chrys ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` Ian McKellen 's gay comment causes a stir on Singaporean TV '' . GMax.co.za . Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen . '' Out . December 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Ian McKellen backs Liverpool anti-homophobia effort '' . Pink News . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Advocate.com Editors . `` McKellen Calls Moscow Mayor a Coward News '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on 28 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` World Pride Power List 2014 '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 19 April 2010 ) . `` Hollywood actors star in Age UK ad '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket : ' Fill the Basin ' teams named '' . The New Zealand Herald . 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood vs Wellywood fills The Basin '' . New Zealand.com . Tourism New Zealand . 14 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Panoptic Artifex -- Christopher Baima & Greg Sweet ( 15 September 2013 ) . `` Honorary Board '' . Only Make Believe . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen Makes Magic ... Through Charity '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kornowski , Liat ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` Ian McKellen Strips To His Undies at the Only Make Believe Gala '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ RadioLIVE . `` Sir Ian McKellen on fundraising for the Isaac Theatre Royal '' . MediaWorks . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Ian McKellen at Park Theatre review : the secret of his success is not lofty knightliness but spry mateyness '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ian McKellen , Alan Bates , Hugh Hudson , et al . For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . London : Constable and Company , 1990 . pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ White , Michael ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` How to deal with the very worst concert nuisances '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jim Pritchard ( July 2010 ) . `` Verdi , La traviata : Soloists , chorus and orchestra of the Royal Opera House . Conductor : Yves Abel . Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , 8.7. 2010 '' . MusicWeb International . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 6 March 2003 ) . `` Dance of Death , Lyric Shaftesbury '' . BBC London . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Barclay , Alison ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Sir Ian McKellen is mistaken for a tramp on a Melbourne bench between Waiting for Godot rehearsals '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Live : Epistolary Joy At Freemasons ' Hall '' . Londonist . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sherlock star , X Files actor and a host of other celebrities perform at charity event for the Reading Agency '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Crompton , Sarah ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` Letters Live at Hay Festival '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Ian Mckellen in Heart Album '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Mckellen reads ' Falling Out of Reach ' '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dan ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Scissor Sisters collaborate with Ian McKellen : Lord of the Rings actor appears on final track of Scissor Sisters ' long - awaited third album , Night Work '' . The Observer . London . Jump up ^ Graham , Daniella ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` Sir Ian McKellen totally outshines George Ezra in Listen to the Man video '' . Metro . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Chronicles of Ancient Darkness '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Spirit Walker '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Soul Eater '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Outcast '' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McKellen reads Oath Breaker '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McKellen reads Ghost Hunter '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McKellen reading The Odyssey '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Sources ( edit ) Biography portal North West England portal LGBT portal Shakespeare portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal Radio portal Barratt , Mark ( 2006 ) . Ian McKellen : An Unofficial Biography . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1074 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ian McKellen . The papers of Sir Ian McKellen , actor are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department . Ian McKellen at the Internet Broadway Database Ian McKellen on IMDb Ian McKellen at Box Office Mojo Ian McKellen at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Biography of Sir Ian McKellen , CH , CBE , Debrett 's Awards for Ian McKellen Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production Hank Azaria / Ming - Na ( 1998 ) Eli Marienthal ( 1999 ) Tim Allen / Joan Cusack ( 2000 ) Eddie Murphy / Eartha Kitt ( 2001 ) Daveigh Chase ( 2002 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2003 ) Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Peter Sallis ( 2005 ) Ian McKellen ( 2006 ) Ian Holm ( 2007 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2008 ) Jennifer Cody ( 2009 ) Jay Baruchel ( 2010 ) Bill Nighy ( 2011 ) Alan Tudyk ( 2012 ) Josh Gad ( 2013 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2014 ) Phyllis Smith ( 2015 ) Jason Bateman / Auli'i Cravalho ( 2016 ) BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film Ray Winstone ( 1998 ) Ian McKellen ( 1999 ) Daniel Craig ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) James Nesbitt ( 2002 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2003 ) Phil Davis ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Tony Curran ( 2006 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Tom Hardy ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Dave Johns ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor Kevin Bacon ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Russell Crowe ( 1999 ) Russell Crowe ( 2000 ) Russell Crowe ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis / Jack Nicholson ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) George Clooney ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) : Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby Chicago ( 2002 ) : Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways ( 2004 ) : Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh Crash ( 2005 ) : Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) : Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear Hairspray ( 2007 ) : Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken Milk ( 2008 ) : Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) : Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke ( 2010 -- present ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg The Help ( 2011 ) : Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) : Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver American Hustle ( 2013 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) : Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts Spotlight ( 2015 ) : Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci Moonlight ( 2016 ) : Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance Ian McKellen ( 1984 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 ) Eric Bogosian ( 1986 ) Barbara Cook ( 1987 ) -- ( 1988 ) -- ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1991 ) Patrick Stewart ( 1992 ) Anna Deavere Smith ( 1993 ) Anna Deavere Smith ( 1994 ) James Lecesne ( 1995 ) Mary Louise Wilson ( 1996 ) Fiona Shaw ( 1997 ) John Leguizamo ( 1998 ) David Hare ( 1999 ) Dame Edna Everage ( 2000 ) Pamela Gien ( 2001 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2002 ) Tovah Feldshuh ( 2003 ) Jefferson Mays ( 2004 ) Billy Crystal ( 2005 ) Antony Sher ( 2006 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2007 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 2008 ) Lorenzo Pisoni ( 2009 ) Jim Brochu ( 2010 ) John Leguizamo ( 2011 ) Cillian Murphy ( 2012 ) Michael Urie ( 2013 ) John Douglas Thompson ( 2014 ) Benjamin Scheuer ( 2015 ) Jesse Tyler Ferguson ( 2016 ) Ed Dixon ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play Anthony Hopkins ( 1975 ) John Wood ( 1976 ) Al Pacino ( 1977 ) Barnard Hughes ( 1978 ) Philip Anglim ( 1979 ) John Rubinstein ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1982 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 1983 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1984 ) John Lithgow ( 1985 ) Ed Harris ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) Ron Silver ( 1988 ) Philip Bosco ( 1989 ) Nathan Lane ( 1990 ) Ron Rifkin ( 1991 ) Brian Bedford ( 1992 ) Ron Leibman ( 1993 ) Brian Bedford ( 1994 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1995 ) Frank Langella ( 1996 ) David Morse / Christopher Plummer ( 1997 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 1998 ) Brian Dennehy ( 1999 ) Stephen Dillane ( 2000 ) Richard Easton ( 2001 ) Alan Bates ( 2002 ) Eddie Izzard ( 2003 ) Kevin Kline ( 2004 ) Brían F. O'Byrne ( 2005 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2006 ) Frank Langella ( 2007 ) Mark Rylance ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Liev Schreiber ( 2010 ) Bobby Cannavale ( 2011 ) James Corden ( 2012 ) Tracy Letts ( 2013 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2014 ) Alex Sharp ( 2015 ) Frank Langella ( 2016 ) Kevin Kline ( 2017 ) Drama League 's Distinguished Performance Award Katharine Cornell ( 1935 ) Helen Hayes ( 1936 ) Maurice Evans ( 1937 ) Cedric Hardwicke ( 1938 ) Raymond Massey ( 1939 ) Paul Muni ( 1940 ) Paul Lukas ( 1941 ) Judith Evelyn ( 1942 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1943 ) Lynn Fontanne ( 1944 ) Mady Christians ( 1945 ) Louis Calhern ( 1946 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1947 ) Judith Anderson ( 1948 ) Robert Morley ( 1949 ) Grace George ( 1950 ) Claude Rains ( 1951 ) Julie Harris ( 1952 ) Shirley Booth ( 1953 ) Josephine Hull ( 1954 ) Viveca Lindfors ( 1955 ) David Wayne ( 1956 ) Eli Wallach ( 1957 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1958 ) Cyril Ritchard ( 1959 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1960 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1961 ) Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Charles Boyer ( 1963 ) Alec Guinness ( 1964 ) John Gielgud ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1967 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1968 ) Alec McCowen ( 1969 ) James Stewart ( 1970 ) Anthony Quayle ( 1971 ) Eileen Atkins / Claire Bloom ( 1972 ) Alan Bates ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Wood ( 1975 ) Eva Le Gallienne ( 1976 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1977 ) Frank Langella ( 1978 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1979 ) Roy Scheider ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Milo O'Shea ( 1982 ) Edward Herrmann / Kate Nelligan ( 1983 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1984 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) John Lithgow ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Stockard Channing ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Stephen Rea ( 1993 ) Sam Waterston ( 1994 ) Cherry Jones ( 1995 ) Uta Hagen ( 1996 ) Charles Durning / Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 1998 ) Kathleen Chalfant ( 1999 ) Eileen Heckart ( 2000 ) Mary - Louise Parker / Gary Sinise ( 2001 ) Liam Neeson ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2006 ) Liev Schreiber ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Alfred Molina ( 2010 ) Mark Rylance ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Nathan Lane ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chita Rivera ( 2015 ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) European Film Award for Best Actor Max von Sydow ( 1988 ) Philippe Noiret ( 1989 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 1990 ) Michel Bouquet ( 1991 ) Matti Pellonpää ( 1992 ) Daniel Auteuil ( 1993 ) Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1997 ) Roberto Benigni ( 1998 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1999 ) Sergi López ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Sergio Castellitto ( 2002 ) Daniel Brühl ( 2003 ) Javier Bardem ( 2004 ) Daniel Auteuil ( 2005 ) Ulrich Mühe ( 2006 ) Sasson Gabai ( 2007 ) Toni Servillo ( 2008 ) Tahar Rahim ( 2009 ) Ewan McGregor ( 2010 ) Colin Firth ( 2011 ) Jean - Louis Trintignant ( 2012 ) Toni Servillo ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Michael Caine ( 2015 ) Peter Simonischek ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film James Brolin ( 1970 ) Edward Asner ( 1971 ) James Brolin ( 1972 ) McLean Stevenson ( 1973 ) Harvey Korman ( 1974 ) Edward Asner / Tim Conway ( 1975 ) Edward Asner ( 1976 ) Norman Fell ( 1978 ) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback ( 1979 ) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback ( 1980 ) John Hillerman ( 1981 ) Lionel Stander ( 1982 ) Richard Kiley ( 1983 ) Paul Le Mat ( 1984 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1985 ) Jan Niklas ( 1986 ) Rutger Hauer ( 1987 ) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud ( 1988 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1989 ) Charles Durning ( 1990 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. ( 1991 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1992 ) Beau Bridges ( 1993 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1994 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1995 ) Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) George C. Scott ( 1997 ) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck ( 1998 ) Peter Fonda ( 1999 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2000 ) Stanley Tucci ( 2001 ) Donald Sutherland ( 2002 ) Jeffrey Wright ( 2003 ) William Shatner ( 2004 ) Paul Newman ( 2005 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2006 ) Jeremy Piven ( 2007 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2008 ) John Lithgow ( 2009 ) Chris Colfer ( 2010 ) Peter Dinklage ( 2011 ) Ed Harris ( 2012 ) Jon Voight ( 2013 ) Matt Bomer ( 2014 ) Christian Slater ( 2015 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2016 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead M. Emmet Walsh ( 1985 ) James Woods ( 1986 ) Dennis Quaid ( 1987 ) Edward James Olmos ( 1988 ) Matt Dillon ( 1989 ) Danny Glover ( 1990 ) River Phoenix ( 1991 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1992 ) Jeff Bridges ( 1993 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1994 ) Sean Penn ( 1995 ) William H. Macy ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Richard Farnsworth ( 1999 ) Javier Bardem ( 2000 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 2001 ) Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2007 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) James Franco ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) John Hawkes ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor Antony Sher ( 1985 ) Albert Finney ( 1986 ) Michael Gambon ( 1987 ) Oliver Ford Davies ( 1989 / 1990 ) Ian McKellen ( 1991 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1992 ) Robert Stephens ( 1993 ) Mark Rylance ( 1994 ) David Bamber ( 1995 ) Alex Jennings ( 1996 ) Antony Sher ( 1997 ) Ian Holm ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Henry Goodman ( 2000 ) Conleth Hill ( 2001 ) Roger Allam ( 2002 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 2003 ) Matthew Kelly ( 2004 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2005 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2006 ) Rufus Sewell ( 2007 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2008 ) Derek Jacobi ( 2009 ) Mark Rylance ( 2010 ) Roger Allam ( 2011 ) Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller ( 2012 ) Luke Treadaway ( 2013 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2014 ) Mark Strong ( 2015 ) Kenneth Cranham ( 2016 ) Jamie Parker ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a New Play Paul Copley ( 1976 ) Michael Bryant ( 1977 ) Tom Conti ( 1978 ) Ian McKellen ( 1979 ) Roger Rees ( 1980 ) Trevor Eve ( 1981 ) Ian McDiarmid ( 1982 ) Jack Shepherd ( 1983 ) Brian Cox ( 1984 ) David Haig ( 1988 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a Revival Alan Howard ( 1976 ) Ian McKellen ( 1977 ) Alan Howard ( 1978 ) Warren Mitchell ( 1979 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1980 ) Daniel Massey ( 1981 ) Stephen Moore ( 1982 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1983 ) Ian McKellen ( 1984 ) Brian Cox ( 1988 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Comedy Performance Penelope Keith ( 1976 ) Denis Quilley ( 1977 ) Ian McKellen ( 1978 ) Barry Humphries ( 1979 ) Beryl Reid ( 1980 ) Rowan Atkinson ( 1981 ) Geoffrey Hutchings ( 1982 ) Griff Rhys Jones ( 1983 ) Maureen Lipman ( 1984 ) Michael Gambon ( 1985 ) Bill Fraser ( 1986 ) John Woodvine ( 1987 ) Alex Jennings ( 1988 ) Michael Gambon ( 1989 / 1990 ) Alan Cumming ( 1991 ) Desmond Barrit ( 1992 ) Simon Cadell ( 1993 ) Griff Rhys Jones ( 1994 ) Niall Buggy ( 1995 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actor of the Year Alan Rickman ( 1991 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1994 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1995 ) Ewan McGregor / Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) Robert Carlyle ( 1997 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 1998 ) Jeremy Northam ( 1999 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2000 ) Paul Bettany ( 2001 ) Hugh Grant ( 2002 ) Paul Bettany ( 2003 ) Daniel Craig ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Toby Jones ( 2006 ) James McAvoy ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Al Pacino ( 1975 ) Robert De Niro ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall ( 1983 ) F. Murray Abraham / Albert Finney ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson / Steve Martin ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1990 ) Nick Nolte ( 1991 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1992 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1993 ) John Travolta ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Russell Crowe ( 1999 ) Michael Douglas ( 2000 ) Denzel Washington ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis / Jack Nicholson ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Liam Neeson ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Sacha Baron Cohen / Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2012 ) Bruce Dern ( 2013 ) Tom Hardy ( 2014 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2015 ) Adam Driver ( 2016 ) National Board of Review Award for Best Actor Ray Milland ( 1945 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1946 ) Michael Redgrave ( 1947 ) Walter Huston ( 1948 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1949 ) Alec Guinness ( 1950 ) Richard Basehart ( 1951 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1952 ) James Mason ( 1953 ) Bing Crosby ( 1954 ) Ernest Borgnine ( 1955 ) Yul Brynner ( 1956 ) Alec Guinness ( 1957 ) Spencer Tracy ( 1958 ) Victor Sjöström ( 1959 ) Robert Mitchum ( 1960 ) Albert Finney ( 1961 ) Jason Robards ( 1962 ) Rex Harrison ( 1963 ) Anthony Quinn ( 1964 ) Lee Marvin ( 1965 ) Paul Scofield ( 1966 ) Peter Finch ( 1967 ) Cliff Robertson ( 1968 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1969 ) George C. Scott ( 1970 ) Gene Hackman ( 1971 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1972 ) Al Pacino / Robert Ryan ( 1973 ) Gene Hackman ( 1974 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1975 ) David Carradine ( 1976 ) John Travolta ( 1977 ) Jon Voight / Laurence Olivier ( 1978 ) Peter Sellers ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Henry Fonda ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Tom Conti ( 1983 ) Victor Banerjee ( 1984 ) William Hurt / Raúl Juliá ( 1985 ) Paul Newman ( 1986 ) Michael Douglas ( 1987 ) Gene Hackman ( 1988 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1989 ) Robert De Niro / Robin Williams ( 1990 ) Warren Beatty ( 1991 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1992 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1993 ) Tom Hanks ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Tom Cruise ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Russell Crowe ( 1999 ) Javier Bardem ( 2000 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 2001 ) Campbell Scott ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) George Clooney ( 2007 ) Clint Eastwood ( 2008 ) George Clooney / Morgan Freeman ( 2009 ) Jesse Eisenberg ( 2010 ) George Clooney ( 2011 ) Bradley Cooper ( 2012 ) Bruce Dern ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton / Oscar Isaac ( 2014 ) Matt Damon ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Marty Feldman ( 1974 / 75 ) Jay Robinson ( 1976 ) Alec Guinness ( 1977 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1978 ) Arte Johnson ( 1979 ) Scatman Crothers ( 1980 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1981 ) Richard Lynch ( 1982 ) John Lithgow ( 1983 ) Tracey Walter ( 1984 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1985 ) Bill Paxton ( 1986 ) Richard Dawson ( 1987 ) Robert Loggia ( 1988 ) Thomas F. Wilson ( 1989 / 90 ) William Sadler ( 1991 ) Robin Williams ( 1992 ) Lance Henriksen ( 1993 ) Gary Sinise ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Brent Spiner ( 1996 ) Vincent D'Onofrio ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Andy Serkis ( 2002 ) Sean Astin ( 2003 ) David Carradine ( 2004 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2005 ) Ben Affleck ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Stephen Lang ( 2009 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2010 ) Andy Serkis ( 2011 ) Clark Gregg ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Richard Armitage ( 2014 ) Adam Driver ( 2015 ) John Goodman ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Ed Harris ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Robin Williams ( 1997 ) Robert Duvall ( 1998 ) Michael Caine ( 1999 ) Albert Finney ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Christopher Walken ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Morgan Freeman ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Society of London Theatre Special Award Laurence Olivier ( 1979 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1980 ) Charles Wintour ( 1982 ) Joan Littlewood ( 1983 ) John Gielgud ( 1985 ) Alec Guinness ( 1988 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1991 ) Ninette de Valois ( 1992 ) Kenneth MacMillan ( 1993 ) Sam Wanamaker ( 1994 ) Harold Pinter ( 1996 ) Margaret Harris ( 1997 ) Ed Mirvish / David Mirvish ( 1998 ) Peter Hall ( 1999 ) Rupert Rhymes ( 2002 ) Sam Mendes ( 2003 ) Judi Dench ( 2004 ) Alan Bennett ( 2005 ) Ian McKellen ( 2006 ) John Tomlinson ( 2007 ) Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 2008 ) Alan Ayckbourn ( 2009 ) Maggie Smith ( 2010 ) Stephen Sondheim ( 2011 ) Monica Mason / Tim Rice ( 2012 ) Michael Frayn / Gillian Lynne ( 2013 ) Nicholas Hytner & Nick Starr / Michael White ( 2014 ) Sylvie Guillem / Kevin Spacey ( 2015 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play José Ferrer / Fredric March ( 1947 ) Henry Fonda / Paul Kelly / Basil Rathbone ( 1948 ) Rex Harrison ( 1949 ) Sidney Blackmer ( 1950 ) Claude Rains ( 1951 ) José Ferrer ( 1952 ) Tom Ewell ( 1953 ) David Wayne ( 1954 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1955 ) Paul Muni ( 1956 ) Fredric March ( 1957 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1958 ) Jason Robards , Jr. ( 1959 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1960 ) Zero Mostel ( 1961 ) Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Arthur Hill ( 1963 ) Alec Guinness ( 1964 ) Walter Matthau ( 1965 ) Hal Holbrook ( 1966 ) Paul Rogers ( 1967 ) Martin Balsam ( 1968 ) James Earl Jones ( 1969 ) Fritz Weaver ( 1970 ) Brian Bedford ( 1971 ) Cliff Gorman ( 1972 ) Alan Bates ( 1973 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1974 ) John Kani and Winston Ntshona ( 1975 ) John Wood ( 1976 ) Al Pacino ( 1977 ) Barnard Hughes ( 1978 ) Tom Conti ( 1979 ) John Rubinstein ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Roger Rees ( 1982 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 1983 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1984 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1985 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) Ron Silver ( 1988 ) Philip Bosco ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1991 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1992 ) Ron Leibman ( 1993 ) Stephen Spinella ( 1994 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1995 ) George Grizzard ( 1996 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1997 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 1998 ) Brian Dennehy ( 1999 ) Stephen Dillane ( 2000 ) Richard Easton ( 2001 ) Alan Bates ( 2002 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2003 ) Jefferson Mays ( 2004 ) Bill Irwin ( 2005 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2006 ) Frank Langella ( 2007 ) Mark Rylance ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Denzel Washington ( 2010 ) Mark Rylance ( 2011 ) James Corden ( 2012 ) Tracy Letts ( 2013 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2014 ) Alex Sharp ( 2015 ) Frank Langella ( 2016 ) Kevin Kline ( 2017 ) VIAF : 84227912 LCCN : n84033818 ISNI : 0000 0001 1462 084X GND : 118860534 SUDOC : 059423099 BNF : cb14018850m ( data ) MusicBrainz : d347cdd8 - 6c14 - 4102 - a635 - 0a8ef92dca05 NLA : 35413794 NKC : js20030220002 BNE : XX1259646 IATH : w6s47tv4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_McKellen&oldid=802839809 '' Categories : 1939 births Living people 2012 Summer Olympics cultural ambassadors Actors awarded British knighthoods Male actors from Lancashire Alumni of St Catharine 's College , Cambridge American Theater Hall of Fame inductees Annie Award winners Back Stage West Garland Award recipients Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe ( television ) winners Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Critics ' Circle Theatre Award winners Drama Desk Award winners Empire Icon Award winners English atheists English people of Scottish descent English people of Northern Ireland descent English male film actors English male radio actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors European Film Award for Best Actor winners Evening Standard Award for Best Actor winners Fellows of St Catherine 's College , Oxford Former Protestants Gay actors Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead winners Knights Bachelor Laurence Olivier Award winners LGBT entertainers from England LGBT rights activists from the United Kingdom Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners People educated at Bolton School People from Burnley People from Wigan People from Bolton People with cancer Royal Shakespeare Company members English male Shakespearean actors Tony Award winners 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Freemen of the City of London Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Good articles Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from December 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with IBDb links Use dmy dates from May 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar मराठी მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 20 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played gandalf in lord of the rings trilogy	[ "Sir Ian Murray McKellen, CH, CBE (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BIF Award, two Saturn Awards, four Drama Desk Awards, and two Critics' Choice Awards. He has also received two Oscar nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations." ]	[ "Sir Ian Murray McKellen" ]
8297214486276163966	List of NFL franchise post-season droughts	List of NFL franchise postseason droughts - wikipedia List of NFL franchise postseason droughts Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of current National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts ( multiple consecutive seasons of not winning ) . Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system . As of the 2016 NFL season , every active NFL team has qualified for , and won a game in , the playoffs at least once . Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play . Of the 15 teams that have never won the Super Bowl , four ( 4 ) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself ( Bengals , Panthers , Jaguars , and the Texans ) . The Falcons were enfranchised the season the Super Bowls began . The eight ( 8 ) other clubs ( Cardinals , Lions , Eagles , Oilers / Titans , Chargers , Browns , Bills , and Vikings ) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger ; in the case of the Vikings , however , the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title , leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl and to have never secured the highest championship available to them . The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals , at 69 seasons . Note that for continuity purposes , the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 seasons , and that the Baltimore Ravens are a separate team that began play in 1996 . The Ravens , as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension , but not their history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Active team droughts 1.1 Post-season droughts 1.2 Playoff game victory droughts 1.3 AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts 1.4 Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts 1.5 Super Bowl win droughts 1.6 Super Bowl crown droughts by division 1.7 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown 1.8 Division title droughts 2 Historical team droughts 2.1 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons 2.2 Most consecutive post-season losses in team history 2.3 Longest post-season droughts in team history 3 See also 4 References Active team droughts ( edit ) Postseason droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 - 17 post season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for Longest drought in team history Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last earned appearance in post-season Seasons Buffalo Bills ^ 1999 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 14 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2004 NFC Divisional Playoffs 12 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2007 AFC Divisional Playoffs 9 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 9 Tennessee Titans † 2008 AFC Divisional Playoffs 8 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 6 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 6 Philadelphia Eagles 2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs New Orleans Saints 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Minnesota Vikings 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl L Carolina Panthers Super Bowl L 2016 Playoff Teams Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Championship Game -- Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game -- New England Patriots Super Bowl LI -- Atlanta Falcons Super Bowl LI -- At 17 seasons , the Bills ' playoff drought is also the longest in major North American professional sports . Playoff game victory droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 season . Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 26 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 25 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 21 4 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee Cleveland Browns ^ 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 19 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 16 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 14 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 14 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants Tennessee Titans 2003 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 3 ¤ 2003 Divisional - New England 2007 Wild Card - San Diego 2008 Divisional - Baltimore Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 2004 Divisional - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 11 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2007 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 9 2007 Divisional - New England Philadelphia Eagles 2008 NFC Divisional Playoffs 8 2008 NFC Championship - Arizona 2009 Wild Card - Dallas 2010 Wild Card - Green Bay 2013 Wild Card - New Orleans Minnesota Vikings 2009 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2009 NFC Championship - New Orleans 2012 Wild Card - Green Bay 2015 Wild Card - Seattle New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 6 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 6 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 5 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver New Orleans Saints 2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Seattle San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 game win streak 2016 Playoff 0 Winners Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- 2016 AFC Championship - New England Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Championship * -- 2016 Super Bowl - New England New England Patriots Super Bowl LI * -- 0 3 game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams ( * ) : Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round . ( * * ) : Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Afc / nfc championship game appearance droughts ( edit ) This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history Drought Reference Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo 25 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit 25 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington 24 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 24 * * Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver 23 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City 23 Kansas City Chiefs † 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 21 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay 17 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 1999 AFC Lost vs. Tennessee 15 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never * y -- 15 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 14 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee 14 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland 9 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England 8 Philadelphia Eagles 2008 NFC Lost vs. Arizona 7 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 7 Minnesota Vikings 2009 NFC Lost vs. New Orleans 6 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh 6 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay 5 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona . 75 Z2016 Conference Finalists 2015 z -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs. New England . 5 -- New England Patriots 2016 AFC Won vs. Pittsburgh -- Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta -- Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay ( * ) : Franchise first played in 2002 season ( * * ) : Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Super Bowl or NFL championship appearance droughts ( edit ) Last appearance in Super Bowl or NFL Championship Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result 59 Detroit Lions 7003195700000000000 ♠ 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland 48 New York Jets 7003196800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts 47 Kansas City Chiefs 7003196900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota 44 * Cleveland Browns * 7003196910000000000 ♠ 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota 40 Minnesota Vikings 7003197700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland 32 Miami Dolphins 7003198400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco 28 Cincinnati Bengals 7003198800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs. San Francisco 25 Washington Redskins 7003199100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo 23 Buffalo Bills 7003199300000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas 22 Jacksonville Jaguars 7000100000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) Y -- 22 Los Angeles Chargers 7003199400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco 21 Dallas Cowboys 7003199500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh 17 Tennessee Titans 7003199900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams 15 Houston Texans 7000200000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) Y -- 15 Los Angeles Rams 7003200100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7003200200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland 14 Oakland Raiders 7003200210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay 12 Philadelphia Eagles 7003200400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIX Lost vs. New England 10 Chicago Bears 7003200600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis 8 Arizona Cardinals 7003200800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh 7 New Orleans Saints 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis 7 Indianapolis Colts 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans 6 Green Bay Packers 7003201000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Won vs. Pittsburgh 6 Pittsburgh Steelers 7003201010000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay 5 New York Giants 7003201100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England Baltimore Ravens 7003201200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco San Francisco 49ers 7003201210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks 7003201420000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England Carolina Panthers 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver Denver Broncos 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina 0 Atlanta Falcons 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England 0 New England Patriots 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Won vs. Atlanta ( * ) : Cleveland 's drought does not include three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) where the franchise was dormant . ( † ) : Team was based in St. Louis . Super Bowl win droughts ( edit ) This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship . Drought References Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons 51 Arizona Cardinals Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 69 51 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 59 51 Philadelphia Eagles Never -- 1960 NFL Championship 56 51 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 55 51 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 53 51 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 51 48 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 49 51 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 47 51 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) -- 49 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) -- 48 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 47 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 43 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973 33 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII 31 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985 25 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 22 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 22 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 22 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 21 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 17 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 15 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) -- 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 10 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006 8 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008 7 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 6 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV 5 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013 Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 0 New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016 Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 . Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 . AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list . Cleveland 's drought does not include three seasons ( 1996 -- 98 ) when the franchise was dormant . Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) . Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII . Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV . Super Bowl crown droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons AFC South XLI -- Colts 10 NFC South XLIV -- Saints 7 NFC North XLV -- Packers 6 NFC East XLVI -- Giants 5 AFC North XLVII -- Ravens NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks AFC West 50 -- Broncos AFC East LI -- Patriots 0 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Current NFL cities / regions only Last city to leave list - Seattle , 2013 season City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes Detroit 51 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game Philadelphia 51 1980 , 2004 Philadelphia Eagles ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX Buffalo 51 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII Atlanta 51 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI Minneapolis -- St. Paul 51 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI Cincinnati 49 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII Cleveland 48 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games Houston 46 None Includes 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 15 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games Phoenix 29 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII Jacksonville 22 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- ) Played in the 1996 and 1999 AFC Championship Games Charlotte 22 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 Nashville 20 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV Division title droughts ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Updated through the 2016 season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for Longest drought in team history Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 24 * * Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 23 Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 21 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ AFC Central 1999 17 Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 14 New York Jets AFC East 2002 14 Los Angeles Rams † NFC West 2003 13 Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 9 Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 8 Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 8 Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 7 Chicago Bears NFC North 6 New York Giants NFC East 2011 5 New Orleans Saints NFC South 2011 5 Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2013 Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014 Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015 Denver Broncos AFC West 2015 Washington Redskins NFC East 2015 Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2015 Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015 Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015 2016 Division Champions New England Patriots AFC East 2016 -- Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2016 -- Houston Texans AFC South 2016 -- Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2016 -- Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016 -- Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016 -- Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016 -- Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016 -- * * Does not include the three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) during which the franchise suspended operations . Historical team droughts ( edit ) Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 season . Sort by clicking on desired column heading . When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together , Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together , Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together , Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together , Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 7003197800000000000 ♠ List of Droughts Seasons Team Drought Duration Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought Last Place Seasons 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Arizona Cardinals A ! Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Orleans Saints A ! New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 ^ Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Detroit Lions A ! Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals B ! Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals C ! St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 -- 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ^ Cleveland Browns A ! Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2016 12 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2016 2015 tie , 2016 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Bears A ! Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Diego Chargers A ! San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Detroit Lions B ! Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 -- 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 New England Patriots A ! Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Atlanta Falcons A ! Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 ^ Los Angeles Rams A ! St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Los Angeles Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 -- 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions C ! Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions D ! Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Philadelphia Eagles C ! Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 San Diego Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Los Angeles Rams C ! Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Arizona Cardinals E ! Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2016 6 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ^ Jacksonville Jaguars A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New York Jets B ! New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 -- 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans A ! Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Atlanta Falcons B ! Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Diego Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ^ Tennessee Titans B ! Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Los Angeles Rams D ! Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cleveland Browns B ! Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Seattle Seahawks B ! Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Detroit Lions E ! Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Orleans Saints B ! New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears B ! Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Arizona Cardinals E ! St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tennessee Titans C ! Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Buffalo Bills C ! Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia Eagles D ! Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 New York Jets C ! New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears C ! Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carolina Panthers A ! Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ^ New York Jets D ! New York Jets 2011 -- 2016 2014 , 2016 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ^ Chicago Bears E ! Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2016 2014 -- 2016 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chicago Bears D ! Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Indianapolis Colts C ! Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cleveland Browns C ! Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Buffalo Bills D ! Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals C ! Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Tennessee Titans D ! Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins D ! Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jacksonville Jaguars B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Orleans Saints C ! New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 -- Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt . The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II . Most consecutive postseason losses in team history ( edit ) This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams . Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought . Updated through the 2016 regular season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 years 1947 Championship 4.1 ! 4 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round - 1 ! 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2004 Divisional 4.2 ! 4 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years 2001 Wild Card 3.1 ! 3 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1995 Div ! 1995 Wild Card 4.3 ! 4 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans TBD Carolina Panthers 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Div ! 2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1994 AF ! 1994 Wild Card 3.2 ! 3 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 years 1990 Div ! 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years Div ! 1996 Wild Card 6.2 ! 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5.1 ! 5 1977 ! Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991.2 ! 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1997 Conference Championship 2.2 ! 2 1997.2 ! Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2.3 ! 2 2001.1 ! 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2.4 ! 2 2003.1 ! 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 2007 Divisional 2.5 ! 2 2007.2 ! 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2.6 ! 2 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012.1 ! 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 years 1971 Divisional 5.2 ! 5 1971.1 ! 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1995 Divisional 5.3 ! 5 1995.3 ! 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 2.6 ! 2 1996.2 ! 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1999 Divisional 2.7 ! 2 1999.2 ! 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993.2 ! 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 1994 AFC Championship 4.8 ! 4 1994.2 ! Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 years 1951 Championship 5.5 ! 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 4.5 ! 4 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 years 2000 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6.3 ! 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1963 Divisional 4.6 ! 4 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 4.7 ! 4 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1938 Championship 6.4 ! 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 2.8 ! 2 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1982 2nd Round 2.9 ! 2 1982.1 ! 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1986 Wild Card 2.91 ! 2 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 World ! 1998 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1998 Divisional 2.92 ! 2 1998.1 ! 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Div ! 2002 Wild Card 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Wild Card 2.93 ! 2 2004.1 ! 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1970 Divisional 2.94 ! 2 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 2.95 ! 2 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1990 Divisional 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 2002 AFC Championship 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5.4 ! 5 1980.1 ! Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years 1989 Wild Card 3.3 ! 3 1989.1 ! 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2010 AFC Championship 2010.1 ! Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 3.4 ! 3 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1984 Su ! 1984 Wild Card 6.5 ! 6 1984.2 ! 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1979 Divisional 3.5 ! 3 1979.2 ! 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1999 Divisional 3.6 ! 3 1999.3 ! 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans ^ 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 3.7 ! 3 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Chief ! Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1988 Wild Card 3.8 ! 3 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1991 Div ! 1991 Wild Card 3.9 ! 3 1991.1 ! 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 2003 Wild Card 3.91 ! 3 2003.3 ! 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens TBD Washington Redskins 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years 1972 NFC Championship 4.9 ! 4 1972.2 ! Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 years 2005 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win These three streaks occurred when the team was known as the Houston Oilers . Longest postseason droughts in team history ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 season . Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs ( played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings ) were the only postseason matchups in this era ( the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list ) . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills ^ 2000 -- 2016 ^ 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2016 ^ 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2005 -- 2016 ^ 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2008 -- 2016 ^ 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2016 ^ 26 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2016 ^ 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2016 ^ 19 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2016 ^ 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2016 ^ 14 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2008 -- 2016 ^ 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons See also ( edit ) List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of current National Football League consecutive playoff appearances List of last undefeated NFL teams by season List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of Super Bowl Champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of MLS club post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Season Index '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Picture '' . National Football League . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodak , Mike ( September 26 , 2015 ) . `` Bills now have longest playoff drought among major sports '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl List '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . NFL playoffs Conference tiebreakers 1941 1943 1947 1950 1952 1957 1958 1965 NFL playoff system 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 American Football League playoffs Post-season streaks Post-season droughts AFC Championship Game broadcasters AFL Championship Game broadcasters NFC Championship Game broadcasters NFL Championship Game broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl broadcasters NFL playoff results NFL playoff games NFL starting quarterback playoff records Head coaches by playoff record National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts&oldid=807204588 '' Categories : National Football League lists National Football League playoffs Playoff streaks American football records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 15 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the last time the lions made the playoffs	[ "\nPlayoff Droughts [1][2]\n\n0Team0\nLast earned appearance in post-season\nSeasons\n\n\nBuffalo Bills ^\n1999 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n17\n\n\nCleveland Browns ^\n2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n14\n\n\nLos Angeles Rams ^\n2004 NFC Divisional Playoffs\n12\n\n\nJacksonville Jaguars ^\n2007 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n9\n\n\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n9\n\n\nTennessee Titans †\n2008 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n8\n\n\nNew York Jets\n2010 AFC Championship Game\n6\n\n\nChicago Bears\n2010 NFC Championship Game\n6\n\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n3\n\n\nLos Angeles Chargers\n2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n3\n\n\nNew Orleans Saints\n2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs\n3\n\n\nSan Francisco 49ers\n2013 NFC Championship Game\n3\n\n\nBaltimore Ravens\n2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n2\n\n\nIndianapolis Colts\n2014 AFC Championship Game\n2\n\n\nCincinnati Bengals\n2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n1\n\n\nMinnesota Vikings\n2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n1\n\n\nWashington Redskins\n2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n1\n\n\nArizona Cardinals\n2015 NFC Championship Game\n1\n\n\nDenver Broncos\nSuper Bowl L\n1\n\n\nCarolina Panthers\nSuper Bowl L\n1\n\n\n2016 Playoff Teams\n\n\nMiami Dolphins\n2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n—\n\n\nOakland Raiders\n2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs\n—\n\n\nNew York Giants\n2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n—\n\n\nDetroit Lions\n2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n—\n\n\nKansas City Chiefs\n2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n—\n\n\nHouston Texans\n2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs\n—\n\n\nDallas Cowboys\n2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs\n—\n\n\nSeattle Seahawks\n2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs\n—\n\n\nPittsburgh Steelers\n2016 AFC Championship Game\n—\n\n\nGreen Bay Packers\n2016 NFC Championship Game\n—\n\n\nNew England Patriots\nSuper Bowl LI\n—\n\n\nAtlanta Falcons\nSuper Bowl LI\n—\n\n" ]	[ "2016" ]
-7004399648895407667	Roy Harper (comics)	Roy Harper ( Comics ) - Wikipedia Roy Harper ( Comics ) Roy Harper Roy Harper as Arsenal . Art by Brett Booth . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance As Speedy : More Fun Comics # 73 ( November 1941 ) As Arsenal : The New Titans # 99 ( July 1993 ) As Red Arrow : : Alternative universe : Kingdom Come # 2 ( June 1996 ) Main universe : Justice League of America # 7 ( May 2007 ) Created by Speedy : Mort Weisinger George Papp Arsenal : Marv Wolfman Tom Grummett Red Arrow : Mark Waid Alex Ross In - story information Alter ego Roy William Harper Jr . Team affiliations Teen Titans Justice League Suicide Squad Checkmate Outsiders The Outlaws Titans Partnerships Green Arrow Red Hood Nightwing Donna Troy Notable aliases Speedy , Arsenal , Red Arrow Abilities Exceptional athlete Master archer Master marksman Expert martial artist Occasionally uses trick arrows Roy Harper is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Roy is one of DC 's most longstanding characters , originating in 1940s comics as Speedy , the teen sidekick of the superhero Green Arrow . Like his mentor Green Arrow , Roy is a world - class archer and athlete who uses his exceptional marksmanship to fight crime . Along with other prominent DC Comics superhero sidekicks , he goes on to become a core member of the superhero group the Teen Titans . As an adult , Roy casts off his Speedy identity to establish himself as the superhero Arsenal , and for a time adopts the name Red Arrow to symbolise his having become an equal of Green Arrow . As well as continuing to serve as one of the Titans at various times , Roy has had leading roles in the superhero groups the Seven Soldiers of Victory , the Outsiders , the Justice League , and the Outlaws . Roy 's profile as a hero has varied over the years . He was the subject of the award - winning 1971 comic book story `` Snowbirds Do n't Fly '' , which was celebrated for its gritty depiction of Roy 's battle with drug addiction ; the story is considered a key moment in comic book history as it represented the emergence of mature themes in comics . In 2013 , ComicsAlliance ranked Harper as # 50 on their list of the `` 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics '' . The character has been adapted for video games and animation several times , and has been portrayed in live action by actor Colton Haynes on the television series Arrow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 1941 -- 1992 : Origin , Teen Titans , addiction and fatherhood 2.2 1993 -- 2004 : Becoming Arsenal and joining the Outsiders 2.3 2005 -- 2011 : Tenure as Red Arrow , joining the Justice League 2.4 2011 -- 2016 : Red Hood and the Outlaws 2.5 DC Rebirth 3 Powers and abilities 3.1 Equipment 4 Weapons 5 Personal life 6 Other versions 6.1 Earth - Two 6.2 Bizarro World 6.3 Flashpoint 6.4 Titans Tomorrow 6.5 Thrillkiller 6.6 Convergence 6.7 Teen Titans Go ! 7 In other media 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Animation 7.1. 2 Live action 7.2 Film 7.3 Video games 8 References 9 External links Publication history ( edit ) The character first appeared as Green Arrow 's teenage sidekick Speedy , a name by which he was known for over fifty years , in More Fun Comics # 73 ( November 1941 ) and was created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp . The character 's modern - day version was an early member of the Teen Titans who later assumed the identity Arsenal in The New Titans # 99 ( July 1993 ) , and became a member of the Justice League of America under the guise Red Arrow in Kingdom Come # 2 ( June 1996 ) or Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 7 ( May 2007 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) 1941 -- 1992 : origin , Teen Titans , addiction and fatherhood ( edit ) Green Lantern vol. 2 # 85 , featuring Roy Harper 's addiction Roy Harper was raised by Brave Bow , a Navajo medicine chief , after his father , a forest ranger , died in a forest fire . Under Brave Bow 's tutelage , Roy became a remarkable archer . After Brave Bow 's death , Roy was adopted by Green Arrow ( Oliver Queen ) and became his sidekick : Speedy . Roy Harper as Speedy . Art by Tom Grummett . Speedy joined Robin , Kid Flash , Aqualad and Wonder Girl in the newly formed Teen Titans , a group originally formed from the various `` teen sidekicks '' active in DC comics at that time . Speedy was initially a successful member and began dating Donna Troy . Some time later , however , Roy 's fortunes took a turn for the worse . The Titans disbanded , Roy and Donna broke up , and then Green Arrow both lost his fortune and began neglecting Roy . While Green Arrow was away on a cross-country adventure with Green Lantern and Black Canary , Roy became addicted to heroin ; the award - winning story played out in Green Lantern vol. 2 , # 85 -- 86 in September and November 1971 . Once Roy 's secret was discovered , Green Arrow angrily punched him and then threw Roy out on the street . Green Lantern later found him and left him in the care of Black Canary , who stayed by his side while he went through withdrawal . Soon after , he had a confrontation with Green Arrow that caused the two of them to stop working together . In addition to some brief adventures with later incarnations of the Titans in the 1980s , Roy also served as a government agent for a fictional federal agency , and as a private investigator , and went on a single mission with the Suicide Squad ( vol. 1 issues 11 -- 12 ) . While still helping the Teen Titans on occasional missions , Roy frequently worked as a counselor for various anti-drug programs . During this time , Roy established government contacts , and was soon hired by the Central Bureau of Investigations ( CBI , also known as Checkmate ) as a drug enforcement agent . Roy was given an assignment to go undercover and gain the trust of the villain Cheshire . The intention was to turn Cheshire over to the authorities , but the two fell in love and had an affair . Roy could not bring himself to turn her in , but he was concerned that his presence endangered Cheshire 's life , so he left her , unaware that Cheshire was pregnant with his child . Roy eventually learned that he was the father of her daughter Lian . He went on a mission with Nightwing to track down Cheshire and prevent her from assassinating a group of diplomats . Roy was captured by Cheshire and then freed by Nightwing , who also brought Roy 's daughter . Cheshire had left Lian in Roy 's care . 1993 -- 2004 : becoming Arsenal and joining the Outsiders ( edit ) Roy Harper 's first appearance as Arsenal . Art by Tom Grummett . Roy Harper later returned to the Titans , and was appointed leader by Sarge Steel . At this time , he adopted the new identity `` Arsenal '' now equipped with a vast array of high - tech weaponry . When the original members of this latest incarnation of Titans left the team , he gathered new members and led them until the team disbanded . Soon , another team of Teen Titans emerged . This group consisted of a teenaged version of Atom ( due to being de-aged by events in Zero Hour ) and new heroes Argent , Risk , Joto and Prysm . The team was funded by Loren Jupiter , who had also funded a group of Titans during Roy 's time on the team . Jupiter gathered together the original Titans ( now going by the aliases of Nightwing , Tempest , Flash , Troia , and Arsenal ) to combat the threat of his bitter , super-powered son Jarrod Jupiter ( Haze ) . New and old Titans joined forces to defeat Haze -- but at a price ; Joto apparently lost his life , and Arsenal felt responsible for his death . Arsenal remained with this new group of Titans for a time , but eventually left the group before it disbanded . Arsenal later came into conflict with Vandal Savage . Savage had discovered that both Roy and his daughter Lian were his descendants . Thus , their organs were suitable for him to harvest to prolong his life . Roy was able to save his daughter from Savage . After this ordeal , Roy adopted a new look to reflect his Navajo heritage . Shortly after , the original five Titans decided to re-form the team . Arsenal served as a full - time member on the team , and resided at the new Titans Tower with his daughter Lian . Later , a mysterious conglomerate known as Optitron offered to sponsor the Titans and Young Justice after summoning them to San Francisco . Before any decisions could be made , a cybernetic girl from the future known as Indigo invaded the complex , and immediately engaged both teams in combat . With half the group out of commission , the remaining members tried to track down Indigo , but instead encountered a rogue Superman android , which had been activated . Caught by surprise , Lilith had her neck snapped by the Superman android , killing her instantly . Troia ( Donna Troy 's new identity ) tried valiantly to defeat the Superman android , but he released a deadly heat beam directly through her chest , killing her . Indigo arrived and shut down the Superman android , leaving Arsenal and Nightwing to mourn the fallen Troia . Shaken by these losses , Nightwing decided to officially end the Titans . Roy saw an opportunity . He accepted Optitron 's offer and set about forming a new team : the Outsiders . He began by buying a massive secret underground headquarters beneath New York City . Roy outfitted the shelter with state - of - the - art equipment and began recruiting members for the new team . He successfully coaxed the veteran Metamorpho , as well as newcomers Grace and Thunder into joining the team . He also decided to accept Indigo as a member . Even though she had been responsible for activating the Superman android , and ultimately for Lilith 's and Troia 's deaths , her memories were wiped clean and she convinced Roy that she wanted to atone for what she had done . Indigo 's presence would prove to be a major sticking point for Arsenal 's last recruit : Nightwing . The Titans ' former leader was completely unwilling to renew his involvement in a team after such a devastating loss . Arsenal argued that the Outsiders were the next logical step for them beyond the Titans , and that perhaps a team of strangers would operate more efficiently than a team with so many emotional attachments . Nightwing , while still reluctant , agreed to join and lead the Outsiders shortly after defeating Gorilla Grodd . Promo art for `` Outsiders '' ( 2003 ) . Art by Tom Raney . Arsenal was shot in the chest while attempting to stop Brother Blood from activating a global network of sleeper agents . He survived , but was sidelined for months . In the interim , he assigned the Huntress as his replacement . He was hesitant to resume active duty , feeling afraid of his own limitations , but returned with encouragement from Nightwing . Not long after his recovery , the Outsiders took on a case which involved a child - slaver and molester named Tanner . One of Tanner 's informants recognized Roy from years prior , and led Tanner to Lian . Lian 's nanny was killed and the girl was branded with Tanner 's mark . The Outsiders arrived just in time to save Lian and other children from being flown out of New York . Oddly , his near - death from gunshot wounds saved his life when soon he met Deathstroke . The villain , Arsenal discovered , had been posing as Batman and feeding him information since the Outsiders began . Deathstroke and Arsenal fought , with Deathstroke intending to kill him , but when the mercenary discovered the bullet scars on Arsenal 's chest , he figured Arsenal had suffered enough and gave him a `` pass '' . About the same time , Arsenal was also kidnapped by Constantine Drakon , Green Arrow 's nemesis . Drakon was working with the Riddler , and he slit Roy 's throat so that he would have to apply constant pressure or die . The Outsiders helped search for and rescue Roy . 2005 -- 2011 : tenure as Red Arrow , joining the Justice League ( edit ) Roy Harper as Red Arrow . Variant cover art to Justice League of America vol. 2 # 11 . Art by Gene Ha . During Infinite Crisis , Arsenal served as leader of the Outsiders while raising Lian as a single father . He was among the heroes gathered to defend Metropolis from an invasion by the Secret Society of Super Villains . One Year Later , Roy Harper attempted to keep the Outsiders running , but unfortunately they found themselves handling low - level criminals and making little difference in the world . When Nightwing and Red Hood discovered a fellow hero as well as Black Lightning ( Thunder 's father ) was arrested for a crime he did n't commit , Nightwing helped in a rescue mission that ultimately failed . The Outsiders are believed to be dead . Arsenal soon realized he was not made for the life of a cloak - and - dagger hero , returning command to Nightwing and leaving the team . Roy was approached by Hal Jordan with membership in the new Justice League . While in battle , Hal referred to him as `` Red Arrow '' in an attempt to stop himself from revealing Roy 's name ( despite the fact that Roy 's identity has been public knowledge for some time now ) . Roy accepted membership in the League and officially adopted the identity of Red Arrow , justifying it as a final `` coming of age '' and outgrowing his troubled relationship with his adoptive father Oliver Queen ( Green Arrow ) . Roy began an intimate relationship with his teammate Hawkgirl . However , the two ended their relationship and Roy left the Justice League following a disastrous confrontation with the Shadow Cabinet . Following Bruce Wayne 's apparent death in Final Crisis , Roy returns to the League after discovering that Hal Jordan and his splinter Justice League have been hunting down and torturing criminals . Roy and Green Arrow manage to settle their differences and work together , but things start to fall apart as Prometheus assaults Roy , cutting off his right arm with a poisoned , nanite - laced blade , and then has the Electrocutioner set off a device to destroy Star City , killing the young Lian . Roy wakes several days later , adversely reacting to his current condition and Lian 's death , taking an angrier stance to the world . The flesh - eating nanites still dormant in his stump prevent him from getting a permanent prosthesis . He is given a removable , enhanced artificial limb , built by Cyborg and Doctor Mid-Nite . The prosthetic limb is built to `` work - around '' the contaminated nerve endings , but increases his phantom pain . His pain and the survivor 's guilt for Lian 's death bring Roy back to his former drug addiction , overdosing on painkillers and permanently locked in a state of delusional paranoia . Haunted by visions of his deceased daughter and his former pusher , Roy regresses to his identity of Arsenal , lashing out against his former friends and driving away his extended family , blaming Green Arrow for having stolen his vengeance by killing Prometheus and Mia Dearden for having left Lian by herself in the first place . After a bitter meeting with Cheshire , Roy is unable to release the pent - up frustration for the loss of his arm , the death of his daughter , and his stress - induced impotence . Roy leaves Cheshire behind , hallucinating that a dead cat is his daughter , taking out his anger against a gang of drug dealers and stealing from them to fuel his addiction . As a result , when Batman finds him delirious on the street , he 's forced to bring him to a rehab home , with Black Canary 's consent . Roy manages to escape the center , and sets off to break into the jail where the Electrocutioner , the accomplice of Prometheus directly responsible for Lian , is held . Despite the intervention of Green Arrow , Roy cruelly butchers Buchinsky with his knives , then burns away his house and all his possessions , becoming a dark , broody vigilante enacting his brand of deadly justice on lowlifes and criminals . After being approached by Cheshire to help murder Deathstroke , Roy apparently double crosses her and joins Deathstroke 's new , villainous team of Titans , although Cheshire mentally congratulates him for his performance . Upon returning to the labyrinth , Deathstroke reveals to them that his proceeding items were used to create a healing machine called `` Methuselah '' for his dying son Jericho . After healing Jericho , Deathstroke claims the machine can also resurrect the dead , offering Roy and Cheshire the chance to revive Lian . Cheshire accepts , but Roy refuses , finally realizing that he has just been punishing himself for his daughter 's death all this time , and that Lian is in a better place . Joined by Tattooed Man and Cinder , Roy fights the rest of the Titans in an attempt to destroy the Methuselah Device . The power source of the Device , a metahuman named DJ Molecule , is freed , and Cinder sacrifices herself to destroy the device . Roy lets Deathstroke go after he helped to save Jericho . Cheshire , Tattooed Man , and Osiris leave , and Roy and Jericho decide to form a new Titans team , to restore the legacy Deathstroke besmirched . 2011 -- 2016 : Red Hood and the Outlaws ( edit ) A part of The New 52 company - wide relaunch , DC continuity was revamped . Roy Harper subsequently appears in the series Red Hood and the Outlaws . Roy 's history is altered , including Lian 's existence and his now uninjured right arm . Roy 's appearance has changed drastically in the Relaunch , as he wears his hair longer than before and has highly detailed tattoos on both shoulder . The location of any more tattoos , if any , is currently unknown , and whether the apparent ones have any significance is also unknown . In his Arsenal outfit , he wears a variety of baseball caps , but beside that and the loss of his knife , he still has the same basic design , only with a smaller vest and two quivers , instead of one . He acts as a humorous character with a lighter view of things , even in the middle of combat , though he is very serious when he wants to be . He has never been a father , but is still a recovering alcoholic ( as opposed to heroin addict ) with Killer Croc as his sponsor in a twelve step program . He became a freelance freedom fighter before teaming up with Jason Todd , and considers Todd his only friend . Roy 's `` back - story '' from the point at which he met Oliver was explained in great detail towards the end of the series , after Roy was accidentally and gravely burned by Starfire . He was at first Oliver 's employee , and later Green Arrow 's sidekick , but after discovering that Oliver was using Roy 's technology as his own , Roy was kicked out of his position , and Oliver took the stocks that he gave him within Q - Core , leaving him to his own devices . Roy became a depressed alcoholic and death seeker who attempted to commit a variation of suicide by fighting Killer Croc to the death . Croc figures out what Roy 's doing and refuses to help Roy die , instead becoming his sponsor to help Roy get back on his feet . However , this does not keep Roy out of trouble , as he later ends up in an exotic jail due to trying to help a Middle Eastern nation overthrow a dictator . The now liberated people turned on Roy , and threw him in jail . However , he is quickly released by Jason Todd and , with the help of Starfire , they escape out of the country . Soon after , Jason helps him get up to speed on current events . Roy remembers Starfire , and is confused to discover that she has supposedly forgotten `` the gang '' ( the Teen Titans ) that they used to hang out with , and attempts to jog her memory by mentioning Dick Grayson 's name , and also mentioning the names Garth , Vic , Lilith , Gar and Dustin , only for Starfire to announce that he is boring her . Roy is very friendly with Jason and has his back , but his carefree personality has caused some friction , such as when he called the defeated reanimated corpses of Jason 's All - Caste teachers and friends trash . He also has a bit of a prideful streak , as he complains that he feels emasculated by Starfire 's rescue of the team from a huge monster . But he 's also shown that he has a more serious side , and is well prepared for a fight , as he takes on and defeats Crux , an altered human that was able to defeat Starfire single - handedly . He 's also shown a softer side - particularly around Koriand'r , one example being when he cradles her and wipes away her tears when she 's hurt . However , he tells her that he would like to keep his carefree facade , saying that she should n't tell anyone , because it would hurt his reputation . He and Starfire eventually become a proper couple , thought Starfire still appears to be interested in little more than a physical relationship . However , when her memories are forcefully returned to her , Roy realises that she was only pretending to be uncaring and emotionless ( she went so far as to say `` love has nothing to do with it '' when Roy asked her about `` making love to a Tamaranean '' ) and that her race processes emotions very deeply . He broke up with her soon after , due to his own issues with trust , but not long after they reconciled , forming a much more caring and tender relationship - both of them going so far as telling the other they loved them . When Starfire left for Tamaran with a gravely injured Blackfire , Roy knew that this family matter had to be something she undertook alone . He asked that she remember him , and she promised that she would for `` forever and a day '' . DC Rebirth ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2017 ) Roy has also appeared as Arsenal in the book Titans as part of DC Rebirth . Roy assisted the Titans in taking down Abra Kadabra soon after Wally West appeared in the timeline again . The Titans traveled to Manhattan afterwards in search for answers on why Wally disappeared . When the Titans were disbanded , Roy went on his own to bust Bliss , a popular drug , which was being controlled by Mallah and The Brain . The only person beliveing him about this , was Donna Troy . He tried to too reveal this to Nightwing , and Wally West , with neither of them beliveing him . He lashed out against them , until Wally later apolgized , and Nightwing later . They eventually took down Mallah and Brain , leaving the Titans reformed . Additionally , as of DC Rebirth , his past of being Oliver Queen 's partner Speedy and a former drug addict were restored . Powers and abilities ( edit ) In the comic books , Roy Harper possesses no superhuman attributes , but he is extremely adept at the use of the bow and arrow , as well as a wide array of weaponry . He also has the ability to take virtually any object and use it in combat as an effective weapon . Harper is also a skilled hand - to - hand combatant and he possesses keen analytical and detective skills . In the Pre-Flashpoint universe he has been known to speak Japanese and understand Russian . Before Flashpoint , after the loss of his right arm , Roy Harper received an advanced prosthetic , built by Vic Stone , designed to loop around his damaged nerve endings and restore his usual degree of hand - to - eye coordination , albeit with the price of a constant phantom limb pain . Equipment ( edit ) Before Flashpoint , much like Nightwing and other members of the Bat - Family , Roy Harper 's suit is capable of emitting an electronic pulse . It is unknown , however , whether or not his suit is capable of emitting only one pulse , like Batman 's and Nightwing 's , or several . After being dismembered by Prometheus , Roy returns to his original Arsenal costume : despite being unknown if he still carries the EMP device , the new costume comes along with an advanced prosthetic limb , shown as highly resilient to bullets and melee weapons , and nearly as mobile as his former biological arm . His enhanced limb comes with increased phantom pain , bolstered if the fitting is n't done with the right alignment . Weapons ( edit ) As Speedy and Red Arrow , Roy Harper uses a custom bow and trick arrows ( with a preference for the more mundane kind as Red Arrow ) , mimicking his mentor Green Arrow . As Arsenal he 's known to also carry guns and other kind of ranged weapons . Roy also has been known to use an M40A3 US sniper rifle with a Kryptonite bullet on at least one occasion . His original Arsenal costumes were equipped with other exotic weaponry including a boomerang and electrified bola . His current Arsenal costume , reflecting his angrier stance , is laced with several bludgeoning and cutting weapons , mostly knives and billy clubs , strapped to his limbs and back . Despite not being technically part of his `` costume '' , Roy uses his prosthetic right arm only when acting as Arsenal , removing it while going incognito . Personal life ( edit ) Roy Harper is of Navajo heritage , and has a tribal tattoo to represent it . He was adopted by Oliver Queen ( Green Arrow ) and became his ward / sidekick , but soon joined a rock band called Great Frog , and got addicted to heroin . After his recovery , Roy has a daughter named Lian whom he is raising as a single father . Roy is a natural thrill seeker , who has many connections in the government and metahuman community . His income comes from his work in the government . Roy 's first known superhero relationship was with Donna Troy during the Teen Titans . Although short - lived , the pair has rekindled the relationship on multiple occasions over the years , particularly during their time with the reformed Titans . Roy had apparently intended to propose to Donna , but she rejected him because of a prophecy that the Titan Lilith Clay had made , which stated that Donna 's red - haired husband would die . This however was not in - regards to Roy , but rather Donna 's husband Terry . Roy 's other main relationship was with the assassin Cheshire , who is the mother of his child . Roy would constantly flirt and buy drinks for women at bars and any social outing . When he formed the Outsiders , he had a fling with Grace Choi . At this time , it was learned that he also had a fling with the Huntress . His relationship with his JLA teammate Hawkgirl was strained because of his search for the missing Cheshire . Post-52 , Lian was never born , and Roy does not know Cheshire , however in their brief encounters both flirted with the other very enthusiastically . In the comic series Red Hood and the Outlaws , Roy had a relationship with Starfire . It started out casual until Roy broke it off after realising that Koriand'r had been lying to him ( she had claimed that humans were mere sensory experiences , but in truth her race processed emotions very deeply ) . They later rekindled the relationship and it was much more affectionate , with the pair even confessing their love to one another . Koriand'r broke the relationship off at the end of the series when forced to return to Tamaran with a gravely injured Komand'r , but it was ended on good terms . In the new series Red Hood & Arsenal , Roy is shown to be missing Starfire and slightly hurt that she left . Other versions ( edit ) Earth - two ( edit ) The Earth - Two version of Speedy was a member of the Seven Soldiers of Victory and All - Star Squadron in the 1940s along with Green Arrow . Aside from their origin , having been trained on a mesa top together , their history nearly parallels the history of the Earth - One versions up until the point when Arrow and Speedy along with their teammates were thrown into various periods of time during a battle with the Nebula Man . He and his teammates were later retrieved by the Justice Society and the Justice League in order to assist them in saving Earth - Two from the machinations of their old foe the Iron Hand . Speedy had been sent to the Island of Circe in the past and turned into a centaur controlled by Circe , but was restored . During the Crisis on Infinite Earths a new solitary universe was created at the dawn of time , a universe whose history fused together the histories of several universes , including Earth - Two . Whether he ceased to exist or exists only as an aspect of the post-Crisis Earth has not been determined , although his mentor died during the final part of the Crisis defending the new Earth from the Anti-Monitor . Bizarro world ( edit ) A Bizarro version of Arsenal appears as one of the heroes of Bizarro World . In addition to sporting a robotic left arm ( as opposed to his right one ) , the Bizarro Arsenal is shown wearing a quiver filled with dead cats , which he uses as weapons . Flashpoint ( edit ) In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event , Roy Harper is a member of mercenary squad working for industrialist Oliver Queen . Very early in the story , however , Roy and his fellow mercenaries were killed by an unshown explosion set off by Vixen and a group of anti-Queen activists . The explosion actually kills everyone in the facility save for Vixen and Oliver Queen , who is remarkably unscathed even though he had been standing right next to Roy , discussing the possibility of becoming a group of actual heroes rather than mercenaries , at the time the explosion went off . Titans Tomorrow ( edit ) In the Titans Tomorrow future Roy Harper took on the role of Green Arrow and was killed in battle . Thrillkiller ( edit ) Batman : Thrillkiller is an Elseworlds story set in the early 1960s . Roy Harper is depicted as a biker who buys drugs in order to get friendly with schoolgirl Hayley Fitzpatrick ( aka Harley Quinn ) , but a terrifying ordeal with drug runners leads him to alert the police after being helped by Batman and Black Canary . He is later shown practicing archery , though it is not clear if it is part of a rehab scheme or training for vigilantism . Convergence ( edit ) During the Convergence event , the New Earth version of Roy Harper is shown following the events of the Titans series . Still struggling with Lian 's death , he has now devoted himself to helping the community to make amends for his time with Deathstroke . When the Extremists attack the city , he dons his Arsenal costume and helps his former teammates from the Teen Titans fight off the villains . Dreamslayer then uses his powers to pull Lian out of the timestream shortly before her death , and offers to return her to Roy in exchange for him turning on the Titans . Using trickery , Roy pretends to betray his friends , but instead scrambles Dreamslayer 's teleportation field . As the Extremists retreat , Roy stays behind with Lian , finally reunited with his daughter . Teen Titans go ! ( edit ) Speedy has also made eight appearances in the comic book series Teen Titans Go ! ( based on the cartoon ) . His first appearance in issue # 10 was a cameo . He made a reappearance with the rest of Titans East in # 20 & # 25 . A super-deformed version of him posed as Cupid in # 27 . One of the two stories in issue # 30 focuses on him and Aqualad . Thus far , he and Aqualad both have made appearances in each tenth issue . He appeared in issue # 39 and after being struck by Larry 's arrows falls in love with Cheshire , similar to the comics . In issue # 48 he appeared as Arsenal in an alternate reality in a group called the Teen Tyrants . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Animation ( edit ) Red Arrow in Young Justice The first animated appearance of the Roy Harper version of Speedy was in the Teen Titans segments in 1967 's The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure voiced by Pat Harrington , Jr ... In those episodes , Speedy serves in place of Robin . Curiously , Green Arrow never appeared in the series . Speedy also appeared on the main Teen Titans animated series , voiced by Mike Erwin . His real name is never given , but the character is clearly Roy Harper . He first appears as a supporting character in `` Winner Take All '' . Speedy later joined the team 's sister group Titans East , where more of his traditional bad - boy personality is seen . The Roy Harper version of Speedy appears in Justice League Unlimited , voiced again by Mike Erwin . In this version , Speedy states that he 's Green Arrow 's `` ex-partner '' when Green Arrow calls him an `` ex-sidekick '' . He has a slightly older , better built design than his Teen Titans incarnation . Speedy 's appearance is also a nod to the original Seven Soldiers of Victory . Speedy appears on Batman : The Brave and the Bold , voiced by Jason Marsden ( primarily ) and by Ryan Ochoa ( as the young version briefly seen in `` Sidekicks Assemble '' ) . This version is the stereotypical kid sidekick , with phrases like `` Golly ! '' or `` Holy ( insert uncommon phrase ) '' . Green Arrow treats him badly at times , and Speedy defiantly points this out despite his usually nice personality at the end of `` Sidekicks Assemble '' . Roy Harper is a major character in the Young Justice animated series , voiced by Crispin Freeman . This appearance is unique in that it features both a clone of Speedy who becomes Red Arrow , separate from the real Speedy who becomes Arsenal . In the pilot `` Independence Day '' , Speedy forfeits his place as Green Arrow 's sidekick out of frustration that the Justice League wo n't make him a full - fledged member . He takes on the Red Arrow alias when he starts operating solo and confronts Artemis , Green Arrow 's new sidekick who he suspects is a mole , due to still having respect for the Team . In `` Usual Suspects '' , Red Arrow finally gains membership in the Justice League , only to realize that he was the mole all along ; he 's in fact a Cadmus clone controlled through programming and hypnosis . In season 2 , Red Arrow has spent the past 5 years obsessively searching for the real Roy Harper , to the detriment of his health and his friendship with his allies , but also married Cheshire and had a daughter , Lian Nguyen - Harper . Red Arrow and Cheshire eventually find the original Speedy cryogenically frozen in a temple in Tibet , missing one arm , a reference to Red Arrow losing his arm in `` Cry for Justice . '' The real Speedy eventually wakes up and seeks revenge on Lex Luthor , but he later obtains a cybernetic arm from Lex Luthor and later goes by the Arsenal alias . Arsenal eventually joins the Team , highly capable yet also brash , reckless and disobedient . Arsenal is temporarily fired from the Team until he can learn to be a team player . By the end of the second season , Arsenal is operating solo and Red Arrow has retired to focus on being a father . The Roy Harper version of Speedy appears again in the Teen Titans Go ! cartoon series , voiced by Scott Menville . In the episode `` The Date '' , Speedy and Robin get in a fight over a date with Starfire . Live action ( edit ) See also : Arrow ( TV series ) Colton Haynes as Roy Harper in costume as Arsenal in The CW TV series Arrow Colton Haynes portrays Roy Harper in The CW TV series Arrow , the character 's first live - action appearance . Roy first appears in episode fifteen of season one , `` Dodger '' , as a pickpocket who steals Thea Dearden Queen 's purse . However , they fall in love after he gets caught and they start dating , though their relationship is on and off . After Oliver Queen saves his life from a killer in the episode `` Salvation '' , he gains an active interest in the vigilante and wants to emulate him . Roy is a recurring character throughout the season and a series regular in season 2 . In season 2 , Roy , wearing a red hood , attempts to fight crime as a vigilante like Oliver , but he is captured by Brother Blood , who experiments on him by injecting a drug into his blood in an attempt to recreate Deathstroke 's powers . Oliver rescues him too late and Roy finds out he has superhuman strength and healing like Slade , so that he can punch through solid concrete and recover from being shot at point - blank range , but it also causes his behavior to become hostile and violent . Oliver offers to train him as a vigilante in order to teach him control over both his physical and mental performance , to keep those around him safe . Eventually , Roy learns his true identity when Bronze Tiger attempts to steal a Markov earthquake generator prototype and Roy officially joins Team Arrow . The name Speedy is mainly used by Thea , though Oliver also uses it on Roy twice . Eventually Roy is consumed by the drug and goes on a rampage , killing a police officer before Oliver and Black Canary finally knock him out and inject him with a cure . When he wakes up , Roy finds he lost his superpowers , but Oliver forgives him for his actions , so he relies on his archery and martial arts training to continue as a member of the team . Roy chooses to fight by Oliver 's side to save the city from Slade in the season 2 finale , earning himself a domino mask just like Oliver 's except red , but it ends up costing him his relationship with Thea , who gets tired of not being able to defend herself and secretly leaves for Corto Maltese to train with her biological father , the infamous assassin Merlyn . In season 3 , Roy gains a full red suit that is a variation of Oliver 's costume , with all his equipment , and with red arrows . However , he is plagued by guilt because of the cop he killed . In the sixth episode `` Guilty '' , Roy is officially dubbed Arsenal after a villain and former superhero sidekick tells Roy Oliver does n't really care for him and he is just `` another weapon in ( Oliver 's ) arsenal '' . In `` Midnight City '' and `` Uprising '' , while Oliver appeared to have been killed by Ra 's al Ghul , citizens began to refer to Roy as the Red Arrow . He becomes a core and respected member of Oliver 's team , leading their work in the field . After Oliver is found to be alive , Ra 's al Ghul exposes his secret identity , but Roy , deciding to redeem himself for killing the cop , takes the fall for his mentor . He allows himself to be publicly captured in Oliver 's costume so that the public thinks he , not Oliver Queen , is the Arrow . He sets up a fake assassination of himself in jail after being assaulted by other prison inmates , while in reality Roy is able to escape custody with the aid of a former A.R.G.U.S. agent , convincing the public that Oliver is innocent . He is forced to leave the city to avoid exposing the deception . Thea finds him working as a mechanic named Jason in Monument Point . He encourages Thea to live the life he and Oliver sacrificed so much for , and leaves her his red costume before taking off for another new life in Hub City before she can find out . Deciding to join Team Arrow , she requests to be `` Red Arrow '' , but Oliver already told everyone to call her `` Speedy '' . In season 4 Thea eventually accepts the code name and refuses to change it when Vibe questions it ( `` Legends of Today '' ) . Roy 's fall allows Oliver to rise as the `` Green Arrow '' , a new hero different from `` The Arrow '' a few months after defeating Ra 's al Ghul . In the 12th season 4 episode , `` Unchained '' , Roy is discovered by The Calculator / Noah Kuttler who threatens to expose his identity unless he obtains a set of equipment back in Star City . Roy reluctantly begins stealing equipment for him and engages Team Arrow in combat , but he is unable to clue his old friends in due to a spy camera in the form of a contact lenses on his eye . Fortunately , Oliver fakes his death and shoots him with a tranquilizer arrow , letting them remove it and giving Roy the chance to explain the story . Roy also visits Thea , as she was ill . Because Ra 's al Ghul had ambushed her , Oliver had no choice but to use a Lazarus Pit to revive her , but she was suffering side effects from the resurrection . Because Thea is down , Roy briefly retakes the suit , once again dons the mantle of Arsenal , and joins the team to stop Kuttler . Although they succeed , Roy chooses to leave again to keep Oliver 's secret safe but gives parting advice to Oliver not to keep blaming himself for other people 's actions , and Roy departs after he tells Thea that he loves her and always will . A vision of Roy made from archive footage appears in the season 5 event Invasion ! , in the 100th total episode of the show , when Oliver 's mind overrides the Dominators ' technology and he sees visions of the people that have been close to him over the years , including Roy , telling him he truly is a hero . Film ( edit ) The Roy Harper version of Speedy appears in Teen Titans : The Judas Contract , voiced by Crispin Freeman , reprising his role from Young Justice . Along with Bumblebee and Kid Flash , he is seen in a flashback of how the Teen Titans first met Starfire . Video games ( edit ) The Roy Harper version of Red Arrow makes a cameo appearance in Green Arrow 's ending in Injustice : Gods Among Us . The Arrow version of Roy Harper appears as a playable character via downloadable content in Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham . Injustice 2 has two variations of the Arsenal costume can be unlocked as alternate costumes for Green Arrow . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 1970s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . Dorling Kindersley . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . It was taboo to depict drugs in comics , even in ways that openly condemned their use . However , writer Denny O'Neil and artist Neal Adams collaborated on an unforgettable two - part arc that brought the issue directly into Green Arrow 's home , and demonstrated the power comics had to affect change and perception . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wheeler , Andrew ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` ComicsAlliance Presents The 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Dan ( 2008 ) . `` Arsenal '' . In Dougall , Alastair . The DC Comics Encyclopedia . London : Dorling Kindersley . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 1 Jump up ^ Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 1 Jump up ^ Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 4 Jump up ^ Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 7 Jump up ^ Justice League : Cry For Justice # 5 Jump up ^ Justice League : Cry For Justice # 6 Jump up ^ Justice League : Cry For Justice # 7 Jump up ^ Justice League -- The Rise of Arsenal # 1 ( 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : Justice League -- The Rise of Arsenal # 2 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Justice League -- The Rise of Arsenal # 3 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Justice League -- The Rise of Arsenal # 4 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Titans ( vol. 2 ) # 26 ( August 2010 ) Jump up ^ Titans Annual 2011 ( July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Titans ( vol. 2 ) # 37 ( July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Titans ( vol. 2 ) # 38 ( August 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` DC Comics Relaunch : Jim Lee 's Red Hood & The Outlaws Designs ... Part Of Batman Inc. ? '' . Inside Pulse . ^ Jump up to : Red Hood and the Outlaws # 3 ( November 2011 ) Jump up ^ Red Hood and the Outlaws # 4 ( December 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Red Hood and the Outlaws # 1 ( September 2011 ) Jump up ^ Red Hood and the Outlaws # 2 ( October 2011 ) Jump up ^ Red Hood and the Outlaws # 5 ( January 2012 ) Jump up ^ Titans Annual # 1 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ DC One Million # 1 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Supergirl # 50 Jump up ^ Flashpoint : Green Arrow Industries one - shot ( June 2011 ) Jump up ^ Convergence : Titans # 1 Jump up ^ Convergence : Titans # 2 Jump up ^ `` DCU Comics '' . Dccomics.com. 2010 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Comic - Con 2010 : Young Justice & Characters on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Teen Wolf Vet Colton Haynes Joins Arrow as ... Who ? ! '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` Roy Harper Revealed : ' Arrow ' Actor Colton Haynes Describes His ' Troublemaker ' Character '' . Splashpage.MTV.com. 2013 - 02 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' Promotes Colton Haynes to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha . `` See Colton Haynes as Arsenal in ' Arrow ' season 3 '' . EW.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) DC Database Project : Roy Harper The World 's Finest JLU Bio The World 's Finest TT Bio Green Arrow George Papp Mort Weisinger Green Arrow Oliver Queen Connor Hawke Supporting characters Arrowette Batman Black Canary Stanley Dover Sr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does roy harper first appear in arrow	[ "Colton Haynes portrays Roy Harper in The CW TV series Arrow, the character's first live-action appearance.[32][33] Roy first appears in episode fifteen of season one, \"Dodger\", as a pickpocket who steals Thea Dearden Queen's purse. However, they fall in love after he gets caught and they start dating, though their relationship is on and off. After Oliver Queen saves his life from a killer in the episode \"Salvation\", he gains an active interest in the vigilante and wants to emulate him. Roy is a recurring character throughout the season and a series regular in season 2.[34]" ]	[ "in episode fifteen of season one, \"Dodger\"" ]
8612257703644875284	Keep Calm and Carry On	Keep Calm and Carry On - Wikipedia Keep Calm and Carry On `` Keep Calm '' redirects here . For the novel , see Keep Calm ( novel ) . This article is about the poster . For the Stereophonics album , see Keep Calm and Carry On ( album ) . For the TV series episode , see Keep Calm and Carry On ( Supernatural ) . The original 1939 Keep Calm and Carry On poster Keep Calm and Carry On is a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 in preparation for World War II . The poster was intended to raise the morale of the British public , threatened with widely predicted mass air attacks on major cities . Although 2.45 million copies were printed , and although the Blitz did in fact take place , the poster was hardly ever publicly displayed and was little known until a copy was rediscovered in 2000 at Barter Books , a bookshop in Alnwick . It has since been re-issued by a number of private companies , and has been used as the decorative theme for a range of products . Evocative of the Victorian belief in British stoicism -- the `` stiff upper lip '' , self - discipline , fortitude , and remaining calm in adversity -- the poster has become recognised around the world . It was thought that only two original copies survived until a collection of approximately 15 was brought in to the Antiques Roadshow in 2012 by the daughter of an ex-Royal Observer Corps member . Contents 1 History 1.1 Design and production 1.2 Later developments 1.3 Rediscovery and commercialisation 1.4 Trademark claims 2 Imitations 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Design and production ( edit ) `` Freedom Is in Peril '' ( reconstruction ) `` Your Courage '' ( reconstruction ) The Keep Calm and Carry On poster was designed by the Ministry of Information during the period of 27 June to 6 July 1939 . It was produced as part of a series of three `` Home Publicity '' posters ( the others read `` Your Courage , Your Cheerfulness , Your Resolution Will Bring Us Victory '' and `` Freedom Is in Peril / Defend It With All Your Might '' ) . Each poster showed the slogan under a representation of a `` Tudor Crown '' ( a symbol of the state ) . They were intended to be distributed to strengthen morale in the event of a wartime disaster , such as mass bombing of major cities using high explosives and poison gas , which was widely expected within hours of an outbreak of war . A career civil servant named A.P. Waterfield came up with `` Your Courage '' as `` a rallying war - cry that will bring out the best in everyone of us and put us in an offensive mood at once '' . Others involved in the planning of the early posters included : John Hilton , Professor of Industrial Relations at Cambridge University , responsible overall as Director of Home Publicity ; William Surrey Dane , managing director at Odhams Press ; Gervas Huxley , former head of publicity for the Empire Marketing Board ; William Codling , controller of HMSO ; Harold Nicolson , MP ( often misspelled as `` Nicholson '' in paperwork ) ; W.G.V. Vaughan , who became Director of the General Production Division ( GPD ) ; H.V. Rhodes , who later wrote an occasional paper on setting up a new government department ; Ivison Macadam ; `` Mr Cruthley '' ; and `` Mr Francis '' . Ernest Wallcousins was the artist tasked with creating the poster designs . Detailed planning for the posters had started in April 1939 and the eventual designs were prepared after meetings between officials from the Ministry of Information and HM Treasury on 26 June 1939 and between officials from the Ministry of Information and HMSO on 27 June 1939 . Roughs of the poster were completed on 6 July 1939 , and the final designs were agreed by the Home Secretary Samuel Hoare , 1st Viscount Templewood on 4 August 1939 . Printing began on 23 August 1939 , the day that Nazi Germany and the USSR signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , and the posters were ready to be placed up within 24 hours of the outbreak of war . Almost 2,500,000 copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were printed between 23 August 1939 and 3 September 1939 but the poster was not sanctioned for immediate public display . It was instead decided that copies of the poster should remain in `` cold storage '' for use after serious air raids ( with resources transferred to Your Courage and Freedom is in Peril ) . Copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were retained until April 1940 , but stocks were then pulped as part of the wider Paper Salvage campaign . An October 1940 edition of the Yorkshire Post records the poster being hung in a shop in Leeds . The remainder of the Ministry of Information publicity campaign was cancelled in October 1939 following criticism of its cost and impact . Many people claimed not to have seen the posters ; while those who did see them regarded them as patronising and divisive . Design historian Susannah Walker regards the campaign as `` a resounding failure '' and reflective of a misjudgement by upper - class civil servants of the mood of the people . The typeface is often assumed to be Gill Sans , which is very close though not exact ( see the terminals of the ' C ' , for example ) . The lettering was probably hand - drawn by an unidentified designer . Later developments ( edit ) In late May and early June 1941 , 14,000,000 copies of a leaflet entitled `` Beating the Invader '' were distributed with a message from Prime Minister Winston Churchill . The leaflet begins `` If invasion comes ... '' and exhorts the populace to `` Stand Firm '' and `` Carry On '' . The two phrases do not appear in one sentence , as they applied to different segments of the population depending on their circumstances , with those civilians finding themselves in areas of fighting ordered to stand firm ( i.e. , stay put ) and those not in areas of fighting ordered to carry on ( i.e. , continue vital war work ) . Each mandate is identified as a `` great order and duty '' should invasion come . The leaflet then lists 14 questions and answers on practical measures to be taken . Rediscovery and commercialisation ( edit ) 2013 shop display of `` Keep Calm '' merchandise , including the original slogan and variants such as `` Keep Calm and Drink Tea '' . In 2000 , Stuart Manley , co-owner with his wife Mary of Barter Books Ltd. in Alnwick , Northumberland , was sorting through a box of used books bought at auction when he uncovered one of the original `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' posters . The couple framed it and hung it up by the cash register ; it attracted so much interest that Manley began to produce and sell copies . Other companies followed suit , and the design rapidly began to be used as the theme for a wide range of products . Mary Manley later commented , `` I did n't want it trivialised ; but of course now it 's been trivialised beyond belief . '' In early 2012 , Barter Books debuted an informational short film , The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On , providing visual insight into the modernisation and commercialisation of the design and the phrase . The poster has become an evocation of British stoicism : the `` stiff upper lip '' , self - discipline , fortitude and remaining calm in adversity . Susannah Walker comments that it is now seen `` not only as a distillation of a crucial moment in Britishness , but also as an inspiring message from the past to the present in a time of crisis '' . She goes on to point out , however , that such an interpretation overlooks the circumstances of its production , and the relative failure of the campaign of which it formed a part . Trademark claims ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) In August 2011 , it was reported that a UK - based company called Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd had registered the slogan as a community trade mark in the EU , CTM No : 009455619 and also in the United States No : 4066622 . after failing to obtain registration of the slogan as a trademark in the United Kingdom . They issued a take - down request against a seller of Keep Calm and Carry On products . Questions have been raised as to whether the registration could be challenged , as the slogan had been widely used before registration and is not recognisable as indicating trade origin . An application has been submitted by British intellectual property advisor and UK trademarking service Trade Mark Direct , to cancel the registration on the grounds that the words are too widely used for one person to own the exclusive rights , but the request for cancellation was rejected and the trade mark is still protected in all EU countries . The company subsequently tried to register the slogan as its trademark in both the United States and Canada . A 2009 parody of the poster `` Keep Calm and Candy On '' painted on boards covering smashed windows of a sweet shop in Birmingham during the 2011 England riots Imitations ( edit ) As the popularity of the poster in various media has grown , innumerable parodies , imitations and co-optations have also appeared , making it a notable meme . Messages range from the cute to the overtly political , typically with references to other aspects of popular culture . Examples have included `` Now Panic and Freak Out '' ( with an upside - down crown ) , `` Get Excited and Make Things '' ( with a crown incorporating spanners ) , `` Keep Calm and Have a Cupcake '' ( with a cupcake icon ) , `` Do n't Panic and Fake a British Accent '' , `` Keep Spending and Carry On Shopping '' , `` Keep Calm and Call Batman '' ( with the Batman logo ) , and `` Keep Calm and Switch to Linux '' ( with Tux ) . In March -- April 2012 , the British pop - rock band McFly undertook a theatre tour entitled `` The Keep Calm and Play Louder Tour '' , promoted with a poster closely based on that of 1939 . In late 2012 and early 2013 , the `` Save Lewisham Hospital '' campaign ( a protest against proposed cuts in services at University Hospital Lewisham ) made widespread use of a poster with the slogan `` Do n't Keep Calm Get Angry and Save Lewisham A&E '' . The efforts of Naheed Nenshi , mayor of Calgary , Alberta , Canada , to encourage and motivate his citizens in the wake of the 2013 Alberta floods made him the subject of parody `` Keep Calm and Nenshi On '' fundraising T - shirts . See also ( edit ) British propaganda during World War II We Can Do It ! , an American World War II poster which also became popular decades later References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Slocombe , British Posters of the Second World War ( London : Imperial War Museum , 2012 ) , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Rebecca , PhD ( 5 April 2009 ) . `` 1939 : The Three Posters ( PhD Extract ) '' . Keep Calm and Carry on and other Second World War Posters : British Home Front Propaganda Posters of the Second World War . Jump up ^ Hughes , Stuart ( 4 February 2009 ) . `` The Greatest Motivational Poster Ever ? '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Keep calm and carry on ... bidding for rare poster '' . The Guardian . 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Slack , Chris ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Keep Calm and Carry On ... to the bank : Original wartime poster shows up on Antiques Roadshow '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Irving , Henry ( 27 June 2014 ) . `` Keep Calm and Carry On -- The Compromise Behind the Slogan '' . History of Government Blog . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ban on Silk Stockings : Should They Have Been Rationed ? '' . Yorkshire Post and Leeds Mercury . 22 October 1940 . p. 4 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rees , Nigel ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Cheer up , the worst is yet to come '' . Today programme . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Walker 2012 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Calm and Carry On : Fonts '' . K - Type . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kominek , Lex . `` Keep Calm and Carry On -- WWII Posters '' . Typophile . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` If Invasion Comes . Mr. Churchill 's Orders . `` Stand Firm and Carry On . '' `` . The West Australian . Perth , WA , Australia . 26 May 1941 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` About Keep Calm and Carry On '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Keep Calm and carry on ... into a feud '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On '' on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Walker 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd '' . Keepcalmandcarryon.com . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bustillos , Maria ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` The Vicious Trademark Battle Over ' Keep Calm and Carry On ' '' . The Awl . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Jeremy ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Monday miscellany '' . IPKitten blog . ^ Jump up to : Rayner , Gordon ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Battle rages over ' Keep Calm and Carry On ' souvenirs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Battle over trademark of ' keep calm ' phrase '' . BBC News Online . 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keep calm and carry on items removed from my ebay account '' . justanswer.com . August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IP group aims to reclaim ' Keep Calm & Carry On ' '' . freelanceuk.com . Jump up ^ `` Serial Number : 85297485 Keep Calm and Carry On USA Trademark '' . Official Gazette . USPTO. 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Trade - mark Data '' . IC.GC.CA. 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rob ( 5 July 2009 ) . `` Remixed Messages '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Begley ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` New Batman Easter egg from ' Man of Steel ' revealed '' . batman-news.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keep calm and switch to Linux '' . Jump up ^ Little , Mandy ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Protestors show unity '' . South London Press . London . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Save Lewisham Hospital ! '' . Save Lewisham Hospital campaign . 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Dean Bennett ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` Mayor Nenshi has captured Calgary 's heart , but the worst , at least politically , is yet to come '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Clampin , David ( 2009 ) . `` '' To Guide , Help and Hearten Millions `` : the place of commercial advertising in wartime Britain , 1939 -- 1945 '' . Journal of Macromarketing. 29 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 73 . doi : 10.1177 / 0276146708328054 . Inkster , Nigel ; Nicoll , Alexander ( 2010 ) . `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' . Survival : Global Politics and Strategy . 52 : 249 -- 256 . doi : 10.1080 / 00396331003764777 . Lewis , Bex ( 2012 ) . `` The Renaissance of ' Keep Calm and Carry On ' '' . The Poster. 2 : 7 -- 23 . doi : 10.1386 / post. 2.1. 7_1 . Lewis , Bex ( 2017 ) . Keep Calm and Carry on The Truth Behind the Poster . London : Imperial War Museum . ISBN 1904897347 . OCLC 979568000 . Walker , Susannah ( 2012 ) . Home Front Posters of the Second World War . Oxford : Shire . ISBN 9780747811428 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keep calm and carry on . Photographs displaying examples of the poster 's popularity , as printed in The Guardian Photo of the original poster on the Barter Books website First person : ' I am the Keep Calm and Carry On man ' Dr Bex Lewis , Original history of the poster , and blog tracing its 21st Century renaissance Video explaining the basic history of the poster Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keep_Calm_and_Carry_On&oldid=853071222 '' Categories : Propaganda posters Motivation Internet memes Cultural history of World War II World War II media Slogans United Kingdom home front during World War II Propaganda in the United Kingdom World War II propaganda English phrases 1939 works 2000 introductions Snowclones Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 07 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the phrase keep calm and carry on originate	[ "Keep Calm and Carry On is a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 in preparation for World War II. The poster was intended to raise the morale of the British public, threatened with widely predicted mass air attacks on major cities.[1][2] Although 2.45 million copies were printed, and although the Blitz did in fact take place, the poster was hardly ever publicly displayed and was little known until a copy was rediscovered in 2000 at Barter Books, a bookshop in Alnwick. It has since been re-issued by a number of private companies, and has been used as the decorative theme for a range of products.[3]\n" ]	[ "the British government in 1939" ]
-1288828373598910822	With a Little Help from My Friends	With a Little Help from My Friends - wikipedia With a Little Help from My Friends This article is about the song . For the albums , see With a Little Help from My Friends ( Joe Cocker album ) and With a Little Help from My Friends ( Neal Morse album ) . For the album by The Flaming Lips , see With a Little Help from My Fwends . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Song by the Beatles from the album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Released May 1967 ( 1967 - 05 ) Recorded 29 -- 30 March 1967 Studio EMI Genre Pop rock psychedelic pop Length 2 : 46 Label Parlophone ( UK ) Capitol ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney , and intended as the album 's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr . The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for Sgt . Pepper , with Starr singing as the character `` Billy Shears '' . A subsequent recording of the track by Joe Cocker became a hit single in 1968 and an anthem for the Woodstock era . In 1978 , the Beatles ' recording , paired with `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' , was reissued as a single , and peaked at number 63 in Britain and number 71 in the United States . Starr has regularly performed the song in concert as a solo artist . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was ranked number 311 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents 1 Origins 2 Recording 3 Personnel 4 Live performances 5 Cover versions 6 Joe Cocker version 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origins ( edit ) Lennon and McCartney finished writing this song in mid-March 1967 , written specifically as Starr 's track for the album . McCartney said : `` It was pretty much co-written , John and I doing a work song for Ringo , a little craft job . '' In 1970 Lennon stated : `` Paul had the line about ' a little help from my friends . ' He had some kind of structure for it , and we wrote it pretty well fifty - fifty from his original idea . '' , but in 1980 Lennon said : `` This is Paul , with a little help from me . ' What do you see when you turn out the light / I ca n't tell you , but I know it 's mine ... ' is mine . '' It was briefly called `` Bad Finger Boogie '' ( later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger ) , supposedly because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger after having hurt his forefinger . The song begins with the applause from the end of Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Lennon and McCartney deliberately wrote a tune with a limited range -- except for the last note , which McCartney worked closely with Starr to achieve . Speaking in the Anthology , Starr explained that he insisted on changing the first line -- which originally was `` What would you think if I sang out of tune ? Would you throw ripe tomatoes at me ? '' -- so that fans would not throw tomatoes at him should he perform it live . ( In the early days , after George Harrison made a passing comment that he liked jelly babies , the group was showered with them at all of their live performances . ) The song 's composition is unusually well documented , as Hunter Davies was present and described the writing process in the Beatles ' official biography . The song is partly in the form of a conversation in which the other two Beatles sing a question -- e.g. `` Would you believe in a love at first sight ? '' where Starr answers , `` Yes , I 'm certain that it happens all the time . '' Recording ( edit ) The Beatles began recording the song on 29 March 1967 , the day before they posed for the Sgt . Pepper album cover . They recorded 10 takes of the song , wrapping up sessions at 5 : 45 in the morning . The backing track consisted of Starr on drums , McCartney playing piano , Harrison playing lead guitar and Lennon beating a cowbell . At dawn , Starr trudged up the stairs to head home -- but the other Beatles cajoled him into doing his lead vocal then and there , standing around the microphone for moral support . The following day they added tambourine , backing vocals , bass and more electric guitar . Personnel ( edit ) According to Ian MacDonald , except where noted : Ringo Starr -- lead vocal , drums John Lennon -- backing vocal , cowbell Paul McCartney -- backing vocal , piano , bass guitar George Harrison -- rhythm and lead guitars George Martin -- Hammond organ Live performances ( edit ) To date , Starr has closed every concert performed by each version of his All - Starr Band with this song . After he is done singing , Starr tells the audience `` Peace and love ... peace and love is the only way ... and good night '' , then walks off the stage . Since 2008 , the band segued right into `` Give Peace a Chance '' , during which Starr comes back onstage , then walks off again . Starr performed the song with George Harrison , Eric Clapton , Bruce Springsteen , George Michael , Phil Collins , Elton John , and many others at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert at Wembley Arena , London . McCartney and Starr performed this song for the first time together at the David Lynch Foundation Benefit Concert in the Radio City Music Hall , New York on 4 April 2009 . McCartney and Starr also performed the song together on `` The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles '' , a commemorative show on 27 January 2014 , that marked 50 years since the band 's first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , then again in 2015 at Ringo Starr 's induction in the Rock'n Roll Hall of Fame . Cover versions ( edit ) There have been at least 50 cover versions of the song and it has achieved the number one position on the British singles charts three times : by Joe Cocker in 1968 , Wet Wet Wet in 1988 , and by Sam & Mark in 2004 . In March 2017 , Broadway and Hollywood artists including Liz Callaway , FORTE , Annie Golden , Telly Leung and Chris Mann performed a gospel - flavored version of the song for a single and video to benefit Americans for the Arts . Joe Cocker version ( edit ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Single by Joe Cocker from the album With a Little Help from My Friends B - side `` Something 's Coming On '' Released October 1968 ( 1968 - 10 ) ( UK ) Format 7 - inch record Recorded 1968 Genre Blue - eyed soul hard rock Length 4 : 55 Label Regal Zonophone ( UK ) A&M ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) Denny Cordell Joe Cocker UK singles chronology `` Marjorine '' ( 1968 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1968 ) `` Delta Lady '' ( 1969 ) Joe Cocker US singles chronology `` Marjorine '' ( 1968 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1968 ) `` Feeling Alright '' ( 1969 ) Audio sample file help English singer Joe Cocker 's version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was a radical re-arrangement of the original , in a slower , meter , using different chords in the middle eight , and a lengthy instrumental introduction ( featuring drums by Procol Harum 's B.J. Wilson , guitar lines from Jimmy Page , and organ by Tommy Eyre ) . Cocker performed the song at Woodstock in 1969 and that performance was included in the documentary film , Woodstock . This version gained even more fame when it was used as the opening theme song for the television series The Wonder Years . Cocker 's cover was ranked number two in UpVenue 's top 10 best music covers of all time in 2009 . In 2014 , a BBC poll saw it voted the seventh best cover version ever . The version heard in the film Across the Universe segues from the original to Cocker 's arrangement at the end of the song . In 2001 , Cocker 's version of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Personnel Joe Cocker -- lead vocals Jimmy Page -- guitar Chris Stainton -- bass Tommy Eyre -- organ B.J. Wilson -- drums Madeline Bell -- backing vocals Rosetta Hightower -- backing vocals Patrice Holloway -- backing vocals Sunny Wheetman -- backing vocals Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 123 . `` In the United Kingdom Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ... was rush - released six days ahead of its official date , June 1 . '' Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Dowlding 1989 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . No. 61 -- ' With a Little Help From My Friends ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' . Retrieved 11 November 2017 Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney and Friends : Change Begins Within '' . Radio City Music Hall . New York , NY : Madison Square Garden . Archived from the original on 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEGwjAKK5z4 Jump up ^ `` Song : With a Little Help From My Friends -- John Lennon , Paul McCartney '' . Second Hand Songs . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 1960s '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 1980s '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Broadway Stars Come Together For All - Star Single ' With a Little Help from My Friends ' to Support the Arts '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parrott , Billy ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` The Wonder Years : Music and References from Season One '' . The New York Public Library . Archived from the original on 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ UpVenue.com 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys ' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote '' . BBC News . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Hall of Fame Award . Grammy.org Retrieved 21 December 2012 References ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Chianello , Joanne ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Harper gets on stage with a little help from his wife '' . Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Dowlding , William J. ( 1989 ) . Beatlesongs . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68229 - 6 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Fries , Colin , ed. ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Matovina , Dan ( 2000 ) . Without You : The Tragic Story of Badfinger . Frances Glover Books . ISBN 0 - 9657122 - 2 - 2 . Apple 's Neil Aspinall remembers , `` ( ... ) Badfinger just popped in my head . It was from an old Lennon thing . He was playing the piano and he had a bad finger so he called the piece he was playing ' Bad Finger Boogie ' ( which evolved into ' With A Little Help From My Friends ' ) `` Original liner notes for Capitol 's Beach Boys Rarities album '' . bradelliott.com. 1983 . `` Ringo Starr -- With a Little Help from My Friends '' . The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . 13 January 2010 . Kilpatrick , Sean ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` Stephen Harper rocks out '' . thestar.com . Toronto . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . `` UpVenue Top 10 Best Music Covers '' . UpVenue.com. 2010 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band at Wikiquote How B.J. Wilson Rescued a Classic Joe Cocker Track ( page about B.J. Wilson and Joe Cocker 's recording of the song ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Songs Side one `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` Getting Better '' `` Fixing a Hole '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! '' Side two `` Within You Without You '' `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' `` Lovely Rita '' `` Good Morning Good Morning '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' `` A Day in the Life '' Non-album single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' Outtakes `` Only a Northern Song '' `` Carnival of Light '' Tribute albums Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father Sgt . Pepper Live Sgt . Petsound 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Fwends Related articles The Beatles discography Sgt . Pepper 's cover Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( soundtrack ) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road Yellow Submarine ( film ) `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1965 `` Rock and Roll Music '' / `` I 'm a Loser '' ( Europe , Australia ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) `` Michelle '' / `` Girl '' ( Europe ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Wet Wet Wet Graeme Clark Tommy Cunningham Neil Mitchell Marti Pellow Studio albums Popped In Souled Out The Memphis Sessions Holding Back the River High on the Happy Side Cloak & Dagger Picture This 10 Timeless Singles `` Wishing I Was Lucky '' `` Sweet Little Mystery '' `` Angel Eyes ( Home and Away ) '' `` Temptation '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Broke Away '' `` Hold Back the River '' `` Goodnight Girl '' `` More than Love '' `` Lip Service '' `` Shed a Tear '' `` Cold Cold Heart '' `` Love Is All Around '' `` Julia Says '' `` Do n't Want to Forgive Me Now '' `` Somewhere Somehow '' `` If I Never See You Again '' `` Strange '' `` Yesterday / Maybe I 'm in Love '' `` Weightless '' Live albums Wet Wet Wet : Live Live at the Royal Albert Hall Compilations End of Part One : Their Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits Step by Step : The Greatest Hits Videos Live Glasgow Green Free Concert Wets at the Castle End of Part One Picture This - All Around and in the Crowd Playing Away at Home The Greatest Hits and More Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=With_a_Little_Help_from_My_Friends&oldid=856436383 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1988 singles The Beatles songs Songs about friendship Barbra Streisand songs Joe Cocker songs The Beach Boys songs The Muppets songs Number - one singles in Switzerland Sham 69 songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney UK Singles Chart number - one singles Wet Wet Wet songs Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne Capitol Records singles Parlophone singles PolyGram singles Regal Zonophone Records singles Songs published by Northern Songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2014 EngvarB from September 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 05 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote i get by with a little help from my friends	[ "\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and intended as the album's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr. The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for Sgt. Pepper, with Starr singing as the character \"Billy Shears\".\n", "\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and intended as the album's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr. The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for Sgt. Pepper, with Starr singing as the character \"Billy Shears\".\n" ]	[ "John Lennon", "Paul McCartney" ]
-4109915173004632530	Perfect season	Perfect season - wikipedia Perfect season A perfect season is a sports season including any requisite playoff portion , in which a team remains and finishes undefeated and untied . The feat is extremely rare at the professional level of any team sport , and has occurred more commonly at the collegiate and scholastic levels in the United States . A perfect regular season ( known by other names outside the United States of America ) is a season excluding any playoffs , where a team remains undefeated and untied ; it is less rare than a complete perfect season but still exceptional . A perfect season may be part of a multi-season winning streak . Exhibition games are generally not counted toward standings , for or against . For example , the 1972 Miami Dolphins ( below ) lost three of their preseason ( `` exhibition '' games in 1972 NFL vernacular ) games but are considered to have had a perfect season . Contents 1 American football 1.1 National Football League 1.1. 1 NFL undefeated seasons ( with ties ) prior to 1932 1.1. 2 Other NFL perfect regular seasons 1.2 Pre-NFL era and competing leagues 1.2. 1 1937 Los Angeles Bulldogs 1.2. 2 1948 Cleveland Browns 1.3 Close to perfect 1.4 Other leagues 1.5 Leagues outside North America 2 Canadian football 2.1 1948 Calgary Stampeders 3 Lacrosse 4 Other North American professional sports leagues 4.1 Individual professional sports 5 American collegiate sports 5.1 NAIA Football 5.2 NCAA Football 5.3 NCAA Division I Basketball 5.3. 1 Men 5.3. 2 Women 5.4 NCAA Ice Hockey 5.5 ACHA Hockey 6 Canadian collegiate sports 6.1 U Sports Canadian Football 6.1. 1 1975 University of Ottawa Gee Gees 6.1. 2 2003 , 2005 Saskatchewan Huskies 6.1. 3 2007 Manitoba Bisons 6.1. 4 2010 Laval Rouge et Or 6.2 U Sports Hockey 6.2. 1 Men 6.3 CCAA Hockey 6.3. 1 Men 7 Australian rules football 7.1 Australian Football League ( AFL ) / Victorian Football League ( VFL ) 7.2 South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) 7.3 West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) 7.4 Victorian Football Association ( VFA / VFL ) 8 Rugby league 8.1 National Rugby League 8.2 Brisbane Rugby League 8.3 British Rugby League 9 Rugby union 9.1 International Rugby 9.2 Super Rugby 10 Association football 10.1 Domestic teams 10.2 FIFA World Cup 10.3 FIFA Women 's World Cup 11 Handball 11.1 Germany 11.2 Spain 11.3 Croatia 12 Volleyball 13 Netball 13.1 Commonwealth Bank Trophy 13.2 ANZ Championship 14 Cricket 14.1 County cricket 15 Tennis 16 Mountain bike 16.1 Cross-country 16.2 Downhill 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References American Football ( edit ) National Football League ( edit ) Main article : 1972 Miami Dolphins season Since the National Football League began in 1920 , only one team has played a complete perfect season ( both regular season and playoffs ) : the 1972 Miami Dolphins , who won all fourteen of their regular season games and three postseason games , including Super Bowl VII , to finish the season 17 -- 0 -- 0 . The Dolphins briefly extended their winning streak before losing to the Oakland Raiders on September 23 , 1973 . It has often been reported that the surviving members of the 1972 Dolphins would , every season , either gather to drink champagne when the final undefeated team earned its first loss of the year , or send a case of champagne to the team who beat this final undefeated team . The head coach of the 1972 Dolphins , Don Shula , denied this in a 2007 interview with ESPN . On August 20 , 2013 , four decades after their accomplishment , President Barack Obama hosted the 1972 Dolphins noting that they `` never got their White House visit '' . NFL undefeated seasons ( with ties ) prior to 1932 ( edit ) Prior to the development of a playoff system in the NFL in 1932 , there were four teams who completed seasons undefeated , but with one or more tied games : the 1920 Akron Pros , the 1922 Canton Bulldogs , the 1923 Canton Bulldogs , and the 1929 Green Bay Packers . According to the 2012 NFL Record & Fact Book , under NFL practices at the time , from 1920 to 1971 tie games were not included in winning percentage ( there was also no overtime to settle ties in the regular season until 1974 ) so , these four teams were recorded with perfect win percentages of 1.000 . The 1921 Buffalo All - Americans were controversially denied a similar type of near - undefeated season , when they believed that their final game , a 10 - 7 loss to the Chicago Staleys , was an exhibition game which would not count in the final standings ; the NFL records that game as official , and Buffalo 's record as 9 -- 1 -- 2 . Team Wins Losses Ties Other 1920 Akron Pros season 8 0 1 game canceled 1922 Canton Bulldogs season 10 0 - 1923 Canton Bulldogs season 11 0 - 1929 Green Bay Packers season 12 0 - Other NFL perfect regular seasons ( edit ) Main articles : 1934 Chicago Bears season , 1942 Chicago Bears season , and 2007 New England Patriots season Apart from the 1972 Dolphins , three NFL teams have completed undefeated and untied regular seasons : the 1934 Chicago Bears , the 1942 Chicago Bears , and the 2007 New England Patriots . In 1934 , the Bears played a 13 -- 0 -- 0 regular season and became the first NFL team to complete an undefeated regular season without tied games , but lost the 1934 NFL Championship Game against the New York Giants . Despite losing several players and head coach George Halas to military service in World War II , the 1942 Bears finished 11 -- 0 -- 0 but again lost the NFL Championship Game , this time against the Washington Redskins . The 2007 Patriots became the first team after the NFL expanded its regular season to sixteen games in 1978 to finish the regular season undefeated . The Patriots then won their divisional and conference playoff games , but were upset by the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII , giving them a final record of 18 -- 1 . Team Wins Losses Playoff results Final result 1934 Chicago Bears season 13 0 Lost NFL Championship Game against New York Giants 13 -- 1 1942 Chicago Bears season 11 0 Lost NFL Championship Game against Washington Redskins 11 -- 1 1972 Miami Dolphins season 14 0 Won three playoff games including Super Bowl VII 17 -- 0 2007 New England Patriots season 16 0 Won two playoff games before losing in Super Bowl XLII against New York Giants 18 -- 1 Pre-nfl era and competing leagues ( edit ) NFL predecessors such as the Ohio League , New York Pro Football League and Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit had many perfect seasons . In Ohio , the Massillon Tigers ( 1904 , 1905 ) , Akron Indians ( 1909 ) , Shelby Blues ( 1911 ) , and Dayton Triangles ( 1918 ) all had perfect seasons during this era . In New York , the Buffalo Niagaras went 5 -- 0 -- 0 ( 6 -- 0 -- 0 including a forfeit ) in a league that consisted of teams entirely from the city of Buffalo in 1918 . In 1920 , the Union Club of Phoenixville , located in eastern Pennsylvania , played in a league mostly consisting of local teams and earned a perfect season , claiming for itself a mythical national championship . In western Pennsylvania , the 1900 and 1901 Homestead Library and Athletic Club teams , as well as the 1903 Franklin Athletic Club , all had perfect seasons . The caliber of talent was neither as high nor as consistent between teams at the time , the seasons were generally shorter ( 7 to 11 games ) , and it was not uncommon for top teams to play all their games at home while lesser teams played all of their games on the road . In 1918 , Dayton and Buffalo had the additional advantage of having its strongest competitors suspend operations due to the Spanish flu and the First World War , restrictions that also prevented the two teams from playing each other . Thus , it was much easier to earn a perfect season than it would become in the NFL . 1937 Los Angeles Bulldogs ( edit ) The Los Angeles Bulldogs were a member of the second American Football League , who joined the league in 1937 after the Cleveland Rams defected to the NFL . Playing a combination of AFL teams and independent franchises ( such as the Providence Steam Roller and the Salinas Packers ) , the team went 16 -- 0 , with 8 of those wins coming against AFL teams . The Bulldogs ' dominance is cited as one of the key factors in the AFL 's demise , and the next season as an independent with a 10 -- 2 -- 2 record including a 2 -- 1 -- 2 record against NFL teams , several of the team 's players were invited to play on the `` Pro All Stars '' team in the NFL 's first Pro All - Star Game in Los Angeles . The Bulldogs are considered to be one of the few independent teams to have ever achieved parity with the NFL . 1948 Cleveland Browns ( edit ) The Browns were a member of the All - America Football Conference , a professional football league that played from 1946 to 1949 . In 1948 , the Browns won all fourteen regular season games and the 1948 AAFC championship to post a 15 -- 0 -- 0 record . Cleveland 's perfect 1948 season was part of a longer string of 29 straight wins , which stretched from 1947 to 1949 and included both the 1947 and 1948 title games . Overall , the Browns won all four AAFC championship games and were accepted into the NFL when the two leagues merged after the 1949 season . Neither the NFL nor the Pro Football Hall of Fame recognizes the Bulldogs ' perfect season ; the Hall of Fame recognizes the Browns ' perfect season but the NFL does not . Close to perfect ( edit ) Since the NFL expanded to a fourteen - game regular season in 1961 , eleven teams have had regular seasons with one loss and no ties ( or better ) while failing to achieve a perfect season : Team Wins Losses Playoff results Final result 1962 Green Bay Packers 13 Won NFL Championship Game 14 -- 1 1967 Oakland Raiders 13 Won AFL Championship Game before losing Super Bowl II 14 -- 2 1968 Baltimore Colts 13 Won two playoff games before losing Super Bowl III 15 -- 2 1976 Oakland Raiders 13 Won three playoff games including Super Bowl XI 16 -- 1 1984 San Francisco 49ers 15 Won three playoff games including Super Bowl XIX 18 -- 1 1985 Chicago Bears 15 Won three playoff games including Super Bowl XX 18 -- 1 1998 Minnesota Vikings 15 Won one playoff game before losing NFC Championship Game 16 -- 2 2004 Pittsburgh Steelers 15 Won one playoff game before losing AFC Championship Game 16 -- 2 2007 New England Patriots 16 0 Won two playoff games before losing Super Bowl XLII 18 -- 1 2011 Green Bay Packers 15 Lost divisional round game after wild card round bye 15 -- 2 2015 Carolina Panthers 15 Won two playoff games before losing Super Bowl 50 17 -- 2 Most of these teams suffered their regular - season loss early in the year and , other than the 2007 Patriots ( finished regular season 16 -- 0 ) , only the 1962 Packers ( 10 -- 0 ) , 1985 Bears ( 12 -- 0 ) , 2011 Packers ( 13 -- 0 ) , and 2015 Panthers ( 14 -- 0 ) were on track for a perfect season when they lost . Coincidentally , the 1985 Bears ' lone loss came to the Miami Dolphins . The best start from an NFL team who failed to complete a perfect regular season is shared by two teams : the 2009 Indianapolis Colts , who started 14 -- 0 before losing their final two regular season games to the New York Jets and the Buffalo Bills to finish 14 -- 2 , and the 2015 Carolina Panthers , who went 14 -- 0 before losing to the Atlanta Falcons and going on to finish the regular season 15 -- 1 . The 2009 Colts , having clinched the top seed in the AFC , sacrificed their chances at a perfect regular season and instead rested their starters the final two games to protect them for the playoffs . The Colts would go on to Super Bowl XLIV but lost to the New Orleans Saints . The 2015 Panthers were not resting their starters at the time of their loss ( at the time , the Arizona Cardinals were 13 -- 2 and still had an opportunity to surpass the Panthers for the top seed in the NFC ) . Four other teams have started 13 -- 0 before losing their fourteenth game : the 1998 Denver Broncos , 2005 Indianapolis Colts , 2009 New Orleans Saints and 2011 Green Bay Packers ( Of those near - perfect seasons , the 2011 Packers are the only team that did not win a single playoff game ) . The 1998 Broncos , 2005 Colts and 2009 Saints lost at least two of their final three games but the Broncos and Saints recovered to win the Super Bowl . The 1953 Cleveland Browns and 1969 Los Angeles Rams started 11 -- 0 in twelve - and fourteen - game seasons respectively ; both lost their only playoff game . Other leagues ( edit ) The following is a list of teams in minor or alternate leagues that compiled perfect seasons of six games or more , including postseason games , with no ties : The Hollywood Bears , a member of the Pacific Coast Professional Football League , went 8 -- 0 -- 0 in 1941 . The Hollywood Rangers were a member of the American Football League of 1944 ( formerly the Northwest War Industries League ) , a short - lived competitor to the Pacific Coast Professional Football League on the West Coast . In their 1944 season , they went 11 -- 0 -- 0 and defeated the PCPFL champion San Diego Bombers ( who had also had a perfect season in their league , going 9 -- 0 -- 0 ) in a two - game series . The Charleston Rockets of the Continental Football League won all 14 games of the league 's inaugural season in 1965 , going on to defeat the Toronto Rifles in the league 's championship . The Hartford Knights went 17 -- 0 -- 0 in 1972 as a member of the Seaboard Football League , including a victory over the Chambersburg Cardinals in the league 's championship . The Knights , unhappy with the level of competition ( many of the Knights games had margins of victory of 40 points or more ) , quit the league the following year . In indoor football , the following teams have had perfect seasons : The Quad City Steamwheelers went undefeated in the inaugural season of arenafootball2 , accruing a record of 19 -- 0 -- 0 including playoffs and an ArenaCup I win . The Ohio Valley Greyhounds of the National Indoor Football League accrued a perfect season in 2003 . The Sioux Falls Storm of United Indoor Football won back - to - back perfect seasons in 2006 and 2007 , winning the United Bowl championship both years . The Fayetteville Guard won a perfect season in 2007 in the NIFL . The Rochester Raiders won a perfect season in 2008 in the Continental Indoor Football League , but withdrew from that league during the playoffs in a dispute . The Baltimore Mariners won a perfect season in 2010 in the American Indoor Football Association . The Erie Explosion won a perfect season in 2013 in the Continental Indoor Football league , winning all ten regular season games , a semifinal playoff , and the CIFL Championship . At least twenty - three other semi-professional football teams have had perfect seasons , seven of them being at least 17 games long . The Chambersburg Cardinals won a record 72 straight games between 1977 and 1984 . There have been no perfect seasons ( or even perfect regular seasons ) in the American Association , World Football League , United States Football League , XFL , or , to date , the Arena Football League . The United Football League has had two perfect regular seasons , but neither qualify for the list : the 2009 Florida Tuskers finished 6 -- 0 , but that team lost the subsequent championship game ; the 2012 Las Vegas Locomotives had a record of 4 -- 0 when the league abruptly suspended operations halfway through the season . The 1933 Providence Huskies ( possibly a successor to the Providence Steam Roller ) played arguably the most perfect season ever recorded by a professional or semi-professional team : a ten - game season in which they won every game and did not concede a single point during any game . Leagues outside North America ( edit ) In the 2014 German Football League the Braunschweig Lions compiled a perfect season ( 12 -- 0 postseason 3 -- 0 ) , losing only in the BIG6 European Football League which is a different competition . They crowned the season with another German Bowl triumph . Similarly in the 2016 German Football League the Schwäbisch Hall Unicorns achieved a perfect regular season with a 14 -- 0 record , similarly their lone defeat came in the BIG6 European Football League which is not considered for league standings . However , unlike Braunschweig before them , Hall ultimately lost the German Bowl , in this case to Braunschweig . In the 2017 German Football League season , Hall once more compiled a perfect season ( 14 - 0 ) but this time also won the German Bowl , again against Braunschweig . Interestingly , their opponent in the final had also entered the game with a 14 - 0 regular season record . Canadian Football ( edit ) A true perfect season ( no losses and no ties through the regular season and playoffs ) has never been achieved in professional Canadian football . Only one team , the 1948 Calgary Stampeders , has completed a perfect regular season . The current Canadian Football League schedule would require a team to win 20 games ( 18 regular season , 1 playoff after bye week , and the Grey Cup championship ) to post a perfect record . 1948 Calgary Stampeders ( edit ) Under head coach Les Lear , the 1948 Calgary Stampeders completed a perfect regular season with a record of 12 -- 0 ; they had two wins and a tie during the playoffs to finish with a record of 14 -- 0 -- 1 , the only undefeated complete season in Canadian pro history . In the Western Interprovincial Football Union championship ( a home - and - home aggregate series decided on total points ) against the Regina Roughriders , the first leg was tied 4 -- 4 , and the Stampeders won the second 21 -- 10 , to win the aggregate 25 -- 14 . The Stampeders then defeated the Ottawa Rough Riders 12 -- 7 for the 36th Grey Cup . Despite the Stampeders ' title , their achievement was only lightly regarded in the East . At the time , the Eastern and Western unions played separate regular seasons and only met in the Grey Cup . The Western union was openly regarded to be a weaker competition in the East , and Calgary 's win ( only the third for a Western team up to that time ) was dismissed as a fluke . Lacrosse ( edit ) In professional lacrosse , the 1993 Buffalo Bandits are the only team to have won a perfect season in the National Lacrosse League . The Bandits won all ten of their regular season games and won the championship in a two - round tournament ; the season was the continuation of a multi-season winning streak that dated to the Bandits ' successful run for the previous year 's championship . In Major League Lacrosse , which began play in 2001 , the 2013 Denver Outlaws were the first team to complete a perfect regular season , winning all fourteen of their games . After beating the Hamilton Nationals , the Outlaws had a sequence of twenty consecutive regular season wins despite losing the 2012 championship . However , the Outlaws lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Charlotte Hounds , who had only gone 7 -- 7 in the regular season . Other North American professional sports leagues ( edit ) In North America 's three other major professional sports leagues ( Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association , and the National Hockey League ) it is almost impossible for a team to play a `` perfect '' season , primarily because there are substantially more games in the regular season ( 82 in the NBA and NHL , and 162 in Major League Baseball ) . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's season has been between 28 and 34 games long , and it too has never produced a perfect season . It is possible for a baseball pitcher to achieve a perfect season , taking at least one win and any number of no - decisions throughout the year . This has happened 1813 times in baseball 's history , though the majority ( 1171 ) were 1 -- 0 seasons , mostly by relief pitchers . The best perfect season belongs to Tom Zachary of the 1929 New York Yankees , who posted a 12 -- 0 record in 119.2 innings . No pitcher has ever achieved a perfect season while qualifying for the ERA title . In the NBA , the 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics played a nearly perfect home season . During the regular season , they were 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) in front of their home crowd . The Celtics ' only regular - season home loss occurred on December 6 , 1985 , to the Portland Trail Blazers , by the score of 121 -- 103 . The Celtics would also win all 10 of their home games in the postseason , to finish 50 -- 1 at home . The 2015 -- 16 San Antonio Spurs also played a nearly perfect home regular - season with a 40 - 1 (. 976 ) record in front of their home crowd , with their only home loss occurring on April 10 , 2016 vs. the Golden State Warriors by the score of 92 - 86 . The Spurs were eliminated in the Western Conference Semi-Finals by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the 2016 NBA Playoffs . The Spurs played a total of 5 home games in the post season , finishing 43 - 3 at home , losing twice to the Thunder . The three - on - three basketball league BIG3 , which featured an eight - game regular season and two - round playoff , had a perfect team in its inaugural season when Trilogy swept all ten games on their schedule . Individual professional sports ( edit ) For other sports leagues for individuals , such as the PGA Tour or NASCAR , a perfect season would represent winning every event in a season . Considering the number of tournaments or races in those leagues , and the fact that each individual faces over 40 opponents as opposed to one , a perfect season is almost impossible . Golf instead considers the Grand Slam , a sweep of the four men 's major golf championships deemed to be the most difficult contests in professional golf , to be analogous to perfection . The only time the Grand Slam has been swept in any given year was 1930 , when Bobby Jones won all four majors ( at the time , The ( British ) Amateur Championship and U.S. Amateur were still considered majors ) ; since 1934 , when The Masters was added as a major , no player has won all four in one year . Tiger Woods is the only professional golfer to win four consecutive professional majors ; he did so over two years in 2000 and 2001 . The record for most consecutive wins in professional golf is 11 , set Byron Nelson in 1945 ; Nelson would win 18 tournaments overall that year , a year when wartime manpower shortages were still limiting the number and quality of professional golfers for Nelson to compete against . In Formula One , Michael Schumacher was the 2004 champion with 13 wins in 18 races . In IndyCar , A.J. Foyt won 10 out of 13 races . In NASCAR , Richard `` The King '' Petty holds most of the records for most wins in a season ; he won 27 races out of 48 appearances in 1967 , 10 of them consecutive . Since a format change in 1972 , Petty also holds the modern - era record for most wins in a season , with 13 , a record he shares with Jeff Gordon . Professional motorcycle racer Ricky Carmichael had perfect seasons in 2002 and 2004 . In 1997 , road racer Tommy Kendall started the 13 - race SCCA Trans - Am Series season 11 -- 0 , the longest documentable win streak in worldwide professional road racing . In the 12th race , he was battling for the lead on the final lap , but spun out and finished second . The feat would be extremely difficult in NASCAR , because of the length of the season ( currently 36 races ) . American collegiate sports ( edit ) NAIA Football ( edit ) In 1966 Waynesburg College went 11 -- 0 after a 9 -- 0 regular season record . In December 1966 Waynesburg defeated New Mexico Highlands in Albuquerque , New Mexico in the playoff game , and , defeated Whitewater Wisconsin in the NAIA Champion Bowl at Tulsa Oklahoma . This was , and still is a college football rarity . Very few college football teams have won a College National Football Championship ( including playoff games ) with an undefeated record . NCAA Football ( edit ) Main article : List of undefeated NCAA Division I football teams Due to relatively short seasons through most of college football history , the list of undefeated Division I football teams includes dozens of teams . The highest level of college football , the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( introduced as Division I-A in 1978 ) , did not use a playoff to determine a champion prior to the introduction of the four - team College Football Playoff ( CFP ) in 2014 . The system replaced by the CFP relied on a combination of polls and computer rankings to choose two teams to play one title game in a system known as the Bowl Championship Series . Prior to 1992 , no attempt was made to match up the top two teams in a championship game , further increasing the chances of multiple teams achieving a perfect season . The record for most wins in an undefeated FBS season is 14 -- 0 , accomplished in 2002 by Ohio State , twice in 2009 by Boise State and Alabama , in 2010 by Auburn , and in 2013 by Florida State . The University of Washington 's FBS record 64 - game unbeaten streak included five straight perfect seasons from 1909 -- 13 . The University of Oklahoma 's FBS record 47 game winning streak included three straight perfect seasons from 1954 -- 56 . NCAA Division I Basketball ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Before the establishment of the National Invitation Tournament in 1938 and the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament in 1939 , perfect seasons were more common ; each season consisted of fewer games and top teams from different parts of the country might never meet . Eight teams have completed perfect seasons , including postseason tournament victories , since the tournament era began in 1938 : 1939 LIU Blackbirds ( 24 -- 0 ) -- NIT champion , which at the time was more prestigious than the NCAA tournament 1956 San Francisco Dons ( 29 -- 0 ) -- NCAA champion 1957 North Carolina Tar Heels ( 32 -- 0 ) -- NCAA champion 1964 UCLA Bruins ( 30 -- 0 ) -- NCAA champion 1967 UCLA Bruins ( 30 -- 0 ) -- NCAA champion 1972 UCLA Bruins ( 30 -- 0 ) -- NCAA champion 1973 UCLA Bruins ( 30 -- 0 ) -- NCAA champion 1976 Indiana Hoosiers ( 32 -- 0 ) -- NCAA champion In addition , four other teams in the tournament era had unbeaten records , but did not play in any postseason tournament : 1940 Seton Hall Pirates ( 19 -- 0 ) -- not invited to either the NCAA Tournament or NIT . 1944 Army Cadets ( 15 -- 0 ) -- not invited to either the NCAA Tournament or NIT . ( Given that this season was during World War II , it is also possible that Army chose to turn down tournament invitations . ) 1954 Kentucky Wildcats ( 25 -- 0 ) -- declined a bid to the NCAA Tournament due to an NCAA ruling that graduate students could not compete . 1973 NC State Wolfpack ( 27 -- 0 ) -- ineligible for postseason competition due to rule violations earlier that season . The UCLA Bruins are the only team to have back - to - back perfect seasons ( 1971 -- 1972 , 1972 -- 1973 ) , and all four of the college 's perfect seasons were under Hall of Fame head coach John Wooden . The following teams completed a perfect regular season , but lost in the NCAA Tournament or other postseason action : 1939 Loyola Ramblers ( finished regular season 20 -- 0 and lost in the NIT final to LIU to finish 21 -- 1 ) 1941 Seton Hall Pirates ( finished regular season 19 -- 0 ; lost in the NIT semifinals to LIU and third - place game to CCNY to finish 20 -- 2 ) 1951 Columbia Lions ( finished 21 -- 1 after losing in the first round ) 1961 Ohio State Buckeyes ( finished 27 -- 1 after losing in the championship game to Cincinnati ) 1968 Houston Cougars ( finished regular season 28 -- 0 , then lost the semifinal and consolation games at the Final Four ) 1968 St. Bonaventure Bonnies ( finished regular season 22 -- 0 , lost in regional semifinals ) 1971 Penn Quakers ( finished the regular season 26 -- 0 , lost in the regional finals ) 1971 Marquette Warriors ( finished regular season 26 -- 0 , lost in regional semifinals ) 1975 Indiana Hoosiers ( finished regular season 29 -- 0 , but lost to Kentucky in the Mideast Regional final ) 1976 Rutgers Scarlet Knights ( finished regular season 28 -- 0 , won 3 more games in the NCAA Tournament to go to 31 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Michigan and in the consolation game to UCLA ) 1979 Indiana State Sycamores ( finished regular season 29 -- 0 , but lost in the championship game to Michigan State . Finished 33 -- 1 . ) 1979 Alcorn State Braves finished the regular season with a perfect 27 -- 0 record , but were not invited to the NCAA Tournament . The Braves lost in the second round of the National Invitation Tournament to Indiana . 1991 UNLV Runnin ' Rebels ( entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , lost in the Final Four to eventual champion Duke . Finished 34 -- 1 . ) 2004 Saint Joseph 's Hawks ( finished the regular season 27 -- 0 , lost to Xavier in the quarterfinals of the 2004 Atlantic 10 Men 's Basketball Tournament . Finished 30 -- 2 after losing to Oklahoma State in the NCAA East Regional final . ) 2014 Wichita State Shockers ( entered the tournament 34 -- 0 , lost to eventual runner - up Kentucky in the Round of 32 . Finished 35 -- 1 . ) 2015 Kentucky Wildcats ( entered the tournament 34 -- 0 , lost to Wisconsin in the Final Four . Finished 38 -- 1 . ) Women ( edit ) In the women 's game , the following national championship teams have had perfect records since the AIAW began sponsoring a championship tournament in 1972 ( which was followed by the NCAA tournament in 1982 ) : 1973 Immaculata Mighty Macs ( 20 -- 0 ) 1975 Delta State Lady Statesmen ( 28 -- 0 ) 1981 Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters ( 34 -- 0 ) 1986 Texas Longhorns ( 34 -- 0 ) 1995 Connecticut Huskies ( 35 -- 0 ) 1998 Tennessee Lady Vols ( 39 -- 0 ) 2002 Connecticut Huskies ( 39 -- 0 ) 2009 Connecticut Huskies ( 39 -- 0 ) 2010 Connecticut Huskies ( 39 -- 0 ) 2012 Baylor Lady Bears ( 40 -- 0 ) 2014 Connecticut Huskies ( 40 -- 0 ) 2016 Connecticut Huskies ( 38 -- 0 ) The following teams completed perfect regular seasons , but lost in the NCAA Tournament or other postseason action : The 1983 Oral Roberts Lady Titans ( now nicknamed Golden Eagles ) finished the regular season 24 -- 0 , but were not invited to the NCAA Tournament . They played in the National Women 's Invitational Tournament , losing to Memphis State ( now known as Memphis ) in the second round . After winning a consolation game against Weber State , they finished the season 26 -- 1 . The 1990 Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters entered the NCAA Tournament at 28 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Auburn to finish 32 -- 1 . The Vermont Catamounts were unbeaten entering the NCAA Tournament in both 1992 ( 29 -- 0 ) and 1993 ( 28 -- 0 ) . They lost in the first round to George Washington in 1992 and Rutgers in 1993 . The 1997 Connecticut Huskies entered the NCAA Tournament at 30 -- 0 , but lost in the final of the Midwest Regional to eventual national champion Tennessee , finishing 33 -- 1 . The 1998 Liberty Lady Flames entered the NCAA Tournament 28 -- 0 , but were seeded # 16 in the Mideast Region and matched against Tennessee , with the Lady Vols crushing the Lady Flames 102 -- 58 . The 2003 Connecticut Huskies finished the regular season at 29 -- 0 , but lost to Villanova in the final of the Big East Tournament , ending their then - record winning streak at 70 games . The Huskies went on to win the NCAA Tournament , finishing 37 -- 1 . The 2007 Duke Blue Devils finished the regular season at 29 -- 0 , but lost in the semifinals of the ACC Tournament to North Carolina State . In the NCAA Tournament , they lost in the semifinals of the Greensboro Regional to Rutgers to finish 32 -- 2 . The 2010 Nebraska Cornhuskers finished the regular season at 29 -- 0 , but lost in the semifinals of the Big 12 Tournament to Texas A&M . In the NCAA Tournament , they lost in the semifinals of the Kansas City Regional to Kentucky to finish 32 -- 2 . The 2014 Notre Dame Fighting Irish entered the NCAA Tournament at 32 -- 0 and lost in the championship game to Connecticut , finishing 37 -- 1 . The 2015 Princeton Tigers entered the NCAA Tournament at 30 -- 0 and lost in the second round to Maryland to finish 31 -- 1 . The 2017 Connecticut Huskies entered the NCAA Tournament at 32 -- 0 and lost in the national semifinals to Mississippi State to finish 36 -- 1 . The 2018 Connecticut Huskies entered the NCAA Tournament at 32 -- 0 and lost in the national semifinals to Notre Dame to finish 36 -- 1 . Notably , the 2015 -- 16 season saw all three NCAA women 's champions finish with unbeaten seasons . In Division II , Lubbock Christian went 34 -- 0 . In Division III , Thomas More went 33 -- 0 for the second straight season . NCAA ice Hockey ( edit ) Among schools in the top level of men 's ice hockey , the 1969 -- 70 Cornell Big Red went 29 -- 0 -- 0 in the University Division ( the predecessor to today 's Division I ) en route to a national championship . Since Cornell 's 29 -- 0 -- 0 season in 1969 -- 70 , the closest Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Team to having a perfect season was the 1992 -- 93 Maine Black Bears , who finished that year at 42 -- 1 -- 2 , including a national title game victory against Lake Superior State . Their only loss came on February 19 , 1993 , against Boston University , where they lost 7 - 6 in overtime , and their only ties were on October 24 against Providence , 3 - 3 , and on January 15 against Clarkson , 4 - 4 . The last men 's team to finish unbeaten and untied and be national champions was the 1983 -- 84 Bemidji State Beavers ( 31 -- 0 -- 0 ) , who were then competing in Division II , a level of competition that no longer conducts a championship . The 1955 -- 56 Clarkson Golden Knights were undefeated and untied ( 23 -- 0 -- 0 ) , but skipped the NCAA tournament because as the team had seniors with four years of college play which was against NCAA tournament rules at the time ( not regular season rules ) . The 1967 -- 68 Iona Gaels went 16 -- 0 -- 0 in their inaugural season as an independent in Division III , but did not participate in a national championship as none existed for Division III at that time . The most recent unbeaten and untied season in NCAA ice hockey at the highest level was in 2012 -- 13 when the Minnesota Golden Gophers became the first NCAA women 's team ever to accomplish the feat ( 41 -- 0 -- 0 ) . Acha Hockey ( edit ) The 2007 -- 08 University of Illinois Fighting Illini , a club team , are the only American Collegiate Hockey Association team to record a perfect season with a record of 38 -- 0 -- 0 . Canadian collegiate sports ( edit ) U sports Canadian Football ( edit ) 1975 University of Ottawa Gee Gees ( edit ) In 1975 the number - one - ranked University of Ottawa Gee Gees had the first Canadian Interuniversity Sport ( now U Sports ) undefeated season . After completing their perfect regular season at 8 -- 0 , the Gees Gees won their first play - off defeating the number - two - ranked Toronto Varsity Blues 14 -- 7 . The Gees Gees then demolished the Windsor Lancers 45 -- 6 to win the Yates Cup and the right to play for the national championship and the Vanier Cup . The undefeated season was completed on November 21 , 1975 , when the Gee Gees defeated the University of Calgary Dinos 14 -- 9 at CNE Stadium in Toronto . That night the Gee Gees became the first undefeated team in CIS and Vanier Cup history . The 1975 Gees Gees roster had a big impact on the CFL . Gee Gee Players from the 1975 team played in the CFL for a cumulative total of 96 years and throughout their professional careers in the CFL accomplished : one Canadian Football Hall of Fame Inductee , one Grey Cup Canadian MVP , two Frank M. Gibson Trophies for Outstanding Rookie Eastern Division , two CFL Leo Dandurand Trophy Outstanding Lineman Eastern Division , twenty CFL and Divisional All - Star Selections , twenty - three Grey Cup Appearances and a total of twelve Grey Cup rings . 2003 , 2005 Saskatchewan Huskies ( edit ) In 2003 and 2005 , the Saskatchewan Huskies completed perfect regular seasons . However , in both years they lost in the playoffs : in the Vanier Cup to the Laurier Golden Hawks in 2005 , and in the Canada West semi-final to Alberta Golden Bears in 2003 . 2007 Manitoba Bisons ( edit ) A perfect season was attained in 2007 by the Manitoba Bisons , the football squad representing the University of Manitoba , located in Winnipeg . The Bisons were undefeated in Canada West Universities Athletic Association play during the 8 - game schedule . In the playoffs , Manitoba comfortably handled the Calgary Dinos 27 -- 5 in the opening round . The Bisons followed up with a 48 -- 5 defeat of the Regina Rams in the Hardy Trophy and a strong 52 -- 20 showing against the perennial contenders from the University of Western Ontario , the Western Ontario Mustangs , in the Mitchell Bowl . On Friday , November 23 , 2007 , two days before the 95th Grey Cup game in Toronto , the Bisons defeated the Saint Mary 's University squad , known as the Saint Mary 's Huskies , 28 -- 14 to claim their first Vanier Cup championship since 1970 , and third overall title . That victory capped their perfect 12 win season . 2010 Laval Rouge et or ( edit ) In 2010 , the Laval Rouge et Or located in Quebec City , had a perfect season of 13 -- 0 . They were undefeated with an 8 -- 0 record in the QUFL . During the playoffs , they beat the Bishop 's Gaiters 56 -- 1 in the opening round . The Rouge et Or won the QUFL championship and the Dunsmore Cup by a close win of 22 -- 17 against the Sherbrooke Vert et Or . They followed with a win of 13 -- 11 against the Western Ontario Mustangs in the Uteck Bowl . Finally , on Saturday , November 27 , 2010 , in their home stadium in Quebec City , they won the Vanier Cup 29 -- 2 against the Calgary Dinos , capping a 13 -- 0 season . U sports Hockey ( edit ) Men ( edit ) The 1972 -- 73 University of Toronto Varsity Blues ( 22 -- 0 -- 0 ) are the only men 's hockey team in U Sports to win a national championship with no losses and no ties in the regular season and post season . The Varsity Blues won all 17 regular season games to place first in the Ontario University Athletics Association 's East Division . In sudden death OUAA playoff action , the U of T defeated the University of Waterloo 13 -- 2 and the University of Western Ontario 8 -- 1 . The University of Toronto downed the University of Alberta 5 -- 2 and 5 -- 3 in the University Cup semi final at Edmonton and shaded St. Mary 's University 3 -- 2 in the University Cup final at Toronto . CCAA Hockey ( edit ) Men ( edit ) The 1975 -- 76 St. Clair College Saints ( 26 -- 0 -- 0 ) of Windsor , Ontario were the first of two Canadian Colleges Athletic Association men 's hockey teams to go unbeaten and untied in the regular season and post season en route to a national title . After winning all 20 regular season games to finish atop the Ontario Colleges Athletic Association 's Western Division , St. Clair outscored Fanshawe 5 -- 2 and 6 -- 3 to win the division playoff series and advance to the conference championships where they topped Algonquin 8 -- 2 and Humber 11 -- 2 . At the CCAA Hockey National Championships in Camrose , Alberta , St. Clair downed Cape Breton 10 -- 4 in the semi final and Selkirk 11 -- 2 in the final . The 1984 -- 85 Northern Alberta Institute of Technology ( NAIT ) Ooks ( 33 -- 0 -- 0 ) of Edmonton won all 25 of their regular season games in the Alberta Colleges Athletic Conference prior to sweeping the Camrose Lutheran College Vikings in a best - of - three conference semifinal series and the Red Deer College Kings in a best - of - five conference final series . At the CCAA Hockey National Championships in Moose Jaw , Saskatchewan , NAIT outscored the Cariboo College Chiefs 8 -- 2 , the Seneca College Braves 5 -- 2 and the Victoriaville College Vulkins 9 -- 2 to hoist the CCAA Championship Bowl . Australian rules Football ( edit ) Australian Football League ( AFL ) / Victorian Football League ( VFL ) ( edit ) The VFL began in 1897 . Based entirely in the state of Victoria , before it expanded through the 1980s , and 1990s to become the top level national league ( AFL ) in the sport of Australian rules football . The length of a complete season ( including finals matches ) has typically been between 18 and 26 games . Throughout the history of the league , no team has ever completed a perfect season . One team , Collingwood in 1929 , completed a perfect home - and - away season , finishing with a record of 18 -- 0 ; the club won the premiership , but did not complete a perfect season after losing the second semi-final against Richmond . South Australian national Football League ( SANFL ) ( edit ) Main article : 1914 Port Adelaide Football Club season The SANFL has existed since 1877 within South Australia , and until the latter part of the twentieth century was of equivalent standard to the VFL . The only perfect season to be completed was by the 1914 Port Adelaide team , known as the `` Invincibles '' . Port won all four of its pre season matches . It finished the minor round with a 12 -- 0 record , before winning both finals to finish with a 14 -- 0 record and a perfect season . They also won the Championship of Australia against VFL premiers Carlton , to extend that record to 15 -- 0 . In addition to this the club played a combined team from all the other SAFL clubs and won to extend the record to 16 -- 0 . The closest any team got to Port Adelaide was North Adelaide , losing by 21 points in Round 10 . This is the only instance in The Big Three Australian football leagues ( VFL / SANFL / WAFL ) where a club has gone undefeated in the pre-season , season main and post season . In 1912 , Port Adelaide had a perfect minor round and then beat West Torrens in its semi-final but lost both the final and Grand Final to West Adelaide . West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ( edit ) The WAFL has existed since 1885 within Western Australia , and until the latter part of the 20th century was of equivalent standard to either the VFL or SANFL . The 1946 East Fremantle team was the first club in senior WAFL football to have managed a perfect season or even a perfect home - and - away season , winning all twenty - one of its games ; it is noted that the playing lists of many of its opponents had been seriously depleted by World War II . The only loss for the season came against Collingwood in a post season match . The 2018 Subiaco team won all of it 's 18 games in the minor round before winning both their second - semi-final against South Fremantle and the Grand Final against West Perth . Victorian Football Association ( VFA / VFL ) ( edit ) The Victorian Football League , known until 1996 as the Victorian Football Association , began in 1877 and was Victoria 's premier football league until 1897 , and has been the second - tier league in the state since . Perfect seasons have been completed on four occasions in VFA / VFL history : by North Melbourne during a war - shortened 1915 , with a record of 15 -- 0 by North Melbourne in 1918 , which was also shortened by the war , with a record of 12 -- 0 ; by Geelong West in 1972 Division 2 , with a record of 20 -- 0 by Port Melbourne in 2011 , with a record of 21 -- 0 . There were also cases of teams going undefeated through the season in the nineteenth century , but none completed perfect seasons because some of their matches were drawn . Of those , Geelong could be interpreted as having been perfect in 1879 ; it had a record of 15 -- 0 -- 1 , and the draw came by agreement when a match was abandoned due to inclement weather . Four other teams have completed perfect home - and - away seasons , but subsequently lost finals matches : North Melbourne in 1919 won all eighteen home - and - away games before losing to Brunswick in the second - semi-final and Footscray in the Grand Final . Coburg in 1927 won all eighteen home - and away games before drawing with Port Melbourne in the second semi final , losing the replay , then winning the Grand Final . Coburg in 1945 won all twenty home - and - away games before losing to Williamstown in the second semi-final and being eliminated by Port Melbourne in the preliminary final . Williamstown in 1957 won all twenty home - and - away games before losing to Moorabbin in the second semi final , and being eliminated by Port Melbourne in the preliminary final . Rugby League ( edit ) National Rugby League ( edit ) The National Rugby League has existed since 1908 , being originally known as the New South Wales Rugby League and before the Super League war of 1995 as the Australian Rugby League . In its history , only one team has completed a perfect season : the South Sydney Rabbitohs in 1925 , who won all twelve games contested . Five other teams have gone undefeated but featured at least one drawn match : Balmain ( 1915 ) , North Sydney ( 1921 ) , Eastern Suburbs ( 1936 and 1937 ) and St George ( 1959 ) . Brisbane Rugby League ( edit ) The Brisbane Rugby League premiership began in 1909 and continued in varying forms until 1996 , after which it was superseded by the Queensland Cup . Between the 1930s and the 1960s it was of comparable standard to the New South Wales Rugby Football League , but subsequently a huge drain of players to Sydney eroded the standard of play . Before World War II seasons were typically no more than twelve games long ; however as the competition grew it was expanded to 21 games by 1960 . The only BRL teams to manage a perfect season were : Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1955 Fortitude Valley 20 0 0 Longest perfect season in Australian rugby league . 1920 Western Suburbs 15 0 0 Season was split into two halves , plus the finals The following team managed an undefeated season but drew one game : Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1922 Western Suburbs 11 0 Season was split into two halves , plus the finals , of which Wests won both . Team would fall to last in 1923 with just two victories . The following teams managed an undefeated home - and - away season , but subsequently lost finals matches : Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1938 Fortitude Valley 11 0 Went 10 -- 0 -- 0 in home - and - away season and won the major semi-final , but lost Grand Final 16 -- 10 to Northern Suburbs . 1930 Carlton 11 Went 9 -- 0 -- 1 in regular season and won semi-final . Lost Final to Fortitude Valley 0 -- 10 , but bounced back to win Grand Final 19 -- 8 against same opponent . British Rugby League ( edit ) Whilst no rugby league team in Britain has completed the perfect season in the top flight , this has been achieved on two occasions in lower divisions , once in the 2nd division and once in the 3rd . Hull F.C. achieved this feat in the 1978 -- 79 Season , where they won 26 from 26 games , gaining promotion to the top division for the second time in three seasons . This was also achieved by the Dewsbury Rams in 2009 during their Championship 1 ( third division ) season where they won all 18 games from a possible 18 , winning promotion immediately after being relegated the previous season where they won just two games . Since their 2009 promotion , the Rams have so far stayed in the sports ' second division , including two play off finishes . In 2017 , the Toronto Wolfpack completed the regular reason with a perfect 15 -- 0 record , however after the Super 8s finished with a 22 - 1 - 1 record . Rugby Union ( edit ) International Rugby ( edit ) The New Zealand All Blacks were the first professional rugby team to produce a perfect rugby test season in 2013 . They successfully defeated France four times , Australia three times , South Africa and Argentina twice and also beat Japan , England and Ireland in their incredible winning run . They produced a record of 14 -- 0 -- 0 , defeating the top 5 ranked teams below them in the IRB world rankings . England have matched this feat after producing a perfect test season in 2016 after recovering from getting knocked out of their own World Cup in 2015 . Super Rugby ( edit ) The Southern Hemisphere 's principal team competition , Super Rugby , established as Super 12 in 1996 and later known as Super 14 before adopting its current name in 2011 , has seen only one perfect season . The Crusaders , based in Christchurch and representing a large portion of the South Island of New Zealand , finished the 2002 Super 12 season with an 11 -- 0 -- 0 record and went on to win both of their finals matches to claim the season crown unbeaten . One other team has won a championship unbeaten : in 1997 , the Auckland Blues ( known simply as `` Blues '' since 2000 ) , which at the time represented the central and southern parts of the Auckland area plus some adjacent regions to the south , finished the regular season with one draw from 11 matches . They also won both of their finals matches to claim the title . Association Football ( edit ) Domestic teams ( edit ) Many association football teams have also had perfect seasons , however doing so in a season of 20 or more matches is very rare . Clubs to have achieved this include : Dresdner SC of Germany in 1942 -- 43 ( 23 wins out of 23 ) , Ferencvárosi of Hungary in 1931 -- 32 ( 22 ) , Sunrise Flacq United of Mauritius in 1995 -- 96 ( 22 ) , and Nacional of Uruguay in 1941 ( 20 ) . Al - Ahly ( of Egypt ) hold the record of going a whole season being unbeaten , in all possible competitions they were involved in ( 46 matches in total played in : Egyptian Premier League , Egyptian Cup , Egyptian Super Cup and CAF Champions League between 2005 and 2006 ) . The longest winning streak of any team over multiple seasons was Sparta Prague 's run of at least 51 wins in a row , between 1920 and 1923 . Teams finishing a season unbeaten ( i.e. having won or drawn every match ) are more common . Arsenal in the 2003 -- 04 English Premier League season , finished with no losses from 38 games over 100 years after Preston North End unbeaten streak in 22 league games and all of its FA Cup games in 1888 -- 89 . At the same time , AFC Wimbledon finished with a record of 42 wins , 4 draws and 0 defeats out of 46 games in their Combined Counties League Premier Division season . In Belgium , From 1933 to 1935 Royale Union Saint - Gilloise played 60 consecutive matches undefeated , setting a still unbeaten record in Belgium . In Italy , Perugia ( 1978 -- 79 ) , A.C. Milan ( 1991 -- 92 ) , and Juventus F.C. ( 2011 -- 12 ) have been undefeated . In Turkish soccer , Galatasaray in the 1985 -- 86 season completed the season unbeaten but finished as runners - up , although having the same points as Beşiktaş J.K. , who won , but had an inferior goal difference to their rival . Beşiktaş J.K. in 1991 -- 92 completed the season unbeaten and became Turkish League 's only ever champions without defeat . In Portugal , Benfica ( 1972 -- 73 ) was the first club to do so and won 28 matches -- 23 consecutively -- out of 30 , and drew two . They also went undefeated in 1977 -- 78 but finished second to Porto , who lost once that season . Porto finished the 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 seasons unbeaten , with a respective win -- draw record of 27 -- 3 and 24 -- 6 . In Saudi Arabia , Al - Hilal FC finished a 26 - game season in the 2010 -- 11 with 19 wins and 7 draws , whilst in Iraq , Al - Shorta FC went the entire 1980 -- 81 Iraqi League season undefeated . Greek club Panathinaikos F.C. finished the 1963 -- 64 season , Hungarian club Debreceni VSC finished the 2011 -- 12 season , Norwegian club Rosenborg BK finished the 2010 season undefeated . The only unbeaten champion in Brazil was SC Internacional , who won the 1979 season with 16 victories and 7 ties . In Israel , Maccabi Haifa finished the 1993 -- 1994 season ( a 39 - game season ) in the Israeli Premier League with 28 wins and 11 draws . Egyptian Premier League giants Al Ahly are the only African club to have ever completed an entire domestic season unbeaten , let alone twice , having won their 30th league title in the 2004 -- 05 season with a record of 24 wins and 2 draws and their 31st league title the following season with a slightly worse record of 23 wins and 3 draws . On October 4 , 2014 eventual Icelandic champions Stjarnan who were unbeaten faced an FH side in an away game which was the last game of the season , coincidentally before the match , FH were also unbeaten . In a closely fought match Stjarnan emerged victorious courtesy of a 94th - minute penalty from Ólafur Karl Finsen to knock FH out of first place and secure Stjarnan 's first Icelandic championship . Celtic went domestically unbeaten across the 2016 -- 17 season over all 38 league games in Scotland , finishing 30 points clear of second - place Aberdeen with 34 wins and 4 draws . Celtic also won the 2016 -- 17 Scottish League Cup and the 2016 -- 17 Scottish Cup , giving them the accolade of being the only club to win a domestic treble unbeaten . FIFA World Cup ( edit ) The likelihood of a national team in the FIFA World Cup to win all of its matches in regulation time to become the champion is much higher than most clubs in their domestic league , as the finals tournament in its current format only lasts seven games -- although this feat has only happened twice , Brazil on both instances in 1970 and 2002 . This is not counting the qualifying round of the tournament , which lasts over a year and has had a varied format since 1934 . Only the Brazilian team of 1970 has won every game in the qualification and final rounds of a single tournament , a total of 13 games . In 2010 , the Netherlands came very close achieving the same feat as Brazil did in 1970 . The Netherlands won 8 out of 8 qualifying games and went on to win the next 6 World Cup matches in regulation time only to lose in extra time to Spain in the final , ending with a 14 -- 0 -- 1 record . FIFA Women 's World Cup ( edit ) Through 2011 , the likelihood of a national team winning all of its matches in the FIFA Women 's World Cup was slightly greater than in the men 's version . The Women 's World Cup began in 1991 with 12 teams and expanded to 16 effective in 1999 . Under both structures , the winning team only had to win six games ( three in group play and three in the knockout stage ) to win the title unbeaten . The tournament expanded to 24 teams in 2015 , at which time the number of games that the champion must play increased to seven ( the same total as in the men 's World Cup ) . The 2011 event , won by Japan , was the first in which the champion lost in group play ; the other finalist , the USA , had also lost in group play . Each previous team to have won the title -- the USA in 1991 and 1999 , Norway in 1995 , and Germany in 2003 and 2007 -- won all of its group stage matches . In fact , only one of these teams , the USA in 1999 , had a knockout match go to extra time -- specifically the final against China , which ultimately went to a penalty shootout . Germany won all of its matches in the 2007 final tournament without giving up a goal , becoming the first team in either the men 's or women 's World Cup to accomplish this feat . The USA 's third championship team in 2015 had one draw in the group stage . Three Women 's World Cup champions also went through their qualifying stage without a loss or draw : USA , 1991 ( 5 wins ) Germany , 2003 ( 6 wins ) Germany , 2007 ( 8 wins ) Of the other two teams to win the Women 's World Cup without a loss or draw in the finals : Norway went through their 1995 qualification campaign with 8 wins , 1 draw and 1 loss . The USA automatically qualified for the 1999 edition as host . Handball ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) In 2011 / 2012 , German handball champion THW Kiel achieved a perfect season of as many as 34 matches . Additionally , the team also won the national DHB Cup and the international EHF Champions League . Spain ( edit ) In the Liga ASOBAL the FC Barcelona Handbol had 4 consecutive perfect seasons from the 2013 - 14 season to the 2016 - 17 season . Croatia ( edit ) In the Premijer liga the RK Zagreb is unbeaten for 11 years , they won 190 consecutive games , last time they lost against Osijek Motormodul ( 38 : 39 ) on 14.4. 2007 . In that 190 games they just have one tie with RK Poreč ( 31 : 31 ) , after that game they won 178 games in a row and that row is still active . Volleyball ( edit ) In the 2012 -- 13 Season , Vakıfbank İstanbul won all 52 games and reached five championship trophies in 2012 -- 13 Turkish Women 's Volleyball League , 2012 -- 13 Turkish Women 's Volleyball Cup , 2012 -- 13 CEV Women 's Champions League , 2013 Turkish Women 's Volleyball Super Cup and 2013 FIVB Women 's Club World Championship . Vakıfbank İstanbul won 6 games in Turkish Women 's Volleyball Cup , 12 games in CEV Women 's Champions League , 29 games ( 22 league , 7 play - off games ) in Turkish Women 's Volleyball League , 1 game in Turkish Women 's Volleyball Super Cup and 4 games in FIVB Volleyball Women 's Club World Championship , and never lost in the 2012 -- 13 Season . In addition , they won all 51 games they played in year 2013 . Having started Turkish Women 's Volleyball League 's 2013 -- 14 Season with 13 wins and 2013 -- 14 CEV Women 's Champions League with 8 wins , they extended their winning streak to 73 games as of January 23 , 2014 . Netball ( edit ) Commonwealth Bank Trophy ( edit ) The Commonwealth Bank Trophy was the main national netball competition in Australia from 1997 to 2007 . There were eight teams in a double round robin format and finals . The Sydney Swifts were the only team to achieve a perfect season , winning all fourteen regular season games and both their finals matches for a record of 16 -- 0 . ANZ championship ( edit ) The ANZ Championship , the principal netball competition for Australia and New Zealand was established in 2008 to replace the Commonwealth Bank Trophy . Comprising ten teams ( five from Australia and five from New Zealand ) there has so far been one perfect season , by the Mission Queensland Firebirds , based in Brisbane , Queensland in 2011 . The Firebirds won thirteen regular season games and both their finals matches for a record of 15 -- 0 . In 2010 , the New South Wales Swifts managed to win all thirteen regular season games , but lost both of their finals matches and ended with a 13 -- 2 for that year . Cricket ( edit ) County cricket ( edit ) English first - class county cricket has existed as the top tier of domestic cricket in England since the middle nineteenth century , and until the 1950s it was up to the highest standard of the game . Seasons have varied in length : before the 1880s , they were generally less than ten matches in length and some `` first - class '' counties played only against one or two different opponents , so that a team winning all its games was not implausible . Between 1887 and 1929 , seasons were gradually increased in length to a standard twenty - eight matches for all counties . However , because of the development and popularity of one - day cricket , seasons have been reduced to twenty - four games in 1969 and twenty in 1972 , though this was increased by two in 1977 and 1983 . With an increase to four days for all games , sixteen or seventeen games have been played since 1993 . Also , because of improvements to pitches via the heavy roller and covering to protect from rain , the proportion of games `` drawn '' ( not finished ) has steadily risen since the 1870s . Since tables of results have been kept in 1864 , the only team to have competed a true perfect season -- winning outright every game -- was Yorkshire in 1867 when led by George Freeman 's and Tom Emmett 's deadly fast bowling on uncovered and unrolled pitches , they won all seven county games . Essex CCC achieved the feat in the Summer of 2017 , with the bowling combination of Simon Harmer and Jamie Porter doing most of the damage . Ryan Ten Doeschate captained the side , Since 1868 numerous county teams in longer schedules have finished a season unbeaten , but none have managed to win every single game outright : English First - Class County Teams with No Losses in a Season ( qualification 8 or more games ) Season Team Wins Losses Draws Remarks 1864 Surrey 6 0 Also defeated a combined England team by eight wickets 1876 Gloucestershire 5 0 W.G. Grace scored over 1,000 runs in August including the first two triple centuries in first - class cricket 1877 Gloucestershire 7 0 Defeated England by five wickets 1881 Lancashire 10 0 One match against Middlesex cancelled because Harrow Wanderers booked Lord 's 1884 Nottinghamshire 9 0 Only draw against Surrey in August Bank Holiday game saw Surrey with three wickets in hand and 153 runs to win 1886 Nottinghamshire 7 0 7 1900 Yorkshire 16 0 12 Lost only two games , both at home to Somerset between 1900 and 1902 . Did lose to MCC at Lord 's with J.T. Hearne taking nine for 71 on a perfect pitch . 1904 Lancashire 16 0 10 1907 Nottinghamshire 15 0 One match abandoned against Yorkshire . Hallam and Wass took 298 wickets between them in very wet summer 1908 Yorkshire 16 0 12 1925 Yorkshire 21 0 11 Most games and most wins by unbeaten county team 1926 Yorkshire 14 0 17 Finished second , narrowly behind Lancashire who won seventeen games and lost two . Played seventy - one games without loss before losing to Warwickshire on May 23 , 1927 1928 Lancashire 15 0 15 Went 35 games without loss and overall lost only once in eighty - three county games before losing to Sussex on May 24 , 1929 . 1928 Yorkshire 8 0 20 Finished fourth of seventeen teams Played fifty - six unbeaten county matches before losing to Kent on 1 July 1929 , but only won fourteen of these 1930 Lancashire 10 0 18 Had lost only four of last 135 games at end of season . 1969 Glamorgan 11 0 13 1972 Warwickshire 9 0 11 1973 Hampshire 10 0 10 Lancashire 5 0 15 Finished only eighth of seventeen teams Lowest win percentage by unbeaten county team 1998 Leicestershire 11 0 6 Lost only two games between 1996 and 1998 1999 Surrey 12 0 5 Last season of single - division Championship Warwickshire 5 0 11 First Division 2008 Warwickshire 5 0 11 Second Division 2009 Durham 8 0 8 First Division 2012 Yorkshire 5 0 11 Finished second in Second Division Tennis ( edit ) In 2011 and 2012 , the Washington Kastles of World Team Tennis completed back - to - back perfect seasons , the first major sports franchise in the United States to do so . The Kastles swept each of the 2011 and 2012 regular seasons with a perfect 14 -- 0 record , then in each season went on to win their two postseason games and league 's championship , amassing a 32 - game winning streak in the process . This streak stands one short of the all - time professional sports record in the United States by the 1971 -- 72 Los Angeles Lakers . Mountain bike ( edit ) Cross-country ( edit ) In the 2017 season the Swiss mountain biker Nino Schurter won 6 out of 6 races and additionally at the World Championships he won the gold medal at the singel and at the mixed race and the Cape Epic . Downhill ( edit ) In the 2016 season the British mountain biker Rachel Atherton won 7 out of 7 races and additionally at the World Championships she won the gold medal . See also ( edit ) Imperfect season , the opposite of a perfect season , where a team loses every game . The Invincibles ( football ) , name given to some teams who finish unbeaten Winning streak Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the 1944 under - 19 wartime competition that replaced the senior competition between 1942 and that season due to the player drain of World War II , East Perth managed a perfect season , winning all nineteen home - and - away games plus two finals . ^ Jump up to : The record given below is for the full season including all finals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wojciechowski , Gene ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Shoes ... The Jaw ... by any name , Shula still the king '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Honors the 1973 Super Bowl Champion Miami Dolphins '' . YouTube.com/user/whitehouse. 2013 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NFL Record & Fact Book '' ( PDF ) . NFL . p. 393 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last Undefeated NFL Team ( s ) in Each Season '' FootballGeography.com `` . www.footballgeography.com . Jump up ^ Steven Brainerd ( 2010 ) . Minor league football records - Winning streaks . Jump up ^ `` Semi-pro Football / Minor League Football -- Team Points Records '' . Semiprofootball.org . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Grey Cup History ( CFL.ca ) , Accessed December 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Three former Bandits among six nominated for NLL Hall -- Sports , Ink The Buffalo News '' . Blogs.buffalonews.com. 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ ' Denver Outlaws beat Hamilton , finish season undefeated at 14 -- 0 ' ; Denver Post , 10 August 2013 Jump up ^ Hinton , Ed ( 2001 ) . Daytona : From the Birth of Speed to the Death of the Man in Black . New York : Warner Books . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 52677 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Trans - Am Drivers ' and Manufacturers ' Champions '' . Deep Throttle. 2008 - 01 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Dolphin Historical Football Rankings Retrieved December 7 , 2006 Jump up ^ Home page of the Bowl Championship Series Mathematicians Examine the BCS Comprehensive FAQ about the BCS Archived 2008 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Congress to look into `` deeply flawed '' BCS system NOBCS.net Jump up ^ `` 2014 NCAA Football Record Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 117 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Tournament School Statistics '' . TourneyTravel.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ MacMullan , Jackie ( 2004 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Undefeated and unnoticed '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` At - Large Selection History : Fewest Losses for Teams Not to Compete in the Tournament '' ( PDF ) . 2013 Women 's Final Four Records . NCAA . p. 70 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Year - By - Year Results : 1982 -- 83 '' . 2012 -- 13 ORU Golden Eagles Women 's Basketball Media Guide . Oral Roberts University Sports Information . p. 113 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marot , Michael ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lubbock Christian completes perfect season with 78 - 73 win '' . NCAA . Associated Press . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turer , Adam ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thomas More women 's basketball defends Div . III national championship '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gophers get first perfect season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Devaney , John . `` Port Adelaide Magpies 1914 results '' . Australian Football . Retrieved 28 Jun 2012 . Jump up ^ Devaney , John . `` Port Adelaide Magpies 1912 results '' . Australian Football . Retrieved 28 Jun 2012 . Jump up ^ Devaney , John ; Full Points Footy 's WA Football Companion ; pp. 69 - 70 . ISBN 9780955689710 Jump up ^ `` North Melbourne Football Club '' . Australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Geelong West History '' . Australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Amy , Paul ( 25 Sep 2011 ) . `` Port Melbourne crushes Williamstown to claim VFL flag '' . Leader . Retrieved 25 Sep 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Pindar ( 18 October 1879 ) . `` The Football Season of 1879 -- Part 1 '' . The Australasian . XXVII ( 707 ) . Melbourne . p. 493 . Jump up ^ Fiddian , Marc ; The VFA : a history of the Victoria Football Association 1877 -- 1995 ; pp. 226 - 299 . Published 2004 by On - Demand Pty Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Season 1925 '' . Rugby League Tables . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 3 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1915 '' . Rugby League Tables . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 3 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1921 '' . Rugby League Tables . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 3 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1936 '' . Rugby League Tables . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 3 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1937 '' . Rugby League Tables . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 3 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1959 '' . Rugby League Tables . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 3 Jun 2011 . Jump up ^ Haddan , Steve ; Our Game : The Celebration of Brisbane Rugby League 1909 - 1987 , p. 156 ISBN 9780995351202 Jump up ^ Haddan ; Our Game , p. 40 Jump up ^ Haddan ; Our Game , pp. 45 , 47 - 48 Jump up ^ Haddan ; Our Game , p. 100 Jump up ^ Haddan ; Our Game , p. 71 Jump up ^ Haddan ; Our Game , p. 74 ^ Jump up to : `` Unbeaten '' . Rsssf.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Internacional 1979 : único campeão brasileiro invicto '' ( in Portuguese ) . Globo Esporte . Jump up ^ `` Ahly surrender unbeaten record in Egypt '' . FIFA . AFP . 8 January 2007 . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Roddy ( 21 May 2017 ) . `` Brendan Rodgers salutes Celtic 's ' Invincibles ' after they dig deep against Hearts '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Pattullo , Alan ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Gordon Strachan : Celtic `` invincibles '' will boost Scotland `` . The Scotsman . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=32/results/index.html Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=32/preliminaries/preliminary=28/index.html Jump up ^ Toyota Handball Bundesliga - final table Archived June 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) All seasons in history of league Jump up ^ `` Genel Fikstür '' . Turkish Volleyball Federation ( in Turkish ) . 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vakıfbank 73 yaptı çeyrek finale kaldı '' . Fanatik ( in Turkish ) . 2014 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Wynne - Thomas , Peter ; The Rigby A-Z of Cricket Records ; pp. 53 to 67 . ISBN 072701868X Jump up ^ `` First - Class bowling for Yorkshire in 1867 '' . Cricketarchive.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Yorkshire 1867 season summary '' . Cricketarchive.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Britannic Assurance County Championship 1998 '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk. 1998 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PPP County Championship 1999 '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Frizzell County Championship Table , 2004 '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` LV County Championship Table , 2008 '' . Cricketarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Home of CricketArchive '' . www.cricketarchive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Home of CricketArchive '' . www.cricketarchive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 6 / 6 -- Nino Schurter 's Perfect Season '' . 2017 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Atherton Wins Women 's Race : 2016 Vallnord World Cup '' . 2016 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_season&oldid=866209874 '' Categories : National Football League lists Sports terminology Terminology used in multiple sports Association football terminology Basketball terminology Cricket terminology Rugby league terminology Rugby union terminology Motorsport terminology Superlatives in sports Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 00 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what nfl team has the most wins in a season	[ "Since the National Football League began in 1920, only one team has played a complete perfect season (both regular season and playoffs): the 1972 Miami Dolphins, who won all fourteen of their regular season games and three postseason games, including Super Bowl VII, to finish the season 17–0–0.\n" ]	[ "1972 Miami Dolphins" ]
2780994021824349237	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone caldera - wikipedia Yellowstone caldera Jump to : navigation , search Yellowstone Caldera The northeastern part of Yellowstone Caldera , with the Yellowstone River flowing through Hayden Valley and the caldera rim in the distance Highest point Elevation 9,203 ft ( 2,805 m ) Coordinates 44 ° 24 ′ N 110 ° 42 ′ W / 44.400 ° N 110.700 ° W / 44.400 ; - 110.700 ( Yellowstone Caldera ) Coordinates : 44 ° 24 ′ N 110 ° 42 ′ W / 44.400 ° N 110.700 ° W / 44.400 ; - 110.700 ( Yellowstone Caldera ) Geography Location Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming , United States Parent range Rocky Mountains Topo map USGS Yellowstone National Park Geology Age of rock 2,100,000 -- 70,000 years Mountain type Caldera and supervolcano Climbing Easiest route Hike / auto / bus The Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States , sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano . The caldera and most of the park are located in the northwest corner of Wyoming . The major features of the caldera measure about 34 by 45 miles ( 55 by 72 km ) . The caldera formed during the last of three supereruptions over the past 2.1 million years : the Huckleberry Ridge eruption 2.1 million years ago ( which created the Island Park Caldera and the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff ) ; the Mesa Falls eruption 1.3 million years ago ( which created the Henry 's Fork Caldera and the Mesa Falls Tuff ) ; and the Lava Creek eruption approximately 630,000 years ago ( which created the Yellowstone Caldera and the Lava Creek Tuff ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Volcanism at Yellowstone 2 Yellowstone hotspot origin 3 Hazards 3.1 Earthquakes 3.2 Volcanoes 3.3 Hydrothermal explosions 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Volcanism at Yellowstone Yellowstone sits on top of four overlapping calderas . ( US NPS ) Volcanism at Yellowstone is relatively recent , with calderas that were created during large eruptions that took place 2.1 million , 1.3 million , and 630,000 years ago . The calderas lie over a hotspot where light , hot , magma ( molten rock ) from the mantle rises toward the surface . While the Yellowstone hotspot is now under the Yellowstone Plateau , it did help to create the eastern Snake River Plain ( to the west of Yellowstone ) through a series of huge volcanic eruptions . The hotspot appears to move across terrain in the east - northeast direction , but in fact the hotspot is much deeper than terrain and remains stationary while the North American Plate moves west - southwest over it . Over the past 18 million years or so , this hotspot has generated a succession of violent eruptions and less violent floods of basaltic lava . Together these eruptions have helped create the eastern part of the Snake River Plain from a once - mountainous region . At least a dozen of these eruptions were so massive that they are classified as supereruptions . Volcanic eruptions sometimes empty their stores of magma so swiftly that the overlying land collapses into the emptied magma chamber , forming a geographic depression called a caldera . The oldest identified caldera remnant straddles the border near McDermitt , Nevada -- Oregon , although there are volcaniclastic piles and arcuate faults that define caldera complexes more than 60 km ( 37 mi ) in diameter in the Carmacks Group of southwest - central Yukon , Canada , which are interpreted to have formed 70 million years ago by the Yellowstone hotspot . Progressively younger caldera remnants , most grouped in several overlapping volcanic fields , extend from the Nevada -- Oregon border through the eastern Snake River Plain and terminate in the Yellowstone Plateau . One such caldera , the Bruneau - Jarbidge caldera in southern Idaho , was formed between 10 and 12 million years ago , and the event dropped ash to a depth of one foot ( 30 cm ) 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away in northeastern Nebraska and killed large herds of rhinoceros , camel , and other animals at Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park . The United States Geological Survey ( `` USGS '' ) estimates there are one or two major caldera - forming eruptions and 100 or so lava extruding eruptions per million years , and `` several to many '' steam eruptions per century . The loosely defined term `` supervolcano '' has been used to describe volcanic fields that produce exceptionally large volcanic eruptions . Thus defined , the Yellowstone Supervolcano is the volcanic field which produced the latest three supereruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot ; it also produced one additional smaller eruption , thereby creating West Thumb Lake 174,000 years ago . The three supereruptions occurred 2.1 million , 1.3 million , and approximately 630,000 years ago , forming the Island Park Caldera , the Henry 's Fork Caldera , and Yellowstone calderas , respectively . The Island Park Caldera supereruption ( 2.1 million years ago ) , which produced the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff , was the largest , and produced 2,500 times as much ash as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption . The next biggest supereruption formed the Yellowstone Caldera ( ~ 630,000 years ago ) and produced the Lava Creek Tuff . The Henry 's Fork Caldera ( 1.2 million years ago ) produced the smaller Mesa Falls Tuff , but is the only caldera from the Snake River Plain - Yellowstone hotspot that is plainly visible today . Non-explosive eruptions of lava and less - violent explosive eruptions have occurred in and near the Yellowstone caldera since the last supereruption . The most recent lava flow occurred about 70,000 years ago , while a violent eruption excavated the West Thumb of Lake Yellowstone around 150,000 years ago . Smaller steam explosions occur as well : an explosion 13,800 years ago left a 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) diameter crater at Mary Bay on the edge of Yellowstone Lake ( located in the center of the caldera ) . Currently , volcanic activity is exhibited via numerous geothermal vents scattered throughout the region , including the famous Old Faithful Geyser , plus recorded ground - swelling indicating ongoing inflation of the underlying magma chamber . The volcanic eruptions , as well as the continuing geothermal activity , are a result of a great cove of magma located below the caldera 's surface . The magma in this cove contains gases that are kept dissolved by the immense pressure under which the magma is contained . If the pressure is released to a sufficient degree by some geological shift , then some of the gases bubble out and cause the magma to expand . This can cause a chain reaction . If the expansion results in further relief of pressure , for example , by blowing crust material off the top of the chamber , the result is a very large gas explosion . According to analysis of earthquake data in 2013 , the magma chamber is 80 km ( 50 mi ) long and 20 km ( 12 mi ) wide . It also has 4,000 km ( 960 cu mi ) underground volume , of which 6 -- 8 % is filled with molten rock . This is about 2.5 times bigger than scientists had previously imagined it to be ; however , scientists believe that the proportion of molten rock in the chamber is much too low to allow another supereruption . Yellowstone hotspot origin Main article : Yellowstone hotspot The source of the Yellowstone hotspot is controversial . Some geoscientists hypothesize that the Yellowstone hotspot is the effect of an interaction between local conditions in the lithosphere and upper mantle convection . Others suggest an origin in the deep mantle ( mantle plume ) . Part of the controversy is the relatively sudden appearance of the hotspot in the geologic record . Additionally , the Columbia Basalt flows appeared at the same approximate time in the same place , causing speculation about their common origin . As the Yellowstone hotspot traveled to the east and north , the Columbia disturbance moved northward and eventually subsided . Hazards Earthquakes Number of earthquakes in Yellowstone National Park region ( 1973 -- 2014 ) Volcanic and tectonic actions in the region cause between 1,000 and 2,000 measurable earthquakes annually . Most are relatively minor , measuring a magnitude of 3 or weaker . Occasionally , numerous earthquakes are detected in a relatively short period of time , an event known as an earthquake swarm . In 1985 , more than 3,000 earthquakes were measured over a period of several months . More than 70 smaller swarms were detected between 1983 and 2008 . The USGS states these swarms are likely caused by slips on pre-existing faults rather than by movements of magma or hydrothermal fluids . In December 2008 , continuing into January 2009 , more than 500 quakes were detected under the northwest end of Yellowstone Lake over a seven - day span , with the largest registering a magnitude of 3.9 . The most recent swarm started in January 2010 , after the Haiti earthquake and before the Chile earthquake . With 1,620 small earthquakes between January 17 , 2010 , and February 1 , 2010 , this swarm was the second - largest ever recorded in the Yellowstone Caldera . The largest of these shocks was a magnitude 3.8 that occurred on January 21 , 2010 . This swarm reached the background levels by February 21 . On March 30 , 2014 , at 6 : 34 AM MST , a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck Yellowstone , the largest recorded there since February 1980 . Volcanoes Diagram of the Yellowstone Caldera The last full - scale eruption of the Yellowstone Supervolcano , the Lava Creek eruption which happened approximately 640,000 years ago , ejected approximately 240 cubic miles ( 1,000 km ) of rock , dust and volcanic ash into the sky . Geologists are closely monitoring the rise and fall of the Yellowstone Plateau , which has been rising as fast as 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) per year , as an indication of changes in magma chamber pressure . The upward movement of the Yellowstone caldera floor between 2004 and 2008 -- almost 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) each year -- was more than three times greater than ever observed since such measurements began in 1923 . From 2004 to 2008 , the land surface within the caldera moved upward as much as 8 inches ( 20 cm ) at the White Lake GPS station . By the end of 2009 , the uplift had slowed significantly and appeared to have stopped . In January 2010 , the USGS stated that `` uplift of the Yellowstone Caldera has slowed significantly '' and that uplift continues but at a slower pace . The U.S. Geological Survey , University of Utah and National Park Service scientists with the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory maintain that they `` see no evidence that another such cataclysmic eruption will occur at Yellowstone in the foreseeable future . Recurrence intervals of these events are neither regular nor predictable . '' This conclusion was reiterated in December 2013 in the aftermath of the publication of a study by University of Utah scientists finding that the `` size of the magma body beneath Yellowstone is significantly larger than had been thought '' . The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory issued a statement on its website stating , Although fascinating , the new findings do not imply increased geologic hazards at Yellowstone , and certainly do not increase the chances of a ' supereruption ' in the near future . Contrary to some media reports , Yellowstone is not ' overdue ' for a supereruption . Other media reports were more hyperbolic in their coverage . A study published in GSA Today , the monthly news and science magazine of the Geological Society of America , identified three fault zones on which future eruptions are most likely to be centered . Two of those areas are associated with lava flows aged 174,000 -- 70,000 years , and the third is a focus of present - day seismicity . Hydrothermal explosions Path of the Yellowstone hot spot over the past 16 million years Further information : Hydrothermal explosion Studies and analysis may indicate that the greater hazard comes from hydrothermal activity which occurs independently of volcanic activity . Over 20 large craters have been produced in the past 14,000 years , resulting in such features as Mary Bay , Turbid Lake , and Indian Pond which was created in an eruption about 1300 BC . In a 2003 report , USGS researchers proposed that an earthquake may have displaced more than 77 million cubic feet ( 2,200,000 m ) ( 576,000,000 US gallons ) of water in Yellowstone Lake , creating colossal waves that unsealed a capped geothermal system and led to the hydrothermal explosion that formed Mary Bay . Further research shows that very distant earthquakes reach and have effects upon the activities at Yellowstone , such as the 1992 7.3 magnitude Landers earthquake in California 's Mojave Desert that triggered a swarm of quakes from more than 800 miles ( 1,300 km ) away , and the 2002 7.9 magnitude Denali fault earthquake 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) away in Alaska that altered the activity of many geysers and hot springs for several months afterward . In 2016 , the United States Geological Survey announced plans to map the subterranean systems responsible for feeding the area 's hydrothermal activity . According to the researchers , these maps could help predict when another supereruption occurs . See also Iceland hotspot and Iceland plume describes aspects of volcanic processes Long Valley Caldera , Valles Caldera , La Garita Caldera : examples of other calderas close to but not related to Yellowstone . References Jump up ^ USGS . `` Yellowstone Volcano Observatory '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lowenstern , Jacob B. ; Christiansen , Robert L. ; Smith , Robert B. ; Morgan , Lisa A. ; Heasler , Henry ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` Steam Explosions , Earthquakes , and Volcanic Eruptions -- What 's in Yellowstone 's Future ? -- U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005 -- 3024 '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ as determined by geological field work conducted by Bob Christiansen of the United States Geological Survey in the 1960s and 1970s . Jump up ^ Naomi E Matthews et al. , 2015 , `` Age of the Lava Creek supereruption and magma chamber assembly at Yellowstone based on 40Ar / 39Ar and U-Pb dating of sanidine and zircon crystals '' DOI : 10.1002 / 2015GC005881 Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Caldera , Wyoming -- USGS '' . Cascade Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . January 22 , 2003 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Stephen T. ; Wynne , P. Jane ; Francis , Don ; Hart , Craig J.R. ; Enkin , Randolph J. ; Engebretson , David C. ( 1996 ) . `` Yellowstone in Yukon : The Late Cretaceous Carmacks Group '' . Geology. 24 ( 11 ) : 997 , 998 . Bibcode : 1996Geo ... 24 ... 997J . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1996 ) 024 < 0997 : YIYTLC > 2.3.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone hotspot track '' . Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yellowstone Volcanic Hazards , USGS . Volcanoes.usgs.gov ( March 1 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West Thumb Lake is not to be confused with West Thumb Geyser Basin . The caldera created West Thumb Lake , and the underlying Yellowstone hotspot keeps West Thumb Geyser Basin active . See Fig. 22 Archived June 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... See also File : Yellowstone Caldera map2. JPG . Jump up ^ Newhall , Christopher G. ; Dzurisin , Daniel ( 1988 ) Historical Unrest at Large Calderas of the World : U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1855 Jump up ^ This qualitative statement is easily verified by reviewing the Yellowstone area in Google Earth Jump up ^ `` Origin and evolution of silicic magmatism at Yellowstone '' ( PDF ) . University of Oregon . Jump up ^ `` Secrets of supervolcanoes '' ( PDF ) . University of Oregon . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to hydrothermal ( steam ) explosions in Yellowstone '' . Yellowstone National Park . Yellowstone Net . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Witze , Alexandra ( 2013 ) . `` Large magma reservoir gets bigger '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2013.14036 . Jump up ^ `` USGS : Volcano Hazards Program -- Yellowstone Volcano Observatory Featured Articles Archive '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foulger , Gillian ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Yellowstone '' . MantlePlumes.org . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , Robert L. ; Foulger , G.R. ; Evans , John R. ( 2002 ) . `` Upper - mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 114 ( 10 ) : 1245 -- 1256 . Bibcode : 2002GSAB ... 114.1245 C . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 1245 : UMOOTY > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ See list of off - line references in mantleplumes.org/CRB.html Jump up ^ Ivanov , Alexei V. ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Columbia River Flood Basalts : Consequence of subduction - related processes '' . MantlePlumes.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park Earthquake listings '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Earthquake Swarms '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` January 2010 Yellowstone Seismicity Summary '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of Yellowstone Updates for 2009 '' . Jump up ^ `` UUSS Webicorder ( Seismogram ) at Lake for December 31 , 2008 '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kirk ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Hundreds of Quakes Are Rattling Yellowstone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Laura . `` Yellowstone National Park rattled by largest earthquake in 34 years '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Undine Falls , Lava Creek , Yellowstone National Park '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Timmer ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Yellowstone recharges '' . arstechnica.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert B. ; Chang , Wu - Lung ; Siegel , Lee ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Yellowstone rising : Volcano inflating with molten rock at record rate '' . University of Utah Public Relations ( Press release ) . EurekAlert ! ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) . Jump up ^ Molten Rock Fills Yellowstone Volcano at Record Rate Newswise , Retrieved on September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Recent ups and downs of the Yellowstone Caldera '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert B. ; Jordan , Michael ; Steinberger , Bernhard ; Puskas , Christine M. ; Farrell , Jamie ; Waite , Gregory P. ; Husen , Stephan ; Chang , Wu - Lung ; O'Connell , Richard ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume : Seismic and GPS imaging , kinematics and mantle flow '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 188 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 26 -- 56 . Bibcode : 2009JVGR ... 188 ... 26S . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2009.08. 020 . Jump up ^ Alert Archive Search . volcanoes.usgs.gov Jump up ^ Current Alerts for U.S. Volcanoes . volcano.wr.usgs.gov Jump up ^ GPS Station : WLWY -- Data Products -- Time Series Plots . unavco.org Jump up ^ `` Monitoring Upgrades Result in New Insight Into Yellowstone 's Magma System '' ( Press release ) . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory ( USGS ) . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Jim ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Reactions To Yellowstone Supervolcano Study Ranged From Hysteria To Ho - Hum '' . National Parks Traveller . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Richard A. Lovett ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Yellowstone Supervolcano Discovery -- Where Will It Erupt ? '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about recent findings at Yellowstone Lake '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami linked to Yellowstone crater '' . USA Today . January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quake in Alaska Changed Yellowstone Geysers '' . University of Utah . May 27 , 2004 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` We 're About to Find Out What 's Rumbling Below The Yellowstone Supervolcano '' . Science Alert . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Further reading Breining , Greg ( 2007 ) . Super Volcano : The Ticking Time Bomb beneath Yellowstone National Park . St. Paul , MN : Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2925 - 2 . A popularized scientific look at the Yellowstone area 's geological past and potential future Vazquez , J.A. ; Reid , M.R. ( 2002 ) . `` Time scales of magma storage and differentiation of voluminous rhyolites at Yellowstone caldera '' . Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology . Wyoming . 144 ( 3 ) : 274 -- 285 . Bibcode : 2002CoMP ... 144 ... 274V . doi : 10.1007 / s00410 - 002 - 0400 - 7 . Sutherland , Wayne ; Sutherland , Judy ( 2003 ) . Yellowstone Farewell . Spur Ridge . A novel looking at an eruption in the Yellowstone Caldera written by a practicing Wyoming geologist . Contains a wealth of technical details on the geology of western Wyoming External links The Snake River Plain and the Yellowstone Hot Spot Yellowstone Volcano Observatory FAQ relating to the supervolcano Supervolcano documentary from BBC Interactive : When Yellowstone Explodes from National Geographic The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust ( 46,000 km3 magma reservoir below chamber ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_Caldera&oldid=831232431 '' Categories : Yellowstone Caldera Landforms of Park County , Wyoming Landforms of Teton County , Wyoming Landforms of Yellowstone National Park Active volcanoes Supervolcanoes Extinction events Complex volcanoes Hotspot volcanoes VEI - 8 volcanoes Volcanism of Wyoming Volcanism of Idaho Volcanoes of Wyoming Volcanoes of Idaho Calderas of the United States Snake River Potentially active volcanoes Yellowstone hotspot Climate forcing agents Geological hazards Hidden categories : Articles using GVP links in vnum format Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 14 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the biggest volcano in the us	[ "The loosely defined term \"supervolcano\" has been used to describe volcanic fields that produce exceptionally large volcanic eruptions. Thus defined, the Yellowstone Supervolcano is the volcanic field which produced the latest three supereruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot; it also produced one additional smaller eruption, thereby creating West Thumb Lake[10] 174,000 years ago. The three supereruptions occurred 2.1 million, 1.3 million, and approximately 630,000 years ago, forming the Island Park Caldera, the Henry's Fork Caldera, and Yellowstone calderas, respectively.[11] The Island Park Caldera supereruption (2.1 million years ago), which produced the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, was the largest, and produced 2,500 times as much ash as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. The next biggest supereruption formed the Yellowstone Caldera (~ 630,000 years ago) and produced the Lava Creek Tuff. The Henry's Fork Caldera (1.2 million years ago) produced the smaller Mesa Falls Tuff, but is the only caldera from the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone hotspot that is plainly visible today.[12]" ]	[ "The Island Park Caldera" ]
-8185709606011547933	Abuja	Abuja - Wikipedia Abuja Jump to : navigation , search Abuja Municipality Federal Capital City ( FCC ) Abuja Municipal Area From top ( L-R ) : View of a street in Maitama District , Abuja National Mosque , Zuma Rock , fountain in Millennium Park , Central Bank headquarters , and skyline of CBD at night Abuja Location of Abuja in Nigeria Coordinates : 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Coordinates : 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Country Nigeria Territory Federal Capital Territory LGA ( s ) Abuja Municipal Area Council ( AMAC ) Settled 1828 Incorporated 1 October 1984 Declared capital 12 December 1991 Government City Planner Federal Capital Development Authority ( FCDA ) City Management Abuja Metropolitan Management Council ( AMMC ) Area Municipality 1,769 km ( 683 sq mi ) Land 1,728 km ( 667 sq mi ) Water 41 km ( 16 sq mi ) Urban 713 km ( 275 sq mi ) Elevation 840 m ( 2,760 ft ) Population ( 2011 estimate ) Municipality 1,235,880 Rank 7th Density 700 / km ( 1,800 / sq mi ) Urban 2,440,000 Urban density 3,423 / km ( 8,870 / sq mi ) Metro 6,000,000 ( estimated ) Time zone WAT ( UTC + 1 ) Postal code 900211 to 900288 Climate Aw Website abujacity.com Abuja ( / əˈbuːdʒə / ) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) . It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s , replacing the country 's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991 . Abuja 's geography is defined by Aso Rock , a 400 - metre ( 1,300 ft ) monolith left by water erosion . The Presidential Complex , National Assembly , Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock . Zuma Rock , a 792 - metre ( 2,598 ft ) monolith , lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State . At the 2006 census , the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298 , making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria . According to the United Nations , Abuja grew by 139.7 % between 2000 and 2010 , making it the fastest growing city in the world . As of 2015 , the city is still experiencing an annual growth of at least 35 % , still retaining its position as the fastest - growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest - growing in the world . Abuja has witnessed a huge influx of people into the city ; the growth has led to the emergence of satellite towns , such as Karu Urban Area , Suleja , Gwagwalada , Lugbe , Kuje and smaller settlements towards which the planned city is sprawling . The unofficial metropolitan area of Abuja has a population of well over three million , making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Nigeria , surpassed only by Lagos , Kano and Ibadan . As at 2016 , the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at 6 million persons , placing it behind only Lagos , as the most populous metro area . Major religious sites include the Nigerian National Mosque and the Nigerian National Christian Centre . The city is served by the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport . Abuja is known for being one of the few purpose - built capital cities in Africa , as well as being one of the wealthiest . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Districts 2.1 Central Business District 2.2 Garki District 2.3 Wuse District 2.4 Maitama District 2.5 Asokoro District 2.6 Gwarinpa District 2.7 Durumi District 3 Climate 3.1 Vegetation 4 Skyline and landmarks 5 Universities in Abuja 6 International Schools in Abuja 7 Transportation 7.1 Airport 7.2 Rail 8 Parks and open areas 8.1 Bush Bars 9 Postal system 10 Twin towns -- sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Nigeria 's National Assembly in Abuja `` Abuja '' was in the earlier 20th century the name of the nearby town now called Suleja . The indigenous inhabitants of Abuja are the Gbagyi ( Gwari ) as the major language , Bassa , Gwandara , Gade , Ganagana , Koro etc . In light of the ethnic and religious divisions of Nigeria , plans had been devised since Nigeria 's independence to have its capital in a place deemed neutral to all major ethnic parties , and also in close proximity to all the regions of Nigeria . The location was eventually designated in the centre of the country in the early 1970s as it signified neutrality and national unity . Another impetus for Abuja came because of Lagos ' population boom that made that city overcrowded and conditions squalid . As Lagos was already undergoing rapid economic development , the Nigerian regime felt the need to expand the economy towards the inner part of the country , and hence decided to move its capital to Abuja . The logic used was similar to the way Brazil planned its capital , Brasília . Construction broke ground and was dedicated in the late 1970s but , due to economic and political instability , the initial stages of the city were not complete until the late 1980s . The master plan for Abuja and the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) was developed by International Planning Associates ( IPA ) , a consortium of three American firms : Planning Research Corporation ; Wallace , McHarg , Roberts and Todd ; and Archisystems , a division of the Hughes Organization . The master plan for Abuja defined the general structure and major design elements of the city that are visible in its current form . More detailed design of the central areas of the capital , particularly its monumental core , was accomplished by Kenzo Tange , a renowned Japanese architect , with his team of city planners at Kenzo Tange and Urtec company . Most countries relocated their embassies to Abuja , and many maintain their former embassies as consulates in Lagos , the commercial capital of Nigeria . Abuja is the headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) and the regional headquarters of OPEC . Abuja and the FCT have experienced huge population growth ; it has been reported that some areas around Abuja have been growing at 20 % to 30 % per year . Squatter settlements and towns have spread rapidly in and outside the city limits . Tens of thousands of people have been evicted since former FCT minister Nasir Ahmad el - Rufai started a demolition campaign in 2003 . The FCT 's ministers have been as follows : Mobolaji Ajose - Adeogun 1976 -- 1979 John Jatau Kadiya , 1979 -- 1982 Iro Abubakar Dan Musa , 1982 -- 1983 Haliru Dantoro , 1983 -- 1984 Mamman Jiya Vatsa , 1984 -- December 1985 Hamza Abdullahi , 1986 -- 1989 Gado Nasko , 1989 -- 1993 Jeremiah Timbut Useni , 1993 -- 1998 Mamman Kontagora , 1998 -- 1999 Ibrahim Bunu , 1999 -- 2001 Mohammed Abba Gana , 2001 -- 2003 Nasir Ahmad el - Rufai , 2003 -- May 2007 Aliyu Modibo , 2007 -- 2008 Adamu Aliero , 2008 -- 2010 Bala Abdulkadir Mohammed , 2010 -- 2015 Mohammed Bello , 2015 -- Present Districts ( edit ) The Phase 1 area of the city is divided into ten districts known as cadastral zones . Central Cadastral Zone A00 Garki I District Cadastral Zone A01 Wuse 1 District Cadastral Zone A02 Garki II District Cadastral Zone A03 Asokoro Cadastral Zone A04 Maitama District Cadastral Zone A05 & A06 Wuse II Districts ( Cadastral Zone A07 & Cadastral Zone A08 ) Guzape District Cadastral Zone A09 There are also sixteen districts in Phase 2 . Kukwuaba Cadastral Zone B00 Gudu Cadastral Zone B01 Durumi Cadastral Zone B02 Wuye Cadastral Zone B03 Jabi Cadastral Zone B04 Utako Cadastral Zone B05 Mabuchi Cadastral Zone B06 Jahi Cadastral Zone B08 Kado Cadastral Zone B09 Dakibiyu Cadastral Zone B10 Kaura Cadastral Zone B11 Duboyi Cadastral Zone B12 Gaduwa Cadastral Zone B13 Dutse Cadastral Zone B14 Katampe Ext Cadastral Zone B19 There are eleven districts in Phase 3 . Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00 Karmo Cadastral Zone C01 Gwarinpa Cadastral Zone C02 Dape Cadastral Zone C04 Kafe Cadastral Zone C05 Nbora Cadastral Zone C06 Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07 Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08 Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09 Wumba Cadastral Zone C10 Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16 There are five suburban districts : Nyanya , Karu , Gwagwalada , Kubwa , and Jukwoyi . Along the Airport Road are clusters of satellite settlements , namely Lugbe , Chika , Kuchigworo and Pyakassa . Other satellite settlements are Idu ( the main industrial zone ) , Mpape , Karimu , Gwagwa , Dei - Dei ( housing the International Livestock market and also International Building materials market ) . Central business District ( edit ) National Christian Centre Abuja 's Central District , also called Central Area , spans from the foot of Aso Rock , across the Three Arms Zone , to the southern base of the inner ring road . It is like the city 's spinal cord , dividing it into the northern sector with Maitama and Wuse , and the southern sector with Garki and Asokoro . While each district has its own clearly demarcated commercial and residential sectors , the Central District is the city 's principal Business Zone , where practically all parastatals and multinational corporations have their offices . An attractive area in the Central District is the region known as the Three Arms Zone , so called because it houses the administrative offices of the executive , legislative and judicial arms of the federal government . A few of the other sites worth seeing in the area are the federal secretariats alongside Shehu Shagari Way , Aso Hill , the Abuja Plant Nursery , Eagle Square ( which has important historic significance , as it was in this grounds that the present democratic dispensation had its origin on 29 May 1999 ) and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier across the road facing it . The National Mosque and National Church of Nigeria are opposite each other on either side of Independence Avenue . A well - known government office is the Ministry of Defense , colloquially nicknamed `` Ship House '' . Garki District ( edit ) The Garki District is the area in the southwest corner of the city , having the Central District to the north and the Asokoro District to the east . The district is subdivided into units called `` Areas '' . Garki uses a distinctive naming convention of `` Area '' to refer to parts of Garki . These are designated as Areas 1 to 11 . Garki II is used to differentiate the area from Garki Area 2 . Visitors may find this system confusing . Garki is presently the principal business district of Abuja . Numerous buildings of interest are in this area . Some of them include the General Post Office , Abuja International Conference Centre along the busy Herbert Maculay Way , Nicon Luxury Hotel ( formally known as Abuja Sofitel Hotel and Le Meridian ) , Agura Hotel and Old Federal Secretariat Complex Buildings ( Area 1 ) . A new five - star hotel , Hawthorn Suites Abuja , is in Garki . Area 2 is mainly used for residential purposes , although a zoological garden as well as Garki Shopping Centre are in Area 2 . Several banks and other commercial offices are located along Moshood Abiola Way in Area 7 . The headquarters of the Nigerian Armed Forces -- Army , Airforce and Navy -- are all in the Garki District . The tallest building in this district is the Radio House , which houses the Federal Ministry of Information and Communications , the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria ( FRCN ) and Voice of Nigeria ( VON ) . The Nigerian Television Authority ( NTA ) stations and corporate headquarters are in Garki . The Federal Capital Development Authority ( FCDA ) which oversees and runs the Administration of the Federal Capital Territory has its offices in Garki . The Office of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory , Abuja is in Area 10 . Other places of note include the Arts and Culture Centre and The Nigerian Police Mobile Force headquarters in Area 10 . The Abuja Municipal Area Council , which is the local government administration has its headquarters in Area 10 . The new United States Embassy is in the Garki District . Wuse District ( edit ) Wuse District is the northwestern part of the city , with the Maitama District to its north and the Central District to its south . The District is numbered Zones 1 -- 8 . The Wuse Market is Abuja 's principal market ( Zone 5 ) . The second most important post office in the city is here . This district houses the Sheraton Hotel and Towers ( Zone 4 ) , Ibro International hotel , the Foreign Affairs Ministry Headquarters ( Zone 3 ) and Nigerian Customs Services Headquarters , Federal Civil Service Commission ( Zone 3 ) , Federal Road Safety Commission ( FRSC ) , National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration ( NAFDAC ) ( Zone 7 ) , Wuse General Hospital , and the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation . Just as Garki District has Garki II , Wuse has Wuse II . This is distinct from Wuse Zone 2 . Maitama District ( edit ) Millennium Park in Maitama District Maitama District is to the north of the city , with the Wuse and Central Districts lying to its southwest and southeast respectively . This area is home to the top bracket sections of society and business , and has the reputation of being very exclusive and very expensive . Interesting buildings include the Transcorp Hilton Hotel , Nigerian Communications Commission Headquarters ( NCC ) , National Universities Commission ( NUC ) , Soil Conservation Complex , and Independent National Electoral Commission ( INEC ) . The British High Commission is located along Aguiyi Ironsi Way , in Maitama . Also , the Maitama District Hospital is another notable building in Maitama . Maitama District is home to many of the European and Asian embassies . Asokoro District ( edit ) Asokoro District , the doyen of the districts , houses all of the state 's lodges / guest houses . The ECOWAS secretariat is a focal point of interest . Asokoro is to the east of Garki District and south of Central District . It is one of the most exclusive districts of Abuja and houses virtually all of the federal cabinet ministers ; in addition , the Presidential Palace ( commonly referred to as the Aso Rock ) is in Asokoro District . By virtue of this fact , Asokoro is the most secure area of the city . Gwarinpa District ( edit ) Gwarinpa is the last district in the Abuja Municipal Area Council . It is a 20 - kilometre ( 12 mi ) drive from the central district and contains the largest single housing estate in Nigeria , the Gwarinpa Housing Estate . The estate was built by the administration of General Sani Abacha and is the largest of its kind in Africa . It provides residence for the majority of the civil servants in federal ministries and government parastatals . The ECOWAS Court has an official quarters for the President and Members of the Court in Gwarinpa . Durumi District ( edit ) Durumi District is located southwest of Abuja and is bordered by Garki Districts I and II to the northeast . Its borders are the Oladipo Dia Road to the southwest , the Nnamdi Azikiwe Express Way to the northeast , and Ahmadu Bello Way to the southeast . The American International School of Abuja is located in the Durumi District . Climate ( edit ) Abuja under Köppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ) . The FCT experiences three weather conditions annually . This includes a warm , humid rainy season and a blistering dry season . In between the two , there is a brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind , with the main feature of dust haze and dryness . The rainy season begins from April and ends in October , when daytime temperatures reach 28 ° C ( 82.4 ° F ) to 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) and nighttime lows hover around 22 ° C ( 71.6 ° F ) to 23 ° C ( 73.4 ° F ) . In the dry season , daytime temperatures can soar as high as 40 ° C ( 104.0 ° F ) and nighttime temperatures can dip to 12 ° C ( 53.6 ° F ) . Even the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) . The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the FCT act as a moderating influence on the weather of the territory . Rainfall in the FCT reflects the territory 's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of rising air masses with the city receiving frequent rainfall during the rainy season from April to October every year . ( hide ) Climate data for Abuja Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 33.03 ( 91.45 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 20.2 ( 68.36 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 1.7 ( 0.067 ) 5.4 ( 0.213 ) 11.3 ( 0.445 ) 62.8 ( 2.472 ) 134.1 ( 5.28 ) 164.2 ( 6.465 ) 217.5 ( 8.563 ) 262.7 ( 10.343 ) 253.4 ( 9.976 ) 103.2 ( 4.063 ) 3.7 ( 0.146 ) ( 0.047 ) 1,221.2 ( 48.08 ) Average rainy days 0.1 0.2 1.3 4.2 9.4 12.3 14.0 16.2 15.9 8.0 0.3 0.1 82 Source : World Meteorological Organization . Vegetation ( edit ) The FCT falls within the Guinean forest - savanna mosaic zone of the West African sub-region . Patches of rain forest , however , occur in the Gwagwa plains , especially in the rugged terrain to the south southeastern parts of the territory , where a landscape of gullies and rough terrain is found . These areas of the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) form one of the few surviving occurrences of the mature forest vegetation in Nigeria . Skyline and landmarks ( edit ) Spectators at a football match held in the Abuja National Stadium The Abuja skyline is made up of mostly mid-range and a few tall buildings . Only recently have tall buildings begun to appear . Most of the buildings are modern , reflecting that it is a new city . Plans were made to build skyscrapers such as the Millennium Tower which is partly completed . This structure looms 170 metres ( 560 ft ) above the city . The tower is part of a huge cultural development complex called the Nigeria National Complex including the Nigeria Cultural Centre , a 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) structure dedicated to the art and culture of Nigeria . The Cultural Centre and the Millennium Tower have been designed by the Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti . Landmarks include the Millennium Tower , the Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters , the Nigerian Presidential Complex , the Ship House , the National Stadium , National Mosque , the National Church , Aso Rock and Zuma Rock . Abuja City Gate Zuma rock Abuja National Mosque Universities in Abuja ( edit ) African Institute of Science and Technology Baze University Nigerian Turkish Nile University University of Abuja Veritas University National Open University of Nigeria Nile University International Schools in Abuja ( edit ) Whiteplains British School , Jabi American International School of Abuja Nigerian - Turkish School Transportation ( edit ) Airport ( edit ) Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport is the main airport serving Abuja and the surrounding capital region . It was named after Nigeria 's first president , Nnamdi Azikiwe . The airport has international and domestic terminals . Rail ( edit ) Abuja is on the route of the planned Lagos -- Kano Standard Gauge Railway , which has been completed between Abuja and Kaduna . Trains for Kaduna depart from the Idu Railway Station in Abuja . There is a motor park at the train station for passengers traveling to the city centre . A light rail system is now under construction , including a station at Idu . Parks and open areas ( edit ) Abuja is home to several parks and green areas with the largest one being Millennium Park . Millennium Park was designed by world - renowned architect Manfredi Nicoletti and was officially opened by the United Kingdom 's Elizabeth II in December 2003 . Another open area park is located in Lifecamp Gwarimpa ; near the residence of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory . The park is located on a slightly raised hilltop which contains sport facilities like Basketball and Badminton courts another park is the city park , it is located in wuse 2 and is home to numerous outdoor and indoor attractions such as a 4D cinema , astro - turf , lawn tennis court , paintball arena and a variety of restaurants . Bush bars ( edit ) Abuja has a variety of informal spaces known as `` Bush Bars '' that usually , though not always , include a covered area with tables and chairs where people can sit and have drinks ( alcoholic and non-alcoholic ) and sometimes there are snacks such as suya , grilled catfish , pounded yam , egusi soup and other small items available for purchase and they are located all over Abuja . Postal system ( edit ) Abuja is served by the Nigerian Postal Service which maintains postal codes , street names and zones . Postal codes and district names can also be found on geocodes.com . Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Toronto , Canada Buffalo , United States See also ( edit ) Nigeria portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) '' . City Population . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jaiyeola , Andrews . `` FCT Minister Harps on Development of Satellite Towns '' . Jump up ^ Demographia ( January 2015 ) . Demographia World Urban Areas ( PDF ) ( 11th ed . ) . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Define Abuja 's at Dictionary.com '' . dictionary.com . Random House , Inc . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life of poverty in Abuja 's wealth '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News , Tuesday , 13 February 2007 . 2007 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Notice on Publication of 2006 Census Final Results '' ( PDF ) . Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa '' . Euromonitor. 2 March 2010 . Archived from the original on October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Cities To Do Business In Nigeria . ABUJA Is 2nd '' . Abuja Facts. 22 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Senan . `` Life of poverty in Abuja 's wealth . '' BBC . Tuesday 13 February 2007 . Retrieved on 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.naij.com/574434-nigeriaat55-top-5-reasons-nigerias-capital-moved-lagos-abuja-photos.html Jump up ^ Elleh , Nnamdi . Abuja , the single most ambitious urban design project of the 20th century . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Conference : African Regional Roundtable on Upgrading Low - income Settlements '' ( PDF ) . www.citiesalliance.org . World Bank , 3 -- 5 October 2000 , Johannesburg , South Africa , p. 16 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Resettlement Issues , Squatter Settlements and the Problems of Land Administration in Abuja , Nigeria 's Federal Capital '' ( PDF ) . fig.net . 5th FIG Regional Conference Accra , Ghana , 8 -- 11 March 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Polgreen , Lydia ( 13 December 2006 ) . `` In a Dream City , a Nightmare OF AKIM JOHN for the Common Man '' . nyt.com . New York Times , 13 December 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` How Nigeria is shared under Jonathan '' . Vanguard News . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contact Us '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Avenue '' . Wikimapia.org. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ship House '' . Wikimapia.org. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Durumi ( Abuja ) Nigeria / Abuja Federal Capital Territory / Zubo / Abuja '' . wikimapia.org/ . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abuja F.C.C. Developed Districts '' . Nairaland.com . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American International School '' . Google+ . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American International School , Abuja '' . American International School of Abuja . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abuja Nigeria Tourist Information '' . Touristlink.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ World Weather Information Service - Abuja , World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Agabi , Chris ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` NRC begins Abuja - Kaduna daily free train service '' . Daily Trust . Jump up ^ Jeremy . `` Sunday , August 27 , 2006 Abuja bush bars '' . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian Suya Recipe : For Nigerians in Diaspora '' . Copyright © 2013 allnigerianrecipes.com -- All Rights Reserved . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To Nigerian Postal Service ! '' . Nipost.gov.ng . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ www.geopostcodes.com . `` ZIP Code database of Nigeria , Abuja ( FCT ) , Abuja , Abuja '' . Geopostcodes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Abuja at Wikimedia Commons Abuja official website Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Abuja . Articles related to Abuja Abuja Districts Central District Garki District Wuse District Maitama District Asokoro District Gwarimpa DIstrict Phase 1 : Central Garki I Wuse I Wuse II Garki II Asokoro Maitama Guzape Phase 2 : Kukwuaba Gudu Durumi Wuye Jabi Utako Mabuchi Jahi Kado Dakibiyu Kaura Duboyi Gaduwa Dutse Katampe Phase 3 : Institution and Research Karmo Gwarimpa Dape Kafe Nbora Galadimawa Dakwo Lokogoma Wumba Idu Industrial Suburban districts : Nyanya Karu Gwagwalada Kubwa Jukwoyi Landmarks Aso Rock Presidential Complex National Assembly Supreme Court Abuja National Mosque Nigerian National Christian Centre Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Zuma Rock Millennium Tower CBN headquarters , NNPC towers Abuja International Conference Centre Nigerian Communications Commission building National Library of Nigeria Castle of Law National Ecumenical Centre of Nigeria Abuja Stadium Ecowas Secretariat Ladi Kwali Pottery Centre National Arbotetum I.B.B. Golf Club Pedam Dam The World Trade Centre Schools University of Abuja Nigerian Turkish Nile University Baze University The African University of Science and Technology Capitals of Africa Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea - Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Bujumbura , Burundi Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún ( claimed ) / Tifariti ( factual ) , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Freetown , Sierra Leone Funchal , Madeira Gaborone , Botswana Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland Jamestown , St Helena , Ascension & Tristan da Cunha Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Mamoudzou , Mayotte Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ) , Swaziland Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto - Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ) , South Africa Rabat , Morocco Saint - Denis , Réunion Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas , Canary Islands São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro ( political ) Abidjan ( economic ) , Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon An unrecognised or partially - recognised nation British Overseas Territory Overseas region of France Autonomous region of Portugal Autonomous community of Spain All - Africa Games host cities 1965 : Brazzaville 1973 : Lagos 1978 : Algiers 1987 : Nairobi 1991 : Cairo 1995 : Harare 1999 : Johannesburg 2003 : Abuja 2007 : Algiers 2011 : Maputo 2015 : Brazzaville 2019 : Luanda Federal Capital Territory Territory capital : Abuja Local Government Areas Abaji Abuja Municipal Bwari Gwagwalada Kuje Kwali ( hide ) Largest cities in Nigeria Aba Abakaliki Abeokuta Abuja Ado Ekiti Akure Asaba Awka Bauchi Benin City Birnin Kebbi Calabar Dutse Eket Enugu Gombe Gusau Ibadan Ife Ikeja Ikot - Abasi Ikot Ekpene Ikoyi Ilorin Iseyin Iwo Jalingo Jimeta Jos Kaduna Kano Katsina Lafia Lagos Lokoja Maiduguri Makurdi Minna Nnewi Nsukka Ogbomosho Okene Onitsha Ondo City Oron Osogbo Owerri Owo Oyo Port Harcourt Potiskum Sokoto Suleja Umuahia Uyo Warri Wukari Yenagoa Yola Zaria VIAF : 243839696 LCCN : n82129670 GND : 4365226 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abuja&oldid=805970717 '' Categories : Abuja Capitals in Africa Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Local Government Areas in the Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Planned capitals Populated places in the Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Populated places established in the 1970s Cities in Nigeria Planned cities in Nigeria 1970s establishments in Nigeria Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 20 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the federal capital moved from lagos to abuja	[ "Abuja (/əˈbuːdʒə/)[4] is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s,[5] replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400-metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792-metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State." ]	[ "12 December 1991" ]
3341712413320659439	Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce	Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce - wikipedia Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom ( season 3 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Bossing Up ( season 4 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Ever After ( season 5 ) Based on Girlfriends ' Guides series by Vicki Iovine Developed by Marti Noxon Starring Lisa Edelstein Beau Garrett Necar Zadegan Paul Adelstein Janeane Garofalo Alanna Ubach Retta Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marti Noxon Vicki Iovine Meryl Poster Robert Duncan McNeill Liz Kruger Craig Shapiro Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiny Pyro Productions Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Bravo Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) -- July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) External links Official website Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom in season 3 , Girlfriends ' Guide to Bossing Up in season 4 , and Girlfriends ' Guide to Ever After in season 5 ) is an American comedy - drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo . Based on the Girlfriends ' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine , the series revolves around Abby McCarthy , a self - help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce . Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby . Beau Garrett , Necar Zadegan and Paul Adelstein co-star . Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast . She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach . Retta recurred during the show 's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3 . Produced by Universal Cable Productions , it is the first original scripted series for Bravo . A 13 - episode first season was ordered by the network , which premiered on December 2 , 2014 . The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers . Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive , with particular praise towards Edelstein 's performance and the series ' quality over the reality series on Bravo . The show was eventually renewed for a second season , which premiered on December 1 , 2015 . On April 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third , fourth and fifth season . On August 5 , 2016 , it was announced that the fifth season would be the show 's last . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 4 Broadcast 4.1 Home media and streaming 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy , a self - help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles . Her marriage has recently ended , throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray . Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte , a recent divorcée and former model . Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life . Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai , a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce . She struggles with career and personal life balance . Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak , Abby 's husband from whom she is recently separated . He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby 's shadow . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring seasons 3 & 5 ) Janeane Garofalo as Lyla Straley , Abby 's friend , a divorcée and entertainment lawyer . A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1 . season 1 , episodes 1 -- 7 ) Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez - Frumpkis , Abby 's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA . She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family . ( season 1 , episode 8 -- season 5 ) Retta as Barbara Sawyer , Abby 's co-worker at SheShe , who later becomes her business partner . ( seasons 3 -- 5 ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Julianna Guill as Becca Riley , Jake 's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy , Abby 's brother J. August Richards as Ford , husband to Abby 's brother Warren Christie as Will , Abby 's new boyfriend Brian Markinson as Albert , Delia 's boss and long - time fling . Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech , Delia 's client with whom she starts an affair Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco , Phoebe 's love interest Aaron Staton as JD , Phoebe 's love interest Jean Smart as Katherine Miller , Abby 's editor Mark Valley as Dr. Harris , Abby 's love interest Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis , Jo 's ex-husband Will Kemp as Scott , the vegan confectioner at Jo 's bakery Megan Hilty as Charlene , Frumpkis ' new girlfriend Charles Mesure as Ralf , Phoebe 's ex-husband James Lesure as Mike Brady , Charlie 's baseball coach Daisy Betts as Gemma Guest ( edit ) Carrie Fisher as Cat Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo , Phoebe 's former boss Bernadette Peters as Annie Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop Victor Webster as Carl , a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to Barry Bostwick as George , Abby 's dad Lesley Ann Warren as Dina , Abby 's mom Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell Kathie Lee Gifford as herself Hoda Kotb as herself Kyle Richards as herself Jessica Clark as Merete Denise Richards as Temple Hampton , Will 's new girlfriend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 13 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 7 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 6 August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 5 6 June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Edelstein and Garofalo 's performances were praised by the critics . Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics , the series received an average score of 69 , based on 21 reviews . Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun - Times gave the episode a 4 star rating ( out of 4 stars ) , calling it `` a sometimes hilarious , sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A. - based self - help author '' and added that the first two episodes `` reveal a much more nuanced , poignant tale , punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes . '' LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of `` A - '' , calling it `` a very solid drama '' that should be on HBO or Showtime . Ferguson also praised the characters and the series 's messiness , writing `` Visually , it 's almost flawless ( there 's one obvious green - screen moment in the pilot , but it 's not Ringer level ) , but every character here is deeply flawed . '' Los Angeles Times 's Mary McNamara lauded the series ' cast 's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series `` smartly acted , crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues -- marriage , betrayal , family economics , friendship , even the pitfalls of public domesticity -- in gratifyingly complex ways . '' Brian Lowry , writing for Variety , applauded the series ' cast and material , noting how it sticks to the network 's demographic while maintaining a level of quality . Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series `` a smart , solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work . '' Slate 's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein 's portrayal of the lead character , describing her as `` very well cast , both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice - giver '' and noted that the series has `` a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as `` one reason '' the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series `` a lot more fun . '' Time 's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein 's `` sympathetic '' performance , noting that the latter `` grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young - adult fiction for actual adults . '' However , Poniewozik opined that `` there 's one lesson Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce has ( over ) learned from its Bravo peers : that there 's no reality so compelling that it ca n't be sweetened with a little Photoshop . '' David Hinckley , writing for the New York Daily News , highlighted the series ' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein 's performance as `` memorably moving . '' Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series , including the characters Abby and Lyla 's attitude on giving their spouses child support , but found the series to be its best `` at its nastiest . '' Ratings ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 demo rating Viewership ( millions ) Ref series season Rule No. 23 : Never Lie to the Kids December 2 , 2014 Tuesdays 10 : 00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 Rule No. 174 : Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9 , 2014 0.4 0.85 Rule No. 47 : Always Take Advantage of `` Me '' Time December 16 , 2014 0.3 0.70 Rule No. 426 : Fantasyland : A Great Place to Visit December 23 , 2014 0.3 0.77 5 5 Rule No. 21 : Leave Childishness to Children December 30 , 2014 0.4 0.87 6 6 Rule No 33 : When in Doubt , Run Away January 6 , 2015 0.4 0.87 7 7 Rule No. 67 : Do n't Kill the Princess January 13 , 2015 0.4 0.77 8 8 Rule No. 17 : Ask the Answer Lady January 20 , 2015 0.3 0.69 9 9 Rule No. 32 : F - You , Rob Frumpkis January 27 , 2015 0.4 0.91 10 10 Rule No. 3 : Do n't Stand in the Doorway February 3 , 2015 0.3 0.74 11 11 Rule No. 46 : Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10 , 2015 0.4 0.83 12 12 Rule No. 92 : Do n't Do the Crime If You Ca n't Do the Time February 17 , 2015 0.4 0.74 13 13 Rule No. 101 : Know When It 's Time to Move On February 24 , 2015 0.3 0.79 Broadcast ( edit ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2 , 2014 , in Canada on Slice on January 9 , 2015 , and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15 , 2015 . Home Media and streaming ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2015 season 1 of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers . The show is also available from electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes , Amazon Instant Video , and Vudu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' Starring Lisa Edelstein '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' As First Scripted Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Season 2 of Bravo 's Scripted Series ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' To Premiere December 1 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' gets 3 - season renewal at Bravo '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' to End After Season 5 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2016 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' Adds ' Rake 's Necar Zadegan As New Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo 's ' Girlfriends Guide To Divorce ' , Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3 '' . TV Line . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' to End After Season 5 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` GIRLFRIENDS ' GUIDE TO DIVORCE ( BRAVO ) '' . The Futun Critic . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo found a keeper with great new series ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago : Tim Knight . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 31 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce is Bravo 's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago : The Onion , Inc . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' marries Bravo to good TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Austin Beutner . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` TV review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide ' is surprisingly good '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis : Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Lowbrow and Delectable '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Divvying Up Perks , Pity , Scorn and Snark '' . The New York Times . New York City : Dean Baquet . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Image - Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce '' . Time . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday TV : One for the Family ( Toy Story ) and One for Adults ( Girlfriends ' Guide ) '' . TV Guide . Radnor : CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Bravo 's First Scripted Series , Is At Its Best When It 's At Its Nastiest '' . New York . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Moonshiners ' The Little Couple ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Tops Heated Race `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : History 's `` Pawn Stars '' Holds Onto Crown `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada '' . The TV Watercooler . http://google.com/+JeevanBrar . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lifetime UK Acquires ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' , Sets September Premiere - TVWise '' . TVWise . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce : Season 1 , 2015 - 10 - 13 , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Olivia ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` What 's New On Netflix This Weekend : ' Manson Family Vacation ' , November Titles , And More '' . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Season 1 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU - Watch Movies '' . www.vudu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . 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( 2010 ) Recipe for Deception ( 2016 ) Rocco 's Dinner Party ( 2011 ) Secrets and Wives ( 2015 ) The Singles Project ( 2014 ) Start - Ups : Silicon Valley ( 2012 ) Tamra 's OC Wedding ( 2013 ) Teresa Checks In ( 2015 ) Then and Now with Andy Cohen ( 2015 ) There Goes the Motherhood ( 2016 ) Thicker Than Water ( 2013 -- 16 ) Thintervention with Jackie Warner ( 2010 ) Timber Creek Lodge ( 2016 -- 17 ) Toned Up ( 2014 ) Top Chef Duels ( 2014 ) Top Chef : Just Desserts ( 2010 -- 11 ) Tour Group ( 2016 ) Untying the Knot ( 2014 -- 16 ) Vanderpump Rules After Show ( 2015 -- 16 ) Work of Art : The Next Great Artist ( 2010 -- 11 ) Work Out New York ( 2015 -- 16 ) Yours , Mine or Ours ( 2016 ) Upcoming Dirty John ( TBA ) Project Runway ( 2004 -- 08 , TBA ) The Fifth Beatle ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girlfriends%27_Guide_to_Divorce&oldid=852240777 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings Bravo ( U.S. ) television series English - language television programs Television programs based on books Television series by Universal Television Television series produced in Vancouver Television shows set in Los Angeles Works about divorce Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 15 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays mike on girlfriends guide to divorce	[ "Julianna Guill as Becca Riley, Jake's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show\nPatrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy, Abby's brother\nJ. August Richards as Ford, husband to Abby's brother\nWarren Christie as Will, Abby's new boyfriend\nBrian Markinson as Albert, Delia's boss and long-time fling. Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon\nMatthew Glave as Gordon Beech, Delia's client with whom she starts an affair\nBrandon Jay McLaren as Marco, Phoebe's love interest\nAaron Staton as JD, Phoebe's love interest\nJean Smart as Katherine Miller, Abby's editor\nMark Valley as Dr. Harris, Abby's love interest\nMaury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis, Jo's ex-husband\nWill Kemp as Scott, the vegan confectioner at Jo's bakery\nMegan Hilty as Charlene, Frumpkis' new girlfriend\nCharles Mesure as Ralf, Phoebe's ex-husband\nJames Lesure as Mike Brady, Charlie's baseball coach\nDaisy Betts as Gemma" ]	[ "James Lesure" ]
1946582302605820694	House of the Faun	House of the Faun - wikipedia House of the Faun Jump to : navigation , search House of the Faun Casa del Fauno Front view of the house General information Location Pompeii , Roman Empire Country Italy Construction started 80 BC The `` HAVE '' Mosaic ( spelling variant of Ave ) Copy of the Dancing Faun The House of the Faun ( Italian : Casa del Fauno ) , built during the 2nd century BC , was one of the largest and most impressive private residences in Pompeii , Italy , and housed many great pieces of art . It is one of the most luxurious aristocratic houses from the Roman republic , and reflects this period better than most archaeological evidence found even in Rome itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Artworks 3 Architecture 4 Remains 5 See also 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The House of the Faun was built in the 2nd century BC during the Samnite period ( 80 BC ) . There is evidence , most notably in the eastern walls of the tetrastyle atrium , that after the great earthquake in AD 62 , the House of the Faun was rebuilt and / or repaired ; yet , the building was only used again until AD 79 , ultimately rendered unusable by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . Although the eruption was devastating , the layers of ash covering the city preserved artworks , like the mosaics of the House of the Faun , which would have otherwise been likely destroyed or decayed due to the passage of time . The House of the Faun was named for the bronze statue of the dancing faun located , originally , on the lip of the impluvium , a basin for catching rainwater ; it has been moved to the center of the impluvium , as seen in the adjacent picture . Fauns are spirits of untamed woodland , which literate and Hellenized Romans often connected to Pan and Greek satyrs , or wild followers of the Greek god of wine and agriculture , Dionysus . It is purely decorative sculpture of a high order : `` the pose is light and graceful , '' Sir Kenneth Clark observed , the modeling well understood , the general sense of movement admirably sustained , '' though he missed in its suavity the stimulus of sharper contrasts to be found in Renaissance nudes . Archaeologists discovered an inscription bearing the cognomen Saturninus , suggesting that the dwelling was owned by the important gens , or clan , Satria ; a ring bearing the family name Cassius was also found , indicating that someone of the Cassii family married into the gens Satria and lived in the House of the Faun . The House of the Faun was initially excavated in 1830 by the German archeological institute . Artworks ( edit ) The Alexander Mosaic The House of the Faun contained the Alexander Mosaic , depicting the Battle of Issus in 333 BC between Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia . This mosaic may be inspired by or copied from a Greek painting finished in the late fourth century BC , probably by the artist Philoxenus of Eretria . Unlike most Pompeian pavements of the late second and early first centuries , this mosaic is made of tesserae , and not the more common opus signinum , or other kinds of stone chips set in mortar . The Alexander Mosaic is complemented by other floor mosaics with Nilotic scenes and theatrical masks . Other notable works of art from the House of Faun include an erotic Satyr and Nymph and the fish mosaic , a piece closely resembling other mosaics in Pompeii . Architecture ( edit ) Building Plan The House of the Faun covers nearly 3000 square meters and occupies an entire city block , or insula . The house can be divided into five major parts : the Tuscan atrium , peristyle atrium , service rooms and corridors , first , or Ionic , peristyle , and second , or Doric , peristyle , and their corresponding dependent rooms . Like many ancient Roman houses , the House of the Faun had tabernae , or storefront shops , and a highly sophisticated building plan , which details the many rooms . The entrance is decorated by the Latin message `` HAVE '' , a greeting both for meeting and parting . Like other wealthy aristocrats of the Roman Republic , the owners of the House of the Faun installed a private bath system , or balneum , in the house . The bathing room was located in the domestic wing , which was to the right of the entrance , and along with the kitchen was heated by a large furnace . The servants ' quarters were dark and cramped , and there was not much furniture . The house features beautiful peristyle gardens , the second of which was created as a stage to host recitations , mimes , and pantomimes . Additionally , the house contained an entrance passage , a number of bedrooms ( cubicula ) , dining rooms ( triclinia ) for both the summer and winter , a reception room ( oecus ) , and an office ( tablinum ) . Remains ( edit ) Tourists in the garden Today visitors can still explore the remains of the House of the Faun in modern Pompeii , along Via di Nola . Although most of the original artworks have been relocated to the National Archaeological Museum ( Museo Archeologico Nazionale ) in Naples , the most famous pieces , like the Dancing Faun and the Alexander Mosaic , have been recreated to give tourists a clearer picture of what the house was originally like . Pietro Giovanni Guzzo , one of Pompeii 's past archaeological superintendents , explained , `` I want visitors to have the impression that they are entering the same luxurious house in which the ancient Pompeian owners lived before it was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 . '' See also ( edit ) House of Sallust House of the Vettii Roman gardens Gallery ( edit ) Mosaic with a Nile Scene Erotic mosaic of a satyr and nymph Opus Sectile in vestibulum Fruit and masks mosaic ( detail ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grant , Michael ; Kitzinger , Rachel ( 1988 ) . Civilization of the ancient Mediterranean : Greece and Rome . New York : Scribner 's . ISBN 0 - 684 - 17594 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cambridge Ancient History . ( New ) ed . London : Cambridge University Press , 1970 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer , Eugene J. ( 2001 ) . `` The Unified Plan of the House of the Faun '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 60 ( 3 ) : 328 -- 343 . doi : 10.2307 / 991759 . JSTOR 991759 . Jump up ^ Clark , The Nude : A Study in Ideal Form 1956 : 263 ( illustrated fig. 145 ) . Jump up ^ Gordon , Mary L. ( 1927 ) . `` The Ordo of Pompeii '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 17 : 165 -- 183 . doi : 10.2307 / 296132 . JSTOR 296132 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History xxxv. 10.36 § 22 . ^ Jump up to : Westgate , Ruth ( 2000 ) . `` Pavimenta Atque Emblemata Vermiculata : Regional Styles in Hellenistic Mosaic and the First Mosaics At Pompeii '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 104 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 275 . doi : 10.2307 / 507451 . JSTOR 507451 . Jump up ^ `` Perseus Digital Library '' . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Richard ; MacDonald , William Lloyd ; McAllister , Marian Holland ( 1976 ) . The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ^ Jump up to : Merola , Marco ( 2006 ) . `` Alexander , Piece by Piece '' . Archaeology. 59 ( 1 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of the Faun ( Pompeii ) . Butterworth , Alex ; Laurence , Ray ( 2005 ) . Pompeii : The Living City . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 35585 - 8 . Hornblower , Simon ; Spawforth , Antony ( 1996 ) . The Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Little , A.M.G. ( 1935 ) . `` The Decoration of The Hellenistic Peristyle House in South Italy '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 39 ( 3 ) : 360 -- 371 . doi : 10.2307 / 498623 . JSTOR 498623 . External links ( edit ) 3D model of the Dancing Faun of Pompeii via laser scan of a cast at Skulpturhalle Basel museum ( hide ) Pompeii History Pompei Mount Vesuvius 62 Pompeii earthquake Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 Villas of Pompeii ‎ Villa of the Mysteries Domus of Pompeii ‎ House of the Faun House of Sallust House of the Centenary House of Julia Felix House of Loreius Tiburtinus House of Menander House of the surgeon House of the Silver Wedding House of the Tragic Poet House of the Vettii Lupanar Public buildings of Pompeii ‎ Aqua Augusta Macellum of Pompeii Recreational buildings of Pompeii ‎ Amphitheatre Suburban Baths Temples of Pompeii Temple of Apollo Temple of Isis Temple of Jupiter Other sites destroyed in the 79 Eruption Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri Oplontis Villa Poppaea Stabiae Villa Boscoreale Archaeological Museum Naples National Archaeological Museum Art in Pompeii Achilles and Briseis Alexander Mosaic Portrait of Paquius Proculo Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeian Styles Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeii in popular culture Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 4.5 '' N 14 ° 29 ′ 4.5 '' E / 40.751250 ° N 14.484583 ° E / 40.751250 ; 14.484583 LCCN : sh2001009847 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_the_Faun&oldid=811276511 '' Categories : Villas of Pompeii Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century BC Ancient Roman art Ancient Roman erotic art Gardens in Italy Landscape design history of Italy Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Italiano Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 16 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who lived in the house of the faun	[ "Archaeologists discovered an inscription bearing the cognomen Saturninus, suggesting that the dwelling was owned by the important gens, or clan, Satria; a ring bearing the family name Cassius was also found, indicating that someone of the Cassii family married into the gens Satria and lived in the House of the Faun.[5]", "Archaeologists discovered an inscription bearing the cognomen Saturninus, suggesting that the dwelling was owned by the important gens, or clan, Satria; a ring bearing the family name Cassius was also found, indicating that someone of the Cassii family married into the gens Satria and lived in the House of the Faun.[5]" ]	[ "clan, Satria", "family name Cassius" ]
7840288445080728648	OPEC	OPEC - wikipedia OPEC Jump to : navigation , search Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Flag Headquarters Vienna , Austria Official language English Type International cartel Membership 14 states ( May 2017 ) ( show ) Algeria Angola Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Gabon Iran * Iraq * Kuwait * Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia * United Arab Emirates Venezuela * * founding member Leaders Secretary General Mohammed Barkindo Establishment Baghdad , Iraq Statute September 1960 In effect January 1961 Currency Indexed as USD per barrel ( US $ / bbl ) Website www.opec.org Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC , / ˈoʊpɛk / OH - pek , or OPEP in several other languages ) is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations as of May 2017 , founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members ( Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Venezuela ) , and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna . As of 2016 , the 14 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American - dominated multinational oil companies . OPEC 's stated mission is `` to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets , in order to secure an efficient , economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers , a steady income to producers , and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry . '' The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market . As of May 2017 , OPEC 's members are Algeria , Angola , Ecuador , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Libya , Nigeria , Qatar , Saudi Arabia ( the de facto leader ) , United Arab Emirates , and Venezuela , while Indonesia is a former member . Two - thirds of OPEC 's oil production and reserves are in its six Middle Eastern countries that surround the oil - rich Persian Gulf . The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources , and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations . The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply . In the 1970s , restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and OPEC 's revenue and wealth , with long - lasting and far - reaching consequences for the global economy . In the 1980s , OPEC started setting production targets for its member nations ; and generally when the production targets are reduced , oil prices increase , most recently from the organization 's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply . Economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , but whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of state immunity under international law . In December 2014 , `` OPEC and the oil men '' ranked as # 3 on Lloyd 's list of `` the top 100 most influential people in the shipping industry '' . However , their influence on international trade is periodically challenged by the expansion of non-OPEC energy sources , and by the recurring temptation for individual OPEC countries to exceed production ceilings and pursue conflicting self - interests . Contents ( hide ) 1 Membership 1.1 Current member countries 1.2 Lapsed members 1.3 Observers 1.4 Leadership and decision - making 1.5 International cartel 1.6 Conflicts 2 Market information 2.1 Publications and research 2.2 Crude oil benchmarks 2.3 Spare capacity 3 History and impact 3.1 Post-WWII situation 3.2 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries 3.3 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion 3.4 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo 3.5 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID 3.6 1975 hostage siege 3.7 1979 -- 1980 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut 3.8 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions 3.9 2003 -- 2011 volatility 3.10 2008 production dispute 3.11 2014 -- 2017 oil glut 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Membership ( edit ) Current member countries ( edit ) As of May 2017 , OPEC has 14 member countries : six in the Middle East ( Western Asia ) , six in Africa , and two in South America . According to the US Energy Information Administration , OPEC 's combined rate of oil production ( including gas condensate ) represented 44 percent of the world 's total in 2016 , and OPEC accounted for 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , including 48 percent from just the six Middle Eastern members : Approval of a new member country requires agreement by three - quarters of OPEC 's existing members , including all five of the founders . In October 2015 , Sudan formally submitted an application to join , but it is not yet a member . Country Region Membership Years Population ( 2016 est . ) Area ( km ) Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 ) Algeria North Africa 1969 -- 40,606,052 2,381,740 1,348,361 12,200,000,000 Angola Southern Africa 2007 -- 28,813,463 1,246,700 1,769,615 8,423,000,000 Ecuador Americas 1973 -- 1992 , 2007 -- 16,385,068 283,560 548,421 8,273,000,000 Equatorial Guinea Western Africa 2017 -- 1,221,490 28,051 227,000 1,100,000,000 Gabon Western Africa 1975 -- 1995 , 2016 -- 1,979,786 267,667 210,820 2,000,000,000 Iran Middle East 1960 -- 80,277,428 1,648,000 3,990,956 157,530,000,000 Iraq Middle East 1960 -- 37,202,572 437,072 4,451,516 143,069,000,000 Kuwait Middle East 1960 -- 4,052,584 17,820 2,923,825 101,500,000,000 Libya North Africa 1962 -- 6,293,253 1,759,540 384,686 48,363,000,000 Nigeria Western Africa 1971 -- 185,989,640 923,768 1,999,885 37,070,000,000 Qatar Middle East 1961 -- 2,569,804 11,437 1,522,902 25,244,000,000 Saudi Arabia Middle East 1960 -- 32,275,687 2,149,690 10,460,710 266,578,000,000 United Arab Emirates Middle East 1967 -- 9,269,612 83,600 3,106,077 97,800,000,000 Venezuela Americas 1960 -- 31,568,179 912,050 2,276,967 299,953,000,000 OPEC Total 478,498,000 12,150,695 35,221,740 1,209,103,000,000 World Total 7,588,065,000 510,072,000 80,622,287 1,650,585,000,000 OPEC Percent 6 % 2 % 44 % 73 % ^ Jump up to : One petroleum barrel ( bbl ) is approximately 42 US gallons , or 159 liters , or 0.159 m , varying slightly with temperature . To put the production numbers in context , a supertanker typically holds 2,000,000 barrels ( 320,000 m ) , and the world 's current production rate would take approximately 56 years to exhaust the world 's current proven reserves . ^ Jump up to : The five founding members attended the first OPEC conference in September 1960 . Jump up ^ The UAE was founded in December 1971 . Its OPEC membership originated with the Emirate of Abu Dhabi . Lapsed members ( edit ) Country Region Membership Years Population ( 2016 est . ) Area ( km ) Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 ) Indonesia Southeast Asia 1962 -- 2008 , Rejoined 2014 - 2016 261,115,456 1,904,569 833,667 3,692,500,000 For countries that export petroleum at relatively low volume , their limited negotiating power as OPEC members would not necessarily justify the burdens imposed by OPEC production quotas and membership costs . Ecuador withdrew from OPEC in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under its OPEC quota at the time , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . It rejoined the organization in January 2016 , but announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its membership at year - end when OPEC requested a 5 percent production cut . Some commentators consider that the United States was a de facto member of OPEC during its formal occupation of Iraq , due to its leadership of the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 -- 2004 . But this is not borne out by the minutes of OPEC meetings , as no US representative attended in an official capacity . Observers ( edit ) Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers . This arrangement serves as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies . Leadership and decision - Making ( edit ) OPEC Conference delegates at Swissotel , Quito , Ecuador , December 2010 See also : List of Secretaries General of OPEC The OPEC Conference is the supreme authority of the organization , and consists of delegations normally headed by the oil ministers of member countries . The chief executive of the organization is the OPEC Secretary General . The Conference ordinarily meets at the Vienna headquarters , at least twice a year and in additional extraordinary sessions when necessary . It generally operates on the principles of unanimity and `` one member , one vote '' , with each country paying an equal membership fee into the annual budget . However , since Saudi Arabia is by far the largest and most - profitable oil exporter in the world , with enough capacity to function as the traditional swing producer to balance the global market , it serves as `` OPEC 's de facto leader '' . International cartel ( edit ) At various times , OPEC members have displayed apparent anti-competitive cartel behavior through the organization 's agreements about oil production and price levels . In fact , economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , as in this definition from OECD 's Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law : International commodity agreements covering products such as coffee , sugar , tin and more recently oil ( OPEC : Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) are examples of international cartels which have publicly entailed agreements between different national governments . OPEC members strongly prefer to describe their organization as a modest force for market stabilization , rather than a powerful anti-competitive cartel . In its defense , the organization was founded as a counterweight against the previous `` Seven Sisters '' cartel of multinational oil companies , and non-OPEC energy suppliers have maintained enough market share for a substantial degree of worldwide competition . Moreover , because of an economic `` prisoner 's dilemma '' that encourages each member nation individually to discount its price and exceed its production quota , widespread cheating within OPEC often erodes its ability to influence global oil prices through collective action . OPEC has not been involved in any disputes related to the competition rules of the World Trade Organization , even though the objectives , actions , and principles of the two organizations diverge considerably . A key US District Court decision held that OPEC consultations are protected as `` governmental '' acts of state by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act , and are therefore beyond the legal reach of US competition law governing `` commercial '' acts . Despite popular sentiment against OPEC , legislative proposals to limit the organization 's sovereign immunity , such as the NOPEC Act , have so far been unsuccessful . Conflicts ( edit ) OPEC often has difficulty agreeing on policy decisions because its member countries differ widely in their oil export capacities , production costs , reserves , geological features , population , economic development , budgetary situations , and political circumstances . Indeed , over the course of market cycles , oil reserves can themselves become a source of serious conflict , instability and imbalances , in what economists call the `` natural resource curse '' . A further complication is that religion - linked conflicts in the Middle East are recurring features of the geopolitical landscape for this oil - rich region . Internationally important conflicts in OPEC 's history have included the Six - Day War ( 1967 ) , Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) , a hostage siege directed by Palestinian militants ( 1975 ) , the Iranian Revolution ( 1979 ) , Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ( 1990 -- 1991 ) , September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers ( 2001 ) , American occupation of Iraq ( 2003 -- 2011 ) , Conflict in the Niger Delta ( 2004 -- present ) , Arab Spring ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Libyan Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) , and international Embargo against Iran ( 2012 -- 2016 ) . Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices , the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC 's long - term cohesion and effectiveness . Market Information ( edit ) As one area in which OPEC members have been able to cooperate productively over the decades , the organization has significantly improved the quality and quantity of information available about the international oil market . This is especially helpful for a natural - resource industry whose smooth functioning requires months and years of careful planning . Publications and research ( edit ) Logo for JODI , in which OPEC is a founding member In April 2001 , OPEC collaborated with five other international organizations ( APEC , Eurostat , IEA , OLADE ( es ) , UNSD ) to improve the availability and reliability of oil data . They launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise , which in 2005 was joined by IEF and renamed the Joint Organisations Data Initiative ( JODI ) , covering more than 90 percent of the global oil market . GECF joined as an eighth partner in 2014 , enabling JODI also to cover nearly 90 percent of the global market for natural gas . Since 2007 , OPEC has published the `` World Oil Outlook '' ( WOO ) annually , in which it presents a comprehensive analysis of the global oil industry including medium - and long - term projections for supply and demand . OPEC also produces an `` Annual Statistical Bulletin '' ( ASB ) , and publishes more - frequent updates in its `` Monthly Oil Market Report '' ( MOMR ) and `` OPEC Bulletin '' . Crude oil benchmarks ( edit ) Sulfur content and API gravity of different types of crude oil See also : Benchmark ( crude oil ) A `` crude oil benchmark '' is a standardized petroleum product that serves as a convenient reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil , including standardized contracts in major futures markets since 1983 . Benchmarks are used because oil prices differ ( usually by a few dollars per barrel ) based on variety , grade , delivery date and location , and other legal requirements . The OPEC Reference Basket of Crudes has been an important benchmark for oil prices since 2000 . It is calculated as a weighted average of prices for petroleum blends from the OPEC member countries : Saharan Blend ( Algeria ) , Girassol ( Angola ) , Oriente ( Ecuador ) , Rabi Light ( Gabon ) , Iran Heavy ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) , Basra Light ( Iraq ) , Kuwait Export ( Kuwait ) , Es Sider ( Libya ) , Bonny Light ( Nigeria ) , Qatar Marine ( Qatar ) , Arab Light ( Saudi Arabia ) , Murban ( UAE ) , and Merey ( Venezuela ) . North Sea Brent Crude Oil is the leading benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils , and is used to price approximately two - thirds of the world 's traded crude oil . Other well - known benchmarks are West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) , Dubai Crude , Oman Crude , and Urals oil . Spare capacity ( edit ) The US Energy Information Administration , the statistical arm of the US Department of Energy , defines spare capacity for crude oil market management `` as the volume of production that can be brought on within 30 days and sustained for at least 90 days ... OPEC spare capacity provides an indicator of the world oil market 's ability to respond to potential crises that reduce oil supplies . '' In November 2014 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) estimated that OPEC 's `` effective '' spare capacity , adjusted for ongoing disruptions in countries like Libya and Nigeria , was 3.5 million barrels per day ( 560,000 m / d ) and that this number would increase to a peak in 2017 of 4.6 million barrels per day ( 730,000 m / d ) . By November 2015 , the IEA changed its assessment `` with OPEC 's spare production buffer stretched thin , as Saudi Arabia -- which holds the lion 's share of excess capacity -- and its ( Persian ) Gulf neighbours pump at near - record rates . '' History and impact ( edit ) Post-WWII situation ( edit ) In 1949 , Venezuela and Iran took the earliest steps in the direction of OPEC , by inviting Iraq , Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to improve communication among petroleum - exporting nations as the world recovered from World War II . At the time , some of the world 's largest oil fields were just entering production in the Middle East . The United States had established the Interstate Oil Compact Commission to join the Texas Railroad Commission in limiting overproduction . The US was simultaneously the world 's largest producer and consumer of oil ; and the world market was dominated by a group of multinational companies known as the `` Seven Sisters '' , five of which were headquartered in the US following the breakup of John D. Rockefeller 's original Standard Oil monopoly . Oil - exporting countries were eventually motivated to form OPEC as a counterweight to this concentration of political and economic power . 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries ( edit ) In February 1959 , as new supplies were becoming available , the multinational oil companies ( MOCs ) unilaterally reduced their posted prices for Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crude oil by 10 percent . Weeks later , the Arab League 's first Arab Petroleum Congress convened in Cairo , Egypt , where the influential journalist Wanda Jablonski introduced Saudi Arabia 's Abdullah Tariki to Venezuela 's observer Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo , representing the two then - largest oil - producing nations outside the United States and the Soviet Union . Both oil ministers were angered by the price cuts , and the two led their fellow delegates to establish the Maadi Pact or Gentlemen 's Agreement , calling for an `` Oil Consultation Commission '' of exporting countries , to which MOCs should present price - change plans . Jablonski reported a marked hostility toward the West and a growing outcry against `` absentee landlordism '' of the MOCs , which at the time controlled all oil operations within the exporting countries and wielded enormous political influence . In August 1960 , ignoring the warnings , and with the US favoring Canadian and Mexican oil for strategic reasons , the MOCs again unilaterally announced significant cuts in their posted prices for Middle Eastern crude oil . 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion ( edit ) OPEC headquarters in Vienna ( 2009 building ) The following month , during 10 -- 14 September 1960 , the Baghdad Conference was held at the initiative of Tariki , Pérez Alfonzo , and Iraqi prime minister Abd al - Karim Qasim , whose country had skipped the 1959 congress . Government representatives from Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of crude oil produced by their countries , and ways to respond to unilateral actions by the MOCs . Despite strong US opposition : `` Together with Arab and non-Arab producers , Saudi Arabia formed the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries ( OPEC ) to secure the best price available from the major oil corporations . '' The Middle Eastern members originally called for OPEC headquarters to be in Baghdad or Beirut , but Venezuela argued for a neutral location , and so the organization chose Geneva , Switzerland . On 1 September 1965 , OPEC moved to Vienna , Austria , after Switzerland declined to extend diplomatic privileges . During 1961 -- 1975 , the five founding nations were joined by Qatar ( 1961 ) , Indonesia ( 1962 -- 2008 , rejoined 2014 - 2016 ) , Libya ( 1962 ) , United Arab Emirates ( originally just the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , 1967 ) , Algeria ( 1969 ) , Nigeria ( 1971 ) , Ecuador ( 1973 -- 1992 , rejoined 2007 ) , and Gabon ( 1975 -- 1994 , rejoined 2016 ) . By the early 1970s , OPEC 's membership accounted for more than half of worldwide oil production . Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion , Mohammed Barkindo , OPEC 's Acting Secretary General in 2006 , urged his African neighbors Angola and Sudan to join , and Angola did in 2007 , followed by Equatorial Guinea in 2017 . Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers , as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies . 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo ( edit ) An undersupplied US gasoline station , closed during the oil embargo in 1973 Main article : 1973 oil crisis In October 1973 , the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OAPEC , consisting of the Arab majority of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria ) declared significant production cuts and an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War . A previous embargo attempt was largely ineffective in response to the Six - Day War in 1967 . However , in 1973 , the result was a sharp rise in oil prices and OPEC revenues , from US $3 / bbl to US $12 / bbl , and an emergency period of energy rationing , intensified by panic reactions , a declining trend in US oil production , currency devaluations , and a lengthy UK coal - miners dispute . For a time , the UK imposed an emergency three - day workweek . Seven European nations banned non-essential Sunday driving . US gas stations limited the amount of gasoline that could be dispensed , closed on Sundays , and restricted the days when gasoline could be purchased , based on license plate numbers . Even after the embargo ended in March 1974 following intense diplomatic activity , prices continued to rise . The world experienced a global economic recession , with unemployment and inflation surging simultaneously , steep declines in stock and bond prices , major shifts in trade balances and petrodollar flows , and a dramatic end to the post-WWII economic boom . The 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo had lasting effects on the United States and other industrialized nations , which established the International Energy Agency in response , as well as national emergency stockpiles designed to withstand months of future supply disruptions . Oil conservation efforts included lower speed limits on highways , smaller and more energy - efficient cars and appliances , year - round daylight saving time , reduced usage of heating and air - conditioning , better insulation , increased support of mass transit , and greater emphasis on coal , natural gas , ethanol , nuclear and other alternative energy sources . These long - term efforts became effective enough that US oil consumption would rise only 11 percent during 1980 -- 2014 , while real GDP rose 150 percent . But in the 1970s , OPEC nations demonstrated convincingly that their oil could be used as both a political and economic weapon against other nations , at least in the short term . 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID ( edit ) Main article : OPEC Fund for International Development OPEC 's international aid activities date from well before the 1973 -- 1974 oil price surge . For example , the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development has operated since 1961 . In the years after 1973 , as an example of so - called `` checkbook diplomacy '' , certain Arab nations have been among the world 's largest providers of foreign aid , and OPEC added to its goals the selling of oil for the socio - economic growth of poorer nations . The OPEC Special Fund was conceived in Algiers , Algeria , in March 1975 , and was formally established the following January . `` A Solemn Declaration ' reaffirmed the natural solidarity which unites OPEC countries with other developing countries in their struggle to overcome underdevelopment , ' and called for measures to strengthen cooperation between these countries ... ( The OPEC Special Fund 's ) resources are additional to those already made available by OPEC states through a number of bilateral and multilateral channels . '' The Fund became an official international development agency in May 1980 and was renamed the OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) , with Permanent Observer status at the United Nations . 1975 hostage siege ( edit ) `` Carlos the Jackal '' ( KGB photo , 1970s ) Main article : OPEC siege On 21 December 1975 , Saudi Arabia 's Ahmed Zaki Yamani , Iran 's Jamshid Amuzegar , and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna , Austria . The attack , which killed three non-ministers , was orchestrated by a six - person team led by Venezuelan terrorist `` Carlos the Jackal '' , and which included Gabriele Kröcher - Tiedemann and Hans - Joachim Klein . The self - named `` Arm of the Arab Revolution '' group declared its goal to be the liberation of Palestine . Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and hold for ransom all eleven attending oil ministers , except for Yamani and Amuzegar who were to be executed . Carlos arranged bus and plane travel for his team and 42 of the original 63 hostages , with stops in Algiers and Tripoli , planning to fly eventually to Baghdad , where Yamani and Amuzegar were to be killed . All 30 non-Arab hostages were released in Algiers , excluding Amuzegar . Additional hostages were released at another stop in Tripoli before returning to Algiers . With only 10 hostages remaining , Carlos held a phone conversation with Algerian President Houari Boumédienne , who informed Carlos that the oil ministers ' deaths would result in an attack on the plane . Boumédienne must also have offered Carlos asylum at this time and possibly financial compensation for failing to complete his assignment . Carlos expressed his regret at not being able to murder Yamani and Amuzegar , then he and his comrades left the plane . All the hostages and terrorists walked away from the situation , two days after it began . Some time after the attack , Carlos 's accomplices revealed that the operation was commanded by Wadie Haddad , a founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine . They also claimed that the idea and funding came from an Arab president , widely thought to be Muammar al - Gaddafi of Libya , itself an OPEC member . Fellow militants Bassam Abu Sharif and Klein claimed that Carlos received and kept a ransom between US $20 million and US $50 million from `` an Arab president '' . Carlos claimed that Saudi Arabia paid ransom on behalf of Iran , but that the money was `` diverted en route and lost by the Revolution '' . He was finally captured in 1994 and is serving life sentences for at least 16 other murders . 1979 -- 1980 oil Crisis and 1980s oil glut ( edit ) Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972 Main articles : 1979 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut In response to a wave of oil nationalizations and the high prices of the 1970s , industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on OPEC oil , especially after prices reached new peaks approaching US $40 / bbl in 1979 -- 1980 when the Iranian Revolution and Iran -- Iraq War disrupted regional stability and oil supplies . Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal , natural gas , or nuclear power ; national governments initiated multibillion - dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil ; and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia , Alaska , the North Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico . By 1986 , daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels , non-OPEC production rose by an even - larger amount , and OPEC 's market share sank from approximately 50 percent in 1979 to less than 30 percent in 1985 . Illustrating the volatile multi-year timeframes of typical market cycles for natural resources , the result was a six - year decline in the price of oil , which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone . As one oil analyst summarized succinctly : `` When the price of something as essential as oil spikes , humanity does two things : finds more of it and finds ways to use less of it . '' To combat falling revenue from oil sales , in 1982 Saudi Arabia pressed OPEC for audited national production quotas in an attempt to limit output and boost prices . When other OPEC nations failed to comply , Saudi Arabia first slashed its own production from 10 million barrels daily in 1979 -- 1981 to just one - third of that level in 1985 . When even this proved ineffective , Saudi Arabia reversed course and flooded the market with cheap oil , causing prices to fall below US $10 / bbl and higher - cost producers to become unprofitable . Faced with increasing economic hardship ( which ultimately contributed to the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989 ) , the `` free - riding '' oil exporters that had previously failed to comply with OPEC agreements finally began to limit production to shore up prices , based on painstakingly negotiated national quotas that sought to balance oil - related and economic criteria since 1986 . ( Within their sovereign - controlled territories , the national governments of OPEC members are able to impose production limits on both government - owned and private oil companies . ) Generally when OPEC production targets are reduced , oil prices increase . 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions ( edit ) See also : 1990 oil price shock One of the hundreds of Kuwaiti oil fires set by retreating Iraqi troops in 1991 Fluctuations of Brent crude oil price , 1988 -- 2015 Leading up to his August 1990 Invasion of Kuwait , Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was pushing OPEC to end overproduction and to send oil prices higher , in order to help OPEC members financially and to accelerate rebuilding from the 1980 -- 1988 Iran -- Iraq War . But these two Iraqi wars against fellow OPEC founders marked a low point in the cohesion of the organization , and oil prices subsided quickly after the short - term supply disruptions . The September 2001 Al Qaeda attacks on the US and the March 2003 US invasion of Iraq had even milder short - term impacts on oil prices , as Saudi Arabia and other exporters again cooperated to keep the world adequately supplied . In the 1990s , OPEC lost its two newest members , who had joined in the mid-1970s . Ecuador withdrew in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under the OPEC quota , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . Iraq has remained a member of OPEC since the organization 's founding , but Iraqi production was not a part of OPEC quota agreements from 1998 to 2016 , due to the country 's daunting political difficulties . Lower demand triggered by the 1997 -- 1998 Asian financial crisis saw the price of oil fall back to 1986 levels . After oil slumped to around US $10 / bbl , joint diplomacy achieved a gradual slowing of oil production by OPEC , Mexico and Norway . In June 2003 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) and OPEC held their first joint workshop on energy issues . They have continued to meet regularly since then , `` to collectively better understand trends , analysis and viewpoints and advance market transparency and predictability . '' 2003 -- 2011 volatility ( edit ) See also : Oil price increases of 2003 -- 2008 Widespread insurgency and sabotage occurred during the 2003 -- 2008 height of the American occupation of Iraq , coinciding with rapidly increasing oil demand from China and commodity - hungry investors , recurring violence against the Nigerian oil industry , and dwindling spare capacity as a cushion against potential shortages . This combination of forces prompted a sharp rise in oil prices to levels far higher than those previously targeted by OPEC . Price volatility reached an extreme in 2008 , as WTI crude oil surged to a record US $147 / bbl in July and then plunged back to US $32 / bbl in December , during the worst global recession since World War II . OPEC 's annual oil export revenue also set a new record in 2008 , estimated around US $1 trillion , and reached similar annual rates in 2011 -- 2014 ( along with extensive petrodollar recycling activity ) before plunging again . By the time of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and Arab Spring , OPEC started issuing explicit statements to counter `` excessive speculation '' in oil futures markets , blaming financial speculators for increasing volatility beyond market fundamentals . In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirmed Indonesia 's withdrawal , noting that OPEC `` regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full membership in the organization , and recorded its hope that the country would be in a position to rejoin the organization in the not - too - distant future . '' 2008 production dispute ( edit ) Countries by net oil exports ( 2008 ) The differing economic needs of OPEC member states often affect the internal debates behind OPEC production quotas . Poorer members have pushed for production cuts from fellow members , to increase the price of oil and thus their own revenues . These proposals conflict with Saudi Arabia 's stated long - term strategy of being a partner with the world 's economic powers to ensure a steady flow of oil that would support economic expansion . Part of the basis for this policy is the Saudi concern that overly expensive oil or unreliable supply will drive industrial nations to conserve energy and develop alternative fuels , curtailing the worldwide demand for oil and eventually leaving unneeded barrels in the ground . To this point , Saudi Oil Minister Yamani famously remarked in 1973 : `` The Stone Age did n't end because we ran out of stones . '' On 10 September 2008 , with oil prices still near US $100 / bbl , a production dispute occurred when the Saudis reportedly walked out of a negotiating session where rival members voted to reduce OPEC output . Although Saudi delegates officially endorsed the new quotas , they stated anonymously that they would not observe them . The New York Times quoted one such delegate as saying : `` Saudi Arabia will meet the market 's demand . We will see what the market requires and we will not leave a customer without oil . The policy has not changed . '' Over the next few months , oil prices plummeted into the $30 s , and did not return to $100 until the Libyan Civil War in 2011 . 2014 -- 2017 oil glut ( edit ) See also : 2010s oil glut Countries by oil production ( 2013 ) Top oil - producing countries ( million barrels per day , 1973 -- 2016 ) Gusher well in Saudi Arabia : conventional source of OPEC production Shale `` fracking '' in the US : important new challenge to OPEC market share During 2014 -- 2015 , OPEC members consistently exceeded their production ceiling , and China experienced a slowdown in economic growth . At the same time , US oil production nearly doubled from 2008 levels and approached the world - leading `` swing producer '' volumes of Saudi Arabia and Russia , due to the substantial long - term improvement and spread of shale `` fracking '' technology in response to the years of record oil prices . These developments led in turn to a plunge in US oil import requirements ( moving closer to energy independence ) , a record volume of worldwide oil inventories , and a collapse in oil prices that continued into early 2016 . In spite of global oversupply , on 27 November 2014 in Vienna , Saudi Oil Minister Ali Al - Naimi blocked appeals from poorer OPEC members for production cuts to support prices . Naimi argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself competitively at lower price levels , strategically rebuilding OPEC 's long - term market share by ending the profitability of high - cost US shale oil production . As he explained in an interview : Is it reasonable for a highly efficient producer to reduce output , while the producer of poor efficiency continues to produce ? That is crooked logic . If I reduce , what happens to my market share ? The price will go up and the Russians , the Brazilians , US shale oil producers will take my share ... We want to tell the world that high - efficiency producing countries are the ones that deserve market share . That is the operative principle in all capitalist countries ... One thing is for sure : Current prices ( roughly US $60 / bbl ) do not support all producers . A year later , when OPEC met in Vienna on 4 December 2015 , the organization had exceeded its production ceiling for 18 consecutive months , US oil production had declined only slightly from its peak , world markets appeared to be oversupplied by at least 2 million barrels per day despite war - torn Libya pumping 1 million barrels below capacity , oil producers were making major adjustments to withstand prices as low as the $40 s , Indonesia was rejoining the export organization , Iraqi production had surged after years of disorder , Iranian output was poised to rebound with the lifting of international sanctions , hundreds of world leaders at the Paris Climate Agreement were committing to limit carbon emissions from fossil fuels , and solar technologies were becoming steadily more competitive and prevalent . In light of all these market pressures , OPEC decided to set aside its ineffective production ceiling until the next ministerial conference in June 2016 . By 20 January 2016 , the OPEC Reference Basket was down to US $22.48 / bbl -- less than one - fourth of its high from June 2014 ( $110.48 ) , less than one - sixth of its record from July 2008 ( $140.73 ) , and back below the April 2003 starting point ( $23.27 ) of its historic run - up . As 2016 continued , the oil glut was partially trimmed with significant production offline in the US , Canada , Libya , Nigeria and China , and the basket price gradually rose back into the $40 s . OPEC regained a modest percentage of market share , saw the cancellation of many competing drilling projects , maintained the status quo at its June conference , and endorsed `` prices at levels that are suitable for both producers and consumers '' , although many producers were still experiencing serious economic difficulties . Then , as OPEC members grew weary of a multi-year supply contest with diminishing returns and shrinking financial reserves , the organization finally attempted its first production cut since 2008 . Despite many political obstacles , a September 2016 decision to trim approximately 1 million barrels per day was codified by a new quota agreement at the November 2016 OPEC conference . The agreement ( which exempted disruption - ridden members Libya and Nigeria ) covered the first half of 2017 -- alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members , offset by expected increases in the US shale sector , Libya , Nigeria , spare capacity , and surging late - 2016 OPEC production before the cuts took effect . Indonesia announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its OPEC membership , rather than accepting the organization 's requested 5 percent production cut . Prices fluctuated around US $50 / bbl , and OPEC in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018 , with the world waiting to see if and how the oil inventory glut might be fully siphoned - off by then . Longtime oil analyst Daniel Yergin `` described the relationship between OPEC and shale as ' mutual coexistence ' , with both sides learning to live with prices that are lower than they would like . '' See also ( edit ) List of country groupings List of intergovernmental organizations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law '' ( PDF ) . OECD. 1993 . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Member Countries '' . OPEC . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC 172nd Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Most Influential People in the Shipping Industry : 3 . OPEC and the oil men '' . 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Associated Press . 30 December 2008 . Libya has asked oil companies to slash production by 270,000 barrels per day . Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. told customers in letters dated Dec. 25 that it was cutting ... 10 to 15 percent of all types of ADNOC crude in February . Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa said the South American nation would suspend crude production by Italy 's Agip and reduce quotas for other companies to comply with new OPEC cuts . Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress : United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance '' . US Environmental Protection Agency . 1991 . p. 14 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Europe Brent Crude Oil Spot Price FOB ( DOE ) '' . Quandl . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef M. ( 18 July 1990 ) . `` Iraq Threatens Emirates and Kuwait on Oil Glut '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Iraq heads for OPEC clash over quota '' . UPI. 5 February 2010 . Iraq , a founding member of OPEC , has not had a production quota since 1998 , when it was pegged at 1.3 million bpd to allow Saddam Hussein 's regime to sell oil for food during U.N. sanctions imposed in 1990 ... Despite the success of the 2009 auctions , problems remain -- mounting violence in the run - up to March 7 parliamentary elections , uncertainty over their outcome , and , probably more importantly , the absence of a long - delayed oil law that will define revenue - sharing and regulation of the industry . Jump up ^ Putting a Price on Energy ( PDF ) . Energy Charter Secretariat. 2007 . p. 90 . ISBN 9059480465 . Jump up ^ `` Dialogue replaces OPEC -- IEA Mistrust '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 7 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Greg ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` Dems Doubt Iraq Progress '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Oil price ' may hit $200 a barrel ' '' . BBC News . 7 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Masters , Michael W. 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US Energy Information Administration . 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Despite Climate Concerns , OPEC Plans to Keep Pumping Oil While It Can '' . The New York Times . 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC ceiling falls in '' . Argus Media . 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalantari , Hashem ; Sergie , Mohammed ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Iran Says Post-Sanctions Crude Output Boost Wo n't Hurt Prices '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC 169th Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Halligan , Liam ( 4 June 2016 ) . `` OPEC is very much alive as Saudis learn to tread softly '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Has Its Way as China Oil Output Cut by Most in 15 Years '' . Bloomberg News . 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North America Rig Count '' . Baker Hughes . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Agrees to Cut Production in Drive to End Record Glut '' . Bloomberg News . 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC 171st Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Blas , Javier ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` The World 's Biggest Oil Kingdom Reverses Course '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Hume , Neil ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` OPEC agrees on need for output cut '' . The Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Russian Energy Minister Says Oil Cuts to Start in January '' . Bloomberg News . 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OPEC Said to Break Bread With Shale in Rare Show of Detente '' . Bloomberg News . 7 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Energy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to OPEC . Official website The OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) official website ( hide ) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) Algeria Angola Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Gabon Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Venezuela List of Secretaries General OPEC Fund for International Development OPEC Reference Basket Heads of state of OPEC member states Bouteflika Lourenço Moreno Obiang Bongo Khamenei Masum Sabah Sarraj Buhari Tamim Salman Khalifa Maduro Acting heads of state shown in italics . 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About Wikipedia	when did nigeria become a member of opec	[ "\n\nCountry\nRegion\nMembership Years[2][3]\nPopulation\n(2016 est.)[10]\nArea\n(km2)[11]\nOil Production\n(bbl/day, 2016)[A][6]\nProven Reserves\n(bbl, 2016)[A][7]\n\n\n Algeria\nNorth Africa\n1969–\n40,606,052\n2,381,740\n1,348,361\n12,200,000,000\n\n\n Angola\nSouthern Africa\n2007–\n28,813,463\n1,246,700\n1,769,615\n8,423,000,000\n\n\n Ecuador\nAmericas\n1973–1992, 2007–\n16,385,068\n283,560\n548,421\n8,273,000,000\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\nWestern Africa\n2017–\n1,221,490\n28,051\n227,000\n1,100,000,000\n\n\n Gabon\nWestern Africa\n1975–1995, 2016–\n1,979,786\n267,667\n210,820\n2,000,000,000\n\n\n Iran\nMiddle East\n1960[B]–\n80,277,428\n1,648,000\n3,990,956\n157,530,000,000\n\n\n Iraq\nMiddle East\n1960[B]–\n37,202,572\n437,072\n4,451,516\n143,069,000,000\n\n\n Kuwait\nMiddle East\n1960[B]–\n4,052,584\n17,820\n2,923,825\n101,500,000,000\n\n\n Libya\nNorth Africa\n1962–\n6,293,253\n1,759,540\n384,686\n48,363,000,000\n\n\n Nigeria\nWestern Africa\n1971–\n185,989,640\n923,768\n1,999,885\n37,070,000,000\n\n\n Qatar\nMiddle East\n1961–\n2,569,804\n11,437\n1,522,902\n25,244,000,000\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\nMiddle East\n1960[B]–\n32,275,687\n2,149,690\n10,460,710\n266,578,000,000\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\nMiddle East\n1967[C]–\n9,269,612\n83,600\n3,106,077\n97,800,000,000\n\n\n Venezuela\nAmericas\n1960[B]–\n31,568,179\n912,050\n2,276,967\n299,953,000,000\n\n\n\n\n\nOPEC Total\n478,498,000\n12,150,695\n35,221,740\n1,209,103,000,000\n\nWorld Total\n7,588,065,000\n510,072,000\n80,622,287\n1,650,585,000,000\n\nOPEC Percent\n6%\n2%\n44%\n73%\n" ]	[ "1971" ]
416218004752482027	The Crown (TV series)	The Crown ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Crown ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Crown Genre Historical drama Created by Peter Morgan Starring Claire Foy Matt Smith Vanessa Kirby Eileen Atkins Jeremy Northam Victoria Hamilton Ben Miles Greg Wise Jared Harris John Lithgow Alex Jennings Lia Williams Anton Lesser Matthew Goode Theme music composer Hans Zimmer Composer ( s ) Rupert Gregson - Williams Lorne Balfe Country of origin United Kingdom United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Morgan Stephen Daldry Andy Harries Philip Martin Suzanne Macki Matthew Byam - Shaw Robert Fox Tanya Seghatchian Nina Wolarsky Allie Goss Producer ( s ) Andrew Eaton Location ( s ) United Kingdom Running time 54 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Left Bank Pictures Sony Pictures Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Crown is a historical drama television series , created and principally written by Peter Morgan and produced by Left Bank Pictures and Sony Pictures Television for Netflix . The show is a biographical story about the reign of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom . The first season covers the period from her marriage to Philip , Duke of Edinburgh in 1947 to the disintegration of her sister Princess Margaret 's engagement to Peter Townsend in 1955 . The second season covers the period from the Suez Crisis in 1956 to the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . The third season will continue on from 1964 , covering Harold Wilson 's two terms as the Queen 's Prime Minister until 1976 , while the fourth season will see Margaret Thatcher 's premiership and a focus on Diana , Princess of Wales . The Crown evolved out of Morgan 's 2006 film The Queen and 2013 stage play The Audience . The series is intended to last 60 episodes over six seasons , with 10 one - hour episodes per season , covering Elizabeth 's life from her younger years to her reign , and with new actors being cast every two seasons . Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the first two seasons , alongside Matt Smith as Prince Philip and Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret . Olivia Colman will take over for Foy as the Queen in the third and fourth seasons . Filming for the series takes place at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with location shooting at various locations throughout the United Kingdom . The first season was released on Netflix on November 4 , 2016 , while the second was released on December 8 , 2017 . The series has been renewed for a third and fourth season . The Crown has received widespread critical acclaim for its acting , directing , writing , cinematography , production merits , and the relatively accurate historical accounts of Queen Elizabeth 's reign . Significant praise in the first season was directed towards the performances of Foy in the leading role and John Lithgow as Winston Churchill . The series has received several accolades , including winning Best Actress and Best Actor at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards for Foy and Lithgow , respectively , and receiving thirteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.1. 1 Featured 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Season one 2.2. 2 Season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Historical accuracy 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 The Royal family 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The Crown traces the life of Queen Elizabeth II from her wedding in 1947 to the present day . The first season , which sees Claire Foy portraying the Queen in the early part of her reign , depicts events up to 1955 , with Winston Churchill resigning as Prime Minister and the Queen 's sister Princess Margaret deciding not to marry Peter Townsend . The second season covers from the Suez Crisis in 1956 through the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . The third season will see Olivia Colman portraying the Queen , and will cover the two terms of Harold Wilson as the Queen 's Prime Minister , starting in 1964 with his first , until 1976 at the end of his second . It will also include Princess Margaret 's five - year affair with baronet and gardening expert Roddy Llewellyn , and see the introduction of Camilla Parker Bowles and Diana Spencer . Spencer will be more of a focus in the fourth season , which also sees Margaret Thatcher 's premiership . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II . Matt Smith as Philip , Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , Elizabeth 's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret , Elizabeth 's younger sister . Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary , Elizabeth 's grandmother ( season 1 ) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden , Churchill 's Foreign Secretary , who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth , George VI 's wife and Elizabeth 's mother , known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter 's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend , George VI 's equerry , who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , Philip 's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI , Elizabeth 's father , known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill , the Queen 's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as Edward , Duke of Windsor , formerly King Edward VIII , who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson ; known to his family as David Lia Williams as Wallis , Duchess of Windsor , Edward 's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan , who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister ( season 2 ) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones , known as Tony , a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret ( season 2 ) Featured ( edit ) The below actors are credited in the opening titles of single episodes in which they play a significant role . Stephen Dillane as Graham Sutherland , a noted artist who paints a portrait of the aging Churchill ( season 1 ) Gemma Whelan as Patricia Campbell , a secretary whom Altrincham works with and types up his editorial ( season 2 ) John Heffernan as Lord Altrincham , a writer who penned a scathing criticism of the Queen ( season 2 ) Paul Sparks as Billy Graham , a prominent American minister with whom Elizabeth consults ( season 2 ) Michael C. Hall as John F. Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States who visits the Queen ( season 2 ) Jodi Balfour as Jacqueline Kennedy , the First Lady of the United States ( season 2 ) Burghart Klaussner as Dr. Kurt Hahn , the founder of Gordonstoun , where Philip and Charles went to school ( season 2 ) Finn Elliot as school - aged Prince Philip ( season 2 ) Julian Baring as school - aged Prince Charles ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Billy Jenkins as young Prince Charles Clive Francis as Lord Salisbury Pip Torrens as Tommy Lascelles Harry Hadden - Paton as Martin Charteris Daniel Ings as Mike Parker Lizzy McInnerny as Margaret `` Bobo '' MacDonald Michael Bertenshaw as the Master of the Household Patrick Ryecart as the Duke of Norfolk Will Keen as Michael Adeane James Laurenson as Doctor Weir Mark Tandy as Cecil Beaton Michael Culkin as Rab Butler George Asprey as Walter Monckton James Hillier as Equerry Anna Madeley as Clarissa Eden Nick Hendrix ( season 1 ) and Tom Durant - Pritchard ( season 2 ) as Billy Wallace Josh Taylor as Johnny Dalkeith David Shields ( season 1 ) and Pip Carter ( season 2 ) as Colin Tennant Julius D'Silva as Baron Nahum Jo Herbert as Mary Charteris Richard Clifford as Norman Hartnell Joseph Kloska as Porchey Amir Boutrous as Gamal Abdel Nasser Abigail Parmenter as Judy Montagu Season one ( edit ) Harriet Walter as Clementine Churchill Nicholas Rowe as Jock Colville Simon Chandler as Clement Attlee Kate Phillips as Venetia Scott Ronald Pickup as the Archbishop of Canterbury Nigel Cooke as Harry Crookshank Patrick Drury as the Lord Chamberlain John Woodvine as the Archbishop of York Rosalind Knight as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark Andy Sanderson as Prince Henry Verity Russell as young Princess Elizabeth Beau Gadsdon as young Princess Margaret Jo Stone - Fewings as Collins Tony Guilfoyle as the Bishop of Durham Paul Thornley as Bill Mattheson Season two ( edit ) Chloe Pirrie as Eileen Parker Nicholas Burns as Anthony Nutting Lucy Russell as Lady Mountbatten Richard Elfyn as Selwyn Lloyd Adrian Lukis as Vice-Admiral Sir Conolly Abel Smith Sophie Leigh Stone as Princess Alice of Battenberg Guy Williams as Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark Leonie Benesch as Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark Simon Paisley Day as Meryn Lewis Sylvestra Le Touzel as Dorothy Macmillan Catherine Bailey as Elizabeth Cavendish Paul Clayton as Bob Boothby Yolanda Kettle as Camilla Fry Ed Cooper Clarke as Jeremy Fry Ryan Sampson as Dudley Moore Tim Steed as John Profumo Lyla Barrett - Rye as young Princess Anne Robert Irons as Freddie Bishop Patrick Warner as Peter Cook Oliver Maltman as Jim Orr David Annen as Alec Douglas - Home Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Wolferton Splash '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In November 1947 , Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth , King George VI 's elder daughter and heiress presumptive . The newlyweds move to Malta , where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne . In 1951 , the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer . After being told that he has months to live , the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign . Meanwhile , former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour Party government . `` Hyde Park Corner '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1952 , with King George still in ill health , Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place . While the couple is on safari in Kenya , the King is found dead in his bed . His wife Queen Elizabeth , younger daughter Margaret , and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George 's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world . Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth , who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief . `` Windsor '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In February 1952 , as the Royal Family prepares for King George 's funeral , Elizabeth 's uncle Edward , Duke of Windsor , who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936 , arrives in the United Kingdom , causing the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife . Elizabeth meets with Churchill to discuss Philip 's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace . The Prime Minister displays a reluctance to bend to either request , but Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from Edward . Churchill later informs Elizabeth the date for her coronation has been set for the following year , which she recognizes as an attempt to secure his position against his own party , who are eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him . `` Act of God '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In December 1952 , as a great smog affects London and kills thousands , Elizabeth 's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill , who referred to the event as an `` act of God , '' to step down . While initially reluctant to do so , the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the Opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting . Before the meeting , Churchill 's eyes are finally opened to the smog 's effects when his beloved secretary , Venetia Scott , is killed by a double - decker bus . He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia 's body is being held , promising a longer - term approach to preventing future smog . His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place . Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend , who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret . 5 5 `` Smoke and Mirrors '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Following Queen Mary 's death in March 1953 , the visiting Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth 's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth 's coronation and learning that Wallis will not be receiving an invitation . Elizabeth places Philip in charge of coronation preparations only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he forego kneeling to pay homage when she is being crowned and antagonizes the committee with his insistence that the event should be televised . On June 2 , Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey while Edward and Wallis view the coronation from their villa in Paris and spitefully mock the new Queen . 6 6 `` Gelignite '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) When Margaret and Townsend ask for Elizabeth 's permission to marry , the Queen promises to give her support while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it . As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship , Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty - five . Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend , who is set to be posted to Brussels , with them on a trip to Northern Ireland , but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised , causing a lasting rift between the two sisters . 7 7 `` Scientia Potentia Est '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In August 1953 , Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon . At the last minute , Churchill falls victim to a stroke which inhibits his ability to govern , prompting conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret . Meanwhile , Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris . She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science and related subjects , which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her . 8 8 `` Pride & Joy '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) With Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth , Margaret takes on more royal engagements while the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position and buys a castle . Philip , meanwhile , grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers . While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to hand over the recording , she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument and realize they must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public 's sake . Churchill visits Margaret and , after explaining that the general public does not want someone with passion or personality , tells her she will no longer be taking on royal engagements . 9 9 `` Assassins '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Philip begins spending more time out of the house while Elizabeth begins spending more time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord `` Porchey '' Porchester . The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace and culminates in a heated confrontation . Elizabeth later tells Philip that , to the disappointment of many , he is the only man she has ever loved . He , in turn , silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill 's eightieth birthday dinner . Meanwhile , Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament . The Prime Minister , however , hates its accuracy and , after a heated confrontation with Sutherland , admits his pain at what aging has done to him . The portrait is later destroyed on secret instructions from Clementine . 10 10 `` Gloriana '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1956 , Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves and officials from both Parliament and the Church of England disapprove of Margaret 's relationship with Townsend . As Elizabeth tries to persuade Margaret against the relationship , the Queen Mother starts complaining about Philip 's domineering attitude towards Charles . At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother , Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow . A five - month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia is later added to Philip 's itinerary , to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him find a public role . Meanwhile , Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in a escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` Misadventure '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In February 1957 , Elizabeth and Philip discuss the state of their marriage while onboard the Britannia in Lisbon , ultimately recognising that divorce is not an option . Five months earlier , as Philip prepares to embark on his royal tour , Elizabeth becomes convinced he is having an affair after finding a photograph of Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova in his briefcase . Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan challenges Prime Minister Anthony Eden 's solution to Egypt nationalising the Suez Canal , but later agrees that the best course of action is military intervention . Philip 's uncle Louis Mountbatten overhears the plan and warns Elizabeth , who confronts Eden after hearing reports that Israel has invaded the Sinai Peninsula . Eden explains that the invasion was part of a secret plan spearheaded by Israel , France , and the United Kingdom to reclaim the canal and overthrow Egyptian President Nasser without support from Parliament or the United Nations . Elizabeth gives her support and allows British forces to begin launching air raids on Egypt before going to see Ulanova perform . 12 `` A Company of Men '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In December 1956 , Eden withdraws British forces from Egypt following international political pressure before going on a vacation to Jamaica on the grounds of ill health . Philip , meanwhile , continues his royal tour , with his adventures punctuated by a newspaper interview that ends when the reporter presses him for information about his family 's past and a shipwrecked fisherman briefly joining the tour after being rescued . On Christmas , Philip gives a speech on the radio , prompting Elizabeth to let him know his family is waiting for him while giving the Royal Christmas Message . Meanwhile , Eileen Parker , the wife of Philip 's private secretary Michael , initiates divorce proceedings after finding proof that her husband has been engaging in an affair . Elizabeth 's assistant private secretary Martin Charteris warns Adeane about Eileen , noting that her filing for divorce could cause the press to question the state of Elizabeth and Philip 's marriage . 13 `` Lisbon '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Eden returns from Jamaica only to find himself forced out of Downing Street by his cabinet and the Conservative Party , who blame him for the repercussions of the Suez Crisis . As Macmillan settles into the role of Prime Minister , Adeane enlists a retired Lascelles to make Eileen change her mind about the divorce proceedings . When his plan fails and Elizabeth , Philip , and Parker learn about the decision , Elizabeth attempts to convince her to hold off the announcement only to be rebuffed . The story later goes public , prompting Philip to force Parker to resign . Elizabeth arranges for Philip 's return before meeting the Britannia in Lisbon , where Philip tells her that he resents that his son outranks him and he needs respect from the `` mustaches '' . On February 22 , 1957 , Philip is given the title of Prince and styled `` His Royal Highness the Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh '' . 14 `` Beryl '' Benjamin Caron Amy Jenkins and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Shortly before her birthday , Margaret accepts a marriage proposal from her friend Billy Wallace only to break off the engagement when she finds him drunk and recovering from a duel on the night of the announcement , which was set to take place during a gala celebrating Elizabeth and Philip 's tenth wedding anniversary . Sometime later , she meets photographer Antony Armstrong - Jones at a dinner party and becomes infatuated with him . He later invites her to his studio for a sitting . Bored with her traditional birthday picture , she gives one of the photographs , which suggest she is nude , to the newspapers . The following day , the picture is published , shocking Elizabeth and the rest of the Royal Family . Macmillan 's wife Dorothy decides to end her longtime affair , only for Macmillan to overhear her talking to her lover on the telephone . 15 5 `` Marionettes '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Lord Altrincham , a minor peer and magazine editor , sparks a constitutional crisis after writing an article that contains personal criticism of Elizabeth . The piece was written after Altrincham had listened to a radio broadcast of a particularly tone - deaf speech of hers , written by her aides and members of the court , to the workers of a car factory . While both the local newspapers and the general public are initially against him , they side with him after he appears on ITV and states that the monarchy needs to adapt to the current post-war and post-Suez British society . Macmillan reminds Elizabeth about the trend of nations abolishing monarchies , prompting her to meet with Altrincham in secret . She later implements two of his suggestions , specifically that the 1957 Royal Christmas Message be televised and that the Debutante Ball be opened to select citizens . Six months later , the Queen Mother expresses her embarrassment over the monarchy slowly losing its authority while hosting a garden party with middle - class citizens in attendance . 16 6 `` Vergangenheit '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In 1945 Germany , a German officer leads American soldiers to a box containing top - secret diplomatic papers . Sometime later , after discovering that the translated files contain information about `` Windsor '' , Winston Churchill informs King George about the situation and is tasked with ensuring that the files are never published . In 1958 , shortly before meeting with American evangelist Billy Graham , Elizabeth receives a letter from Edward asking for permission to re-enter the United Kingdom and try to find employment . She grants the request and he immediately starts convincing former sycophants to support his return . When a group of historians previously tasked with publishing German war files unearths the papers , which have been reorganised into a series of volumes entitled the Marburg Files , Macmillan brings the issue to Elizabeth . He and the Queen Mother proceed to explain that one volume , which the United States wants to be published , concerns Edward 's clandestine relationship with Nazi High Command . After a confrontation with Edward does not go as planned , Elizabeth asks Lascelles for advice only to learn the extent of the relationship . Elizabeth then seeks spiritual counsel from Reverend Graham before exiling Edward for betraying his country and allowing the volume to be published . 17 7 `` Matrimonium '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) After learning that Peter Townsend is engaged to a much younger woman , Margaret retaliates by pressing Armstrong - Jones into proposing marriage . Because Elizabeth is pregnant , royal protocol prevents her from announcing the engagement . Adeane and Lascelles inform Elizabeth that Armstrong - Jones is currently engaged in sexual relationships with several other women , as well as with his best male friend and his wife , who is pregnant with what might be Armstrong - Jones 's child . On February 19 , 1960 , Elizabeth gives birth to her son Andrew . She decides against telling Margaret about Armstrong - Jones 's sexual activity . Three months later , on May 6 , 1960 , Margaret and Armstrong - Jones are married at Westminster Abbey . 18 8 `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In June 1961 , Elizabeth invites newly - inaugurated American President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie to Buckingham Palace for dinner . The Queen finds common ground with the First Lady only to become annoyed the following day after learning that Jackie insulted both her and Buckingham Palace at a party . Feeling challenged , she travels to Ghana to meet with President Kwame Nkrumah , whose relationship with the Soviet Union is worrying Macmillan . Elizabeth successfully convinces him to cut all ties with the Soviet Union and realign Ghana 's interests with the United Kingdom in exchange for agreeing to dance the foxtrot with her . Shortly afterward , Jackie makes an unexpected visit to the United Kingdom and sits down with Elizabeth at Windsor Castle , where she apologizes for insulting her behind her back and explains that she was under the influence of `` substances '' at the time . Elizabeth later confides in Philip , asking him if she should have responded in a more personal way . Two years later , after watching the news coverage of President Kennedy 's assassination , Elizabeth arranges for a week of mourning to take place throughout the United Kingdom before writing a personal letter of sympathy to Jackie . 19 9 `` Paterfamilias '' Stephen Daldry Tom Edge and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In May 1962 , Charles attends Gordonstoun School in Scotland on Philip 's insistence . Elizabeth and Louis , both of whom are against the idea , recommend Eton College only for Philip to use his deal with Elizabeth to force her to agree with him . As he personally escorts Charles to Scotland , Philip recalls his time at the school , in which he was punished for fighting a fellow student by being forced to construct the school 's front gate during the winter break , and the death of his favourite sister Cecile and her family in a plane crash , for which his father Andrew blamed him . Charles , meanwhile , starts having difficulties in keeping up with Gordonstoun 's rigorous curriculum and , when he disappears during the Gordonstoun challenge , is found crying by his security detail . While flying back to England , Philip admonishes Charles for being `` bloody weak '' . 20 10 `` Mystery Man '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In April 1963 , the government erupts into chaos after an affair between Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler becomes public knowledge . When the media begins to speculate about a `` mystery man '' seen in a photograph of a party hosted by London osteopath Stephen Ward , who is charged with a series of immorality offences , Margaret and Tony notice similarities between Philip and the mystery man . Sometime later , Ward commits suicide and the police find a hand - drawn portrait of Philip among his belongings . An embarrassed Macmillan resigns and is succeeded by Alec Douglas - Home , whose appointment sparks controversy due to his relationship with the Royal Family . Elizabeth later asks Philip if he is the mystery man , and confronts him with the photograph of Ulanova . Philip admits to knowing Ward in a minor capacity , having visited his clinic the previous year after injuring his neck , but denies attending any of Ward 's weekend parties before reaffirming his love and support for Elizabeth . On March 10 , 1964 , Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Edward , her fourth child . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Peter Morgan , who wrote the 2006 film The Queen and the 2013 stage play The Audience , is the main scriptwriter for The Crown . The directors of the television series who were also involved in the stage production are Stephen Daldry , Philip Martin , Julian Jarrold , and Benjamin Caron . The first 10 - part season was the most expensive drama produced by Netflix and Left Bank Pictures to date , costing at least £ 100 million . A second season was commissioned , with the series intended to span 60 episodes over six seasons . By October 2017 , `` early production '' had begun on an anticipated third and fourth season , and by the following January , Netflix confirmed the series had been renewed for a third and fourth season . Casting ( edit ) By November 2014 , Claire Foy had entered negotiations to portray Queen Elizabeth II in the series . The following May , Vanessa Kirby was in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret . In June 2015 , John Lithgow was cast as Winston Churchill , and Matt Smith was cast as Prince Phillip ; Foy was confirmed to be portraying Queen Elizabeth II . Also starring in the first season include Victoria Hamilton , Jared Harris , and Eileen Atkins . The series producers will recast some roles with older actors every two seasons , as the series timeline moves forward and the characters age . In October 2017 , Olivia Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons . By January 2018 , Helena Bonham Carter and Paul Bettany were in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret and Prince Philip , respectively , for the third and fourth seasons . Filming ( edit ) An estimated 25 % of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with the remainder filmed on location , with the season filmed over 152 days . Sets for private quarters , the interior of a private jet , the cabinet room , and the exterior of 10 Downing Street were built at Elstree Studios , while Lancaster House , Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used for scenes to double as Buckingham Palace . Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey , while filming in South Africa doubled as Kenya . Additional filming locations in the United Kingdom included Eltham Palace , the Royal Naval College , Goldsmiths ' Hall , Shoreham Airport , New Slains Castle , Balmoral Castle , Cruden Bay , Lyceum Theatre , Loseley Park , Hatfield House , The Historic Dockyard Chatham , Southwark Cathedral , Ardverikie House , Englefield House , and Glenfeshie Estate . Filming on the second season began in early October 2016 . Historical accuracy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill forced Princess Margaret to give up her plan of marrying Group Captain Peter Townsend . Evidence is clear that efforts were under way to prevent any further delay of the marriage . In contradiction to the TV dramatization this plan would have allowed Princess Margaret to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance , stay in the country and even continue with her public duties . In the dramatization , the Queen is seen telling her sister that if she marries Townsend she will no longer be a member of the family because of the Royal Marriages Act 1772 . The re-enactment of the King 's surgery , originally performed by Sir Clement Price Thomas , to remove a lung tumour , was researched and planned by Pankaj Chandak , specialist registrar in transplant surgery , Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospital , London . Mr Chandak and his surgical team then became part of the real scene . The production team donated the surgical model of King George VI to the Gordon Museum of Pathology to be used as teaching aid . Peggy Noonan of The Wall Street Journal was critical of the historical accuracy of the series . Release ( edit ) The series ' first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1 , 2016 . The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4 , 2016 . The second season was released on December 8 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) John Lithgow won a Critics ' Choice Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Primetime Emmy Award , and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance as Winston Churchill . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90 % approval rating for the first season based on 51 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make The Crown a top - notch production worthy of its grand subject . '' On Metacritic , the series holds a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The Guardian 's TV critic Lucy Mangan praised the series and wrote that `` Netflix can rest assured that its £ 100m gamble has paid off . This first series , about good old British phlegm from first to last , is the service 's crowning achievement so far . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Ben Lawrence said , `` The Crown is a PR triumph for the Windsors , a compassionate piece of work that humanises them in a way that has never been seen before . It is a portrait of an extraordinary family , an intelligent comment on the effects of the constitution on their personal lives and a fascinating account of postwar Britain all rolled into one . '' Chief television critic Jaci Stephen of The Mail on Sunday lauded the series and said , `` Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting . '' Writing for The Boston Globe , Matthew Gilbert lauded the series saying , `` The show , created and written by Peter Morgan of The Queen and Frost / Nixon is thoroughly engaging , gorgeously shot , beautifully acted , rich in the historical events of postwar England , and designed with a sharp eye to psychological nuance . '' Vicki Hyman of The Star - Ledger said , `` A sumptuous , stately but never dull look inside the life of Queen Elizabeth ( Claire Foy ) . '' The A.V. Club 's Gwen Ihnat said , `` The Crown easily rises far above , adding a cinematic quality to a complex and intricate time for an intimate family . The performers and creators are seemingly up for the task . '' The Wall Street Journal critic Dorothy Rabinowitz said , `` We 're clearly meant to see the duke ( of Windsor ) as a wastrel with heart . It does n't quite come off -- Mr. Jennings is far too convincing as an empty - hearted scoundrel -- but it 's a minor flaw in this superbly sustained work . '' Television critic Robert Lloyd writing for Los Angeles Times said , `` As television it 's excellent -- beautifully mounted , movingly played and only mildly melodramatic . '' Hank Stuever of The Washington Post also reviewed the series positively : `` Pieces of The Crown are more brilliant on their own than they are as a series , taken in as shorter , intently focused films like The Queen and another Morgan achievement , the play and film versions of Frost / Nixon . '' Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said , `` This is a thoughtful series that lingers over death rather than using it for shock value ; one that finds its story lines in small power struggles rather than gruesome palace coups . '' . The Hollywood Reporter 's Daniel Fienberg reviewed the series positively and said , `` The first chapter of Peter Morgan 's chronicle of the rule of Queen Elizabeth II remains gripping across the entirety of the 10 episodes made available to critics , finding both emotional heft in Elizabeth 's youthful ascension and unexpected suspense in matters of courtly protocol and etiquette . '' Other publications such as USA Today , Indiewire , The Atlantic , CNN and Variety all reviewed the series positively . Some were more critical towards the show . In a less enthusiastic review for Time magazine , Daniel D'Addario wrote , `` The show will be compared to Downton Abbey , but that late soap opera was able to invent ahistorical or at least unexpected notes , ( Claire ) Foy struggles mightily , but she 's given little : Avoiding her children , her husband , and her subjects in favor of meetings at which she either acquiesces to her advisors or puts off acquiescing until fifteen minutes later , The Crown 's Elizabeth is more than unknowable . She 's a bore '' . Vulture 's Matt Zoller Seitz quipped , `` The Crown never entirely figures out how to make the political and domestic drama genuinely dramatic , much less bestow complexity on characters outside England 's innermost circle . '' Verne Gay of Newsday said , `` Sumptuously produced but glacially told , The Crown is the TV equivalent of a long drive through the English countryside . The scenery keeps changing , but remains the same . '' Slate magazine 's Willa Paskin , expressed `` It will scratch your period drama itch -- and leave you itchy for action . '' Writing for The Mail on Sunday , Hugo Vickers , an English biographer of the Royal Family , was of the opinion that `` while ( The Crown ) certainly holds the attention , it is marred by a series of sensationalist errors and some quite remarkable lapses into vulgarity . '' Season 2 ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93 % approval rating for the second season based on 69 reviews , with an average rating of 8.45 / 10 . The websites critical consensus read `` The Crown continues its reign with a self - assured sophomore season that indulges in high drama and sumptuous costumes . '' On Metacritic , the second season holds a score of 87 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , retaining the first season 's indication of `` universal acclaim '' . Claire Foy and Matt Smith both respectively earned significant praise from critics in their reprisal of their roles . Chancellor Agard of Entertainment Weekly wrote `` As always , Claire Foy turns in an amazingly restrained performance . '' Gabriel Tate of The Daily Telegraph wrote `` Matt Smith , too , has seldom been better . If the scripts do them justice , we could be in for another memorable series . '' Hugo Rifkind of The Times said `` While ardent monarchists might bristle at the way this is going , for the rest of us it 's getting better and better . '' Alison Keene of Collider said `` Like its first season , each new episode makes its mark and tells its own complete story , all while staying linked to Elizabeth 's journey as a monarch , mother , and wife . It 's another exceptionally strong season of television , full of compelling drama and sweeping grandeur . '' Krutika Malikarjuna of TV Guide wrote `` Season 2 is centered on why the public - at - large ( especially those outside of Britain ) still engage with the royals at all : celebrity and star power . The brilliance of this framing becomes clear as the show evolves into The Real Housewives of Buckingham . '' Sophie Gilbert wrote for The Atlantic `` This personal , complex portrayal of a monarch who by her own admission in the show would rather be living any other life is riveting enough . But The Crown is also a history lesson , as my colleague David Sims has put it , albeit a selective one . It 's gorgeously shot , with flawless re-creations of everything from the Throne Room in Buckingham Palace to a 1950s hospital ward . And it 's surprisingly funny . '' The Wall Street Journal critic John Anderson said `` The Crown attains genuine sexiness without sex . Margaret , à la Ms. Kirby 's interpretation , smolders , as does Elizabeth , at least on occasion . '' Meghan O'Keefe of Decider wrote `` Season Two of The Crown continues to romanticize the British royal family , but the romance comes from how they 're normal , not divine . '' Lesser praising reviews saw the series criticised for what some regarded as failing to meet the emotional intensity of the first season . John Doyle wrote for Globe and Mail `` Yes , it is still so lavishly made that it is breathtaking . But The Crown now leans toward a three - hanky weeper about marriage . It is less than it was , like the monarchy itself , and of interest to monarchy fans only . '' Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx added `` Many of the season 's wounds are self - inflicted in particular Morgan 's mystifying fascination with Prince Philip , who despite Matt Smith 's best efforts still comes across as a whiny man child . '' Critic Phil Owen of The Wrap criticized Jeremy Northam 's reprisal of Prime Minister Anthony Eden , saying `` I 'm assuming that creator Peter Morgan meant for it to be comedy . There 's really no other explanation for why Jeremy Northam played Prime Minister Anthony Eden like he 's having a nervous breakdown in every scene . '' The royal family ( edit ) Adam Helliker from the Daily Express reported in May 2017 that Queen Elizabeth II and her third son Prince Edward and his wife Sophie had watched the first season together . Other royal family members who were fans of the first season included the queen 's granddaughters Princess Eugenie , Zara Tindall and her husband Mike Tindall . While the Queen was reported to have enjoyed the series , she found some depictions of events to be over-dramatised . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Jared Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Hans Zimmer Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film John Lithgow Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Martin Childs Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Yan Miles ( for `` Assassins '' ) Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Jared Harris Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Michele Clapton Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year The Crown Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Claire Foy Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Online First / Streaming The Crown Won Best Actor Matt Smith Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Writer Peter Morgan Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards Best Editing Úna Ní Dhonghaíle Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Pat Karam , Robert Bentley Won BAFTA Television Craft Awards Best Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Best Director : Fiction Stephen Daldry Nominated Best Photography and Lightning : Fiction Adriano Goldman Nominated Best Production Design Martin Childs Nominated Best Special , Visual and Graphic Effects Úna Ní Dhonghaíle , Molinare Won Best Title and Graphic Identity Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks Nominated Best Writer : Drama Peter Morgan Nominated BAFTA Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Supporting Actor John Lithgow Nominated Jared Harris Nominated Best Supporting Actress Vanessa Kirby Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Won TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Crown Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Claire Foy Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Stephen Daldry Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Peter Morgan Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Adriano Goldman Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Period / Fantasy Series , Limited Series , or Movie Nominees ( show ) Michele Clapton , Alex Fordham , Emma O'Loughlin and Kate O'Farrell Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Ivana Primorac , Amy Riley Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Nominees ( show ) Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks , Javier Leon Carrillo and Jeff Han Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Series Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Nominees ( show ) Martin Childs , Mark Raggett and Celia Bobak Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Nominees ( show ) Ben Turner , Tom Debenham , Standish Millennas , Kim Phelan , Oliver Cubbage , Lionel Heath , Charlie Bennet , Stephen Smith and Carmine Agnone Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Score -- TV Show / Limited Series Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Crown Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Nominees ( show ) Chris Ashworth , Lee Walpole , Stuart Hilliker , Martin Jensen , Rory de Carteret , Philip Clements ( for `` Misadventure '' ) Pending Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Nominees ( show ) Martin Childs ( for `` A Company of Men '' , `` Beryl '' , `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' ) Nominated ASC Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Adriano Goldman ( for `` Smoke and Mirrors '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Period Television Series Jane Petrie Pending See also ( edit ) British Royal Family The Crown References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season Two ( Soundtrack from the Netflix Original Series ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : Claire Foy and Matt Smith on the making of the £ 100m Netflix series '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown '' . Real or Fake 4K . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` £ 100m Netflix Series Recreates Royal Wedding '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Russ ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : What year did Series 1 finish ? What will be in season 2 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's Matthew Goode is joining the cast of Netflix 's The Crown '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Adds Michael C Hall & Jodi Balfour As Jack & Jackie Kennedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , Nick ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` The Crown : Paul Bettany in talks to play Prince Philip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Olivia ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Olivia Colman Joins ' The Crown ' as Queen Elizabeth for Seasons 3 and 4 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 3 : All the Details ( So Far ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trailers for Netflix series ' The Crown , ' and ' The Get Down ' '' . Geeks of Doom . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Kenji ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown trailer : First look at Peter Morgan 's Netflix drama '' . Final Reel . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Why Britain 's psyche is gripped by a different kind of royal fever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown Season Two : Representation vs Reality '' . Netflix . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sarah ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Filming The Crown : on the set of the lavish Netflix series -- in pictures '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gruccio , John ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The trailer for Netflix 's royal drama series , `` The Crown '' `` . TMStash . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Made in the UK : The Crown '' . British Film Commission . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : the Royal family are ' nervous ' about Netflix 's new £ 100 million series '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Smith starring in Netflix series , The Crown '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Julia ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV royalty : £ 100million drama The Crown descends on Trafalgar Square to film second season ... after Netflix debut is met with rave reviews '' . MailOnline . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's glittering Crown could leave BBC looking a little dull '' . The Guardian . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' Finds Its Queen In Claire Foy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Vanessa Kirby To Play Princess Margaret In Netflix 's ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Alum Matt Smith Cast in Netflix 's ' The Crown ' with John Lithgow , Claire Foy '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Queen Elizabeth Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown will replace Matt Smith , Claire Foy and its ENTIRE CAST after two seasons '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Helena Bonham Carter Poised To Play Princess Margaret '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix period drama The Crown filmed on location throughout the UK and South Africa '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? Page 2 '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( 2016 ) '' . Kent Film Office . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fedko - Blake , Vaira ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Where Was The Expensive New Drama Filmed ? '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Did the Queen stop Princess Margaret marrying Peter Townsend ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surgeons replace actors in The Crown 's King George VI operation scene '' . AOL UK . November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Gordon Museum -- King 's Alumni Community '' . alumni.kcl.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-lies-of-the-crown-and-the-post-1514505833 Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( Season 1 , Episodes 1 & 2 ) ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Smith 's Netflix drama The Crown gets premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Foy and Matt Smith face the challenges of royal life in new extended trailer for Netflix drama The Crown '' . Radio Times . September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Sets Premiere Date , Releases First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mangan , Lucy ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown review -- the £ 100m gamble on the Queen pays off royally '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown , spoiler - free review : Netflix 's astonishing £ 100 million gamble pays off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Jaci ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` A royal feast ... now just watch me binge ! Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting '' . The Mail on Sunday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' bows to the queen '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' review : ' Downton Abbey ' fans , meet your new ( and better ) obsession '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown is a visually sumptuous family drama fit for a queen '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Dorothy ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : The Making of Elizabeth II '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is a winning tale of royals and the weight of tradition '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is best when viewed like separate little movies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix Does Queen Elizabeth II in ' The Crown , ' No Expense Spared '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Crown ' is sumptuous miniseries with stellar cast '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : Netflix Period Drama Came to Reign in Made - To - Order Emmys Contender '' . Indiewire . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Is a Sweeping , Sumptuous History Lesson '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' regally explores reign of Queen Elizabeth '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Crown ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown Makes the Most of an Unknowable Queen '' . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's The Crown Is Tedious , But Anglophiles Will Like It '' . New York . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Review : Queen Elizabeth Story Falls Flat '' . Newsday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sumptuous $100 million drama about the British monarchy delivers exactly what it promises . That is n't enough '' . Slate . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Hugo ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` With a £ 100million budget Netflix 's eagerly - anticipated new show The Crown is the most lavish biopic ever , says royal expert Hugo Vickers , but it 's marred by sensationalist errors and some remarkable lapses into vulgarity '' . The Mail on Sunday . London . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . metacritic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown premiere recap : ' Misadventure ' '' . Entertainment . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown , season 2 , episode 1 review : a glittering account of the Windsors in crisis '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV review : Hugo Rifkind on The Grand Tour '' . The Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Another Exquisite , Compelling Portrait of Royal Life '' . Collider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season 2 Lightens the Weight of Colonialism with Karmic Comeuppance '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Netflix 's Best Superhero Show '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' and ' Family Guy ' Review : Messy Family Affair '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Claire Foy Still Reigns Supreme '' . Decider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown slips into silly escapist eye - catching candy '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Looks Tarnished By Too Much Philip in Season Two '' . Uproxx . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Just Trashy Enough to Work '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Helliker , Adam ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Queen tickled by her own series ... '' Daily Express . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` TV Honorees Heavy on Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . AFI Awards . Jump up ^ `` HBO leads television nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice awards with 22 nominations '' . Critics ' Choice . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Winners for the 21st Annual Satellite Awards '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Television nominations '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Night Manager , The Crown , Planet Earth II and Desert Island Discs take top prizes at 43rd Broadcasting Press Guild Awards '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Craft Awards nominees 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' The Crown ' , ' The Night Manager ' , ' National Treasure ' -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the Virgin TV British Academy Television Awards in 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I loved playing someone who fought for change ! ' The Crown star Vanessa Kirby gives a shout out to female empowerment as she leads the winners at the Glamour Women of the Year Awards '' . Dailymail.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Atlanta ' Lead 2017 TV Critic Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 EMMY ® AWARDS NOMINATIONS FOR PROGRAMS AIRING JUNE 1 , 2016 -- MAY 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the AFI Awards 2017 Official Selections '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies and Three Billboards Top Golden Globe Nominations '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards winners 2018 : Full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	number of episodes in the crown season 1	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\n\n\n1\n1\n\"Wolferton Splash\"\nStephen Daldry\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn November 1947, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth, King George VI's elder daughter and heiress presumptive. The newlyweds move to Malta, where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne. In 1951, the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer. After being told that he has months to live, the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign. Meanwhile, former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour Party government.\n\n\n2\n2\n\"Hyde Park Corner\"\nStephen Daldry\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn 1952, with King George still in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place. While the couple is on safari in Kenya, the King is found dead in his bed. His wife Queen Elizabeth, younger daughter Margaret, and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world. Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth, who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief.\n\n\n3\n3\n\"Windsor\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn February 1952, as the Royal Family prepares for King George's funeral, Elizabeth's uncle Edward, Duke of Windsor, who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936, arrives in the United Kingdom, causing the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife. Elizabeth meets with Churchill to discuss Philip's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace. The Prime Minister displays a reluctance to bend to either request, but Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from Edward. Churchill later informs Elizabeth the date for her coronation has been set for the following year, which she recognizes as an attempt to secure his position against his own party, who are eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him.\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Act of God\"\nJulian Jarrold\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn December 1952, as a great smog affects London and kills thousands, Elizabeth's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill, who referred to the event as an \"act of God,\" to step down. While initially reluctant to do so, the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the Opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting. Before the meeting, Churchill's eyes are finally opened to the smog's effects when his beloved secretary, Venetia Scott, is killed by a double-decker bus. He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia's body is being held, promising a longer-term approach to preventing future smog. His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place. Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend, who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret.\n\n\n5\n5\n\"Smoke and Mirrors\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nFollowing Queen Mary's death in March 1953, the visiting Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth's coronation and learning that Wallis will not be receiving an invitation. Elizabeth places Philip in charge of coronation preparations only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he forego kneeling to pay homage when she is being crowned and antagonizes the committee with his insistence that the event should be televised. On June 2, Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey while Edward and Wallis view the coronation from their villa in Paris and spitefully mock the new Queen.\n\n\n6\n6\n\"Gelignite\"\nJulian Jarrold\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nWhen Margaret and Townsend ask for Elizabeth's permission to marry, the Queen promises to give her support while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it. As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship, Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty-five. Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend, who is set to be posted to Brussels, with them on a trip to Northern Ireland, but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised, causing a lasting rift between the two sisters.\n\n\n7\n7\n\"Scientia Potentia Est\"\nBenjamin Caron\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn August 1953, Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon. At the last minute, Churchill falls victim to a stroke which inhibits his ability to govern, prompting conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret. Meanwhile, Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris. She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science and related subjects, which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her.\n\n\n8\n8\n\"Pride & Joy\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nWith Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth, Margaret takes on more royal engagements while the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position and buys a castle. Philip, meanwhile, grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers. While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to hand over the recording, she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument and realize they must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public's sake. Churchill visits Margaret and, after explaining that the general public does not want someone with passion or personality, tells her she will no longer be taking on royal engagements.\n\n\n9\n9\n\"Assassins\"\nBenjamin Caron\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nPhilip begins spending more time out of the house while Elizabeth begins spending more time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord \"Porchey\" Porchester. The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace and culminates in a heated confrontation. Elizabeth later tells Philip that, to the disappointment of many, he is the only man she has ever loved. He, in turn, silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill's eightieth birthday dinner. Meanwhile, Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament. The Prime Minister, however, hates its accuracy and, after a heated confrontation with Sutherland, admits his pain at what aging has done to him. The portrait is later destroyed on secret instructions from Clementine.\n\n\n10\n10\n\"Gloriana\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn 1956, Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves and officials from both Parliament and the Church of England disapprove of Margaret's relationship with Townsend. As Elizabeth tries to persuade Margaret against the relationship, the Queen Mother starts complaining about Philip's domineering attitude towards Charles. At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother, Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow. A five-month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia is later added to Philip's itinerary, to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him find a public role. Meanwhile, Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in a escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal.\n\n" ]	[ "10" ]
-495219732664652660	List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers	List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Geoff Hurst is the only men to score a hat - trick in a World Cup final . The following is a list of goalscorers in the FIFA World Cup finals . Only goals scored during regulation or extra time are included . Any goals scored during the penalty shoot - out are excluded . As of the 2018 final , 62 individuals have scored the total of 77 goals in the all of finals history . Mario Mandžukić was the first player to score an own goal in a final , as well as the first to follow it up with a goal at the opponent 's net . He scored the opening and closing goal of the final in 2018 . ESPN featured a documentary on the 34 finals goalscorers who was alive at the time of the 2010 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Finals goalscorers 2 Players with most goals in the Finals 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Finals goalscorers ( edit ) Year Player Team Score Minute Result Report Ref 1930 Pablo Dorado Uruguay 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Carlos Peucelle Argentina 1 -- 1 20 ' Guillermo Stábile Argentina 2 -- 1 37 ' Pedro Cea Uruguay 2 -- 2 57 ' Santos Iriarte Uruguay 3 -- 2 68 ' Héctor Castro Uruguay 4 -- 2 89 ' 1934 Antonín Puč Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 71 ' 2 -- 1 Report Raimundo Orsi Italy 1 -- 1 81 ' Angelo Schiavio Italy 2 -- 1 95 ' 1938 Gino Colaussi Italy 1 -- 0 6 ' 4 -- 2 Report Pál Titkos Hungary 1 -- 1 8 ' Silvio Piola Italy 2 -- 1 16 ' Gino Colaussi ( 2 ) Italy 3 -- 1 35 ' György Sárosi Hungary 2 -- 3 70 ' Silvio Piola ( 2 ) Italy 4 -- 2 82 ' 1950 Friaça Brazil 1 -- 0 47 ' 2 -- 1 Report Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 1 -- 1 66 ' Alcides Ghiggia Uruguay 2 -- 1 79 ' 1954 Ferenc Puskás Hungary 1 -- 0 6 ' 3 -- 2 Report Zoltán Czibor Hungary 2 -- 0 8 ' Max Morlock West Germany 1 -- 2 10 ' Helmut Rahn West Germany 2 -- 2 18 ' Helmut Rahn ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 2 84 ' 1958 Nils Liedholm Sweden 1 -- 0 4 ' 5 -- 2 Report Vavá Brazil 1 -- 1 9 ' Vavá ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 1 32 ' Pelé Brazil 3 -- 1 55 ' Zagallo Brazil 4 -- 1 68 ' Agne Simonsson Sweden 2 -- 4 80 ' Pelé ( 2 ) Brazil 5 -- 2 90 ' 1962 Josef Masopust Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 15 ' 3 -- 1 Report Amarildo Tavares da Silveira Brazil 1 -- 1 17 ' Zito Brazil 2 -- 1 69 ' Vavá ( 3 ) Brazil 3 -- 1 78 ' 1966 Helmut Haller West Germany 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Geoff Hurst England 1 -- 1 18 ' Martin Peters England 2 -- 1 78 ' Wolfgang Weber West Germany 2 -- 2 89 ' Geoff Hurst ( 2 ) England 3 -- 2 101 ' Geoff Hurst ( 3 ) England 4 -- 2 120 ' 1970 Pelé ( 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 0 18 ' 4 - 1 Report Roberto Boninsegna Italy 1 -- 1 37 ' Gérson Brazil 2 -- 1 66 ' Jairzinho Brazil 3 -- 1 71 ' Carlos Alberto Brazil 4 -- 1 86 ' Johan Neeskens Netherlands 1 -- 0 2 ' ( p ) 2 -- 1 Report Paul Breitner West Germany 1 -- 1 25 ' ( p ) Gerd Müller West Germany 2 -- 1 43 ' 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 1 -- 0 38 ' 3 -- 1 Report Dick Nanninga Netherlands 1 -- 1 82 ' Mario Kempes ( 2 ) Argentina 2 -- 1 105 ' Daniel Bertoni Argentina 3 -- 1 115 ' 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 1 -- 0 57 ' 3 -- 1 Report Marco Tardelli Italy 2 -- 0 69 ' Alessandro Altobelli Italy 3 -- 0 81 ' Paul Breitner ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 1 83 ' 1986 José Luis Brown Argentina 1 -- 0 23 ' 3 -- 2 Report Jorge Valdano Argentina 2 -- 0 56 ' Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 1 -- 2 74 ' Rudi Völler West Germany 2 -- 2 81 ' Jorge Burruchaga Argentina 3 -- 2 84 ' 1990 Andreas Brehme West Germany 1 -- 0 85 ' ( p ) 1 -- 0 Report 1994 No goals scored . Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Report 1998 Zinedine Zidane France 1 -- 0 27 ' 3 -- 0 Report Zinedine Zidane ( 2 ) France 2 -- 0 45 + 1 ' Emmanuel Petit France 3 -- 0 90 + 3 ' 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 1 -- 0 67 ' 2 -- 0 Report Ronaldo ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 79 ' 2006 Zinedine Zidane ( 3 ) France 1 -- 0 7 ' ( p ) 1 -- 1 Report Marco Materazzi Italy 1 -- 1 19 ' Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Andrés Iniesta Spain 1 -- 0 116 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2014 Mario Götze Germany 1 -- 0 113 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2018 Mario Mandžukić France 1 -- 0 18 ' ( o.g. ) 4 -- 2 Report Ivan Perišić Croatia 1 -- 1 28 ' Antoine Griezmann France 2 -- 1 38 ' ( p ) Paul Pogba France 3 -- 1 59 ' Kylian Mbappe France 4 -- 1 65 ' Mario Mandžukić Croatia 2 -- 4 69 ' Players with most goals in the Finals ( edit ) Players with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals Player Team Goals scored Finals played Final ( s ) Geoff Hurst England 1966 Vavá Brazil 1958 , 1962 Pelé Brazil 1958 , 1970 Zinedine Zidane France 1998 , 2006 Gino Colaussi Italy 1938 Silvio Piola Italy 1938 Helmut Rahn West Germany 1954 Mario Kempes Argentina 1978 Paul Breitner West Germany 1974 , 1982 Ronaldo Brazil 1998 , 2002 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Scored a Goal in the FIFA World Cup Final '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) hide FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals_goalscorers&oldid=850494677 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 06 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has scored in two world cup finals	[ "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n", "\nPlayers with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam\n\nGoals scored\n\nFinals played\n\nFinal(s)\n\n\nGeoff Hurst\n\n England\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1966\n\n\nVavá\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1962\n\n\nPelé\n\n Brazil\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1958, 1970\n\n\nZinedine Zidane\n\n France\n\n3\n\n2\n\n1998, 2006\n\n\nGino Colaussi\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nSilvio Piola\n\n Italy\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1938\n\n\nHelmut Rahn\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1954\n\n\nMario Kempes\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1978\n\n\nPaul Breitner\n\n West Germany\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1974, 1982\n\n\nRonaldo\n\n Brazil\n\n2\n\n2\n\n1998, 2002\n\n" ]	[ "Vavá", "Pelé", "Zinedine Zidane", "Paul Breitner", "Ronaldo" ]
4585153156133632712	Impeachment in the United States	Impeachment in the United States - wikipedia Impeachment in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` House Manager '' redirects here . For theater operations , see House management . The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The House managers are seated beside the quarter - circular tables on the left and the president 's personal counsel on the right , much in the fashion of President Andrew Johnson 's trial . Impeachment in the United States is an enumerated power of the legislature that allows formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for crimes alleged to have been committed . Most impeachments have concerned alleged crimes committed while in office , though there have been a few cases in which Congress has impeached and convicted officials partly for prior crimes . The actual trial on such charges , and subsequent removal of an official upon conviction , is separate from the act of impeachment itself . Impeachment proceedings have been initiated against several presidents of the United States . Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton are the only two presidents to have been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives , and both were later acquitted by the Senate . The impeachment process against Richard Nixon was never completed , as Nixon resigned his office before the vote of the full House for impeachment , but such a vote was widely expected to pass , and the threat of it and a subsequent conviction in the Senate was the impetus for Nixon 's departure . To date , no president has been removed from office by impeachment and conviction . The impeached official continues in office until conviction . Impeachment is analogous to indictment in regular court proceedings ; trial by the other house is analogous to the trial before judge and jury in regular courts . Typically , the lower house of the legislature impeaches the official and the upper house conducts the trial . At the federal level , Article Two of the United States Constitution states in Section 4 that `` The President , Vice President , and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for , and conviction of , Treason , Bribery , or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors . '' The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching , while the United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments . The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate . In Nixon v. United States ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary can not review such proceedings . Impeachment can also occur at the state level : state legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors , in accordance with their respective state constitutions . At the Philadelphia Convention , Benjamin Franklin noted that , historically , the removal of `` obnoxious '' chief executives had been accomplished by assassination . Franklin suggested that a proceduralized mechanism for legal removal -- impeachment -- would be preferable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federal impeachment 1.1 House of Representatives 1.2 Senate 1.3 History 1.4 Federal officials impeached 1.5 Demands for impeachment 2 Impeachment in the states 2.1 State and territorial officials impeached 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Federal impeachment ( edit ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Impeachment proceedings may be commenced by a member of the House of Representatives on her or his own initiative , either by presenting a list of the charges under oath or by asking for referral to the appropriate committee . The impeachment process may be initiated by non-members . For example , when the Judicial Conference of the United States suggests a federal judge be impeached , a charge of actions constituting grounds for impeachment may come from a special prosecutor , the President , or state or territorial legislature , grand jury , or by petition . The type of impeachment resolution determines the committee to which it is referred . A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary . A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules , and then to the Judiciary Committee . The House Committee on the Judiciary , by majority vote , will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist . If the Committee finds grounds for impeachment , it will set forth specific allegations of misconduct in one or more articles of impeachment . The Impeachment Resolution , or Article ( s ) of Impeachment , are then reported to the full House with the committee 's recommendations . The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually . A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article for the resolution as a whole to pass . If the House votes to impeach , managers ( typically referred to as `` House managers '' , with a `` lead House manager '' ) are selected to present the case to the Senate . Recently , managers have been selected by resolution , while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the appointment of managers at the discretion of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . These managers are roughly the equivalent of the prosecution / district attorney in a standard criminal trial . Also , the House will adopt a resolution in order to notify the Senate of its action . After receiving the notice , the Senate will adopt an order notifying the House that it is ready to receive the managers . The House managers then appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment . After the reading of the charges , the managers return and make a verbal report to the House . Senate ( edit ) Depiction of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , in 1868 , Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding . The proceedings unfold in the form of a trial , with each side having the right to call witnesses and perform cross-examinations . The House members , who are given the collective title of managers during the course of the trial , present the prosecution case , and the impeached official has the right to mount a defense with his own attorneys as well . Senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they will perform their duties honestly and with due diligence . After hearing the charges , the Senate usually deliberates in private . The Constitution requires a two thirds super majority to convict a person being impeached . The Senate enters judgment on its decision , whether that be to convict or acquit , and a copy of the judgment is filed with the Secretary of State . Upon conviction in the Senate , the official is automatically removed from office and may also be barred from holding future office . The removed official is also liable to criminal prosecution . The President may not grant a pardon in the impeachment case , but may in any resulting criminal case . Beginning in the 1980s with Harry E. Claiborne , the Senate began using `` Impeachment Trial Committees '' pursuant to Senate Rule XI . These committees presided over the evidentiary phase of the trials , hearing the evidence and supervising the examination and cross-examination of witnesses . The committees would then compile the evidentiary record and present it to the Senate ; all senators would then have the opportunity to review the evidence before the chamber voted to convict or acquit . The purpose of the committees was to streamline impeachment trials , which otherwise would have taken up a great deal of the chamber 's time . Defendants challenged the use of these committees , claiming them to be a violation of their fair trial rights as well as the Senate 's constitutional mandate , as a body , to have `` sole power to try all impeachments . '' Several impeached judges sought court intervention in their impeachment proceedings on these grounds , but the courts refused to become involved due to the Constitution 's granting of impeachment and removal power solely to the legislative branch , making it a political question . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , impeachment was a procedure whereby a member of the House of Commons could accuse someone of a crime . If the Commons voted for the impeachment , a trial would then be held in the House of Lords . Unlike a bill of attainder , a law declaring a person guilty of a crime , impeachments did not require royal assent , so they could be used to remove troublesome officers of the Crown even if the monarch was trying to protect them . The monarch , however , was above the law and could not be impeached , or indeed judged guilty of any crime . When King Charles I was tried before the Rump Parliament of the New Model Army in 1649 he denied that they had any right to legally indict him , their king , whose power was given by God and the laws of the country , saying : `` no earthly power can justly call me ( who is your King ) in question as a delinquent ... no learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King . '' While the House of Commons pronounced him guilty and ordered his execution anyway , the jurisdictional issue tainted the proceedings . With this example in mind , the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention chose to include an impeachment procedure in Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution which could be applied to any government official ; they explicitly mentioned the President to ensure there would be no ambiguity . Opinions differed , however , as to the reasons Congress should be able to initiate an impeachment . Initial drafts listed only treason and bribery , but George Mason favored impeachment for `` maladministration '' ( incompetence ) . James Madison argued that impeachment should only be for criminal behavior , arguing that a maladministration standard would effectively mean that the President would serve at the pleasure of the Senate . Thus the delegates adopted a compromise version allowing impeachment for `` treason , bribery and other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' The precise meaning of the phrase `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' is somewhat ambiguous ; some scholars , such as Kevin Gutzman , argue that it can encompass even non-criminal abuses of power . Whatever its theoretical scope , however , Congress traditionally regards impeachment as a power to use only in extreme cases . The House of Representatives has actually initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 . Two cases did not come to trial because the individuals had left office . Actual impeachments of 19 federal officers have taken place . Of these , 15 were federal judges : thirteen district court judges , one court of appeals judge ( who also sat on the Commerce Court ) , and one Supreme Court Associate Justice . Of the other four , two were Presidents , one was a Cabinet secretary , and one was a U.S. Senator . Of the 19 impeached officials , eight were convicted . One , former judge Alcee Hastings , was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives after being removed from office . The 1797 impeachment of Senator William Blount of Tennessee stalled on the grounds that the Senate lacked jurisdiction over him . No other member of Congress has ever been impeached . The Constitution does give authority to the Senate and House , so that each body may expel its own members . ( see List of United States senators expelled or censured and List of United States Representatives expelled , censured , or reprimanded ) . Expulsion removes the individual from functioning as a representative or senator because of their misbehavior , but unlike impeachment , expulsion can not result in barring an individual from holding future office . Federal officials impeached ( edit ) # Date of Impeachment Accused Office Accusation ( s ) Result References July 7 , 1797 William Blount United States Senator ( Tennessee ) Conspiring to assist Britain in capturing Spanish territory Senate refused to accept impeachment of a Senator by the House of Representatives , instead expelling him from the Senate on their own authority March 2 , 1803 John Pickering Judge ( District of New Hampshire ) Drunkenness and unlawful rulings Removed on March 12 , 1804 March 12 , 1804 Samuel Chase Associate Justice ( Supreme Court of the United States ) Political bias and arbitrary rulings , promoting a partisan political agenda on the bench Acquitted on March 1 , 1805 April 24 , 1830 James H. Peck Judge ( District of Missouri ) Abuse of power Acquitted on January 31 , 1831 5 May 6 , 1862 West Hughes Humphreys Judge ( Eastern , Middle , and Western Districts of Tennessee ) Supporting the Confederacy Removed and disqualified on June 26 , 1862 6 February 24 , 1868 Andrew Johnson President of the United States Violating the Tenure of Office Act Acquitted on May 26 , 1868 7 February 28 , 1873 Mark W. Delahay Judge ( District of Kansas ) Drunkenness Resigned on December 12 , 1873 8 March 2 , 1876 William W. Belknap United States Secretary of War Graft / corruption Acquitted after his resignation on August 1 , 1876 . 9 December 13 , 1904 Charles Swayne Judge ( Northern District of Florida ) Failure to live in his district , abuse of power Acquitted on February 27 , 1905 10 July 11 , 1912 Robert Wodrow Archbald Associate Justice ( United States Commerce Court ) Judge ( Third Circuit Court of Appeals ) Improper acceptance of gifts from litigants and attorneys Removed and disqualified on January 13 , 1913 11 April 1 , 1926 George W. English Judge ( Eastern District of Illinois ) Abuse of power Resigned on November 4 , 1926 , proceedings dismissed on December 13 , 1926 12 February 24 , 1933 Harold Louderback Judge ( Northern District of California ) Corruption Acquitted on May 24 , 1933 13 March 2 , 1936 Halsted L. Ritter Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Champerty / corruption , tax evasion , practicing law while a judge Removed on April 17 , 1936 14 July 22 , 1986 Harry E. Claiborne Judge ( District of Nevada ) Tax evasion Removed on October 9 , 1986 15 August 3 , 1988 Alcee Hastings Judge ( Southern District of Florida ) Accepting a bribe , and committing perjury during the resulting investigation Removed on October 20 , 1989 16 May 10 , 1989 Walter Nixon Chief Judge ( Southern District of Mississippi ) Perjury Removed on November 3 , 1989 17 December 19 , 1998 Bill Clinton President of the United States Perjury and obstruction of justice Acquitted on February 12 , 1999 18 June 19 , 2009 Samuel B. Kent Judge ( Southern District of Texas ) Sexual assault , and obstruction of justice during the resulting investigation Resigned on June 30 , 2009 , proceedings dismissed on July 22 , 2009 19 March 11 , 2010 Thomas Porteous Judge ( Eastern District of Louisiana ) Making false financial disclosures Removed and disqualified on December 8 , 2010 Demands for impeachment ( edit ) See also : Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials While the actual impeachment of a federal public official is a rare event , demands for impeachment , especially of presidents , are common , going back to the administration of George Washington in the mid-1790s . In fact , most of the 63 resolutions mentioned above were in response to presidential actions . While almost all of them were for the most part frivolous and were buried as soon as they were introduced , several did have their intended effect . Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon and Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas both resigned in response to the threat of impeachment hearings , and , most famously , President Richard Nixon resigned from office after the House Judiciary Committee had already reported articles of impeachment to the floor . Impeachment in the States ( edit ) State legislatures can impeach state officials , including governors . The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model -- in New York , for instance , the Assembly ( lower house ) impeaches , and the State Senate tries the case , but the members of the seven - judge New York State Court of Appeals ( the state 's highest , constitutional court ) sit with the senators as jurors as well . Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States , usually for corruption charges . A total of at least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial ; a twelfth , Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma , escaped impeachment conviction by a single vote in 1912 . Several others , most recently Alabama 's Robert J. Bentley , have resigned rather than face impeachment , when events seemed to make it inevitable . The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14 , 2009 , when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117 -- 1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges ; he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29 . He was the eighth U.S. state governor to be removed from office . The procedure for impeachment , or removal , of local officials varies widely . For instance , in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor `` upon being heard '' on charges -- the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor . State and territorial officials impeached ( edit ) Date Accused Office Result 1804 William W. Irvin Associate Judge , Fairfield County , Ohio Court of Common Pleas Removed 1832 Theophilus W. Smith Associate Justice , Illinois Supreme Court Acquitted February 26 , 1862 Charles L. Robinson Governor of Kansas Acquitted February 26 , 1862 John Winter Robinson Secretary of State of Kansas Removed on June 12 , 1862 February 26 , 1862 George S. Hillyer Kansas State auditor Removed on June 16 , 1862 1871 William Woods Holden Governor of North Carolina Removed 1871 David Butler Governor of Nebraska Removed February 1872 Harrison Reed Governor of Florida Acquitted 1872 Henry C. Warmoth Governor of Louisiana `` suspended from office , '' though trial was not held 1876 Adelbert Ames Governor of Mississippi Resigned 1888 James W. Tate Kentucky State Treasurer Removed 1901 David M. Furches Chief Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted 1901 Robert M. Douglas Associate Justice , North Carolina Supreme Court Acquitted August 13 , 1913 William Sulzer Governor of New York Removed on October 17 , 1913 July 1917 James E. Ferguson Governor of Texas Removed October 23 , 1923 John C. Walton Governor of Oklahoma Removed January 21 , 1929 Henry S. Johnston Governor of Oklahoma Removed April 6 , 1929 Huey P. Long Governor of Louisiana Acquitted May 1958 Raulston Schoolfield Judge , Hamilton County , Tennessee Criminal Court Removed on July 11 , 1958 March 14 , 1984 Paul Douglas Nebraska Attorney General Acquitted by the Nebraska Supreme Court on May 4 , 1984 February 6 , 1988 Evan Mecham Governor of Arizona Removed on April 4 , 1988 March 30 , 1989 A. James Manchin West Virginia State treasurer Resigned on July 9 , 1989 before trial started January 25 , 1991 Ward `` Butch '' Burnette Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture Resigned on February 6 , 1991 before trial started May 24 , 1994 Rolf Larsen Associate Justice , Pennsylvania Supreme Court Removed on October 4 , 1994 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Pennsylvania October 6 , 1994 Judith Moriarty Secretary of State of Missouri Removed by the Missouri Supreme Court on December 12 , 1994 November 11 , 2004 Kathy Augustine Nevada State Controller Censured on December 4 , 2004 , not removed from office April 11 , 2006 David Hergert Member of the University of Nebraska Board of Regents Removed by the Nebraska Supreme Court on July 7 , 2006 January 8 , 2009 ( first vote ) Rod Blagojevich Governor of Illinois 95th General Assembly ended January 14 , 2009 ( second vote ) Removed on January 29 , 2009 , and declared ineligible to hold public office in Illinois February 11 , 2013 Benigno Fitial Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands Resigned on February 20 , 2013 See also ( edit ) Censure in the United States Efforts to impeach George W. Bush Impeachment investigations of United States federal officials Impeachment investigations of United States federal judges Jefferson 's Manual List of federal political scandals in the United States Recall election Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Removed and disqualified '' indicates that following conviction the Senate voted to disqualify the individual from holding further federal office pursuant to Article I , Section 3 of the United States Constitution , which provides , in pertinent part , that `` ( j ) udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor , trust or profit under the United States . '' Jump up ^ During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount , it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress ; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument , the House has never again impeached a member of Congress . The Constitution allows either House to expel one of its members by a two - thirds vote , which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him ( but before the Senate heard the case ) . Jump up ^ Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds ; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cole , J.P. ; Garvey , T. ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Impeachment and Removal '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Congressional Research Service . pp. 15 -- 16 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Erskine , Daniel H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton : Law As a Weapon for Political Reform '' . Washington University Global Studies Law Review . 7 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1546 - 6981 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Constitution , Article 2 , Section 4 '' . usconstitution.net . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Constitution , Article 1 , Section 2 '' . usconstitution.net . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Constitution , Article 1 , Section 3 '' . usconstitution.net . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . When sitting for that Purpose , they shall be on Oath or Affirmation . When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present . Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . Jump up ^ Josh Chafetz ( 2010 ) . `` Impeachment and Assassination '' . 95 . Minnesota Law Review . SSRN 1568950 Jump up ^ `` Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials '' ( PDF ) . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/3_1986SenatesImpeachmentRules.pdf Jump up ^ Welcome to The American Presidency ^ Jump up to : Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Chapter 4 : Complete List of Senate Impeachment Trials '' . United States Senate . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Joint Committee on Printing ( September 2006 ) . `` Impeachment Proceedings '' . Congressional Directory . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . ( Archived by WebCite ) ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : Senate Tries Supreme Court Justice '' . 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ PBS NewsHour ^ Jump up to : staff ( n.d. ) . `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Delahay , Mark W '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hinds ' Precedents , Volume 3 -- Chapter 78 -- The Impeachment and Trial of Charles Swayne '' . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . `` White House accepts convicted judge 's resignation '' . AP . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Gamboa , Suzanne ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Congress ends jailed judge 's impeachment '' . AP . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( 2009 - 06 - 19 ) . `` U.S. House impeaches Kent '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . In action so rare it has been carried out only 14 times since 1803 , the House on Friday impeached a federal judge -- imprisoned U.S. District Court Judge Samuel B. Kent ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ; Jonathan Tilove ( 2010 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Senate votes to remove Judge Thomas Porteous from office '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Bruce ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Judge Thomas Porteous impeached by U.S. House of Representatives '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tentative description of a dinner given to promote the impeachment of President Dwight Eisenhower : ( poem ) by Lawrence Ferlinghetti ; City Lights Books : ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Clark , Richard C. ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) . `` McFadden 's Attempts to Abortababy the Federal Reserve System '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Though a Republican , he moved to impeach President Herbert Hoover in 1932 and introduced a resolution to bring conspiracy charges against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : Texan , Texan & Texan '' . Time . January 25 , 1932 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NYS Constitution , Article VI , § 24 Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Embattled Conn. governor resigns '' . AP . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` House votes to impeach Blagojevich again '' . Chicago Tribune . 2009 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bateman , Newton ; Paul Selby ; Frances M. Shonkwiler ; Henry L Fowkes ( 1908 ) . Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois . Chicago , IL : Munsell Publishing Company . p. 489 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impeachment of State Officials '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Blackmar , Frank ( 1912 ) . Kansas : A Cyclopedia of State History . Standard Publishing Co. p. 598 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Relating to the Efforts to Impeach Governor Harrison Reed During the Reconstruction Era '' . floridamemory.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State Governors of Louisiana : Henry Clay Warmoth '' . Enlou.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : News & Observer : NC 's dark impeachment history by Rob Christensen Jump up ^ `` SULZER IMPEACHED BY ASSEMBLY BUT REFUSES TO SURRENDER OFFICE '' , Syracuse Herald , August 13 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ `` HIGH COURT REMOVES SULZER FROM OFFICE BY A VOTE OF 43 TO 12 '' , Syracuse Herald , October 17 , 1913 , p1 Jump up ^ Block , Lourenda ( 2000 ) . `` Permanent University Fund : Investing in the Future of Texas '' . TxTell ( University of Texas at Austin ) . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Official Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana , April 6 , 1929 pp. 292 -- 94 Jump up ^ `` Raulston Schoolfield , Impeached Judge , Dies '' . UPI . October 8 , 1982 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Impeachment Trial Finds Judge Guilty '' . AP . July 11 , 1958 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Attorney General is Impeached '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1984 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Nebraskan Found Not Guilty '' . AP . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 02 - 06 ) . `` House Impeaches Arizona Governor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gruson , Lindsey ( 1988 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Arizona 's Senate Ousts Governor , Voting Him Guilty of Misconduct '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 1989 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Impeachment in West Virginia '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anise C. ( 1989 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Treasurer of West Virginia Retires Over Fund 's Losses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky House Votes To Impeach Jailed Official '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . The House voted unanimously Friday to impeach the agriculture commissioner six days after he began serving a one - year sentence for a payroll violation . Jump up ^ `` Jailed Official Resigns Before Impeachment Trial '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1991 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Kentucky 's commissioner of agriculture , serving a one - year jail sentence for felony theft , resigned Wednesday hours before his impeachment trial was scheduled to begin in the state Senate . Jump up ^ Hinds , Michael deCourcy ( 1994 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Pennsylvania House Votes To Impeach a State Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . A State Supreme Court justice convicted on drug charges was impeached today by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . Jump up ^ Moushey , Bill ; Tim Reeves ( 1994 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Larsen Removed Senate Convicts Judge On 1 Charge '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , PA USA . p . A1 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Rolf Larsen yesterday became the first justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to be removed from office through impeachment . The state Senate , after six hours of debate , found Larsen guilty of one of seven articles of impeachment at about 8 : 25 p.m , then unanimously voted to remove him permanently from office and bar him from ever seeking an elected position again . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Moriarty Is Impeached -- Secretary Of State Will Fight Removal '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO USA . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . The House voted overwhelmingly Thursday to impeach Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty for misconduct that `` breached the public trust . '' The move , the first impeachment in Missouri in 26 years , came at 4 : 25 p.m. in a hushed House chamber . Jump up ^ Young , Virginia ; Kim Bell ( 1994 - 12 - 13 ) . `` High Court Ousts Moriarty '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO . p. 1A . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . In a unanimous opinion Monday , the Missouri Supreme Court convicted Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty of misconduct and removed her from office . Jump up ^ Vogel , Ed ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Augustine impeached '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Whaley , Sean ( 2004 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Senate lets controller keep job '' . Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nate ( 2006 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Hergert impeached '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . With the last vote and by the slimmest of margins , the Legislature did to University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert Wednesday what it had n't done in 22 years -- move to unseat an elected official . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Hergert Convicted '' . WOWT - TV . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 11 . University of Nebraska Regent David Hergert was convicted Friday of manipulating campaign - finance laws during his 2004 campaign and then lying to cover it up . The state Supreme Court ruling immediately removed Hergert , 66 , from office . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . AP . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mckinney , Dave ; Jordan Wilson ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Illinois House impeaches Gov. Rod Blagojevich '' . Chicago Sun - Times ' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Long , Ray ; Rick Pearson ( 2009 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Blagojevich is removed from office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haidee V. Eugenio ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` CNMI governor impeached on 13 charges '' . Saipan Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Berger , Raoul ( 1999 ) . Impeachment : The Constitutional Problems . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674444782 . Black , Charles L. ( 1998 ) . Impeachment : A Handbook . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300079500 . Lichtman , Allan J. ( 2017 ) , The Case for Impeachment , Dey Street Books , ISBN 978 - 0062696823 Sunstein , Cass R. ( 2017 ) . Impeachment : A Citizen 's Guide . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674983793 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impeachment in the United States . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the power to remove a senator from the senate	[ "At the federal level, Article Two of the United States Constitution states in Section 4 that \"The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors.\"[3] The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching,[4] while the United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments.[5] The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate. In Nixon v. United States (1993), the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary cannot review such proceedings." ]	[ "The House of Representatives" ]
8269741075628469629	I've Got a Little Something for You	I 've Got a Little Something for You - wikipedia I 've Got a Little Something for You Jump to : navigation , search `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' Single by MN8 from the album To the Next Level B - side `` Remix '' Released January 1995 Format CD single , CD maxi 7 '' single , 12 '' maxi Genre R&B , new jack swing Length 3 : 43 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Denis Ingoldsby Mark Taylor Producer ( s ) Dennis Charles Ronnie Wilson MN8 singles chronology `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( 1995 ) `` If You Only Let Me In '' ( 1995 ) `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( 1995 ) `` If You Only Let Me In '' ( 1995 ) `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' is a song by British R&B group MN8 . It was released in January 1995 as the lead single from their debut album , To the Next Level . It is their highest - charting single written by American record producer and composer , Markantoney J. Taylor , better known by his stage name DJ Vintage Future , and produced by Dennis Charles and Ronnie Wilson . It peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was also a top 10 hit in Australia , Belgium , Denmark , France , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway , Sweden , and Switzerland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listings 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 References Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single / CD single `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Radio version ) -- 3 : 43 `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Bad Boy Stripped Down Mix ) -- 4 : 18 CD maxi / 12 '' maxi `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Radio version ) -- 3 : 43 `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Bad Boy Stripped Down Vocal Mix ) -- 4 : 18 `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( West End Mix ) -- 5 : 21 `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( West End Dub ) -- 5 : 19 12 '' maxi - Remixes `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Tee 's Original Club Mix ) -- 5 : 41 `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Club Float Mix edit ) -- 5 : 45 `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Player 's Club Mix edit ) -- 6 : 02 `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Tee 's Original Instrumental ) -- 5 : 18 `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Float Instrumental ) -- 5 : 49 `` I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( Player 's Instrumental ) -- 5 : 49 Personnel ( edit ) Remixed by Dennis Charles and Ronnie Wilson `` Bad Boy Stripped Down Mix '' remixed and produced by Sean `` Puffy '' Combs Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Dance ( RPM ) 20 Denmark ( IFPI ) 7 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 30 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Spain ( AFYVE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 50 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 91 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 19 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 44 French Singles Chart 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Gold 1995 35,000 France Silver 18 August 1995 125,000 UK Silver 1 February 1995 200,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- MN8 -- I 've Got a Little Something for You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- MN8 -- I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- MN8 -- I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada Canadian Dance peak '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?lr=&rview=1&id=vgsEAAAAMBAJ&q=mn8#v=snippet&q=mn8&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?lr=&rview=1&id=2wsEAAAAMBAJ&q=mn8#v=snippet&q=mn8&f=false Jump up ^ source : Pennanen , Timo : Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Helsinki : Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava , 2006 . ISBN 9789511210535 . page : 280 Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- MN8 -- I 've Got a Little Something for You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- MN8 Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?lr=&rview=1&id=7AsEAAAAMBAJ&q=mn8#v=snippet&q=mn8&f=false Jump up ^ http://swisscharts.com/song/MN8/I've-Got-A-Little-Something-For-You-3013 Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- MN8 -- I 've Got a Little Something for You '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- MN8 -- I 've Got a Little Something for You '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?lr=&rview=1&id=0QsEAAAAMBAJ&q=mn8#v=snippet&q=mn8&f=false Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- MN8 -- I 've Got a Little Something for You '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- MN8 -- I 've Got a Little Something for You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved 30 January 2009 ) Jump up ^ 1995 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved 30 January 2009 ) Jump up ^ 1995 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved 30 January 2009 ) Jump up ^ 1995 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved 30 January 2009 ) Jump up ^ url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ugsEAAAAMBAJ&lr=&rview=1 Jump up ^ 1995 French Singles Chart Ifop.com Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 30 January 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1995 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles 1995 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ French certifications Disqueenfrance.com Archived 12 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 30 January 2009 ) Jump up ^ UK certifications Bpi.co.uk ( Retrieved 30 January 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ve_Got_a_Little_Something_for_You&oldid=813556059 '' Categories : 1995 singles Debut singles MN8 songs Songs written by Mark Taylor ( record producer ) Songs written by Denis Ingoldsby 1995 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 01 : 46 . About Wikipedia	who sang i got a little something for you	[ "\"I've Got a Little Something for You\" is a song by British R&B group MN8. It was released in January 1995 as the lead single from their debut album, To the Next Level. It is their highest-charting single written by American record producer and composer, Markantoney J. Taylor, better known by his stage name DJ Vintage Future, and produced by Dennis Charles and Ronnie Wilson. It peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was also a top 10 hit in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland." ]	[ "British R&B group MN8" ]
-4113879519445780353	La Vie en rose	La Vie en rose - wikipedia La Vie en rose Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see La Vie en rose ( disambiguation ) . `` La Vie en rose '' Single by Édith Piaf from the album Chansons Parisiennes B - side `` Un refrain courait dans la rue '' Released 1947 Format 10 '' Genre Traditional pop Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Édith Piaf ( lyrics ) Louiguy and Marguerite Monnot ( melody ) Édith Piaf singles chronology `` Les trois cloches '' ( 1946 ) `` La Vie en rose '' ( 1947 ) `` Si tu partais '' ( 1947 ) `` Les trois cloches '' ( 1946 ) `` La Vie en rose '' ( 1947 ) `` Si tu partais '' ( 1947 ) Columbia Records poster of Piaf ; `` La Vie en rose '' appeared on nearly all Piaf 's records `` La Vie en rose '' ( French pronunciation : ( la vi ɑ̃ ʁoz ) ) was the signature song of popular French singer Édith Piaf , written in 1945 , popularized in 1946 , and released as a single in 1947 . The song became very popular in the US in 1950 with no fewer than seven different versions reaching the Billboard charts . These were by Tony Martin , Paul Weston , Bing Crosby ( recorded June 22 , 1950 ) , Ralph Flanagan , Victor Young and Louis Armstrong . A cover version in 1977 by Jamaican singer Grace Jones was also a successful international hit . `` La Vie en rose '' has been covered by many other artists over the years , including a 1993 version by American singer Donna Summer . Harry James also recorded a version in 1950 on Columbia 38768 . Bing Crosby recorded the song again for his 1953 album Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris . Contents ( hide ) 1 Édith Piaf version 1.1 Background and release 1.2 Track listings 1.3 Chart performance 1.4 References in popular culture 1.5 As music in films 1.6 As music in other media 1.7 Other mentions 2 Grace Jones version 2.1 Background and release 2.2 Music video 2.3 Track listings 2.4 Chart performance 3 Donna Summer version 3.1 Background and release 3.2 Track listings 4 References 5 External links Edith Piaf version ( edit ) Background and release ( edit ) The song 's title can be translated as `` Life in Rosy Hues '' or `` Life Through Rose - Tinted Glasses '' ; its literal meaning is `` Life in Pink '' . The lyrics and melody of the song were written by Édith Piaf herself , but the melody was said officially to have been composed and registered by Louiguy only , since at the time , due to the stringent registration requirements of SACEM , Piaf did not have the necessary qualifications to be able to copyright her work with SACEM . Piaf offered the song to Marianne Michel , who slightly modified the lyrics , changing `` les choses '' ( `` things '' ) for `` la vie '' ( `` life '' ) . In 1943 , Piaf had performed at a nightclub / bordello called `` La Vie en Rose '' . Initially , Piaf 's peers and songwriting team did not think the song would be successful , finding it weaker than the rest of her repertoire . Heeding their advice , the singer put the song aside , only to change her mind the next year . The song was performed live in concert for the first time in 1946 . It became a favorite with audiences . `` La Vie en rose '' was the song that made Piaf internationally famous , with its lyrics telling about the joy of finding true love and appealing to those who had survived the difficult wartime . `` La Vie en rose '' was released on a 10 '' single in 1947 by Columbia Records , a division of EMI , with `` Un refrain courait dans la rue '' making the B - side . It met with a warm reception and sold a million copies in the US . It was the biggest - selling single of 1948 in Italy , and the ninth biggest - selling single in Brazil in 1949 . Piaf performed the song in the 1948 French movie Neuf garçons , un cœur . The first of her albums to include `` La Vie en rose '' was the 10 '' Chansons parisiennes , released in 1950 . The song appeared on most of Piaf 's subsequent albums , and on numerous greatest hits compilations . It went on to become her signature song and her trademark hit , sitting with `` Milord '' and `` Non , je ne regrette rien '' among her best - known and most recognizable tunes . Encouraged by its success , Piaf wrote 80 more songs in her career . English lyrics were written by Mack David and numerous versions were recorded in the US in 1950 . Those that charted were by Tony Martin ( reached the No. 9 position in the Billboard charts ) , Paul Weston ( No. 12 position ) , Bing Crosby ( No. 13 position ) , Edith Piaf ( No. 23 position ) , Ralph Flanagan ( No. 27 position ) and Victor Young ( No. 27 position ) . Louis Armstrong recorded C'est si bon and La Vie en rose in New York City with Sy Oliver and his Orchestra on June 26 , 1950 and this reached the No. 28 position in the Billboard charts . Bing Crosby also recorded the song in French in 1953 for his album Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris . The song received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998 . Track listings ( edit ) 10 '' Single ( 1947 ) A. `` La Vie en rose '' B. `` Un refrain courait dans la rue '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart Peak position United States 23 References in popular culture ( edit ) French actress Marion Cotillard played Piaf in the 2007 film La Vie en rose Two films about Piaf named after the song 's title have been produced . The first one , a 1998 documentary , used archive footage and interviews with Raquel Bitton , and was narrated by Bebe Neuwirth . The 2007 biographical feature film La Vie en Rose won Marion Cotillard an Academy Award for Best Actress for portraying Piaf in the film from childhood until her death at 47 . As music in films ( edit ) Stage Fright ( 1950 ) Operation : Rabbit ( 1952 ) -- instrumental only ( uncredited ) Duck ! Rabbit , Duck ! ( 1953 ) -- hummed by a mischievous Daffy Duck By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) -- instrumental only Sabrina ( 1954 ) -- as Sabrina Fairchild 's song Noches de Casablanca ( 1963 ) -- sung by Sara Montiel The Cheap Detective ( 1978 ) -- however , Eileen Brennan 's character , Betty DeBoop , does n't sing the words , and just sings `` La la la la la la la en rose '' Bull Durham ( 1988 ) A Foreign Field ( 1993 ) Natural Born Killers ( 1994 ) Prêt - à - Porter ( 1994 ) Grace Jones ' version French Kiss ( 1995 ) Sabrina ( 1995 ) Chloé ( 1996 ) A Soldier 's Daughter Never Cries ( 1998 ) Summer of Sam ( 1999 ) View from the Top ( 2003 ) Saving Private Ryan Love Me If You Dare ( 2003 ) Something 's Gotta Give Deleted Scene ( 2003 ) Piaf starring Raquel Bitton Lionsgate film ( 2003 ) Modigliani ( 2004 ) A World Without Thieves ( 2004 ) Valiant ( 2005 ) Lord of War ( 2005 ) The Yacoubian Building ( 2006 ) La Vie en rose ( 2007 ) Mister Lonely ( 2007 ) Jellyfish ( 2007 ) Fred Claus ( 2007 ) The Bucket List ( 2007 ) The Wackness ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Map of the Sounds of Tokyo ( 2009 ) X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) Monte Carlo ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) As Music in other media ( edit ) In the 2006 Egyptian film The Yacoubian Building , chanteuse Christine ( Yousra ) includes `` La Vie en rose '' in her repertoire , singing it on at least one occasion for Zaki el Dessouki ( Adel Emam ) . In the 1954 movie Sabrina this song is mentioned and played many times throughout the movie , including a partial rendition by Audrey Hepburn . In the season 4 I Love Lucy episode `` Hollywood Anniversary '' , the song is played by a band in the final scene . Steampunk chanteuse Veronique Chevalier does a parody version -- which turns out to be about a battle with slugs . In the 2003 romantic comedy Something 's Gotta Give , the song is played several times during scenes of Paris , and actor Jack Nicholson ( Harry Sanborn ) sings it during the closing credit roll . Cristin Milioti performed the song in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , an episode of How I Met Your Mother . It is used prominently multiple times in BioShock Infinite 's DLC BioShock Infinite : Burial at Sea . Korean drama A Rosy Life 's main title song is a Korean version aptly titled `` 장밋빛 인생 '' ( Revised Romanization jangmitbit insaeng , translated as `` rose - colored life '' ) , which is also the original Korean title of the drama . Other mentions ( edit ) Madonna singing `` La Vie en rose '' during her Rebel Heart Tour in 2015 Raquel Bitton sings Edith Piaf ( CD ) ( 2000 ) Ian Fleming references the song in his first James Bond novel Casino Royale , when Bond is eating with Vesper Lynd , and again in his fourth novel Diamonds Are Forever , when Bond chooses to skip it on the record player as it has `` painful memories '' . The Avengers TV series used this song as an episode title . It was played repeatedly in a house in which Emma Peel was held against her will by an enemy agent she had seduced and betrayed by utilizing the song . Lyrics from the song are quoted in Albert Cohen 's 1968 novel Belle du Seigneur ( chapter LVI ) . La Vie en Rose was the name of a spaceship in Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam and Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ , as well as an episode title of Mobile Suit Gundam 0083 : Stardust Memory . In the 1990s anime Di Gi Charat , the name Rabi ~ en ~ Rose is based in `` La Vie en rose '' . La Vie en rose is mentioned in John Boyne 's 2006 novel The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas . Scottish singer / songwriter KT Tunstall recorded a cover , included as a digital bonus track of her second studio album Drastic Fantastic . Canadian singer / songwriter Avril Lavigne has a tattoo reading ' La Vie en rose ' . American singer / songwriter Lady Gaga performed ' La Vie en Rose ' during her Cheek to Cheek Tour with Tony Bennett in 2015 . American singer / songwriter Madonna performed ' La Vie en Rose ' during her Rebel Heart Tour in 2015 - 2016 . The live recording of the performance was released on the album Rebel Heart Tour . Marina Prior and Mark Vincent covered the song on their album Together in 2016 . Dean Martin covered this song on his album French Style recorded in 1962 . Vov Dylan and Enzo Toppano did an instrumental cover of this song for their 2016 album `` Cafe Classics '' French singer Anne Pigalle has sang La Vie En Rose live since the beginning of her career and all over the world , including Ronnie Scott 's and the Café de Paris in London , Silencio club in Paris , Japan , Mexico , Chateau Marmont in LA , Danceteria in NY and a fundraiser for Tin Pan Alley , the film Grace Jones version ( edit ) `` La Vie en rose '' Single by Grace Jones from the album Portfolio B - side `` I Need a Man '' `` Tomorrow '' `` Send in the Clowns '' Released October 1977 Format 7 '' 12 '' Genre Bossa nova Length 7 : 27 ( album version ) 3 : 35 ( single version ) Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Édith Piaf Louiguy Mack David Producer ( s ) Tom Moulton Grace Jones singles chronology `` Sorry '' ( 1976 ) `` La Vie en rose '' ( 1977 ) `` Do or Die '' ( 1978 ) `` Sorry '' ( 1976 ) `` La Vie en rose '' ( 1977 ) `` Do or Die '' ( 1978 ) Background and release ( edit ) Jamaican singer Grace Jones covered `` La Vie en rose '' in 1977 for her debut studio album Portfolio . It was the third and the last single off that album , and at the same time , her first single release on Island Records after having signed with the label . The single version was heavily edited from its original album version being more than seven minutes long to a 3.5 - minute track . Jones ' fairly radical bossa nova interpretation of Édith Piaf 's signature tune became her first international hit single and a staple of her repertoire . It was later performed as part of her 1981 A One Man Show , then the only track from her disco era to be included in the show . In Spain and Mexico the track was billed as `` La Vida en rosa '' on the 7 '' single release , although it was not a Spanish version of the song . Jones ' recording of `` La Vie en rose '' was later re-released a number of times in the early 1980s and finally reached # 12 in the UK charts when re-released as a double A-side with `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' in 1985 . The single was certified Gold in France and Italy . Grace Jones about the song : `` That 's a very special song to me . Oh God , I cry every time I sing it . I had quite a few French lovers , so every time I sing it I think about them . '' Music video ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The music video for the song was made using the chroma key technique . It presents Grace dancing and singing the song with the famous 1978 montage picture of herself in the background , which was later used for the cover of her 1985 Island Life compilation . The video begins with Grace wearing a rose - patterned coat . Having removed it , the singer dances in a scant gold dress which reveals her right nipple as well as black underwear . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single ( 1977 ) A. `` La Vie en rose '' -- 3 : 35 B. `` I Need a Man '' -- 3 : 22 7 '' Italian single ( 1977 ) A. `` La Vie en rose '' -- 3 : 35 B. `` Tomorrow '' -- 5 : 48 7 '' promotional single ( 1977 ) A. `` La Vie en rose '' -- 3 : 35 B. `` La Vie en rose '' -- 3 : 35 12 '' Mexican single ( 1984 ) A. `` La Vida en rosa '' ( `` La Vie en rose '' ) -- 7 : 27 B. `` Manden a los payasos '' ( `` Send in the Clowns '' ) -- 7 : 33 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart Peak position Canada 87 Canada ( Dance / Urban ) 28 France Italy Netherlands Spain 20 Donna Summer version ( edit ) `` La Vie en rose '' Single by Donna Summer from the album Tribute to Edith Piaf Released 1993 Format 12 `` , CD Recorded 1993 Genre R&B Length 4 : 58 Label AB Disques Songwriter ( s ) Édith Piaf , Louigny , Mack David Producer ( s ) Jacques Arnoul Donna Summer singles chronology `` Carry On '' ( 1992 ) `` La Vie en rose '' ( 1993 ) `` Melody of Love ( Wanna Be Loved ) '' ( 1994 ) `` Carry On '' ( 1992 ) `` La Vie en rose '' ( 1993 ) `` Melody of Love ( Wanna Be Loved ) '' ( 1994 ) Background and release ( edit ) American singer Donna Summer covered `` La Vie en rose '' in 1993 for the tribute album called Tribute to Edith Piaf or Edith Piaf Tribute , on which several contemporary stars recorded interpretations of some of Piaf 's best known songs . Released on both vinyl and CD , the American release of the album and single contain a different mix of Summer 's synth - driven performance than the French release . These releases are among the most sought after of Summer 's collectables . The U.S. single features a variety of remixes by DJ Chris Cox . Track listings ( edit ) 12 '' Single A. `` La Vie en rose '' -- 4 : 58 B. `` La Vie en rose '' -- 4 : 58 12 '' Maxi - Single A1 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( Techno Mix ) -- 7 : 36 A2 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( US Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 43 B1 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( Extended Soul Mix ) -- 7 : 40 B2 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( Full Bass Mix ) -- 4 : 25 12 '' Promotional Single A. `` La Vie en rose '' ( Remodelled Mix ) B1 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( Radio Mix ) B2 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( 12 '' Mix ) CD Single `` La Vie en rose '' ( US Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 43 `` La Vie en rose '' ( Full Bass Mix ) -- 4 : 25 `` La Vie en rose '' ( Extended Soul Mix ) -- 7 : 40 `` La Vie en rose '' ( Stringapella Mix ) -- 5 : 43 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marguerite Monnot '' . www.archivesdefrance.culture.gouv.fr . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Edith Piaf '' . web.france.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , US : Record Research Inc. p. 537 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` La Vie en rose Grace Jones '' . simplypopmusic.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Coates , Dan . Decade by Decade 1940s : Ten Years of Popular Hits Arranged for EASY PIANO . Alfred Music Publishing . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4574 - 2966 - 8 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piaf '' . www.rfimusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ No Regrets : The Life of Edith Piaf Carolyn Burke Chicago Review Press , 01.04. 2012 Jump up ^ `` La Vie En Rose : Edith Piaf 's remarkable voice comes back to life '' . www.socialistworker.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 60 Years of `` La Vie En Rose '' `` . dippermouth.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Song artist 444 -- Edith Piaf '' . tsort.info . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` michaelminn.net '' . michaelminn.net . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , US : Record Research inc . p. 537 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` La Vie En Rose '' . monkeyseemonkeydopiano.web.officelive.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Marion Cotillard winning Best Actress '' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' How Your Mother Met Me ' Recap : The Mother Breaks Our Hearts '' . Popculturology . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` Cafe Classics ( feat . Enzo Toppano ) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Jones in `` Conan The Destroyer '' `` . Baltimore Afro - American . Baltimore . June 23 , 1984 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slave to the Rhythm , track 4 : `` Operattack '' . ( Island Records , 1985 ) . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste '' ( in French ) . www.infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top Settimanali Single '' ( in Italian ) . www.hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl -- Discografie Grace Jones '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Madonna performing `` La Vie en rose '' in honor of the victims of the November 13th , 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris on YouTube Music portal French language and French - speaking world portal Bing Crosby Discography Filmography Albums Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) Christmas Music ( 1940 ) Star Dust ( 1940 ) Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) Small Fry ( 1941 ) Crosbyana ( 1941 ) Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) Selections from The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1946 ) Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) St. Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) El Bingo ( 1947 ) The Small One ( 1947 ) The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1949 ) Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) Songs from Mr. Music ( 1950 ) Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1954 ) Selections from White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bing : A Musical Autobiography ( 1954 ) High Tor ( 1956 ) A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World ( 1956 ) High Society ( w / Frank Sinatra , Grace Kelly , and Louis Armstrong ) ( 1956 ) Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around ( 1956 ) Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings ( 1956 ) Bing with a Beat ( 1957 ) A Christmas Story ( 1957 ) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ( 1957 ) Never Be Afraid ( 1957 ) Jack B. Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America , I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( daughter ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) Viens m'embrasser ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( 1st wife ) Grace Jones Studio albums Portfolio ( 1977 ) Fame ( 1978 ) Muse ( 1979 ) Warm Leatherette ( 1980 ) Nightclubbing ( 1981 ) Living My Life ( 1982 ) Slave to the Rhythm ( 1985 ) Inside Story ( 1986 ) Bulletproof Heart ( 1989 ) Hurricane ( 2008 ) Compilations Island Life ( 1985 ) The Ultimate ( 1993 ) Private Life : The Compass Point Sessions ( 1998 ) 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Grace Jones ( 2003 ) The Universal Masters Collection ( 2003 ) The Collection ( 2004 ) The Grace Jones Story ( 2006 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2006 ) Disco ( 2015 ) Singles `` I Need a Man '' `` Sorry '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Do or Die '' `` On Your Knees '' `` A Rolling Stone '' `` Love Is the Drug '' `` Private Life '' `` The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game '' `` Breakdown '' `` Demolition Man '' `` I 've Seen That Face Before ( Libertango ) '' `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' `` Walking in the Rain '' `` Nipple to the Bottle '' `` The Apple Stretching '' `` My Jamaican Guy '' `` Cry Now , Laugh Later '' `` Living My Life '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Jones the Rhythm '' `` I 'm Not Perfect ( But I 'm Perfect for You ) '' `` Party Girl '' `` Crush '' `` Victor Should Have Been a Jazz Musician '' `` Love on Top of Love '' `` Amado Mio '' `` 7 Day Weekend '' `` Evilmainya '' `` Sex Drive '' `` Love Bites '' `` Hurricane ( Cradle to the Grave ) '' `` Corporate Cannibal '' `` Williams ' Blood '' `` Love You to Life '' Related Discography A One Man Show albums songs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Vie_en_rose&oldid=803932187 '' Categories : 1945 songs 1947 singles 1977 singles 1993 singles Dalida songs Bette Midler songs Donna Summer songs Édith Piaf songs La Toya Jackson songs Louis Armstrong songs Grace Jones songs Madonna ( entertainer ) songs French songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs with lyrics by Édith Piaf 1940s jazz standards Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 贛語 Հայերեն Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did louis armstrong sing la vie en rose	[ "English lyrics were written by Mack David and numerous versions were recorded in the US in 1950. Those that charted were by Tony Martin (reached the No. 9 position in the Billboard charts), Paul Weston (No. 12 position), Bing Crosby (No. 13 position), Edith Piaf (No. 23 position), Ralph Flanagan (No. 27 position) and Victor Young (No. 27 position). Louis Armstrong recorded C'est si bon and La Vie en rose in New York City with Sy Oliver and his Orchestra on June 26, 1950[12] and this reached the No. 28 position in the Billboard charts.[13] Bing Crosby also recorded the song in French in 1953 for his album Le Bing: Song Hits of Paris." ]	[ "June 26, 1950" ]
2970044633284076382	Helicobacter pylori	Helicobacter pylori - wikipedia Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori Synonym Campylobacter pylori Immunohistochemical staining of H. pylori from a gastric biopsy Pronunciation / ˈhɛlɪkoʊˌbæktər paɪˈlɔːraɪ , pɪ - , - ri / Specialty Infectious disease , gastroenterology Symptoms None , abdominal pain , nausea Complications Stomach ulcer , stomach cancer Causes Helicobacter pylori spread by fecal oral route Diagnostic method Urea breath test , fecal antigen assay , tissue biopsy Medication Proton pump inhibitor , clarithromycin , amoxicillin , metronidazole Frequency > 50 % Helicobacter pylori , previously known as Campylobacter pylori , is a gram - negative , microaerophilic bacterium usually found in the stomach . It was identified in 1982 by Australian scientists Barry Marshall and Robin Warren , who found that it was present in a person with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers , conditions not previously believed to have a microbial cause . It is also linked to the development of duodenal ulcers and stomach cancer . However , over 80 % of individuals infected with the bacterium are asymptomatic , and it may play an important role in the natural stomach ecology . More than 50 % of the world 's population have H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tract . Infection is more common in developing countries than Western countries . H. pylori 's helical shape ( from which the genus name derives ) is thought to have evolved to penetrate the mucoid lining of the stomach . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Microbiology 2.1 Morphology 2.2 Physiology 2.3 Genome 2.4 Transcriptome 2.4. 1 Genes involved in virulence and pathogenesis 3 Pathophysiology 3.1 Adaptation to the stomach 3.2 Inflammation , gastritis , and ulcer 3.3 Cag pathogenicity island 3.4 Cancer 3.5 Survival of H. pylori 4 Diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 History 10 Research 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Up to 85 % of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications . Acute infection may appear as an acute gastritis with abdominal pain ( stomach ache ) or nausea . Where this develops into chronic gastritis , the symptoms , if present , are often those of non-ulcer dyspepsia : stomach pains , nausea , bloating , belching , and sometimes vomiting or black stool . Individuals infected with H. pylori have a 10 to 20 % lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers and a 1 to 2 % risk of acquiring stomach cancer . Inflammation of the pyloric antrum is more likely to lead to duodenal ulcers , while inflammation of the corpus ( body of the stomach ) is more likely to lead to gastric ulcers and gastric carcinoma . However , H. pylori possibly plays a role only in the first stage that leads to common chronic inflammation , but not in further stages leading to carcinogenesis . A meta - analysis conducted in 2009 concluded the eradication of H. pylori reduces gastric cancer risk in previously infected individuals , suggesting the continued presence of H. pylori constitutes a relative risk factor of 65 % for gastric cancers ; in terms of absolute risk , the increase was from 1.1 % to 1.7 % . H. pylori has been associated with colorectal polyps and colorectal cancer . It may also be associated with eye disease . Pain typically occurs when the stomach is empty , between meals and in the early morning hours , but it can also occur at other times . Less common ulcer symptoms include nausea , vomiting , and loss of appetite . Bleeding can also occur ; prolonged bleeding may cause anemia leading to weakness and fatigue . If bleeding is heavy , hematemesis , hematochezia , or melena may occur . Microbiology ( edit ) Helicobacter pylori Scientific classification Domain : Bacteria Phylum : Proteobacteria Class : Epsilonproteobacteria Order : Campylobacterales Family : Helicobacteraceae Genus : Helicobacter Species : H. pylori Binomial name Helicobacter pylori ( Marshall et al. 1985 ) Goodwin et al. , 1989 Morphology ( edit ) H. pylori is a helix - shaped ( classified as a curved rod , not spirochaete ) Gram - negative bacterium about 3 μm long with a diameter of about 0.5 μm . H. pylori can be demonstrated in tissue by Gram stain , Giemsa stain , haematoxylin -- eosin stain , Warthin -- Starry silver stain , acridine orange stain , and phase - contrast microscopy . It is capable of forming biofilms and can convert from spiral to a possibly viable but nonculturable coccoid form . H. pylori has four to six flagella at the same location ; all gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter species are highly motile owing to flagella . The characteristic sheathed flagellar filaments of Helicobacter are composed of two copolymerized flagellins , FlaA and FlaB . Physiology ( edit ) H. pylori is microaerophilic -- that is , it requires oxygen , but at lower concentration than in the atmosphere . It contains a hydrogenase that can produce energy by oxidizing molecular hydrogen ( H ) made by intestinal bacteria . It produces oxidase , catalase , and urease . Outer membrane . H. pylori possesses five major outer membrane protein families . The largest family includes known and putative adhesins . The other four families are porins , iron transporters , flagellum - associated proteins , and proteins of unknown function . Like other typical Gram - negative bacteria , the outer membrane of H. pylori consists of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) . The O antigen of LPS may be fucosylated and mimic Lewis blood group antigens found on the gastric epithelium . The outer membrane also contains cholesterol glucosides , which are present in few other bacteria . Genome ( edit ) H. pylori consists of a large diversity of strains , and hundreds of genomes have been completely sequenced . The genome of the strain `` 26695 '' consists of about 1.7 million base pairs , with some 1,576 genes . The pan-genome , that is a combined set of 30 sequenced strains , encodes 2,239 protein families ( orthologous groups , OGs ) . Among them , 1248 OGs are conserved in all the 30 strains , and represent the universal core . The remaining 991 OGs correspond to the accessory genome in which 277 OGs are unique ( i.e. , OGs present in only one strain ) . Transcriptome ( edit ) In 2010 , Sharma et al. presented a comprehensive analysis of transcription at single - nucleotide resolution by differential RNA - seq that confirmed the known acid induction of major virulence loci , such as the urease ( ure ) operon or the cag pathogenicity island ( see below ) . More importantly , this study identified a total of 1,907 transcriptional start sites , 337 primary operons , and 126 additional suboperons , and 66 mono cistrons . Until 2010 , only about 55 transcriptional start sites ( TSSs ) were known in this species . Notably , 27 % of the primary TSSs are also antisense TSSs , indicating that -- similar to E. coli -- antisense transcription occurs across the entire H. pylori genome . At least one antisense TSS is associated with about 46 % of all open reading frames , including many housekeeping genes . Most ( about 50 % ) of the 5 ' UTRs are 20 -- 40 nucleotides ( nt ) in length and support the AAGGag motif located about 6 nt ( median distance ) upstream of start codons as the consensus Shine -- Dalgarno sequence in H. pylori . Genes involved in virulence and pathogenesis ( edit ) Study of the H. pylori genome is centered on attempts to understand pathogenesis , the ability of this organism to cause disease . About 29 % of the loci have a colonization defect when mutated . Two of sequenced strains have an around 40 - kb - long Cag pathogenicity island ( a common gene sequence believed responsible for pathogenesis ) that contains over 40 genes . This pathogenicity island is usually absent from H. pylori strains isolated from humans who are carriers of H. pylori but remain asymptomatic . The cagA gene codes for one of the major H. pylori virulence proteins . Bacterial strains with the cagA gene are associated with an ability to cause ulcers . The cagA gene codes for a relatively long ( 1186 - amino acid ) protein . The cag pathogenicity island ( PAI ) has about 30 genes , part of which code for a complex type IV secretion system . The low GC - content of the cag PAI relative to the rest of the Helicobacter genome suggests the island was acquired by horizontal transfer from another bacterial species . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Adaptation to the stomach ( edit ) Diagram showing how H. pylori reaches the epithelium of the stomach To avoid the acidic environment of the interior of the stomach ( lumen ) , H. pylori uses its flagella to burrow into the mucus lining of the stomach to reach the epithelial cells underneath , where it is less acidic . H. pylori is able to sense the pH gradient in the mucus and move towards the less acidic region ( chemotaxis ) . This also keeps the bacteria from being swept away into the lumen with the bacteria 's mucus environment , which is constantly moving from its site of creation at the epithelium to its dissolution at the lumen interface . H. pylori urease enzyme diagram H. pylori is found in the mucus , on the inner surface of the epithelium , and occasionally inside the epithelial cells themselves . It adheres to the epithelial cells by producing adhesins , which bind to lipids and carbohydrates in the epithelial cell membrane . One such adhesin , BabA , binds to the Lewis b antigen displayed on the surface of stomach epithelial cells . H. pylori adherence via BabA is acid sensitive and can be fully reversed by increased pH . It has been proposed that BabA 's acid responsiveness enables adherence while also allowing an effective escape from unfavorable environment at pH that is harmful to the organism . Another such adhesin , SabA , binds to increased levels of sialyl - Lewis x antigen expressed on gastric mucosa . In addition to using chemotaxis to avoid areas of low pH , H. pylori also neutralizes the acid in its environment by producing large amounts of urease , which breaks down the urea present in the stomach to carbon dioxide and ammonia . These react with the strong acids in the environment to produce a neutralized area around H. pylori . Urease knockout mutants are incapable of colonization . In fact , urease expression is not only required for establishing initial colonization but also for maintaining chronic infection . Inflammation , gastritis , and ulcer ( edit ) H. pylori harms the stomach and duodenal linings by several mechanisms . The ammonia produced to regulate pH is toxic to epithelial cells , as are biochemicals produced by H. pylori such as proteases , vacuolating cytotoxin A ( VacA ) ( this damages epithelial cells , disrupts tight junctions and causes apoptosis ) , and certain phospholipases . Cytotoxin associated gene CagA can also cause inflammation and is potentially a carcinogen . Colonization of the stomach by H. pylori can result in chronic gastritis , an inflammation of the stomach lining , at the site of infection . Helicobacter cysteine - rich proteins ( Hcp ) , particularly HcpA ( hp0211 ) , are known to trigger an immune response , causing inflammation . Chronic gastritis is likely to underlie H. pylori - related diseases . Ulcers in the stomach and duodenum result when the consequences of inflammation allow stomach acid and the digestive enzyme pepsin to overwhelm the mechanisms that protect the stomach and duodenal mucous membranes . The location of colonization of H. pylori , which affects the location of the ulcer , depends on the acidity of the stomach . In people producing large amounts of acid , H. pylori colonizes near the pyloric antrum ( exit to the duodenum ) to avoid the acid - secreting parietal cells at the fundus ( near the entrance to the stomach ) . In people producing normal or reduced amounts of acid , H. pylori can also colonize the rest of the stomach . The inflammatory response caused by bacteria colonizing near the pyloric antrum induces G cells in the antrum to secrete the hormone gastrin , which travels through the bloodstream to parietal cells in the fundus . Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells to secrete more acid into the stomach lumen , and over time increases the number of parietal cells , as well . The increased acid load damages the duodenum , which may eventually result in ulcers forming in the duodenum . When H. pylori colonizes other areas of the stomach , the inflammatory response can result in atrophy of the stomach lining and eventually ulcers in the stomach . This also may increase the risk of stomach cancer . Cag pathogenicity island ( edit ) The pathogenicity of H. pylori may be increased by genes of the cag pathogenicity island ; about 50 -- 70 % of H. pylori strains in Western countries carry it . Western people infected with strains carrying the cag PAI have a stronger inflammatory response in the stomach and are at a greater risk of developing peptic ulcers or stomach cancer than those infected with strains lacking the island . Following attachment of H. pylori to stomach epithelial cells , the type IV secretion system expressed by the cag PAI `` injects '' the inflammation - inducing agent , peptidoglycan , from their own cell walls into the epithelial cells . The injected peptidoglycan is recognized by the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor ( immune sensor ) Nod1 , which then stimulates expression of cytokines that promote inflammation . The type - IV secretion apparatus also injects the cag PAI - encoded protein CagA into the stomach 's epithelial cells , where it disrupts the cytoskeleton , adherence to adjacent cells , intracellular signaling , cell polarity , and other cellular activities . Once inside the cell , the CagA protein is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by a host cell membrane - associated tyrosine kinase ( TK ) . CagA then allosterically activates protein tyrosine phosphatase / protooncogene Shp2 . Pathogenic strains of H. pylori have been shown to activate the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) , a membrane protein with a TK domain . Activation of the EGFR by H. pylori is associated with altered signal transduction and gene expression in host epithelial cells that may contribute to pathogenesis . A C - terminal region of the CagA protein ( amino acids 873 -- 1002 ) has also been suggested to be able to regulate host cell gene transcription , independent of protein tyrosine phosphorylation . A great deal of diversity exists between strains of H. pylori , and the strain that infects a person can predict the outcome . Cancer ( edit ) Two related mechanisms by which H. pylori could promote cancer are under investigation . One mechanism involves the enhanced production of free radicals near H. pylori and an increased rate of host cell mutation . The other proposed mechanism has been called a `` perigenetic pathway '' , and involves enhancement of the transformed host cell phenotype by means of alterations in cell proteins , such as adhesion proteins . H. pylori has been proposed to induce inflammation and locally high levels of TNF - α and / or interleukin 6 ( IL - 6 ) . According to the proposed perigenetic mechanism , inflammation - associated signaling molecules , such as TNF - α , can alter gastric epithelial cell adhesion and lead to the dispersion and migration of mutated epithelial cells without the need for additional mutations in tumor suppressor genes , such as genes that code for cell adhesion proteins . The strain of H. pylori a person is exposed to may influence the risk of developing gastric cancer . Strains of H. pylori that produce high levels of two proteins , vacuolating toxin A ( VacA ) and the cytotoxin - associated gene A ( CagA ) , appear to cause greater tissue damage than those that produce lower levels or that lack those genes completely . These proteins are directly toxic to cells lining the stomach and signal strongly to the immune system that an invasion is under way . As a result of the bacterial presence , neutrophils and macrophages set up residence in the tissue to fight the bacteria assault . Survival of H. pylori ( edit ) The pathogenesis of H. pylori depends on its ability to survive in the harsh gastric environment characterized by acidity , peristalsis , and attack by phagocytes accompanied by release of reactive oxygen species . In particular , H. pylori elicits an oxidative stress response during host colonization . This oxidative stress response induces potentially lethal and mutagenic oxidative DNA adducts in the H. pylori genome . Vulnerability to oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage occurs commonly in many studied bacterial pathogens , including Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Hemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae , S. mutans , and H. pylori . For each of these pathogens , surviving the DNA damage induced by oxidative stress appears supported by transformation - mediated recombinational repair . Thus , transformation and recombinational repair appear to contribute to successful infection . Transformation ( the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium ) appears to be part of an adaptation for DNA repair . H. pylori is naturally competent for transformation . While many organisms are competent only under certain environmental conditions , such as starvation , H. pylori is competent throughout logarithmic growth . All organisms encode genetic programs for response to stressful conditions including those that cause DNA damage . In H. pylori , homologous recombination is required for repairing DNA double - strand breaks ( DSBs ) . The AddAB helicase - nuclease complex resects DSBs and loads RecA onto single - strand DNA ( ssDNA ) , which then mediates strand exchange , leading to homologous recombination and repair . The requirement of RecA plus AddAB for efficient gastric colonization suggests , in the stomach , H. pylori is either exposed to double - strand DNA damage that must be repaired or requires some other recombination - mediated event . In particular , natural transformation is increased by DNA damage in H. pylori , and a connection exists between the DNA damage response and DNA uptake in H. pylori , suggesting natural competence contributes to persistence of H. pylori in its human host and explains the retention of competence in most clinical isolates . RuvC protein is essential to the process of recombinational repair , since it resolves intermediates in this process termed Holliday junctions . H. pylori mutants that are defective in RuvC have increased sensitivity to DNA - damaging agents and to oxidative stress , exhibit reduced survival within macrophages , and are unable to establish successful infection in a mouse model . Similarly , RecN protein plays an important role in DSB repair in H. pylori . An H. pylori recN mutant displays an attenuated ability to colonize mouse stomachs , highlighting the importance of recombinational DNA repair in survival of H. pylori within its host . Diagnosis ( edit ) H. pylori colonized on the surface of regenerative epithelium ( Warthin - Starry silver stain ) Colonization with H. pylori is not a disease in and of itself , but a condition associated with a number of disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract . Testing for H. pylori is not routinely recommended . Testing is recommended if peptic ulcer disease or low - grade gastric MALT lymphoma is present , after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer , for first - degree relatives with gastric cancer , and in certain cases of dyspepsia . Several methods of testing exist , including invasive and noninvasive testing methods . Noninvasive tests for H. pylori infection may be suitable and include blood antibody tests , stool antigen test s , or the carbon urea breath test ( in which the patient drinks C -- or C - labelled urea , which the bacterium metabolizes , producing labelled carbon dioxide that can be detected in the breath ) . It is not known which non-invasive test is more accurate for diagnosing a H. pylori infection , and the clinical significance of the levels obtained with these tests are not clear . Some drugs can affect H. pylori urease activity and give false negatives with the urea - based tests . An endoscopic biopsy is an invasive means to test for H. pylori infection . Low - level infections can be missed by biopsy , so multiple samples are recommended . The most accurate method for detecting H. pylori infection is with a histological examination from two sites after endoscopic biopsy , combined with either a rapid urease test or microbial culture . Prevention ( edit ) H. pylori is a major cause of certain diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract . Rising antibiotic resistance increases the need to search for new therapeutic strategies ; this might include prevention in the form of vaccination . Much work has been done on developing viable vaccines aimed at providing an alternative strategy to control H. pylori infection and related diseases , including stomach cancer . Researchers are studying different adjuvants , antigens , and routes of immunization to ascertain the most appropriate system of immune protection ; however , most of the research only recently moved from animal to human trials . An economic evaluation of the use of a potential H. pylori vaccine in babies found its introduction could , at least in the Netherlands , prove cost - effective for the prevention of peptic ulcer and stomach cancer . A similar approach has also been studied for the United States . The presence of bacteria in the stomach may be beneficial , reducing the prevalence of asthma , rhinitis , dermatitis , inflammatory bowel disease , gastroesophageal reflux disease , and esophageal cancer by influencing systemic immune responses . Recent evidence suggests that nonpathogenic strains of H. pylori may be beneficial , e.g. , by normalizing stomach acid secretion , and may play a role in regulating appetite , since its presence in the stomach results in a persistent but reversible reduction in the level of ghrelin . Treatment ( edit ) Further information : Helicobacter pylori eradication protocols Once H. pylori is detected in a person with a peptic ulcer , the normal procedure is to eradicate it and allow the ulcer to heal . The standard first - line therapy is a one - week `` triple therapy '' consisting of proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and the antibiotics clarithromycin and amoxicillin . Variations of the triple therapy have been developed over the years , such as using a different proton pump inhibitor , as with pantoprazole or rabeprazole , or replacing amoxicillin with metronidazole for people who are allergic to penicillin . In areas with higher rates of clarithromycin resistance , other options are recommended . Such a therapy has revolutionized the treatment of peptic ulcers and has made a cure to the disease possible . Previously , the only option was symptom control using antacids , H - antagonists or proton pump inhibitors alone . An increasing number of infected individuals are found to harbor antibiotic - resistant bacteria . This results in initial treatment failure and requires additional rounds of antibiotic therapy or alternative strategies , such as a quadruple therapy , which adds a bismuth colloid , such as bismuth subsalicylate . For the treatment of clarithromycin - resistant strains of H. pylori , the use of levofloxacin as part of the therapy has been suggested . Ingesting lactic acid bacteria exerts a suppressive effect on H. pylori infection in both animals and humans , and supplementing with Lactobacillus - and Bifidobacterium - containing yogurt improved the rates of eradication of H. pylori in humans . Symbiotic butyrate - producing bacteria which are normally present in the intestine are sometimes used as probiotics to help suppress H. pylori infections as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy . Butyrate itself is an antimicrobial which destroys the cell envelope of H. pylori by inducing regulatory T cell expression ( specifically , FOXP3 ) and synthesis of an antimicrobial peptide called LL - 37 , which arises through its action as a histone deacetylase inhibitor . The substance sulforaphane , which occurs in broccoli and cauliflower , has been proposed as a treatment . Periodontal therapy or scaling and root planing has also been suggested as an additional treatment . Prognosis ( edit ) H. pylori colonizes the stomach and induces chronic gastritis , a long - lasting inflammation of the stomach . The bacterium persists in the stomach for decades in most people . Most individuals infected by H. pylori never experience clinical symptoms , despite having chronic gastritis . About 10 -- 20 % of those colonized by H. pylori ultimately develop gastric and duodenal ulcers . H. pylori infection is also associated with a 1 -- 2 % lifetime risk of stomach cancer and a less than 1 % risk of gastric MALT lymphoma . In the absence of treatment , H. pylori infection -- once established in its gastric niche -- is widely believed to persist for life . In the elderly , however , infection likely can disappear as the stomach 's mucosa becomes increasingly atrophic and inhospitable to colonization . The proportion of acute infections that persist is not known , but several studies that followed the natural history in populations have reported apparent spontaneous elimination . Mounting evidence suggests H. pylori has an important role in protection from some diseases . The incidence of acid reflux disease , Barrett 's esophagus , and esophageal cancer have been rising dramatically at the same time as H. pylori 's presence decreases . In 1996 , Martin J. Blaser advanced the hypothesis that H. pylori has a beneficial effect by regulating the acidity of the stomach contents . The hypothesis is not universally accepted as several randomized controlled trials failed to demonstrate worsening of acid reflux disease symptoms following eradication of H. pylori . Nevertheless , Blaser has reasserted his view that H. pylori is a member of the normal flora of the stomach . He postulates that the changes in gastric physiology caused by the loss of H. pylori account for the recent increase in incidence of several diseases , including type 2 diabetes , obesity , and asthma . His group has recently shown that H. pylori colonization is associated with a lower incidence of childhood asthma . Epidemiology ( edit ) At least half the world 's population is infected by the bacterium , making it the most widespread infection in the world . Actual infection rates vary from nation to nation ; the developing world has much higher infection rates than the West ( Western Europe , North America , Australasia ) , where rates are estimated to be around 25 % . The age when someone acquires this bacterium seems to influence the pathologic outcome of the infection . People infected at an early age are likely to develop more intense inflammation that may be followed by atrophic gastritis with a higher subsequent risk of gastric ulcer , gastric cancer , or both . Acquisition at an older age brings different gastric changes more likely to lead to duodenal ulcer . Infections are usually acquired in early childhood in all countries . However , the infection rate of children in developing nations is higher than in industrialized nations , probably due to poor sanitary conditions , perhaps combined with lower antibiotics usage for unrelated pathologies . In developed nations , it is currently uncommon to find infected children , but the percentage of infected people increases with age , with about 50 % infected for those over the age of 60 compared with around 10 % between 18 and 30 years . The higher prevalence among the elderly reflects higher infection rates in the past when the individuals were children rather than more recent infection at a later age of the individual . In the United States , prevalence appears higher in African - American and Hispanic populations , most likely due to socioeconomic factors . The lower rate of infection in the West is largely attributed to higher hygiene standards and widespread use of antibiotics . Despite high rates of infection in certain areas of the world , the overall frequency of H. pylori infection is declining . However , antibiotic resistance is appearing in H. pylori ; many metronidazole - and clarithromycin - resistant strains are found in most parts of the world . H. pylori is contagious , although the exact route of transmission is not known . Person - to - person transmission by either the oral -- oral or fecal -- oral route is most likely . Consistent with these transmission routes , the bacteria have been isolated from feces , saliva , and dental plaque of some infected people . Findings suggest H. pylori is more easily transmitted by gastric mucus than saliva . Transmission occurs mainly within families in developed nations , yet can also be acquired from the community in developing countries . H. pylori may also be transmitted orally by means of fecal matter through the ingestion of waste - tainted water , so a hygienic environment could help decrease the risk of H. pylori infection . History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori H. pylori migrated out of Africa along with its human host circa 60,000 years ago . Recent research states that genetic diversity in H. pylori , like that of its host , decreases with geographic distance from East Africa . Using the genetic diversity data , researchers have created simulations that indicate the bacteria seem to have spread from East Africa around 58,000 years ago . Their results indicate modern humans were already infected by H. pylori before their migrations out of Africa , and it has remained associated with human hosts since that time . H. pylori was first discovered in the stomachs of patients with gastritis and ulcers in 1982 by Drs . Barry Marshall and Robin Warren of Perth , Western Australia . At the time , the conventional thinking was that no bacterium could live in the acid environment of the human stomach . In recognition of their discovery , Marshall and Warren were awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Before the research of Marshall and Warren , German scientists found spiral - shaped bacteria in the lining of the human stomach in 1875 , but they were unable to culture them , and the results were eventually forgotten . The Italian researcher Giulio Bizzozero described similarly shaped bacteria living in the acidic environment of the stomach of dogs in 1893 . Professor Walery Jaworski of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków investigated sediments of gastric washings obtained by lavage from humans in 1899 . Among some rod - like bacteria , he also found bacteria with a characteristic spiral shape , which he called Vibrio rugula . He was the first to suggest a possible role of this organism in the pathogenesis of gastric diseases . His work was included in the Handbook of Gastric Diseases , but it had little impact , as it was written in Polish . Several small studies conducted in the early 20th century demonstrated the presence of curved rods in the stomachs of many people with peptic ulcers and stomach cancers . Interest in the bacteria waned , however , when an American study published in 1954 failed to observe the bacteria in 1180 stomach biopsies . Interest in understanding the role of bacteria in stomach diseases was rekindled in the 1970s , with the visualization of bacteria in the stomachs of people with gastric ulcers . The bacteria had also been observed in 1979 , by Robin Warren , who researched it further with Barry Marshall from 1981 . After unsuccessful attempts at culturing the bacteria from the stomach , they finally succeeded in visualizing colonies in 1982 , when they unintentionally left their Petri dishes incubating for five days over the Easter weekend . In their original paper , Warren and Marshall contended that most stomach ulcers and gastritis were caused by bacterial infection and not by stress or spicy food , as had been assumed before . Some skepticism was expressed initially , but within a few years multiple research groups had verified the association of H. pylori with gastritis and , to a lesser extent , ulcers . To demonstrate H. pylori caused gastritis and was not merely a bystander , Marshall drank a beaker of H. pylori culture . He became ill with nausea and vomiting several days later . An endoscopy 10 days after inoculation revealed signs of gastritis and the presence of H. pylori . These results suggested H. pylori was the causative agent . Marshall and Warren went on to demonstrate antibiotics are effective in the treatment of many cases of gastritis . In 1987 , the Sydney gastroenterologist Thomas Borody invented the first triple therapy for the treatment of duodenal ulcers . In 1994 , the National Institutes of Health stated most recurrent duodenal and gastric ulcers were caused by H. pylori , and recommended antibiotics be included in the treatment regimen . The bacterium was initially named Campylobacter pyloridis , then renamed C. pylori in 1987 ( pylori being the genitive of pylorus , the circular opening leading from the stomach into the duodenum , from the Ancient Greek word πυλωρός , which means gatekeeper . ) . When 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and other research showed in 1989 that the bacterium did not belong in the genus Campylobacter , it was placed in its own genus , Helicobacter from the ancient Greek hělix / έλιξ `` spiral '' or `` coil '' . In October 1987 , a group of experts met in Copenhagen to found the European Helicobacter Study Group ( EHSG ) , an international multidisciplinary research group and the only institution focused on H. pylori . The Group is involved with the Annual International Workshop on Helicobacter and Related Bacteria , the Maastricht Consensus Reports ( European Consensus on the management of H. pylori ) , and other educational and research projects , including two international long - term projects : European Registry on H. pylori Management ( Hp - EuReg ) -- a database systematically registering the routine clinical practice of European gastroenterologists . Optimal H. pylori management in primary care ( OptiCare ) -- a long - term educational project aiming to disseminate the evidence based recommendations of the Maastricht IV Consensus to primary care physicians in Europe , funded by an educational grant from United European Gastroenterology . 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Br Med Bull . 54 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Mégraud F ( Nov 2007 ) . `` European Helicobacter Study Group . Evolution of Helicobacter pylori research as observed through the workshops of the European Helicobacter Study Group '' . Helicobacter. 12 ( Suppl 2 ) : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 5378.2007. 00581. x . Jump up ^ Malfertheiner P , Megraud F , O'Morain CA , Atherton J , Axon AT , Bazzoli F , Gensini GF , Gisbert JP , Graham DY , Rokkas T , El - Omar EM , Kuipers EJ ( May 2012 ) . `` European Helicobacter Study Group . Management of Helicobacter pylori infection -- the Maastricht IV / Florence Consensus Report '' ( PDF ) . Gut. 61 ( 5 ) : 646 -- 64 . doi : 10.1136 / gutjnl - 2012 - 302084 . PMID 22491499 . Jump up ^ Malfertheiner P , Megraud F , O'Morain C , Bazzoli F , El - Omar E , Graham D , Hunt R , Rokkas T , Vakil N , Kuipers EJ ( Jun 2007 ) . `` Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection : the Maastricht III Consensus Report '' . Gut. 56 ( 6 ) : 772 -- 81 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 2006.101634 . PMC 1954853 . PMID 17170018 . Jump up ^ Malfertheiner P , Mégraud F , O'Morain C , Hungin AP , Jones R , Axon A , Graham DY , Tytgat G ( Feb 2002 ) . `` European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group ( EHPSG ) . Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection -- the Maastricht 2 - 2000 Consensus Report '' . Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 16 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 80 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2036.2002. 01169. x . PMID 11860399 ... Jump up ^ Malfertheiner P , Mégraud F , O'Morain C , Bell D , Bianchi Porro G , Deltenre M , Forman D , Gasbarrini G , Jaup B , Misiewicz JJ , Pajares J , Quina M , Rauws E ( Jan 1997 ) . `` Current European concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection -- the Maastricht Consensus Report . The European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group ( EHPSG ) '' . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ McNicholl AG , Gasbarrini A , Tepes B , et al. ( September 2014 ) . `` Pan-European Registry on H. pylori Management ( Hp - EuReg ) : Interim Analysis of 5,792 Patients '' . Helicobacter. 2014 : 69 . Jump up ^ `` Management of Helicobacter pylori infection '' and `` Annual Report 2012 '' , United European Gastroenterology Jump up ^ Jung SW , Lee SW ( 2016 ) . `` The antibacterial effect of fatty acids on Helicobacter pylori infection '' . Korean J Intern Med ( Review ) . 31 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 5 . doi : 10.3904 / kjim. 2016.31. 1.30 . PMC 4712431 . PMID 26767854 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : B98. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 041.86 OMIM : 600263 MeSH : D016481 DiseasesDB : 5702 External resources MedlinePlus : 000229 eMedicine : med / 962 Patient UK : Helicobacter pylori Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Helicobacter pylori '' dated 2009 - 02 - 24 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikispecies has information related to Helicobacter pylori Wikimedia Commons has media related to Helicobacter pylori . Information on tests for H. pylori from the National Institutes of Health European Helicobacter Study Group ( EHSG ) Type strain of Helicobacter pylori at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Infectious diseases Bacterial disease : Proteobacterial G − primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill -- Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick - borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite - borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea - borne Rickettsia felis Flea - borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat - scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion 's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis / meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse -- Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M − Neisseria gonorrhoeae / gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped : Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX − ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157 : H7 O104 : H4 Hemolytic - uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow / weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac − H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S − Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet - like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires ' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain -- Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q180556 Wikispecies : Helicobacter pylori BacDive : 6102 EoL : 972342 EPPO : HECBPY GBIF : 3223395 IRMNG : 10032463 ITIS : 962224 NCBI : 210 NZOR : f854de80 - 818c - 411e - be28 - ec3ea0b83030 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helicobacter_pylori&oldid=849017477 '' Categories : Conditions diagnosed by stool test Helicobacter pylori Infectious causes of cancer Bacteria described in 1989 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Featured articles Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 22 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	helicobacter pylori is implicated as a causative agent in the development	[ "Some skepticism was expressed initially, but within a few years multiple research groups had verified the association of H. pylori with gastritis and, to a lesser extent, ulcers.[123] To demonstrate H. pylori caused gastritis and was not merely a bystander, Marshall drank a beaker of H. pylori culture. He became ill with nausea and vomiting several days later. An endoscopy 10 days after inoculation revealed signs of gastritis and the presence of H. pylori. These results suggested H. pylori was the causative agent. Marshall and Warren went on to demonstrate antibiotics are effective in the treatment of many cases of gastritis. In 1987, the Sydney gastroenterologist Thomas Borody invented the first triple therapy for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.[124] In 1994, the National Institutes of Health stated most recurrent duodenal and gastric ulcers were caused by H. pylori, and recommended antibiotics be included in the treatment regimen.[125]\n" ]	[ "duodenal and gastric ulcers" ]
-4508938718968869251	Wildlife of Brazil	Wildlife of Brazil - wikipedia Wildlife of Brazil Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 15 ° 36 ′ 40 '' S 56 ° 03 ′ 22 '' W / 15.611120 ° S 56.056012 ° W / - 15.611120 ; - 56.056012 The toco toucan is an animal typical of the Brazilian savannas . Many varieties of poison dart frogs such as this yellow - banded poison dart frog can be found in the jungles of Brazil . The wildlife of Brazil comprises all naturally occurring animals , fungi and plants in the South American country . Home to 60 % of the Amazon Rainforest , which accounts for approximately one - tenth of all species in the world , Brazil is considered to have the greatest biodiversity of any country on the planet . It has the most known species of plants ( 55,000 ) , freshwater fish ( 3000 ) and mammals ( over 689 ) . It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most number of bird species ( 1832 ) and second with the most reptile species ( 744 ) . The number of fungal species is unknown , but is large . Approximately two - thirds of all species worldwide are found in tropical areas , often coinciding with developing countries such as Brazil . Brazil is second only to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biodiversity 2 Ecoregions 3 Animals 3.1 Terrestrial Mammals and reptiles 3.2 Invertebrates 3.3 Insects 3.4 Birds 3.5 Aquatic and amphibian 4 Fungi 5 Plants 6 Threats to wildlife 7 National emblems 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External blinks Biodiversity ( edit ) In the animal kingdom , there is general consensus that Brazil has the highest number of both terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates of any country in the world . This high diversity of fauna can be explained in part by the sheer size of Brazil and the great variation in ecosystems such as Amazon Rainforest , Atlantic Forest and Cerrado . The numbers published about Brazil 's fauna diversity vary from source to source , as taxonomists sometimes disagree about species classifications , and information can be incomplete or out - of - date . Also , new species continue to be discovered and some species go extinct in the wild . Brazil has the highest diversity of primates ( 77 species ) and freshwater fish ( over 3000 species ) of any country in the world . It also claims the highest number of mammals with 524 species , the second highest number of amphibians with 517 species and butterflies with 3,150 species , the third highest number of birds with 1,622 species , and fifth number of reptiles with 468 species . There is a high number of endangered species , many of which live in threatened habitats such as the Atlantic Forest or the Amazon Rainforest . Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil . According to a 2005 estimate by Thomas M. Lewinsohn and Paulo I. Prado , Brazil is home to around 9.5 % of all the species and 13.1 % of biota found in the world ; these figures are likely to be underestimates according to the authors . Enough is known about Brazilian fungi to say with confidence that the number of native species must be very high and very diverse : in work almost entirely limited to the state of Pernambuco , during the 1950s , 1960s and early 1970s , more than 3300 species were observed by a single group of mycologists Given that current best estimates suggest only about 7 % of the world 's true diversity of fungal species has so far been discovered , with most of the known species having been described from temperate regions , the number of fungal species occurring in Brazil is likely to be far higher . Because it encompasses many species - rich ecosystems for animals , fungi and plants , Brazil houses many thousands of species , with many ( if not most ) of them still undiscovered . Due to the relatively explosive economic and demographic rise of the country in the last century , Brazil 's ability to protect its environmental habitats has increasingly come under threat . Extensive logging in the nation 's forests , particularly the Amazon , both official and unofficial , destroys areas the size of a small country each year , and potentially a diverse variety of plants and animals . However , as various species possess special characteristics , or are built in an interesting way , some of their capabilities are being copied for use in technology ( see bionics ) , and the profit potential may result in a retardation of deforestation . Ecoregions ( edit ) Main article : List of ecoregions in Brazil Brazil 's immense area is subdivided into different ecoregions in several kinds of biomes . Because of the wide variety of habitats in Brazil , from the jungles of the Amazon Rainforest and the Atlantic Forest ( which includes Atlantic Coast restingas ) , to the tropical savanna of the Cerrado , to the xeric shrubland of the Caatinga , to the world 's largest wetland area , the Pantanal , there exists a wide variety of wildlife as well . See also : List of biosphere reserves in Brazil Animals ( edit ) Terrestrial mammals and reptiles ( edit ) A jaguar The wild canids found in Brazil are the maned wolf , bush dog , hoary fox , short - eared dog , crab - eating fox and pampas fox . The felines found in Brazil are the jaguar , the puma , the margay , the ocelot , the oncilla , and the jaguarundi . Other notable animals include the giant anteater , several varieties of sloths and armadillos , coati , giant river otter , tapir , peccaries , marsh deer , Pampas deer , and capybara ( the world 's largest existing rodent ) . There are around 75 primate species , including the howler monkey , the capuchin monkey , and the squirrel monkey , the marmoset , and the tamarin . Brazil is home to the anaconda , frequently described , controversially , as the largest snake on the planet . This water boa has been measured up to 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) long , but historical reports note that native peoples and early European explorers claim anacondas from 50 to 100 feet ( 30 m ) long . See also : List of mammals in Brazil and List of reptiles in Brazil Invertebrates ( edit ) Main articles : List of non-marine molluscs of Brazil and List of marine molluscs of Brazil There are 1107 known species of non-marine molluscs living in the wild in Brazil . The second largest spider in the world , the Goliath birdeater ( Theraphosa blondi ) , can be found in some regions of Brazil . Insects ( edit ) It is calculated that Brazil has more insects than any country in the world . It is estimated as having over 70,000 species of insects , with some estimates ranging up to 15 million , with more being discovered almost daily . One 1996 report estimated between 50,000 and 60,000 species of insects and spiders in a single hectare of rainforest . About 520 thysanoptera species belonging to six families in 139 genera are found in Brazil . A common rhea . Birds ( edit ) Brazil ranks third on the list of countries , behind Colombia and Peru , with the most number of distinct bird species , having 1622 identified species , including over 70 species of parrots alone . It has 191 endemic birds . The variety of types of birds is vast as well , and include birds ranging from brightly colored parrots , toucans , and trogons to flamingos , ducks , vultures , hawks , eagles , owls , swans , and hummingbirds . There are also species of penguins that have been found in Brazil . The largest bird found in Brazil is the rhea , a flightless ratite bird , similar to the emu . See also : List of birds of Brazil Aquatic and amphibian ( edit ) See also : List of amphibians in Brazil Southern right whale , Florianópolis . Brazil has over 3,000 identified species of freshwater fish and over 500 species of amphibians . As elsewhere in South America , the majority of the freshwater fish species are characiforms ( tetras and allies ) and siluriforms ( catfish ) , but there are also many species from other groups such as the cyprinodontiforms and cichlids . While the majority of Brazil 's fish species are native to the Amazon , the Paraná -- Paraguay and the São Francisco river basins , the country also has an unusually high number of troglobitic fish , with 25 species ( 15 % of the total in the world ) known so far . The most well - known fish in Brazil is the piranha . Other aquatic and amphibian animals found in Brazil include the pink dolphin ( the world 's largest river dolphin ) , the caimans ( such as the black caiman ) , and the pirarucu ( one of the world 's largest river fish ) . Also familiar are the brightly colored poison dart frogs . Fungi ( edit ) The diversity of Brazil 's fungi - even the small amount known so far to scientists - is astonishing . Using only conventional microscopy , and examining living leaves collected from various plants , the mycologist Batista and his colleagues , working in Pernambuco in the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s , regularly recorded more than one fungial species , and sometimes up to ten on a single leaf . Although information about fungi worldwide remains very fragmented , a preliminary estimate , based only on the work of Batista , shows that the number of potentially endemic fungal species in Brazil already exceeds 2000 . Also , fungi is very often spot in Brazil . Plants ( edit ) Princess flower Brazil has most known species of plants ( 55,000 ) , among all the countries in the world . About 30 % of species of plants are endemic to Brazil . The Atlantic Forest region is home to tropical and subtropical moist forests , tropical dry forests , tropical savannas , and mangrove forests . The Pantanal region is a wetland , and home to a known 3,500 species of plants . The Cerrado is biologically the most diverse savanna in the world . The Pau - brasil tree ( also known as Brazilwood ) was a common plant found along the Atlantic coast of Brazil . But excessive logging of the prized timber and red dye from the bark pushed the Pau - brasil towards extinction . However , since the inception of synthetic dyes , the Pau - Brazil has been harvested less . The Pau - brasil tree is sometimes mentioned as the origin of the country 's name . All over Brazil , in all biomes , are hundreds of species of orchids , including those in the genera Cattleya , Oncidium , and Laelia . Cattleya aclandiae , the `` Lady Ackland 's cattleya '' Along the border with Venezuela lies Monte Roraima , home to many carnivorous plants . The plants evolved to digest insects due to the oligotrophic ( low level of nutrients ) soil of the tepui . List of plants by ecoregion : List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil List of plants of Atlantic Forest vegetation of Brazil List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil List of plants of Pantanal vegetation of Brazil Threats to wildlife ( edit ) Main article : Conservation in Brazil `` At bottom right and bottom center , deforestation and cultivation are evident by the regular , rectangular shapes that delineate plots . '' More than one - fifth of the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil has been completely destroyed , and more than 70 mammals are endangered . The threat of extinction comes from several sources , including deforestation and poaching . Extinction is even more problematic in the Atlantic Forest , where nearly 93 % of the forest has been cleared . Of the 202 endangered animals in Brazil , 171 are in the Atlantic Forest . Currently , 15.8 million acres of tropical ecosystem have been completely eliminated to farm sugarcane for ethanol production . And additional 4.5 million acres is planned to be planted during the next four years . 70 - 85 % of Brazil 's transportation energy is derived from ethanol , or various mixtures of ethanol and petroleum - based fuels . Only about 15 - 20 % comes from imported petroleum . This massive national biofuel program has been devastating to tropical wildlife diversity , and to the global climate / environment . Article 1 With its acquisition of BioEnergia , BP ( British Petroleum ) is planning to further expand Brazil 's ethanol program . BP - BioEnergia National emblems ( edit ) National bird Rufous - bellied thrush ( sabiá ) National flower Ipê - amarelo -- Tecoma chrysostricha National tree Pau - Brasil -- Caesalpinia echinata See also ( edit ) List of endangered flora of Brazil List of Ministers of Natural Environment of Brazil Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens Biomes in Brazil References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Amazon - World 's largest tropical rain forest and river basin '' . World Wide Fund for Nature . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Palmerlee , Danny ( 2007 ) . South America on a Shoestring . Lonely Planet Publications . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 443 - 0 . OCLC 76936293 . ^ Jump up to : Da Silva , M. and D.W. Minter. 1995 . Fungi from Brazil recorded by Batista and Co-workers . Mycological Papers 169 . CABI , Wallingford , UK . 585 pp . Jump up ^ Chapman , A.D ( September 2005 ) . `` Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World : A Report for the Department of the Environment and Heritage '' . Australian Biological Resources Study . Australian Biodiversity Information Services . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Marco Lambertini ( 2000 ) . `` A Naturalist 's Guide to the Tropics '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ministério do Meio Ambiente . `` Lista Nacional das Espécies da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Lewinsohn , Thomas M. ; Paulo Inácio Prado ( June 2005 ) . `` How Many Species Are There in Brazil ? '' . Conservation Biology . 19 ( 3 ) : 619 -- 624 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2005. 00680. x . Jump up ^ Kirk , P.M. , P.F. Cannon , D.W. Minter and J. Stalpers. 2008 . Dictionary of the Fungi . Edn 10 . CABI , Wallingford , UK . Jump up ^ USDA Forest Service website , Forest Service International Programs : Brazil , retrieved February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Which is the Biggest Snake ? '' . Extreme Science . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Eunectes murinus '' . Catalogue of Life : 2006 Annual Checklist . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Luiz Ricardo L. Simone. 2006 . Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Brazil . Museu de Zoologia Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil . 390 pp. ISBN 85 - 906670 - 0 - 6 . ( book review ) Jump up ^ `` Goliath Bird Eating Spider '' . Blue Planet Biomes . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Brazil in Brief : Natural Resources '' . Embassy of Brazil - Ottawa . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Bob ; Gabrielle Walker ( 1996 - 09 - 21 ) . `` How did paradise begin ? '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Renata Chiarini Monteiro . `` The Thysanoptera fauna of Brazil '' ( PDF ) . CSIRO Entomology . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magellanic Penguin , Organisation for the Conservation of Penguins . Jump up ^ Rantin B. , and M.E. Bichuette ( 2013 ) . Phototactic behaviour of subterranean Copionodontinae Pinna , 1992 catfishes ( Siluriformes , Trichomycteridae ) from Chapada Diamantina , central Bahia , northeastern Brazil . International Journal of Speleology 41 ( 1 ) : 57 - 63 Jump up ^ Levitas , Gloria . `` The Amazon 's Kettle of Fish '' , New York Times , September 11 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Fungi of Brazil - potential endemics '' . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pau brasil profile '' . Global Trees Campaign . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kirkbride , Joseph H. , Jr. ( 1995 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Brazil , National flower ? '' . Plantbio Mailing List . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tepuis '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Visible Earth : The Amazon , Brazil '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Places We Work : The Atlantic Forest of Brazil '' . The Nature Conservancy. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Capobianco , João Paulo . `` Biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest '' . Brazil on CD - ROM and Internet . Ministry of External Relations . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Aljazeera / Brazil 's Ethanol for SugarCane program Jump up ^ `` National Bird of Brazil : Sabià - Laranjeiro '' . Brazil Travel . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols '' . Brazilian Embassy in Washington . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . http://www.sbherpetologia.org.br/lista_repteis/ListaRepteis12Dezembro2012-INGLES.pdf Costa , L.P. et al. ( 2005 ) . Mammal Conservation in Brazil . Conservation Biology 19 ( 3 ) : 672 - 679 . ( 1 ) Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. 2010 . Lista das aves do Brasil . 9a edição ( 18 de outubro de 2010 ) . Disponível em < http://www.cbro.org.br > , accessada em 28 de dezembro de 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Pearson , David L. ; Les Beletsky ( 2002 ) ( 2001 ) . Brazil - Amazon and Pantanal . Ecotravellers Wildlife Guides . Academic Press . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 548052 - 9 . OCLC 77711203 . External blinks ( edit ) BrazilianFauna.com , a not - for profit educational website Brazil Nature : Ecosystem List of Brazilian animals on Encyclopedia of Life Brazil History Timeline of Brazilian history Indigenous peoples Portuguese Colony ( 1500 -- 1815 ) United Kingdom ( 1815 -- 1822 ) Empire ( 1822 -- 1889 ) Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) Vargas Era ( 1930 -- 1946 ) Second Republic ( 1946 -- 1964 ) Military rule ( 1964 -- 1985 ) New Republic ( post 1985 ) Geography Amazon basin Climate Coastline Conservation Environment Environmental issues Extreme points Islands Largest cities Mountains Pantanal Protected areas Regions Rivers Water resources Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Legal system Law Law enforcement Military National Congress Political parties President Economy Agriculture Car industry Central Bank Economic history Energy Exports Industry Mining Real ( currency ) Science and technology Stock index Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Income inequality Languages People Religion Social issues States by HDI Unemployment Water supply and sanitation Welfare Youth Culture Arts Animation Carnaval Cinema Comics Cuisine Literature Malandragem Music Newspapers Painting Public holidays Sculpture Science fiction Sports Television Outline Index Portal Flora of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Fauna of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Wildlife of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Brazil&oldid=840315926 '' Categories : Wildlife by country Biota of Brazil Natural history of Brazil Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 errors : missing author or editor Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Español فارسی Македонски Português ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 02 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many species of animals are in brazil	[ "The wildlife of Brazil comprises all naturally occurring animals, fungi and plants in the South American country. Home to 60% of the Amazon Rainforest, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all species in the world,[1] Brazil is considered to have the greatest biodiversity of any country on the planet. It has the most known species of plants (55,000), freshwater fish (3000) and mammals (over 689).[2] It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most number of bird species (1832) and second with the most reptile species (744).[2] The number of fungal species is unknown, but is large.[3] Approximately two-thirds of all species worldwide are found in tropical areas, often coinciding with developing countries such as Brazil. Brazil is second only to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species.[4]", "The wildlife of Brazil comprises all naturally occurring animals, fungi and plants in the South American country. Home to 60% of the Amazon Rainforest, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all species in the world,[1] Brazil is considered to have the greatest biodiversity of any country on the planet. It has the most known species of plants (55,000), freshwater fish (3000) and mammals (over 689).[2] It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most number of bird species (1832) and second with the most reptile species (744).[2] The number of fungal species is unknown, but is large.[3] Approximately two-thirds of all species worldwide are found in tropical areas, often coinciding with developing countries such as Brazil. Brazil is second only to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species.[4]", "The wildlife of Brazil comprises all naturally occurring animals, fungi and plants in the South American country. Home to 60% of the Amazon Rainforest, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all species in the world,[1] Brazil is considered to have the greatest biodiversity of any country on the planet. It has the most known species of plants (55,000), freshwater fish (3000) and mammals (over 689).[2] It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most number of bird species (1832) and second with the most reptile species (744).[2] The number of fungal species is unknown, but is large.[3] Approximately two-thirds of all species worldwide are found in tropical areas, often coinciding with developing countries such as Brazil. Brazil is second only to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species.[4]", "The wildlife of Brazil comprises all naturally occurring animals, fungi and plants in the South American country. Home to 60% of the Amazon Rainforest, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all species in the world,[1] Brazil is considered to have the greatest biodiversity of any country on the planet. It has the most known species of plants (55,000), freshwater fish (3000) and mammals (over 689).[2] It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most number of bird species (1832) and second with the most reptile species (744).[2] The number of fungal species is unknown, but is large.[3] Approximately two-thirds of all species worldwide are found in tropical areas, often coinciding with developing countries such as Brazil. Brazil is second only to Indonesia as the country with the most endemic species.[4]" ]	[ "reptile species (744)", "bird species (1832)", "mammals (over 689)", "freshwater fish (3000)" ]
-7783923588773241452	Broccoli	Broccoli - wikipedia Broccoli For other uses , see Broccoli ( disambiguation ) . Broccoli Species Brassica oleracea Cultivar group Italica Origin Italy , more than 2,000 years ago Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family whose large flowering head is eaten as a vegetable . The word broccoli comes from the Italian plural of broccolo , which means `` the flowering crest of a cabbage '' , and is the diminutive form of brocco , meaning `` small nail '' or `` sprout '' . Broccoli is often boiled or steamed but may be eaten raw . Broccoli is classified in the Italica cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea . Broccoli has large flower heads , usually green in color , arranged in a tree - like structure branching out from a thick , edible stalk . The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves . Broccoli resembles cauliflower , which is a different cultivar group of the same species . Broccoli is a result of careful breeding of cultivated Brassica crops in the northern Mediterranean starting in about the 6th century BC . Since the time of the Roman Empire , broccoli has been considered a uniquely valuable food among Italians . Broccoli was brought to England from Antwerp in the mid-18th century by Peter Scheemakers . Broccoli was first introduced to the United States by Southern Italian immigrants , but did not become widely popular until the 1920s . Contents 1 Varieties 2 Production 2.1 Cultivation 2.2 Pests 3 Nutrition 4 Taste 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Varieties Broccoli plants in a nursery There are three commonly grown types of broccoli . The most familiar is Calabrese broccoli , often referred to simply as `` broccoli '' , named after Calabria in Italy . It has large ( 10 to 20 cm ) green heads and thick stalks . It is a cool season annual crop . Sprouting broccoli has a larger number of heads with many thin stalks . Purple cauliflower is a type of broccoli grown in Europe and North America . It has a head shaped like cauliflower , but consisting of tiny flower buds . It sometimes , but not always , has a purple cast to the tips of the flower buds . Other cultivar groups of Brassica oleracea include cabbage ( Capitata Group ) , cauliflower and Romanesco broccoli ( Botrytis Group ) , kale and collard greens ( Acephala Group ) , kohlrabi ( Gongylodes Group ) , Brussels sprouts ( Gemmifera Group ) , and kai - lan ( Alboglabra Group ) . Rapini , sometimes called `` broccoli raab '' among other names , forms similar but smaller heads , and is actually a type of turnip ( Brassica rapa ) . Broccolini or `` Tenderstem broccoli '' is a cross between broccoli and Chinese broccoli . Beneforté is a variety of broccoli containing 2 -- 3 times more glucoraphanin that was produced by crossing broccoli with a wild Brassica variety , Brassica oleracea var villosa . Production Broccoli production -- 2014 includes cauliflower , millions of tonnes Country Production People 's Republic of China 9.3 India 8.6 United States Spain 0.6 Mexico 0.5 Italy 0.4 World 24.2 In 2014 , global production of broccoli ( combined for production reports with cauliflowers ) was 24.2 million tonnes , with China and India together accounting for 74 % of the total ( table ) . Secondary producers , each having one million tonnes or less annually , were the United States , Spain , Mexico and Italy ( table ) . The US Department of Agriculture reported that national production just of broccoli in 2014 was 0.95 million tonnes , nearly all of which was grown in California . Cultivation Broccoli is a cool - weather crop that does poorly in hot summer weather . Broccoli grows best when exposed to an average daily temperature between 18 and 23 ° C ( 64 and 73 ° F ) . When the cluster of flowers , also referred to as a `` head '' of broccoli , appear in the center of the plant , the cluster is green . Garden pruners or shears are used to cut the head about an inch from the tip . Broccoli should be harvested before the flowers on the head bloom bright yellow . While the heading broccoli variety performs poorly in hot weather , mainly due to insect infestation , the sprouting variety is more resistant , though attention must be paid to sucking insects ( such as aphids ) , caterpillars and whiteflies . Spraying of bacillus thuringiensis can control caterpillar attacks , while a citronella vase may ward off whiteflies . Pests Mostly introduced by accident to North America , Australia and New Zealand , `` cabbage worms '' , the larvae of Pieris rapae , the small white butterfly are a common pest in broccoli . Nutrition Broccoli , raw ( edible parts ) Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 141 kJ ( 34 kcal ) Carbohydrates 6.64 g Sugars 1.7 g Dietary fiber 2.6 g Fat 0.37 g Protein 2.82 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin 4 % 31 μg 3 % 361 μg 1403 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) 6 % 0.071 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 10 % 0.117 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 4 % 0.639 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 11 % 0.573 mg Vitamin B6 13 % 0.175 mg Folate ( B9 ) 16 % 63 μg Vitamin C 107 % 89.2 mg Vitamin E 5 % 0.78 mg Vitamin K 97 % 101.6 μg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 5 % 47 mg Iron 6 % 0.73 mg Magnesium 6 % 21 mg Manganese 10 % 0.21 mg Phosphorus 9 % 66 mg Potassium 7 % 316 mg Sodium 2 % 33 mg Zinc 4 % 0.41 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 89.3 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database As shown on the table , a 100 gram serving of raw broccoli provides 34 kcal and is an excellent source ( 20 % or higher of the Daily Value , DV ) of vitamin C and vitamin K. Raw broccoli also contains moderate amounts ( 10 -- 19 % DV ) of several B vitamins and the dietary mineral manganese , whereas other essential nutrients are in low content . Broccoli has low content of carbohydrates , protein , fat , and dietary fiber . Boiling broccoli reduces the levels of sulforaphane , with losses of 20 -- 30 % after five minutes , 40 -- 50 % after ten minutes , and 77 % after thirty minutes . However , other preparation methods such as steaming , microwaving , and stir frying had no significant effect on the compounds . Broccoli also contains the carotenoid compounds lutein and zeaxanthin in amounts about 6 times lower than in kale . Taste The perceived bitterness of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli varies from person to person , but the functional underpinnings of this variation are not known . Some research reports that the gene TAS2R38 may be responsible for bitter taste perception in broccoli . Other factors , such as isothiocyanates and polyphenols , are also likely involved in bitterness perception . Gallery Close - ups of broccoli florets Sicilian purple broccoli Romanesco broccoli ( actually a cauliflower cultivar ) , showing fractal forms Broccoli in flower See also Agriculture portal Food portal Broccolini References Jump up ^ Buck , P. A ( 1956 ) . `` Origin and taxonomy of broccoli '' ( PDF ) . Economic Botany. 10 ( 3 ) : 250 -- 253 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02899000 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephens , James . `` Broccoli -- Brassica oleracea L. ( Italica group ) '' . University of Florida . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` broccoli '' . Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary ( 11th ed . ) . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broccoli Leaves Are Edible '' . Garden Betty . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Maggioni , Lorenzo ; Bothmer , Roland ; Poulsen , Gert ; Branca , Ferdinando ( 2010 ) . `` Origin and Domestication of Cole Crops ( Brassica oleracea L . ) : Linguistic and Literary Considerations '' . Economic Botany. 64 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 123 . doi : 10.1007 / s12231 - 010 - 9115 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nonnecke , Ib ( November 1989 ) . Vegetable Production . Springer - Verlag New York , LLC . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 442 - 26721 - 6 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.T. Nollekins and His Times , 1829 vol. 2 : 101 : `` Scheemakers , on his way to England , visited his birth - place , bringing with him several roots ( sic ) of brocoli , a dish till then little known in perfection at our tables . '' Jump up ^ Denker , Joel ( 2003 ) . The world on a plate . U of Nebraska Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6014 - 6 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dixon , G.R. ( 2007 ) . Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers . Wallingford : CABI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85199 - 395 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` About Beneforte '' . superbroccoli.info . ^ Jump up to : `` Production / Crops , Quantities by Country for Cauliflowers and Broccoli for 2014 '' . Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations , Statistics Division ( FAOSTAT ) . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California Drought : Crop Sectors '' . US Department of Agriculture , Economic Research Service -. 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Smith , Powell ( June 1999 ) . `` HGIC 1301 Broccoli '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 25 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptay , Albert ( 1988 ) . Broccoli . World Book , Inc . Jump up ^ Takeguma , Massahiro ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` Cultivo da Couve Brócolis ( Growing Sprouting Broccoli ) '' . Jump up ^ editors , J. Richard and Joan E. Heitzman ; Jim Rathert , principal photographer ; Kathy Love and LuAnne Larsen , ( 1996 ) . Butterflies and moths of Missouri . Jefferson City , MO : Missouri Dept. of Conservation . ISBN 1 - 887247 - 06 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick ( 15 May 2007 ) . `` Research Says Boiling Broccoli Ruins Its Anti Cancer Properties '' . Jump up ^ `` Maximizing The Anti-Cancer Power of Broccoli '' . Science Daily . 5 April 2005 . Jump up ^ Lipchock SV , Mennella JA , Spielman AI , Reed DR ( 2013 ) . `` Human bitter perception correlates with bitter receptor messenger RNA expression in taste cells '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 98 ( 4 ) : 1136 -- 43 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 113.066688 . PMC 3778862 . PMID 24025627 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Wooding S , Gunn H , Ramos P , Thalmann S , Xing C , Meyerhof W ( 2010 ) . `` Genetics and bitter taste responses to goitrin , a plant toxin found in vegetables '' . Chem Senses. 35 ( 8 ) : 685 -- 92 . doi : 10.1093 / chemse / bjq061 . PMID 20551074 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broccoli . PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea ( cauliflower and broccoli ) List of North American broccoli cultivars , USDA / ARS Vegetable Laboratory Lee , Lisa - Ann ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Creating a broccoli for all seasons to hedge against climate change '' . newatlas.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . Brassica oleracea Brassica oleracea Acephala group Broccoflower Broccoli Broccoli sprouts Broccolini Brussels sprout Cabbage Cauliflower Collard greens Gai lan Kale Kohlrabi Red cabbage Romanesco broccoli Savoy cabbage Spring greens See also List of cabbage dishes Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q47722 Wikispecies : Brassica oleracea var . italica EoL : 1248606 EPPO : BRSOK FoC : 241000001 GBIF : 3042863 GRIN : 105447 iNaturalist : 315267 ITIS : 530961 NCBI : 36774 NZOR : 098901f1 - e644 - 4c09 - 80fa - e8c8fe50f1fd PLANTS : BROLI GND : 4222003 - 8 NDL : 01030639 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broccoli&oldid=851153069 '' Categories : Edible plants Food plant cultivars Inflorescence vegetables Italian words and phrases Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Italian - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 12 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does broccoli come from in the us	[ "In 2014, global production of broccoli (combined for production reports with cauliflowers) was 24.2 million tonnes, with China and India together accounting for 74% of the total (table).[11] Secondary producers, each having one million tonnes or less annually, were the United States, Spain, Mexico and Italy (table).[11] The US Department of Agriculture reported that national production just of broccoli in 2014 was 0.95 million tonnes, nearly all of which was grown in California.[12]\n" ]	[ "California" ]
-5674638752283861906	Al Neri	Al Neri - wikipedia Al Neri Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fictional character . For the Pennsylvania journalist , see Albert J. Neri . Albert Neri Al Neri as portrayed by Richard Bright in The Godfather Part II . First appearance The Godfather Last appearance The Godfather 's Revenge Created by Mario Puzo Portrayed by Richard Bright Gary Chalk Information Gender Male Occupation Patrolman , enforcer , assassin Family Tommy Neri Albert `` Al '' Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo 's novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola 's trilogy of films based on it . In all three motion pictures , he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright . He functions as Michael Corleone 's personal enforcer and assassin . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the novel 2 In the film series 3 In other media 4 References 5 External links In the novel ( edit ) In the novel The Godfather , Neri begins his career as a New York City police officer , where he earns a reputation for a fierce temper , quick reflexes , and physical strength . He frequently patrols with a large flashlight , which he uses to assault Italian youths who run with gangs or shattering the windshields of diplomats who disregard traffic or parking laws . After his wife leaves him , Neri kills a drug dealer and pimp by cracking his skull with the flashlight and is convicted of manslaughter . Tom Hagen and Peter Clemenza see Neri as a potential replacement for Luca Brasi , Vito Corleone 's feared enforcer , and arrange his release from prison . Normally , policemen are barred from becoming made men , but they were impressed enough with Neri to recommend that Michael intercede . Michael , appealing to Neri 's sense of loyalty and Sicilian - American roots , recruits him into Clemenza 's regime . Clemenza is initially impressed by the ferocity that Neri displays in their first meeting . Neri later `` makes his bones '' and becomes Michael 's chief lieutenant by personally murdering Moe Greene and Emilio Barzini on Michael 's behalf . Neri carries out the latter murder while disguised in his old police uniform . After Salvatore Tessio is executed for betraying Michael , Neri is promoted to caporegime of Tessio 's former crew , and plays a key role in the wave of murders that reestablishes the Corleones as the most powerful crime family in the nation . When Michael and his family move to Nevada , Neri becomes head of security for all hotels controlled by the Corleones . In the film Series ( edit ) In the film version of The Godfather , Neri 's backstory is not mentioned . He does not say a word in the first film and following Michael 's return from exile in Sicily , Neri becomes his bodyguard , accompanying him everywhere . In the famous `` baptism sequence , '' Neri , disguised in a police uniform , guns down Barzini and his bodyguards on the steps of a courthouse , much as he does in the novel . However , the murder of Greene , which occurs simultaneously , is handled by another , anonymous gunman . In The Godfather Part II , Neri is portrayed as Michael 's unofficial second - in - command in his operations in Nevada , and is one of Michael 's capos along with Rocco Lampone and Frank Pentangeli . In a deleted scene , Neri is shown `` convincing '' Meyer Klingman , a hotel owner , to give his interest in the hotel to the Corleone Family . When Klingman protests , Neri slaps him in the face and pursues him through the casino 's showroom , while casino security guards ( now under Corleone control ) do nothing . During a Senate investigation of Michael 's criminal syndicate , Neri is identified as a capo for the Corleone family on an organization chart . Neri also carries out the execution of Michael 's brother Fredo , under Michael 's orders : while out fishing together on Lake Tahoe , Neri shoots Fredo in the back of the head . By the time of The Godfather Part III , with Michael 's decision to `` go legitimate '' by selling off his casino interests and handing over control of his rackets to former subordinate Joey Zasa , Neri continues to serve as his bodyguard . When Zasa betrays Michael and attempts to have him murdered at a meeting of the Commission in Atlantic City , Neri saves Michael 's life and later helps Michael 's nephew , Vincent Mancini , to plan Zasa 's murder . When Michael retires and transfers control of the family to Vincent , Neri is the second to pledge his loyalty , after Calò , the former bodyguard of Don Tommasino . In the closing scenes of the film , Vincent calls upon Neri 's skills one last time , sending him to infiltrate Vatican City , where he guns down corrupt Archbishop Gilday and tosses his body down a staircase . In other media ( edit ) In Mark Winegardner 's novel The Godfather 's Revenge , Neri and his nephew take part in an attempt to obtain information from antagonist Nick Geraci 's father . He is seriously wounded in a shootout at the end of the novel . In The Godfather : The Game , Neri is voiced by Gary Chalk . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sisario , Ben ( February 20 , 2006 ) . `` Richard Bright , 68 , an Actor in the ' Godfather ' Movie Series , Dies '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Bright , 68 ; acted in ' Godfather , ' ' Sopranos ' '' . Associated Press . The Boston Globe . February 20 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Al Neri on IMDb ( hide ) The Godfather Novels The Godfather The Sicilian The Godfather Returns The Godfather 's Revenge The Family Corleone Films The Godfather The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Video games The Godfather ( 1991 ) The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) Corleone family Vito Corleone Michael Corleone Tom Hagen Sonny Corleone Fredo Corleone Carmela Corleone Kay Adams - Corleone Connie Corleone Anthony Corleone Mary Corleone Vincent Corleone Sandra Corleone Family allies Genco Abbandando Luca Brasi Peter Clemenza Al Neri Frank Pentangeli Salvatore Tessio Family enemies Don Altobello Emilio Barzini Don Fanucci Johnny Ola Hyman Roth Louie Russo Joey Zasa Others Amerigo Bonasera Cardinal Lamberto Lucy Mancini Danny Shea Mickey Shea Billy Van Arsdale Aldo Trapani Albert Volpe Music The Godfather ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) `` Speak Softly , Love '' `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' Miscellaneous List of minor characters in The Godfather series Mario Puzo Mark Winegardner Edward Falco Five Families Corleone The Godfather Effect The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions The Godfather Saga The Last Don Omertà Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Neri&oldid=805971565 '' Categories : The Godfather characters Characters in American novels of the 20th century Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional American people of Sicilian descent Fictional assassins Fictional bodyguards Fictional characters introduced in 1969 Fictional mobsters Fictional New York City Police Department officers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Italiano Magyar Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 20 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played michael corleone's bodyguard in godfather 2	[ "Albert \"Al\" Neri is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's trilogy of films based on it. In all three motion pictures, he is portrayed by actor Richard Bright.[1][2] He functions as Michael Corleone's personal enforcer and assassin.[2]" ]	[ "Richard Bright" ]
112745622066911588	Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales	Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Jump to : navigation , search Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Theatrical release poster Directed by Joachim Rønning Espen Sandberg Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Jeff Nathanson Story by Jeff Nathanson Terry Rossio Based on Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Characters created by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Starring Johnny Depp Javier Bardem Brenton Thwaites Kaya Scodelario Kevin McNally Geoffrey Rush Music by Geoff Zanelli Cinematography Paul Cameron Edited by Roger Barton Leigh Folsom Boyd Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) ( Shanghai ) May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $230 million Box office $794.8 million Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( released outside the US as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge ) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film . It is the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) . The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson , with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer . Johnny Depp , Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow , Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa , respectively , while Javier Bardem , Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario join the cast as Armando Salazar , Henry Turner and Carina Smyth . The film also features the returns of Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley as Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann , following their absence from the previous film . The filmmakers cited the series ' first installment , The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) , as inspiration for the script and tone of the film . Pre-production for the film started shortly before On Stranger Tides was released in early 2011 , with Terry Rossio writing a script for the film . In early 2013 , Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script , with Depp being involved in Nathanson 's writing process . Initially planned for a 2015 release , the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017 , due to script and budget issues . Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015 , after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives , and ended in July 2015 . Dead Men Tell No Tales was released in conventional , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D and IMAX 3D formats on May 26 , 2017 , ten years and one day after the release of At World 's End ( 2007 ) . The film received praise for the performances , visuals , music and shorter running time , and criticism for the convoluted and complicated plot ; some critics considered the film an improvement over the recent sequels while others thought the franchise had run its course . The film grossed $794 million worldwide , the second - lowest gross of the series but the eighth - highest - grossing film of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 4.3 Hacking incident 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Henry Turner , the twelve - year - old son of Will Turner , boards his cursed father 's ship , the Flying Dutchman , informing his father that the mythical Trident of Poseidon will be able to break his curse , and of his intent to recruit Captain Jack Sparrow to help . Will , however , believes that the trident ca n't be found and orders Henry to leave , telling his son to let him go and that he loves him and gives Henry his necklace . Will and the Dutchman then disappear under the sea but Henry still vows to find Jack Sparrow and the Trident . Nine years later , Henry is a sailor in the British Royal Navy , but is locked up for attempting mutiny when his ship sails for the supernatural Devil 's Triangle . The ship comes across a shipwreck , the Silent Mary , and are attacked by its ghostly crew led by Captain Salazar . Salazar and his crew kill everyone aboard except Henry . Salazar , seeing a wanted poster of Jack , allows Henry to live so he can deliver a message to Jack that he is coming for him before leaving . In Saint Martin , a young astronomer and horologist named Carina Smyth is sentenced to death for alleged witchcraft , but escapes custody . She briefly crosses paths with Jack , who with his crew tries to steal a bank vault , but accidentally drags the entire bank with them and loses the fortune before crashing the building at the town 's exit and escaping . Jack 's crew ends up abandoning him , even Gibbs , who has lost faith in Jack . Depressed , Jack forsakes his magic compass to pay for a drink , subsequently freeing Salazar 's crew from their imprisonment within the Devil 's Triangle . Carina learns Henry is looking for the Trident 's location and offers to help him using a diary left by her unknown father . Carina and Jack are both captured and face execution , but are saved by Henry and Jack 's crew , setting sail on the Dying Gull . Carina deciphers that the stars will lead to an island where the Trident is hidden . Salazar destroys Captain Barbossa 's fleet , but Barbossa manages to talk his way out of being killed by offering to help him find Jack , to which Salazar agrees . He tells Barbossa that long ago he worked for the Spanish Navy hunting down pirates . However , a young Jack tricked him into sailing into the Devil 's Triangle , cursing his crew . Salazar pursues the Dying Gull , forcing Jack , Henry , and Carina to flee to an island while fighting off Salazar 's cursed sharks , discovering that Salazar 's crew can not go on land . After saving Jack from a forced marriage , Barbossa allies himself with Jack and provides him his compass , obtained from the sea witch Shansa . He uses the Sword of Triton to restore the miniaturized Black Pearl , trapped in a bottle by Blackbeard , to its original size but betrays Jack and takes the Pearl for himself once more . During the voyage , Jack and Barbossa realize Carina is the latter 's long - lost daughter . Barbossa had left her at an orphanage with his diary so she could live a better life . Approaching the Trident 's island , the Pearl evades a British Navy warship , which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island . Jack , Barbossa , and Carina use the island 's magic to open a path to the Trident 's spot on the ocean floor , parting the ocean . Salazar captures Henry and possesses his body , chasing Jack and the others across the ocean floor and seizes the Trident , freeing Henry . Henry shatters the Trident , breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar 's crew to life . However , the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself . The Pearl drops its anchor to lift them to safety , but Salazar , not satisfied with being human , follows Jack , still hell - bent on killing him . Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary 's cover . Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar , allowing the others to escape alive . Some time later , Henry and Carina reach Port Royal , where Will appears , free from the Dutchman . His wife , Elizabeth , appears moments later and the Turner family reunites . Jack watches from the Pearl , sailing away into the horizon . In a post-credits scene , Will and Elizabeth sleep in their bedroom but the resurrected Davy Jones appears . Will wakes up , assuming it was a nightmare , but a small puddle filled with barnacles under the bed reveals that Jones has returned as Jones is heard walking away . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : The eccentric but noble pirate captain of the Black Pearl on the hunt for the Trident of Poseidon , which bestows control over the seas . In the film , according to director Joachim Rønning , Jack has `` lost his mojo ; he ca n't even be on the water '' . Rønning stated that Sparrow 's role in the film mirrors his role in the original : `` it was important to go back to the same dynamic that the first film had where Jack is not the main character . I wanted a story about real people , real characters -- and then Jack Sparrow comes in and crashes the party every now and then '' , and called Depp `` a comedic genius , he has a comedic timing that I 've never seen in anyone '' . The film goes into the backstory of Sparrow , with the young Sparrow portrayed by Anthony De La Torre , whose face was replaced by a CGI replica of Depp as he looked in 21 Jump Street and What 's Eating Gilbert Grape . Co-director Rønning believed de-aging Depp was tricky in terms of `` trying to give him a backstory and still honour the mythology of the franchise '' . Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar : A powerful and maniacal undead pirate hunter of the Spanish Navy who was trapped in the Devil 's Triangle . After escaping , he seeks the Trident of Poseidon to wipe out all piracy and exact revenge on his old enemy , Captain Jack Sparrow . Bardem set out to imbue the character with `` a rage based on dented pride '' , comparing the character to `` a wounded bull '' , owing to his spectacular fall from grace , going from a high ranking commander of a Spanish fleet to being betrayed and trapped in hell by Sparrow , who Bardem says is the reason for Salazar `` holding that revenge in his body for eternity '' . It took three hours a day to apply the make - up to Bardem 's face , with Bardem referring to the process as having `` cold chicken breasts '' glued to his face . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : The one - legged pirate captain of the Queen Anne 's Revenge , former captain of the Black Pearl , and Captain Jack 's former rival - turned - ally . In the film , Barbossa has become extremely wealthy since the previous film , with Rush referring to him as a `` corporate pirate '' , having amassed a fleet of ships under his command and encrusted his peg - leg with jewels . Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner : The son of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann - Turner , who tries to reconnect with his father . He struggles to break a curse that is preventing him from doing so . The directors were keen to draft a new protagonist relationship , different to the two relationships explored in On Stranger Tides , with Henry and Carina , stating that `` in the middle of a big action scene , you need to be able to lean on the characters and find the heart of that story , and channel the characters ' vulnerability '' . Rønning noted that identity is a major theme in the film and to Henry and Carina 's story arc : `` they are on a similar quest and find common ground in looking for who they are '' . Lewis McGowan portrays a young Henry . Kaya Scodelario as Carina Smyth ( née Barbossa ) : A headstrong , altruistic astronomer . Scodelario explained the character 's motivation and role saying , `` she is an academic , she 's fighting for the right to study at university because women could n't at that time . So she 's on her own journey -- looking for the trident of Poseidon -- and she has a diary with clues . '' She discussed the difference between Carina and Elizabeth Swann , believing that she was not just a carbon copy of that character . For the directors , it was important to `` modernise it with Henry and Carina , Kaya , especially brought that with her . She 's a modern woman . '' Scodelario worked with Nathanson to ensure the character was unique to the series and prevent her from being a `` Mary Sue archetype '' , saying that `` she 's got her flaws ... that 's such an important thing to include when building a character , especially female characters , who often fall into two camps ; they are either pretty and perfectly put together or completely insane . Carina has definitely got a little bit of both . '' Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Captain Jack 's loyal friend and First Mate . Golshifteh Farahani as Shansa : a sea - witch and ally of Captain Barbossa . David Wenham as Lieutenant John Scarfield : the second antagonist of the film and a British Royal Navy officer , who commands the HMS Essex . Stephen Graham as Scrum : a member of Jack Sparrow 's crew and former member of Blackbeard 's crew . Martin Klebba as Marty : A member of Jack Sparrow 's crew . Giles New and Angus Barnett as Murtogg and Mullroy : Former Royal Marines turned pirates , who serve as Barbossa 's right - hand men on board the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Orlando Bloom as Captain William `` Will '' Turner Jr. : a blacksmith - turned - pirate , who was transformed into the Captain of the Flying Dutchman at the end of At World 's End . Speaking about his possible return to the franchise , Bloom stated that he would love to portray a character outside of his usual role types as a good - looking hero : `` Of course , I 'm Davy Jones now , so I 'm down the bottom of the ocean . It might be kind of fun to do something where I 'm rumbling ' round the bottom of the ocean , because I wo n't look anything like me . ( Gestures to his face ) Get all gnarly . '' Additionally , Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end and reprises her role in the film series as Elizabeth Swann , Will Turner 's wife , and Henry 's mother . Adam Brown , Danny Kirrane , and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack 's crew . In the prison scene , Paul McCartney appears briefly as Jack 's paternal uncle , Uncle Jack . Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence , while Keith Richards ' likeness ( as Jack 's father ) was also used . A silhouette of Davy Jones , one of the series ' former villains , was seen in the post-credits scene , but no actor was credited for this appearance . Pablo and Chiquita reprised their role as Jack the Monkey . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who reprise their roles from the previous films as Jack Sparrow , Hector Barbossa , Will Turner , and Elizabeth Swann , respectively . Bloom and Knightley return to the series after not appearing in 2011 's On Stranger Tides . Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides in 2011 , the cast and crew of the fourth film were told to set aside time in the near future , as Walt Disney Pictures intended to shoot a fifth and sixth film back - to - back ( like the first two sequels ) . However , it was later stated that only a fifth film was in the works . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . Rob Marshall , the director of the last film , was believed for return to direct , but he declined after he chose to direct Into the Woods ( 2014 ) and The Thin Man ( both projects for Disney and starring Johnny Depp ) . After Marshall passed on the project , many directors were rumored to direct the film , like Tim Burton , Sam Raimi , Shawn Levy , Chris Weitz , Alfonso Cuarón and Gore Verbinski ( who directed the first three films ) . On May 9 , 2013 , it was reported that Fredrik Bond , Rupert Sanders , and the Norwegian film duo Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were considered to direct the fifth film . Finally , on May 29 , 2013 , Rønning and Sandberg were selected to direct . This decision was based both on their Academy Award - nominated high sea film Kon - Tiki , as well as their ability to work with a limited budget . Geoffrey Rush argued that the pair brought `` a kind of Euro sensibility to traditional Hollywood franchise thinking '' . While Orlando Bloom believed that they 'd `` recaptured the simplicity and charm '' , calling the film `` fantastic , really entertaining '' . On August 22 , 2013 , Rønning and Sandberg revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl , stating that the original is `` scary , it 's funny , and most of all it 's a comedy , but with great heart , and that structure and the dynamics between the characters was something I really wanted to try and reinvent '' . On the pair 's decision to direct the film , Rønning believed that `` it was all there in this script already , and for me , it was just a matter of adding scenes that carry the tradition of Gore Verbinski , bring the emotional core and big action set pieces '' , with Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton also being in the director 's mind when crafting the tone of the film . The pair also wanted to include two things new to the series : `` it needs to have heart ; I really believe this to be the most emotional Pirates yet '' , argued Rønning , as well as exploring the roots of Jack Sparrow . Kaya Scodelario felt that the film `` will have much more of the feel of the first film , the producers want to take it back to the beginning again . They wanted it to have this epic journey , and for it to make sense , and for it to tie things up , and also lead to new storylines . '' However , after Disney 's The Lone Ranger lost the studio $190 million in 2013 -- a film also starring Depp in a similarly eccentric role -- Disney questioned the bankability of Depp and thus the franchise , so the film was reconsidered and not actually green - lit as of early 2014 . Another problem , along with the lack of success Depp experienced outside of the Pirates franchise were script problems , as Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn stated : `` We have n't seen a screenplay yet that I 've been able to sign off on . There are a lot of variables that affect the final outcome once it leaves the studio lot , so we are very careful . '' Due to these problems , the film 's production was delayed , and it moved from a 2015 release aspired by Disney in 2013 to a likely release in 2016 . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script as well as budget issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline , stating : `` It 's all a factor . We want a script that everyone 's signed off on and a budget that everyone 's signed off on . '' After the script was accepted and the film was finally officially green - lit by Disney in July 2014 , the release date moved to July 7 , 2017 . Many of the crew members for the film were new to the franchise , replacing members that had served on the previous four films . Apart from directors Rønning and Sandberg and writer Nathanson , a new director of photography , Paul Cameron replaced Dariusz Wolski , production designer Nigel Phelps , visual effects supervisor Gary Brozenich , special effects supervisor Dan Oliver , supervising stunt coordinator R.A. Rondell , stunt coordinators Thomas Robinson Harper and Kyle Gardiner , makeup and hair designer Peter Swords King , executive producers Joe Caracciolo Jr. and Brigham Taylor replacing Mike Stenson , film editors Joel Cox , Gary D. Roach and Roger Barton and composer Geoff Zanelli taking over from composer of the primary themes for the series , Hans Zimmer . Costume designer Penny Rose returned after providing the costumes for all four previous films , along with executive producer Chad Oman . Speaking to IGN while promoting The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , Orlando Bloom indicated that the film might serve as a soft reboot for the franchise , saying : `` Basically , they want to reboot the whole franchise , I think , and do something with me and the relationship with my son . '' Writing ( edit ) By 2011 , shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , Terry Rossio was writing a script for a fifth film without his partner Ted Elliott . Rossio 's draft was ultimately rejected . `` My version of Dead Men Tell No Tales was set aside because it featured a female villain , '' recalled Rossio , `` and Johnny Depp was worried that would be redundant to Dark Shadows , which also featured a female villain . '' In January 2013 , Disney hired Jeff Nathanson to work on a script . That September , producer Bruckheimer said , `` We have an outline everyone loves but the script is not done , '' explaining that the release would be postponed beyond summer 2015 . On April 13 , 2014 , Depp said Bruckheimer and Disney had invited him in to collaborate with the writer Jeff Nathanson , noting : Everyone involved wants the script to be right and perfect . So we have gone on to do other things ( in the meantime ) . We are still going to do the film together . I enjoy them immensely . They are super talented . They have a great sense of humor . I think they have a really fun approach to what we are going to do with the next Pirates . Very happily and proudly , I have welcomed taking part in the story and working directly with the screenwriter ( Jeff Nathanson ) -- he and I. It 's working out really well that way . So I have high hopes for that Pirates 5 because if that 's really the last one , which it probably is , I feel that we owe it to the audience who went and saw the films so many times . We 'll do it right and end it on a high note . Casting ( edit ) Speaking at the On Stranger Tides press launch in Cannes , Depp said he would play the role for as long as it is popular with the public . In August 2012 news surfaced that Johnny Depp signed on officially for the fifth film , earning A $ 90 million to reprise his role . As with the fourth film , Depp was also involved in scripting and planning Dead Men Tell No Tales . Geoffrey Rush had commented on returning as Hector Barbossa in the fifth installment , saying `` If they keep shapeshifting this character , absolutely '' as well as implying he may return as the villain . He also said that Barbossa 's megalomania `` could explode in horrific ways '' . In December 2014 , Rush confirmed his return for the fifth installment , where Barbossa and Jack were `` at the heart of it and there 's a whole new set of story lines '' . In late 2011 , about four years after choosing not to return for the fourth installment , Orlando Bloom stated that he would like to return for the fifth film if he was offered . On May 11 , 2011 , Naomie Harris expressed her desire to return as Tia Dalma if they called her . Several weeks after Disney officially green - lit the film , Bloom stated that there were `` discussions '' about his return to the franchise in September 2014 . Bloom further commented in December 2014 , that while he was not sure whether he would return , there were talks . He also indicated that Disney could do a soft reboot with the franchise and focus on Will Turner and his son . After months of speculation and after filming wrapped up , Bloom 's participation was confirmed at Disney D23 on August 15 , 2015 . On December 2 , 2013 , it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in talks to appear as the film 's main antagonist , but he finally declined . Australian actor Brenton Thwaites entered talks for the role of Henry in late November 2014 , after Disney chose him over Taron Egerton , George MacKay , Mitchell Hope , Ansel Elgort and Sam Keeley . In mid-January 2015 , he stated that he was to travel to Australia for the film in February , disclosing that his role was indeed that of Will Turner 's son , struggling to break a curse to meet his father . The shortlist of actresses for the female lead consisted of Gabriella Wilde , Kaya Scodelario , Alexandra Dowling , Jenna Thiam and Lucy Boynton . On January 24 , Jerry Bruckheimer announced via Twitter that Scodelario had won the role . In July , her character was revealed to be called Carina . In earlier drafts of the script the name Carina Smyth appeared as Barbossa 's daughter and was a love interest of Sparrow 's and was an astronomer accused of being a witch . Scodelario confirmed that the character was an astronomer and that `` she 's a totally different character '' to Keira Knightley 's Elizabeth Swann , and also confirmed that Smyth will be Henry 's love interest instead of Jack 's . By October 2014 , Javier Bardem , husband of Penélope Cruz ( who portrayed Angelica in the fourth installment ) , was in early talks to appear as the antagonist of the film . His role was eventually confirmed to be that of Armando Salazar , who in early scripts was referred as Captain John Brand . However , during an interview with Collider in 2012 , Penélope Cruz stated that she would most likely not reprise her role as Angelica Teach . Kevin McNally confirmed his return as Joshamee Gibbs via Twitter in late January . Shortly after on location pre-production opened in Australia , Disney issued a casting call to local agents for actors from all age - and experience levels to apply for roles and as extras in the upcoming film , with casting also open in the US . Adam Brown , Delroy Atkinson , Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming . Martin Klebba confirmed his return as Marty via Twitter days before filming began . On February 17 , 2015 , Stephen Graham revealed that he will reprise his role as Scrum . On September 24 , 2015 , a YouTube video was uploaded stating that Giles New and Angus Barnett would reprise their roles as Murtogg and Mullroy . Director Joachim Rønning 's two children appear in the film as extras . Also , Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague . Additionally , Greg Ellis expressed interest in reprising his role as Theodore Groves , despite his character 's apparent death in the previous film , saying the possibility that Groves survived . Apart from this declaration , reports that a deceased Navy officer will star in the film , had sparked many rumors regarding the possibility of the return of James Norrington ( portrayed again by Jack Davenport ) , who died in the third film . Both Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook commented on the possibility of returning as Pintel and Ragetti . Arenberg confirmed in several interviews that , despite wanting to return to the fourth film , he hoped to reprise his role as Pintel . In an interview on November 7 , 2014 , Crook confirmed that he had received a call of availability from Disney for the film , although stated that he was uncertain about whether he wanted to reprise his role . Crook declined to reprise his role ultimately , in order to focus on his television series Detectorists . He said he felt `` pangs of nostalgia '' when the cast and crew filmed the film without him . Furthermore , shortly before filming started , Arenberg announced on Twitter that he would not reprise his role as well , despite having been interested in doing so . In early 2017 , there were rumors that Keira Knightley was back to the franchise for a cameo scene despite Knightley saying in 2011 that she was n't coming back to any future films . On April 18 , 2017 , the international trailer was released , confirming Knightley 's participation . Filming ( edit ) Depp on set in Queensland in June 2015 On January 15 , 2014 , directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg confirmed that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana . However , a spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations . According to Australian film industry sources , on location pre-production started in late September 2014 and its cost is around $250 million . This was officially confirmed by Disney and the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Queensland , Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . On January 1 , 2015 , The Rainbow Gypsy , a 15 - year - old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley , sailed into the Gold Coast to start the extensive refit , which will include a new bowsprit and reconfigured decks and cabins in order to become the Dying Gull , a single - masted ghost ship . Its captain and owner Kit Woodward was a rigger on the film . Filming commenced on February 17 , 2015 . Ship scenes were filmed in front of a giant outdoor greenscreen in Helensvale , while a film set in the form of a village was built in Maudsland . Given the greenscreens were so tall they blocked sunlight , containers with inflatable bluescreens mounted on top were added to the set to allow for light to creep in . While an initial draft of the script featured six ships , the end product had 11 vessels , meaning that to cut costs , most of them were not full sets , but partial constructs later enhanced by computer graphics , at times built atop an hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while still on land . The camera crew also made extensive use of drones to capture immersive views on sea without resorting to aerial footage or cranes . Filming moved to Doug Jennings Park on The Spit from March 30 to June 15 , 2015 for water bound scenes . However , due to extreme sea sickness among the cast and crew due to `` big swells '' at The Spit , filming moved to Raby Bay for calmer waters . Scenes were shot at Byron Bay on June 1 . Locals made up more than 75 percent of the 850 - plus crew then working on the film . After much speculation about whether Orlando Bloom would return , Bloom arrived at the Gold Coast in late May to reprise his role as Will Turner . Scenes featuring a skeleton of a sperm whale that had been constructed were shot at Hastings Point from June 21 to 23 . A number of issues and controversies set back the film during its production . The biosecurity laws in Australia posed problems regarding the capuchin monkeys that portray Hector Barbossa 's pet monkey Jack , as the animals are regarded as a category 1 pest and require strict requirements and a 30 - day quarantine . Further controversy surrounding the use of the monkeys erupted from animal rights activist groups , who urged the Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt to reject the application to fly two capuchin monkeys from California to Australia , arguing that the trip would `` harm the monkeys ' health , that movie performances are unnatural for wild creatures and that the appearance of monkeys in films encourages the illegal wildlife trade '' . One of the monkeys caused further disruption when it wandered off set at Movie World and bit a make up artist on another production on the ear . Crew and cast members were forced to cover the camera lenses on all mobile phones with duct tape to prevent the film from being pirated before its release . To prevent fans from interfering with the production , secret filming locations used the production name of `` Herschel '' to hide the fact it was the fifth Pirates of the Caribbean film . Following the attempt of an armed man trying to bypass security , the already tight security was increased . On March 10 , 2015 , Depp was injured off set and had to be flown back to the United States for surgery . Due to his absence , filming stalled completely and 200 crew members were forced to stand down for two weeks as they had done all they had been able to without Depp . Filming was set to resume `` on or about April 20 '' and Depp returned to set on April 21 . In June , Kaya Scodelario was injured on set along with a stuntman . Most of the cast and crew had finished on the July 8 , 2015 , and a wrap party was held on July 11 . Filming then moved to the Whitsundays for the final shots to be filmed . On July 21 , 2015 , Joachim Rønning announced via Instagram that filming has wrapped after a 95 - day shoot . After nearly a year in post production , reshoots and additional photography was conducted in Vancouver , Canada from March 24 to April 13 , 2016 under the production title `` Herschel Additional Photography '' . The entire film was filmed in IMAX for an expanded 1.9 : 1 aspect ratio , giving IMAX screenings of the film 26 % more picture on the screen . Music ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) For the first time in the series since Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( which he co-wrote with Klaus Badelt ) , Hans Zimmer is not composing the music for the film . Instead , one of his protégés , Geoff Zanelli , who worked on all previous four installments in the franchise , is the main composer for the film . Zanelli said of taking over from Zimmer as composer for the series , `` What Hans did for the Pirates movies redefined the sound of the entire genre , it has been very fulfilling to work alongside him and ( producer ) Jerry ( Bruckheimer ) on the past four films . Dead Men Tell No Tales enlarges the Pirates universe with many new , unique elements , and I 'm building a distinctive sound for this film that springboards off of many years of collaborating in the Pirates world . '' The film 's soundtrack was released on May 26 , 2017 . Post-production ( edit ) Work on the film concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Eight companies handled the film 's 2,000 visual effects shots , with 150 of them consisting only of computer graphics . The primary vendor was Moving Picture Company , from which hails the film 's overall effects supervisor Gary Brozenich . Among MPC 's work was Salazar 's pirates , whose on - set footage filmed against a blue screen was mostly replaced by CGI given all have missing parts of their body as well as floating hair and clothing , with Brozenich stating that was kept of the original actors was `` their run , gait and faces . '' To provide reference for the floating parts , that was meant to resemble a perpetual drowning state , a stuntman in full costume and wig dove into a swimming pool , and was filmed underwater by both a GoPro and a Canon 5D doing various actions . '' Atomic Fiction handled the scenes of St. Martin , turning the few blocks of buildings built on set onto more than 600 CG buildings surrounded by a jungle environment environment combining references from both the Caribbean and Thailand , and enhancing through CGI both the guillotine on which Jack Sparrow is nearly executed and the bank from the heist scene , that was meant to look as if it was dragging through the ground instead of driving on top of it . Along with sea footage filmed in both the Australian sets and Key West , Florida , there was extensive usage of water simulations , with the artists basing on the Beaufort scale to ensure the sea and wind was realistic . Release ( edit ) Dead Men Tell No Tales had its world premiere at the Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11 , 2017 . In several countries , the film was released as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge , including English - speaking countries . It was released at cinemas in Italy and Norway on May 24 . The film was released in the United States , Canada , and China on May 26 . It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama - like ScreenX format ; it will play in two locations in the U.S. -- CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas -- both in Los Angeles , California . Additionally , it will play in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea , China , Thailand , Vietnam , Turkey and Indonesia . The film will also play in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide . It is Disney 's third wide release of the year following Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Marketing ( edit ) A robust marketing effort helped promote Dead Men Tell No Tales . The film was first showcased at the Disney D23 Expo 2015 where Depp appeared in costume as Jack Sparrow and the film 's logo was revealed with Orlando Bloom confirmed to be starring in the film . Elizabeth Rudnick has been self - confirmed to novelize the film , as well as describing the film as bringing back `` sensibility '' plus bringing back Jack Sparrow in `` all of his swaggering glory '' . Another book is set to be released by Disney , a tie - in prequel expanding the backstory of the character of Carina Smyth , titled Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales -- The Brightest Star in the North . The film was also showcased at the Walt Disney Content Showcase in Africa in 2016 where concept art , story details and on set images were previewed . The first teaser trailer was released on October 2 , 2016 , during Fear the Walking Dead and showcased Armando Salazar hunting for Jack Sparrow who does n't appear in the trailer except only his image on a wanted poster . On January 27 , 2017 , Disney uploaded an eight - second motion poster to their official Instagram account for the release of a TV spot of the film during Super Bowl LI . Disney then released a 30 - second television teaser at Super Bowl LI , with an extended version released online set to Johnny Cash 's `` Ai n't No Grave '' . The trailer was considered to be the `` big '' trailer of the event and was the most viewed trailer of all the films advertised at the halftime show . A new teaser poster was also released with the trailer . Both teasers received a highly positive reaction from audiences . The official trailer was released on March 2 , 2017 . Another trailer was released on March 25 , 2017 . The first 30 - second TV spot was released on March 31 , 2017 . On April 21 , at Disney Parks and on the four Disney cruise ships , Disney previewed a sneak peek of the film . With the release of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 on April 28 , 2017 in the UK , Disney premiered a 5 - minute extended sequence of the film in front of the Marvel film . Home media ( edit ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 19 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on October 3 , 2017 . In its first week to sale were the top home media release . The Blu - ray version accounted for 78 % of the sales . Meanwhile , the home video release of the new `` Pirates '' sequel helped bring previous films in the franchise back into the Blu - ray top 25 , with 2011 's On Stranger Tides at No. 12 , 2007 's At World 's End at No. 19 , and 2006 's Dead Man 's Chest at No. 20 . The original film , 2003 's Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , landed at No. 23 . Hacking incident ( edit ) In May 2017 , the film was allegedly stolen by a group of piracy hackers , who demanded a large sum of money from Disney in order for them not to distribute the unreleased film . The company refused to do so and worked with the FBI in order to get the identity of the group . Also Disney CEO , Bob Iger reported that hackers did not steal their movie . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales grossed $172.5 million in the United States and Canada and $622 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $794.2 million , against a production budget of $230 million . The film had a worldwide opening of $271.4 million from 55 markets , with $24 million coming from 1,088 IMAX screens . The film 's six - day opening gross pushed the franchise gross past the $4 billion mark . Despite being the lowest - grossing film of the series in the US by nearly $70 million , the film became the highest - grossing entry of the Pirates franchise internationally when going by modern foreign - exchange rates , passing On Stranger Tides , which grossed $593.4 million at current rates . Despite weak US totals , Deadline.com noted the film should turn a net profit of around $280 million after factoring together all expenses and revenues . North America ( edit ) In April 2017 , early projections had the film grossing $115 million over its four - day Memorial Day opening weekend . In early May , projections were adjusted to $90 -- 100 million , which was again lowered down to $80 -- 85 million , with a chance of hitting $100 million , by the week of its release . It was released in 4,276 theaters , of which over 3,100 were 3D , including 400 IMAX locations , over 500 Premium Large Format locations , 170 D - Box locations , 10 4D auditoriums and three venues featuring the ScreenX three - screen format . It opened Friday , May 26 , 2017 , and earned $23.4 million on its opening day , including $5.5 million it made from Thursday night previews . Its opening day was the lowest of the franchise . In total , it grossed $63 million over three days , and $78.5 million over four ( Friday -- Monday ) , finishing first at the box office ahead of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and fellow newcomer Baywatch . On a three - day basis , the film did 31 % less than On Stranger Tides did over its first three days in 2011 , after adjusting for inflation , and on a four - day basis , it was down 34 % from At World 's End and overall is the second - smallest debut of the franchise after the first film . Despite the film registering the highest test score in the series ' history , the opening came in well below initial expectations , which was attributed to various reasons , such as Johnny Depp 's diminishing returns and his depreciating public image amid his personal problems , the wave of negative reviews from critics ( mainly on Rotten Tomatoes ) , franchise fatigue and the problem of Memorial Day weekend failing to attract considerable moviegoers in the past years . However , although the film 's opening was below predictions , it was n't considered a fatal failure and was better than Disney had for its last few Memorial Day releases ( Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , Tomorrowland and Alice Through the Looking Glass ) . Studio executives said they were pleased with the movie 's opening , both in the US and abroad . Its opening further helped Disney push past $1 billion in the US to record the second - fastest time a studio has reached the mark in the US , second only to Disney 's own record from 2016 when the studio surpassed $1 billion in early May . After dropping by 73 % on its second Friday , the worst Friday - to - Friday drop in the series , the film fell by a total of 65 % in its second weekend , also the worst of the series , grossing $22.1 million . As a result , it finished in third place , after newcomers Wonder Woman ( $103.3 million ) and Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( $23.9 million ) . It made $10.7 million in its third weekend , $9 million in its fourth and $5.2 million in its fifth , respectively , finishing 4th , 6th and 7th at the box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , where it is marketed as Salazar 's Revenge in many countries , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 54 markets ( 91 % of its total marketplace , except Japan , where it debuted on July 1 ) . Preliminary reports had the film opening to $150 -- 175 million , but possibly overperforming depending on major markets , most notably China . While its Chinese run benefited from the Dragon Boat Festival -- a lucrative moviegoing period -- from May 28 -- 30 as well as from International Children 's Day ( June 1 ) , the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing had a deteriorating effect on certain European markets , and eased moviegoing admissions across the continent over the film 's opening weekend . From Wednesday to Friday , it registered an opening of $208.8 million . Around $14 million of that came from IMAX screenings , the second - biggest international IMAX opening in May only after Captain America : Civil War . Similar to its US plunge , it earned $73.8 million in its second weekend , thus , falling in second place behind Wonder Woman . It recorded the biggest opening day of the year in several markets including Germany ( $3.6 million ) , Austria , France ( $2.3 million ) , Finland , Sweden , Belgium , Thailand ( $400,000 ) , Indonesia , Malaysia and the Netherlands ( $900,000 , also the second - biggest Disney bow , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) , while Russia opened with $4 million , the fifth - biggest ever . In terms of opening , Russia posted the biggest opening of all time with $18.4 million ( $18.6 million including previews ) while South Korea ( $11.5 million ) , France ( $9.1 million ) , Germany ( $8.3 million ) , Mexico ( $6.9 million ) , the UK ( $6.1 million ) , Brazil ( $5.6 million ) , Italy ( $5.5 million ) , Australia ( $4.4 million ) , Spain ( $4.4 million ) , Indonesia ( $4 million ) , Taiwan ( $3.6 million ) , India ( $3 million ) and Argentina ( $3 million ) recorded the top openings . In China , where the film had its global premiere , it earned $21.3 million on its opening day , the fourth - biggest Disney opening day in the country . It had an 87 % marketshare and had already surpassed the entire earnings of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Earning a total of $67.9 million , it registered the third - highest three - day for any Disney title , only behind Captain America : Civil War and Avengers : Age of Ultron and a much higher opening than the U.S. The film did extremely well in IMAX , earning $9 million from 401 screens from Friday to early Monday bookings . The robust opening has been attributed to the Dragon Boat Festival , as well as Depp 's star power , the ubiquity of the franchise , the impact of the Shanghai Disneyland Park , which opened last year and good word of mouth -- it has a score of 7.5 / 10 on reviews aggregator Douban , and 8.7 / 10 on top mobile ticketing platform Weying . The final market for the film to be released in was Japan ( July 1 ) , where it opened at Number 1 , achieving the highest - grossing opening for a Western film of the year , earning $9.25 million over the July 1 -- 2 weekend . It remained at the number 1 spot at the box office for three weeks . The biggest earning markets so far are China ( $172.3 million ) , followed by Japan ( $55 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $40.7 million ) , where is the second - highest - grossing film ever , behind only Avatar , Germany ( $31 million ) , France ( $28.7 million ) and U.K. ( $25.1 million ) . The film is the highest - grossing of the series internationally by modern - foreign exchange rates . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 29 % based on 230 reviews , with an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales proves that neither a change in directors nor an undead Javier Bardem is enough to drain this sinking franchise 's murky bilge . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Mike Ryan of Uproxx criticized the convoluted plot and overabundance of characters , writing : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man Tell No Tales is practically incoherent . I 've been trying to wrap my head around the ' plot , ' but it 's been futile . I 've asked literally eight other people who saw this movie to answer a couple specific questions and no one has been able to do it . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers called the film `` bloated , boring , repetitive and draining '' and gave it one star out of four , saying , `` Abandon ship , audiences . Paying cash money to see Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales is the equivalent of walking the plank . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the film returns `` to the basic formula of the first three Pirates films directed by Gore Verbinski , in which Johnny Depp 's louche and campy Jack Sparrow played second banana to an insipid love story ... the two romantic leads ( ... ) succeed only in making the shortest movie in the series seem just as long as the rest . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` Its pleasures are so meager , its delight in its own inventions so forced and false , that it becomes almost the perfect opposite of entertainment . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post remarked that the film was `` loud , overstimulating and hard to take in all in one sitting '' , comparing it to a `` vacation that you 'll need a vacation from . '' Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle found the film to be `` a jumble of half - baked impulses '' , with the film 's directors `` trying to pump air and passion into a stinking corpse of a franchise . '' Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Dead Men works well enough as a stand - alone , swashbuckling comedic spectacle , thanks to the terrific performances , some ingenious practical effects , impressive CGI and a steady diet of PG - 13 dialogue peppered with not particularly sophisticated but ( I have to admit ) fairly funny sexual innuendo . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com praised the film , calling it `` the most entertaining installment , '' giving credit to Directors Rønning and Sandberg for creating a `` rollicking good time '' . He praised the visual effects , particularly Salazar and his crew , arguing that it should be in line to receive an Academy Award for Visual Effects . He also gave high praise to Bardem for being able to create such a `` fully dimensional villain '' under the layers of make - up and CGI , as well as Depp for keeping the film and franchise going . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' B ' , praising the fun nature of the film as well as its visuals , calling it `` gorgeously detailed swashbuckling nonsense , '' but wished that the script had taken more risks instead of following the formula used in previous films . Ashley Esqueda of CNET gave the film a positive review , arguing it brought the franchise back to what made its first two installments so fun , and praised Depp 's performance as `` delightful as ever . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying `` What was once a past - its - prime franchise seems to have found new life . '' Mark Hughes of Forbes opined `` Dead Men Tell No Tales is n't as good as the first three films , but it 's better than the fourth film '' , adding `` it has mostly good performances , and a couple of great ones . It has fantastic visual effects , lots of humor that works , a lighthearted feel and sense of fun , and many terrific action set pieces to make your eyeballs pop out . '' Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise The film was nominated for six Teen Choice Awards : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor , Sci - fi / Fantasy Actress , Sci - Fi Fantasy villain and Sci - Fi Fantasy Liplock . Sequel ( edit ) Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized . The post-credit scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , and Davy Jones , implying that Will and Elizabeth will be main characters again and Davy Jones would be the main antagonist in a sixth film . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . See also ( edit ) De-aging in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brzeski , Patrick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to World Premiere at Shanghai Disneyland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp absent from first Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge teaser trailer '' . Yahoo ! Movies UK . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ′ Directors Tease ' Dead Men ' Sequel '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ali Plumb ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario on Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : ' It 'll be much more like the first film ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Reviews Draw Comparisons to The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . E ! News . May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed reviews for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Delayed Until End of 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess , Matthew ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . The Age . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Total Film . June 2017 , Issue 258 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Revisits Its Dual Disney Legacies '' . April 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Dude Who Plays A Young Jack Sparrow Looks Alarmingly Like Johnny Depp '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Trevor ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Setting Sail with Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . 3D Total . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine . June 2017 , Issue 336 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Empire Magazine . June 2017 , Issue 336 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Bardem dishes on Pirates of the Caribbean make - up '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Laura , Nauman , Zoe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' He knows Australia quite well ! ' : Geoffrey Rush says Pirates Of The Caribbean actor Johnny Depp has enjoyed secret trips Down Under ahead of Gold Coast filming '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe - heraldsun '' . www.heraldsun.com.au . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates 5 : Will Turner 's Son Confirmed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed , Tufayel ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : Brenton Thwaites CONFIRMS role opposite Johnny Depp in swashbuckling sequel '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Christmas ad Scot to star in Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali Plumb ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario on Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : ' It 'll be much more like the first film ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huw Fullerton . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : Who is Kaya Scodelario playing ? '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Officially Confirmed for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' ( D23 Expo 2015 ) '' . Slashfilm.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : bigfootkam ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` More new footage # JohnnyDepp on # BlackPearl # KevinMcNally , # MartinKlebba , # GilesNew # AngusBarnett V1 '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Kamali , Luke ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Says Pirates of the Caribbean 5 May Be a Soft Reboot '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley confirmed for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Adds Three to Cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flemng , Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Paul McCartney Joins Johnny Depp & Crew For ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCahill , Mike ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales review -- Cap'n Jack 's panto 's back '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Spoilers ) : Did anyone notice this easter egg during the flashback scene ? r / piratesofthecaribbean '' . reddit . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( December 4 , 2010 ) . `` Disney will set sail for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 & 6 back - to - back '' . HitFix.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Will Hit Theaters July 2015 ; ' Maleficent ' Moves to Summer 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Is Being Rewritten ; Rob Marshall May Direct '' . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` D23 : The Official Disney Fan Club '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BWW . `` Rob Marshall to Direct INTO THE WOODS Film for Disney ! '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Raimi , Shawn Levy And Others Being Considered For Pirates 5 Directing Job - CINEMABLEND '' . June 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Getting Close On ' Pirates 5 ' Director ; Here 's The Short List '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Total Film . June 2017 . Issue 258 . Jump up ^ Klompus , Jack ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' title revealed '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine . June 2017 . Issue 336 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Has Not Been Greenlit Yet '' . Screenrant.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen 2 , Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 Are n't Happening Any Time Soon '' . CinemaBlend.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Delayed ; 2016 Release Likely '' . ComingSoon.net . September 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to Hit Theaters July 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Caranicas . `` Below the Line Agencies Place Clients in Films and TV Shows - Variety '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Taps Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Sets Terry Rossio To Script Fifth ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Installment '' . Deadline , com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rossio , Terry ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` WORDPLAY / Columns / 55 . `` Time Risk '' by Terry Rossio `` . Wordplayer.com . ^ Jump up to : Nepales , Ruben ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Depp has high hopes for ' Pirates 5 ' Inquirer Entertainment '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp pledges future to ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' & Film & TV News '' . NME . May 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stadler , Nancy ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush is n't rushing to exit Disney 's `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' film franchise `` . JimHillMedia.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Margaret , Mary ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush On ' Pirates ' 4 : Jack Sparrow Has Met His Match '' . Parade . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ingham , James ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` Orlando Bloom would love to go back to Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Daily Star . UK . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Naomie Harris on the Incredible True Story Behind Her New Film ( and Her Possible Pirates Return ) '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swanwick , Tristan ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Bloom says he 's ' in discussions ' about returning to Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 -- mainly because of Johnny Depp '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Will Return for the Fifth Pirates of the Caribbean Movie '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Casts Its New Villain ? '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda , Sneider , Jeff ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Brenton Thwaites in Talks to Join ' Pirates of the Carribbean 5 ' ( sic ) ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Oh , Henry ! Disney Chasing Hearththrobs For Next ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario Boards Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . The Age . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates abandon ships as Johnny Depp and crew prepare to set sail for final scenes in Whitsundays '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christoph Waltz and Rebecca Hall Circling ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ParentHerald ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' Rumors , Latest News and Updates : Orlando Bloom Leads Reboot ? '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Javier Bardem May Play Villain in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . IGN.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penelope Cruz Talks TWICE BORN , THE COUNSELOR , I 'M SO EXCITED and PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN 5 '' . September 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` exkevinmcnally '' . January 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sayers , Sarah ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Shiver me timbers ! Pirates Of The Caribbean searching for Australians to star as busty wenches and buccaneers alongside Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Speculation Pirates of the Caribbean cast shooting two films at once on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ bigfootkam ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` # JohnnyDepp greeting # GilesNew # AngusBarnett onboard # BlackPearl with # KevinMcNally , # MartinKlebba '' . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Richards to star in Pirates 5 '' . October 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Greg Ellis wonders if his `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' character will be returning for the fifth film in this series `` . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Norrington Death Support Group '' . Jump up ^ Pirates of The Caribbean 5 Lee Arenberg Interview . YouTube . May 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Lee Arenberg Interview '' . Outright Geekery . October 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louise ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mackenzie Crook interview : Game Of Thrones , The Detectorists , Pirates 5 '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie Crook turned down Pirates of the Caribbean to focus on Detectorists '' . Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie Crook 's Pirates nostalgia '' . The List . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` leearenberg '' . February 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Keira Knightley returns in new Pirates of the Caribbean trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Joachim Rønning , Espen Sandberg Contract ' Amnesia ' As Possible Post - ' Pirates ' Project '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jerry Bruckheimer Talks Status of ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Indiewire.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 gets green light to shoot in Australia '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Maria ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Open for business ! Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 starts production Down Under with cast and crew arriving ... and Johnny Depp set to join them next year '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean movie confirmed to film in Queensland '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crane , Kristoffer ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 has strict requirements for swashbuckling extras '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Shaya ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Helensvale set chosen to film ship scenes for Pirates of the Caribbean blockbuster '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedo , Stephanie ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 filming location no longer a secret as nosy Maudsland locals take a peak at Hollywood at work '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( June 2017 ) . `` VFX : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . Post Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Kelle ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dead Men Tell No Tales DP on how They Made the Splashiest Pirates Film of All Time '' . Where to Watch . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Jack ; Simonot Suzanne ; Wuth Robyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean to shoot at Doug Jennings Park on The Spit as Broadwater becomes Hollywood backdrop '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp and Pirates of Caribbean in search of calmer waters in Raby Bay after seasickness hits '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Depp declares love for Sunshine State '' . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Disney confirms Depp set to battle deadly ghost pirates in Dead Men 's plot on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Johnny , Orlando Bloom the Hollywood heavyweight in Coast 's Pirates spotlight '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean star Orlando Bloom spotted out and about on the Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean invade NSW '' . Jump up ^ Ironside , Robyn ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean ' pests ' to be quarantined for a month on Gold Coast '' . News.com.au . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Anger at bid to fly monkeys to Australia for Pirates of the Caribbean film '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joshua Robertson . `` Monkey bites woman on ear in sneak attack near Pirates of the Caribbean set '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolz , Greg ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mobile phones with `` eye patches '' amid extreme security measures on set of Pirates of the Caribbean `` . Courier Mail . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriend of ' pirate ' tells of romance as he is charged for film set stunt '' . 9news.com.au . March 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Injured on Location for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp hand injury delays Pirates of the Caribbean filming '' . BBC News . March 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ van Boom , Daniel ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` The second coming ! Johnny Depp 's return Down Under imminent as Pirates Of The Caribbean set to resume filming next week after stopping for star 's surgery '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Captain Jack 's back : Johnny Depp to resume filming Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Injured star 's curse of the Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales wraps but local crew says it 's been top for Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Captain Jack Sparrow to visit the Whitsundays next week '' . Whitsunday Times . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood North : Pirates of the Caribbean coming ashore in Vancouver '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales IMAX Comparison '' . May 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Joachim Rønning Jul 8 , 2016 at 6 : 15pm UTC '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . 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Yahoo Finance . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' $208 Overseas Start And $275 M Global Take Will Push Disney Franchise Past $4 B Mark '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Clears $77 M in U.S. ; ' Baywatch ' Capsizes With $23 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Dunkirk ' Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4 M No. 1 Spot For $105 M+ Global Opening ; ' Valerian ' $23.5 M Start '' . Deadline.com . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Profit Will ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men ' Tell ? '' . Deadline.com . May 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Baywatch ' Looking To Catch A Wave At The B.O. By Opening One Day Earlier '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Preview : ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Baywatch ' Set Sail for Uncertain Shores '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro and Nancy Tartaglione ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' Hopes To Make Waves Around The World With $230 M+ Launch -- Memorial Day Weekend Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Snags Okay $23.4 M Friday For $110 M Global Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 26 - 28 , 2017 - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 leads slow holiday weekend at box office '' . Associated Press . 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Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Hooks No. 1 , ' Baywatch ' Belly Flops '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Top Memorial Day Weekend Box Office as ' Baywatch ' Struggles '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Plunges 73 % , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Tumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Past $500 M Worldwide , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Crumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez On Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` comScore Announces Official Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of May 28 , 2017 '' . comScore . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sailing Toward $80 Million , ' Baywatch ' Eyes $40 Million '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Holiday Box Office : Dragon Boat Festival '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sails Toward $300 Million Opening Weekend Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $34.5 M In Offshore Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Powers $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global In Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sets Sail With $40 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sonia Kil ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Korea Box Office : ' Pirates ' Rules Weekend , ' President ' Lands in Second '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Overtakes ' Baahubali 2 ' While Sachin Tendulkar Biopic Wins The Duel With ' Pirates 5 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $86.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Off With $67.8 M in Treasure '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates ' Sails Off With $66 Million Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Opens at No. 1 in Japan '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Jul 16 , 2017 at 7 : 06pm UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Crosses $500 Million at Global Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Aug 2 , 2017 at 8 : 20am UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : A Confusing Revival '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Abandon Ship ! '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean slogs out to sea for the fifth time in Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales . ' Not Very Well , Anyway . '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' : Long , Loud and Overstimulating '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Pirates ' : Some Dead Things Ca n't Be Resurrected '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Smartly there ! Latest ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' picks up the pace '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Johnny Depp And A Couple Of Oscar Winners Help Keep This Fun Ride Afloat '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Is Gorgeously Detailed Swashbuckling Nonsense '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Esqueda , Ashley ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates 5 ' review : This time around , dead men tell good tales '' . CNET . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Johnny Depp 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' rights ship with ' Dead Men ' '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Comes Close To What You Want '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lupo , Marc ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : All the Nominees and Winners '' . US Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney will set sail for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 & 6 back - to - back '' . December 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates 5 May Not Be Captain Jack 's Final Adventure '' . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Post-Credits Scene Explained '' . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 6 May Depend On Pirates 5 Home Release '' . ScreenRant . September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-6-kaya-scodelario-return/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ComicFade/status/915333922883432448 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Official website Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Films directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Roenberg Bandidas ( 2006 ) Max Manus : Man of War ( 2008 ) Kon - Tiki ( 2012 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Men_Tell_No_Tales&oldid=807733835 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2017 3D films 2010s 3D films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American films American sequel films American fantasy adventure films Films about revenge Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films set in the 18th century Films set in the Caribbean Films set on fictional islands Films shot in Australia Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Treasure hunt films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Pirate films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 20 : 58 . 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About Wikipedia	where was the pirates of the caribbean 5 filmed	[ "On January 15, 2014, directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg confirmed that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans[88] and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana.[89] However, a spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations.[90] According to Australian film industry sources, on location pre-production started in late September 2014 and its cost is around $250 million.[91] This was officially confirmed by Disney and the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2, 2014, stating that filming will take place exclusively in Queensland, Australia, being the largest production to ever shoot in the country. Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations.[92] On January 1, 2015, The Rainbow Gypsy, a 15-year-old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley, sailed into the Gold Coast to start the extensive refit, which will include a new bowsprit and reconfigured decks and cabins in order to become the Dying Gull, a single-masted ghost ship. Its captain and owner Kit Woodward was a rigger on the film.[93]" ]	[ "Queensland, Australia" ]
5513819413725414912	Peter Ostrum	Peter Ostrum - wikipedia Peter Ostrum Peter Ostrum D.V.M. Peter Ostrum in 2011 Peter Gardner Ostrum ( 1957 - 11 - 01 ) November 1 , 1957 ( age 60 ) Dallas , Texas , U.S. Residence Lowville , New York , U.S. Education Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine Alma mater Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine ( 1984 ) Occupation Actor ( 1971 ) Veterinarian ( 1984 -- present ) Employer Countryside Veterinary Clinic Lowville , New York , U.S. Known for Acting in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Home town Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. Spouse ( s ) Loretta M. Lepkowski Children Peter Gardner Ostrum ( / ˈoʊstrəm / ; born November 1 , 1957 ) is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka . Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film , he opted not to sign a three - film contract when it was over . After eschewing a career in film and theatre , Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role . In 1990 , he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film , and he became a subject of interest again when the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to theaters . Ostrum became interested in horses when he returned from shooting Willy Wonka , and was particularly influenced by the veterinarian that tended to them . Receiving his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1984 , as of 2005 Ostrum practiced and lived in Lowville , New York with his wife Loretta ( née Lepkowski ) , and two children : son , Leif , and daughter , Helenka . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Acting career 2.1 Lasting effect 3 Veterinary career 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Peter Gardner Ostrum was born on November 1 , 1957 in Dallas , Texas . Ostrum was living in Cleveland , Ohio at age twelve , a city of which he was described as a native by MSNBC . Ostrum married Loretta M. Lepkowski in 1987 or 1988 . The couple has two children , Helenka and Leif , with the latter following his father onto stage as the leading actor in several South Lewis Central School musicals . The Ostrums lived in Lowville , New York as recently as 2005 . Acting career ( edit ) Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children 's theatre , when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for the actor to portray Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel , then returned to New York . Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming . In 2000 , Ostrum recalled that shooting Willy Wonka in Munich was `` sort of like being an exchange student for five months '' . Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark , Munich , for the 1972 Summer Olympics , and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson . Ostrum was tutored on - set for three hours a day , though sometimes only for 30 -- 60 minutes at a time . Though in his audition he had been assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed , it was Ostrum 's own singing voice that made it to the screen -- albeit significantly cut . In a 2011 interview , Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film , and later on asked him how he got it because he had forgotten that he had done so ; it is Ostrum 's only souvenir from the set . After he finished shooting Willy Wonka , the then 13 - year - old Ostrum declined the offer of a three - film contract , later recalling that `` ( e ) verybody thinks that acting is such a glamorous profession , but it 's a difficult profession . '' In January 2018 , Ostrum said he sometimes misses acting -- though not its hurry - up - and - wait nature -- but feels he dodged having to make the transition from child - to adult - actor . As of January 2018 , Ostrum still received US $8 -- 9 in royalty payments about every three months . Lasting effect ( edit ) In his senior year , Ostrum was involved in film class and , at the interest of one of his instructors , looked back into theatre and acting . After auditioning for , but not landing , several roles ( including Equus on Broadway ) , Ostrum decided not to pursue it further . After putting his short film career behind him , Ostrum declined reporters and interviews , preferring not to speak on the subject ; `` I wanted people to judge me on who I was , not what I 'd done '' . For some time , Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother , and not he , had starred in the film . It took Ostrum years after moving to Lowville before he told anybody there about his one - time stardom ; even his wife Loretta did not know about his role until he warned her about it just before she met his mother . Ostrum in November 2017 Since 1990 , Ostrum has since spoken to students at Lowville Academy once a year -- on the last day of school , as a special treat -- about his experience in Willy Wonka as well as his work in veterinary medicine . The students chiefly ask about the film 's special effects , and Ostrum describes to them `` what happened to Veruca , how did Violet blow up like a blueberry , how did Charlie fly with Grandpa Joe , all those types of questions . '' Ostrum also accepted an invitation to appear at the 2018 Snowtown Film Festival in Watertown , New York , answering audience questions after a screening of the film ; `` it 's in my backyard -- it 's become a popular event in January and I like to support local events . '' Ostrum said of the 2018 event that he enjoyed re-watching the film , and that people ask him `` great questions . '' Ostrum has been called `` the most famous man in Lowville '' , where the local video rental shop has twice worn out its VHS copy of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In the run - up to the release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005 , Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1 's list of `` 100 Greatest Kid Stars '' ( placing 78th ) . On the new film , Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole , saying that `` It 's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it 's been redecorated . '' Ultimately , the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone , and requested `` please , no more interviews . '' In January 2009 , Ostrum teamed up with Dunkin ' Donuts to hand out free rides on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) at South Station in Boston , Massachusetts ; Ostrum 's participation connected the MBTA 's CharlieCards he was handing out with his portrayal of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka . The promotion also gave out one `` golden ticket '' , worth unlimited rides on MBTA and unlimited Dunkin ' Donuts coffee for 2009 . In October 2000 , Ostrum and some of his co-stars from the film were scheduled to record an audio commentary for a special edition DVD . In a 2010 interview , Wonka co-star Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregarde ) revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen ( Wonka 's Mike Teevee ) for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the film 's release in 2011 . Veterinary career ( edit ) I can remember the veterinarian coming out and taking care of the horses , and it made a huge impression on me , ( ... ) This person really enjoyed what he did for a living . My father was a lawyer , and I really did n't have a clue what he did all day . But I knew exactly what the veterinarian did . Someone making a living from something he enjoyed so much really sparked my interest . 2000 interview with Peter Ostrum Soon after Ostrum returned home from filming Willy Wonka , his family acquired a horse ; while the teenaged Ostrum was interested in the horse , it was the animal 's veterinarian that left a lasting impression on him . Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college , Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania . Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood , and even visited California for a week to `` test the waters '' there . He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine instead , feeling that he would forever berate himself if he did n't . In 1984 , Peter Ostrum received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine . As of February 2018 , Ostrum worked out of the Countryside Veterinary Clinic in Lowville , New York , where he works mainly with horses and cows . He has taken part in the video series Veterinarians on Call , funded by Pfizer , highlighting the work of large animal veterinarians . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baker , Jesse ( 2005 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Original Charlie Revisits ' The Chocolate Factory ' '' . New York City , U.S. : NPR . Archived from the original ( streaming audio ) on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Julie Dawn ; Esslinger , Michael ( 2011 ) . `` Munich '' . I Want It Now ! ( First ed . ) . Duncan , Oklahoma : BearManor Media . pp. 52 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 074 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kurtti , Jeff ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter Six : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . The Great Movie Musical Trivia Book . New York City : Applause Books . pp. 103 -- 120 . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 222 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Original Charlie Bucket keeps low profile '' . Lowville , New York , U.S. : msnbc.com . Associated Press . 2005 - 07 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Peter Ostrum turned down three - picture deal after original ' Wonka ' Jump up ^ Cavazos , Norma ( 2006 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Television Q&A '' . The Dallas Morning News . ISSN 1553 - 846X . ^ Jump up to : Avallone , Elaine M. ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Dr. Ostrum relates to being Charlie Bucket following showing of film '' . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown , New York . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Ostrum and the chocolate factory '' . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . Schaumburg , Illinois , U.S. : American Veterinary Medical Association . 2000 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter ; Cole , Julie Dawn ( 2011 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Peter Ostrum and Julie Dawn Cole interview Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Chuck the Movieguy 's Celebrity Interviews ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Chuck Thomas . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter . `` ' Never Wanted to Be an Actor ' '' . New York City , U.S. : NPR . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Grant , Bridgit . `` Whatever Happened to Willy Wonka 's Children ? '' . Daily Express . London , UK : Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter ; McCall Gosselin ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) . Wonka 's Charlie Bucket says to Boston commuters , `` You Kin ' Do It ! '' . Canton , Massachusetts , U.S. : Dunkin ' Donuts . Archived from the original ( YouTube ) on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Potempa , Phil ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Willy Wonka ' child actress feeling better - than - blue about future film reunion '' . The Times of Northwest Indiana . Munster , Indiana , U.S. : Lee Enterprises . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stephanie Fellenstein ( 1 Jan 2012 ) . `` Vets take the stage in new reality series '' . veterinarynews.dvm360.com . DVM360 Magazine . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Doctors '' . Lowville , New York : Countryside Veterinary Clinic , LLP . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` 2010 - 04 - 23 Watertown Daily Times '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . External links ( edit ) Peter Ostrum on IMDb Countryside Veterinary Clinic , LLP ISNI : 0000 0000 5334 6946 MusicBrainz : 9f0e84d6 - 6394 - 4e87 - 90cf - 2696b7a5445c VIAF : 48910887 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ostrum&oldid=852422732 '' Categories : 1957 births Living people American veterinarians American male child actors Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine alumni Male actors from Cleveland People from Lowville , New York People from Dallas American male film actors Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 22 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played charlie in charlie and the chocolate factory original	[ "Peter Gardner Ostrum (/ˈoʊstrəm/;[1] born November 1, 1957) is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. \n" ]	[ "Peter Gardner Ostrum" ]
-7402185531885531736	Chase Center (arena)	Chase Center ( arena ) - wikipedia Chase Center ( arena ) Jump to : navigation , search Chase Center Address Third Street & South Street Location San Francisco , California Coordinates 37 ° 46 ′ 05 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 15 '' W / 37.76806 ° N 122.38750 ° W / 37.76806 ; - 122.38750 Coordinates : 37 ° 46 ′ 05 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 15 '' W / 37.76806 ° N 122.38750 ° W / 37.76806 ; - 122.38750 Public transit UCSF Mission Bay Station Type Arena Capacity 18,064 Construction Broke ground January 17 , 2017 Architect MANICA Architecture ( Design architect ) Gensler ( Interiors ) Structural engineer Walter P Moore , Magnusson Klemencic Associates Services engineer Walter P Moore ( Facade / Enclosure ) General contractor Clark Construction Group / Mortenson Construction Tenants Golden State Warriors ( NBA ) ( 2019 -- ) ( planned ) Chase Center is a multi-purpose arena under construction in the Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco that will open before the 2019 -- 20 NBA season . Groundbreaking of the arena happened during the 2016 -- 17 NBA season . It will mainly be used for basketball , becoming the new home of the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Warriors , who have been located in the San Francisco Bay Area since 1962 , have played their home games at Oracle Arena in Oakland since 1971 . A map of Chase Center 's planned location Contents ( hide ) 1 Location and design 2 Planned opening 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Location and design ( edit ) The name of Chase Center was announced on January 28 , 2016 , as part of an agreement with JPMorgan Chase . The planned location for the arena , which would house the Golden State Warriors , is in San Francisco at Third St and 16th St. The location will have an overlook of the water . The arena will have multiple layers and floors and will have a seating capacity of 18,000 people . It will also include a multi-purpose area that includes a theater configuration with an entrance overlooking a newly built park . It will contain 580,000 square feet ( 54,000 m ) of office and lab space and have 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) of retail space . There will also be a public plaza / recreation area designed by landscape architecture firm SWA Group that is 35,000 square feet . The construction will include a parking facility of about 950 spaces and will be accessible to the public transportation around the area . A new subway line is also under construction that will link the arena and the University of California , San Francisco to downtown hotels , convention centers and subway and commuter rail lines that serve the entire Bay Area . With a one - billion - dollar investment , Chase Center will anchor a district of 11 acres of restaurants , cafés , offices , public plazas and a new five - and - a-half - acre public waterfront park . Planned opening ( edit ) The plan for building a new arena was announced on May 22 , 2012 , at a Golden State Warriors press conference at the proposed site , attended by San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee , then - NBA Commissioner David Stern , California Lt. Governor Gavin Newsom , owners Joe Lacob and Peter Guber , and Warriors staff and city officials . A new privately financed , $500 million 17,000 to 19,000 - seat arena was planned to be located on Pier 30 - 32 along the San Francisco Bay waterfront , situated between the San Francisco Ferry Building and AT&T Park . A month after the proposal , the South Beach - Rincon - Mission Bay Neighborhood Association criticized the site and said that a second major league sport venue in the area would make it no longer `` family friendly '' . Former San Francisco mayor Art Agnos began speaking to dozens of community gatherings in opposition to the proposed arena , stating that the project was pushed by two out - of - town billionaires and would severely impact traffic and city views . On December 30 , 2013 , a ballot proposition was submitted to the city titled the `` Waterfront Height Limit Right to Vote Act '' . The initiative made it onto the June 2014 ballot as Proposition B , and its passage would affect three major waterfront developments , including the proposed Warriors arena . On April 19 , 2014 , the Warriors abandoned plans for the pier site and purchased a 12 - acre site owned by Salesforce.com at the Mission Bay neighborhood for an undisclosed amount . The arena project will be financed privately . The architect for the project is MANICA Architecture and the current plan for Chase Center is to have it built by 2019 before the NBA season starts . The plan for Chase Center to open earlier was pushed back multiple times due to many complaints about the location . Construction on the arena began in January 2017 . In April 2015 , the Mission Bay site was opposed by the Mission Bay Alliance , which cited traffic , lack of parking , and use of space that could go to UCSF expansion among other things as their reasons for opposition . Their complaint is that Chase Center will be located near UCSF Benioff Children 's Hospital and will create more traffic . Others say that this area can be used to expand the campus of UCSF . To avoid the plan to build Chase Center being voided , representatives of the project have been working to address these issues such as traffic and parking . The Golden State Warriors had the official groundbreaking ceremony for Chase Center on January 17 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Future Warriors arena to be named Chase Center '' . National Basketball Association . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dineen , J.K. ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors arena to be named Chase Center -- bank buys naming rights '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Neil ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Chase Center : San Francisco 's New Home for Basketball '' . www.chase.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` S.F. Office of Contract Administration , Bids & Contracts - Bid Document '' . mission.sfgov.org . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warriors ' San Francisco arena plans met by opposition '' . ABC7 San Francisco . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chase Center '' . www.chasecenter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pomin , Ernie ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Warriors Hold S.F. Press Conference , Will Privately Fund New Arena At Pier 30 / 32 Site '' . SB Nation Bay Area . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Warriors to build new arena , move back to S.F. '' San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sankin , Aaron ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Warriors ' San Francisco Arena Opposition Begins To Mount '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Carla ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Agnos ' homespun crusade to block Warriors arena '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Waterfront Height Limit Right to Vote Act '' ( PDF ) . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sabatini , Joshua ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` SF ballot fight over waterfront height limits has day in court '' . The Examiner . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coté , John ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Warriors shift arena plans to Mission Bay '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cestone , Vince ; KRON . `` Opposition to new Golden State Warriors arena in San Francisco expands '' . KRON4.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chase Center . Official website San Francisco Venue Development Project Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chase_Center_(arena)&oldid=825378338 '' Categories : Indoor arenas under construction in the United States Golden State Warriors JPMorgan Chase buildings Sports venues in San Francisco Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the new warriors stadium being built	[ "Chase Center is a multi-purpose arena under construction in the Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco that will open before the 2019–20 NBA season. Groundbreaking of the arena happened during the 2016–17 NBA season. It will mainly be used for basketball, becoming the new home of the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Warriors, who have been located in the San Francisco Bay Area since 1962, have played their home games at Oracle Arena in Oakland since 1971." ]	[ "Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco" ]
4022843293338354014	Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)	Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) This is an old revision of this page , as edited by Yobot ( talk contribs ) at 14 : 01 , 28 August 2017 ( Removed invisible unicode characters + other fixes ( Task 55 ) , replaced : → ( 4 ) using AWB ( 12151 ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 14 : 01 , 28 August 2017 by Yobot ( talk contribs ) ( Removed invisible unicode characters + other fixes ( Task 55 ) , replaced : → ( 4 ) using AWB ( 12151 ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.263 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , visual style , production merits , and musical score , though it received criticism for its similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest grossing film of 2017 and the 10th highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . A friendship develops as Belle nurses his wounds . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask . Belle realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed as her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the beggar Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast Main article : List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Emma Watson as Belle , a benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a hideous beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Rudi Goodman portrays the Prince as a child . Adam Mitchell provides the young prince 's singing voice . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Henry Garrett as The King , The Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , The Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production Development Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . Watson was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast -- Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , and Stanley Tucci -- were announced between March and April of that same year to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Music Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion - singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson - that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way ''. ( 18 ) She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today ''. ( 9 ) Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney classic . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the new Beauty and the Beast song on Disney 's Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video hosting service . Release On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , England ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . Reception Box Office Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $758.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.262 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 milion from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell - 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . 70 % of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . 70 % of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a + 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide release ; Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by - 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It top the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was however never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and overall the eleventh biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most commercial successful film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past 1 year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response Beauty and the Beast received mostly yet generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 70 % based on 284 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of the Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Won Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Beauty & the Beast Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Won Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Won Choice Liplock Won Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Nominated Dan Stevens Nominated Controversies Gay character Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly - talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . Belle and the Beast 's relationship Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . 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Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	who wrote the new beauty and the beast	[ "Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films.[5] The film is based on Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's eighteenth-century fairy tale.[6] The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles.[7]" ]	[ "Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos" ]
-3859514959317943989	Origin of the Eucharist	Origin of the Eucharist - wikipedia Origin of the Eucharist Jump to : navigation , search Jesus with the Eucharist at the Last Supper by Juan de Juanes , mid-late 16th century Part of a series on the Eucharist Lord 's Supper Communion Elements Bread Wine Ritual and liturgy Divine Liturgy Divine Service Mass Requiem Solemn Consecration / Anaphora Epiclesis Words of Institution Anamnesis Practices and customs Closed and Open Table Communion under both kinds Adoration Discipline Thanksgiving Reserved sacrament Feast of Corpus Christi First Communion Infant communion Viaticum Vessels Paten Chalice History Origin of the Eucharist Catholic historical roots Theology Real presence Consubstantiation Impanation Metousiosis Receptionism Sacramental union Transignification Transubstantiation Memorialism Sacrament Ordinance Denominational teachings Anglican Catholic Latter - day Saint Lutheran Related articles Black Mass Christian views on alcohol Host desecration Church teaching places the origin of the Eucharist in the Last Supper of Jesus with his disciples , at which he is believed to have taken bread and given it to his disciples , telling them to eat of it , because it was his body , and to have taken a cup and given it to his disciples , telling them to drink of it because it was the cup of the covenant in his blood . The earliest extant written account of a Christian eucharistia ( Greek : thanksgiving ) is that in the First Epistle to the Corinthians ( around AD 55 ) , in which Paul the Apostle relates `` eating the bread and drinking the cup of the Lord '' in the celebration of a `` Supper of the Lord '' to the Last Supper of Jesus some 25 years earlier . Paul considers that in celebrating the rite they were fulfilling a mandate to do so . The Acts of the Apostles presents the early Christians as meeting for `` the breaking of bread '' as some sort of ceremony . Writing around the middle of the second century , Justin Martyr gives the oldest description of something that can be recognised as the rite that is in use today . Earlier sources , the Didache , 1 Clement and Ignatius of Antioch provide glimpses of what Christians were doing in their eucharists . Later sources , Tertullian and the Apostolic Tradition , offer some details from around the year 200 . Once the Church `` went public '' after the conversion of Constantine the Great in the second decade of the fourth century , it was clear that the Eucharist was established as a central part of Christian life . Contemporary scholars debate whether Jesus meant to institute a ritual at his Last Supper ; whether the Last Supper was an actual historical event in any way related to the undisputed early `` Lord 's Supper '' or `` Eucharist '' and have asked if the Eucharist had its origins in a pagan context , where dinners to memorialize the dead were common . Contents ( hide ) 1 New Testament accounts 1.1 Institution narratives 1.2 Acts , Corinthians and Jude 2 Early Christianity 2.1 Early liturgies 3 Contemporary scholars and evolution of the Eucharist 3.1 Eucharist and its relation to the Last Supper 3.1. 1 Crossan 's Preliminary Stages 3.2 Problem of the historical Jewish prohibition against blood - drinking 4 Possible cultural influences 4.1 Jewish ritual meal practice 4.1. 1 Kiddush 4.1. 2 Chaburah 4.1. 3 Passover Seder 4.2 Greek and other ritual meal practice 4.2. 1 Deipnon , libation and symposion 4.2. 2 Mystery cults 4.2. 3 Totem - sacrifices 4.3 Pre-Pauline confluence of Greek and Jewish traditions and agapē 5 References 6 External links New Testament accounts ( edit ) Institution narratives ( edit ) In the New Testament there are four accounts of the institution of the Eucharist , the earliest by St Paul in his first letter to the Corinthians which links it back to the Last Supper and three in the Synoptic Gospels in the context of that same meal . Paul and the Synoptic Gospels in parallel columns 1 Corinthians 11 : 23 -- 26 Mark 14 : 22 -- 25 Matthew 26 : 26 -- 29 Luke 22 : 14 -- 20 In vv 17 -- 22 Paul criticises abuses of the Lord 's Supper prevalent in Corinth , he continues : For I received from the Lord what I also handed on to you , that the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took a loaf of bread , and when he had given thanks , he broke it and said , ' This is my body that is for you . Do this in remembrance of me . ' In the same way he took the cup also , after supper , saying , ' This cup is the new covenant in my blood . Do this , as often as you drink it , in remembrance of me . ' For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup , you proclaim the Lord 's death until he comes . In the preceding verses the evangelist makes it clear that the setting is a Passover meal . While they were eating , he took a loaf of bread , and after blessing it he broke it , gave it to them , and said , ' Take ; this is my body . ' Then he took a cup , and after giving thanks he gave it to them , and all of them drank from it . He said to them , ' This is my blood of the covenant , which is poured out for many . Truly I tell you , I will never again drink of the fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God . ' In the preceding verses the evangelist makes it clear that the setting is a Passover meal . While they were eating , Jesus took a loaf of bread , and after blessing it he broke it , gave it to the disciples , and said , ' Take , eat ; this is my body . ' Then he took a cup , and after giving thanks he gave it to them , saying , ' Drink from it , all of you ; for this is my blood of the covenant , which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins . I tell you , I will never again drink of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father 's kingdom . ' In the preceding verses the evangelist makes it clear that the setting is a Passover meal . When the hour came , he took his place at the table , and the apostles with him . He said to them , ' I have eagerly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer ; for I tell you , I will not eat it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God . ' Then he took a cup , and after giving thanks he said , ' Take this and divide it among yourselves ; for I tell you that from now on I will not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes . ' Then he took a loaf of bread , and when he had given thanks , he broke it and gave it to them , saying , ' This is my body , which is given for you . Do this in remembrance of me . ' And he did the same with the cup after supper , saying , ' This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood . Matthew obviously follows Mark 's account . Luke 's version differs at so many points from the Markan that some scholars believe it stems from another source . John , although he does not include an `` Institution Narrative '' , includes an account of a supper on the night Jesus was betrayed , including a footwashing scene . Chapters 13 -- 17 of the Gospel of John attribute to Jesus a series of teachings and prayers at his Last Supper , but does not mention any meal rituals . On the other hand , John 6 , in particular verses such as 6 : 55 -- 56 ( `` For my flesh is food indeed , and my blood is drink indeed . He who eats my flesh and drinks my blood abides in me , and I in him '' ) , is widely interpreted as an allusion to the Eucharist . Peculiarities in phrasing as compared to the Synoptics are thought to reflect the liturgical tradition of the Johannine community . A passage found in Luke records a command , found also in Paul , to his disciples , to `` do this as my memorial '' without specifying whether it should be performed annually , like the Passover , or more frequently . The text of the Lucan version is uncertain . A number of commentators conclude that the second half of 22 : 19 and all of 22 : 20 are later interpolations . In 1926 E.C. Ratcliff declared : `` The textus receptus indeed includes the command , but the passage in which it occurs is an interpolation of the Pauline account ; and whatever view be taken of the Lucan text , the command is no part of the original '' . However , C.P.M. Jones writing in 1978 comments `` Many scholars ( e.g. ... ) have returned to the support of the longer text , ... '' and the same position was taken by the majority of editors of the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament . The attribution to Jesus of the words ' This do in memory of Me ' . '' is therefore possible , but not certain . Jeremias says `` Do this in remembrance of me '' would better be translated `` That God may remember me . '' , but Richardson objects that the `` presence of one particular meaning must not be taken to exclude other shades of meaning , nuances and overtones '' . Acts , Corinthians and Jude ( edit ) The New Testament recounts a number of practices of religious table fellowship that would later be considered eucharistic . Paul the Apostle responded to abuses at a meal that the Corinthian Christians had at their meetings and that he did not deem worthy to be called `` a Supper of the Lord '' ( κυριακὸν δεῖπνον ) . He appeals to them to celebrate it worthily , since otherwise they would be answerable for the body and blood of the Lord , and elsewhere in the same letter , writes : `` You can not drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons . You can not partake of the table of the Lord and the table of demons . '' Paul had first evangelized the inhabitants of Corinth , in Greece , in 51 / 52 CE . Paul 's nascent congregation there was made up of pagan , not Jewish , converts ( 1 Corinthians 12 : 2 ) . All first - generation Christians were necessarily converts , either pagan or Jewish . They had written him regarding numerous matters of concern ( 1 Corinthians 7 : 1 ) . Criticizing what he had heard of their meetings , at which they had communal meals , one paragraph in Paul 's response reminded them about what he asserted he had `` received from the Lord '' and had `` passed on '' about Jesus ' actions and directives at his Last Supper . The ambiguities some find in that wording has generated reams of books , articles and opinions about the Origins of Eucharist . The Last Supper ( a one - off event ) and the eucharist ( a periodically repeated rite ) are not the same thing . Clearly the religious table fellowship tradition had been going on in the Early Christian Church , antedating Paul 's conversion , unless the contention is made that Paul invented it . In his 1994 book , A Feast of Meanings : Eucharistic Theologies from Jesus through Johannine Circles , Bruce Chilton wrote that Paul `` indeed ' received from the Lord ' ( 1 Corinthians 11 : 23 ) , through Cephas ( Galatians 1 : 18 ) , what he ' handed over ' ( 1 Corinthians 11 : 23 ) to his hearers. ... He reminds his hearers of what he already had taught as authoritative , a teaching ' from the Lord ' and presumably warranted by the earliest ' pillars ' : in that sense , what he hands on is not his own , but derives from his highest authority , ' the Lord ' ( 11 : 23 ) . '' Eugene LaVerdiere wrote : `` That is how Paul introduced the tradition , presenting himself as a link in the chain of Eucharistic tradition . He received ( paralambano ) the tradition of Eucharist in the early 40s while in the community at Antioch . He handed it on ( paradidomi ) to the Corinthians in the year 51 when first proclaiming the gospel to them . Like Paul , the Corinthians also were to become a link in the chain of Eucharistic tradition , handing on to others what Paul handed on to them . Several years later , circa 54 , Paul reminded them of this in 1 Corinthians . '' There are three references in Acts to `` the breaking of bread '' by early Christians at Jerusalem and by St Paul on his visit to Troas . The letters of Paul and the Acts of the Apostles make it clear that early Christianity believed that this institution included a mandate to continue the celebration as an anticipation in this life of the joys of the banquet that was to come in the Kingdom of God . The term `` Agape '' or `` Love - feast '' appears in the Jude 12 : `` These are blemishes on your love feasts , as they boldly carouse together , looking after themselves '' . Scholars of the Jesus Seminar generally regard the gospel accounts of the Last Supper as cult legend , that is , a story that accounts for some ritual practice in the Jesus movement . Early Christianity ( edit ) In the three hundred years after Jesus ' crucifixion , Christian practices and beliefs regarding the Eucharist took definitive shape as central to Christian worship . At first , they spread through word of mouth , but within a generation Christians had begun writing about Jesus and about Christian practice , the Eucharist included . The theology of the Eucharist and its role as a sacrament developed during this period . Basing himself on the First Apology and the Dialogue with Trypho of Justin Martyr writing around 150 AD , K.W. Noakes deduces the following liturgical structure was in use at that time : Scripture Readings and Homily . Intercessions and Kiss - of - Peace . Bread and Cup are brought to the Celebrant . Eucharistic Prayer ( flexible ) but following a fixed pattern with congregational `` Amen '' Distribution of the elements by the deacons to those present and absent . Collection . This corresponds in general outline to the structure of the rite as used today and is the earliest known example . The theology is as follows : the bread and wine are transformed into the Flesh and Blood of Jesus ; they are the pure sacrifice spoken of by Malachi ( 1 : 11 ) and the eucharistic prayer itself is both a thanksgiving for creation and redemption and an anamnesis ( Greek : memorial ) of the passion ( and possibly the incarnation ) . Information from the intervening period is scanty . Both the author of 1 Clement ( about 96 ) and Ignatius of Antioch ( about 108 ) are concerned that due order be maintained. ; `` Give heed to keep one Eucharist . For there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ , and one cup unto union with His blood . There is one altar , as there is one bishop , together with the presbytery and deacons , my fellow - servants ; that whatsoever you do , you may do according unto God '' ( Letter to the Philadelphians , 4 ) . The dating of the Didache is contentious , dates from the middle of the first century to the early third century have been suggested , but it may well be from the same period as 1 Clement and Ignatius . It states that the unbaptized left the assembly before the Eucharist proper began `` Let none eat or drink of your Eucharist but such as have been baptized into the name of the Lord , for of a truth the Lord hath said concerning this , Give not that which is holy unto dogs . '' . A composite of several documents , it includes ritual prayers and a mention of what it calls the εὐχαριστία ( Thanksgiving or Eucharist ) . According to the overwhelming consensus among scholars , the section beginning at 10.1 is a reworking of the Birkat hamazon the prayer that ends the Jewish ritual meal . Also , there is one possible pagan reference to an early morning celebration from about the year 112 in a letter of the younger Pliny to the emperor Trajan . Evidence from a slightly later period comes from Irenaeus and from the Apostolic Tradition . In his debate with gnostics who favoured an immaterial religion , the former affirms : `` Whenever , then , the mixed cup and the bread that has been made receive the word of God , the Eucharist becomes the body of Christ , and by it the substance of our flesh is nourished and sustained '' . The Apostolic Tradition poses a number of critical problems including the question as to whether the liturgies were ever used . However , the editors of The Study of Liturgy conclude that `` it is clearly safe ... to use the document as evidence for early third - century Rome '' . It contain what must be considered a complete prayer of consecration including a version of the Institution narrative . It is clear from the New Testament evidence that some primitive Christian ceremonies involved a full meal and the word `` agape '' ( love - feast ) is used . At some point these died out possbly as a result of increasing numbers and possibly due to abuses . Writing shortly after Justin , Tertullian describes `` love feasts '' . Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 -- 211 / 216 ) distinguished so - called `` Agape '' meals of luxurious character from the agape ( love ) `` which the food that comes from Christ shows that we ought to partake of '' . Accusations of gross indecency were sometimes made against the form that these meals sometimes took . Clement of Alexandria also mentions abuses , Stromata III , 2 , and the editor comments : `` The early disappearance of the Christian agapæ may probably be attributed to the terrible abuse of the word here referred to , by the licentious Carpocratians '' . Augustine of Hippo also objected to the continuance in his native North Africa of the custom of such meals , in which some indulged to the point of drunkenness , and he distinguished them from proper celebration of the Eucharist : `` Let us take the body of Christ in communion with those with whom we are forbidden to eat even the bread which sustains our bodies . '' He reports that even before the time of his stay in Milan , the custom had already been forbidden there . Canons 27 and 28 of the Council of Laodicea ( 364 ) restricted the abuses . Early liturgies ( edit ) See also : Anaphora ( liturgy ) The Didache gives in chapter 9 prayers for use in celebrating what it calls the Eucharist , involving a cup and broken bread , and in chapter 10 another prayer for use `` after you are filled '' . Scholars disagree on whether these texts concern a Eucharist in the proper sense . Between 150 and 155 AD , Justin Martyr describes the liturgy of his day in chapters 65 and 66 of his First Apology . The liturgy describes thanksgivings before the Anaphora . The consecration of the Eucharistic species is done with the words of 1 Cor. 11 : `` For the apostles , in the memoirs composed by them , which are called Gospels , have thus delivered unto us what was enjoined upon them ; that Jesus took bread , and when He had given thanks , said , `` This do ye in remembrance of Me , this is My body ; '' and that , after the same manner , having taken the cup and given thanks , He said , `` This is My blood ; '' and gave it to them alone . `` No full liturgies are known before the 3rd century . The earliest extant texts of an anaphora ( the central part of the Eucharistic liturgy , known also as the Eucharistic Prayer ) include the Anaphora of Addai and Mari , the Anaphora of the Apostolic Tradition and the Egyptian form of the Liturgy of Saint Basil . The earliest text that is similar to the Roman Canon is that quoted in De Sacramentis of Ambrose ( see History of the Roman Canon ) . Contemporary scholars and evolution of the Eucharist ( edit ) The gap of some twenty years between the date of the Last Supper and the writing of I Corinthians and the even longer period before the Gospels were written have led to doubts as to their historical reliability and the suggestion that they reflect the concerns and situation of the early Christians at the time of writing rather than reporting objectively events which occurred decades before . They therefore try to decide where the distinct components of the later rite originated by examining possible cultural elements , both Jewish and Hellenic , which already existed in the period under study . The underlying debate is over the relative contributions of Paul and Jesus and the possible intervention of other factors . One key consideration in this is the problem of the Jewish prohibition of drinking blood ( see below ) . Professor Robert J. Daly , S.J. , argues that Jesus did indeed institute the Eucharist , though it took generations and centuries of guidance from the Holy Spirit for the Eucharist to reach its current form . `` What Jesus did at the Last Supper is obviously at least the generative moment of the institution of the Eucharist . '' But it was not the Eucharist as we know it . `` The Eucharist that Christians now celebrate is what the Church , under the guidance of the Holy Spirit of the risen Jesus , and over the course of generations and centuries , learned to do as it celebrated table fellowship with its risen Lord . '' On the other hand , Bruce Chilton suggests that we can find in the New Testament six different ways of celebrating what Christians came to call the Eucharist , and can locate each of these in its own specific socio - religio - political setting . This would seem to make irrelevant a number of time - honored scholarly approaches , fundamental to which were , first , the `` literally true '' vs. `` literary fictions '' debate , and , second , the assumption that there was a unified line of development from the established Eucharist of later centuries back close to the time of the historical Jesus . The six Eucharists in the New Testament , according to Bruce Chilton Jesus ' Table Fellowship The `` Last Supper '' Petrine Christianity The Circle of James Paul and the Synoptics Jesus joined with his followers in meals that were designed to anticipate the coming of God 's kingdom . The meals were characterized by a readiness to accept the hospitality and the produce of Israel at large . A willingness to provide for the meals , to join in the fellowship , to forgive and to be forgiven , was seen by Jesus as a sufficient condition for eating in his company and for entry into the kingdom . Jesus ' approach to purity qualification was distinctive in its inclusiveness . For Jesus , the primary markers of purity , the primary requirements for table fellowship in the kingdom were : Israel as forgiven and willing to provide of its own produce . Jesus sought to influence or reform purity practices associated with the Temple . In his meals , as he shared wine , he started referring to it as the equivalent of the blood of an animal shed in sacrifice , and in sharing bread , claiming that its value was that of sacrificial flesh . `` Here was a sacrifice of sharings which the authorities could not control , and which the nature of Jesus ' movement made it impossible for them to ignore . Jesus ' meals after his failed occupation of the Temple became a surrogate of sacrifice , the second type of Eucharist . '' In this stage of Eucharistic development , the berakhah prayer of Judaism seems to have become a principal model of Eucharist . Bread took precedence over wine , and , as Acts 1 : 12 - 26 , 2 : 46 , and 3 : 14 : 37 clearly describe , a double domestication took place . Instead of seeking the hospitality of others , as the itinerant Jesus seemed to do , adherents of the movement , under the leadership of Peter and / or the Twelve , gathered in the homes of colleagues where they `` broke bread at home and ate their food with glad and generous hearts , praising God and having the goodwill of all the people '' ( Acts 2 : 46 -- 47 ) . In addition , apparently they also acknowledged the validity of sacrifice in the Temple . In doing this they changed the nature of the meal and the memory of what Jesus had said at that meal . For example , there is no mention of wine , nor does there , in this account of the earliest Christian gatherings , seem to have been any sense of being in tension with the officials of Judaism or its religious practices . The tendency to domestication is here pursued further , for the Eucharist is now seen as a Seder meal , open only to Jews in a state of purity , and to be celebrated only once a year , at Passover , in Jerusalem , as prescribed in Exodus 12 : 48 . The effect of this Jacobean program -- a possible antecedent to the later Quartodeciman practice ? -- `` was to integrate Jesus ' movement fully within the liturgical institutions of Judaism , to insist upon the Judaic identity of the movement and upon Jerusalem as its governing center , '' but without actually replacing Israel 's Seder . Paul vehemently resisted Jacobean claims . He also emphasized the link between Jesus ' death and the Eucharist , and he accepts what Chilton calls the Hellenistic refinement of the Petrine type that presented the Eucharist as a sacrifice for sin . This is also what we find in the Synoptic Gospels which use words to suggest that Jesus ' blood is shed in the interests of the communities for which those Gospels were composed : for the `` many '' ( in Damascus ? ) Matthew 26 : 28 and ( in Rome ? ) Mark 14 : 24 : on behalf of `` you '' ( in Antioch ? ) Luke 22 : 20 . Jesus identifies himself in John 6 as the manna , now developed to construe the Eucharist as a mystery in which Jesus , not literally but sacramentally , offers / gives his own personal body and blood in Eucharist . This would probably not be a totally new idea to Hellenistic Christians who followed synoptic practice . But Johannine practice now makes this meaning explicit . It was , as is characteristic of the Fourth Gospel , an unambiguous , clear break with Judaism . For with this development , Eucharist has become a `` sacrament '' understandable only in Hellenistic terms , and involving `` a knowing conflict with the ordinary understanding of what Judaism might and might not include . '' Eucharist and its relation to the Last Supper ( edit ) Paul F. Bradshaw argues in Eucharistic Origins that it is not until after the 1st century and much later in some areas that the Eucharist and the Last Supper became placed in a relation of dependence : many Eucharists did not relate to the Paschal mystery and / or the Last Supper . On the other hand , in the middle of the 1st century Paul the Apostle explicitly placed the celebration of the Lord 's Supper in relation to what Jesus did on the night he was handed over , in giving his disciples bread with the words `` This is my body '' and , after the supper , giving them the cup with a similar declaration about his blood . John Dominic Crossan suggests that there are two traditions `` as old as we can trace them '' of the eucharist , that of Paul , reflecting the Antioch Church 's tradition , and that of the Didache , the first document to give explicit instruction regarding prayers to be said at a celebration that it called the Eucharist . The cup / bread liturgy of the Didache , from the Jerusalem tradition , does not mention Passover , or Last Supper , or Death of Jesus / blood / body , and the sequence is meal + thanksgiving ritual . For Crossan , it is dispositive that even late in the first century C.E. , at least some ( southern ? ) Syrian Christians could celebrate a Eucharist of bread and wine with absolutely no hint of Passover meal , Last Supper or passion symbolism built into its origins or development . I can not believe that they knew about those elements and studiously avoided them . I can only presume that they were not there for everyone from the beginning , that is , from solemn formal and final institution by Jesus himself . Paul 's first letter to the Corinthians , in the context of correcting the habits of the Corinthians serves to reestablish `` the Pre-Pauline tradition , ritual of bread / body + meal + ritual of cup / blood . '' Hellenized Jew Paul references a Greek weekly Lord 's Supper , which is not an annual Jewish Passover meal , and does not have the participants giving thanks ( `` Eucharistia '' ) , rather the purpose is to proclaim Jesus ' death until he comes again , in the manner of Hellenic societies formed `` to hold meals in remembrance of those who had died and to drink a cup in honor of some god . '' Some authors would consider Paul to be the `` Founder '' of the Eucharist in a pagan context appealing to the Jewish prohibition against drinking blood , the pervasive history of Greek memorial dining societies , and Paul 's own hellenistic background . '' Paul , however , explicitly stated that he was rehearsing a Christian tradition , something that he himself had `` received '' and had already `` handed on '' to the Corinthians . Both sequences underline the primary importance of the Shared Meal to historical 1st century Christian ritual . Crossan maintains that table fellowship was central to Jesus ' ministry in that was infamous for violating codes of honor to eat freely with outsiders , termed `` sinners and tax collectors '' in the Gospels . Jesus presumably taught at the table , as was customary . This emphasis on table fellowship is reflected in the large number of eating scenes in early Christian art . In the Jerusalem tradition , of James and Peter , the meal is of higher importance than blood and body since the Didache fails to mention them . Both traditions reflect the pitfalls of a shared meal among social unequals , namely freeloading . The Didache says in 12 : 3 -- 4 , `` If ( a traveler ) wants to settle with you and is an artisan , he must work for his living . If , however , he has no trade , use your judgment in taking steps for him to live with you as a Christian without being idle . '' Paul , in 2 Thessalonians 3 : 10 says : `` If anyone is not willing to work , let him not eat . '' In Crossan 's view , `` both stipulations must presume a communal share - meal or they make no sense . '' Crossan 's Preliminary Stages ( edit ) Five Preliminary stages to `` 2000 years of eucharistic theology '' and `` Last Supper iconography '' , according to Crossan 1 . Graeco - Roman formal meal 2 . Jesus ' practice 3a . Didache 10 3b . Didache 9 4 . 1 Corinthians 5 . Mark deipnon ( supper , main meal ) , then symposion a meal that later and in retrospect was recognized as having been their last one together Give thanks , no reference to Passover , Last Supper , or Death of Jesus Eucharist , no reference to Passover , Last Supper , or Death of Jesus Lord 's Supper Passover Meal Bread course followed by ritual libation followed by wine course Open Commensality -- radical social egalitarianism in seating for meal Common Meal followed by Thanks to the Father , no ritual with bread or cup Common meal , ritual with Cup ( thanks for the Holy Vine of David ) and Bread ( thanks for the life and knowledge of Jesus ) Bread / body , Thanks , Common Meal , Cup / blood During meal , first Bread / body , then Cup / blood and Thanks No ritual No mention of the death of Jesus No mention of the death of Jesus Passion Remembrance in both cup and bread No command for repetition and remembrance Problem of the historical Jewish prohibition against blood - drinking ( edit ) See also : Council of Jerusalem In a 2002 analysis in the Biblical Theology Bulletin , Michael J. Cahill surveyed the state of scholarly literature from some seventy cited sources , dating from the 1950s to the present , on the question of the likelihood of a Jewish Jesus proposing the drinking of blood in the Eucharist . After examining the various theories that have been suggested , he concludes : The survey of opinion , old and new , reveals wide disagreement with a fundamental divide between those who can accept that the notion of drinking blood could have a Jewish origin and those who insist that this is a later development to be located in the Hellenistic world . What both sides share is an inability to proffer a rationally convincing argument that can provide a historical explanation for the presence of this particular component of the Eucharistic rite . Those who hold for the literal institution by Jesus have not been able to explain plausibly how the drinking of blood could have arisen in a Jewish setting . In fact , this difficulty has been turned into an argument for authenticity . For example , Jeremiah ( sic ) quotes Dalman : `` Exactly that which seems scandalous will be historical '' ( 170 -- 71 ) . W.D. Davies draws attention to the fact that Dalman also argued that the Pauline version of the institution arose in a gentile environment to eliminate the difficulties presented by the more direct Markan form ( 246 ) . It would appear to be obvious that the difficulties would have been greater in a Jewish environment . Davies ' conclusion is apt : `` When such divergent conclusons ( sic ) have been based upon the same evidence any dogmatism would be foolish '' ( 246 ) . On the other hand , I have earlier argued that previous suggestions supporting the non-Jewish source have been vitiated by vague generalities or by association with inappropriate pagan rituals . Possible cultural influences ( edit ) Jewish ritual meal practice ( edit ) Scholars have associated Jesus ' Last Supper and the 1st - century Eucharist practices with three Second Temple Jewish meal practices : the kiddush blessing with wine , and the chaburah fellowship and the Passover Seder meal . Kiddush ( edit ) The Johannine Supper , Ratcliff has suggested , was the Jewish ordinance known as Kiddush , the details of which involved the leader of the mixed - sex ceremony taking a cup of wine , sanctifying it by reciting a thanksgiving blessing , and passing it around . There was a similar blessing and breaking of bread . Kiddush is the `` Jewish benediction and prayer recited over a cup of wine immediately before the meal on the eve of the sabbath or of a festival . After reciting the kiddush the master of the house sips from the cup , and then passes it to his wife and to the others at the table ; then all wash their hands , and the master of the house blesses the bread , cuts it , and passes a morsel to each person at the table . Ratcliff wrote : `` Though the kiddush accounts for the ' ( Johannine ) ' Last Supper , it affords no explanation on the origin of the eucharist ... the Last Supper and the Sabbath - Passover Kiddush was therefore no unusual occurrence . It represented consistent practice since Jesus had first formed the group . It is from this practice , rather than from any direct institution from Jesus , that the eucharist derives its origin . The practice was too firmly established for the group to abandon it , when its Master had been taken away ; the primitive apostolic eucharist is no other than the continuation of Jesus 's chaburah meal . This is the ' breaking of bread ' of Acts ii. 42 . '' Joachim Jeremias disputed the view that the Last Supper was kiddush , because the Kiddush was always associated with the Sabbath , and even if there was a Passover kiddush , it would have taken place immediately before the seder , not the day before . Chaburah ( edit ) The chaburah ( also ' haburah ' , pl ' chaburoth ' ) is not the name of a rite , rather it was the name of a group of male friends who met at regular intervals ( weekly for Dix ) for conversation and a formal meal appurtenant to that meeting . Nothing is said about them in the Bible but scholars have been able to discover some things about them from other sources . The corporate meeting of a chaburah usually took the form of a supper , held at regular intervals , often on the eve of sabbaths or holy days . Each member of the society contributed towards the provision of this common meal . The form of the supper was largely the same as the chief meal of the day in every pious Jewish household . Each kind of food was blessed when it was first brought to the table . At the end of the meal came the grace after meals -- the Blessing or Benediction as it was called . This long prayer was said by the host or father of the family in the name of all who had eaten the meal . On important occasions , and at a chaburah supper , it was recited over a special cup of wine known quite naturally as `` the cup of blessing . '' At the end of the Thanksgiving prayer this cup was sipped by the leader and then by each of those present . The chaburah supper was concluded by the singing of a psalm , after which the meeting broke up . Jeremias also disputed that the Last Supper was a chaburah meal , interposing the objection that the chaburah was a `` duty '' meal , held appurtenant to a formal occasion such as a ' bris ' or a betrothal . Passover Seder ( edit ) Passover commemorates God 's saving of his chosen people , the Israelites , who , according to Exodus 12 : 1 -- 29 , were spared death through the blood of lambs . The Passover Seder involves four cups of wine . Whether the Last Supper was a Passover Meal ( as the chronology of the Synoptic Gospels would suggest ) or not ( as St John ) , it is clear that the Eucharist was instituted at Passover time , and Christian writers from Saint Paul ( 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 ) onwards have stressed that the death of Christ was the fulfilment of the sacrifice foreshadowed by the Passover . '' Enrico Mazza has argued that the view that the Last Supper was a Passover meal `` remains a theological interpretation . The historical fact is that the Last Supper was not a Passover celebration and , consequently , that its liturgy was not that of the Jewish Passover . '' Joachim Jeremias , having rejected the previous two possible backgrounds for the Last Supper argues forcibly that it was a Passover Seder while recognising that there are difficulties . His case may be summed as follows . Was the Last Supper a Passover Seder ? according to Joachim Jeremias Ten factors substantiating Passover Nine factors in objection to Passover actions that would be in violation of ritual regulations Two further objections The Last Supper took place in Jerusalem it extended into the night it was a small gathering they reclined instead of sitting at table a dish preceded the breaking of bread red wine was drunk when Judas went out , the disciples thought he was going to distribute money to the poor , a Passover custom the meal closed with a hymn - the Paschal Hallel the interpretative words spoken over the bread and wine look like an extension of the Passover Haggadah and the fact that , Jesus did not go to Bethany for the night , but stayed within the area of Greater Jerusalem and made His way to Gethsemane - the walk to Gethsemane the carrying of arms the night session of the Sanhedrin and the condemnation the rending of the High Priest 's garments the participation of the Jews in the Roman trial the coming of Simon of Cyrene from the country the execution itself the purchase of linen the preparation of spices and the burial The absence of any reference to the lamb in the accounts of the Supper . The problem of how the annual Passover of the Jews changed into the weekly Eucharist ( Holy Communion ) of the Christians Greek and other ritual meal practice ( edit ) The spread of Christianity outside the Jewish communities has led some scholars to investigate whether Hellenistic practices influenced the development of Eucharistic rites , especially in view of the Jewish prohibition of drinking blood ( see above ) . Deipnon , libation and symposion ( edit ) During the Second Temple period , Hellenic practices were adopted by Jews after the conquests of Alexander the Great . By the 2nd century BC , Jesus Ben Sirach described Jewish feasting , with numerous parallels to Hellenic practice , without disapproval . Gentile and Jewish practice was that the all - male participants reclined at table on their left elbows , and after a benediction given by the host ( in the case of a Jewish meal ) , would have a deipnon ( late afternoon or evening meal ) of bread with various vegetables , perhaps some fish or even meat if the meal was extravagant . Among the Greeks , a ritual libation , or sacrificial pouring out of wine , followed , with another benediction or blessing , leading to the ' symposion ' ( as in Plato 's Symposium ) or wine - drinking course and entertainment . Thus was established an order of breaking bread and drinking wine . Cups of wine were even passed from diner to diner as a way to pass responsibility for speaking next . `` Plutarch spoke in the highest terms of the bonds created by the shared wine bowl . His words are echoed by Paul who spoke of the sharing of bread and wine as the act that created the one body , that is to say , it was a community - creating ritual . '' Dennis E. Smith says that the earliest Christians worshiped at table in their hosts ' dining rooms . and that the earliest Christians shaped the traditions about Jesus to fit that setting . In his study Dining Posture in Ancient Rome : Bodies , Values , and Status concerning practice at the meals designated in Latin by the word `` convivium '' , equivalent to `` deipnon '' and / or `` symposion '' in Greek , The number of participants at such meals in private houses , as opposed to other specially designated places , would be at most a dozen . The symposium after the meal was the time for teaching and conversation , for the singing of hymns , for the contributions of those who prophesied or spoke in tongues . Mystery cults ( edit ) Parallel to the religious duties to god and state , `` the Hellenic world also fostered a number of ' underground ' religions , which countless thousands of people found intellectually and emotionally satisfying . '' They were known as the `` mysteries , '' because their adherents took oaths never to reveal their rites to the uninitiated . Several honored young male gods born of a divine father and human mother , resurrected after a heroic death . In some of these secret religions `` celebrants shared a communal meal in which they symbolically ate the flesh and drank the blood of their god . '' Dionysus cult Early Christianity spread through a Hellenized populace . Jewish feast practices had taken on Hellenic forms as noted above . Dionysus was `` god of ' the vine ' - representing wine , the most universally popular beverage in the ancient world . '' Barry Powell suggests that Christian notions of eating and drinking the `` flesh '' and `` blood '' of Jesus were influenced by the cult of Dionysus . In contrast , the ancient Greek tragedy , The Bacchae , a ritual involving the wine of Dionysus is not drunk , but poured out as a libation . In the Greek novel , Leucippe and Clitophon by Achilles Tatius , Dionysus is said to have given a sheperd of Tyre his first wine . When Dionysus shows the grape cluster where he got the wine from , Tatius parodies the Christian eucharist rite . Totem - Sacrifices ( edit ) In the chapter `` Totem - Sacrifices and Eucharists '' of his 1920 book Pagan and Christian Creeds , Edward Carpenter advanced the theory that the Christian Eucharist arose from an almost universal practice of a tribe occasionally eating the animal that it identified with , a practice that he saw as developing into ceremonial eatings of shared food by lamas in Nepal and Tibet , ancient Egyptians , Aztecs , Peruvians , Chinese and Tartars . He concluded : `` These few instances are sufficient to show the extraordinarily wide diffusion of Totem - sacraments and Eucharistic rites all over the world . '' Pre-Pauline confluence of Greek and Jewish traditions and agape ( edit ) By the time of the Roman conquest , Jews practiced festive dining in essentially the same form as the Greeks , with a dinner ( deipnon ) followed by the symposium proper , where guests drank wine and enjoyed entertainment or conversation . There were , to be sure , cultic differences , such as a berakhah over the wine cup instead of the Greeks ' libation to Dionysus . But eating together was a central activity for Jewish religious groups such as Pharisees and Essenes . `` Thanksgiving '' ( in Greek , `` εὐχαριστία '' ( eucharistia ) ) is probably to be regarded as the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew `` ברכה '' ( berakhah , berakah ) , the Jewish `` blessing '' ( in Greek , `` εὐλογία '' ( eulogia ) ) `` addressed to God at meals for and over the food and drink . It is in this sense that the term was originally used in connection with the common meal of the early Christian community , at which the ' blessing ' or ' thanksgiving ' had special reference to Jesus Christ . '' One formulation had it that `` ( t ) he eucharistia was the berakhah without the chaburah supper , and the agape is the chaburah meal without the berakhah . Agape feast The Eucharistic celebrations of the early Christians were embedded in , or simply took the form of , a meal . These were often called agape feasts , although terminology varied in the first few centuries along with other aspects of practice . Agape is one of the Greek words for love , and so `` agape feasts '' are also referred to in English as `` love - feasts '' . This Hellenic ritual was apparently a full meal , with each participant bringing a contribution to the meal according to their means . Perhaps predictably enough , it could at times deteriorate into merely an occasion for eating and drinking , or for ostentatious displays by the wealthier members of the community of the type criticised by Paul in 1 Corinthians 11 : 20 -- 22 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , `` The institution of the Eucharist '' Jump up ^ John Anthony McGuckin , The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity ( Wiley - Blackwell 2011 ISBN 978 - 1405185394 ) , Eucharist article by MC Steenberg vol. 1 , p. 231 Jump up ^ Colin Buchanan , The A to Z of Anglicanism ( Scarecrow Press 2009 ISBN 978 - 0810868427 ) , p. 107 Jump up ^ Enrico Mazza , Celebration of the Eucharist : The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation ( Liturgical Press 1999 ISBN 978 - 0814661703 ) , p. 19 Quotation concerning the origin : `` The Christian Eucharist has its origin in the Last Supper . There , Jesus took bread , blessed God , broke the bread , and gave it to his disciples , telling them to take it and eat of it , because it was his body . In the same way , after they had eaten , he took the cup , gave thanks , and gave it to his disciples , telling them all to take it and drink of it , because it was the cup of the covenant in his blood as redemption of sin for many ( Matthew 26 : 26 -- 28 ) . At the end he said : `` Do this in remembrance of me . '' Jump up ^ Murphy - O'Connor , Jerome ( 1996 ) . `` The First Letter to the Corinthians '' . In Raymond E. Brown ; Joseph A. Fitzmyer ; Roland E. Murphy . The New Jerome Biblical Commentary . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . p. 799 . ISBN 0136149340 ... See also First Epistle to the Corinthians # Time and Place Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 11 : 17 -- 34 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , s.v. Eucharist Jump up ^ Dix , dom Gregory ( 1949 ) , The Shape of the Liturgy , London : DacrePress , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Noakes , K.W. ( 1979 ) , `` The Eucharist : 2 From the Apostolic Fathers to Irenaeus '' , in Jones , Cheslyn , The Study of Liturgy , London : SPCK , pp. 171ff ^ Jump up to : Wainwright , Geoffrey ( 1979 ) , `` General Introduction : 1 The Periods of Liturgical History '' , in Jones , Cheslyn , The Study of Liturgy , London : SPCK , p. 35 Jump up ^ Crossan , John Dominic , The Historical Jesus , pp. 360 -- 367 Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Paul , ' Eucharistic Origins ( London , SPCK , 2004 ) ISBN 0281056153 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : 1 Corinthians 11 : 23 -- 25 Jump up ^ Matthew 26 : 26 -- 28 , Mark 14 : 22 -- 24 , Luke 22 : 17 -- 20 ^ Jump up to : Funk , Robert ( 1993 ) . The Five Gospels . San Francisco : Harper Collins . p. 387 . ISBN 006063040X . Jump up ^ For instance , John 6 , The Eucharist , and Protestant Objections ; The Institution of the Eucharist in Scripture , etc . Jump up ^ Perkins , Pheme ( 1996 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . In Raymond E. Brown ; Joseph A. Fitzmyer ; Roland E. Murphy . The New Jerome Biblical Commentary . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . p. 962 . ISBN 0136149340 . Jump up ^ Karris , Robert J. ( 1996 ) . `` The Gospel According to Luke '' . In Raymond E. Brown ; Joseph A. Fitzmyer ; Roland E. Murphy . The New Jerome Biblical Commentary . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . p. 715 . ISBN 0136149340 . ) . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 13th Edition ( 1926 ) art . Eucharist Jump up ^ Jones , C.P.M. ( 1979 ) , `` The Eucharist in 1 . -- The New Testament '' , in Jones , Cheslyn , The Study of Liturgy , London : SPCK , p. 163 Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. ( 1971 ) , A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament , London , pp. 173ff , ISBN 3438060108 Jump up ^ Richardson , Alan ( 1961 ) , An Introduction to the Theology of the New Testament , London : SCM , p. 368 Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 11 : 20 Not τὸ κυριακὸν δεῖπνον , and so , in this context , `` the Lord 's supper '' means `` a supper of the Lord '' rather than `` the supper of the Lord '' . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 10 : 21 , a passage that scholars have referred to celebration of the Eucharist , e.g. ( www.ntslibrary.com/PDF % 20Books / Eastons % 20Bible % Easton 's Bible Dictionary on `` Cup '' ) Jump up ^ Meier , John , `` The Eucharist and the Last Supper : Did it Happen ? '' Theology Digest 42 ( Winter , 1995 ) 335 -- 51 , at 347 . Jump up ^ A Feast of Meanings : Eucharistic Theologies from Jesus through Johannine Circles , by Bruce Chilton 1994 ISBN 9004099492 p. 110 Jump up ^ The Eucharist in the New Testament and the Early Church By Eugene LaVerdiere , 1996 ISBN 0814661521 p. 31 Jump up ^ Acts 20 : 7 Jump up ^ Funk , Robert , and the Jesus Seminar , `` The Acts of Jesus '' Harper Collins , 1998 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Noakes , K.W. ( 1979 ) , `` The Eucharist : 2 From the Apostolic Fathers to Irenaeus '' , in Jones , Cheslyn , The Study of Liturgy , London : SPCK , p. 170 Jump up ^ `` Let that eucharist alone be considered valid which is celebrated in the presence of the bishop , or of him to whom he shall have entrusted it ... It is not lawful either to baptize , or to hold a love - feast without the consent of the bishop . '' Jump up ^ Smyrnaeans , 8 Jump up ^ Stevenson , J. ( 1965 ) , A New Eusebius , London : SPCK , p. 399 Jump up ^ Didache , 9 : 5 Jump up ^ The Didache : Its Jewish Sources and Its Place in Early Judaism and Christianity by Hubertus Waltherus Maria van de Sandt , David Flusser pp. 311 -- 312 Jump up ^ Epp. X. 96 Stevenson , J. ( 1965 ) , A New Eusebius , London : SPCK , pp. 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ Against the Heresias V. ii. 3 , quoted Heron , Alasdair I.C. Table and Tradition Philadelphia : Westminster Press ( 1983 ) , p. 64 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Editors ( 1979 ) , `` General Introduction 7 The Apostolic Tradition '' , in Jones , Cheslyn , The Study of Liturgy , London : SPCK , pp. 171ff CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dix , dom Gregory . The Shape of the Liturgy , pp. 84ff Jump up ^ Apology , 39 ; De Corona Militis , 3 . Yet about the modest supper - room of the Christians alone a great ado is made . Our feast explains itself by its name . The Greeks call it agapè , i.e. , affection . Whatever it costs , our outlay in the name of piety is gain , since with the good things of the feast we benefit the needy ; not as it is with you , do parasites aspire to the glory of satisfying their licentious propensities , selling themselves for a belly - feast to all disgraceful treatment , -- but as it is with God himself , a peculiar respect is shown to the lowly . If the object of our feast be good , in the light of that consider its further regulations . As it is an act of religious service , it permits no vileness or immodesty . The participants , before reclining , taste first of prayer to God . As much is eaten as satisfies the cravings of hunger ; as much is drunk as befits the chaste . They say it is enough , as those who remember that even during the night they have to worship God ; they talk as those who know that the Lord is one of their auditors . After manual ablution , and the bringing in of lights , each ( Or , perhaps -- `` One is prompted to stand forth and bring to God , as every one can , whether from the Holy Scriptures , or of his own mind '' -- i.e. according to his taste . ) is asked to stand forth and sing , as he can , a hymn to God , either one from the holy Scriptures or one of his own composing , -- a proof of the measure of our drinking . As the feast commenced with prayer , so with prayer it is closed . Jump up ^ Paedagogus II , 1 Jump up ^ `` Sed majoris est Agape , quia per hanc adolescentes tui cum sororibus dormiunt , appendices scilicet gulae lascivia et luxuria '' ( Tertullian , De Jejuniis , 17 , quoted in Gibbons : Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ) . Jump up ^ Letter 22 , 1 : 3 Jump up ^ Confessions , 6.2. 2 Jump up ^ The Council of Laodicea in Phrygia Pacatiana Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Paul ( 2004 ) . Eucharistic origins . Oxford New York : Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 0195222210 . Jump up ^ Martyr , Justin . `` First Apology '' . Early Christian Writings . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Senn , Frank C , ( 1997 ) . Christian Liturgy , Catholic and Evangelical . Augsburg Fortress . ISBN 0800627261 . Jump up ^ `` Anaphora '' in Cross , F.L. , ed. , The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0192802903 ) Jump up ^ Dan O. Via jr Foreword to What is Redaction Criticism ? by Norman Perrin . London : SPCK ( 1970 ) p. vii Jump up ^ Daly , Robert J. , S.J. , ' Eucharistic origins : from the new testament to the liturgies of the golden age . '' Theological Studies March , 2005 Jump up ^ Daly , Robert J. , S.J. , ' Eucharistic origins : from the new testament to the liturgies of the golden age . '' Theological Studies March 2005 Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Paul , Eucharistic Origins ( London , SPCK , 2004 ) ISBN 0281056153 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` The earliest reference to the Eucharist is in Paul 's first letter to the Corinthians ( 1 Corinthians 11 : 23 -- 24 ) where he attributes its institution to the actions and words of Jesus at the Last Supper '' ( Culham Institute : Knowledge Content in Religious Education : Christianity -- A Guide For Teachers New To Religious Education ) Jump up ^ Crossan , John Dominic , `` The Historical Jesus '' HarperCollins 1992 p. 364 Jump up ^ Crossan , John Dominic `` The Birth of Christianity , Harper / Collins , 2002 , p. 436 Jump up ^ Funk , ibid . at 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Funk , Robert , and the Jesus Seminar , `` The Acts of Jesus '' Harper Collins , 1998 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Raymond F. Collins , Daniel J. Harrington , First Corinthians ( Michael Glazier , Inc. 1999 ) , pp. 425 -- 426 Jump up ^ Crossan , John Dominic . The essential Jesus . Edison : Castle Books . 1998 . Jump up ^ English translation Jump up ^ Crossan , Ibid . Jump up ^ Crossan , John Dominic , The Historical Jesus , '' pp. 360 -- 367 Jump up ^ Drinking blood at a kosher Eucharist ? The sound of scholarly silence Jump up ^ For instance , Hyam Maccoby proposes that `` Paul , not Jesus , was the originator of the eucharist , and that the eucharist itself is not a Jewish , but an essentially Hellenistic rite , showing principal affinities not with the Jewish qiddush , but with the ritual meal of the mystery religions . '' John M.G. Barclay `` stresses the anomalous nature of Paul . If Paul 's status were to be determined on the single issue of the drinking of blood , it would have to be conceded that Paul simply moves off the scale . '' A.N. Wilson , whose work , Cahill says , synthesizes scholarly trends , distinguishes between the Jewishness of Jesus and Paul : `` ... the idea that a pious Jew such as Jesus would have spent his last evening on earth asking his disciples to drink a cup of blood , even symbolically , is unthinkable '' . He sees no problem , however , in proposing `` the genius of Paul , '' `` Paul 's fertile brain , '' as the source of the Christian Eucharist incorporating the blood - drinking element . Cahill writes : `` It is instructive to recall the context in which the drinking of blood was acceptable . First - century folk who participated in mystery cult rituals were no more tolerant of cannibalism than we are . There is no evidence that , in itself , drinking of blood was not revolting for them , generally speaking . Yet , we find it in religious ritual . The reason is that they were drinking the blood of an animal that had been numinized in some way and had come to be identified with the god . Drinking the blood of a god was acceptable . '' Otfried Hofius , argues for the authenticity of the passage in 1 Corinthians where Paul speaks of the Eucharist , writing : `` A convincing proof that the Apostle has himself encroached on the wording of the tradition delivered to him has not thus far been adduced . '' David Wenham writes : `` Jesus typically uses vivid , almost shocking metaphors ( e.g. , Matt 18 : 8 -- 9 ; Mark 9 : 43 -- 48 ) . Furthermore , that the shocking eucharistic words came to be accepted by Jewish Christians ( including Matthew ) may suggest that they were not quite as unacceptable as Vermes supposes or that they had a strong claim to authenticity , since they would not easily have been accepted if they were not in the Jewish Christian tradition . '' John Meier , too , insists on Jesus ' propensity to use `` shocking symbols '' , in reference to the words of the institution narrative and in his `` deliberate flouting of certain social conventions '' . He gives particular attention to `` a subversive aphorism of Jesus , '' referring to `` Let the dead bury their dead . '' ^ Jump up to : Ratcliff , E.C. , Encyclopædia Britannica ( 13th edition ) ( 1926 ) , Eucharist ( vol. 8 , p. 793 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Adler , Cyrus & Dembitz , Lewis N. , The Jewish Encyclopedia ( 1911 ) ḲIDDUSH Jump up ^ Joachim Jeremias , Die Abendmahlsworte Jesu ( Gottingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1960 , first ed. 1935 ) : ET : The Eucharistic Words of Jesus ( with author 's revisions to 1964 ed . ) ( London : SCM. 1966 : repr. , Philadelphia : Westminster. 1977 ) ^ Jump up to : Dix , Gregory , The Shape of the Liturgy , p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Rev. Dr. Frank Peake , Manual : The Evolution of the Eucharist Jump up ^ Jeremias , Joachim , Die Abendmahlsworte Jesu ( Gottingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1960 , first ed. 1935 ) : ET : The Eucharistic Words of Jesus ( with author 's revisions to 1964 ed . ) ( London : SCM. 1966 : repr. , Philadelphia : Westminster. 1977 ) Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0192802903 ) , article Passover Jump up ^ The Celebration of the Eucharist : The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation ( Collegeville , MN : Liturgical Press , 1999 ) pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Eucharistic Sacrifice in the New Testament Jump up ^ Sirach 31 : 12 - 32 : 13 ^ Jump up to : From Symposium to Eucharist : The Banquet in the Early Christian World . By Dennis E. Smith . Minneapolis : Fortress Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dennis ( 2003 ) . The Greco - Roman Banquet as a Social Institution Jump up ^ ( Smith , Dennis The Greco - Roman Banquet as a Social Institution 2003 ) Jump up ^ While some scholars speak of `` convivium '' as equivalent to `` symposion '' -- e.g. `` the convivium , a Roman equivalent to the symposium with drinking , entertainment and conversation '' ( Women and Meals in Antiquity ) , the ancient writers , such as Cicero ( De senectute , 45 ) , who are quoted in Lewis and Short ( Lewis and Short : convivium ) apply it to the whole meal , `` deipnon '' and `` symposion '' . Still more important in the present context is the fact that Tertullian speaks of the Lord 's Supper ( the Pauline `` κυριακὸν δεῖπνον '' ) precisely as the `` dominicum convivium '' ( see Ad uxorem 2 : 4 : 2 , and translation ) . Jump up ^ `` The term convivium labels a late afternoon or evening meal taking place in a domestic dining room or garden , hosted by the proprietor of the residence , involving some combination of family members and guests numbering anywhere from a very few up to perhaps a dozen ( nine is an ideal but not necessarily standard number ) , and ordinarily employing a single triclinium , the three - sided arrangement of couches commonly used for dining during the period of this study ... `` civic '' dining , which occurred on special occasions such as festivals , was publicly sponsored or paid for by a single donor , and might involve large numbers of people spread over many triclinia in the public spaces of cities and towns ; or , alternatively , involved a college of priests or magistrates whose meals might be paid for publicly or by an endowment , and might occur in specially designated spaces . '' ( Matthew B. Roller : Dining Posture in Ancient Rome : Bodies , Values , and Status , Introduction ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen L. ' Understanding the Bible ' Fourth Edition p. 286 Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . ( Mayfield Publishing Company 4th ed . ) p. 287. ISBN 1559346558 Jump up ^ Powell , Barry B. , Classical Myth Second ed . With new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M. Howe . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall , Inc. , 1998 . Jump up ^ Reardon , B.P. , Collected Ancient Greek Novels ( University of California Press 2nd ed . ) p. 192 . Jump up ^ Edward Carpenter , Pagan and Christian Creeds ( 1920 ) , pp. 54 -- 68 Jump up ^ Ratcliff , E.C. , Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1944 ( 13th ) edition ) , Eucharist ( vol. 8 , p. 793 ) Jump up ^ Dix , Gregory , The Shape of the Liturgy , p. 99 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paintings of the Last Supper . Enrico Mazza : `` The Eucharist in the First Four Centuries '' , in Anscar J. Chupungco , Handbook for Liturgical Studies : The Eucharist , pp. 9 -- 60 Passover , Last Supper , Eucharist Evolution of the Eucharist , from an Anglican church 's website Structure of the Mass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church Forms Pre-Tridentine Mass Tridentine Mass Extraordinary form Mass of Paul VI Types Low Mass Missa Cantata Solemn Mass Pontifical High Mass Papal Mass Ritual Masses Blue Mass Chapter and Conventual Mass Coronation Mass Nuptial Mass Red Mass Requiem Mass sine populo Votive Mass Order of Mass Pre-Mass Vesting prayers in the sacristy Asperges me Vidi aquam in Eastertide Liturgy of the Word Sign of the Cross Psalm 43 Entrance Antiphon Penitential Rite Confiteor / Kyrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Collect Oremus First Reading Responsorial Psalm or Gradual Epistle Alleluia Gospel verse / sequence Gospel Homily Credo Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed or Apostles ' Creed General Intercessions Liturgy of the Eucharist Offertory Orate fratres / prayer over the gifts Preface Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna Eucharistic Prayer / Canon of the Mass oblation / epiclesis / Words of Institution / elevation / anamnesis texts and rubrics Roman Canon history Eucharistic Prayer II Memorial Acclamation Lord 's Prayer embolism / doxology Pax Sign of peace Agnus Dei Fraction Holy Communion Communion antiphon Ablutions Postcommunion Dismissal Ite , missa est / Benedicamus Domino Last Gospel Post-Mass Leonine Prayers Recessional hymn Participants Acolyte Altar server female Bishop Boat boy Cantor Choir Crucifer Deacon Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion Laity Eucharistic Congress Lector Priest Subdeacon Usher Parts of the Sanctuary / Altar Altar crucifix Altar rails Ambo Communion bench Credence table Kneeler Lavabo Misericord Piscina Tabernacle Altar cloths Altar linens Antependium Burse Chalice veil Corporal Lavabo towel Pall Purificator Candles and lamps Altar candle Altar candlestick Paschal candle Sanctuary lamp Triple candlestick Votive candle Liturgical objects Altar bell Aspergillum Censer Chalice Ciborium Collection basket Cruet Flabellum Funghellino Holy water Incense use Manuterge Paten Processional cross Pyx Sacramental bread wafer Sacramental wine ( or must ) Thurible Water Liturgical books of the Roman Rite Ceremonial of Bishops Evangeliary Gospel Book Graduale Lectionary Roman Missal Vestments Alb Amice Chasuble Dalmatic Episcopal sandals Liturgical colours Headcover Humeral veil Pallium Pontifical Stole Surplice Tunicle Vimpa Liturgical year ( Roman Calendar ) Advent Christmastide Ordinary Time Septuagesima Lent Passiontide Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Ascensiontide Eucharistic discipline Abstemius Anima Christi Concelebration Church etiquette Closed communion Communion and the developmentally disabled Communion under both kinds Denial of Communion Canon 915 Eucharistic fast First Communion Frequent Communion Genuflection Host desecration Infant communion Intinction Reserved sacrament Thanksgiving after Communion Viaticum Eucharistic theology Body and Blood of Christ Corpus Christi ( feast ) Crucifixion of Jesus and substitutionary atonement Epiousios Grace ex opere operato In persona Christi Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology Koinonia Last Supper Mirae caritatis Mysterium fidei ( encyclical ) Origin of the Eucharist Real presence Transubstantiation Year of the Eucharist Stercoranism Regulations and concepts Ad orientem and versus populum Calendar of saints Canon law Code of Rubrics Commemoration Ecclesiastical Latin General Instruction of the Roman Missal Holy day of obligation Intercession of saints Ordinary and propers Pro multis Sunday Lord 's Day Vernacular Related Agape feast Catholic liturgy Christian prayer effects of prayer Congregation for Divine Worship Council of Trent Ecclesia de Eucharistia Eucharistic adoration and benediction Dominicae Cenae / Holy Hour Eucharistic miracle Fermentum Fourth Council of the Lateran Gelineau psalmody Gregorian chant History of the Roman Canon Lex orandi , lex credendi Liturgical Movement Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII Mediator Dei Missale Romanum ( apostolic constitution ) Pope Paul VI Catholic theology Sacraments of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Sacrosanctum concilium Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_the_Eucharist&oldid=833333074 '' Categories : Eucharist Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 22 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the eucharist become an official sacrament	[ "In the three hundred years after Jesus' crucifixion, Christian practices and beliefs regarding the Eucharist took definitive shape as central to Christian worship. At first, they spread through word of mouth, but within a generation Christians had begun writing about Jesus and about Christian practice, the Eucharist included. The theology of the Eucharist and its role as a sacrament developed during this period." ]	[ "In the three hundred years after Jesus' crucifixion" ]
1780292175475044386	Capital punishment by country	Capital punishment by country - wikipedia Capital punishment by country Jump to : navigation , search Retentionist countries : 55 Abolitionist - in - practice countries ( have not executed anyone during the last 10 or more years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions ) : 29 Abolitionist - in - practice countries ( have not excecuted anyone during the last 14 or more years ) , and abolitionist - in - law for all crimes except those committed under exceptional circumstances ( such as crimes committed in wartime ) : 8 Abolitionist countries : 103 The following is a summary of the use of capital punishment by country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Global overview 1.1 Industrialized countries 1.2 Russian Federation and former Soviet republics 1.3 Africa 1.4 Americas 1.5 Asia - Pacific 1.6 Numbers executed in 2016 2 Capital punishment by continents 2.1 Africa 2.2 Americas 2.3 Asia - Pacific 2.4 Europe 3 Abolition chronology 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Global overview ( edit ) Historically , capital punishment has been used in almost every part of the world . Currently , the large majority of countries have either abolished or discontinued the practice . The U.S. is the most developed country to use the death penalty . The use of capital punishment is usually divided into the four categories set out below . As of November 2017 , of the 195 independent states that are UN members or have UN observer status : 55 retain it in both law and practice . 29 have abolished it de facto , namely , according to Amnesty International standards , that they have not executed anyone during the last 10 or more years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions . 8 have abolished it de facto , namely that they have not executed anyone during the last 14 or more years and have abolished it de jure , but retain it for exceptional or special circumstances ( such as crimes committed in wartime ) . 103 have abolished it for all crimes , most recently : Madagascar ( 2015 ) , Fiji ( 2015 ) , Republic of the Congo ( 2015 ) , Suriname ( 2015 ) , Nauru ( 2016 ) , Benin ( 2016 ) , Mongolia ( 2017 ) . Execution of minors Since 2009 , Iran and Saudi Arabia have executed offenders who were under the age of 18 ( or 21 ) at the time the crime was committed . Public execution In 2013 , public executions were carried out by the governments of Iran , North Korea , Saudi Arabia , and Somalia . Extrajudicial execution In some countries the practice of extrajudicial execution outside their own formal legal frameworks occurs sporadically or systematically . Information on this is not covered in this article . Industrialized countries ( edit ) Of the countries / regions considered to be industrialized , just four countries continue to perform capital punishment : the United States , Japan , Singapore , and Taiwan . ( In South Korea , there is a moratorium . ) The European Union holds a strong position against the death penalty ; its abolition is a key objective for the Union 's human rights policy . Abolition is also a pre-condition for entry into the Union . In Europe , only Belarus and the largely unrecognized Donetsk People 's Republic continue to actively use capital punishment . Russian Federation and former Soviet republics ( edit ) Russia retains the death penalty in law , but there is a moratorium . The last execution on Russian territory was in Chechnya in 1999 . Of the other former Soviet republics , only Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Tajikistan have not formally abolished capital punishment , and only Belarus uses it in practice . In Kazakhstan , it may only be used in exceptional / special circumstances such as for crimes committed in wartime , and only one individual is on death row . Africa ( edit ) In Africa , there are several countries that use the death penalty . Chad abolished the death penalty in 2014 , but reintroduced it for acts of terrorism in 2015 . Botswana and Nigeria are examples of countries that still execute people . Most recently , Benin repealed the death penalty in 2016 . Americas ( edit ) In the Caribbean countries , the death penalty exists at least de jure ( except in the Dominican Republic and Haiti , which abolished it in 1966 and 1987 , respectively ; in 2008 , St. Kitts & Nevis hanged a murderer and became the only country in the Americas other than the United States to use the death penalty in the past ten years ) . In Central and South America , the death penalty exists in Belize and Guyana , though it has not been used for years . In Brazil , Chile , El Salvador and Peru , the death penalty is used only in exceptional / special circumstances such as for crimes committed in wartime and was abolished for other crimes . Guatemala abolished it for civil cases in 2017 . Opinion polls state sentiment for governments to return to the capital punishment remains high in many Caribbean countries and pressure on politicians to retain it factors high . Asia - Pacific ( edit ) Most executions worldwide take place in Asia . China is the world 's most active death penalty country . North Korea 's dictator , Kim Jong - un constantly uses capital punishment against his opponents . In Islamic countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia , the numbers of executions are also very high . Japan , Singapore , South Korea , and Taiwan belong to the few industrialized countries that have the death penalty ( South Korea has a moratorium ) . In 2017 Mongolia repealed the death penalty , but some countries are seeing a return to the practice ; in the Philippines , President Rodrigo Duterte wants to restore executions , and Turkish President Recep Erdogan has promised to do so after the 2017 constitutional referendum . India executes criminals only in extreme cases . Only 26 executions have taken place in India since 1991 . Numbers executed in 2016 ( edit ) According to Amnesty International , 23 countries performed a combined total of about 1,032 executions in 2016 : Africa ( 6 countries ) : Botswana ( 1 ) , Egypt ( 44 + ) , Nigeria ( 3 ) , Somalia ( 14 ( Puntland 1 , Somaliland 6 , Federal Government of Somalia 7 ) ) , South Sudan ( unknown number ) , Sudan ( 3 ) Americas ( 1 country ) : USA ( 20 ) Asia - Pacific ( 15 countries ) : Afghanistan ( 6 ) , Bangladesh ( 10 ) , China ( unknown number ) , Indonesia ( 4 ) , Iran ( 567 + ) , Iraq ( 88 + ) , Japan ( 3 ) , Malaysia ( 9 ) , North Korea ( unknown number ) , Pakistan ( 87 + ) , State of Palestine ( 3 ( Hamas authorities , Gaza ) ) , Saudi Arabia ( 154 + ) , Singapore ( 4 ) , Taiwan ( 1 ) , Vietnam ( unknown number ) Europe ( 1 country ) : Belarus ( 4 + ) For China , North Korea , South Sudan , and Vietnam , there are no precise numbers available . Syria allegedly conducts large numbers of executions in secret , but the number is unknown . For the first time since 2006 , the USA ( 20 executions ) was not among the biggest five executioners ( in 2016 : China , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Iraq , and Pakistan -- in that order ) . Belarus , the only European country to maintain the death penalty in practice , resumed executions after there had been no executions there the year before . 2015 and 2009 were the only two years in recorded history when Europe was completely free of executions . Capital punishment by continents ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Of the 54 independent states in Africa that are UN members : 16 ( 30 % ) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice . 1 ( 2 % ) retains it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances ( such as in time of war ) . 18 ( 33 % ) permit its use for ordinary crimes , but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions , or it is under a moratorium . 19 ( 35 % ) have abolished it . Many African countries have carried out no executions for over 10 years , but are not believed to have an abolitionist policy or established practice . The information above is accurate as of 2016 , when Benin abolished capital punishment . Chad abolished the death penalty in 2014 , but restored it for terrorism in 2015 . In 2016 , Egypt was Africa 's leading executioner . This century the following African countries have abolished capital punishment ; Ivory Coast ( 2000 ) , Senegal ( 2004 ) , Rwanda ( 2007 ) , Burundi ( 2009 ) , Togo ( 2009 ) , Gabon ( 2010 ) , Congo ( 2015 ) , Madagascar ( 2015 ) and Benin ( 2016 ) . Executions in Africa in 2016 : Egypt ( 44 + ) , Botswana ( 1 ) , Somalia ( 14 ) , Sudan ( 3 ) , South Sudan ( unknown number ) , Nigeria ( 3 ) Note : The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon . Key Country Year of last execution Executions 2016 Year abolished Notes Algeria 1993 n / a Firing Squad , shooting . Death penalty for treason ; espionage ; aggravated murder ; castration resulting in death ; arson ( or destruction using explosive devices ) of buildings , vehicles or harvests resulting in death ; intentional destruction of military equipment resulting in death ; attempts to change the regime or actions aimed at incitement ; destruction of territory ; sabotage to public and economic utilities ; massacres and slaughters ; participation in armed bands or in insurrectionary movements ; counterfeiting ; terrorism ; acts of torture or cruelty ; kidnapping ; aggravated theft ; some military offences ; poisoning ; attempting a death - eligible offense ; some cases of recidivism and perjury leading to a death sentence pronounced . Currently under a moratorium . On 20 December 2012 , Algeria co-sponsored and voted in favour of the Resolution on a Moratorium on the Use of the Death Penalty at the UN General Assembly . Angola * None since independence in 1975 1992 Abolished in 1992 by Constitution Benin 2016 On 6 July 2012 , Benin acceded to the Second Additional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which makes Benin abolitionist . The decision was upheld by the Constitutional Court in January 2016 although the death penalty is still present in statutes . Botswana 2016 n / a Hanging , and state also has power to determine method of execution by offense committed . Death penalty for murder ; espionage ; treason ; attempt on the life of the head of state ; mutiny ; desertion in the face of the enemy , aggravated piracy and terrorism . Persons excused from capital punishment are pregnant women , teenagers who were younger than 18 at time of crime , the mentally ill , and comments . As of 2016 , there was one man suspected of being hanged . Burkina Faso 1988 n / a Firing squad , shooting . Death penalty for treason ; aggravated murder ; castration resulting in death ; torture of a kidnapped person ; aggravated theft causing death or bodily harm ; kidnapping a juvenile resulting in death ; arson resulting in death ; destruction of military vehicles , buildings or facilities resulting in death ; terrorism ; espionage ; certain military offences ( e.g. desertion , mutiny ) ; crimes against humanity ; genocide ; attempting to commit a death - eligible crime ; poisoning ; abusing a child with the intent to cause death ; assaulting an on - duty public official , judge or jury member , with the intent to cause death and the use of torture or barbaric practices in order to commit a crime . In 2015 , Burkina Faso was considering abolishing the death penalty . Burundi 2000 2009 Death penalty abolished in revised 2009 criminal code . Extrajudicial executions are still commonplace . Despite having abolished the death penalty , Burundi voted against the UN Moratorium on capital punishment in 2016 . Cameroon 1997 n / a Hanging , firing squad , shooting . Death penalty for secession ; espionage ; treason ; terrorism ; aggravated murder ; premeditated murder ; violent theft leading to death or causing grievous bodily harm ; abduction of a minor resulting in the death of that minor ; assault on a state employee with intent to kill ; attempt of a death - eligible crime and conspiracy to commit a death - eligible crime ; plundering by gangs using force during times of war and incitement to war . In February 2014 , the President of the Republic , Paul Biya , commuted all persons condemned to the death penalty to life in prison . The decree commuted their sentences to 25 years incarceration . However , death sentences have continued to be handed down as of 2016 . Cape Verde * None since independence in 1975 1981 Last execution when a colony of Portugal was 1835 . Abolished in 1981 by Constitution . Central African Republic 1981 n / a Firing squad . Death penalty for treason ; espionage ; charlatanism ; witchcraft ; assassination ; murder ; aggravated murder ; terrorism ; rape ; armed robbery ; kidnapping ; repeated assault on or negligence of a child resulting in death ; castration resulting in death ; making a false accusation leading to a person being sentenced to death ; using torture in connection with another crime ; assaulting a member of government or parliament , a judge or a police officer with the intent to kill ; attempting a death - eligible crime ; some cases of recidivism ; genocide , war crimes and crimes against humanity Chad 2015 n / a Firing Squad , shooting . Death penalty for aggravated murder , arson , kidnapping resulting in the death of the victim , terrorism - related crimes , treason , espionage , assaulting a public official , attempting murder by poisoning , committing torture or other barbarous acts , and military offenses . Persons excused from capital punishment are women with small children , women who are pregnant , teenagers who were under 18 at time of crime , and the mentally ill . Capital punishment was abolished in 2014 , but then reintroduced the following year . Comoros 1997 n / a Firing squad . Death penalty for aggravated murder , murder , public comments , rape ( if it results in the death of the victim ) , barbaric actions including torture , and aggravated rape . Persons excluded from capital punishment are pregnant women , women with small children , teenagers who were under 18 at the time of the crime , and the mentally ill . Congo 1982 2015 Death penalty abolished November 2015 by constitution . Democratic Republic of the Congo 2003 n / a Hanging , shooting . Death penalty for murder , aggravated murder , treason , destruction of military facilities resulting in death , imposing superstitious trials by ordeal resulting in death , terrorism , armed robbery , drug trafficking and drug possession during wartime , espionage , misappropriation by a public prosecutor of seized or confiscated goods in time of war , some military offences , war crimes , genocide and crimes against humanity . Djibouti * None since independence in 1977 1995 Egypt 2017 44 + n / a Hanging or firing squad . Death penalty for rape ( if the victim is also kidnapped ) ; murder ; treason ; terrorism ; espionage ; perjury causing wrongful execution and organized drug trafficking . Those excused from the death penalty are : women with small children , women who are pregnant , teenagers who were under 18 at the time of the crime , and the mentally ill . In Egypt , it is believed that at least 1,700 people were executed under the death penalty , and 1,413 death sentences alone were issued between 2007 and 2014 . Since the beginning of 2015 , there have been reports of at least 354 death sentences carried out ; however , numbers are not totally reliable , for the governments secrecy surrounding capital punishment prevents them from releasing total information . Equatorial Guinea 2014 n / a Hanging , firing squad . Death penalty for murder , treason , terrorism , armed robbery , espionage , piracy , war crimes , some military offences and crimes against humanity . Eritrea * None since independence in 1993 n / a Hanging , shooting . Last execution when part of Ethiopia was 1989 . Death penalty for murder , armed robbery , espionage , treason , economic crimes , military offenses , war crimes and genocide . At least one execution may have been carried out between 1999 and 2008 , but this remains unconfirmed . Ethiopia 2007 n / a Firing squad . Death penalty for murder , robbery resulting in death or permanent disability of the victim , armed robbery , terrorism , some economic crimes , espionage , treason , certain military offences , armed conspiracy , war crimes , genocide , attempted capital offenses , certain economic crimes in time of war and outrages against the constitution Gabon 1981 Abolished in February 2010 Gambia 2012 n / a Hanging , firing squad . Death penalty for treason , murder and terrorism . Capital punishment was abolished in 1993 but was reinstated by Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council in August 1995 In 2017 , Gambia was considering abolishing the death penalty . Ghana 1993 n / a Firing squad , hanging . Death penalty for murder ; treason ; armed robbery In 2014 , it was agreed that a referendum would be held on several constitutional amendments including the abolition of capital punishment . Guinea 2016 ( Civilian ) N / A ( Military ) Firing squad is used . Abolished 2016 for ordinary crimes , still retained `` for exceptional crimes including treason ; desertion in presence of the enemy ; capitulation ; destruction of ships / planes and revolt at times of war or state of emergency . '' Guinea - Bissau 1986 1993 Abolished 1993 by Constitution . Ivory Coast * None since independence in 1960 2000 Kenya n / a Hanging . Death penalty for terrorism ; terrorism acts ; high treason ; murder , armed robbery , treason , military offenses and administering an oath purported to bind a person to commit a capital offense . On 3 August 2009 , the death sentences of all 4,000 death row inmates were commuted to life imprisonment , and government studies were ordered to determine if the death penalty has any impact on crime . Lesotho 1995 n / a Hanging . Death penalty for murder , treason , rape , and military offenses such as mutiny . Liberia 2000 n / a Hanging . Death penalty for aggravated murder , armed robbery , terrorism , `` mercenarism '' resulting in death , hijacking , treason and espionage . On 16 September 2005 , Liberia acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , abolishing the death penalty , but re-introduced elements of it in July 2008 . Libya n / a Firing squad , shooting . Libya executed more people ( 18 ) in 2010 , than any other African state . Current laws allow capital punishment for high treason ; attempt to forcibly change the form of government ; premeditated murder ; aggravated murder ; terrorism ; drug trafficking ; robbery resulting in death ; espionage and military offences such as assisting the enemy or undermining the defense or the territorial integrity of the State Madagascar 1958 2015 Abolished 10 December 2014 Earlier , on 24 September 2012 , Madagascar had signed the Second Additional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . Malawi 1992 n / a Hanging is used . Death penalty for murder ; rape ; violent robbery ; burglary ; treason ; housebreaking and military offenses . Mali 1980 n / a Executions by firing squad . Death penalty for aggravated murder ; terrorism ; violent robbery , armed robbery or gang - robbery ; arson ; kidnapping ; treason ; espionage ; certain military offenses ; crimes against humanity ; genocide ; assaulting on - duty state employees with the intention of causing death ; poisoning or mass poisoning of water supplies ; committing torture or barbarous acts in the course of a serious offense and attempting a death - eligible crime . Currently , no individual has been executed since 1980 , making Mali a de facto abolitionist country . Mauritania n / a Death penalty for homosexuality , sodomy , apostasy ( no recorded executions ) , blasphemy , adultery , murder , aggravated murder , terrorism , torture , rape , armed robbery , attempted armed robbery , arson , accomplice to a death - eligible crime , assaulting a judge or public official in the course of his duties resulting in his death , kidnapping resulting in death , abandoning a child or an incapacitated person causing his / her death , espionage , treason , perjury causing wrongful execution , some cases of repeat offences and the voluntary destruction of buildings , bridges , dams or roads causing deaths . Mauritius 1995 Morocco 1993 n / a Death penalty for terrorism , treason , espionage , corruption , perjury causing wrongful execution and aggravated murder . In December 2013 a parliamentary opposition group filed a bill to abolish the death penalty in Morocco . The MP who introduced the bill said he was `` optimistic '' about the bill passing `` in view of the current reform movement in Morocco '' . Mozambique 1986 1990 Abolished November 1990 by Constitution Namibia * None since independence in 1990 1990 Last execution when occupied by South Africa was in 1988 . Abolished March 1990 by Constitution . Niger 1976 n / a Executions by firing squad . Death penalty allowed for aggravated murder ; castration resulting in death ; kidnapping a minor resulting in death ; terrorism ; robbery ; treason ; espionage ; genocide ; crimes against humanity ; attempt or conspiracy to commit genocide , crimes against humanity and certain war crimes ; torture ; human trafficking ; poisoning ; harboring criminals ; perjury leading to a person being sentenced to death ; attempting to commit a death - eligible offense and redicivism in case of most serious offenses . Abolitionist de facto as the last execution took place in 1976 . Nigeria 2016 n / a Death penalty for murder ; blasphemy ; homosexuality ; adultery ; treason ; rape ; robbery ; incest ; assisting the suicide of a person legally unable to consent ; perjury in a capital case causing wrongful execution ; terrorism ; terrorist acts ; some military offences ; sodomy ; kidnapping and practice of indigenous beliefs in states applying Shariah law . Each of the 36 states has its own laws . In the north of the country , Sharia ( Islamic law ) is used . In Imo State , a bill that provided capital punishment for kidnapping was signed into law . Southern states of Nigeria have imposed a moratorium on the death penalty since 2004 . Rwanda 1998 2007 Since some of the perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide fled to countries that refuse to extradite suspects to countries that use capital punishment , the Rwandan parliament voted to abolish capital punishment in 2007 . São Tomé and Príncipe * None since independence in 1975 1990 Abolished September 1990 by Constitution Senegal 1967 Seychelles * None since independence in 1976 1993 Abolished June 1993 by Constitution Sierra Leone 1998 n / a Death penalty for treason ; murder ; aggravated robbery . Under the Special Court for Sierra Leone the death penalty is not a punishment for war crimes Somalia 2017 14 n / a Hanging , firing squad or stoning . Somalia is the only African state that carries out public executions . The Transitional Federal Government laws allowed for execution ( in the limited area of the country it used to control ) for murder , terrorism , treason , espionage , some military offences , blasphemy , apostasy and adultery . South Africa 1989 1995 The last execution by the South African government was on 14 November 1989 . An execution occurred in the internationally unrecognised `` homeland '' of Venda in 1991 . Capital punishment was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court on 6 June 1995 in the case of S v Makwanyane and Another . In 1997 the Criminal Law Amendment Act formally removed the invalidated provisions from the statute - book , and made provision for the resentencing of prisoners previously sentenced to death . On 25 May 2005 the Constitutional Court ordered that all remaining death sentences in the country be set aside and the prisoners resentenced as soon as possible . South Sudan 2016 unknown number n / a Death penalty for treason ; insurgency , banditry , sabotage or terrorism resulting in death ; perjury in a capital case leading to wrongful execution ; murder ; attempted murder causing injury by a person sentenced to life for a previous murder ; brigandage with murder ; and drug dealing under aggravated circumstances . Sudan 2016 n / a Death penalty for sodomy , waging war against the state , apostasy , prostitution , homosexuality , drug trafficking , treason , perjury in a capital case causing wrongful execution , espionage , acts that may endanger the independence or unity of the state , murder , armed robbery , abetting the suicide of an individual unable to give legal consent , terrorism , rape and incest committed by a married offender . Swaziland n / a Death penalty for murder ; treason Tanzania 1994 n / a Death penalty for murder ; treason ; military offenses ; mutiny by prison officers ; and abortion ( in Zanzibar semi-autonomous region ) Togo 1978 2009 Tunisia 1991 n / a Death penalty for murder ; terrorism ; terrorism acts ; violence and aggression ; attacks against the external security of the state ; kidnapping and sequestration resulting in death ; treason ; espionage ; rape ; arson ; military offenses ; attempt of a death - eligible offense and assault on a judge on duty , with threat or use of a weapon . On 6 January 2014 the National Constituent Assembly ( NCA ) voted for maintaining capital punishment in the upcoming constitution in Tunisia . The votes were by 135 yes out of a total of 174 . Since 2015 , it has been possible to give the death penalty for terrorism . Uganda 2005 n / a Death penalty for murder ; terrorism ; kidnapping ; rape ; robbery if the offender uses or threatens to use a deadly weapon , resulting in death or causing `` grievous harm '' to anyone ; smuggling if the offender uses or threatens to use a deadly weapon , resulting in death or causing `` grievous harm '' to anyone ; treason and some military offences . In 2009 , the Supreme Court upheld a 2005 Constitutional Court ruling that although the death penalty was constitutional , its use as a mandatory punishment for certain crimes was not . Zambia 1997 n / a Death penalty for murder ; aggravated robbery ; high treason . President Levy Mwanawasa stated in 2004 that `` For as long as I remain President , I will not execute a death warrant . '' Zimbabwe 2005 n / a Death penalty for murder ; high treason ; terrorism ; some military offences ; attempted murder , incitement or conspiracy to commit murder ; war crimes and genocide . Americas ( edit ) Of the 35 independent states in the Americas that are UN members : 13 maintain the death penalty in both law and practice . 5 retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances ( such as in time of war ) . 1 permit its use for ordinary crimes , but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions , or it is under a moratorium . 16 have abolished capital punishment . Many Caribbean countries have carried out no executions for over 10 years , but are not believed to have an abolitionist policy or established practice . The United States was the only country in the Americas to carry out executions in 2015 . The only other country in the Americas to have performed an execution since 2003 is Saint Kitts and Nevis , in 2008 . The countries in the Americas that most recently abolished the death penalty are Suriname ( 2015 ) , Argentina ( 2009 ) , and Bolivia ( 2009 ) . Guatemala abolished the death penalty for civil cases in 2017 . Executions in the Americas in 2016 : United States ( 20 ) . Note : The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon . Key Country Year of last execution Executions 2016 Year abolished Notes Antigua and Barbuda 1991 n / a Hanging . Death penalty for murder and treason . Currently , no individual is under the sentence of death , as the last death sentence in the country was commuted in 2016 . Argentina 1956 1984 ( civilian ) 2009 ( military ) Constitution of 1853 states `` The penalty of death for political offences , all kinds of torture , and flogging , are forever abolished . '' And was complety abolished by the Penal Code of 30 April 1922 . Despite this it was reinstated on several occasions : Between 6 September 1930 by martial law until 20 February 1932 . Between 9 June 1956 by martial law imposing summary executions and abolished on 13 June 1956 . Between 2 June 1970 and abolished on 27 May 1973 . Between 25 June 1976 and finally abolished on 9 August 1984 . The Military Code of Justice ( including the death penalty ) was abolished on 6 August 2008 taking effect the following year . Bahamas 2000 n / a Hanging . Death penalty for treason ; piracy ; murder . Currently no individual is under the sentence of death , as the last death sentence in the country was commuted in 2016 . Barbados 1984 n / a Death penalty for murder ; terrorism ; participating in a mutiny ; treason and espionage . Presently under review before the IACHR despite strong national support . Belize 1985 n / a Death penalty for murder , except where extenuating circumstances can be proved , aggravated murder , war crimes , crimes against humanity , genocide , some military offences and treason . Bolivia 2013 Abolished for ordinary crimes 1997 . `` The death penalty does not exist '' ( Article 15 ) . Brazil 1876 1978 ( Civilian ) N / a ( Military ) Hanging ( in the past , for civil offences ) , firing squad ( military offences ) . Brazil has always maintained the death penalty in wartime as part of its Military Code but , after Brazil became a Republic in 1889 , capital punishment for civil offenses or for military offences committed in peacetime was abolished by the first republican Constitution , adopted in 1891 . The penalty for crimes committed in peacetime was then reinstated ( during authoritarian governments ) and abolished again twice ( 1938 -- 53 and 1969 -- 78 ) , but on those occasions it was restricted to acts of terrorism or subversion considered `` internal warfare '' . Only one civilian was sentenced to death in the republican period , in 1969 , but the sentence was commuted and was not carried out . In the republican era , all military death sentences imposed for crimes committed during wartime ( the Second World War was Brazil 's last international military conflict ) were similarly commuted and not carried out . The current Constitution of Brazil ( 1988 ) expressly forbids the use of capital punishment , except for military offences committed during a war duly declared by Congress . The last person to suffer the death penalty in Brazil was executed in 1876 , during the Imperial era . After 1876 , Emperor Pedro II adopted in practice an abolitionist policy through his prerrogative of Mercy as Head of State , by directing that all death sentences be submitted by the Courts to the Imperial Government for examination regarding commutation ( even without a request for pardon or commutation from the person condemned ) , and by granting commutations for all death sentences that were passed . For more information see Capital punishment in Brazil . Canada 1962 ( military c. 1945 ) 1998 Abolished in 1976 for ordinary crimes ; abolished 1998 for military offences ( last used in 1945 ) . For more information see Capital punishment in Canada Chile 1985 2001 ( Civilian ) N / A ( Military ) Shooting . Death penalty for war crimes and crimes against humanity during times of war . Abolished from civil justice in 2001 . Colombia 1909 1910 Abolished in 1910 by Constitutional reform . Prohibited by the Colombian Constitution of 1991 : `` The right to life is inviolable . There will be no death penalty . '' Costa Rica 1859 1877 Abolished 1877 by Constitution Cuba 2003 n / a Firing squad . Death penalty for murder , attempted murder , hijacking , acts of terrorism , treason , espionage , political offenses , child rape , molestation of a child under 12 years of age with aggravating factors , rape of an adult with aggravating factors , rape of an adult that results in death , illness or grievous bodily harm , robbery with aggravating factors , drug offenses , production of child pornography , child trafficking , child prostitution , child corruption , piracy , working as a mercenary , apartheid , genocide , pedophilia . De facto abolitionist as the last execution took place on 11 April 2003 . The last death sentences were commuted in 2010 . See also Capital punishment in Cuba Dominica 1986 n / a Executions by hanging . Death penalty for aggravated murder and treason . Dominican Republic 1966 1966 Abolished in 1966 by Constitution . Ecuador 1884 1906 Abolished 1906 by Constitution . El Salvador 1973 1983 ( Civilian ) N / A ( Military ) May be imposed only in cases provided by military laws during a state of international war . Abolished for other crimes 1983 . Grenada 1978 n / a Guatemala 2000 2017 ( Civilian ) N / A ( Military ) Lethal injection . Until 2017 , death penalty for murder , espionage , treason , drug trafficking , kidnapping , torture , and terrorism . Abolished for civil cases in 2017 . Guyana 1997 n / a Death penalty for terrorist acts ; murder ; mass murder ; rape ; willful murder ; treason ; torture . The constitution states that it must not be a mandatory punishment . Haiti 1972 Abolished 1987 by Constitution . Honduras 1940 1956 Abolished 1956 by Constitution . Jamaica 1988 n / a Death penalty for murder . Mexico 1961 -- Military 1937 -- Civilian 1976 Abolished for all crimes in 2005 . See also Capital punishment in Mexico . Nicaragua 1930 1979 Abolished 1979 by Constitution Panama * None since independence in 1903 1903 Abolished 1903 by Constitution . Paraguay 1928 1992 Abolished 1992 by Constitution Peru 1979 1979 ( Civilian ) N / A ( Military ) Firing squad . Death penalty for treason ; terrorism ; espionage ; genocide ; mutiny ; desertion in times of war . Abolished for other crimes 1979 . Saint Kitts and Nevis 2008 n / a Hanging . Death penalty for murder and treason Saint Lucia 1995 n / a Hanging . Death penalty for murder ; treason Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1995 n / a Death penalty for murder ; treason Suriname 1982 2015 Abolished 2015 . Trinidad and Tobago 1999 n / a Death penalty for murder ; treason United States 2017 20 n / a Methods vary by state , federal , and military policy , but include lethal injection , hanging , firing squad , the electric chair , and the gas chamber . Federal law provides the death penalty for many homicide - related crimes , espionage , treason , terrorism , murder , robbery , and drug trafficking . 31 of the 50 states currently have the death penalty . Of the non-state territories , American Samoa still has capital punishment as a local statute , and the others have abolished it . The Supreme Court has severely limited the crimes that the death penalty can be a punishment for . It has also abolished the death penalty for crimes committed by a person under the age of 18 . Sentences of death may be handed down by a jury or a judge ( upon a bench trial or a guilty plea ) . See Capital punishment in the United States . Uruguay 1905 1907 Abolished by the `` Law No. 3238 '' on 23 September 1907 and by the Constitution of 1918 . Venezuela * None since independence in 1830 1863 Abolished 1863 by Constitution Asia - Pacific ( edit ) Of the 57 independent countries in the Asia - Pacific region that are UN member or observer states : 25 ( 44 % ) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice . 9 ( 16 % ) permit its use for ordinary crimes , but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions , or it is under a moratorium . 2 ( 4 % ) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances ( such as in time of war ) . 21 ( 37 % ) have abolished it . The information above is accurate as of 2016 , when Nauru abolished the death penalty , and does not include Taiwan , which is not currently a UN member ; Taiwan practises the death penalty by shooting , and conducted one execution in 2016 . Hong Kong and Macau are also listed below but not included in the figures above as they do not have UN membership separate from China . In 2014 , Asia had the world 's four leading practitioners of capital punishment -- China , Iran , Iraq , and Saudi Arabia . The most recent countries to abolish capital punishment in the Asia - Pacific region are ; Timor - Leste ( 2002 ) , Bhutan ( 2004 ) , Samoa ( 2004 ) , Philippines ( 2006 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 2007 ) , Uzbekistan ( 2008 ) , Fiji ( 2015 ) , Nauru ( 2016 ) , and Mongolia ( 2017 ) . Executions in 2016 : China ( unknown number ) , North Korea ( unknown number ) , Iran ( 567 + ) , Iraq ( 88 + ) , Saudi Arabia ( 154 + ) , Yemen ( unknown number ) , Afghanistan ( 6 ) , Vietnam ( unknown number ) , Japan ( 3 ) , Palestine ( 3 ) , Malaysia ( 9 ) , Singapore ( 4 ) , Syria ( unknown number ) , Bangladesh ( 10 ) , Pakistan ( 87 + ) . Note : The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon . Key Country Year of last execution Executions 2016 Year abolished Notes Afghanistan 2017 6 n / a Hanging ; shooting . Current laws allow capital punishment for aggravated murder , murder , arson , unintentional death to a child , terrorism - related offenses , treason , espionage , adultery ( including sex before marriage ) , consensual homosexual sex , apostasy , and giving false witness . The death penalty largely revolves around their faith and the degree of an offense is determined by if it offends their god and religion . Afghanistan does have a mandatory death penalty quota , which they must meet every year ; in 2015 there has to be 1 death for every 28,396,000 persons . Categories of persons excused from capital punishment are teenagers who were under 18 at time of crime , and pregnant women . Australia 1967 1985 Capital punishment was abolished in Queensland in 1922 , Tasmania in 1968 , The Northern Territory ; Australian Capital Territory and the Commonwealth in 1973 , Victoria in 1975 , South Australia in 1976 , Western Australia in 1984 and New South Wales in 1985 . See also capital punishment in Australia . Bahrain 2017 n / a Death penalty for premeditated murder ; aggravated murder ; rape , sexual assault or statutory rape ; kidnapping ; rape of child ; arson ; assault ; deliberately obstructing funerals or memorial services ; certain crimes against property , transportation or agriculture under aggravating circumstances ; terrorism ; plotting to topple the regime ; collaborating with a foreign hostile country ; threatening the life of the Emir ; defiance of military orders in time of war or martial law ; perjury causing wrongful execution ; treason ; drug trafficking and espionage Bangladesh 2017 10 n / a Hanging . Death penalty for murder ; drug offences ; sodomy ; kidnapping and trafficking in children for immoral or illegal purposes ; human trafficking ; kidnapping a person ( especially children or women ) to force him / her to engage in prostitution and expose him / her to sexual exploitation / slavery ; terrorism ; rape ; armed robbery ; sedition ; sabotage ; hijacking planes ; military offences such as abetting mutiny , cowardice or desertion ; attempted dowry murder ; abetting or conspiring to commit capital offenses ; perjury causing wrongful execution ; espionage ; treason and war crimes . Bhutan Brunei * None since independence in 1984 n / a Hanging is used . Last execution when a protectorate of Britain was in 1957 . Death penalty for murder ; unlawful possession of firearms and explosives ; possession of heroin or morphine of more than 15 grams , cocaine of more than 30 grams , cannabis of more than 500 grams , syabu or methamphetamine of more than 50 grams , or opium of more than 1.2 kg ; terrorism ; abetting the suicide of a person unable to give legal consent ; arson ; kidnapping ; abetting a successful mutiny ; treason and perjury resulting in the conviction of an innocent defendant of a capital offense . A new penal code was introduced in April 2014 and introduced the death penalty for male same - sex acts if one of the parties is Muslim ( by stoning ) ; rape ; adultery ; apostasy ; sodomy ; extramarital sexual relations for Muslims ; insulting any verse of the Quran and Hadith ; blasphemy and declaring oneself a prophet or non-Muslim . Cambodia 1989 1989 Abolished in 1989 by Constitution . China 2017 unknown number n / a Shooting ( firing squad ) ; lethal injection . China carries out far more executions than all of the rest of the world combined , and is the only country in the world that routinely executes thousands of people every year . On 25 February 2011 China 's newly revised Criminal Law reduced the number of crimes punishable by death by 13 , from 68 to 55 . Among these are embezzlement ; rape ( particularly of children ) ; fraud ; bombing ; flooding ; rioting ; separatism ; armed rebellion ; collaborationism ; political dissidence ; subversion ; spreading poisons / hazardous substances ; people trafficking ; forcing a person to engage in prostitution ( especially children , often after kidnapping or rape ) ; piracy ; theft ; drug trafficking ; corruption ; arson ; aggravated assault ; aircraft hijacking resulting in death ; producing or selling tainted food or fake medicine resulting in death or serious medical injury ; participating in an armed prison riot or jailbreak ; murder ; aggravated murder ; burglary ; kidnapping ; robbery ; armed robbery ; espionage ; treason ; poaching ; military offences ( like insubordination , cowardice ) ; sabotaging electricity , gas , fuel , petroleum , weapons , flammables , explosives and military communications / installations ; illegal possession , transport , smuggling , or selling of explosives or firearms ; illegally manufacturing , selling , transporting or storing hazardous materials ; trafficking or smuggling nuclear materials ; endangerment of national security and terrorism . Even the higher sections of Chinese society are not exempt from the death penalty , as billionaire Liu Han was executed 9 February 2015 . See also capital punishment in the People 's Republic of China . Hong Kong and Macau are under different jurisdiction from China and have abolished the death penalty . See corresponding entries . Fiji * None since independence in 1970 2015 Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1964 . The death penalty for crimes under the Republic of Fiji Military Forces Act was abolished in Feb 2015 . Abolished for other crimes 1979 . Hong Kong 1966 1993 Main article : Capital punishment in Hong Kong It was last used in 1966 and abolished in 1993 by the then British colonial government . India 2015 n / a Hanging , shooting can be used in the military court - martial system . Death penalty for murder ; instigating a minor 's or a mentally ill 's suicide ; treason ; terrorism ; a second conviction for drug trafficking ; aircraft hijacking ; aggravated robbery ; espionage ; kidnapping ; being a party to a criminal conspiracy to commit a capital offence ; attempted murder by those sentenced to life imprisonment if the attempt results in harm to the victim ; perjury causing wrongful execution ; aggravated rape / gang - rape ; drug smuggling under aggravated circumstances ; abetting sati , mutiny and its abetting ; causing explosions which can endanger life or property and a few military offences like desertion . Military offences may be punished with a firing squad . See also capital punishment in India Indonesia 2016 n / a Firing squad . Death penalty for murder ; high treason ; espionage ; some acts of corruption which damage national economy or finances ; aggravated gang - robbery ; extortion with force or threat of force ; terrorism ; some military offences ; genocide ; crimes against humanity ; piracy resulting in death ; drug trafficking and developing , producing , obtaining , transferring or using of chemical weapons . 8 people including overseas nationals executed on 29 April 2015 Iran 2017 567 + n / a Hanging , shooting or stoning . Iran performs public executions . Iran is second only to China in the number of executions it carries out -- executing hundreds every year . Death penalty for murder ; armed robbery ; drug trafficking ; kidnapping ; rape ; burglary ; child molestation ; pedophilia ; sodomy ; homosexuality ; incestuous relations ; fornication ; prohibited sexual relations ; sexual misconduct ; prostitution ; rebellion ; plotting to overthrow the Islamic regime ; political dissidence ; sabotage ; arson ; espionage ; treason ; terrorism ; joining the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ; certain military offenses ( e.g. cowardice , assisting the enemy ) ; apostasy ; adultery ; blasphemy ; counterfeiting ; smuggling ; speculating ; disrupting production ; recidivist theft ; extortion ; immoral attitude ; recidivist consumption of alcohol ; producing or preparing food , drink , cosmetics or sanitary items that lead to death when consumed or used ; producing and publishing pornography ; using pornographic materials to solicit sex ; recidivist false accusation of capital sexual offenses causing execution of an innocent person ; `` enmity against God '' and `` corruption on earth . '' Secret executions are widespread in the country , so that exact numbers for each year are difficult to obtain and different figures are provided by various organizations . At least 437 people have been executed in Iran in 2017 . See also capital punishment in Iran . Iraq 2017 88 + n / a Hanging . Death penalty for murder ; endangering national security ; distributing drugs ; rape ; incest ; apostasy ; espionage ; treason ; joining the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ; separatism ; organizing a referendum of independence of Kurdistan ; robbery ; armed robbery ; theft ; burglary ; kidnapping ; attacks on transport convoys ; arson ; rioting ; criticizing Iranian and Syrian political 's regimes ; membership in the Ba'ath Party ; political dissidence ; intentionally causing a flood or attempting to cause a flood ; damaging or sabotaging public structures ; war crimes , crimes against humanity ; genocide ; financing and execution of terrorism . Suspended in June 2003 after 2003 invasion ; reinstated August 2004 . A total of 447 people were executed between then and the end of March 2013 , with 129 in 2012 alone . Israel 1962 1954 ( civilian ) N / A ( military ) Hanging ; firing squad . Death penalty for crimes against humanity , high treason , genocide , and crimes against the Jewish people during wartime . Only two executions since independence in 1948 : accused traitor Meir Tobiansky ( posthumously acquitted ) and Holocaust architect Adolf Eichmann ( last execution in 1962 ) . Abolished for other crimes 1954 . Japan 2017 n / a Hanging . Murder ; treason and crimes against the State . Judges usually impose death penalty in case of multiple homicides ; death sentence for a single murder is extraordinary . Between 1946 and 2003 766 people were sentenced to death , 608 of whom were executed . For 40 months from 1989 to 1993 successive ministers of justice refused to authorise executions , which amounted to an informal moratorium . See also capital punishment in Japan . Jordan 2017 n / a Death penalty for some cases of terrorism , murder , aggravated murder , rape , aggravated robbery , drug trafficking , illegal possession and use of weapons , war crimes , espionage and treason . Executions resumed in 2014 after a hiatus . Kazakhstan 2003 n / a Currently capital punishment for terrorism and crimes in wartime . Moratorium since 17 December 2003 . Abolished on 30 July 2009 for other crimes . On 28 March 2011 the Presidential Commission for Human Rights in Astana asked the government to abolish capital punishment . Currently only one person , mass murderer Ruslan Kulikbayev , is on death row in Kazakhstan . Kiribati * None since independence in 1979 1979 Kuwait 2017 n / a Death penalty for apostasy ; drug trafficking ; rape ; murder ; aggravated murder ; kidnapping ; piracy ; torture ; human trafficking ; terrorism ; certain military offences ; national security crimes ; espionage ; treason and perjury causing execution of an innocent person Kyrgyzstan * None since independence in 1991 2007 Kyrgyz authorities had extended a moratorium on executions each year since 1998 . Abolished by constitution in 2007 Laos 1989 n / a Death penalty for murder ; hostage - taking ; kidnapping ; committing acts of robbery against the State or against `` collective assets '' ; obstructing an officer in the performance of his public duties and causing his death or causing him physically disabled ; trafficking in women or children resulting in death , lifetime incapacity or infection by HIV / AIDS of the victim ; terrorism ; drug trafficking ; disrupting industry , trade , agriculture or other economic activities with the intent of undermining the national economy ; drug possession ; treason and espionage Lebanon n / a Hanging ; firing squad . Death penalty for murder ; aggravated murder ; rape ; pedophilia ; terrorism ; gang - robbery or gang - assault ; arson against certain types of structures or sabotage of communications , transportation or industrial facilities causing death ; aggravated assault ; gang - assault involving torture ; life - eligible crimes with recidivism ; importing nuclear / toxic wastes ; polluting rivers or waterways with harmful substances ; some military offences ( e.g. desertion ) ; espionage and treason Macau 19th century 1976 Main article : Capital punishment in Macau It was last used in the 19th century and abolished in 1976 when Portugal abolished the death penalty on all its territories Malaysia 2017 9 n / a Hanging . Death penalty mandatory for trafficking in dangerous drugs ; discharging a firearm in the commission of a scheduled offense ; accomplices in case of discharge of firearm ; offenses against the Yang di - Pertuan Agong 's person ; murder ; kidnapping ; burglary ; robbery ; terrorism and treason . Discretionary for weapons trafficking ; abetting mutiny ; perjury causing wrongful execution ; consorting with a person carrying or having possession of arms or explosives ; waging or attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Yang di - Pertuan Agong , a Ruler or Yang di - Pertua Negeri Maldives * None since independence in 1965 n / a Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1952 . Death penalty for murder , terrorism , treason , adultery and apostasy. 60 - year moratorium lifted in 2014 . Marshall Islands * None since independence in 1986 1986 Abolished in 1986 by Constitution F.S. Micronesia * None since independence in 1986 1986 Abolished in 1986 by Constitution Mongolia 2008 2017 President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj instituted a moratorium in 2010 , systematically commuting all death sentences . The death penalty was formally abolished on 1 July 2017 . Myanmar 1988 n / a Death penalty for murder , terrorism , participating in a gang robbery if one of the robbers commits murder , abetting a successful mutiny , assault by a person under a life sentence which causing harm , assault with the intention to murder which causing only harm , perjury causing wrongful execution , high treason and drug trafficking . Nauru * None since independence in 1968 2016 Death penalty abolished May 2016 Nepal 1979 1997 Abolished 1997 by Constitution . New Zealand 1957 2007 ( Cook Is . ) 1989 ( N.Z. ) Abolished in New Zealand in 1989 . In 2007 the Cook Islands became the last of New Zealand ` s overseas territories to abolish capital punishment . See also capital punishment in New Zealand North Korea 2017 unknown number n / a Firing squad , hanging or decapitation . North Korea performs mainly private , but also performs some public executions . Current laws allow the death penalty for drug offences ; plots against national sovereignty ; circulating `` harmful '' information ; political dissidence ; terrorism ; espionage ; treason against the Motherland or against the people ; murder ; watching South Korean and foreign websites , medias or movies ; kidnapping ; rape ; assault ; armed robbery ; violation of Juche customs ; human trafficking ; illegal border crossing ; committing massacres ; bank robbery ; grand theft ; making illegal international calls without a phone card ; producing and / or watching pornography ; embezzlement ; currency counterfeiting ; black market smuggling / trafficking ; damaging or deliberately destroying state property ; destroying military facilities or technology ; unauthorized religious activity ; returning home from foreign countries after become defector ; and prostitution . There have been at least 64 carried out death sentences in 2016 , and in 2017 5 North Korean minister - level officials were executed by anti-aircraft guns ; it is not known whether these officials were executed legally from judicial approval . No offficial numbers can be known because of the secrecy surrounding the topic of capital punishment within the state . Oman 2015 n / a Death penalty for murder , drug trafficking , arson , piracy , terrorism , kidnapping , recividism of aggravated offenses punishable by life imprisonment , leading an armed group that engages in spreading disorder ( such as by sabotage , pillage or killing ) , espionage , treason and perjury causing wrongful execution Pakistan 2017 87 + n / a Main article : Capital punishment in Pakistan Hanging . Death penalty for murder , aggravated murder , drug smuggling , terrorism , arms trafficking , armed robbery resulting in death , certain military offenses ( e.g. cowardice , assisting the enemy , abetting a successful mutiny ) , kidnapping , rape , gang rape , perjury in a capital case leading execution of an innocent person , hijacking , sabotage of the railway system , stripping a woman 's clothes , a scheduled offence likely to create terror or disrupt sectarian harmony , acts to strike terror or create a sense of fear and insecurity resulting in death , unlawful assembly , treason , espionage , adultery , homosexuality and blasphemy . Six - year moratorium lifted in 2014 after the Peshawar school massacre . Palau * None since independence in 1994 1994 Palestine 2017 n / a Hamas performs public executions . Indeed , suspected political dissidents , such as accused Israel collaborators , are frequently executed , often in the street or public squares in front of large crowd to serve as warnings for people , and sometimes without trial . Death penalty for aggravated murder ; murder ; terrorism ; treason ; espionage ; military offenses and some offenses resulting in death like vandalism ; medical violations ; felony ; disobedience ; violence or sedition . Papua New Guinea * None since independence in 1975 n / a Last execution when under Australian administration in November 1954 . Treason ; piracy ; attempted piracy ; willful murder . Papua New Guinea voted in 2013 to introduce the death penalty for crimes such as rape , robbery and sorcery - related murder . See also capital punishment in Papua New Guinea . Philippines 2000 2006 Abolished in 1987 under the present Constitution , re-introduced in 1993 , re-abolished on 24 June 2006 under Republic Act No. 9346 . The House of Representatives voted to reinstate the death penalty for drug crimes in March 2017 however the law is still pending Senate & Presidential approval . Qatar 2003 n / a Death penalty for espionage ; threat to national security ; apostasy ( no recorded executions ) ; homosexuality ; blasphemy ; murder ; aggravated murder ; violent robbery ; arson ; torture ; kidnapping ; terrorism ; rape ; drug trafficking ; extortion by threat of accusation of a crime of honor ; perjury causing wrongful execution and treason . Samoa * None since independence in 1962 Saudi Arabia 2017 154 + n / a Decapitation . Saudi Arabia performs public executions . Current Islamic laws allow the use of capital punishment for many violent and nonviolent offenses which includes aggravated burglary , treason , espionage , as well as homosexuality , adultery ; murder ; blasphemy ; apostasy ; drug trafficking ; rape ; armed robbery ; some military offences ; witchcraft ; sexual misconduct and terrorism . Method most often used is beheading with a scimitar , although the firing squad is sometimes used . Bodies may be put on public display . Singapore 2017 n / a Hanging . Death penalty for terrorism ; murder ; treason ; perjury causing wrongful execution ; kidnapping ; certain firearm offenses ; gang - robbery resulting in death ; genocide ; arms trafficking ; piracy ; attempted murder by a convict under a life sentence ; drug trafficking in more than 15 grams of heroin or morphine , 30 grams of cocaine or 500 grams of cannabis and some military offences . See also capital punishment in Singapore . Solomon Islands * None since independence in 1978 1978 South Korea 1997 n / a Death penalty for murder , aggravated murder , arson resulting in death , piracy , terrorism , kidnapping , rape , rebellion , drug trafficking , conspiracy with foreign countries , counterfeiting money and bank notes , robbery - homicide , recidivist violent robbery , treason , espionage , some military offences and other crimes . There has been an unofficial moratorium on executions since President Kim Dae - jung took office in February 1998 . Sri Lanka 1976 n / a Death penalty for murder ; treason ; perjury causing an innocent person to be executed ; rape ; armed robbery ; drug trafficking ; kidnapping with the use of a gun ; extortion committed with the use of a gun ; human trafficking offenses committed with the use of a gun ; attempting murder with the use of a gun ; causing harm with the use of a gun ; assault on a public servant with the use of a gun and some military offences . Moratorium since 1976 . Syria 2017 unknown number n / a Hanging is used for normal executions , and for military personal , shooting is used . Syria performs public executions . Current laws allow the death penalty for treason ; espionage ; murder ; arson resulting in death ; attempting a death - eligible crime ; recidivism for a felony punishable by forced labor for life ; terrorism ; political acts and military offences such as bearing arms against Syria in the ranks of the enemy , insubordination , rebellion , desertion of the armed forces to the enemy and acts of incitement under martial law or in wartime ; violent robbery ; subjecting a person to torture or barbaric treatment during the commission of gang - robbery ; rape . Certain crimes are considered to be that of which deserve an automatic death sentence punishment , those are : membership in the Muslim Brotherhood ; joining the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ; drug trafficking ; political dissidence and falsification of material evidence resulting in a third party being convicted for a drug offense and sentenced to death . Extrajudicial killings are commonplace in Syria . Persons excused from death row are women with small children , pregnant women , the mentally ill , the intelectually disabled , and teenagers who committed the crime under the age of 18 at the time . Since the start of the civil war , it can not be known clearly how many people have been put on death row . As of 2014 , Syria did have an execution per capita rate of 1 for every 3,000,000 persons . Taiwan 2016 n / a Gun shot to heart at close range with a single gun . Lethal injection is also a common form of execution . Person lies on a mattress where doctor marks where heart is ; person then stands up and receives three shots to the marked place on their heart , unless the person is an organ donor , then the shot is to the back of the head . Crimes punishable by death are : aggravated murder , murder , other offences resulting in death , drug trafficking , drug possession , treason , military offences , war crimes , crimes against humanity , and genocide. Those excluded from capital punishment are : the elderly , pregnant women , women with small children , the mentally ill , and teenagers under the age of 18 at the time of the crime . As of 2006 , the mandatory death penalty minimum was taken away . By the end of 2012 , there were a recorded number of 120 prisoner executions . Tajikistan n / a Firing squad . Death penalty for murder with aggravating circumstances ; rape with aggravating circumstances ; terrorism ; biocide ; genocide . Moratorium introduced 30 April 2004 by President Emomalii Rahmon , which means instead of capital punishment , the individual shall receive a life in prison . Persons excluded from death row are : the elderly , women , pregnant women , intellectually disabled , the mentally ill , and teenagers who were under the age of 18 at the time of the crime . Many interest groups within the state are attempting to rid the death penalty out of the law books altogether , for they believe in a bright future for the state . Thailand 2009 n / a Death penalty for 35 crimes including regicide ; sedition or rebellion ; offenses committed against the external security of Thailand ; murder or attempted murder of a foreign head of state or a member of the royal family ; bribery ; high treason ; espionage ; terrorism acts ; terrorism ; arson ; rape ; murder ; aggravated murder ; drug trafficking ; kidnapping ; robbery resulting in death ; certain military offences ; illegal use of firearms or explosives . For a full list see here ( PDF ) Timor - Leste * None since independence in 2002 2002 Death penalty suspended following UN administration in 1999 when still a province of Indonesia . Abolished by constitution 2002 . Tonga 1982 n / a Hanging . Death penalty for treason , murder . See capital punishment in Tonga Turkmenistan 1997 1999 Abolished 1999 by Constitution . Tuvalu * None since independence in 1978 1978 United Arab Emirates 2017 n / a Death penalty by firing squad for murder ; aggravated murder ; drug offenses ; successfully inciting the suicide of a person `` afflicted with total lack of free will or reason '' ; arson resulting in death ; kidnapping resulting in death ; acts of indecent assault resulting in death ; importing nuclear substances / wastes in the environment of the State ; flying unauthorized with unmanned vehicles ( drones ) ; rape ; treason ; adultery ; apostasy ; aggravated robbery ; terrorism ; sodomy ; homosexuality ; joining the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Syria or Iraq ; blasphemy ; espionage and perjury causing wrongful execution Uzbekistan 2005 2008 President Islam Karimov signed a decree on 1 August 2005 that replaced the death penalty with life imprisonment on 1 January 2008 Vanuatu * None since independence in 1980 1980 Vietnam 2016 unknown number n / a Lethal injection . Death penalty for treason ; taking action to overthrow the government ; espionage ; rebellion ; banditry ; terrorism ; sabotage ; hijacking ; destruction of national security projects ; undermining peace ; war crimes ; crimes against humanity ; manufacturing , concealing and trafficking in narcotic substances ; certain military offences ; manufacturing or trading fake goods such as food or medicines , causing `` particularly serious '' consequences ; murder ; rape ; robbery ; embezzlement ; fraud and receiving bribes above a certain amount , or causing `` particularly serious '' consequences Yemen 2017 unknown number n / a Shooting , stoning . Yemen performs public executions . Current laws allow the death penalty for murder ; adultery ; homosexuality ; apostasy ( no recorded executions ) ; blasphemy ; drug trafficking ; perjury causing wrongful execution ; kidnapping ; rape ; sexual misconduct ; violent robbery ; banditry ; terrorism ; destruction of property leading to death ; prostitution ; certain military offenses ( e.g. cowardice , desertion ) ; espionage and treason . Europe ( edit ) Main article : Capital punishment in Europe Of the 49 independent states in Europe that are UN members or have UN Observer status : 1 ( 2 % ) , Belarus , maintains the death penalty . 1 ( 2 % ) , Russia , maintains the death penalty , but has a moratorium . 47 ( 96 % ) have completely abolished it . Abolition of death penalty is a pre-condition for entry into the European Union , which considers capital punishment a `` cruel and inhuman '' practice and `` not been shown in any way to act as a deterrent to crime '' . Since 1999 , Belarus has been the only recognized country in Europe to carry out executions . 2009 and 2015 were the first two years in recorded history when Europe was completely free of executions . This century the following European countries have abolished capital punishment : Ukraine ( 2000 ) , Malta ( 2000 ) , Cyprus ( 2002 ) , Turkey ( 2004 ) , Greece ( 2004 ) , Moldova ( 2005 ) , Albania ( 2007 ) , and Latvia ( 2012 ) . Executions in Europe in 2016 : Belarus ( 4 + ) Note : The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon . Key Country Year of last execution Executions 2016 Year abolished Notes Albania 1995 2007 Ratification of Protocol No. 13 of ECHR took place on 6 February 2007 , in effect by 1 June 2007 . Andorra 1943 1990 Garrote , Firing Squad abolished 1990 by Constitution Armenia * None since independence in 1991 1998 Abolished in 1998 by Constitution . The last execution when Armenia was a part of the USSR was on 30 August 1991 . Austria 1950 1968 Abolished in peacetime 1950 . Completely abolished in 1968 by Constitution . Azerbaijan 1993 1998 Belarus 2017 4 + n / a Shooting . Belarus is the only country in Europe to practice the death penalty . Laws allow capital punishment for acts of aggression ; murder of a representative of a foreign state or international organization with the intention to provoke international tension or war ; international terrorism ; genocide ; crimes against the security of humanity ; murder with aggravating circumstances ; terrorism ; terrorist acts ; treason that results in loss of life ; conspiracy to seize power ; sabotage ; murder of a police officer ; murder of a border patrol ; use of weapons of mass destruction ; and violations of the laws and customs of war . See Capital punishment in Belarus . Belgium 1950 Last execution for common law crimes was in 1863 . Last execution for war crimes was in 1950 . Abolished 1996 by Penal Code ; since 2005 in Constitution . Bosnia and Herzegovina * None since independence in 1992 1998 Last execution when part of Yugoslavia was in 1975 . Abolished 1998 by Constitution , although the death penalty is still present in statutes , specifically in Republika Srpska , Article 11 , which states `` Human life shall be inviolable . Death penalty may be pronounced exclusively for capital crimes . '' Bulgaria 1989 1998 The last execution in Bulgaria took place on November 4 , 1989 , days before the downfall of Todor Zhivkov , which heralded the end of the communist regime . It was the year 's 14th shooting of a convicted prisoner . Croatia 1991 Last capital punishment was performed on January 29 , 1987 by the state firing squad while Croatia was still part of SFR Yugoslavia . Last executed convict was Dušan Kosić who killed Čedomir Matijević , his wife Slavica and their two daughters , Dragana and Snježana . Capital punishment was abolished in 1990 according to the provision of the new Croatian constitution enected for the SR Croatia . Upon declaring independence in June 1991 newly formed Republic of Croatia declared Constitution from 1990 official and left the jurisdiction of the Yugoslav Federation consequently completely abolishing capital punishment . Death penalty is prohibited by the article 21 of the Croatian Constitution . Cyprus 1962 2002 Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1983 . The unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus still retains the death penalty for wartime treason . Czech Republic * None since independence in 1993 1990 Last execution when part of Czechoslovakia was in June 1989 . Abolished after the Velvet Revolution 1990 by the amendment to Constitution of Czechoslovakia . Upon independence on 1 January 1993 the Czech Republic became a new abolitionist state . For more info see Capital punishment in the Czech Republic . Denmark 1950 1978 Last execution for common law crimes 1892 . Last execution for war crimes 1950 . Capital punishment was retroactively carried out 1945 -- 50 for crimes related to the German occupation in World War II , repealed in 1951 and confirmed in 1993 . A similar rule was active 1952 -- 1978 in the civil penalty law for war crimes committed under extreme circumstances . See Capital punishment in Denmark . Estonia 1991 1998 In Estonia the last execution took place on 11 September 1991 when Rein Oruste was shot with a bullet to the back of the head for the crime of murder . Finland 1944 1972 Last peacetime execution 1825 . Last wartime execution 1944 . Capital punishment was abolished for civilian crimes in 1949 ( all existing sentences commuted to life imprisonment ) and for all crimes 1972 . In 1984 the death penalty was explicitly outlawed in the Finnish Constitution . See Capital punishment in Finland . France 1977 1981 The death penalty was initially abolished by the Directory in 1795 but re-introduced by Napoleon in 1810 . It was re-abolished in law in 1981 and by Constitution in 2007 . See Capital punishment in France . Georgia 1995 2006 The death penalty was abolished for most offenses in 1997 , but the constitution stated that the Supreme Court had the power to impose the death penalty in exceptionally serious cases of `` crimes against life '' . On 27 December 2006 , President Mikheil Saakashvili signed into a law a new constitutional amendment totally abolishing the death penalty in all circumstances . The self - proclaimed state of Abkhazia , which is claimed by Georgia , still retains the death penalty for wartime treason , but it has been under moratorium since 2007 . Germany 1949 ( West Germany ) 1981 ( East Germany ) 1949 ( West Germany ) 1987 ( East Germany ) Prohibited in West Germany by the Basic Law since 1949 . US military authorities carried out an execution on West German territory in 1956 . The now defunct GDR abolished the death penalty in 1987 , the last execution was held in 1981 . Greece 1972 Abolished in 1994 ( Law 2207 / 1994 ) except for high treason in time of war ; abolished completely with the Constitutional amendment of 2001 and then with the approval by Greek Parliament of the ratification of Protocol No. 13 on the abolition of death penalty in all circumstances in November 2004 . Hungary 1988 1990 Capital punishment was abolished in 1990 and the last execution was of Ernő Vadász on 14 July 1988 for murder . Iceland * None since independence in 1944 1928 Last execution in 1830 when a colony of Denmark . Abolished in 1928 ; reintroduction made unconstitutional in 1995 by unanimous vote of Parliament . Ireland 1954 1990 See Capital punishment in Ireland . Abolished for most murders in 1964 , and for remaining offences in 1990 . Last death sentences passed in 1985 ; all since 1954 commuted to imprisonment. 2001 constitutional referendum prohibits reintroduction , even during state of emergency . Italy 1947 1948 On 30 November 1786 the Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( then independent , now a part of Italy ) became the first state in the modern era to completely abolish the death penalty . The short lived Roman Republic of Feb -- July 1849 abolished the death penalty before being overthrown by French troops . When the Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861 all the constituent states except Tuscany allowed capital punishment until it was abolished from the penal code in 1889 -- although it was maintained under military and colonial law . In 1926 Mussolini reintroduced the death penalty into Italian law . It was re-abolished from the penal code in 1944 . Art . 27 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic ( 1948 ) completely abolished it for all common military and civil crimes during peacetime . The death penalty was still , formally , in force in Italy in the military penal code , only for high treachery against the Republic or only in war theatre perpetrated crimes ( though no execution ever took place ) until it was abolished completely from there as well , in 1994 . Article 27 of Italian Constitution was changed , in 2007 , to impede the reintroduction of death penalty in time of war too . See Capital punishment in Italy . Latvia 2012 Death penalty abolished for peacetime offenses 1999 . Abolished for all crimes 2012 . Liechtenstein 1785 Lithuania 1995 1998 Luxembourg 1949 1979 Abolished by Constitution 1979 Macedonia * None since independence in 1991 1991 Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1988 . Abolished by Constitution 1991 . Malta * None since independence in 1964 2000 Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1943 . Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1971 ; part of the military code until 2000 . Moldova * None since independence in 1991 2005 Last execution when a part of the USSR was in 1985 . On 23 September 2005 the Moldovan Constitutional Court approved constitutional amendments that abolished the death penalty . The self - proclaimed state of Transnistria , which is claimed by Moldova , still retains the death penalty but has observed a moratorium on executions since 1999 . Monaco 1847 1962 Abolished by Constitution 1962 Montenegro * None since independence in 2006 1995 Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1992 . Capital punishment abolished by Yugoslavia Federal Republic in 1995 . When Montenegro declared independence in 2006 it became an abolitionist state . Netherlands 1952 1982 ( Neth ) 2010 ( Neth Antilles ) Last execution for peacetime offences 1860 . Abolished for peacetime offences in 1870 . Abolished in Netherlands by Constitution 1982 . Last Netherlands overseas territory to abolish was Netherlands Antilles in 2010 . Norway 1948 1979 Abolished for peacetime offences in 1902 , last execution for peacetime offences 1876 . Last executions of wartime offenders conducted on 37 men convicted of treason or war crimes in WWII in 1945 -- 48 . Poland 1988 1997 A criminal law reform including reintroduction of death penalty was proposed in 2004 by Prawo i Sprawiedliwość , but lost its first reading vote in the Sejm by 198 to 194 with 14 abstentions . It is said that this was only populism , as Poland was in the European Union and so this initiative hardly had a chance . See More Capital punishment in Poland Portugal 1846 1976 Capital Punishment was abolished for political crimes in 1852 , civil crimes in 1867 and war crimes in 1911 . In 1916 , capital punishment was reinstated only for military offenses that occurred in a war against a foreign country and in the theater of war . Capital punishment was completely abolished again in 1976 . See Capital punishment in Portugal . Romania 1989 1990 The last people to be convicted and executed in Romania were former dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife , Elena Ceaușescu , following the Romanian Revolution of 1989 . Their accusations ranged from crimes against humanity to high - treason . Abolished in 1990 and banned by Constitution in 1991 . Russia 1996 ( mainland Russia ) 1999 ( Chechnya ) n / a Russia retains the death penalty , but it is rarely used . There have been 4 brief periods when Russia has completely abolished the death penalty , in the 18th century Russian empress Elizabeth abolished it , but it was restored by the next emperor , Peter III of Russia ; then , on 12 March 1917 to 12 July 1917 following the overthrow of the Tsar , 27 October 1917 to 16 June 1918 following the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks , and 1947 -- 1950 after the end of the Second World War ( Joseph Stalin abolished it in 1947 , but he had restored it in 1950 , and for this short period , the strictest punishment in USSR was penal servitude in GULAG for 25 years ) . Currently the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation envisages the death penalty for five crimes : murder with aggravating circumstances , assassination attempt against a state or public figure , attempt on the life of a person administering justice or preliminary investigations , attempt on the life of a law - enforcement officer , and genocide . On 16 April 1997 Russia signed the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights , but has yet to ratify it . There has been a moratorium on executions since 1996 ; no executions in the Russian Federation since August 1996 ( except one in 1999 in the Chechen Republic , a former limited recognition state ) . In November 2009 , the Constitutional Court extended the moratorium indefinitely pending ratification of the Sixth Protocol . The death penalty is still present in statutes . See Capital punishment in Russia . San Marino 1468 1865 Capital Punishment was abolished for civil crimes in 1848 . The Death penalty was completely abolished for all crimes in 1865 . Serbia * None since independence in 2006 1995 Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1992 . Capital punishment abolished by Yugoslavia Federal Republic in 1995 . When Serbia became independent in 2006 it became an abolitionist state . Slovakia * None since independence in 1993 1990 Last execution when a part of Czechoslovakia was in 1989 . Abolished 1990 by Constitution when still a constituent part of Czechoslovakia . Upon independence on 1 January 1993 Slovakia became a new abolitionist state . Slovenia * None since independence in 1991 1991 Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1959 . Abolished in Slovenian Yugoslav Republic 1989 by Constitution . Upon declaration of independence in 1991 Slovenia removed itself from the jurisdiction of the Federal Yugoslav capital punishment statutes effectively achieving complete abolition . Spain 1978 ( civilian ) 1995 ( military ) Abolished in 1978 by constitution except for military laws during wartime . Abolished from the military penal code in 1995 . See also capital punishment in Spain . Sweden 1910 1973 Peacetime offences 1921 , Wartime offences 1973 . Constitutionally prohibited since 1975 . See also capital punishment in Sweden . Switzerland 1944 1992 Capital Punishment was abolished in 1874 , but reinstated in 1879 . It was practiced by a few cantons ( nine executions up to 1940 ) . Abolished by popular vote in 1938 , except for wartime military crimes , for which it was abolished in 1992 . Banned by the 1999 constitution . Turkey 1984 Abolished in 2004 by Constitution . On October 29 , 2016 , Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan says his government would ask parliament to consider reintroducing the death penalty as a punishment for the plotters behind the July coup bid . Ukraine 1997 2000 Abolished February 2000 after the Constitutional Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional in December 1999 . New criminal code passed in April 2000 . The unrecognized Donetsk People 's Republic reintroduced the death penalty for treason in 2014 . United Kingdom 1977 ( Bermuda ) 1964 ( UK ) 1965 ( murder , Great Britain ; permanent 1969 ) 1973 ( murder , Northern Ireland ) 1998 ( all offences ) 2006 ( Jersey ) Last execution in the UK was in 1964 . The last execution on British Overseas Territory occurred in Bermuda in 1977 . Abolished for murder in 1969 in Great Britain and 1973 in Northern Ireland . Abolished for all remaining offences ( high treason , piracy with violence and offences under military jurisdiction ) in UK in 1998 . European Convention , Thirteenth Protocol ratified in 2003 confirming total abolition . See Capital punishment in the United Kingdom . The last British Territory or Crown Dependency to completely abolish capital punishment was Jersey on 10 December 2006 ( see Capital punishment in Jersey ) . Vatican City 1870 ( as Papal States ) 1969 Mazzatello was used . Never used within the Vatican and only carried out in the Papal States by local authorities where the sentences were handed out . The death penalty was reserved for assassins of the pope until its abolition in 1969 . Abolition chronology ( edit ) The table below lists in chronological order the 103 independent states , that are either UN members or have UN observer status , that have completely abolished the death penalty . In the hundred years following the abolition of capital punishment by Venezuela in 1863 only 11 more countries followed , not counting temporary abolitions which were later reversed . From the 1960s onwards abolition became far more popular . 4 countries abolished capital punishment in the 1960s ( a record up to that time for any decade ) , 11 in the 1970s , and a further 10 in the 1980s . After the end of the Cold War , the rate of abolition greatly increased . 35 countries abolished capital punishment in the 1990s , and a further 23 in the 2000s . Since 1985 , there have been only five years when no country has abolished the death penalty : 1988 , 2003 , 2011 , 2013 and 2014 . Note : Where a country has abolished , re-instated , and abolished again ( e.g. Philippines , Switzerland , Portugal ) only the later abolition date is included . Countries who have abolished and since reinstated ( e.g. Liberia ) are not included . Non-independent territories are considered to be under the jurisdiction of their parent country -- which leads to unexpectedly late abolition dates for the UK , New Zealand and the Netherlands , where Jersey ( UK ) , the Cook Is ( NZ ) , and the Netherlands Antilles , were the last territories of those states to abolish capital punishment , and all were rather later than the more well known abolitions on the respective mainlands . Defunct countries such as the GDR ( East Germany ) , which abolished capital punishment in 1987 but was dissolved in 1990 , are also not included . References are in the continental tables above and not repeated here . Year abolished Country Countries per year Running total 1863 Venezuela 1865 San Marino 1877 Costa Rica 1903 Panama 1906 Ecuador 5 1907 Uruguay 6 1910 Colombia 7 1928 Iceland 8 1948 Italy 9 1949 Germany 10 1956 Honduras 11 1962 Monaco 12 1966 Dominican Republic 13 1968 Austria 14 1969 Vatican City 15 1972 Finland 16 1973 Sweden 17 1976 Portugal 18 1978 Denmark Solomon Islands Tuvalu 21 1979 Kiribati Luxembourg Nicaragua Norway 25 1980 Vanuatu 26 1981 Cape Verde France 28 1982 Netherlands 29 1985 Australia 30 1986 Marshall Islands F.S. Micronesia 32 Haiti Liechtenstein 34 1989 Cambodia 35 1990 Andorra Czechoslovakia . Hungary Ireland Mozambique Namibia Romania São Tomé and Príncipe 9 44 1991 Croatia Macedonia Slovenia 47 1992 Angola Paraguay Switzerland 50 1993 Guinea - Bissau Seychelles 52 1994 Palau 53 1995 Djibouti Mauritius South Africa Spain Serbia and Montenegro 6 59 Belgium 60 1997 Nepal Poland 62 1998 Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Estonia Lithuania United Kingdom 8 70 1999 Turkmenistan 71 2000 Ivory Coast Malta Ukraine 74 2002 Cyprus Timor - Leste 76 Bhutan Greece Samoa Senegal Turkey 5 81 2005 Mexico Moldova 83 2006 Georgia Philippines 85 2007 Albania Kyrgyzstan New Zealand ( In Cook Islands , NZ proper in 1989 ) Rwanda 89 2008 Uzbekistan 90 2009 Argentina Bolivia Burundi Togo 94 Gabon 95 2012 Latvia 96 2015 Congo Fiji Madagascar Suriname 100 2016 Benin Nauru 102 2017 Mongolia 103 See also ( edit ) List of most recent executions by jurisdiction American Convention on Human Rights European Convention on Human Rights Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Life imprisonment Corporal punishment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty News : December 2002 '' . Amnesty International . 1 January 2003 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Korea `` The Death Penalty in South Korea '' Check url = value ( help ) . Death Penalty Worldwide . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Capital punishment in South Korea Jump up ^ `` South Korea : Death penalty abolition -- historic opportunity '' . Amnesty International . 19 April 2005 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Penalty in Sri Lanka '' . Death Penalty Worldwide . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. says Syria built crematorium to handle mass prisoner killings '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` The Death Penalty in Syria '' . Death Penalty Worldwide . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syria : Extrajudicial Executions '' . 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Penalty in Taiwan '' . www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Penalty in Taiwan '' . www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Tajikistan : Death Penalty '' . Legislationline . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Penalty in Tajikistan '' . www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Time for Tajikistan to End Death Penalty '' . Institute for War and Peace Reporting . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand carries out first executions in six years '' . Amnesty International . 26 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor - Leste '' ( PDF ) . Government of Timor - Leste . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ https://deathpenaltynews.blogspot.com/2017/11/uae-man-who-raped-killed-eight-year-old.html Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) : '' . Amnesty International . 2 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Arab Emirates `` The Death Penalty in United Arab Emirates '' Check url = value ( help ) . Death Penalty Worldwide . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uzbekistan : Further information on : Fear of imminent execution / torture and ill - treatment '' . Amnesty International . 7 April 2005 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Decree on the abolition of the death penalty '' . Legislationline. 19 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty : World 's biggest executioner China must come clean about ' grotesque ' level of capital punishment '' . www.amnesty.org . Jump up ^ `` Socialist Republic of Viet Nam : The death penalty -- inhumane and ineffective '' . Amnesty International . 27 August 2003 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Penalty in Vietnam '' . Death Penalty Worldwide . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Almosawa , Shuaib ; Gladstone , Rick ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` In TV Spectacle , Man Convicted of Child Rape - Murder Is Executed in Yemen '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Further information on Imminent execution , Fuad ' Ali Mohsin al - Shahari '' . Amnesty International . 6 April 2005 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Further Information on : Death by stoning and flogging '' . Amnesty International . 6 September 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Signorile , Michelangelo . `` Hate Crimes : Like the Taliban , America 's Middle East Allies Tyrannize Gays and Women '' . Gay and Lesbian Arabic Society . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen - End Blasphemy Laws '' . Jump up ^ `` The Death Penalty in Yemen '' . Death Penalty Worldwide . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EEAS - European External Action Service - European Commission '' . EEAS - European External Action Service . Jump up ^ Luke Harding . `` EU outraged after Belarus executes two men accused of Metro bombing '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Execution of Pavel Selyun '' . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The end of capital punishment in Europe '' . Capital Punishment U.K. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Death penalty : Ratification of international treaties '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus Carries Out First Execution This Year ; EU Urges Moratorium '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Jump up ^ `` Belarus : Death Penalty '' . Legislationline . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Tomislav Mamić , Mario Pušić ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) . `` ' Karlovački monstrum nije imao milosti . Nismo imali izbora , morali smo ga osuditi na strijeljanje ' '' . Jutarnji.hr . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Deveterostruko ubojstvo najteži zločin '' . Glas Slavonije ( in Croatian ) . 27 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia '' . Constitution Society . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty : 3,797 executed in 2004 '' . www.payvand.com . Jump up ^ https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/80000/act500012005en.pdf ^ Jump up to : Bragadottir , Ragnheidur . `` Dauðarefsingar á Íslandi '' ( Death penalties in Iceland ) ( in Icelandic ) . Akureyri , Iceland : Akureyri Art Museum . Archived from the original on 11 November 2009 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Síðan liðu 40 ár þar til síðasta aftakan fór fram , en það var 12 . janúar 1830 þegar Agnes Magnúsdóttir og Friðrik Sigurðsson voru tekin af lífi í Vatnsdalshólum í Húnavatnssýslu fyrir morðið á Natani Ketilssyni . ^ Jump up to : Bragadottir , Ragnheidur . `` Dauðarefsingar á Íslandi '' ( Death penalties in Iceland ) ( in Icelandic ) . Akureyri , Iceland : Akureyri Art Museum . Archived from the original on 11 November 2009 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Árið 1928 var til meðferðar á Alþingi frumvarp til breytinga á almennum hegningarlögum . Þingmaður Dalamanna , Sigurður Eggerz , setti þá fram tillögu um afnám líflátsrefsinga . Var hún samþykkt án teljandi umræðna og var dauðarefsing þar með afnumin á Íslandi . Jump up ^ Bragadottir , Ragnheidur . `` Dauðarefsingar á Íslandi '' ( Death penalties in Iceland ) ( in Icelandic ) . Akureyri , Iceland : Akureyri Art Museum . Archived from the original on 11 November 2009 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Mannréttindasáttmáli Evrópu var lögfestur á Íslandi árið 1995 og eru ákvæði hans þar með orðin hluti af íslenskum rétti . Ári síðar var mannréttindaákvæðum stjórnarskrárinnar mikið breytt og þau aukin . Var þá m.a. sett í stjórnarskrána bann við dauðarefsingu , en þar segir nú að aldrei megi mæla fyrir um slíka refsingu í lögum . Jump up ^ `` Notification of Ratification '' . Council of Europe . 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Antilles to abolish capital punishment '' . The Daily Herald . 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese Constitution of 1933 - Part I , Title II , Article 8o , No11 : ( Translation ) : There is no perpetual body feathers , nor death , except , on this , the case of belligerency with a foreign country , and to be applied in the war theater '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . 11 April 1933 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Article 3 of Law 635 - Amendment to the Portuguese Constitution of 1911 - The exception on the article of the death penalty : ( Translation ) The Death Penalty ( ... ) can not be reestablished in any case ( ... ) # with the exception , about the Death Penalty , only in case of war with a foreign country ( ... ) and only in the theater of war . '' ( PDF ) . Diário do Governo ( in Portuguese ) . Diário do Governo da República Portuguesa. 28 September 1916 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition of the death penalty '' . European Heritage Label . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Decree - Law No. 6 '' ( in Romanian ) . National Salvation Front Council . 7 January 1990 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Federation : Death Penalty '' . Legislationline . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ley Orgánica 11 / 1995 , de 27 de noviembre , de abolición de la pena de muerte en tiempo de guerra '' . Government of Spain . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's parliament ' to consider reintroducing death penalty ' '' . The New Arab . 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 1999 -- Ukraine '' . Amnesty International . Archived from the original on 9 November 1999 . ^ Jump up to : International Actors , Democratization and the Rule of Law : Anchoring Democracy ? , Routledge , 2008 , ISBN 0415492955 ( page 196 a.f. ) ^ Jump up to : The Death Penalty : Beyond Abolition , Council of Europe , 2004 , ISBN 9287153337 ( page 74 ) Jump up ^ Serial killer Onopriyenko dies in Zhytomyr prison , Interfax - Ukraine ( 28 August 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Donetsk Separatists Introduce Death Penalty for Treason '' . Jump up ^ Allen , John R. ( 14 September 2001 ) . `` He executed justice '' . National Catholic Reporter . Archived from the original on 12 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` A history of capital punishment in NZ '' . TVNZ. 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Amnesty International The Death Penalty Worldwide Countries retaining death penalty fail to give details of executions -- United Nations , 14 July 2005 Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights European Convention on Human Rights - Protocol 13 American Convention on Human Rights - Protocol to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty in Asia - Pacific Monthly updates of world - wide executions Hands Off Cain ( results may vary ) Abolition UK Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . 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-794968151694210599	Frog Went A-Courting	Frog Went A-Courting - wikipedia Frog Went A-Courting Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a traditional English folk song . For the 1956 Caldecott Medal - winning book , see Frog Went A-Courtin ' ( book ) . `` Frog Went A-Courtin ' '' Nursery rhyme Published 1548 Songwriter ( s ) unknown `` Frog Went A-Courtin ' '' ( Roud 16 , see alternative titles ) is an English language folk song . Its first known appearance is in Wedderburn 's Complaynt of Scotland ( 1548 ) under the name `` The Frog cam to the Myl dur '' , though this is in Scots rather than English . There is a reference in the London Company of Stationers ' Register of 1580 to `` A Moste Strange Weddinge of the Frogge and the Mouse . '' There are many texts of the ballad ; however the oldest known musical version is in Thomas Ravenscroft 's Melismata in 1611 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Origin 3 Popular culture 4 Recordings 5 Alternative titles 6 References 7 External links Summary ( edit ) Frog rides to ask Miss Mouse to marry him . She is willing but must ask permission of Uncle Rat . In other versions such as `` King Kong Kitchie Kitchie Ki - Me - O '' by Chubby Parker , Frog fights and kills Miss Mouse 's other suitors ( an owl , bat and bumblebee ) after they interrupt his proposal . Uncle Rat 's permission received , the two work out details of the wedding . Some versions end with a cat , snake or other creature devouring the couple and wedding guests . Sometimes Frog gets away , but is later swallowed by a duck . See `` Frog Went A-Courting '' at Wikisource for one version of the lyrics . Usually , the final verse states that there 's a piece of food on the shelf , and that if the listener wants to hear more verses , they have to sing it themselves . The notes on this song in Cazden et al. ( pp. 524 -- 532 ) constitute probably the best succinct summary available on variants of this piece . Origin ( edit ) Spaeth has a note claiming that the original version of this was supposed to refer to François , Duke of Anjou 's wooing of Elizabeth I of England , however , this was in 1579 and the original Scottish version was already published . If the second known version ( 1611 , in Melismata , also reprinted in Chappell ) were the oldest , this might be possible -- there are seeming political references to `` Gib , our cat '' and `` Dick , our Drake . '' But the Wedderburn text , which at least anticipates the song , predates the reign of Queen Elizabeth by nine years , and Queen Mary by four . If it refers to any queen at all , it would seemingly have to be Mary Stuart . Evelyn K. Wells , however , in the liner notes to the LP Brave Boys ; New England traditions in folk music ( New World Records 239 , 1977 ) , suggests that the original may have been satirically altered in 1580 when it was recorded in the register of the London Company of Stationers , as this would have been at the height of the unpopular courtship . According to Albert Jack in his book `` Pop Goes the Weasel , The Secret Meanings of Nursery Rhymes '' ( pp. 33 -- 37 , copyright 2008 ) , the earliest known version of the song was published in 1549 as `` The Frog Came to the Myl Dur '' in Robert Wedderburn 's `` Complaynt of Scotland '' . He states that in 1547 the Scottish Queen Consort , Mary of Guise , under attack from Henry VIII , sought to marry her daughter Princess Mary ( later Mary Queen of Scots ) , `` Mrs. Mouse '' to the 3 year old French Prince Louis , the `` frog '' . The song resurfaced a few years later , with changes , when another French ( frog ) wooing caused concern -- that of the Duke of Anjou and Queen Elizabeth I in 1579 . Elizabeth even nicknamed Anjou , her favorite suitor , `` the frog '' . Another theory traces the song to Suffolk : `` Roley , Poley , Gammon and Spinach '' refer to four families of Suffolk notables , Rowley , Poley , Bacon and Green . Popular culture ( edit ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( March 2017 ) The song has been heard by many people ( as `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' '' ) in the 1955 Tom and Jerry cartoon Pecos Pest , which uses a version arranged and performed by Shug Fisher , in character as `` Uncle Pecos . '' In Pecos Pest , Jerry 's Uncle Pecos stays with him while getting ready for a television appearance , and continues to pluck Tom 's whiskers to use as guitar strings throughout the cartoon . It is an improvised version with many lyrics that are unintelligible , and many changed . For example , he stutters and gives up when he tries to say `` hickory tree '' and says `` way down yonder by the -- , '' stammers out the names of several types of trees , finally settling ( ironically ) on `` eucalyptus '' . He also mentions while continuing the music `` That 's the hard part right in there , n-n-n-n - nephew ! '' and `` there 's a yodel in thar somewhar , but it 's a little too high f'r me . '' Some refer to this song as `` Crambone '' as it is repeated at the end of many lines and said more clearly than the other words in this version . For example , the line is `` Froggie went a-courtin ' he did ride / Crambone . '' Fisher , in character as Pecos , delivers the coda with a glottal stutter on the letter c . Woody Guthrie 's version used `` Hey - hey , '' and Bob Dylan 's version used `` uh - huh '' in the same way after several lines . Other examples in film and TV include : Keith ( played by Roger Sloman ) plays a version on banjo before being distracted by a ' lovely robin ' in Mike Leigh 's Nuts in May . In `` The Muppets Valentine Show '' ( a 1973 pilot version of The Muppet Show ) , Kermit the Frog going a-courtin ' Miss Mousey . A 1977 animated version of the folk tune features a happier ending for Froggie and Miss Mousie : they honeymoon around the world and give birth to two frog / mouse combination children and complete the song with `` If you want more , you 've got to sing it yourself ! '' Ethan Hawke 's character Troy Dyer is singing the song on his guitar at the end of the film Reality Bites when Winona Ryder 's character Lelaina Pierce comes and tackles him on the couch . Danny Tanner briefly sings the song while giving his oldest daughter D.J. guitar lessons in the sitcom Full House , in the episode `` The Seven Month Inch ( Part 2 ) '' . Thomas Raith hums the song during a standoff with the Denarians in Jim Butcher 's Small Favor , a novel of the Dresden Files . The Dexter 's Laboratory episode `` Hamhocks and Armlocks '' begins with the titular Dexter and his family signing the song on a road trip . Bender sings a version of the song in the Futurama episode `` Bendin ' in the Wind '' . Bobby Hill is heard to sing the opening verse on an episode of King of the Hill . It has also been used in the episode of The Colbert Report that aired on May 23 , 2007 . This version was sung by Burl Ives . Colbert also sung a portion of the song on the June 18 , 2007 episode , during an interview with Toby Keith . The song was performed on The Fast Show by the character Bob Fleming as one of ' Bob Fleming 's Country Favourites ' . An explicit adaption of the `` King Kong Kitchie - Kitchie Ki - Me - Oh '' version , named `` What Do You Say '' by Mickey Avalon , appeared on the soundtrack of the 2009 film The Hangover . Mike Oldfield covered as a B side of Mike Oldfield 's Single . In Six Feet Under Season 4 , Episode 3 `` Parallel Play '' , Russell Corwin played by Ben Foster , sings the chorus over and over on a stage at a party . The song is frequently sung in The Return of Peter Grimm , an RKO film released in 1935 , and the second screen adaptation of David Belasco 's Broadway hit . The film starred Lionel Barrymore . In 1941 , the German composer Paul Hindemith wrote a series of variations `` Frog He Went a Courting '' for Cello and Piano . Recordings ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( March 2017 ) The song has been recorded by Woody Guthrie , Pete Seeger , and many others . Folk singer Burl Ives performed perhaps the most well - known and kid - friendly version , in which Frog and Miss Mousie are wed . Elvis Presley version rehearsal jam Thomas Ravenscroft version ( 1611 ) `` T. Ravenscroft : Songs , Rounds and Catches , '' Consort of Musicke , Rooley `` Cakes and Ale - Catches and Partsongs '' , Pro Cantione Antiqua , Mark Brown Albert Beale , `` A Frog He Would a-Wooing Go '' ( on `` Folk Songs of Britain , Vol . X : Animal Songs '' ) Brothers Four , `` Frogg '' ( Columbia Records single , 1961 ) , US # 32 ; also sequel , `` Frogg No. 2 '' on LP The Brothers Four Song Book ( Columbia , 1961 ) Blind Willie McTell , `` Hillbilly Willie 's Blues '' , uses the tune of `` Frog '' . Anne , Zeke , and Judy Canova ( as `` Juliet Canova '' ) , `` Frog Went A-Courtin ' '' ( Brunswick 264 , 1928 ; on `` The Story that the Crow Told Me , Vol. 2 '' ( 2000 ) ) Elizabeth Cronin , `` Uncle Rat Went Out to Ride '' ( on `` Folk Songs of Britain , Vol . X : Animal Songs '' ) Drusilla Davis , `` Frog Went A-Courting '' ( AFS 347 B , 1935 ) Danny Dell And The Trends , `` Froggy Went A Courting '' ( Rockin ' RR160 single , 1960 ) Excepter `` Knock Knock '' ( or `` KK '' ) on the Carrots single . Flat Duo Jets , `` Frog Went A Courtin ' '' on `` Go Go Harlem Baby '' ( 1991 ) Otis High & Flarrie Griffin , `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' '' ( on `` Hand - Me - Down Music -- Old Songs , Old Friends : 1 -- Traditional Music of Union County , North Carolina '' ( 1979 ) ) Tom Glazer : Froggie went a courting '' Bradley Kincaid , `` Froggie Went A Courting '' ( Silvertone 5188 , 1927 ; Supertone 9209 , 1928 ) Adolphus Le Ruez , `` The Frog and the Mouse '' ( on `` Folk Songs of Britain , Vol . X : Animal Songs '' ) Pleaz Mobley , `` Froggie Went A-Courting '' ( AFS ; on LC12 ) Chubby Parker , `` King Kong Kitchie Kitchie Ki - Me - O '' ( Columbia 15296D , 1928 ; on Anthology of American Folk Music , CrowTold01 ) ( Supertone 9731 , 1930 ) ( Conqueror 7889 , 1931 ) Annie Paterson , `` The Frog and the Mouse '' ( on `` Folk Songs of Britain , Vol . X : Animal Songs '' ) Unknown artist ( s ) , `` A Frog He Would A-Wooing Go '' ( Harper - Columbia 1162 , c. 1919 ) John Jacob Niles , `` The Frog Went Courting '' ( on `` American Folk & Gambling Songs '' , 1956 ) Dorothy Olsen ( the Singing Schoolteacher ) , `` Frog Went A-Courtin ' '' ( children 's record , RCA / Bluebird WBY - 54 ) ( 1956 ) Packie Manus Byrne ( Various -- Songs From Ulster ) , `` The Frog 's Wedding '' ( Mulligan -- LUNA 001 ) ( Recorded between 1955 and 1962 , published in 1977 ) Shug Fisher , `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' '' ( In MGM `` Tom and Jerry '' cartoon `` Pecos Pest '' , 1955 ) Tom Tall , `` Froggy Went A-Courting '' ( 1958 ) Elvis Presley , `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' '' ( on `` Walk a Mile in My Shoes - The Essential 70 's Masters '' , 1970 ) Tex Ritter , `` Froggy Went A-Courtin ' '' ( on `` American Legend '' , 1973 ) Romina Power , `` Paolino maialino '' ( with Italian lyrics written by Paolo Limiti , released as single in 1974 ) The Wiggles , `` A Froggy He Would A-Wooing Goo '' ( on `` The Wiggles '' , 1991 ) Bob Dylan , `` Froggie Went a Courtin ' '' ( on Good as I Been to You , 1992 ) Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds , `` King Kong Kitchee Kitchee Ki - Mi - O , '' B - side to the single `` Henry Lee '' ( 1996 ) Laurie Berkner , `` Froggie Went a-Courtin ' '' on Victor Vito ( 1999 ) Dan Zanes , `` King Kong Kitchie '' ( Festival Five Records , 2000 ) Mike Oldfield , `` Froggy Went A-Courting '' ( on Mike Oldfield 's Single , UK edition , 1974 ) Altan , `` Uncle Rat '' ( on The Blue Idol ) ( 2002 ) The Can Kickers , `` Froggy Went A Courtin ' '' on Mountain Dudes ( 2003 ) James Reyne , And the Horse You Rode in On , ( 2005 ) Bruce Springsteen , `` Froggie Went a Courtin ' '' ( on We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions , 2006 ) Marc Gunn , `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' '' ( on `` A Tribute to Love '' , 2008 ) Laura Veirs , `` King Kong Kitchie Kitchie Ki - Me - O '' ( on `` Tumble Bee : Laura Veirs Sings Folk Songs for Children '' , 2011 ) Over 150 recorded versions are listed on the `` Seeger Sessions '' website Tom Scott , `` Froggie Went A Courtin '' Signature record number 15098 78 RPM French adaptation by Claude François : `` Monsieur Crapaud '' ( Mister Toad ) ( 1975 ) Suzy Bogguss , `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' '' ( on `` American Folk Songbook '' , 2011 ) Elizabeth Mitchell , `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' on Blue Clouds 2012 Careful , `` Frog Went a'Courting '' ( on `` Because I Am Always Talking '' , 2012 ) Adaptation of subject matter to a different tune and meter by John McCutcheon on his children 's album Howjadoo Alfred Deller and The Deller Consort Gerhard Schöne , `` Frosch und Maus '' , german re-working of the song ( on `` Kinderlieder aus aller Welt '' , 1986 ) Alternative titles ( edit ) `` Crambone '' `` Die Padda wou gaan opsit '' ( Afrikaans version in South Africa ) `` Frog in the Well '' `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' '' `` Froggy Would A-Wooing Go '' `` The Frog 's Wooing '' `` A Frog Went A-Walkin ' '' `` King Kong Kitchie Kitchie Ki - Me - O '' `` There Lived a Puddie in the Well '' `` There Was a Puggie in a Well '' `` Y Broga Bach '' ( Welsh ) `` Yo para ser feliz quiero un camión '' References ( edit ) Ella Mary Leather , Folk - Lore of Herefordshire ( 1912 / republished 1970 ) , pp. 209 -- 210 , `` The Frog and the Mouse '' ( 2 texts ) H.M. Belden , Ballads and Songs Collected by the Missouri Folk - Lore Society ( 1955 ) , pp. 494 -- 499 , `` The Frog 's Courtship '' ( 7 texts in 3 groups , 2 tunes ; several of the texts are short , and IB at least appears to be `` Kemo Kimo '' ) Vance Randolph , Ozark Folksongs ( 1946 -- 1950 ) , 108 , `` The Frog 's Courtship '' ( 5 texts plus 5 excerpts , 2 tunes ) Vance Randolph , Ozark Folksongs , edited and abridged by Norm Cohen ( 1982 ) , pp. 139 -- 141 , `` The Frog 's Courtship '' ( 1 text , 1 tune -- Randolph 's 108A ) The Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore , Volume Three : Folk Songs from North Carolina ( 1952 ) , 120 , `` The Frog 's Courtship '' ( 7 texts plus 13 excerpts , 2 fragments , and mention of 5 more ; `` Kemo Kimo '' in appendix ) Arthur Palmer Hudson , Folksongs of Mississippi and their Background ( 1936 ) , 136 , pp. 282 -- 283 , `` The Frog 's Courting '' ( 1 text plus mention of 9 more ) Dorothy Scarborough , A Song Catcher in Southern Mountains ( 1937 ) , pp. 244 -- 248 , `` The Frog He Went A-Courting '' ( 3 texts , the first two , with local titles `` Frog Went A-Courting '' and `` Frog Went Courting '' and tune on p. 420 , are this song ; the third item , `` The Gentleman Frog , '' is separate , probably part of the `` Kemo Kimo '' / `` Frog in the Well '' family ) Dorothy Scarborough , On the Trail of Negro Folk - Songs ( 1925 ) , pp. 46 -- 48 , `` Frog Went A-Courtin ' '' ; p. 48 , ( no title ) ; pp. 48 -- 50 , `` Mister Frog ) ( 3 texts , 1 tune ) Paul G. Brewster , Ballads and Songs of Indiana ( 1940 ) , 42 , `` The Frog Went A-Courting '' ( 5 texts plus an excerpt and mention of 4 more , 3 tunes -- one of them of the `` Kitty Alone '' type ) Mary O. Eddy , Ballads and Song from Ohio ( 1939 ) , 44 , `` The Frog and the Mouse '' ( 5 texts , 2 tunes ) Emelyn Elizabeth Gardner and Geraldine Jencks Chickering , Ballads and Songs of Southern Michigan ( 1939 ) , 189 , `` The Frog 's Courtship '' ( 2 texts plus an exceprt and mention of 5 more , 3 tunes ) Elisabeth Bristol Greenleaf and Grace Yarrow Mansfield , Ballads and Sea Songs of Newfoundland ( 1933 ) , 40 , `` The First Come in it was a Rat '' ( 1 text ) Creighton - Senior , pp. 250 -- 254 , `` The Frog and the Mouse '' ( 3 texts plus 4 fragments , 2 tunes ) Helen Creighton , Songs and Ballads from Nova Scotia ( original edition 1932 ; with added postscript 1966 ) , 89 , `` It Was a Mouse '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Helen Creighton , Folksongs from Southern New Brunswick ( 1971 ) , 83 , `` The Frog and the Mouse '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) W. Roy Mackenzie , Ballads and Sea Songs from Nova Scotia ( 1963 ) , 155 , `` A Frog He Would a Wooing Go '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Helen Hartness Flanders and Marguerite Olney , Ballads Migrant in New England ( 1953 ) , pp. 11 -- 13 , `` Gentleman Froggie '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Eloise Hubbard Linscott , Folk Songs of Old New England ( 1939 ) , pp. 199 -- 202 , `` A Frog He Would A-Wooing Go '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Peter Kennedy , Folksongs of Britain and Ireland ( 1975 ) , 294 , `` The Frog and the Mouse '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) W.K. McNeil , Southern Folk Ballads , Volume II ( 1988 ) , pp. 41 -- 43 , `` Frog Went A-Courtin '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Loraine Wyman and Howard Brockway , Lonesome Tunes : Folk Songs from the Kentucky Mountains , Volume I ( 1916 ) , I , p. 25 , `` Frog Went A-Courting '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Loraine Wyman and Howard Brockway , Lonesome Tunes : Folk Songs from the Kentucky Mountains , Volume I ( 1916 ) , II , p. 86 , `` The Toad 's Courtship '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Edith Fulton Fowke ( Literary Editor ) and Richard Johnston ( Music Editor ) , Folk Songs of Canada ( 1954 ) , pp. 170 -- 171 , `` A Frog He Would A-Wooing Go '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Norman Cazden , Herbert Haufrecht , Norman Studer , Folk Songs of the Catskills ( 1982 ) , 142 , `` Missie Mouse '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Cecil Sharp & Maud Karpeles , 80 English Folk Songs ( 1968 ) , 75 , `` The Frog and the Mouse '' ( 1 text , 1 tune -- a composite version ) Carl Sandburg , The American Songbag ( 1927 ) , p. 143 , `` Mister Frog Went A-Courting '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) John Anthony Scott , The Ballad of America ( 1966 ) , pp. 339 -- 341 , `` The Mouse 's Courting Song '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Moses Asch , Josh Dunson and Ethel Raim , Anthology of American Folk Music ( 1973 ) , p. 32 `` King Kong Kitchie Kitchie Ki - Me - O '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) John A. Lomax and Alan Lomax , American Ballads and Folk Songs ( 1934 ) , pp. 310 -- 313 , `` Frog Went A-Courtin ' '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) B.A. Botkin , A Treasury of New England Folklore ( 1965 ) , pp. 571 -- 572 , `` The Frog in the Spring '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) B.A. Botkin , A Treasury of Southern Folklore ( 1949 ; reprinted 1977 ) , p. 722 , `` Frog Went A-Courting '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Pete Seeger , American Favorite Ballads : Tunes and Songs as sung by Pete Seeger ( 1961 ) , p. 56 , `` Froggie Went A-Courtin ' '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Marcia and Jon Pankake , A Prairie Home Companion Folk Song Book ( 1988 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 , `` Froggie Went A-Courting '' ( 1 text ) John Harrington Cox , Folk Songs of the South ( 1925 ) , 162 , `` The Frog and the Mouse '' ( 3 texts plus mention of two more including some excerpts , 1 tune ) JHCoxIIB , # 22A - E , pp. 174 -- 182 , `` Mr. Mouse Went A-Courting , '' `` The Frog and the Mouse , '' `` Frog Went A-Courting , '' `` A Frog He Would A-Wooing Go '' ( 3 texts plus 2 fragments , 5 tunes ) Iona and Peter Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( 1997 ) , 175 , `` A frog he would a-wooing go '' ( 3 texts ) William S. Baring - Gould and Ceil Baring - Gould , The Annotated Mother Goose ( 1962 ) , # 69 , pp. 77 -- 79 , `` ( There was a frog liv 'd in a well ) '' ( a complex composite with a short version of `` Frog Went A-Courting '' plus enough auxiliary verses to make an almost complete `` Kemo Kimo '' text ) William Chappell , Old English Popular Music . Revised by H. Ellis Wooldridge ( 1893 ) , I , pp. 142 -- 143 , `` The Wedding of the Frog and Mouse '' ( 1 text , 1 tune ) Fred and Irwin Silber , Folksinger 's Wordbook ( 1973 ) , p. 403 , `` Frog Went A-Courtin ' '' ( 1 text ) W. Bruce Olson , `` Broadside Ballad Index : Incomplete Contents Listing of 17th Century Broadside Ballad Collections , With a Few Ballads and Garlands of the 18th Century . '' , ZN3249 , `` It was a frog in a well '' Dick Greenhaus & Susan Friedman ( editors ) , `` The Digital Tradition '' , 306 , FRGCORT2 * PUDDYWL2 Roud Folk Song Index # 16 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Frog Went A-Courting Children 's literature portal `` Froggie Went a Courtin ' '' lyrics by Bob Dylan Frog Went a-Courtin ' website by David Highland with lyrics for many different versions of song Watch the animated adaptation Frog Went A-Courting ( National Film Board of Canada ) ( Requires Adobe Flash ) The sheet music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frog_Went_A-Courting&oldid=800861273 '' Categories : Bob Dylan songs Folk songs Woody Guthrie songs Burl Ives songs Traditional ballads Nursery rhymes of uncertain origin Roud Folk Song Index songs Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown Hidden categories : Articles with trivia sections from March 2017 All articles with trivia sections Articles with too many examples Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 03 : 39 . About Wikipedia	who sang froggy went a courtin on tom and jerry	[ "The song has been heard by many people (as \"Froggie Went A-Courtin'\") in the 1955 Tom and Jerry cartoon Pecos Pest, which uses a version arranged and performed by Shug Fisher, in character as \"Uncle Pecos.\" In Pecos Pest, Jerry's Uncle Pecos stays with him while getting ready for a television appearance, and continues to pluck Tom's whiskers to use as guitar strings throughout the cartoon. It is an improvised version with many lyrics that are unintelligible, and many changed. For example, he stutters and gives up when he tries to say \"hickory tree\" and says \"way down yonder by the--,\" stammers out the names of several types of trees, finally settling (ironically) on \"eucalyptus\". He also mentions while continuing the music \"That's the hard part right in there, n-n-n-n-nephew!\" and \"there's a yodel in thar somewhar, but it's a little too high f'r me.\"" ]	[ "Shug Fisher" ]
-8806895084501114562	Early hominin expansions out of Africa	Early hominin expansions out of Africa - wikipedia Early hominin expansions out of Africa Jump to : navigation , search This article is about early humans . For migrations of modern humans , see Recent African origin of modern humans . Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← LCA - Gorilla separation ← Possibly bipedal ← LCA - Chimpanzee separation ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years ago . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline In palaeoanthropology , hominins carried out several early expansions out of Africa ( known as Out of Africa I ) and into Eurasia between 1.8 million and 500,000 years ago . Shortly before , in Africa , Homo erectus had descended from the woodland - restricted Homo habilis and adapted to the open grounds of the savannahs and arid landscapes . These pre-modern hominins moved out of Africa in at least three waves . Primitive chopper producers moved out by c . 1.8 Ma , followed by early Acheulean industries c . 1.4 Ma , and various cleaver - producing Acheulean groups around 0.8 Ma . According to the recent African origin of modern humans hypothesis ( Out of Africa II ) , anatomically modern humans started moving into Eurasia and replacing earlier humans c. 100,000 years ago . The phrase Out of Africa used alone generally means Out of Africa II , the expansion of modern humans into Eurasia . Until the early 1980s , hominins were thought to have been restricted to the African continent in the Early Pleistocene , or until about 0.8 Ma ; thus , early archaeological efforts focused disproportionately on ( East ) Africa . Further , hominin migrations out of East Africa were probably rare in the Early Pleistocene , leaving a record of events broken in space and time . In general , archeological evidence does not fit simple theories of where the migrations took place and is insufficient to support elaborate conjectures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sites 2 Routes out of Africa 2.1 Sinai Peninsula 2.2 Bab - el - Mandeb 2.3 Strait of Gibraltar 2.4 Strait of Sicily 3 Crossing straits 4 Causes for hominin dispersals 4.1 Climate change and hominin flexibility 4.2 Chasing fauna 4.3 Coevolved zoonotic diseases 4.4 Hominin biology 4.4. 1 Brain thermoregulation 5 References 6 Further reading Sites ( edit ) The oldest hominin sites are in East Africa . The earliest known retouched tools were found in Lomekwi , Kenya , and date back to 3.3 Ma , in the late Pliocene . They might be the product of Australopithecus garhi or Paranthropus aethiopicus , the two known hominins contemporary with the tools . Homo habilis is the first member of the Homo line and could have descended from the Australopithecus as early as 2.3 Ma ; it is first attested in Lake Turkana , Kenya . Homo erectus seems to have appeared later , its earliest remains dating back to c . 1.9 -- 1.6 Ma at Koobi Fora , Kenya . The two species would have lived face to face in East Africa for nearly half a million years . Well before Homo habilis disappeared ( c . 1.4 Ma ) , Homo erectus had made it into Eurasia . The earliest well - dated Eurasian site is Dmanisi in Georgia , securely dated to 1.81 Ma . A skull found at Dmanisi is evidence for caring for the old . The skull shows that this Homo erectus was advanced in age and had lost all but one tooth years before death , and it is perhaps unlikely that this hominid would have survived alone . It is not certain , however , that this is sufficient proof for caring -- a partially paralysed chimpanzee at the Gombe reserve survived for years without help . Early Pleistocene sites in North Africa , the geographical intermediate of East Africa and Georgia , are in poor stratigraphic context . The earliest of the dated is Ain Hanech in northern Algeria ( c . 1.8 -- 1.2 Ma ) , an Oldowan grade layer . These sites attest that early hominins have crossed the North African tracts , which are usually hot and dry . Hominins were part of the East African biome , and a flux in climate could have briefly expanded their environment , giving them the chance to move north . There is little time between Homo erectus ' apparent arrival in South Caucasus around 1.81 Ma , and its probable arrival in East and Southeast Asia . There is evidence of hominins in Yuanmou , China , dating to 1.7 Ma and in Sangiran , on Java , Indonesia , from 1.66 Ma . It appears hominins took longer to move into Europe , the earliest site being Barranco León in southeastern Spain dated to 1.4 Ma and a controversial Pirro Nord in Southern Italy , allegedly from 1.7 -- 1.3 Ma . In any case , by 1 Ma , hominins had settled in most of the Old World . It is hard to say , however , whether settlement was continuous in Western Europe , or if successive waves repopulated the territory in glacial interludes . Early Acheulean tools at Ubeidiya from 1.4 Ma is some evidence for a continuous settlement in the West , as successive waves out of Africa after then would likely have brought Acheulean technology to Western Europe . Routes out of Africa ( edit ) Sinai Peninsula ( edit ) The Sinai Peninsula is the simplest African exit route , being since the Pliocene the only land bridge between the two continents of the Old World . Unless one argues for boats on behalf of Homo erectus , it is surely the only way out . However , it was hard to access until the Middle Pleistocene . The Nile was a much smaller river and followed a different course . There are two Eurasian entryways that take advantage of the Sinai . First , the Levantine corridor , which moves north along the Eastern Mediterranean . Second , down the eastern bank of the Red Sea . Archaeological efforts in Arabia are limited , and attention is usually given to the Levantine corridor . Bab - el - Mandeb ( edit ) The Bab - el - Mandeb is a 30 km strait between East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula , with a small island , Perim , 3 km off the Arabian bank . The strait has a major appeal in the study of Eurasian expansion in that it brings East Africa in direct proximity with Eurasia . It does not require hopping from one water body to the next across the North African desert . The land connection with Arabia disappeared in the Pliocene , and though it may have briefly reformed , the evaporation of the Red Sea and associated increase in salinity would have left traces in the fossil record after just 200 years and evaporite deposits after 600 years . Neither have been detected . A strong current flows from the Red Sea into the Indian Ocean and crossing would have been difficult without a land connection . Oldowan grade tools are reported from Perim Island , implying that the strait could have been crossed in the Early Pleistocene , but these finds have yet to be confirmed . Strait of Gibraltar ( edit ) The Strait of Gibraltar is the Atlantic entryway to the Mediterranean , where Spanish and Moroccan banks are only 14 km apart . A decrease in sea levels in the Pleistocene due to glaciation would not have brought this down to less than 10 km . Deep currents push westwards , and surface water flows strongly back into the Mediterranean . Entrance into Eurasia across the strait of Gibraltar could explain the hominin remains at Barranco León in southeastern Spain ( 1.4 Ma ) and Sima del Elefante in northern Spain ( 1.2 Ma ) . But the site of Pirro Nord in southern Italy , allegedly from 1.3 -- 1.7 Ma , suggests a possible arrival from the East . Resolution is insufficient to settle the matter . Strait of Sicily ( edit ) The modern Strait of Sicily separates Tunisia and Sicily by 145 km , but is shallow and would have been much narrower in glacial maxima . We have a poor understanding of plate tectonics of this area for the greater part of the Pleistocene . But while plate tectonics could have made the strait narrower than predicted by the lowering of sea levels alone , contrast of Pleistocene fauna strongly argues against an actual land bridge . Since the strait is only 400 km away from the North African hominin site of Ain Hanech in Algeria ( 1.8 Ma or 1.2 Ma ) it remains a plausible route for Early Pleistocene expansion into Eurasia . But there is close to no evidence for a hominin passage . Alimen based most of her argument in favour of such a migration on Bianchini 's discovery of Sicilian Oldowan grade tools . Radiometric dates , however , have not been produced , and the artefacts might as well be from the Middle Pleistocene . Crossing straits ( edit ) Presence of hominin remains in Indonesian islands is good evidence for seafaring by Homo erectus late in the Early Pleistocene . Bednarik suggests that navigation had appeared by 1 Ma , possibly to exploit offshore fishing grounds . He has reproduced a primitive dirigible raft to demonstrate the feasibility of faring across the Lombok Strait on such a device , which he believes to have been done before 850 ka . The strait has maintained a width of at least 20 km for the whole of the Pleistocene . Such an achievement by Homo erectus in the Early Pleistocene offers some strength to the suggested water routes out of Africa , as the Gibraltar , Sicilian , and Bab - el - Mandeb exit routes are harder to consider if boats are deemed beyond the capacities of Homo erectus . It is unlikely that hominins populated Eurasia after a one - off event getting a few hominins across a strait ( such as a Homo erectus family drifting on flood debris and landing on a Eurasian bank ) . There are biological constraints to the minimum size a population must maintain to avoid extinction . That is to say , if less than 50 hominins at once made it into Eurasia and lost contact with African hominins , the population would likely undergo an extinction vortex , in part due to inbreeding . Causes for hominin Dispersals ( edit ) Climate change and hominin flexibility ( edit ) For a given species in a given environment , available resources will limit the number of individuals that can survive indefinitely . This is the carrying capacity . Upon reaching this threshold , individuals may find it easier to gather resources in the poorer yet less exploited peripheral environment than in the preferred habitat . Homo habilis could have developed some baseline behavioural flexibility prior to its expansion into the peripheries ( such as encroaching into the predatory guild ) . This flexibility could then have been positively selected and amplified , leading to Homo erectus ' adaptation to the peripheral open habitats . A new and environmentally flexible hominin population could have come back to the old niche and replace the ancestral population . Moreover , some step-wise shrinking of the woodland and the associated reduction of hominin carrying capacity in the woods around 1.8 Ma , 1.2 Ma , and 0.6 Ma would have stressed the carrying capacity 's pressure for adapting to the open grounds . With Homo erectus ' new environmental flexibility , favourable climate fluxes likely opened it the way to the Levantine corridor , perhaps sporadically , in the Early Pleistocene . Chasing fauna ( edit ) Lithic analysis implies that Oldowan hominins were not predators . However , Homo erectus appears to have followed animal migrations to the north during wetter periods , likely as a source of scavenged food . The sabre - tooth cat Megantereon was an apex predator of the Early and Middle Pleistocene ( before MIS 12 ) . It became extinct in Africa c . 1.5 Ma , but had already moved out through the Sinai , and is among the faunal remains of the Levantine hominin site of Ubeidiya , c . 1.4 Ma . It could not break bone marrow and its kills were likely an important food source for hominins , especially in glacial periods . In colder Eurasian times , the hominin diet would have to be principally meat - based and Acheulean hunters must have competed with cats . Coevolved zoonotic diseases ( edit ) Bar - Yosef and Belfer - Cohen suggest that the success of hominins within Eurasia once out of Africa is in part due to the absence of zoonotic diseases outside their original habitat . Zoonotic diseases are those that are transmitted from animals to humans . While a disease specific to hominins must keep its human host alive long enough to transmit itself , zoonotic diseases will not necessarily do so as they can complete their life cycle without humans . Still , these infections are well accustomed to human presence , having evolved alongside them . The higher an African ape 's population density , the better a disease fares . 55 % of chimps at the Gombe reserve die of disease , most of them zoonotic . The majority of these diseases are still restricted to hot and damp African environments . Once hominins had moved out into drier and colder habitats of higher latitudes , one major limiting factor in population growth was out of the equation . Hominin biology ( edit ) Homo habilis artistic interpretation While Homo habilis was certainly bipedal , its long arms are indicative of an arboreal adaptation . Homo erectus had longer legs and shorter arms , revealing a transition to obligate terrestriality , though it remains unclear how this change in relative leg length might have been an advantage . Sheer body size , on the other hand , seems to have allowed for better walking energy efficiency and endurance . A larger Homo erectus would also dehydrate more slowly and could thus cover greater distances before facing thermoregulatory limitations . The ability for prolonged walking at a normal pace would have been a decisive factor for effective colonisation of Eurasia . Brain thermoregulation ( edit ) Homo erectus artistic interpretation Thermoregulation and dehydration are major problems that need to be dealt with to move into the open grasslands . In particular , vascularisation of the brain is crucial in maintaining it in the narrow frame of tolerable temperatures . Bones of the higher cranium grow in response to expansion of cerebral mass , in such a way that brain tissue and blood vessels mold the inner brain case . Endocranial casts of fossil skulls allow approximating brain vascularisation . Dean Falk noticed that a single large vessel , the occipital marginal sinus , was responsible for irrigating most of the brain in early australopiths ( Australopithecus afarensis , Paranthropus robustus and boisei ) . The vessel grew smaller with time to be progressively replaced by a network of small veins in later hominins , starting with Homo habilis and continuing well into Eurasia . She interprets the change as an adaptation to cool the brain , which she uses to advance her `` radiator theory '' for accelerated encephalisation from Homo habilis onwards . To Falk , bipedalism , which predates large brains , favoured a rewiring of cerebral blood vessels into a gravity - assisted irrigation network , itself allowing the cool down needed for encephalisation . Endocranial casts of Homo habilis and Homo erectus differ in the organisation of the frontal lobe , in particular in the prefrontal cortex where higher mental functions of consciousness and abstraction occur . By themselves , mental capacities have likely played a role in the success of Eurasian colonisation . They would have allowed for greater social complexity , predation and sharing prey , and an overall higher quality diet . If we are to believe Bednarik and his seafaring Indonesian Homo erectus , then the brain must have played a role in crossing channels . According to Wheeler , loss of functional body hair would have helped prevent hyperthermia , since hair will obstruct air flow over the skin and restrict cooling by evaporation . He further suggests that body cooling due to hair loss has relieved a thermal constraint on brain size ( but in a response to Falk 's radiator hypothesis , Ralph Holloway maintains that there is no evidence for a temperature constraint on brain size ) . However , differences in body hair between Homo habilis and Homo erectus are impossible to test , and it will remain unclear whether hair loss was part of the hominin adaptation or preadaptation to Eurasia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennell , Robin ( 2010 ) , `` ' Out of Africa I ' : Current Problems and Future Prospects '' , in John G. Fleagle et al. ( eds ) , Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia , Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series , Dordrecht : Springer , pp. 247 -- 74 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2_15 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9035 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2 ( online ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Bar - Yosef , O. ; Belfer - Cohen , A. ( 2001 ) . `` From Africa to Eurasia -- early dispersals '' . Quaternary International . 75 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / S1040 - 6182 ( 00 ) 00074 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , Carl ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` How We Got Here : DNA Points to a Single Migration From Africa '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hurtley , Stella ; Szuromi , Phil ( 2005 ) . `` Out of Africa Revisited '' . 308 ( 5724 ) : 922 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 308.5724. 921g . Jump up ^ Templeton , A.R. ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 5 -- World Dispersals and Genetic Diversity of Mankind : The Out - of - Africa Theory and Its Challenges '' . In Michel Tibayrenc ; Francisco J. Ayala . On Human Nature . pp. 65 -- 83 . ISBN 9780124201903 . ^ Jump up to : Lahr , M.M. ( 2010 ) . `` Saharan Corridors and Their Role in the Evolutionary Geography of ' Out of Africa I ' '' . In Baden , A. ; et al. Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia . Springer Netherlands . pp. 27 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9035 - 5 . 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( 2008 ) . `` The first hominin of Europe '' . Nature , 452 ( 7186 ) , 465 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06815 Jump up ^ Alimen , H. ( 1975 ) . `` Les ' Isthmes ' hispano - marocain et Sicilo - Tunisien aux temps Acheuléens '' . L'Anthropologie , 79 , 399 -- 436 . Jump up ^ Bianchini , G. ( 1973 ) . `` Gli ' hacheraux ' nei giacimenti paleolitici della Sicilia sud occidentale '' . Proceedings of the XV Scientific Meeting of the Italian Institute of Prehistory and Protohistory , 11 -- 25 October 1972 . Jump up ^ Villa , P. ( 2001 ) . Early Italy and the colonization of Western Europe . Quaternary International , 75 , 113 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Bednarik , R.G. ( 2001 ) . `` Replicating the first known sea travel by humans : the Lower Pleistocene crossing of Lombok Strait '' . Journal of Human Evolution , 16 ( 3 ) , 229 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Traill , L. ( 2010 ) . Minimum viable population size . Retrieved from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154633 Jump up ^ Brantingham , P.J. 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( 1986 ) . `` Evolution of cranial blood drainage in hominids : enlarged occipital / marginal sinuses and emissary foramina '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 70 ( 3 ) , 311 -- 24 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330700306 Jump up ^ Falk , D. ( 1988 ) . `` Enlarged occipital / marginal sinuses and emissary foramina : Their significance in hominid evolution '' . In : The evolutionary history of the `` robust '' australopithecines ( eds . F. Grine . Aldine ) . Jump up ^ Falk , D. ( 1990 ) . `` Brain evolution in Homo : The ' radiator ' theory '' . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 13 ( 2 ) , 333 -- 381 . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X00078973 Jump up ^ Holloway , R.L. , Sherwood , C.C. , Hof , P.R. , & Rilling , J.K. ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the Brain in Humans -- Paleoneurology '' . In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience , 1326 - 1338 . Jump up ^ O'Connell J.F. , Hawkes , K. , & Jones , N.G.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Grandmothering and the evolution of Homo erectus '' . 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Further reading ( edit ) Antón , Susan C. ; Swisher , Carl C. , III ( 2004 ) , `` Early Dispersals of Homo from Africa '' , Annual Review of Anthropology , 33 : 271 -- 96 , doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 33.070203. 144024 . Eudald Carbonell ; Marina Mosquera ; Xosé Pedro Rodríguez ; José María Bermúdez de Castro ; Francesc Burjachs ; Jordi Rosell ; Robert Sala ; Josep Vallverdú ( 2008 ) , ( subscription required ) , `` Eurasian Gates : The Earliest Human Dispersals '' , Journal of Anthropological Research , 64 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 228 , JSTOR 20371223 . Ciochon , Russell L. ( 2010 ) , `` Divorcing Hominins from the Stegodon -- Ailuropoda Fauna : New Views on the Antiquity of Hominins in Asia '' , in John G. Fleagle et al. ( eds ) , Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia , Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series , Dordrecht : Springer , pp. 111 -- 26 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2_8 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9035 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2 ( online ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Dennell , Robin ( 2009 ) , The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia , Cambridge World Archaeology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84866 - 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61310 - 1 ( paperback ) . Dennell , Robin ( 2010 ) , `` ' Out of Africa I ' : Current Problems and Future Prospects '' , in John G. Fleagle et al. ( eds ) , Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia , Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series , Dordrecht : Springer , pp. 247 -- 74 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2_15 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9035 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2 ( online ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Rabett , Ryan J. ( 2012 ) , Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic : Hominin Dispersal and Behaviour during the Late Quaternary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 01829 - 7 . Zaim , Yahdi ( 2010 ) , `` Geological Evidence for the Earliest Appearance of Hominins in Indonesia '' , in John G. Fleagle et al. ( eds ) , Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia , Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series , Dordrecht : Springer , pp. 97 -- 110 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2_7 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9035 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2 ( online ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Anthropology portal Evolutionary biology portal Science portal ( hide ) Early human migrations Hominid and hominin dispersals By region Africa Out of Africa I Out of Africa II Americas Asia ( Southeast ) Australia Europe Routes Coastal migration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa&oldid=817754271 '' Categories : Human migration Recent African origin of modern humans Paleolithic Human evolution Demographic history by country or region Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 10 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the earliest hominin discovery from africa and the world was done in	[ "The oldest hominin sites are in East Africa. The earliest known retouched tools were found in Lomekwi, Kenya, and date back to 3.3 Ma, in the late Pliocene. They might be the product of Australopithecus garhi or Paranthropus aethiopicus, the two known hominins contemporary with the tools.[8]" ]	[ "East Africa" ]
-7963227675403713607	Floristry	Floristry - wikipedia Floristry `` Florist '' redirects here . For the band , see Florist ( band ) . `` Flower shop '' redirects here . For video game , see The Flower Shop . A Parisian Flower Market by Victor Gabriel Gilbert A wedding bouquet of cymbidium arranged by a florist Floristry is the production , commerce and trade in flowers . It encompasses flower care and handling , floral design , or flower arranging , merchandising , and display and flower delivery . Wholesale florists sell bulk flowers and related supplies to professionals in the trade . Retail florists offer fresh flowers and related products and services to consumers . The first flower shop opened in 1875 . Floristry can involve the cultivation of flowers as well as their arrangement , and to the business of selling them . Much of the raw material supplied for the floristry trade comes from the cut flowers industry . Florist shops , along with online stores , are the main flower - only outlets , but supermarkets , garden supply stores , and filling stations also sell flowers . Floral design or floral arts is the art of creating flower arrangements in vases , bowls , baskets , or other containers , or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers , foliages , herbs , ornamental grasses , and other plant materials . Often the terms `` floral design '' and `` floristry '' are considered synonymous . Florists are people who work with flowers and plants , generally at the retail level . Floristry differs from floristics , the study of distribution and relationships of plant species over geographic areas . Floristry also differs from horticulture , which more broadly relates to the cultivation of flowers and plants so they will remain fresh as long as possible , and would be desirable for purchase , which also involves knowledge of customers ' requirements and expectations . The ability to create a variety of floral designs such as wreaths , bouquets , corsages , boutonnières / ' buttonholes ' , permanent arrangements , and other more complicated arrangements are also important . Education , both formal and informal , is another significant segment of the floristry industry . Established floristry designers and artists impart their craft to students interested in floral design as hobby or career . Courses are generally available through community colleges , private post-secondary vocational schools , and professional florist trade associations . In the Netherlands , the first horticultural college was founded in 1896 in Naaldwijk ; the second horticultural college was founded in 1897 in Aalsmeer . In 1926 , the first national professional qualification examinations in floristry were held in the Netherlands . The horticultural college in Aalsmeer celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1972 and in 1997 its 100th anniversary . Since 1926 is the horticultural college in Aalsmeer was called the ' Rijks Middelbare Tuinbouw School ' ( RTMS ) . The first professional floristry education started at the RMTS in 1968 . The first professor in floristry at the horticultural college in Aalsmeer was Mr. Theo Boerma . In 1972 Theo Boerma started teaching professional evening courses for the floristry diploma : vakdiploma Bloemist - Winkelier . In 1980 Theo Boerma and his wife José Boerma founded the first privately owned floristry school ; Boerma Instituut International Floral Design School in Aalsmeer . The floristry diploma was recognized by the Dutch government until 1996 . When the borders of Europe opened , the diploma was no longer needed but professional training for Dutch and international students is still organised by the Boerma Instituut . The floristry business has a significant market in the corporate and social event world , as flowers play a large part in the decor of special events and meetings . Centerpieces , entryways , reception tables , bridal bouquets , wedding chuppahs , and stage sets are only a few examples of how flowers are used in the business and social event settings . Flowers are also traditionally used in ecclesiastical settings and their arrangement is often done by skilled church volunteers . Contents 1 Styles 1.1 Ikebana 1.2 English Garden 1.3 Modern / European Style 1.4 Contemporary / Dutch Style 2 Significance of particular flowers 3 Fresh flower sources 4 Floristry shops 5 Supermarket flowers 6 Technology 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Styles ( edit ) Many nations have their own style of floral arranging . This is dependent on what flower varieties are readily available , and the culture of the nation . Ikebana ( edit ) Child learning the art of Ikebana . Today , florists in Japan also sell pre-arranged or done - while - you - wait ikebanas to go . Ikebana is a style of floral design that originated in Japan . Best known for its simplicity of line and form , Ikebana is a design style primarily practiced for personal enjoyment . It has three parts of alignment : heaven , man , and Earth . English Garden ( edit ) English Garden style is traditionally an English form of floral design . Stems are placed in a radial fashion and feature abundant use of seasonal flowers and foliages . These designs are often done as low , tufted mounds , or taller vase arrangements that are all - sided ( 360 ° ) , and incorporate garden flowers like roses , gardenia , camellia , delphinium and peonies . The flowers are usually arranged with minimal space between the blooms and foliage is used to accent the flowers as these are the main feature . Modern / European style ( edit ) Modern / European Style floristry involves contemporary , linear designs that highlight unique forms of both individual floral materials and of the designs themselves . Arrangements generally feature negative space and incorporate asymmetric placement of materials . The style stands in direct contrast to traditional radial arrangements such as English Garden . Modern designs are identified by their play on the space used between each bloom , which is often dramatic , and the play on the use of color and different textures , which can be quite experimental . Modern / European Style designs often incorporate unique , exotic or tropical flowers such as Bird of Paradise , Orchids , Anthurium , and Protea of the Caribbean and other exotic locals , but may also employ more common blossoms , such as Roses , Gerberas and lilies . Contemporary / Dutch style ( edit ) Contemporary / Dutch Style designs also involve contemporary and linear designs . The Dutch designs use a lot of different kinds of greens are used in a natural way . The `` Dutch Garden '' style arrangement - started in the early 80 's - is a very good example of a Dutch style arrangement . Stones , bark and mosses are used in these designs . Significance of particular flowers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flower market in Aalsmeer Tulip shop in Amsterdam Typically , a florist will organize flowers by season and holiday . Flowers have various different meanings in different cultures . The holidays and events for which flowers are used vary . Poppies are used to remember fallen soldiers only in Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries . People often prefer flowers that are associated with their ethnic group or country and the cultural meaning of the flower color strongly affects their choice and use . Colors convey different meanings to different groups so that , for example , various colors may be associated with luck or death or love . A flower such as a red rose might communicate love in some cultures , whereas in others , it might be considered indecent or simply puzzling . The vastly divergent attitudes to the color white can also lead to miscommunication and sometimes give offense . White , for example , represents death in many Asian cultures , whereas white is usually a symbol of purity and innocence in countries with a European heritage . Fresh flower sources ( edit ) There are usually three major sources of fresh flowers for retail florists : local growers , local wholesalers and flower auctions . The majority of these are supplied by specialist horticultural and cut flower suppliers . Internationally there are hundreds of wholesale flower markets and auctions , the largest of which is located in Aalsmeer , the Netherlands : the Bloemenveiling Aalsmeer . Other major markets include the fledgling Dubai Flower Centre and the Ota Flower Market in Tokyo , Japan . Within North America , Miami is considered to be the main distribution point for imported fresh flowers . Many local wholesalers purchase fresh flower stock from importers in Miami to resell to local florists in their areas . Wholesale flower districts are present in many North American cities such as New York , Boston , and Los Angeles , San Francisco and Carlsbad , California . Flower auctions are run using the Dutch clock system and are mainly located in Canada : Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . Floristry shops ( edit ) Front page of Sunday Magazine of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch , dated March 31 , 1907 , shows the interior of a florists ' shop . Illustration is by Marguerite Martyn . In the Netherlands gardners start to sell flower arrangements from around 1850 . The first ' real ' flower shops started to open around 1900 in the Netherlands . At that time the flower shops also had small greenhouses where they sold their flowers from . A name tribute ( `` MUM '' ) at a funeral in England , made by a florist using chrysanthemums Generally , a florist 's shop will contain a large array of flowers , sometimes displayed on the street , or will have a large plate glass window to display the flowers . To keep them fresh , the flowers will be refrigerated and kept in water , generally in glass or plastic vases or other containers . Most shops have a refrigerator / chiller cabinet / cooler near the front of the shop / store with large glass doors so that customers can easily view the contents . Some shops also have another cooler out of the customers ' view where they keep extra stock and arrangements for customers ' orders . Most stores have a separate work room in which the design florist or designers can work on orders with more privacy . The flowers sold in florist shops typically represent the varieties abundantly available in the season but also include blossoms flown in from around the world . Basic varieties in temperate latitudes include roses , tulips , irises , orchids and lilies . Fashion sometimes plays a role in floristry ; what is considered the flower that everyone needs to have today can change very quickly . Some shops also stock gift baskets , fruits , and chocolates as well as flowers , whereas some shops will purchase these things only when needed for an order . Floral business is seasonal and is heavily influenced by the following holidays and events : Christmas , Valentine 's Day , Administrative Professionals ' Day , Mothers ' Day , All Souls Day , Advent , Easter , weddings and funerals . These occasions make up the largest part of the business , with the sale of house plants and home decor being a smaller , but more constant , part . Flowers for personal enjoyment as well as those selected to celebrate birthdays , anniversaries , thank - yous and get well wishes are also a significant portion of a florist 's business . Supermarket flowers ( edit ) Supermarket display under fluorescent lighting Cut flowers are widely sold in supermarkets and petrol stations . These outlets offer a limited selection , usually in the form of mixed bouquets and roses by the dozen . Flowers purchased at these outlets are generally less expensive than the flowers purchased at a florist shop . Professional florists may offer a greater selection , higher flower quality , or more skillfully arranged flowers . Technology ( edit ) Main article : Online flower delivery In the United States , the number of florists has dropped since a peak of over 27,000 in 1992 to fewer than 20,000 in 2007 . The World Wide Web has contributed to this decline by making alternatives more accessible . Floral wire services play an intermediary by gathering orders to be fulfilled by local florists . Floral wire services take a percentage of customers order value for orders provided through their websites and additional fees for the transmission of orders to local florists . Few companies ship flowers direct to the consumer . ProFlowers , Interflora , Teleflora , FTD typically function as order gatherers and will work with local florists to have the order delivered . However , younger companies such as The Bouqs are building relationships and exclusive deals with flower farms to enable consumers to receive flowers directly from the farm . Floral foam is a foam used by florists to fixate flower stems for storage and delivery . It usually consists of phenol - formaldehyde plastic . Due to an additional treatment with detergents , the substance can soak up water and increase the longevity of arranged flowers . See also ( edit ) Wreath of dried roses Floral design Floriculture , the cultivation of flowers for use in floristry . Flower delivery History of flower arrangement Ikebana , Japanese floristry Korean flower arrangement Language of flowers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This list of primary floral events is from Teagasc -- Advisory -- Factsheet 29 : Floristry Archived 6 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine. , Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority , page reviewed on 30 August 2005 Jump up ^ `` the state of the florists 2009 '' . www.floristsreview.com . Florists ' Review Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Royer , Kenneth . `` the wire - service conundrum '' . www.floristsreview.com . Florists ' Review Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Connie ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` Plenty of good local florists , but beware ordering flowers online '' . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kolodny , Lora ( 25 June 2013 ) . `` Florist Seeded to Disrupt Blossom Trade With Farm - to - Home Delivery '' . Venture Capital Dispatch . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mannix , Liam ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Floral foam : How bad is the stuff at the bottom of your roses ? '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Floristry . Floral Design Schools at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Florists Associations at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floristry&oldid=854079296 '' Categories : Floristry Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2010 Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	different types of materials used by the florist for making bouquets	[ "Floral design or floral arts is the art of creating flower arrangements in vases, bowls, baskets, or other containers, or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliages, herbs, ornamental grasses, and other plant materials. Often the terms \"floral design\" and \"floristry\" are considered synonymous. Florists are people who work with flowers and plants, generally at the retail level. Floristry differs from floristics, the study of distribution and relationships of plant species over geographic areas. Floristry also differs from horticulture, which more broadly relates to the cultivation of flowers and plants so they will remain fresh as long as possible, and would be desirable for purchase, which also involves knowledge of customers' requirements and expectations. The ability to create a variety of floral designs such as wreaths, bouquets, corsages, boutonnières/'buttonholes', permanent arrangements, and other more complicated arrangements are also important.\n", "Floral design or floral arts is the art of creating flower arrangements in vases, bowls, baskets, or other containers, or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliages, herbs, ornamental grasses, and other plant materials. Often the terms \"floral design\" and \"floristry\" are considered synonymous. Florists are people who work with flowers and plants, generally at the retail level. Floristry differs from floristics, the study of distribution and relationships of plant species over geographic areas. Floristry also differs from horticulture, which more broadly relates to the cultivation of flowers and plants so they will remain fresh as long as possible, and would be desirable for purchase, which also involves knowledge of customers' requirements and expectations. The ability to create a variety of floral designs such as wreaths, bouquets, corsages, boutonnières/'buttonholes', permanent arrangements, and other more complicated arrangements are also important.\n", "Floral design or floral arts is the art of creating flower arrangements in vases, bowls, baskets, or other containers, or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliages, herbs, ornamental grasses, and other plant materials. Often the terms \"floral design\" and \"floristry\" are considered synonymous. Florists are people who work with flowers and plants, generally at the retail level. Floristry differs from floristics, the study of distribution and relationships of plant species over geographic areas. Floristry also differs from horticulture, which more broadly relates to the cultivation of flowers and plants so they will remain fresh as long as possible, and would be desirable for purchase, which also involves knowledge of customers' requirements and expectations. The ability to create a variety of floral designs such as wreaths, bouquets, corsages, boutonnières/'buttonholes', permanent arrangements, and other more complicated arrangements are also important.\n", "Floral design or floral arts is the art of creating flower arrangements in vases, bowls, baskets, or other containers, or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliages, herbs, ornamental grasses, and other plant materials. Often the terms \"floral design\" and \"floristry\" are considered synonymous. Florists are people who work with flowers and plants, generally at the retail level. Floristry differs from floristics, the study of distribution and relationships of plant species over geographic areas. Floristry also differs from horticulture, which more broadly relates to the cultivation of flowers and plants so they will remain fresh as long as possible, and would be desirable for purchase, which also involves knowledge of customers' requirements and expectations. The ability to create a variety of floral designs such as wreaths, bouquets, corsages, boutonnières/'buttonholes', permanent arrangements, and other more complicated arrangements are also important.\n", "Floral design or floral arts is the art of creating flower arrangements in vases, bowls, baskets, or other containers, or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliages, herbs, ornamental grasses, and other plant materials. Often the terms \"floral design\" and \"floristry\" are considered synonymous. Florists are people who work with flowers and plants, generally at the retail level. Floristry differs from floristics, the study of distribution and relationships of plant species over geographic areas. Floristry also differs from horticulture, which more broadly relates to the cultivation of flowers and plants so they will remain fresh as long as possible, and would be desirable for purchase, which also involves knowledge of customers' requirements and expectations. The ability to create a variety of floral designs such as wreaths, bouquets, corsages, boutonnières/'buttonholes', permanent arrangements, and other more complicated arrangements are also important.\n" ]	[ "flowers", "foliages", "herbs", "ornamental grasses", "other plant materials" ]
-6378686337557066722	List of U.S. cities by number of professional sports championships	List of U.S. cities by number of professional sports championships - wikipedia List of U.S. cities by number of professional sports championships Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of cities in the United States that field or have fielded teams in North America men 's professional sports leagues , showing the number of league championships each city has won . The `` five major leagues '' comprise Major League Baseball , the National Football League , the National Basketball Association , Major League Soccer and the National Hockey League . These numbers are for cities and metropolitan areas , not individual franchises : where a team has moved to a new city , the number of championships in the old city remains the same . For example , the Nationals ' NBA championship is counted in Syracuse , where it was won , while the team itself later moved to Philadelphia and became the 76ers . Table ( edit ) Rank City MLB champions NBA champions NFL + AFL + AAFC champions NHL + PCHA champions MLS Cup champions 5 major men 's league champions overall Arena Football League champions MLL champions NLL champions New York 35 9 8 0 54 - - - Boston 9 17 5 6 0 37 - - Chicago 6 6 11 6 30 - - Los Angeles 5 11 5 25 - - 5 Detroit 11 - 22 - 6 Philadelphia 7 5 0 18 6 7 Pittsburgh 5 - 6 5 - 16 - - - 8 - T Green Bay - - 13 - - 13 - - - 8 - T St. Louis 11 0 - 13 - - - 8 - T Cleveland 10 - - 13 0 - - 11 Washington , D.C. 5 0 11 0 - - 12 San Francisco 5 - - 10 - - - 13 - T Baltimore 5 - - 9 0 13 - T Oakland - - 9 - - - 14 - T Dallas 0 6 0 8 - - - 14 - T Minneapolis 5 0 0 8 - - - 17 - T Miami 0 0 7 - 0 17 - T Houston - 7 - - - 18 Denver 0 0 6 20 - T San Antonio - 5 - - - 5 - - - 20 - T Cincinnati 5 - 0 - - 5 - - - 20 - T Kansas City - - 5 - - - 23 Seattle 0 - - 24 Newark - - - - - - 25 - T Anaheim - - - - - - 25 - T Buffalo - - 0 - - 0 25 - T Canton - - - - - - - 25 - T Milwaukee - - - - - - 25 - T Tampa 0 - 0 5 - - 25 - T San Jose - - - 0 - - 25 - T Portland - - - - - - 32 - T Akron - - - - - - - 32 - T Atlanta 0 0 - - - - - 32 - T New Orleans - 0 - - - - - 32 - T Phoenix 0 0 0 - - - 32 - T Providence - - - - - - - 32 - T Raleigh - - - - - - - 32 - T Rochester 0 0 - - - 32 - T San Diego 0 - - - - - - 32 - T Syracuse - - - - - - - 32 - T Columbus - - - 0 - - - 32 - T Salt Lake City - 0 - - - - - 32 - T Indianapolis - 0 - - - - - NR Charlotte - 0 0 - - 0 - - - NR Jacksonville - - 0 - - 0 - - NR Memphis - 0 - - - 0 - - - NR Nashville - - 0 0 - 0 - - - NR Oklahoma City - 0 - - - 0 - - - NR Orlando - 0 - - 0 0 - - NR Sacramento - 0 - - - 0 - - NR Albany - - - - - - - - NR Grand Rapids - - - - - - - - NR Spokane - - - - - - - - Note : Includes all NFL champions from 1920 through 1965 , and all ( separate ) AAFC champions from 1946 to 1949 , and all ( separate ) AFL champions from 1960 to 1965 . From 1966 through present , the lone football champion is that season 's Super Bowl winner . See also ( edit ) North American cities by number of sports championships List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports Multiple major sports championship seasons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._cities_by_number_of_professional_sports_championships&oldid=824835952 '' Categories : Sports in the United States by city Sports teams in the United States by city Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 20 : 04 . About Wikipedia	who has the most championships in all sports	[ "\n\nRank\nCity\nMLB champions\nNBA champions\nNFL + AFL + AAFC champions\nNHL + PCHA champions\nMLS Cup champions\n5 major men's league champions overall\nArena Football League champions\nMLL champions\nNLL champions\n\n\n1\nNew York\n35\n2\n9\n8\n0\n54\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n2\nBoston\n9\n17\n5\n6\n0\n37\n-\n1\n-\n\n\n3\nChicago\n6\n6\n11\n6\n1\n30\n1\n-\n-\n\n\n4\nLos Angeles\n5\n11\n2\n2\n5\n25\n1\n-\n-\n\n\n5\nDetroit\n4\n3\n4\n11\n-\n22\n4\n-\n2\n\n\n6\nPhiladelphia\n7\n4\n5\n2\n0\n18\n3\n3\n6\n\n\n7\nPittsburgh\n5\n-\n6\n5\n-\n16\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n8-T\nGreen Bay\n-\n-\n13\n-\n-\n13\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n8-T\nSt. Louis\n11\n1\n1\n0\n-\n13\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n8-T\nCleveland\n2\n1\n10\n-\n-\n13\n0\n-\n-\n\n\n11\nWashington, D.C.\n1\n1\n5\n0\n4\n11\n0\n-\n-\n\n\n12\nSan Francisco\n3\n2\n5\n-\n-\n10\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n13-T\nBaltimore\n3\n1\n5\n-\n-\n9\n0\n2\n1\n\n\n13-T\nOakland\n4\n3\n2\n-\n-\n9\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n14-T\nDallas\n0\n1\n6\n1\n0\n8\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n14-T\nMinneapolis\n2\n5\n1\n0\n0\n8\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n17-T\nMiami\n2\n3\n2\n0\n0\n7\n-\n0\n4\n\n\n17-T\nHouston\n1\n2\n2\n-\n2\n7\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n18\nDenver\n0\n0\n3\n2\n1\n6\n1\n1\n1\n\n\n20-T\nSan Antonio\n-\n5\n-\n-\n-\n5\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n20-T\nCincinnati\n5\n-\n0\n-\n-\n5\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n20-T\nKansas City\n2\n-\n1\n-\n2\n5\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n23\nSeattle\n0\n1\n1\n1\n1\n4\n-\n-\n1\n\n\n24\nNewark\n-\n-\n-\n3\n-\n3\n-\n-\n1\n\n\n25-T\nAnaheim\n1\n-\n-\n1\n-\n2\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n25-T\nBuffalo\n-\n-\n2\n0\n-\n2\n-\n0\n4\n\n\n25-T\nCanton\n-\n-\n2\n-\n-\n2\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n25-T\nMilwaukee\n1\n1\n-\n-\n-\n2\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n25-T\nTampa\n0\n-\n1\n1\n0\n2\n5\n-\n-\n\n\n25-T\nSan Jose\n-\n-\n-\n0\n2\n2\n4\n-\n-\n\n\n25-T\nPortland\n-\n1\n-\n-\n1\n2\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nAkron\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nAtlanta\n1\n0\n0\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nNew Orleans\n-\n0\n1\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nPhoenix\n1\n0\n0\n0\n-\n1\n3\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nProvidence\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nRaleigh\n-\n-\n-\n1\n-\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nRochester\n0\n1\n0\n-\n-\n1\n-\n1\n4\n\n\n32-T\nSan Diego\n0\n-\n1\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nSyracuse\n-\n1\n-\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nColumbus\n-\n-\n-\n0\n1\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nSalt Lake City\n-\n0\n-\n-\n1\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\n32-T\nIndianapolis\n-\n0\n1\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n-\n\n\nNR\nCharlotte\n-\n0\n0\n-\n-\n0\n-\n-\n-\n\n\nNR\nJacksonville\n-\n-\n0\n-\n-\n0\n1\n-\n-\n\n\nNR\nMemphis\n-\n0\n-\n-\n-\n0\n-\n-\n-\n\n\nNR\nNashville\n-\n-\n0\n0\n-\n0\n-\n-\n-\n\n\nNR\nOklahoma City\n-\n0\n-\n-\n-\n0\n-\n-\n-\n\n\nNR\nOrlando\n-\n0\n-\n-\n0\n0\n2\n-\n-\n\n\nNR\nSacramento\n-\n0\n-\n-\n-\n0\n-\n-\n\n\n\nNR\nAlbany\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n\n\nNR\nGrand Rapids\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n\n\nNR\nSpokane\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n-\n1\n-\n-\n\n" ]	[ "New York" ]
3593340190770284034	Sistine Chapel ceiling	Sistine Chapel ceiling - wikipedia Sistine Chapel ceiling Jump to : navigation , search For a collection of images , see Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling . The interior of the Sistine Chapel showing the ceiling in relation to the other frescoes . The Sistine Chapel ceiling , painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512 , is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art . The ceiling is that of the Sistine Chapel , the large papal chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV , for whom the chapel is named . It was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II . The chapel is the location for papal conclaves and many other important services . The ceiling 's various painted elements form part of a larger scheme of decoration within the Chapel , which includes the large fresco The Last Judgment on the sanctuary wall , also by Michelangelo , wall paintings by several leading painters of the late 15th century including Sandro Botticelli , Domenico Ghirlandaio and Pietro Perugino , and a set of large tapestries by Raphael , the whole illustrating much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church . Central to the ceiling decoration are nine scenes from the Book of Genesis of which The Creation of Adam is the best known , having an iconic standing equaled only by Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa , the hands of God and Adam being reproduced in countless imitations . The complex design includes several sets of individual figures , both clothed and nude , which allowed Michelangelo to fully demonstrate his skill in creating a huge variety of poses for the human figure and which have provided an enormously influential pattern book of models for other artists ever since . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context and history 2 Method 3 Content 4 Michelangelo 's scheme realised 5 Architectural scheme 5.1 Real 5.2 Illusionary 6 Pictorial scheme 6.1 Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis 6.1. 1 Creation 6.1. 2 Adam and Eve 6.1. 3 Story of Noah 6.1. 4 Shields 6.2 Twelve prophetic figures 6.2. 1 Prophets 6.2. 2 Sibyls 6.3 Pendentives 6.4 Ancestors of Christ 6.4. 1 Subject 6.4. 2 Treatment 6.5 Ignudi 7 Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy 8 Restoration 9 Quotations 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Reference images 12.2 Biblical sources 13 Bibliography 14 External links Context and history ( edit ) Pope Julius II by Raphael Pope Julius II was a `` warrior pope '' who in his papacy undertook an aggressive campaign for political control , to unite and empower Italy under the leadership of the Church . He invested in symbolism to display his temporal power , such as his procession , in the Classical manner , through a triumphal arch in a chariot after one of his many military victories . It was Julius who began the rebuilding of St. Peter 's Basilica in 1506 , as the most potent symbol of the source of papal power . In the same year 1506 , Pope Julius conceived a program to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel . The walls of the chapel had been decorated twenty years earlier . The lowest of three levels is painted to resemble draped hangings and was ( and sometimes still is ) hung on special occasions with the set of tapestries designed by Raphael . The middle level contains a complex scheme of frescoes illustrating the Life of Christ on the right side and the Life of Moses on the left side . It was carried out by some of the most renowned Renaissance painters : Botticelli , Ghirlandaio , Perugino , Pinturicchio , Signorelli and Cosimo Rosselli . The upper level of the walls contains the windows , between which are painted pairs of illusionistic niches with representations of the first thirty - two popes . A draft by Matteo d'Amelia indicates that the ceiling was painted blue like that of the Arena Chapel and decorated with gold stars , possibly representing the zodiacal constellations . It is probable that , because the chapel was the site of regular meetings and Masses of an elite body of officials known as the Papal Chapel who would observe the decorations and interpret their theological and temporal significance , it was Pope Julius ' intention and expectation that the iconography of the ceiling was to be read with many layers of meaning . Michelangelo , who was not primarily a painter but a sculptor , was reluctant to take on the work . Also , he was occupied with a very large sculptural commission for the pope 's own tomb . The pope was adamant , leaving Michelangelo no choice but to accept . But a war with the French broke out , diverting the attention of the pope , and Michelangelo fled from Rome to continue sculpting . The tomb sculptures , however , were never to be finished because in 1508 the pope returned to Rome victorious and summoned Michelangelo to begin work on the ceiling . The contract was signed on 10 May 1508 . The scheme proposed by the pope was for twelve large figures of the Apostles to occupy the pendentives . However , Michelangelo negotiated for a grander , much more complex scheme and was finally permitted , in his own words , `` to do as I liked '' . His scheme for the ceiling eventually comprised some three hundred figures and took four years to execute , being completed and shown to the public on All Saints Day in 1512 after a preliminary showing and papal Mass on August 14 , 1511 . It is unknown and is the subject of much speculation among art historians whether Michelangelo was really able to `` do as he liked '' . It has been suggested that the Augustinian friar and cardinal , Giles of Viterbo , was a consultant for the theological aspect of the work . Many writers consider that Michelangelo had the intellect , the Biblical knowledge , and the powers of invention to have devised the scheme himself . This is supported by Ascanio Condivi 's statement that Michelangelo read and reread the Old Testament while he was painting the ceiling , drawing his inspiration from the words of the scripture , rather than from the established traditions of sacral art . A total of 343 figures were painted on the ceiling . Method ( edit ) The location of the scaffolding is evident on this lunette To reach the chapel 's ceiling , Michelangelo designed his own scaffold , a flat wooden platform on brackets built out from holes in the wall near the top of the windows , rather than being built up from the floor . Mancinelli speculates that this was in order to cut the cost of timber . According to Michelangelo 's pupil and biographer Ascanio Condivi , the brackets and frame that supported the steps and flooring were all put in place at the beginning of the work and a lightweight screen , possibly cloth , was suspended beneath them to catch plaster drips , dust , and splashes of paint . Only half the building was scaffolded at a time and the platform was moved as the painting was done in stages . The areas of the wall covered by the scaffolding still appear as unpainted areas across the bottom of the lunettes . The holes were re-used to hold scaffolding in the latest restoration . Contrary to popular belief , he painted in a standing position , not lying on his back . According to Vasari , `` The work was carried out in extremely uncomfortable conditions , from his having to work with his head tilted upwards '' . Michelangelo described his physical discomfort in a humorous sonnet accompanied by a little sketch . The painting technique employed was fresco , in which the paint is applied to damp plaster . Michelangelo had been an apprentice in the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio , one of the most competent and prolific of Florentine fresco painters , at the time that the latter was employed on a fresco cycle at Santa Maria Novella and whose work was represented on the walls of the Sistine Chapel . At the outset , the plaster , intonaco , began to grow mold because it was too wet . Michelangelo had to remove it and start again . He then tried a new formula created by one of his assistants , Jacopo l'Indaco , which resisted mold and entered the Italian building tradition . The evidence of the plaster laid for a day 's work can be seen around the head and arm of this ignudo Because he was painting fresco , the plaster was laid in a new section every day , called a giornata . At the beginning of each session , the edges would be scraped away and a new area laid down . The edges between giornate remain slightly visible ; thus , they give a good idea of how the work progressed . It was customary for fresco painters to use a full - sized detailed drawing , a cartoon , to transfer a design onto a plaster surface -- many frescoes show little holes made with a stiletto , outlining the figures . Here Michelangelo broke with convention ; once confident the intonaco had been well applied , he drew directly onto the ceiling . His energetic sweeping outlines can be seen scraped into some of the surfaces , while on others a grid is evident , indicating that he enlarged directly onto the ceiling from a small drawing . Michelangelo painted onto the damp plaster using a wash technique to apply broad areas of colour , then as the surface became drier , he revisited these areas with a more linear approach , adding shade and detail with a variety of brushes . For some textured surfaces , such as facial hair and woodgrain , he used a broad brush with bristles as sparse as a comb . He employed all the finest workshop methods and best innovations , combining them with a diversity of brushwork and breadth of skill far exceeding that of the meticulous Ghirlandaio . The work commenced at the end of the building furthest from the altar , with the latest of the narrative scenes , and progressed towards the altar with the scenes of the Creation . The first three scenes , from the story of Noah , contain a much larger number of small figures than the later panels . This is partly because of the subject matter , which deals with the fate of Humanity , but also because all the figures at that end of the ceiling , including the prophets and Ignudi , are smaller than in the central section . As the scale got larger , Michelangelo 's style became broader , the final narrative scene of God in the act of Creation was painted in a single day . The bright colours and broad , cleanly defined outlines make each subject easily visible from the floor . Despite the height of the ceiling , the proportions of the Creation of Adam are such that when standing beneath it , `` it appears as if the viewer could simply raise a finger and meet those of God and Adam '' . Vasari tells us that the ceiling is `` unfinished '' , that its unveiling occurred before it could be reworked with gold leaf and vivid blue lapis lazuli as was customary with frescoes and in order to better link the ceiling with the walls below it which were highlighted with a great deal of gold . But this never took place , in part because Michelangelo was reluctant to set up the scaffolding again , and probably also because the gold and particularly the intense blue would have distracted from his painterly conception . Some areas were , in fact , decorated with gold : the shields between the Ignudi and the columns between the Prophets and Sibyls . It seems very likely that the gilding of the shields was part of Michelangelo 's original scheme , since they are painted to resemble a certain type of parade shield , a number of which still exist and are decorated in a similar style with gold . Section reference . Michelangelo wrote a poem describing the arduous conditions under which he worked The image of God in the act of Creation was painted in a single day , and reflects Michelangelo himself in the act of creating the ceiling Michelangelo 's illustration to his poem shows him painting God . I 've grown a goitre by dwelling in this den -- As cats from stagnant streams in Lombardy , Or in what other land they hap to be -- Which drives the belly close beneath the chin : My beard turns up to heaven ; my nape falls in , Fixed on my spine : my breast - bone visibly Grows like a harp : a rich embroidery Bedews my face from brush - drops thick and thin . My loins into my paunch like levers grind : My buttock like a crupper bears my weight ; My feet unguided wander to and fro ; In front my skin grows loose and long ; behind , By bending it becomes more taut and strait ; Crosswise I strain me like a Syrian bow : Whence false and quaint , I know , Must be the fruit of squinting brain and eye ; For ill can aim the gun that bends awry . Come then , Giovanni , try To succour my dead pictures and my fame ; Since foul I fare and painting is my shame . Content ( edit ) Detail from The Creation of Adam , portraying the creation of humankind by God The overt subject matter of the ceiling is the doctrine of humanity 's need for Salvation as offered by God through Jesus . It is a visual metaphor of Humankind 's need for a covenant with God . The Old Covenant of the Children of Israel through Moses and the New Covenant through Christ had already been represented around the walls of the chapel . Some experts , including Benjamin Blech and Vatican art historian Enrico Bruschini , have also noted less overt subject matter , which they describe as being `` concealed '' and `` forbidden . '' The main components of the design are nine scenes from the Book of Genesis , of which five smaller ones are each framed and supported by four naked youths or Ignudi . At either end , and beneath the scenes are the figures of twelve men and women who prophesied the birth of Jesus . On the crescent - shaped areas , or lunettes , above each of the chapel 's windows are tablets listing the Ancestors of Christ and accompanying figures . Above them , in the triangular spandrels , a further eight groups of figures are shown , but these have not been identified with specific Biblical characters . The scheme is completed by four large corner pendentives , each illustrating a dramatic Biblical story . The narrative elements of the ceiling illustrate that God made the World as a perfect creation and put humanity into it , that humanity fell into disgrace and was punished by death and by separation from God . Humanity then sank further into sin and disgrace , and was punished by the Great Flood . Through a lineage of Ancestors -- from Abraham to Joseph -- God sent the saviour of humanity , Christ Jesus . The coming of the Saviour was prophesied by Prophets of Israel and Sibyls of the Classical world . The various components of the ceiling are linked to this Christian doctrine . Traditionally , the Old Testament was perceived as a prefiguring of the New Testament . Many incidents and characters of the Old Testament were commonly understood as having a direct symbolic link to some particular aspect of the life of Jesus or to an important element of Christian doctrine or to a sacrament such as Baptism or the Eucharist . Jonah , for example , was readily recognisable by his attribute of the large fish and was commonly seen to symbolise Jesus ' death and resurrection . While much of the symbolism of the ceiling dates from the early church , the ceiling also has elements that express the specifically Renaissance thinking that sought to reconcile Christian theology with the philosophy of Renaissance Humanism . During the 15th century in Italy , and in Florence in particular , there was a strong interest in Classical literature and the philosophies of Plato , Socrates and other Classical writers . Michelangelo , as a young man , had spent time at the Humanist academy established by the Medici family in Florence . He was familiar with early Humanist - inspired sculptural works such as Donatello 's bronze David and had himself responded by carving the enormous nude marble David , which was placed in the piazza near the Palazzo Vecchio , the home of Florence 's council . The Humanist vision of humanity was one in which people responded to other people , to social responsibility , and to God in a direct way , not through intermediaries , such as the Church . This conflicted with the Church 's emphasis . While the Church emphasized humanity as essentially sinful and flawed , Humanism emphasized humanity as potentially noble and beautiful . These two views were not necessarily irreconcilable to the Church , but only through a recognition that the unique way to achieve this `` elevation of spirit , mind and body '' was through the Church as the agent of God . To be outside the Church was to be beyond Salvation . In the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , Michelangelo presented both Catholic and Humanist elements in a way that does not appear visually conflicting . The inclusion of `` non-biblical '' figures such as the Sibyls or Ignudi is consistent with the rationalising of Humanist and Christian thought of the Renaissance . This rationalisation was to become a target of the Counter Reformation . The iconography of the ceiling has had various interpretations in the past , some elements of which have been contradicted by modern scholarship . Others , such as the identity of the figures in the lunettes and spandrels , continue to defy interpretation . Modern scholars have sought , as yet unsuccessfully , to determine a written source of the theological program of the ceiling and have questioned whether or not it was entirely devised by the artist himself , who was both an avid reader of the Bible and a genius . Also of interest to some modern scholars is the question of how Michelangelo 's own spiritual and psychological state is reflected in the iconography and the expression of the ceiling . One such speculation is that Michelangelo was tormented by conflict between homosexual desires and passionate Christian beliefs . Michelangelo 's scheme realised ( edit ) The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , `` an artistic vision without precedent '' Architectural scheme ( edit ) Real ( edit ) The Sistine Chapel is 40.9 metres long and 14 metres wide . The ceiling rises to 13.4 metres above the main floor of the chapel . The vault is of quite a complex design and it is unlikely that it was originally intended to have such elaborate decoration . Pier Matteo d'Amelia provided a plan for its decoration with the architectural elements picked out and the ceiling painted blue and dotted with gold stars , similar to that of the Arena Chapel decorated by Giotto at Padua . The chapel walls have three horizontal tiers with six windows in the upper tier down each side . There were also two windows at each end , but these have been closed up above the altar when Michelangelo 's Last Judgement was painted , obliterating two lunettes . Between the windows are large pendentives which support the vault . Between the pendentives are triangularly shaped arches or spandrels cut into the vault above each window . Above the height of the pendentives , the ceiling slopes gently without much deviation from the horizontal . This is the real architecture . Michelangelo has elaborated it with illusionary or fictive architecture . Illusionary ( edit ) God dividing the waters , showing the illusionary architecture , and the positions of the Ignudi and shields The first element in the scheme of painted architecture is a definition of the real architectural elements by accentuating the lines where spandrels and pendentives intersect with the curving vault . Michelangelo painted these as decorative courses that look like sculpted stone moldings . These have two repeating motifs , a formula common in Classical architecture . Here , one motif is the acorn , the symbol of the family of both Pope Sixtus IV , who built the chapel , and Pope Julius II , who commissioned Michelangelo 's work . The other motif is the scallop shell , one of the symbols of the Madonna , to whose assumption the chapel was dedicated in 1483 . The crown of the wall then rises above the spandrels , to a strongly projecting painted cornice that runs right around the ceiling , separating the pictorial areas of the biblical scenes from the figures of Prophets , Sibyls , and Ancestors , who literally and figuratively support the narratives . Ten broad painted crossribs of travertine cross the ceiling and divide it into alternately wide and narrow pictorial spaces , a grid that gives all the figures their defined place . A great number of small figures are integrated with the painted architecture , their purpose apparently purely decorative . These include two faux marble putti below the cornice on each rib , each one a male and female pair ; stone rams - heads are placed at the apex of each spandrel ; copper - skinned nude figures in varying poses , hiding in the shadows , propped between the spandrels and the ribs like animated bookends ; and more putti , both clothed and unclothed strike a variety of poses as they support the nameplates of the Prophets and Sibyls . Above the cornice and to either side of the smaller scenes are an array of round shields , or medaillons . They are framed by a total of twenty more figures , the so - called Ignudi , which are not part of the architecture but sit on inlaid plinths , their feet planted convincingly on the fictive cornice . Pictorially , the Ignudi appear to occupy a space between the narrative spaces and the space of the chapel itself . ( see below ) Pictorial scheme ( edit ) Plan of the pictorial elements of the ceiling showing the division of the narrative scenes into three parts themes Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis ( edit ) Along the central section of the ceiling , Michelangelo depicted nine scenes from the Book of Genesis , the first book of the Bible . The pictures are organized into three groups of three alternating large and small panels . The first group shows God creating the Heavens and the Earth . The second group shows God creating the first man and woman , Adam and Eve , and their disobedience of God and consequent expulsion from the Garden of Eden where they have lived and where they walked with God . The third group of three pictures shows the plight of Humanity and in particular the family of Noah . The pictures are not in strictly chronological order . If they are perceived as three groups , then the pictures in each of the three units inform upon each other , in the same way as was usual in Medieval paintings and stained glass . The three sections of Creation , Downfall , and Fate of Humanity appear in reverse order , when read from the entrance of the chapel . However , each individual scene is painted to be viewed when looking toward the altar . This is not easily apparent when viewing a reproduced image of the ceiling but becomes clear when the viewer looks upward at the vault . Paoletti and Radke suggest that this reversed progression symbolises a return to a state of grace . However , the three sections are generally described in the order of Biblical chronology . Detail of the Face of God The scenes , from the altar toward the main door , are ordered as follows : The Separation of Light and Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Earth The Separation of Land and Water The Creation of Adam The Creation of Eve The Temptation and Expulsion The Sacrifice of Noah The Great Flood The Drunkenness of Noah Creation ( edit ) Main articles : Separation of Light from Darkness and The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Planets The three Creation pictures show scenes from the first chapter of Genesis , which relates that God created the Earth and all that is in it in six days , resting on the seventh day . In the first scene , the First Day of Creation , God creates light and separates light from darkness . Chronologically , the next scene takes place in the third panel , in which , on the Second Day , God divides the waters from the heavens . In the central panel , the largest of the three , there are two representations of God . On the Third Day , God creates the Earth and makes it sprout plants . On the Fourth Day , God puts the Sun and the Moon in place to govern the night and the day , the time and the seasons of the year . According to Genesis , on the Fifth Day , God created the birds of the air and fish and creatures of the deep , but we are not shown this . Neither do we see God 's creation of the creatures of the earth on the Sixth Day . These three scenes , completed in the third stage of painting , are the most broadly conceived , the most broadly painted and the most dynamic of all the pictures . Of the first scene Vasari says `` ... Michelangelo depicted God dividing Light from Darkness , showing him in all his majesty as he rests self - sustained with arms outstretched , in a revelation of love and creative power . '' Adam and Eve ( edit ) Main article : The Creation of Adam The Creation of Adam For the central section of the ceiling , Michelangelo has taken four episodes from the story of Adam and Eve as told in the first , second and third chapters of Genesis . In this sequence of three , two of the panels are large and one small . In the first of the pictures , and one of the most widely recognised images in the history of painting , Michelangelo shows God reaching out to touch Adam , who , in the words of Vasari , is `` a figure whose beauty , pose and contours are such that it seems to have been fashioned that very moment by the first and supreme creator rather than by the drawing and brush of a mortal man . '' From beneath the sheltering arm of God , Eve looks out , a little apprehensively . The `` glory '' of God , represented by a dark shaded area around him , has the same anatomical geometry as a human brain . The central scene , of God creating Eve from the side of the sleeping Adam has been taken in its composition directly from another Creation sequence , the relief panels that surround the door of the Basilica of San Petronio , Bologna by Jacopo della Quercia whose work Michelangelo had studied in his youth . In the final panel of this sequence Michelangelo combines two contrasting scenes into one panel , that of Adam and Eve taking fruit from the forbidden tree , Eve trustingly taking it from the hand of the Serpent and Adam eagerly picking it for himself ; and their banishment from the Garden of Eden , where they have lived in the company of God , to the world outside where they have to fend for themselves and experience death . Detail from the Great Flood Story of Noah ( edit ) As with the first sequence of pictures , the three panels concerning Noah , taken from the sixth to ninth chapters of Genesis are thematic rather than chronological . In the first scene is shown the sacrifice of a sheep . Vasari , in writing about this scene mistakes it for the sacrifices by Cain and Abel , in which Abel 's sacrifice was acceptable to God and Cain 's was not . What this image almost certainly depicts is the sacrifice made by the family of Noah , after their safe deliverance from the Great Flood which destroyed the rest of Humankind . The central , larger , scene shows the Great Flood . The Ark in which Noah 's family escaped floats at the rear of the picture while the rest of humanity tries frantically to scramble to some point of safety . This picture , which has a large number of figures , conforms the most closely to the format of the paintings that had been done around the walls . The final scene is the story of Noah 's drunkenness . After the Flood , Noah tills the soil and grows vines . He is shown doing so , in the background of the picture . He becomes drunk and inadvertently exposes himself . His youngest son , Ham , brings his two brothers Shem and Japheth to see the sight but they discreetly cover their father with a cloak . Ham is later cursed by Noah and told that the descendants of Ham 's son Canaan will serve Shem and Japheth 's descendants forever . Taken together , these three pictures serve to show that Humankind had moved a long way from God 's perfect creation . However , it is through Shem and his descendants , the Israelites , that Salvation will come to the world . Since Michelangelo executed the nine Biblical scenes in reverse chronological order , some analyses of the frescoes of the vault commence with the Drunkenness of Noah . Tolnay 's Neoplatonic interpretation sees the story of Noah at the beginning and the act of Creation by God as the conclusion of the process of deificatio and the return from physical to spiritual being . Shields ( edit ) Adjacent to the smaller Biblical scenes and supported by the Ignudi are ten circular parade shields , sometimes described as being painted to resemble bronze . Known examples are actually of lacquered and gilt wood . Each is decorated with a picture drawn from the Old Testament or the Book of Maccabees from the Apocrypha . The subjects are the more gruesome or shameful of Biblical episodes , the only exception seeming to be that of Elijah being swept up to Heaven in a Chariot of Fire , leaving his mantel to fall on Elisha . However , Elijah 's role as a prophet was one marked by accusation and warnings to repent , and the purpose of his translation into Heaven was traditionally seen as so that he might stand before God to condemn Israel for its sins . In four of the five most highly finished `` medallions '' the space is crowded with figures in violent action , similar to Michelangelo 's cartoon for the Battle of Cascina . The application of gold on the shields , in contrast to its absence on the rest of the ceiling , serves to link the ceiling to some extent with the frescoes around the walls . In the latter , gold leaf has been applied lavishly to many details and in some of the frescoes , notably those by Perugino , has been most expertly used not just to detail the robes but to highlight the folds by subtle graduation in the density of golden flecks . It is this technique that Michelangelo has picked up on and carried a step further , inspired also perhaps by the medallions that appear on a Roman triumphal arch in Botticelli 's episode from the Life of Moses , showing the Punishment of the Rebels . Detail of The Idol of Baal , showing the linear use of black paint and gold leaf defining forms . The incomplete medallion at the left The medallions represent : Abraham about to sacrifice his son Isaac The Destruction of the Statue of Baal The worshippers of Baal being brutally slaughtered . Uriah being beaten to death . Nathan the priest condemning King David for murder and adultery . King David 's traitorous son Absalom caught by his hair in a tree while trying to escape and beheaded by David 's troops . Joab sneaking up on Abner to murder him Joram being hurled from a chariot onto his head . Elijah being carried up to Heaven On one medallion the subject is either obliterated or incomplete . Section references Twelve prophetic figures ( edit ) On the five pendentives along each side and the two at either end , Michelangelo painted the largest figures on the ceiling : twelve people who prophesied or represented some aspect of the Coming of Christ . Of those twelve , seven were Prophets of Israel and were male . The remaining five were prophets of the Classical World , called Sibyls and were female . The prophet Jonah is placed above the altar and Zechariah at the further end . The other male and female figures alternate down each side , each being identified by an inscription on a painted marble panel supported by a putto . The Libyan Sibyl Jonah ( IONAS ) -- above the altar Jeremiah ( HIEREMIAS ) Persian Sibyl ( PERSICHA ) Ezekiel ( EZECHIEL ) Erythraean Sibyl . ( ERITHRAEA ) Joel ( IOEL ) Zechariah ( ZACHERIAS ) -- above the main door of the chapel Delphic Sibyl . ( DELPHICA ) Isaiah ( ESAIAS ) Cumaean Sibyl . ( CVMAEA ) Daniel ( DANIEL ) Libyan Sibyl ( LIBICA ) Prophets ( edit ) The seven prophets of Israel chosen for depiction on the ceiling include the four so - called Major Prophets , Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel and Daniel . Of the remaining twelve possibilities among the Minor Prophets , the three represented are Joel , Zechariah and Jonah . Although the prophets Joel and Zechariah are considered `` minor '' because of the comparatively small number of pages that their prophecy occupies in the Bible , each one produced prophesies of profound significance . The prophet Joel They are often quoted , Joel for his `` Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy , your elderly shall dream dreams and your youth shall see visions '' . These words are significant for Michelangelo 's decorative scheme , where women take their place among men and the youthful Daniel sits across from the brooding Jeremiah with his long white beard . Zechariah prophesied , `` Behold ! Your King comes to you , humble and riding on a donkey '' . His place in the chapel is directly above the door through which the Pope is carried in procession on Palm Sunday , the day on which Jesus fulfilled the prophecy by riding into Jerusalem on a donkey and being proclaimed King . Jesus below Jonah ( IONAS ) Jonah is of symbolic and prophetic significance , which was commonly perceived and had been represented in countless works of art including manuscripts and stained glass windows . Through his reluctance to obey God , he was swallowed by a `` mighty fish '' . He spent three days in its belly and was eventually spewed up on dry land where he went about God 's business . Jonah was thus seen as presaging Jesus , who having died by crucifixion , spent part of three days in a tomb and was raised on the third day . So , on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , Jonah , with the `` great fish '' beside him and his eyes turned towards God the Creator , represents a `` portent '' of the Passion and Resurrection of Christ . The Jonah figure placed right over the altar activated the Passion motif . `` When Perugino 's altar painting was removed and ... Last Judgement fresco came to cover the altar wall '' , after at least twenty five years Michelangelo depicted Christ just below Jonah : not only for his role as precursor of Christ , Christianity and Christocentrism , but also because his powerful torsion of the body , bent backwards from the bust to the eyes and with his forefingers that now point the glorious Jesus to the characters of the ceiling , assumes a function of link between the Old and New Testament . In Vasari 's description of the Prophets and Sibyls he is particularly high in his praise of the portrayal of Isaiah : `` Anyone who studies this figure , copied so faithfully from nature , the true mother of the art of painting , will find a beautifully composed work capable of teaching in full measure all the precepts to be followed by a good painter . '' Sibyls ( edit ) The Persian Sibyl The Sibyls were prophetic women who were resident at shrines or temples throughout the Classical World . The five depicted here are each said to have prophesied the birth of Christ . The Cumaean Sibyl , for example , is quoted by Virgil in his Fourth Eclogue as declaring that `` a new progeny of Heaven '' would bring about a return of the `` Golden Age '' . This was interpreted as referring to Jesus . In Christian doctrine , Christ came not just to the Jews but also to the Gentiles . It was understood that , prior to the Birth of Christ , God prepared the world for his coming . To this purpose , God used Jews and Gentiles alike . Jesus would not have been born in Bethlehem ( where it had been prophesied that his birth would take place ) , except for the fact that the pagan Roman Emperor Augustus decreed that there should be a census . Likewise , when Jesus was born , the announcement of his birth was made to rich and to poor , to mighty and to humble , to Jew and to Gentile . The Three Wise Men ( the `` Magi '' of the Bible ) who sought out the infant King with precious gifts were pagan foreigners . In the Roman Catholic Church , where there was an increasing interest in the remains of the city 's pagan past , where scholars turned from reading Medieval Church Latin to Classical Latin and the philosophies of the Classical world were studied along with the writings of St Augustine , the presence , in the Sistine Chapel of five pagan prophets is not surprising . It is not known why Michelangelo selected the five particular Sibyls that were depicted , given that , as with the Minor Prophets , there were ten or twelve possibilities . It is suggested by John O'Malley that the choice was made for a wide geographic coverage , with the Sibyls coming from Africa , Asia , Greece and Ionia . Vasari says of the Erythraean Sibyl `` Many aspects of this figure are of exceptional loveliness : the expression of her face , her headdress and the arrangement of her draperies : and her arms , which are bared , are as beautiful as the rest . '' Pendentives ( edit ) In each corner of the chapel is a triangular pendentive filling the space between the walls and the arch of the vault and forming the spandrel above the windows nearest the corners . On these curving shapes Michelangelo has painted four scenes from Biblical stories that are associated with the salvation of Israel by four great male and female heroes of the Jews : Moses , Esther , David and Judith . The Brazen Serpent The Punishment of Haman David and Goliath Judith and Holofernes The first two stories were both seen in Medieval - and Renaissance theology as prefiguring the Crucifixion of Jesus . In the story of the Brazen Serpent , the people of Israel become dissatisfied and grumble at God . As punishment they receive a plague of venonous snakes . God offers the people relief by instructing Moses to make a snake of brass and set it up on a pole , the sight of which gives miraculous healing . Michelangelo chooses a crowded composition , depicting a dramatic mass of suffering men , women , and writhing snakes , separated from redeemed worshipers by the snake before an epiphanic light . The pendentive of the Brazen serpent with its crowded composition was imitated by Mannerist painters . ( unrestored state ) In the Book of Esther it is related that Haman , a public servant , plots to get Esther 's husband , the King of Persia , to slay all the Jewish people in his land . The King , who is going over his books during a sleepless night , realises something is amiss . Esther , discovering the plot , denounces Haman , and her husband orders his execution on a scaffold he has built . The King 's eunuchs promptly carry this out . Michelangelo shows Haman crucified with Esther looking at him from a doorway , the King giving orders in the background . The other two stories , those of David and Judith , were often linked in Renaissance art , particularly by Florentine artists as they demonstrated the overthrow of tyrants , a popular subject in the Republic . In this image , the shepherd boy , David , has brought down the towering Goliath with his sling , but the giant is alive and is trying to rise as David forces his head down to chop it off . The depiction of Judith and Holofernes has an equally gruesome detail . As Judith loads the enemy 's head onto a basket carried by her maid and covers it with a cloth , she looks towards the tent , apparently distracted by the limbs of the decapitated corpse flailing about . There are obvious connections in the design of the Slaying of Holofernes and the Slaying of Haman at the opposite end of the chapel . Although in the Holofernes picture the figures are smaller and the space less filled , both have the triangular space divided into two zones by a vertical wall , allowing us to see what is happening on both sides of it . There are actually three scenes in the Haman picture because as well as seeing Haman punished , we see him at the table with Esther and the King and get a view of the King on his bed . Mordechai sits on the steps , making a link between the scenes . While the Slaying of Goliath is a relatively simple composition with the two protagonists centrally placed and the only other figures being dimly seen observers , the Brazen Serpent picture is crowded with figures and separate incidents as the various individuals who have been attacked by snakes struggle and die or turn toward the icon that will save them . This is the most Mannerist of Michelangelo 's earlier compositions at the Sistine Chapel , picking up the theme of human distress begun in the Great Flood scene and carrying it forward into the torment of lost souls in the Last Judgement , which was later painted below . Ancestors of Christ ( edit ) Subject ( edit ) The composition is similar to a Flight into Egypt . Between the large pendentives that support the vault are windows , six on each side of the chapel . There were two more windows in each end of the chapel , now closed , and those above the High Altar covered by the Last Judgement . Above each window is an arched shape , referred to as a lunette and above eight of the lunettes at the sides of the chapel are triangular spandrels filling the spaces between the side pendentives and the vault , the other eight lunettes each being below one of the corner pendentives . Michelangelo was commissioned to paint these areas as part of the work on the ceiling . The structures form visual bridges between the walls and the ceiling , and the figures which are painted on them are midway in size ( approximately 2 metres high ) between the very large prophets and the much smaller figures of Popes which had been painted to either side of each window in the 15th century . Michelangelo chose the Ancestors of Christ as the subject of these images , thus portraying Jesus ' physical lineage , while the papal portraits are his spiritual successors , according to Church doctrine . ( see gallery ) Centrally placed above each window is a faux marble tablet with a decorative frame . On each is painted the names of the male line by which Jesus , through his Earthly father , Joseph , is descended from Abraham , according to the Gospel of Matthew . However , the genealogy is now incomplete , since the two lunettes of the windows in the Altar wall were destroyed by Michelangelo when he returned to the Sistine Chapel in 1537 to paint The Last Judgment . Only engravings , based on a drawing that has since been lost , remain of them . The sequence of tablets seems a little erratic as one plaque has four names , most have three or two , and two plaques have only one . Moreover , the progression moves from one side of the building to the other , but not consistently , and the figures the lunettes contain do not coincide closely with the listed names . These figures vaguely suggest various family relationships ; most lunettes contain one or more infants , and many depict a man and a woman , often sitting on opposing sides of the painted plaque that separates them . O'Malley describes them as `` simply representative figures , almost ciphers '' . The lunette of Jacob and Joseph , the husband of Mary . The suspicious old man may represent Joseph . There is also an indeterminate relationship between the figures in the spandrels and the lunettes beneath them . Because of the constraints of the triangular shape , in each spandrel the figures are seated on the ground . In six of the eight spandrels the compositions resemble traditional depictions of the Flight into Egypt . Of the two remaining , one shows a woman with shears trimming the neck of a garment she is making while her toddler looks on . The Biblical woman who is recorded as making a new garment for her child is Hannah , the mother of Samuel , whose child went to live in the temple , and indeed , the male figure in the background is wearing a distinctive hat that might suggest that of a priest . The other figure who differs from the rest is a young woman who sits staring out of the picture with prophetic intensity . Her open eyes have been closed in the restoration . Section References Treatment ( edit ) Detail of the Eleazar and Mathan lunette . Michelangelo 's depiction of the Genealogy of Jesus departs from an artistic tradition for this topic that was common in medieval times , especially in stained - glass windows . This so - called Jesse Tree shows Jesse lying prone and a tree growing from his side with the ancestors on each branch , in a visual treatment of a biblical verse . The figures in the lunettes appear to be families , but in every case they are families that are divided . The figures in them are physically divided by the name tablet but they are also divided by a range of human emotions that turn them outward or in on themselves and sometimes towards their partner with jealousy , suspicion , rage or simply boredom . In them Michelangelo has portrayed the anger and unhappiness of the human condition , painting `` the daily round of merely domestic life as if it were a curse '' . In their constraining niches , the ancestors `` sit , squat and wait '' . Of the fourteen lunettes , the two that were probably painted first , the families of Eleazar and Mathan and of Jacob and Joseph are the most detailed . They become progressively broader towards the altar end , one of the last being painted in only two days . The Eleazar and Mathan picture contains two figures with a wealth of costume detail that is not present in any other lunette . The female to the left has had as much care taken with her clothing as any of the Sibyls . Her skirt is turned back showing her linen petticoat and the garter that holds up her mauve stockings and cuts into the flesh . She has a reticule and her dress is laced up under the arms . On the other side of the tablet sits the only male figure among those on the lunettes who is intrinsically beautiful . This blonde young man , elegantly dressed in white shirt and pale green hose , with no jerkin but a red cloak , postures with an insipid and vain gesture , in contrast to the Ignudi which he closely resembles . Prior to restoration , of all the paintings in the Sistine Chapel , the lunettes and spandrels were the dirtiest . Added to this , there has always been a problem of poor daytime visibility of the panels nearest the windows because of halination . Consequently , they were the least well known of all Michelangelo 's publicly accessible works . The recent restoration has made these masterly studies of human nature and inventive depiction of the human form known once more . Section References This figure is one of the most reproduced on the ceiling . Ignudi ( edit ) ( For images , see gallery ) The Ignudi are the 20 athletic , nude males that Michelangelo painted as supporting figures at each corner of the five smaller narrative scenes that run along the centre of the ceiling . The figures hold or are draped with or lean on a variety of items which include pink ribbons , green bolsters and enormous garlands of acorns . The Ignudi , although all seated , are less physically constrained than the Ancestors of Christ . While the pairs of the monochrome male and female figures above the spandrels are mirrors of each other , these Ignudi are all different . In the earliest paintings , they are paired , their poses being similar but with variation . These variations become greater with each pair until the postures of the final four bear no relation to each other whatsoever . The meaning of these figures has never been clear . They are certainly in keeping with the Humanist acceptance of the classical Greek view that `` the man is the measure of all things '' . But Michelangelo knew the Bible well . He would have been well aware of the fact that although seraphim and cherubim are described as being winged creatures , they are described as looking like men . When Michelangelo later painted the altar wall of the chapel , he included a great number of angels , particularly in the lunettes which are decorated with scenes of angels carrying the symbols of the Passion . Other angels are employed sounding the trumpets which call forth the dead , displaying books in which the names of the saved and the damned are written and casting sinners down to Hell . In all , the Last Judgement contains more than forty angels , all closely resembling the Ignudi . It is reasonable to conclude that the Ignudi represent angels . If the Ignudi are indeed angels , they are the ever - present attendants and messengers of God , impassively watching and waiting on the fate of Humankind . Their painting demonstrates , more than any other figures on the ceiling , Michelangelo 's mastery of anatomy and foreshortening and his enormous powers of invention . In their reflection of classical antiquity they resonate with Pope Julius ' aspirations to lead Italy towards a new ' age of gold ' ; at the same time , they staked Michelangelo 's claim to greatness . However , a number of critics were angered by their presence and nudity , including Pope Adrian VI who wanted the ceiling stripped . Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy ( edit ) Raphael 's The Prophet Isaiah was painted in imitation of Michelangelo 's prophets . Michelangelo was the artistic heir to the great 15th - century sculptors and painters of Florence . He learned his trade first under the direction of a masterly fresco painter , Domenico Ghirlandaio , known for two great fresco cycles in the Sassetti Chapel and Tornabuoni Chapel , and for his contribution to the cycle of paintings on the walls of the Sistine Chapel . As a student Michelangelo studied and drew from the works of the two most renowned Florentine fresco painters of the early Renaissance , Giotto and Masaccio . Masaccio 's figures of Adam and Eve being expelled from the Garden of Eden had a profound effect on the depiction of the nude in general , and in particular on the use of the nude figure to convey human emotion . Helen Gardner says that in the hands of Michelangelo `` the body is simply the manifestation of the soul , or of a state of mind and character '' . Michelangelo was also almost certainly influenced by the paintings of Luca Signorelli whose paintings , particularly the Death and Resurrection Cycle in Orvieto Cathedral contain a great number of nudes and inventive figurative compositions . In Bologna , Michelangelo saw the relief sculptures of Jacopo della Quercia around the doors of the cathedral . In Michelangelo 's depiction of the Creation of Eve the whole composition , the form of the figures and the relatively conservative concept of the relationship between Eve and her Creator adheres closely to Jacopo 's design . Other panels on the ceiling , most particularly the iconic Creation of Adam show `` ... unprecedented invention '' . The Deposition by Pontormo . The Mannerist style developed from Michelangelo 's painting . The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was to have a profound effect upon other artists , even before it was completed . Vasari , in his Life of Raphael , tells us that Bramante , who had the keys to the chapel , let Raphael in to examine the paintings in Michelangelo 's absence . On seeing Michelangelo 's prophets , Raphael went back to the picture of the Prophet Isaiah that he was painting on a column in the Church of Sant'Agostino and , according to Vasari , although it was finished , he scraped it off the wall and repainted it in a much more powerful manner , in imitation of Michelangelo . John O'Malley points out that even earlier than the Isaiah is Raphael 's inclusion of the figure of Heraclitus in the School of Athens , a brooding figure similar to Michelangelo 's Jeremiah , but with the countenace of Michelangelo himself , and leaning on a block of marble . There was hardly a design element on the ceiling that was not subsequently imitated : the fictive architecture , the muscular anatomy , the foreshortening , the dynamic motion , the luminous colouration , the haunting expressions of the figures in the lunettes , the abundance of putti . Gabriele Bartz and Eberhard König have said of the Ignudi , `` There is no image that has had a more lasting effect on following generations than this . Henceforth similar figures disported themselves in innumerable decorative works , be they painted , formed in stucco or even sculpted . '' Within Michelangelo 's own work , the chapel ceiling led to the later and more Mannerist painting of the Last Judgement in which the crowded compositions gave full rein to his inventiveness in painting contorted and foreshortened figures expressing despair or jubilation . Among the artists in whose work can be seen the direct influence of Michelangelo are Pontormo , Andrea del Sarto , Correggio , Tintoretto , Annibale Carracci , Paolo Veronese and El Greco . In January 2007 , it was claimed that as many as 10,000 visitors passed through the Vatican Museums in a day and that the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel is the biggest attraction . The Vatican , anxious at the possibility that the newly restored frescoes will suffer damage , announced plans to reduce visiting hours and raise the price in an attempt to discourage visitors . Five hundred years earlier Vasari had said `` The whole world came running when the vault was revealed , and the sight of it was enough to reduce them to stunned silence . '' Restoration ( edit ) Main article : Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes The frescoes of the Sistine Chapel were restored between June 1980 and December 1999 , with preliminary tests taking place in 1979 . The first stage of restoration , the work upon Michelangelo 's lunettes , was achieved in October 1984 . The work then proceeded on the ceiling , completed December 1989 and from there to the Last Judgement . The restoration was unveiled by Pope John Paul II on 8 April 1994 . The restoration team comprised Gianluigi Colalucci , Maurizio Rossi , Piergiorgio Bonetti , Bruno Baratti and others . The final stage was the restoration of the wall frescoes by Botticelli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Perugino and others , This was unveiled on 11 December 1999 . The colours , which now appear so fresh and spring - like with pale pink , apple green , vivid yellow and sky blue against a background of warm pearly grey , were so discoloured by candle smoke as to make the pictures seem almost monochrome . The restoration has removed the filter of grime to reveal the colours again . However , the restoration was met with both praise and criticism . Critics assert that much original work by Michelangelo -- in particular pentimenti , highlights and shadows , and other detailing painted a secco -- was lost in the removal of various accretions . Quotations ( edit ) This painting by Tintoretto shows the influence of the Ignudi , this time in female form . Vasari `` The work has proved a veritable beacon to our art , of inestimable benefit to all painters , restoring light to a world that for centuries had been plunged into darkness . Indeed , painters no longer need to seek for new inventions , novel attitudes , clothed figures , fresh ways of expression , different arrangements , or sublime subjects , for this work contains every perfection possible under those headings . '' Johann Wolfgang Goethe `` Without having seen the Sistine Chapel one can form no appreciable idea of what one man is capable of achieving . '' Waldemar Januszczak The art critic and television producer Waldemar Januszczak wrote that when the Sistine Chapel ceiling was recently cleaned , he `` was able to persuade the man at the Vatican who was in charge of Japanese TV access to let me climb the scaffold while the cleaning was in progress . '' `` I sneaked up there a few times . And under the bright , unforgiving lights of television , I was able to encounter the real Michelangelo . I was so close to him I could see the bristles from his brushes caught in the paint ; and the mucky thumbprints he 'd left along his margins . The first thing that impressed me was his speed . Michelangelo worked at Schumacher pace . Adam 's famous little penis was captured with a single brushstroke : a flick of the wrist , and the first man had his manhood . I also enjoyed his sense of humour , which , from close up , turned out to be refreshingly puerile . If you look closely at the angels who attend the scary prophetess on the Sistine ceiling known as the Cumaean Sibyl , you will see that one of them has stuck his thumb between his fingers in that mysteriously obscene gesture that visiting fans are still treated to today at Italian football matches . '' Gabriele Bartz and Eberhard König `` In a world where all experience was based in the glorious lost past of Antiquity , he made a new beginning . Michelangelo , more even than Raphael or Leonardo , embodies a standard of artistic genius which reveals a radically changed image of human beings and their potential ... '' Pope John Paul II `` It seems that Michelangelo , in his own way , allowed himself to be guided by the evocative words of the Book of Genesis which , as regards the creation of the human being , male and female , reveals : ' The man and his wife were both naked , yet they felt no shame ' . The Sistine Chapel is precisely -- if one may say so -- the sanctuary of the theology of the human body . In witnessing to the beauty of man created by God as male and female , it also expresses in a certain way , the hope of a world transfigured , the world inaugurated by the Risen Christ . '' See also ( edit ) Index of Vatican City - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ e.g. , in the Creation of Adam Jump up ^ Vasari says that Michelangelo , even as a boy , had `` the ability and judgement , fire and boldness to improve upon the work of his master '' Jump up ^ This was epitomised by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 's Oration on the Dignity of Man . O'Malley , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Vasari interpreted the Sacrifice of Noah as that of Cain and Abel Jump up ^ Anthony Bertram ( 1970 ) discusses this as a hidden layer in the meanings of these works and notes that `` The principal opposed forces in this conflict were his passionate admiration for classical beauty and his profound , almost mystical Catholicism , his homosexuality , and his horror of carnal sin combined with a lofty Platonic concept of love . '' Jump up ^ These are not marked on the drawn plan but are clearly visible in the photographs . Jump up ^ e.g. `` egg and dart '' , `` bead and reel '' . ^ Jump up to : Sixtus IV , and Julius II were both of the Della Rovere family . `` Rovere '' in Italian means `` Oak '' , Quercus robur . Jump up ^ The scallop shell ( and pearl ) is a symbol of the doctrine of divine conception in renaissance and baroque art . Jump up ^ The technique that Michelangelo has employed is unusual in fresco , and may be original in its employment on this scale , but is not unique . He has utilised the same technique that was employed for decorating shields used in pageants and is similar to that used when drawing in metal point and white chalk on a coloured ground . The ground colour ( in this case red ochre streaked with black ) makes the background and all the mid tones in the composition . The shadowed edges are then painted or rather , drawn with a brush and the shadows drawn in a highly linear manner that defines the contours of the forms . On coloured paper , the highlights and brightly lit contours would usually be drawn with white chalk or finely painted in white paint . But in this case , gold leaf entirely replaces the white and has been applied exactly as if it had been drawn on , using the same method of defining contour as the black lines . A number of shields decorated by this technique are displayed in the Victoria and Albert Museum , London . Jump up ^ Which is usually interpreted as a whale . Jump up ^ The lunettes specifically follow the genealogy according to Matthew , not the somewhat longer genealogy according to Luke . Over large stretches , the two genealogies differ , and choosing Matthew 's over Luke 's has interesting theological implications ( see Genealogy of Jesus ) . Jump up ^ In accordance with chapter 9 of the apocryphal Gospel of James , where Joseph says `` I am an old man '' , Renaissance art used to depict him in this way . See also The Cherry - Tree Carol : `` Joseph was an old man , and a bad old man was he , when he wedded Mary in the land of Galilee '' ( English 15th century ) . Traditionally , he is often dressed in a blue garment with a yellow cloak , e.g. Fra Angelico 's Adoration . Jump up ^ This is apparent from the giornata , the area plastered and painted in a single day . Jump up ^ `` Halination '' is the effect of bright areas blurring over less bright ones . Jump up ^ singular : Ignudo ; from the Italian adjective nudo , meaning `` naked '' Jump up ^ see Vasari 's comments under `` Quotations '' . Jump up ^ This is pure fantasy on behalf of the writer . It is true , however , that a single brushstroke has been used for the dark shadow that defines the underside of Adam 's penis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shearman 1986 , pp. 22 -- 36 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1986b , pp. 38 -- 87 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley 1986 , pp. 92 -- 148 Jump up ^ Partridge 1996 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Goldscheider 1953 . Jump up ^ Shearman 1986b , pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Partridge , 1996 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Partridge , 1996 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Vasari 1568 . Jump up ^ ' Humanists and Reformers : A History of the Renaissance and Reformation ' by Bard Thompson , p. 267 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley 1986 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Partridge 1996 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Bartz 1998 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 181 ff . ^ Jump up to : Mancinelli 1986 , pp. 220 -- 259 ^ Jump up to : Condivi 1553 . Jump up ^ Goldscheider 1951 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Art Through the Ages , pp. 469 -- 472 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 55 Jump up ^ Hurst 1986 Jump up ^ Buonarotti ( trans . Symonds 1878 ) Jump up ^ Blech , Benjamin . The Sistine Secrets : Michelangelo 's Forbidden Messages in the Heart of the Vatican , HarperOne , ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ wrote Foreword to Blech 's book , Enrico bruschini website Archived 2015 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 112 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 466 -- 467 Jump up ^ Aston 1979 , pp. 111 -- 112 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 102 -- 110 Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1986 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 100 Jump up ^ Partridge 1996 , p. 9 Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 95 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 104 -- 105 , 160 -- 161 ^ Jump up to : Paoletti and Radke p. 402 -- 403 ^ Jump up to : See Poor Man 's Bible Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 54 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 467 Jump up ^ Charles de Tolnay , translated by Nan Buranelli , The Art and Thought of Michelangelo , Pantheon , ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Renaissance at the V&A . Accessed 19 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ Shearman 1986 . ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 120 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Jaritz , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , p. 116 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 107 -- 117 Jump up ^ Paoletti and Radke , p. 407 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , picture captions , pp. 162 -- 169 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 56 Jump up ^ Mancinelli , p. 238 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , p. 170 -- 174 Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 44 Jump up ^ Mancinelli , pp. 234 -- 236 Jump up ^ Protagoras of Abdera , ( c. 480 -- 410 B.C. ) . Jump up ^ Hersey 1993 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Gardner 1970 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 156 -- 158 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , pages 45 and 52 Jump up ^ Richard Owen , `` Vatican puts a squeeze on visitors '' , Timesonline , January 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pietrangeli 1994 Jump up ^ Beck 1995 . Jump up ^ Januszczak , Waldemar . `` The Michelangelo Code '' . Sunday Times ( London ) , March 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ John Paul II 1994 Reference images ( edit ) Jump up ^ First Day of Creation , in context with shields and Ignudi ( restored ) Jump up ^ Dividing Water and Heavens , in context with shields and Ignudi ( restored ) Jump up ^ Creation of the Earth and the celestial bodies , ( restored ) Jump up ^ God creating Eve from the side of the sleeping Adam , in context with shields and Ignudi ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ Adam and Eve : temptation and banishment ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Sacrifice of Noah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Great Flood ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ Noah 's drunkenness in context , with shields and Ignudi ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The `` Uriah '' shield Jump up ^ The incomplete medallion on the left - hand side of the `` Separation of the Waters '' panel ^ Jump up to : The prophet Jonah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The prophet Jeremiah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Persian Sibyl ( restored ) Jump up ^ The prophet Ezekiel ( restored ) ^ Jump up to : The Erithraean Sibyl ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The prophet Joel ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The prophet Zechariah ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The Delphic Sibyl ( restored ) ^ Jump up to : The prophet Isaiah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Cumean Sibyl ( restored ) Jump up ^ The prophet Daniel ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The Libyan Sibyl ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Brazen Serpent ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ The crucifixion of Haman ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ David slaying Goliath ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ Judith carrying the head of Holofernes ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ The destroyed lunettes : Abraham / Isaac / Jacob / Judah and Pharez / Hezron / Ram , engravings by William Young Ottley . Jump up ^ Woman cutting garment The `` Salmon Spandrel '' ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Blessed Virgin Mary ( ? ) looking from a spandrel before and after restoration . Jump up ^ Eleazar and Mathan lunette ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ Masaccio : The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden fresco , 208 cm × 88 cm ( 82 in × 35 in ) Cappella Brancacci , Santa Maria del Carmine , Florence Jump up ^ Luca Signorelli : Resurrection of the Flesh ( 1499 -- 1502 ) Chapel of San Brizio , Duomo , Orvieto Jump up ^ Raphael ( ca . 1509 ) Heraclitus Detail from the School of Athens , a portrait of Michelangelo Biblical sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Genesis , chapter 1 Jump up ^ Genesis , chapters 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Genesis , chapters 6 -- 9 Jump up ^ Second Book of Kings , chapter 2 : 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Joel , chapter 2 , verse 28 . Jump up ^ Zechariah , chapter 9 , verse 9 ; Matthew , chapter 21 , verses 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ The Book of Jonah Jump up ^ Gospel of Matthew 12 : 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Book of Micah , chapter 5 , verse 2 ; Gospel of Matthew , chapter 2 , verse 6 . Jump up ^ Gospel of Luke Jump up ^ Gospel of Matthew Jump up ^ The Book of Numbers , chapter 21 : 4 -- 9 Jump up ^ The Book of Esther Jump up ^ First Book of Samuel , chapter 2 : 18 Jump up ^ Isaiah 11 : 1 Jump up ^ e.g. Genesis , chapter 18 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aston , Margaret ( 1979 ) `` The fifteenth century : the prospect of Europe '' . W.W. Norton , New York . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95097 - 2 Bartz , Gabriele ; König , Eberhard ( 1998 ) . Michelangelo , Könemann . ISBN 3 - 8290 - 0253 - X Beck , James ; Daley , Michael ( 1995 ) . Art Restoration , the Culture , the Business and the Scandal , W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31297 - 6 Bertram , Anthony ( 1970 ) . Michelangelo , 1970 , Studio Vista . ISBN B00071KTVA Buonarotti , Michelangelo ; Campanella , Tommaso ( 1878 ) . The Sonnets of Michael Angelo Buonarotti and Tommaso Campanella Now For the First Time Translated into Rhymed English . Project Gutenberg EBooks. 10314 . Translated by John Addington Symonds . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Condivi , Ascanio ( 1553 ) . Life of Michelangelo Efetov , Konstantin ( 2006 ) , A shocking secret of the Sistine Chapel , Simferopol : CSMU Press , ISBN 966 - 2969 - 17 - 9 Freidenthal , Richard ( 1963 ) . Letters of the Great Artists , 1963 , Thames and Hudson Gardner , Helen ( 1970 ) Art through the Ages , Harcourt , Brace and World . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 508315 - 8 Giacometti , Massimo ( 1984 ) . The Sistine Chapel , a collection of essays on aspects of the chapel , its decoration and the restoration of Michelangelo 's frescoes , by Carlo Pietrangeli , André Chastel , John Shearman , John O'Malley S.J. , Pierluigi de Vecchi , Michael Hirst , Fabrizio Mancinelli , Gianluigi Colallucci , and Franco Bernabei. 1984 , Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 56274 - X Graham - Dixon , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel . London : Weidenfeld & Nicholson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85365 - 7 . Goldscheider , Ludwig ( 1951 ) . Michelangelo : Drawings , Phaidon . Goldscheider , Ludwig ( 1953 ) . Michelangelo : Paintings , Sculpture , Architecture , Phaidon . Hale , J.R. ( 1979 ) . Renaissance Europe , 1480 -- 1520 , Fontana / Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 632435 - 5 Hersey , George L. ( 1993 ) High Renaissance Art in St. Peter 's and the Vatican , University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 32782 - 5 Hirst , Michael ( 1986 ) . in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti The Holy Bible , various authors , King James version . Jaritz , Gerhard ( 2012 ) . Ritual , Images , and Daily Life . The Medieval Perspective . Münster : LIT Verlag . p. 16 . ISBN 3 - 643 - 90113 - 5 . John Paul II ( 1994 ) . `` Homily of His Holiness John Paul II , 8 April 1994 '' . Homily preached at the mass of to celebrate the unveiling of the restorations of Michelangelo 's frescoes in the Sistine Chapel . Vatican Publishing House . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Mancinelli , Fabrizio ( 1986 ) . in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti O'Malley , John ( 1986 ) . The Theology behind Michelangelo 's Ceiling in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti . Paoletti , John T. ; Radke , Gary M. ( 2005 ) . Art in Renaissance Italy , Laurence King . ISBN 1 - 85669 - 439 - 9 Partridge , Loren ( 1996 ) . Michelangelo . The Sistine Chapel Ceiling , Rome . New York : George Braziller . ISBN 0 - 8076 - 1315 - 0 . Pietrangeli , Hirst and Colalucci , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Sistine Chapel : A Glorious Restoration . Italy , Harry N Abrams Shearman , John ( 1986 ) The Chapel of Sixtus IV in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti . Shearman , John ( 1986b ) The Fresco Decoration of Sixtus IV in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti . Vasari , Giorgio ( 1568 ) . Lives of the Artists , ' Michelangelo ' . Trans . George Bull , 1965 , Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044164 - 6 Vecchi , Pierluigi de , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Sistine Chapel : A Glorious Restoration , Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3840 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sistine Chapel ceiling . Vatican Museum 3 - D interior view Visual / Interactive Tour of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling and upper walls , with identifications and detail images Zoomable Panoramic View of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling ( HTML5 ) Michelangelo 's Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , Smarthistory video ( 22 : 03 ) Models of wax and clay used by Michelangelo in making his sculpture and paintings The Sistine Ceiling and the Holy Spirit Michelangelo List of works Key : * Attributed , † Lost Sculptures Florence , c. 1488 -- 1492 † Head of a Faun Madonna of the Stairs Battle of the Centaurs Crucifix Bologna , 1494 -- 1495 Additions to the Arca di San Domenico ( St Petronius , St Proclus , Angel ) Rome , 1496 -- 1500 † Sleeping Cupid Bacchus † Standing Cupid Pietà Florence , 1501 -- 1505 David Madonna of Bruges Additions to the Piccolomini Altarpiece ( Saints Peter , Paul , Pius and Gregory ) Pitti Tondo Taddei Tondo St. Matthew * Rothschild Bronzes Tomb of Pope Julius II , 1505 -- 1545 Moses Rebellious Slave Dying Slave Young Slave Bearded Slave Atlas Slave Awakening Slave The Genius of Victory Rachel Leah Florence , 1516 -- 1534 Christ Carrying the Cross Medici Chapel Giuliano de ' Medici Night Day Dusk Dawn Medici Madonna Apollo Crouching Boy Rome , 1534 -- 1564 Brutus Florentine Pietà * Palestrina Pietà Rondanini Pietà ( hide ) Paintings Panel paintings The Torment of Saint Anthony Manchester Madonna The Entombment Doni Tondo † Leda and the Swan Salone dei Cinquecento † Battle of Cascina Sistine Chapel Ceiling Separation of Light from Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Vegetation The Creation of Adam The Last Judgment Cappella Paolina The Martyrdom of St Peter The Conversion of Saul Architecture Florence New Sacristy and Laurentian Library in the Basilica of San Lorenzo Rome Piazza del Campidoglio Palazzo Farnese St. Peter 's Basilica San Giovanni dei Fiorentini Porta Pia Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri More Works on paper Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment Male Back With a Flag Epifania Milieu Cecchino dei Bracci Tommaso dei Cavalieri Vittoria Colonna Ascanio Condivi Gherardo Perini Sebastiano del Piombo Febo di Poggio Luigi del Riccio Related Art patronage of Julius II Casa Buonarroti Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects Michelangelo and the Medici Replicas of David Replicas of the Pietà Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes Decoration of the Sistine Chapel Life of Moses Moses Leaving to Egypt Youth of Moses The Crossing of the Red Sea The Descent from Mount Sinai The Punishment of the Rebels The Testament and Death of Moses Life of Christ The Baptism of Christ The Temptations of Christ The Vocation of the Apostles The Sermon on the Mount The Delivery of the Keys The Last Supper Ceiling ( Gallery ) Scenes from Genesis The Separation of Light from Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Vegetation The Separation of Land and Water The Creation of Adam The Creation of Eve The Fall of Man and the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden The Sacrifice of Noah The Flood The Drunkenness of Noah Prophets Jonah Jeremiah Ezekiel Joel Zechariah Isaiah Daniel Sibyls Persian Sibyl Erythraean Sibyl Delphic Sibyl Cumaean Sibyl Libyan Sibyl Altar wall The Last Judgment Tapestries The Lives of Saints Peter and Paul Key : Pietro Perugino Sandro Botticelli Cosimo Rosselli Domenico Ghirlandaio Biagio d'Antonio Piero di Cosimo Luca Signorelli Bartolomeo della Gatta Michelangelo Raphael Pope Sixtus IV Art patronage of Julius II Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Vatican City articles Sovereign territory of the Holy See History History of the papacy Papal States Duchy of Rome Donation of Sutri Donation of Pepin `` Prisoner in the Vatican '' Lateran Palace Circus of Nero Old St. Peter 's Basilica Savoyard era First Vatican Council Lateran Treaty Second Vatican Council Geography Apostolic Palace Castel Gandolfo Domus Sanctae Marthae ( Pope Francis ' residence ) Gardens Mater Ecclesiae Monastery ( Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI 's residence ) Paul VI Audience Hall Passetto di Borgo St. Peter 's Basilica St. Peter 's Square Saint Peter 's tomb Sistine Chapel ceiling Vatican Hill Vatican Museums Historical Museum Modern Religious Art Vatican Necropolis St. Peter 's Baldachin Cortile del Belvedere Bramante Staircase Politics Politics Pope List of sovereigns Elections Foreign relations Pontifical Commission Pontifical Council Government Roman Curia Secretariat of State Vicar General Law Fundamental Law of Vatican City State Crime Military Corpo della Gendarmeria Swiss Guard Economy Banking Communications . va ( Internet domain ) Secretariat for the Economy Tourism Transport rail Culture Academy of Sciences AT telescope observatory Anthem Catholic Church Coats of arms Demographics Flag Languages Media Holy See Press Office Secretariat for Communications Annuario Pontificio newspaper radio television information service News.va Music National football team Philatelic and Numismatic Office Public holidays Vatican Cricket Team Vatican Library film secret archives Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&oldid=803169399 '' Categories : 1512 paintings Sistine Chapel ceiling Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar 日本語 Norsk Português Русский தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was pope when the sistine chapel was painted	[ "The ceiling is that of the Sistine Chapel, the large papal chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV, for whom the chapel is named. It was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II. The chapel is the location for papal conclaves and many other important services.[1]" ]	[ "Pope Julius II" ]
-7240898513418146350	RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)	RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season 3 Broadcast from January 25 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) -- March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Carson Kressley Ross Mathews Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster VH1 Competitors 10 Winner Trixie Mattel Origin Los Angeles , California Runner - up Kennedy Davenport Chronology ◀ Season 3 The third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars began airing on January 25 , 2018 . The season was announced in August 2017 , and 9 of the 10 cast members were revealed during a VH1 television special titled `` Exclusive Queen Ruveal , '' which aired on October 20 , 2017 . This season featured ten All Star contestants , selected from the show 's first season through to its ninth season , who competed to be inducted into the `` Drag Race Hall of Fame '' . As in the previous season , the top two queens in the challenge compete in a `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy , '' with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which of the bottom queens gets eliminated . A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the seasons last episode . The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists , from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced and the others were subsequently eliminated . The prizes for the winner of the competition are a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The winner of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel , with Kennedy Davenport being the runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip syncs 4 Guest judges 4.1 Special guests 5 Episodes 6 Leak 7 Ratings 8 Reception 9 References 10 External Links Contestants The drag queens that competed are : ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest . ) Contestant Real name Age Hometown Original season Original placement Outcome Trixie Mattel Brian Firkus 28 Los Angeles , California Season 7 06 ! 6th Place Winner Kennedy Davenport Reuben Asberry Jr . 35 Dallas , Texas Season 7 04 ! 4th Place Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 36 Minneapolis , Minnesota Season 1 01 ! Winner 3rd / 4th Place Shangela D.J. Pierce 35 Los Angeles , California Season 2 12 ! 12th Place Season 3 05 ! 6th Place Morgan McMichaels Thomas White 36 Los Angeles , California Season 2 08 ! 8th Place 5th Place BenDeLaCreme Benjamin Putnam 35 Seattle , Washington Season 6 05 ! 5th Place 6th Place Aja Jay Rivera 23 Brooklyn , New York Season 9 09 ! 9th Place 7th Place Chi Chi DeVayne Zavion Davenport 32 Shreveport , Louisiana Season 8 04 ! 4th Place 8th Place Milk Dan Donigan 29 New York , New York Season 6 09 ! 9th Place 9th Place Thorgy Thor Shane Galligan 33 Brooklyn , New York Season 8 06 ! 6th Place 10th Place Jump up ^ Morgan McMichaels originally placed 10th before being chosen to return to the competition . Jump up ^ This contestant was voted Miss Congeniality during her original season . Jump up ^ This contestant eliminated herself . Contestant progress Contestant 5 6 7 8 Trixie Mattel SAFE SAFE HIGH BTM3 WIN BTM3 WIN Winner Kennedy Davenport SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM3 SAFE BTM3 BTM3 Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE WIN WIN BTM3 Eliminated Shangela HIGH WIN SAFE WIN BTM2 BTM3 WIN Eliminated Morgan McMichaels ELIM IN ELIM Guest BenDeLaCreme WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE ELIM Guest Aja WIN SAFE BTM3 SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Chi Chi DeVayne BTM2 LOW BTM3 ELIM OUT Guest Milk SAFE SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Thorgy Thor SAFE ELIM OUT Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant was eliminated by jury vote without lip - syncing entirely . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant won the challenge but lost the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition and was chosen to return . The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition but was not chosen to return . The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy '' but chose to eliminate herself . The contestant was in the bottom and eligible for elimination . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant returned as a juror for the final episode to vote for the Top 2 Lip syncs Episode Contestants ( Pick for Elimination ) Song Winner Up for Elimination Eliminated Aja ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . BenDeLaCreme ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Anaconda '' ( Nicki Minaj ) BenDeLaCreme Chi Chi DeVayne Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels BenDeLaCreme ( Thorgy Thor ) vs . Shangela ( Thorgy Thor ) `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' ( The Pointer Sisters ) Shangela Kennedy Davenport Thorgy Thor Thorgy Thor BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Kennedy Davenport ( Milk ) `` Green Light '' ( Lorde ) Kennedy Davenport Aja Chi Chi DeVayne Milk Milk BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Shangela ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) `` I Kissed a Girl '' ( Katy Perry ) BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Chi Chi DeVayne Kennedy Davenport Trixie Mattel Chi Chi DeVayne 5 BeBe Zahara Benet ( Aja ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Aja ) `` The Boss '' ( Diana Ross ) BeBe Zahara Benet Aja Shangela Aja 6 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . BenDeLaCreme ( BenDeLaCreme ) ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' ( Deborah Cox ) BenDeLaCreme Kennedy Davenport Shangela Trixie Mattel BenDeLaCreme 7 Shangela ( Morgan McMichaels ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Freaky Money '' ( RuPaul ft . Big Freedia ) Shangela BeBe Zahara Benet Kennedy Davenport Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels 8 Kennedy Davenport vs . Trixie Mattel `` Wrecking Ball '' ( Miley Cyrus ) Trixie Mattel None Kennedy Davenport The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom . The contestant self - eliminated without being in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 7 , BeBe Zahara Benet chose not to show who she selected to return to the competition and who she selected to eliminate if she had won the lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 6 , the contestants in the lip sync were asked to choose an eliminated contestant to return to the competition in addition to picking someone to eliminate . Guest judges Guest judges for this season include ( in order of appearance ) : Vanessa Hudgens , actress and singer Todrick Hall , actor and singer Vanessa Williams , actress and singer Constance Zimmer , actress Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman , actor and model Nicole Byer , comedian and actress Kristin Chenoweth , actress and singer Tituss Burgess , actor and singer Shay Mitchell , actress and model Adam Lambert , singer and actor Emma Bunton , singer and actress Chris Colfer , actor and singer Garcelle Beauvais , actress and model Special guests Guests who appeared in episodes but did not judge on the main stage ( in order of appearance ) : Chad Michaels , runner - up from season four and winner of season one of All Stars Alaska , runner - up from season five and winner of season two of All Stars Marc Jacobs , fashion designer Nancy Pelosi , House Democratic leader and representative for California 's 12th congressional district Episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 16 `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Nine formerly eliminated queens from past seasons of RuPaul 's Drag Race enter the workroom to win a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame , and also to win a cash prize of $100,000 . Upon entering the room , RuPaul introduces the final 10th queen , season one winner BeBe Zahara Benet , stating that he wants to showcase the contestant to a new generation of fans . For the episode 's maxi - challenge , each queen is to prepare a live talent presentation for the second All Star Variety Show . Upon judgement , BeBe Zahara Benet , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , Aja and BenDeLaCreme are selected as the top two all stars of the week . Contestants Shangela and Thorgy Thor receive positive reviews from the judges . Chi Chi DeVayne and Morgan McMichaels are placed in the bottom for their performances . Aja and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Nicki Minaj 's `` Anaconda '' ; BenDeLaCreme wins the lip sync and eliminates Morgan McMichaels . Guest Judge : Vanessa Hudgens Mini-challenge : Reading is Fundamental Mini-challenge Winner : BenDeLaCreme Mini-challenge Prize : $3,000 shopping spree to L.A. Eyeworks Main Challenge : Perform a talent in front of the judges , a live audience , and other competitors . Challenge Winners : Aja & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : Five - night stay at the Grand Resort Hotel and Spa in Fort Lauderdale , air fare included Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Anaconda '' by Nicki Minaj Bottom Two : Chi Chi DeVayne & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` I love you girls ! Keep rocking and stay FABULOUS ! '' 17 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) In episode two , the nine remaining queens are assigned female musicians to embody in the Divas Lip Sync Live battle , a tribute act in the form of a live medley of RuPaul songs . Aja performs as Amy Winehouse , BeBe Zahara Benet as Diana Ross , BenDeLaCreme as Julie Andrews , Chi Chi DeVayne as Patti LaBelle , Kennedy Davenport as Janet Jackson , Milk as Celine Dion , Shangela as Mariah Carey , Trixie Mattel as Dolly Parton , and Thorgy Thor as Stevie Nicks . The runway theme on the main stage is `` RuDemption , '' a theme for which each contestant recreates a look from their original season . Upon judgement , Aja , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , BeBe Zahara Benet , BenDaLeCreme , and Shangela receive positive feedback on their performances and runway looks , with the latter two winning the challenge . Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport and Thorgy Thor are all criticized for their performances , while their runway looks receive praise . DeVayne is declared safe from the bottom two . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to The Pointer Sisters ' `` Jump ( For My Love ) . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and eliminates Thorgy Thor . Guest Judges : Todrick Hall & Vanessa Williams Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Perform in a lip - syncing dance number inspired by VH1 Divas . Runway Theme : RuDemption Runway Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : $1000 gift card from Sparkles Rhinestones and a $1000 gift card from Fierce Queen Heels Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' by The Pointer Sisters Bottom Two : Kennedy Davenport & Thorgy Thor Eliminated : Thorgy Thor Farewell Message : `` Wooo ! Drag is fun . Suck it ShangeLLA ! '' ( Drawing of an ejaculating penis ) 18 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) The eight remaining queens are each assigned a personality by RuPaul for The Bitchelor , a satire based on the show The Bachelor . Aja plays the Needy Girl , BeBe Zahara Benet the Shy Virgin , BenDeLaCreme the Cougar , Chi Chi DeVayne and Shangela a polyamorous couple , Kennedy Davenport the Party Girl , Milk the Stalker , and Trixie Mattel the Fake Bitch . Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman participates as the main love interest of the show . The main - stage runway theme is `` Wigs on Wigs on Wigs '' . Upon judgement , Benet and Shangela are both deemed safe . BenDeLaCreme , Davenport and Mattel are praised for their performances and looks , with the former two contestants winning the challenge . Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , and Milk are placed in the bottom three . Davenport and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Lorde 's `` Green Light . '' Davenport wins the lip sync and eliminates Milk . Guest Judges : Constance Zimmer & Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Improvise in an unscripted dating show inspired by The Bachelor . Runway Theme : Wigs on Wigs on Wigs Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Kennedy Davenport Main Challenge Prize : A jewelry pack from Fierce Drag Jewels and a $1000 gift card to Nailed by Cristy Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Kennedy Davenport Lip Sync Song : `` Green Light '' by Lorde Bottom Three : Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , & Milk Eliminated : Milk Farewell Message : `` Love u girls but ya 'll know this is bogus ! Stay amazing ❤ Milk '' 19 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) The seven remaining queens prepare for the Snatch Game , where each contestant picks a celebrity to impersonate . Aja appears as Crystal LaBeija , BeBe Zahara Benet as Grace Jones , BenDeLaCreme as Paul Lynde , Chi Chi DeVayne as Maya Angelou , Kennedy Davenport as Phaedra Parks , Shangela as Jenifer Lewis and Trixie Mattel as RuPaul . Guest judge Kristin Chenoweth partakes in the challenge , playing herself . The runway theme on the main stage is `` Flower Power . '' Upon judgement , BenDeLaCreme and Shangela are deemed the winners of the challenge . Aja and Benet receive positive remarks for their runway looks , though reviews are divided on Benet 's Snatch Game performance . Both are ultimately declared safe . DeVayne , Davenport and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Katy Perry 's `` I Kissed a Girl . '' The lip sync is declared a tie , and both contestants eliminate DeVayne . Guest Judges : Kristin Chenoweth & Nicole Byer Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Impersonate celebrities in the Snatch Game . Runway Theme : Flower Power Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : A wig wardrobe courtesy of Rockstar Wigs and a $1000 gift card from Coolhaus Ice Cream Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` I Kissed a Girl '' by Katy Perry Bottom Three : Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport , & Trixie Mattel Eliminated : Chi Chi DeVayne Farewell Message : `` LOVE All of you gals , Remember to Keep it fair . Chi Chi 💋 '' 20 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) The six remaining queens participate in a mini-challenge where they dress up in `` Quick Drag '' and model in an Andy Warhol - inspired photoshoot . Aja wins the challenge , receiving a year 's supply of burgers from Hamburger Mary 's and a cash tip of $2,000 . For the main challenge , each contestant is asked to prepare two runway looks for the Pop Art Ball : one inspired by Warhol 's Campbell 's Soup Cans and a second inspired by Studio 54 . Additionally , each contestant has to record a voice - over narrative to be played during her runway presentation . During the judges ' critiques , Aja and Shangela are criticized for both of their runway looks , and they fall into the bottom two . BeBe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel are both commended for their runway looks , winning the challenge . BenDeLaCreme and Kennedy Davenport attract mixed commentary but are ultimately declared safe . Benet and Mattel lip - sync against each other to Diana Ross 's `` The Boss '' . Benet wins the lip sync and eliminates Aja . At the end of the episode , RuPaul brings previous winners Chad Michaels and Alaska back onto the main stage , and they reveal three queens in cloaks that will be returning for the next episode . Guest Judges : Tituss Burgess & Shay Mitchell Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Mini-challenge : Pose for a pop art - style portrait Mini-challenge Winner : Aja Mini-challenge Prize : A year 's supply of hamburgers from Hamburger Mary 's and $2,000 Main Challenge : Design wearable soup cans inspired by Andy Warhol as well as a Studio 54 disco look . Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : Two - night escape for 2 at the W Hotel in Fort Lauderdale Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Lip Sync Song : The Boss by Diana Ross Bottom Two : Aja & Shangela Eliminated : Aja Farewell Message : `` I love u bitches ❤ Honestly , thank you from the bottom of my heart ! Y'all inspire me ! - Aja '' 21 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) RuPaul reintroduces all the eliminated queens to the competition . Everyone is tasked with writing and performing original lyrics to audition for RuPaul 's new all - star supergroup , The Kitty Girls . The queens are split equally into two teams : the eliminated queens on one team , and the remaining queens on the other . Each member creates a character to perform : Benet appears as Jungle Kitty , BenDeLaCreme as Goth Kitty , Davenport as Diva Kitty , Shangela as Sparkle Kitty , and Mattel as IQ Kitty . On the opposite team , Aja appears as Lil ' Banjee , DeVayne as Cajun Kitty , Milk as Milky Kitty , McMichaels as Bimbo Kitty , and Thor as Cardio Kitty . During the judges ' critiques , Benet and BenDeLaCreme are praised for their performances , and they are deemed the top two contestants . Davenport , Shangela and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Benet and BenDeLaCreme are instructed to eliminate one of the bottom queens and to select an eliminated contestant to return to the competition . Benet and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Deborah Cox 's `` Nobody 's Supposed To Be Here , '' and the latter wins . BenDeLaCreme chooses McMichaels to return to the competition and subsequently eliminates herself , making her the second queen to leave the competition voluntarily . Upon the episode 's premiere , critics deemed her move one of the most controversial and `` unthinkable '' moments on the show . Guest Judges : Adam Lambert & Emma Bunton Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Audition for RuPaul 's new all star super group called `` The Kitty Girls . '' Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to The Spa on Rodeo and a $1,000 gift card to MuLondon Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' by Deborah Cox Bottom Three : Kennedy Davenport , Shangela , & Trixie Mattel Returned : Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : BenDeLaCreme Farewell Message : `` Dear new top 5 , thank you so much for this incredible journey . Stay fierce . You all deserve a crown . Your friendship and respect is the best win I can imagine . XO BDLC '' 22 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) The five remaining queens are asked to act in a trailer for a movie titled My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip , comedically portraying Academy Award - winning female characters . Morgan McMichaels is tasked with handing out roles to each contestant : Bebe Zahara Benet plays The Queen ( The Queen ) , Kennedy Davenport plays La La ( La La Land ) , McMichaels plays Beige Swan ( Black Swan ) , Shangela plays Actavia ( The Help / Hidden Figures ) , and Trixie Mattel plays Sharon Frokovich ( Erin Brockovich ) . The runway theme for the episode is `` Red for Filth . '' During critiques , Shangela 's and Mattel 's performances and looks are praised , and they are chosen as the top two contestants . Although Benet , Davenport and McMichaels receive compliments for their runway looks , all three are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and Mattel lip - sync against each other to RuPaul 's `` Freaky Money . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and chooses to eliminate McMichaels . Guest Judges : Chris Colfer & Garcelle Beauvais Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Star in a raunchy girl comedy blockbuster . Runway Theme : `` Red for Filth '' Challenge Winners : Shangela & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to Elea 's Closet and a luggage set from Radden Luggage Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Freaky Money '' by RuPaul ft . Big Freedia Bottom Three : BeBe Zahara Benet , Kennedy Davenport & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` Let no one dim your light . I love you all totally ! SISTERS FOREVER ! 💋 '' 23 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) The final four queens were asked to write , sing and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Choreographer Todrick Hall accompanied the girls choreography , but also revealed that the entire music video would be shot in one - take throughout the backstage of RuPaul 's Drag Race , including the runway The music video opens with Kennedy Davenport , and follows with Shangela , Bebe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel ; the judges , and eliminated contestants , all appeared as cameo to the video . During the critiques , all four queens were given positive comments about their performances and runway looks . RuPaul reveals that each eliminated queen gets to vote two contestants to enter the top two spots , whereas each remaining contestant got the chance to plead why they deserved to be in the top positions . Subsequently , the four remaining queens were asked to change costumes for the lip - sync to Miley Cyrus 's `` Wrecking Ball '' . After deliberation , eliminated contestant Morgan McMichaels announces Davenport and Mattel as the top two All - Stars , effectively eliminating both Benet and Shangela . After the lip - sync , RuPaul announces Mattel as the season three winner , and earns a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame . Main Challenge : Write , sing , and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Eliminated : BeBe Zahara Benet & Shangela Final Two : Kennedy Davenport & Trixie Mattel Lip Sync Song : `` Wrecking Ball '' by Miley Cyrus Runner - up : Kennedy Davenport Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season Three : Trixie Mattel Leak On February 15 , 2018 , the series production company World of Wonder filed a lawsuit against an anonymous leaker using the alias RealityTVLeaks . According to the lawsuit , RealityTVLeaks posted several visuals from the season on various social media websites such as Reddit , Twitter , and Instagram before each episode 's airing -- including runway themes , challenges , episode titles , and eliminated queens . Additionally , a producer from the show stated that the leaker removed `` information identifying ( World of Wonder ) as the copyright owner and author '' before adding `` misleading copyright management information falsely identifying ( the defendants ) as the copyright owners and authors . '' World of Wonder launched the suit because of the defendant 's `` unlawful theft and public dissemination of episodes of the popular and critically - acclaimed reality television show , '' and the production company confirmed it is seeking damages of $300,000 , including $150,000 for each infringed episode and $25,000 per violation of `` actual damages '' and defendants ' profits . Ratings No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 0.46 0.895 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 0.40 0.777 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 0.39 0.738 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 0.34 0.713 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 0.38 0.732 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 0.49 0.883 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 0.31 0.658 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 0.27 0.589 Reception Although a ratings success , the season was not critically well received , following the high bar set by All Stars 2 . Vulture , in writing a summation review , described the season as `` truly one of the roughest seasons of the show ever . After a stellar , jaw - unhingingly good All Stars 2 , this season felt more like an embarrassing cousin you brought to gay happy hour who wears double polos '' . The A.V. Club similarly described the season as disappointing ; in their final review of the season , they wrote , `` I should be celebrating the crowning of a new queen in the Drag Race hall of fame , but Drag Race All Stars season three has left me feeling totally underwhelmed and wondering , What 's the point ? '' Vulture did however make the point that although the season did not live up to expectations , `` even at its worst , it 's still one of one the best , if not the best goddamn reality competition show on television '' . References Jump up ^ `` RuPaul to Reveal ' All Stars ' Season 3 Cast on Upcoming VH1 Special : ' Prepare to Be Gagged ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 cast to be revealed during TV special '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Matt ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` TV News Roundup : ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' to Launch Season 3 with Hour Special '' . Variety . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 queens announced : See an exclusive cast photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan . `` Shangela , Latrice Royale , Kasha Davis Raise The Roof To Save Kennedy Davenport 's Home '' . LOGO News . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patricio , Edana ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 9 episode 1 : Lady Gaga , the Queens and spoilers '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 8 Cast '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Milk Out Of Drag -- And Out Of His Clothes '' . Logo . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Stars : The Changing Face of Drag official website '' . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegedus , Eric ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul still reigns supreme as ' Drag Race ' hits 100 episodes '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Star Variety Show '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 1 . January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Divas Lip - Sync Live '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 2 . February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The B * itchelor '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 3 . February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 4 . February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 5 . February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Handmaid to Kitty Girls '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 6 . March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 7 . March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Jury of their Queers '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 8 . March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' Reveals Guest Judges , Releases New Sneak Peek '' . IntoMore . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Schedule for RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars '' . www.vh1.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Futon Clinic '' . The Futon Critic . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything changes for Drag Race All Stars with a shocking elimination '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munzenrieder , Kyle ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Night Bendelacreme Became a Goddess '' . W Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulkerin , Tim ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` undamental Reading : On ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' episode 6 , the girls got their revenge '' . Mic.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ru Paul Copyright '' . www.scribd.com . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Season 3 Episode Guide '' . www.tvguide.com . March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race producers are suing an anonymous leaker for $300,000 '' . Gay Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.25. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html Jump up ^ https://www.avclub.com/a-mediocre-season-of-rupaul-s-drag-race-all-stars-ends-1823821936 Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html External links Official website ( hide ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Trixie Mattel Other contestants Adore Delano Aja Alexis Mateo Alyssa Edwards Asia O'Hara BenDeLaCreme Blair St. Clair Carmen Carrera Charlie Hides Chi Chi DeVayne Coco Montrese Courtney Act Cynthia Lee Fontaine Delta Work Detox Eureka Farrah Moan Honey Mahogany Ivy Winters Jasmine Masters Jessica Wild Jiggly Caliente Jujubee Katya Kelly Mantle Kennedy Davenport Kim Chi Laganja Estranja Latrice Royale Manila Luzon Milk Mimi Imfurst Miss Fame Monica Beverly Hillz Morgan McMichaels Nina Flowers Ongina Pandora Boxx Pearl Peppermint Phi Phi O'Hara Raven Roxxxy Andrews Sahara Davenport Shangela Shea Couleé Tammie Brown Thorgy Thor Vanessa Vanjie Mateo Venus D - Lite Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Willam Yara Sofia Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U episodes Drag Race Thailand Natalia Pliacam The Switch Drag Race Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_All_Stars_(season_3)&oldid=842984096 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 01 : 38 . About Wikipedia	who wins rupaul's all stars season 3	[ "The winner of the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel, with Kennedy Davenport being the runner-up." ]	[ "Trixie Mattel" ]
-6474702854875651586	Maquiladora	Maquiladora - wikipedia Maquiladora Jump to : navigation , search A maquila in Mexico In Mexico , a maquiladora ( Spanish pronunciation : ( makilaˈðoɾa ) ) or maquila ( IPA : ( maˈkila ) ) is a manufacturing operation , where factories import certain material and equipment on a duty - free and tariff - free basis for assembly , processing , or manufacturing and then export the assembled , processed and / or manufactured products , sometimes back to the raw materials ' country of origin . They are an example of special economic zones as seen in many countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Growth and development 3 Working conditions 4 Gender composition of workforce 5 Environmental effects 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Books 8.2 Journal articles 8.3 Government / NGO reports 8.4 News 8.5 Music 8.6 Video 9 External links History ( edit ) In 1964 , the Bracero Program , which allowed Mexican agricultural workers to work legally in the U.S. on a seasonal basis , came to an end . Less than a year after the end of the Bracero Program , the Mexican Government launched the Border Industrialization Program ( BIP ) or the Maquiladora Program , to solve the problem of rising unemployment along the border . The maquiladoras became attractive to US firms due to the availability of cheap labor , devaluations of the peso and favorable changes in US customs laws . In 1985 , maquiladoras overtook tourism as the largest source of foreign exchange , and since 1996 they have been the second largest industry in Mexico behind the petroleum industry . Following the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , the growth of maquila plants skyrocketed . During the five years before NAFTA , the maquila employment had grown at a rate of 47 % ; this figure increased to 86 % in the next five years . The number of factories also increased dramatically . In the five years preceding NAFTA , 564 new plants opened ; in the five years following , 1460 plants opened . However , the maquiladora growth is largely attributable to growth in US demand , and devaluation of the peso and not NAFTA itself . In the 1970s , most maquiladoras were located around the Mexico -- United States border . By 1994 , these were spread in the interior parts of the country , although the majority of the plants were still near the border . Recent research indicates that the maquiladora industry affects U.S. border city employment in service sectors . Although the maquiladora industry suffered due to the early 2000s recession , maquiladoras constituted 54 % of the US - Mexico trade in 2004 , and by 2005 , the maquiladora exports accounted for half of Mexico 's exports . The industry had become an important source of foreign direct investment and foreign exchange for Mexico . In the 2000s , the maquila industry faced competition due to rise of other countries with availability of cheap labor , including Malaysia , India , and Pakistan . The biggest threat came from China 's Special Economic Areas . Growth and Development ( edit ) During the later half of the sixties , maquiladora industries rapidly expanded geographically and economically and by 1985 , had become Mexico 's second largest source of income from exports , behind oil . Since 1973 , maquiladoras have also accounted for nearly half of Mexico 's export assembly . Between 1995 and 2000 , exports of assembled products in Mexico tripled , and the rate of the industry 's growth amounted to about one new factory per day . By the late twentieth century , the industry accounted for 25 percent of Mexico 's gross domestic product , and 17 percent of total Mexican employment . Since globalization and physical restructuring have contributed to the competition and advent of low - cost offshore assembly in places such as China , and countries in Central America , maquiladoras in Mexico have been on the decline since 2000 : According to federal sources , approximately 529 maquiladoras shut down and investment in assembly plants decreased by 8.2 percent in 2002 after the imposition of countervailing duties on Chinese products , not available in North America , that were part of the electronics supply chain . Despite the decline , over 3,000 maquiladoras still exist along the 2,000 mile - long United States -- Mexico border , providing employment for approximately one million workers , and importing more than $51 billion in supplies into Mexico . Research indicates that maquiladoras ' post-NAFTA growth is connected to changes in Mexican wages relative to those in Asia and in the United States , and to fluctuations in U.S. industrial production . As of 2006 , maquiladoras still accounted for 45 percent of Mexico 's exports . Maquiladoras , in general , are best represented among operations that are particularly assembly intensive . Working conditions ( edit ) See also : Sweatshop One of the main goals of the Border Industrialization Program was to attract foreign investment . Mexican blue - collar labor is kept cheap and competitive with other major export countries by devaluations in the peso , often corresponding with the end of presidential terms . Mexicans work for approximately one - sixth of the U.S. hourly rate . Young women are often preferred over older women , as younger women are capable of working longer hours . Although Mexican labor law is much more stringent than American labor laws ( e.g. the requirement that workers be paid three months severance after as much time on the job , should they be let go without cause ) , women are sometimes subjected to unsafe and unsanitary working conditions . Poverty is a key factor that motivates women , in particular , to work in maquiladoras . The minimum wage set by the Mexican government is barely enough to help sustain a family . The minimum wage `` buys only about a quarter of the basic necessities that are essential for a typical worker 's family '' . Maquilas pay at much higher than the minimum wage in most markets since there is a lot of competition for the best workers , and workers will not work without transportation and other bonuses . The 2015 Minimum wage is 70.1 pesos per day in Tijuana ( minimum wages vary by zone and worker classification ) or about $0.55 per hour at the current exchange rate of 16 pesos per dollar , while most entry level positions in maquilas pay closer to $2 per hour including bonuses and 25 % Social Security and housing and retirement . Gender composition of workforce ( edit ) Mexico possesses a strong system of labor laws , yet enforcement of these laws within the maquiladora industry is often lax. ⁠ ⁠ While most people who were employed under the original Bracero Program were men , the majority of maquiladora employees are young women . Environmental effects ( edit ) Both the United States and Mexican governments claim to be committed to environmental protection , yet environmental policies have not always been enforced. ⁠ ⁠ However , maquilas are required to be certified and to provide an environmental impact statement . In Mexico , most maquiladoras are global players that use international standards for waste treatment and disposal that exceed Mexican requirements and that require any waste generated to be re-exported . Although the La Paz Agreement signed by Mexico and the United States in 1983 requires hazardous waste created by United States corporations to be transported back to the United States for disposal , the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) reports that only 91 of the 600 maquiladoras located along the Texas - Mexico border have returned hazardous waste to the United States since 1987 . This is likely due to the fact that most maquiladoras are factories that perform sewing and assembly of consumer products and many of the materials that are considered hazardous are incorporated into those products . Maquiladoras offer showers and sanitary facilities to workers that often lack running water , thus reducing waste . The United States Geological Survey , the state of California , and the Imperial County Health Department -- among others -- have all asserted that the New River , which flows from Mexicali , Baja California , Mexico near the Mexico -- United States border into California 's Salton Sea , is `` ... the dirtiest river in America . '' The EPA 's US -- Mexico Border 2012 Program has an extensive plan to help with environmental issues along that border . See also ( edit ) Mexico portal Dominican Republic - Central America Free Trade Agreement Economy of Mexico Free Trade Area of the Americas Free Trade Globalization Colonia ( Mexico ) Latin American economy Maquila Decree Maquila Solidarity Network References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also referred to as a `` twin plant '' , or `` in - bond '' industry . Jump up ^ Ferrante - Wallace , Joan ( 2006 ) . Sociology : a global perspective . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4950 - 0561 - 2 . OCLC 61232264 . Jump up ^ Louie , Miriam C.Y. ( 2001 ) . Sweatshop warriors : immigrant women workers take on the global factory . South End Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89608 - 638 - 8 . Jump up ^ Larudee , Mehrene . `` Causes of Growth and Decline in Mexico 's Apparel Sector . '' International Review of Applied Economics , Vol 21 , September 2007 . pp539 - 559 . Jump up ^ Truett , Lila and Truett , Dale . `` NAFTA and the Maquiladoras : Boon or Bane . '' Contemporary Economic Policy , Vol 25 , July 2007 . pp374 - 386 ^ Jump up to : Vietor , Richard H.K. and Veytsman , Alexander . `` American Outsourcing . '' Harvard Business School Case Study No. 9 - 705 - 037 , rev . February 2 , 2007 ( Boston , MA : HBS Publishing , 2005 ) , p. 6 . `` The devaluation of the peso in 1994 , which overnight reduced all peso - denominated manufacturing costs including energy and labor , improving the profitability of the maquiladoras , explains the growth spurt more than the changes in duties that were the result of NAFTA . US tariffs were already low , and Mexican duties were already not charged to maquiladoras . '' Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas , The Impact of the Maquiladora Industry on U.S. Border Cities , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Stoddard , Ellwyn R. Maquila : Assembly Plants in Northern Alaska . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Shorris , Earl . The Life and Times of Mexico . p. 531 Jump up ^ Hausman , Angela and Diana L Haytko . Cross-border Supply Chain Relationships : Interpretive Research of Maquiladora Realized Strategies . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Villalobos , J Rene , et al. Inbound for Mexico . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas , Did NAFTA Really Cause Mexico 's High Maquiladora Growth ? , July 2001 Jump up ^ Gruben , William C. and Sherry L. Kiser . The Border Economy : NAFTA and Maquiladoras : Is the Growth Connected ? Jump up ^ The Human Race : Escaping From History . Employee turnover is also relatively high , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Delia D. , Lacsamana , Anne E. ( 2004 ) . Women and Globalization . New York : Humanity Books . p. 130 . ISBN 1591021626 . Jump up ^ Kopinak , Kathryn ( 1995 ) . `` Gender as a Vehicle for the Subordination of Women Maquiladora Workers in Mexico '' . Latin American Perspectives. 22 : 36 . doi : 10.1177 / 0094582x9502200103 . Jump up ^ Minimum wage , Zeta , December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ How to start , cost of business , Tijuana EDC . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kamel , Rachel ; Hoffman , Anya ( 1999 ) . The maquiladora reader : cross-border organizing since NAFTA . Philadelphia , PA : American Friends Service Committee . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9100 - 8235 - 8 . OCLC 647067991 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 . Master and use copy . Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials , Version 1 . Digital Library Federation , December 2002 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Mary E. Free Trade : The Politics of Toxic Waste . p. 48 Jump up ^ `` New River Pollution in Mexico , A Historical Overview '' ( PDF ) . Regional Water Quality Control Board . December 1 , 1998 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sklair , Leslie . Assembling For Development : The Maquila Industry in Mexico and the United States . p. 94 . Jump up ^ US - Mexico Border 2012 Program Archived 2008 - 05 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Baklanoff , Eric N. ( 2008 ) . `` Yucatan : Mexico 's other maquiladora frontier '' . In Baklanoff , Eric N. ; Moseley , Edward H. Yucatán in an era of globalization . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5476 - 3 . Broughton , Chad ( 2015 ) . Boom , Bust , Exodus : The Rust Belt , the Maquilas , and a Tale of Two Cities . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199765614 . Shorris , Earl ( 2006 ) . The Life and Times of Mexico . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32767 - 0 . Sklair , Leslie ( 2011 ) . Assembling for Development : The Maquila Industry in Mexico and the United States . Taylor & Francis . Journal articles ( edit ) Brown , Garrett D. `` Protecting Workers ' Health and Safety in the Globalizing Economy through International Trade Treaties '' . International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health . Apr - Jun 2005 . Choi , Dae Won and Martin Kenney . `` The Globalization of Korean Industry : Korean Maquiladoras in Mexico . '' ( Archive ) Frontera Norte , January -- July 1997 . Volume 5 , No. 7 . p. 5 - 22 . Article in English , abstract available in Spanish . Clapp , Jennifer . Piles of Poisons : Despite NAFTA 's Green Promises , Hazardous Waste Problems are Deepening in Mexico . Alternatives Journal , Vol. 28 , Iss. 2 . Waterloo : Spring 2002 . Hampton , Elaine . Globalization Legacy : A View of U.S. Factory Involvement in Mexican Education . Multicultural Education . Summer 2004 . Hausman , Angela and Diana L. Haytko . Cross-Border Supply Chain Relationships : Interpretive Research of Maquiladora Realized Strategies . The Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing , Vol 18 , Iss. 6 / 7 . Santa Barbara : 2003 Moffatt , Allison . Murder , Mystery and Mistreatment in Mexican Maquiladoras . Women & Environments International Magazines 66 ( 2006 ) : 19 . Villalobos , J. Rene , et al. , Inbound for Mexico . Industrial Engineer . Norcross : April 2004 . Vol. 36 , Iss. 4 . Government / ngo reports ( edit ) Gruben , William C. and Sherry L. Kiser . The Border Economy : NAFTA and Maquiladoras : Is the Growth Connected ? Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas . June 2001 . Human Rights Watch . No Guarantees : Sex Discrimination in Mexico 's Maquiladora Sector . The Maquiladora Reader . Philadelphia : Mexico - U.S. Border Program , 1999 . News ( edit ) Article on worker - run maquiladora in El Salvador Music ( edit ) Maquiladora - Radiohead Video ( edit ) Campbell , Monica . Maquiladoras : Rethinking NAFTA . PBS , 2002 . The Human Race : Escaping From History . dir . Josh Freed . Green Lion Productions Inc. , videocassette , 1994 . Maquilapolis Documentary External links ( edit ) Maquiladora Slavery , . June 1 , 2009 Look up maquiladora in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maquiladora . CorpWatch , Maquiladoras at a Glance . June 30 , 1999 . International Museum of Women Feature on Maquiladoras ( hide ) Mexico articles History Pre-Columbian era Colonial era War of Independence First Mexican Empire First Mexican Republic Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Mexican Republic La Reforma French intervention Second Mexican Empire Porfiriato Mexican Revolution Cristero War Maximato Institutional Revolutionary Party Mexican miracle Chiapas conflict Mexican Drug War Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Extreme points Forests Islands Metropolitan areas Mountains Protected Natural Areas Rivers States Territorial evolution Time Volcanism Water resources Wettest - known tropical cyclones Politics Administrative divisions Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Federal government Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Law Law enforcement Military Political parties President Cabinet Supreme Court State legislatures Economy Agriculture Automotive market Central bank Companies Economic history Energy Irrigation Labor law North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Oil Pension system Peso ( currency ) Petroleum Science and technology States by GDP States by unemployment Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Water scarcity Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Nationality law People Poverty Religion States by HDI Water supply and sanitation Welfare Women Culture Architecture Art Visual arts Cinema Cuisine Flags Folklore Handcrafts and folk art Languages Literature Monuments Music National symbols Public holidays Radio Sports Television World Heritage Sites Outline Index Book Portal Jump up ^ http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=westfall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maquiladora&oldid=810470186 '' Categories : Economy of Mexico Economy of the United States International trade Mexico -- United States relations Spanish words and phrases Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 13 : 07 . 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About Wikipedia	what is the relationship between the maquiladoras and the global economy	[ "In Mexico, a maquiladora (Spanish pronunciation: [makilaˈðoɾa]) or maquila (IPA: [maˈkila])[1] is a manufacturing operation, where factories import certain material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly, processing, or manufacturing and then export the assembled, processed and/or manufactured products, sometimes back to the raw materials' country of origin.[citation needed] They are an example of special economic zones as seen in many countries.[citation needed]" ]	[ "import certain material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly, processing, or manufacturing and then export the assembled, processed and/or manufactured products, sometimes back to the raw materials' country of origin" ]
5112430498825729487	Suez Crisis	Suez Crisis - wikipedia Suez Crisis Jump to : navigation , search Suez Crisis Tripartite Aggression Sinai War Part of the Cold War and the Arab -- Israeli conflict Damaged Egyptian equipment Date 29 October 1956 ( 1956 - 10 - 29 ) -- 7 November 1956 ( 1956 - 11 - 07 ) ( 1 week and 2 days ) ( Sinai under Israeli occupation until March 1957 ) Location Gaza Strip and Egypt ( Sinai and Suez Canal zone ) Result Coalition military victory ; Egyptian political victory Anglo - French withdrawal following international pressure ( December 1956 ) Israeli occupation of Sinai ( until March 1957 ) UNEF deployment in Sinai Straits of Tiran re-opened to Israeli shipping Resignation of Anthony Eden as British Prime Minister , end of Britain 's role as a superpower Guy Mollet 's position as French Prime Minister heavily damaged Belligerents Israel United Kingdom France Egypt Commanders and leaders David Ben - Gurion Moshe Dayan Asaf Simhoni Haim Bar - Lev Avraham Yoffe Israel Tal Ariel Sharon Uri Ben - Ari Anthony Eden Gerald Templer Charles Keightley Hugh Stockwell Manley Power René Coty Guy Mollet Pierre Barjot André Beaufre Jacques Massu Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer Saadedden Mutawally Sami Yassa Jaafar al - Abd Salahedin Moguy Raouf Mahfouz Zaki Strength 175,000 45,000 34,000 300,000 Casualties and losses Israel : 172 killed 817 wounded 1 captured United Kingdom : 16 killed 96 wounded France : 10 killed 33 wounded 1,650 -- 3,000 killed 1,000 civilians killed 4,900 wounded 5,000 -- 30,000 + captured The Suez Crisis or the Second Arab -- Israeli War also named the Tripartite Aggression ( in the Arab world ) and Operation Kadesh or Sinai War ( in Israel ) , was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel , followed by the United Kingdom and France . The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser , who had just nationalized the canal . After the fighting had started , political pressure from the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders . The episode humiliated Great Britain and France and strengthened Nasser . On 29 October , Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai . Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to cease fire , which was ignored . On 5 November , Britain and France landed paratroopers along the Suez Canal . The Egyptian forces were defeated , but they did block the canal to all shipping . It later became clear that the Israeli invasion and the subsequent Anglo - French attack had been planned beforehand by the three countries . The three allies had attained a number of their military objectives , but the canal was now useless . Heavy political pressure from the United States and the USSR led to a withdrawal . U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had strongly warned Britain not to invade ; he now threatened serious damage to the British financial system by selling the US government 's pound sterling bonds . Historians conclude the crisis `` signified the end of Great Britain 's role as one of the world 's major powers '' . The Suez Canal was closed from October 1956 until March 1957 . Israel fulfilled some of its objectives , such as attaining freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran , which Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950 . As a result of the conflict , the United Nations created the UNEF Peacekeepers to police the Egyptian -- Israeli border , British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigned , Canadian Minister of External Affairs Lester Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize , and the USSR may have been emboldened to invade Hungary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 History of the Suez Canal 1.2 Oil 1.3 After 1945 2 Post Egyptian revolution period 2.1 Egypt and Britain 2.2 Egypt and the Arab leadership 2.3 US and a defense treaty against the Soviet threat 2.4 Nasser and the Soviet bloc 2.5 Nasser and arms purchase 2.6 France and the Egyptian support for the Algeria rebellion 2.7 Egypt and Israel 2.7. 1 Franco - Israeli alliance emerges 2.8 Frustration of British aims 3 Nasser and 1956 events 3.1 Nasser and Jordan 3.2 Nasser and Britain 3.3 U.S and the Aswan High Dam 3.3. 1 1956 American peace initiative 4 Canal nationalization 4.1 British response 4.2 French response 4.3 Commonwealth response 4.4 Western diplomacy 5 Franco - British - Israeli war plan 5.1 Objectives 5.2 British planning 5.3 Franco - Israeli planning 5.4 Protocol of Sèvres 5.5 Anglo - French Operation Musketeer 5.6 Anglo - French Operation Revise 5.7 Israeli Operation Kadesh 5.8 American intelligence 6 Forces 6.1 Britain 6.2 France 6.3 Israel 6.4 Egypt 7 Invasion 7.1 The Israeli operation Kadesh in Sinai 7.1. 1 Early actions in Southern Sinai 7.1. 2 Early actions along the Gulf of Aqaba , and the central front 7.1. 3 Battle of Jebel Heitan , paratroop brigade under attack 7.1. 4 Air operations , first phase 7.1. 5 Naval operations 7.1. 6 Hedgehog - Abu Uwayulah operations 7.1. 7 Gaza Strip operations 7.1. 8 Sharm el - Sheikh operations 7.2 Anglo - French Canal invasion 7.2. 1 Revise : Phases I and II 7.2. 2 Telescope modified : the paratroops land 7.2. 3 Royal Marines come ashore at Port Said 8 Casualties 9 End of hostilities 9.1 Anti-war protests in Britain 9.2 Support for Eden 9.3 International reaction 9.3. 1 Soviet threats 9.4 Financial pressure 9.5 Cease fire 10 Aftermath 10.1 Military thought 10.2 Europe 10.3 Egypt 10.3. 1 Abolishing civil liberties 10.4 Britain 10.5 France 10.6 Israel 10.7 Other parties 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Background History of the Suez canal See also : History of Israel and History of Egypt The location of the Suez Canal , which connects the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea . The Suez Canal was opened in 1869 , after ten years of work financed by the French and Egyptian governments . The canal was operated by the Universal Company of the Suez Maritime Canal , an Egyptian - chartered company ; the area surrounding the canal remained sovereign Egyptian territory and the only land - bridge between Africa and Asia . The canal instantly became strategically important , as it provided the shortest ocean link between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean . The canal eased commerce for trading nations and particularly helped European colonial powers to gain and govern their colonies . In 1875 , as a result of debt and financial crisis , the Egyptian ruler was forced to sell his shares in the canal operating company to the British government of Benjamin Disraeli . They were willing buyers and obtained a 44 percent share in the canal 's operations for less than £ 4 million ; this maintained the majority shareholdings of the mostly French private investors . With the 1882 invasion and occupation of Egypt , the United Kingdom took de facto control of the country as well as the canal proper , and its finances and operations . The 1888 Convention of Constantinople declared the canal a neutral zone under British protection . In ratifying it , the Ottoman Empire agreed to permit international shipping to pass freely through the canal , in time of war and peace . The Convention came into force in 1904 , the same year as the Entente cordiale between Britain and France . Despite this convention , the strategic importance of the Suez Canal and its control were proven during the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 -- 1905 , after Japan and Britain entered into a separate bilateral agreement . Following the Japanese surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet based at Port Arthur , the Russians sent reinforcements from their fleet in the Baltic Sea . The British denied the Russian fleet use of the canal and forced it to steam around Africa , giving the Japanese forces time to consolidate their position in East Asia . The importance of the canal as a strategic intersection was again apparent during the First World War , when Britain and France closed the canal to non-Allied shipping . The attempt by German - led Ottoman forces to storm the canal in February 1915 led the British to commit 100,000 troops to the defense of Egypt for the rest of the war . Oil The canal continued to be strategically important after the Second World War as a conduit for the shipment of oil . Petroleum business historian Daniel Yergin wrote of the period : `` In 1948 , the canal abruptly lost its traditional rationale ... ( British ) control over the canal could no longer be preserved on grounds that it was critical to the defence either of India or of an empire that was being liquidated . And yet , at exactly the same moment , the canal was gaining a new role -- as the highway not of empire , but of oil ... By 1955 , petroleum accounted for half of the canal 's traffic , and , in turn , two thirds of Europe 's oil passed through it '' . At the time , Western Europe imported two million barrels ( bbls ) per day from the Middle East , 1,200,000 by tanker through the canal , and another 800,000 via pipeline from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean , where tankers received it . The US imported another 300,000 bbls . daily from the Middle East . Though pipelines linked the oil fields of Iraq and the Persian Gulf states to the Mediterranean , these routes were prone to suffer from instability , which led British leaders to prefer to use the sea route through the Suez Canal . As it was , the rise of super-tankers for shipping Middle East oil to Europe , which were too big to use the Suez Canal meant that British policy - makers greatly overestimated the importance of the canal . By 2000 , only 8 percent of the imported oil in Britain arrived via the Suez canal with the rest coming via the Cape route . In August 1956 the Royal Institute of International Affairs published a report titled `` Britain and the Suez Canal '' revealing government perception of the Suez area . It reiterates several times the strategic necessity of the Suez Canal to the United Kingdom , including the need to meet military obligations under the Manila Pact in the Far East and the Baghdad Pact in Iraq , Iran , or Pakistan . The report also points out how the canal was used in past wars and could be used in future wars to transport troops from the Dominions of Australia and New Zealand in the event of war in Europe . The report also cites the amount of material and oil that passes through the canal to the United Kingdom , and the economic consequences of the canal being put out of commission , concluding : The possibility of the Canal being closed to troopships makes the question of the control and regime of the Canal as important to Britain today as it ever was . After 1945 In the aftermath of the Second World War , Britain was reassessing its role in the region in light of the severe economic constraints and its colonial history . The economic potential of the Middle East , with its vast oil reserves , as well as the Suez Canal 's geo - strategic importance against the background of the Cold War , prompted Britain to consolidate and strengthen its position there . The kingdoms of Egypt and Iraq were seen as vital to maintaining strong British influence in the region . Britain 's military strength was spread throughout the region , including the vast military complex at Suez with a garrison of some 80,000 , making it one of the largest military installations in the world . The Suez base was considered an important part of Britain 's strategic position in the Middle East ; however , increasingly it became a source of growing tension in Anglo - Egyptian relations . Egypt 's post-war domestic politics were experiencing a radical change , prompted in no small part by economic instability , inflation , and unemployment . Unrest began to manifest itself in the growth of radical political groups , such as the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt , and an increasingly hostile attitude towards Britain and its presence in the country . Added to this anti-British fervour was the role Britain had played in the creation of Israel . As a result , the actions of the Egyptian government began to mirror those of its populace and an anti-British policy began to permeate Egypt 's relations with Britain . In October 1951 , the Egyptian government unilaterally abrogated the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , the terms of which granted Britain a lease on the Suez base for 20 more years . Britain refused to withdraw from Suez , relying upon its treaty rights , as well as the sheer presence of the Suez garrison . The price of such a course of action was a steady escalation in increasingly violent hostility towards Britain and British troops in Egypt , which the Egyptian authorities did little to curb . On 25 January 1952 , British forces attempted to disarm a troublesome auxiliary police force barracks in Ismailia , resulting in the deaths of 41 Egyptians . This in turn led to anti-Western riots in Cairo resulting in heavy damage to property and the deaths of several foreigners , including 11 British citizens . This proved to be a catalyst for the removal of the Egyptian monarchy . On 23 July 1952 a military coup by the Egyptian nationalist ' Free Officers Movement ' -- led by Muhammad Neguib and future Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser -- overthrew King Farouk and established an Egyptian republic . Post Egyptian Revolution period The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1950s the Middle East was dominated by four distinct but interlinked struggles . The first was the geopolitical battle for influence between the United States and the Soviet Union known as the Cold War . The second was the anti-colonial struggle of Arab nationalists against the two remaining imperial powers , Britain and France . The third was the Arab -- Israeli dispute , and the fourth was the race between different Arab states for the leadership of the Arab world , known as the Arab Cold War . Egypt and Britain Britain 's desire to mend Anglo - Egyptian relations in the wake of the coup saw the country strive for rapprochement throughout 1953 and 1954 . Part of this process was the agreement , in 1953 , to terminate British rule in Sudan by 1956 in return for Cairo 's abandoning of its claim to suzerainty over the Nile Valley region . In October 1954 , Britain and Egypt concluded an agreement on the phased evacuation of British troops from the Suez base , the terms of which agreed to withdrawal of all troops within 20 months , maintenance of the base to be continued , and for Britain to hold the right to return for seven years . The Suez Canal Company was not due to revert to the Egyptian government until 16 November 1968 under the terms of the treaty . Britain 's close relationship with the two Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan were of particular concern to Nasser . In particular , Iraq 's increasingly amicable relations with Britain were a threat to Nasser 's desire to see Egypt as head of the Arab world . The creation of the Baghdad Pact in 1955 seemed to confirm Nasser 's fears that Britain was attempting to draw the Eastern Arab World into a bloc centred upon Iraq , and sympathetic to Britain . Nasser 's response was a series of challenges to British influence in the region that would culminate in the Suez Crisis . Egypt and the Arab leadership In regard to the Arab leadership , particularly venomous was the feud between Nasser and the Prime Minister of Iraq , Nuri el - Said , for Arab leadership , with the Cairo - based Voice of the Arabs radio station regularly calling for the overthrow of the government in Baghdad . The most important factors that drove Egyptian foreign policy in this period was on the one hand , a determination to see the entire Middle East as Egypt 's rightful sphere of influence , and on the other , a tendency on the part of Nasser to fortify his pan-Arabist and nationalist credibility by seeking to oppose any and all Western security initiatives in the Near East . Despite the establishment of such an agreement with the British , Nasser 's position remained tenuous . The loss of Egypt 's claim to Sudan , coupled with the continued presence of Britain at Suez for a further two years , led to domestic unrest including an assassination attempt against him in October 1954 . The tenuous nature of Nasser 's rule caused him to believe that neither his regime , nor Egypt 's independence would be safe until Egypt had established itself as head of the Arab world . This would manifest itself in the challenging of British Middle Eastern interests throughout 1955 . U.S. and a defense treaty against the Soviet threat The United States , while attempting to erect an alliance in the form of a Middle East Defense Organization to keep the Soviet Union out of the Near East , tried to woo Nasser into this alliance . The central problem for American policy in the Middle East was that this region was perceived as strategically important due to its oil , but the United States , weighed down by defense commitments in Europe and the Far East , lacked sufficient troops to resist a Soviet invasion of the Middle East . In 1952 , General Omar Bradley of Joint Chiefs of Staff declared at a planning session about what to do in the event of a Soviet invasion of the Near East : `` Where will the staff come from ? It will take a lot of stuff to do a job there '' . As a consequence , American diplomats favoured the creation of a NATO - type organization in the Near East to provide the necessary military power to deter the Soviets from invading the region . The Eisenhower administration , even more than the Truman administration saw the Near East as a huge gap into which Soviet influence could be projected , and accordingly required an American - supported security system . American diplomat Raymond Hare later recalled : It 's hard to put ourselves back in this period . There was really a definite fear of hostilities , of an active Russian occupation of the Middle East physically , and you practically hear the Russian boots clumping down over the hot desert sands . The projected Middle East Defense Organization ( MEDO ) was to be centered on Egypt . A National Security Council directive of March 1953 called Egypt the `` key '' to the Near East and advised that Washington `` should develop Egypt as a point of strength '' . A major dilemma for American policy was that the two strongest powers in the Near East , Britain and France , were also the nations whose influence many local nationalists most resented . From 1953 onwards , American diplomacy had attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the powers involved in the Near East , both local and imperial , to set aside their differences and unite against the Soviet Union . The Americans took the view that , just as fear of the Soviet Union had helped to end the historic Franco - German enmity , so too could anti-Communism end the more recent Arab -- Israeli dispute . It was a source of constant puzzlement to American officials in the 1950s that the Arab states and the Israelis had seemed to have more interest in fighting each other rather than uniting against the Soviet Union . After his visit to the Middle East in May 1953 to drum up support for MEDO , the Secretary of State , John Foster Dulles found much to his astonishment that the Arab states were `` more fearful of Zionism than of the Communists '' . The policy of the United States was colored by considerable uncertainty as to whom to befriend in the Near East . American policy was torn between a desire to maintain good relations with NATO allies such as Britain and France who were also major colonial powers , and a desire to align Third World nationalists with the Free World camp . Though it would be entirely false to describe the coup deposing King Farouk in July 1952 as a Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) coup , Nasser and his Society of Free Officers were nonetheless in close contact with CIA operatives led by Miles Copeland beforehand ( Nasser maintained links with any and all potential allies from the Egyptian Communist Party on the left to the Muslim Brotherhood on the right ) . Nasser 's friendship with certain CIA officers in Cairo led Washington to vastly overestimate its influence in Egypt . That Nasser was close to CIA officers led the Americans for a time to view Nasser as a CIA `` asset '' . In turn , the British who were aware of Nasser 's CIA ties deeply resented this relationship , which they viewed as an American attempt to push them out of Egypt . The principal reason for Nasser 's courting of the CIA before the July Revolution of 1952 was his hope that the Americans would act as a restraining influence on the British should Britain decide on intervention to put an end to the revolution ( until Egypt renounced it in 1951 , the 1936 Anglo - Egyptian treaty allowed Britain the right of intervention against all foreign and domestic threats ) . In turn , many American officials , such as Ambassador Jefferson Caffery , saw the continued British military presence in Egypt as anachronistic , and viewed the Revolutionary Command Council ( as Nasser called his government after the coup ) in a highly favourable light . Caffery was consistently very positive about Nasser in his reports to Washington right up until his departure from Cairo in 1955 . The regime of King Farouk was viewed in Washington as weak , corrupt , unstable , and anti-American , so Free Officers ' July coup was welcomed by the United States . As it was , Nasser 's contacts with the CIA were not necessary to prevent British intervention against the July coup as Anglo - Egyptian relations had deteriorated so badly in 1951 -- 52 that the British viewed any Egyptian government not headed by King Farouk as a huge improvement . In May 1953 , during a meeting with Secretary Dulles , who asked Egypt to join an anti-Soviet alliance , Nasser responded by saying that the Soviet Union has never occupied our territory ... but the British have been here for seventy years . How can I go to my people and tell them I am disregarding a killer with a pistol sixty miles from me at the Suez Canal to worry about somebody who is holding a knife a thousand miles away ? Dulles informed Nasser of his belief that the Soviet Union was seeking world conquest , that the principal danger to the Near East came from the Kremlin , and urged Nasser to set aside his differences with Britain to focus on countering the Soviet Union . In this spirit , Dulles suggested that Nasser negotiate a deal that would see Egypt assume sovereignty over the canal zone base , but then allow the British to have `` technical control '' in the same way that Ford auto company provided parts and training to its Egyptian dealers . Nasser did not share Dulles 's fear of the Soviet Union taking over the Middle East , and insisted quite vehemently that he wanted to see the total end of all British influence not only in Egypt , but all the Middle East . The CIA offered Nasser a $3 million bribe if he would join the proposed Middle East Defense Organization ; Nasser took the money , but then refused to join . At most , Nasser made it clear to the Americans that he wanted an Egyptian - dominated Arab League to be the principal defense organization in the Near East , which might be informally associated with the United States . After he returned to Washington , Dulles advised Eisenhower that the Arab states believed `` the United States will back the new state of Israel in aggressive expansion . Our basic political problem ... is to improve the Moslem states ' attitudes towards Western democracies because our prestige in that area had been in constant decline ever since the war '' . The immediate consequence was a new policy of `` even - handedness '' where the United States very publicly sided with the Arab states in several disputes with Israel in 1953 -- 54 . Moreover , Dulles did not share any sentimental regard for the Anglo - American `` special relationship '' , which led the Americans to lean towards the Egyptian side in the Anglo - Egyptian disputes . During the extremely difficult negotiations over the British evacuation of the Suez Canal base in 1954 -- 55 , the Americans generally supported Egypt , though at the same time trying hard to limit the extent of the damage that this might cause to Anglo - American relations . In the same report of May 1953 to Eisenhower calling for `` even - handedness '' , Dulles stated that the Egyptians were not interested in joining the proposed MEDO ; that the Arabs were more interested in their disputes with the British , the French , the Israelis and each other than in standing against the Soviets ; and that the `` Northern Tier '' states of Turkey , Iran and Pakistan were more useful as allies at present than Egypt . Accordingly , the best American policy towards Egypt was to work towards Arab -- Israeli peace and the settlement of the Anglo - Egyptian dispute over the British Suez Canal base as the best way of securing Egypt 's ultimate adhesion to an American sponsored alliance centered on the `` Northern Tier '' states . The `` Northern Tier '' alliance was achieved in early 1955 with the creation of the Baghdad Pact comprising Pakistan , Iran , Turkey , Iraq and the United Kingdom . The presence of the last two states was due to the British desire to continue to maintain influence in the Middle East , and Nuri Said 's wish to associate his country with the West as the best way of counterbalancing the increasing aggressive Egyptian claims to regional predominance . The conclusion of the Baghdad Pact occurred almost simultaneously with a dramatic Israeli raid on the Gaza Strip on 28 February 1955 in retaliation for fedayeen raids into Israel , during which the Israeli Unit 101 commanded by Ariel Sharon gave the Egyptian Army a bloody nose . The close occurrence of the two events was mistakenly interpreted by Nasser as part of coordinated Western effort to push him into joining the Baghdad Pact . The signing of the Baghdad Pact and the Gaza raid marked the beginning of the end of Nasser 's once good relations with the Americans . In particular , Nasser saw Iraq 's participation in the Baghdad Pact as a Western attempt to promote his archenemy Nuri al - Said as an alternative leader of the Arab world . Nasser and the Soviet bloc Instead of siding with either superpower Nasser took the role of the spoiler and tried to play off the superpowers in order to have them compete with each other in attempts to buy his friendship . Under the new leadership of Nikita Khrushchev , the Soviet Union was making a major effort to win influence in the so - called `` third world '' . As part of the diplomatic offensive , Khrushchev had abandoned Moscow 's traditional line of treating all non-communists as enemies and adopted a new tactic of befriending so - called `` non-aligned '' nations , which often were led by leaders who were non-Communists , but in varying ways and degrees were hostile towards the West . Khrushchev had realized that by treating non-communists as being the same thing as being anti-communist , Moscow had needlessly alienated many potential friends over the years in the third world . Under the banner of anti-imperialism , Khrushchev made it clear that the Soviet Union would provide arms to any left - wing government in the third world as a way of undercutting Western influence . The Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai met Nasser at the 1955 Bandung Conference and was impressed by him . Zhou recommended that Khrushchev treat Nasser as a potential ally . Zhou described Nasser to Khrushchev as a young nationalist , who though no Communist , could if used correctly do much damage to Western interests in the Middle East . Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia , who also came to know Nasser at Bandung told Khrushchev in a 1955 meeting that `` Nasser was a young man without much political experience , but if we give him the benefit of the doubt , we might be able to exert a beneficial influence on him , both for the sake of the Communist movement , and ... the Egyptian people '' . Traditionally , most of the equipment in the Egyptian military had come from Britain , but Nasser 's desire to break British influence in Egypt meant that he was desperate to find a new source of weapons to replace Britain . Nasser had first broached the subject of buying weapons from the Soviet Union in 1954 . Nasser and arms purchase Most of all , Nasser wanted the United States to supply arms on a generous scale to Egypt . Nasser refused to promise that any U.S. arms he might buy would not be used against Israel , and rejected out of hand the American demand for a Military Advisory Group to be sent to Egypt as part of the price of arms sales . Nasser 's first choice for buying weapons was the United States , but his frequent anti-Israeli speeches and his sponsorship for the fedayeen who were making raids into Israel had made it difficult for the Eisenhower administration to get the approval of Congress to sell weapons to Egypt . American public opinion was deeply hostile towards selling arms to Egypt that might be used against Israel , and moreover Eisenhower feared starting a Middle Eastern arms race . Eisenhower very much valued the Tripartite Declaration as a way of keeping peace in the Near East . In 1950 , in order to limit the extent that the Arabs and the Israelis could engage in an arms race , the three nations which dominated the arms trade in the non-Communist world , namely the United States , the United Kingdom and France had signed the Tripartite Declaration , where they had committed themselves to limiting how much arms they could sell in the Near East , and also to ensuring that any arms sales to one side was matched by arms sales of equal quantity and quality to the other . Eisenhower viewed the Tripartite Declaration , which sharply restricted how many arms Egypt could buy in the West , as one of the key elements in keeping the peace between Israel and the Arabs , and believed that setting off an arms race would inevitably lead to a new war . The Egyptians made continuous attempts to purchase heavy arms from Czechoslovakia years before the 1955 deal . Nasser had let it be known , in 1954 -- 55 , that he was considering buying weapons from the Soviet Union as a way of pressuring the Americans into selling him the arms he desired . Nasser 's hope was that faced with the prospect of Egypt buying Soviet weapons , and thus coming under Soviet influence the Eisenhower administration would be forced to sell Egypt the weapons he wanted . Khrushchev who very much wanted to win the Soviet Union influence in the Middle East , was more than ready to arm Egypt if the Americans proved unwilling . During secret talks with the Soviets in 1955 , Nasser 's demands for weapons were more than amply satisfied as the Soviet Union had not signed the Tripartite Declaration . The news in September 1955 of the Egyptian purchase of a huge quantity of Soviet arms via Czechoslovakia was greeted with shock and rage in the West , where this was seen as a major increase in Soviet influence in the Near East . In Britain , the increase of Soviet influence in the Near East was seen as an ominous development that threatened to put an end to British influence in the oil - rich region . France and the Egyptian support for the Algeria rebellion Over the same period , the French Premier Guy Mollet , was facing an increasingly serious rebellion in Algeria , where the FLN rebels were being supported by Egypt , and he also came to perceive Nasser as a major threat . During a visit to London in March 1956 , Mollet told Eden his country was faced with an Islamic threat to the very soul of France supported by the Soviet Union . Mollet stated : `` All this is in the works of Nasser , just as Hitler 's policy was written down in Mein Kampf . Nasser has the ambition to recreate the conquests of Islam . But his present position is largely due to the policy of the West in building up and flattering him '' . In a May 1956 gathering of French veterans , Louis Mangin spoke in place of the unavailable Minister of Defence and gave a violently anti-Nasser speech , which compared the Egyptian leader to Hitler . He accused Nasser of plotting to rule the entire Middle East and of seeking to annex Algeria , whose `` people live in community with France '' . Mangin urged France to stand up to Nasser , and being a strong friend of Israel , urged an alliance with that nation against Egypt . Egypt and Israel Since the establishment of Israel in 1948 , cargo shipments to and from Israel had been subject to Egyptian authorization , search and seizure while attempting to pass through the Suez Canal . On 1 September 1951 , the United Nations Security Council Resolution 95 called upon Egypt : `` to terminate the restrictions on the passage of international commercial ships and goods through the Suez Canal , wherever bound , and to cease all interference with such shipping . '' This interference and confiscation , contrary to the laws of the canal ( Article 1 of the 1888 Suez Canal Convention ) , increased following the coup . In late 1954 , Nasser began a policy of sponsoring raids into Israel by the fedayeen , who almost always attacked civilians . The raids triggered a series of Israeli reprisal operations . The raids were targeted as much politically as against Israel militarily . It was Nasser 's intention to win himself the laurels of the foremost anti-Zionist state as a way of establishing his leadership over the Arab world . Before 1954 , the principal target of Nasser 's speeches had been Britain . Only after the Anglo - Egyptian agreement on evacuating the canal zone did Israel emerge as one of Nasser 's main enemies . Franco - Israeli alliance emerges Starting in 1949 owing to shared nuclear research , France and Israel started to move towards an alliance . Following the outbreak of the Algerian War in late 1954 , France began to ship more and more arms to Israel . In November 1954 , the Director - General of Israel 's Ministry of Defense Shimon Peres visited Paris , where he was received by the French Defense Minister Marie - Pierre Kœnig , who told him that France would sell Israel any weapons it wanted to buy . By early 1955 , France was shipping large amounts of weapons to Israel . In April 1956 , following another visit to Paris by Peres , France agreed to totally disregard the Tripartite Declaration , and supply even more weapons to Israel . During the same visit , Peres informed the French that Israel had decided upon war with Egypt in 1956 . Peres claimed that Nasser was a genocidal maniac intent upon not only destroying Israel , but also exterminating its people , and as such , Israel wanted a war before Egypt received even more Soviet weapons , and there was still a possibility of victory for the Jewish state . Peres asked for the French , who had emerged as Israel 's closest ally by this point , to give Israel all the help they could give in the coming war . Frustration of British aims Throughout 1955 and 1956 , Nasser pursued a number of policies that would frustrate British aims throughout the Middle East , and result in increasing hostility between Britain and Egypt . Nasser saw Iraq 's inclusion in the Baghdad Pact as indicating that the United States and Britain had sided with his much hated archenemy Nuri as - Said 's efforts to be the leader of the Arab world , and much of the motivation for Nasser 's turn to an active anti-Western policy starting in 1955 was due to his displeasure with the Baghdad Pact . For Nasser , attendance at such events as the Bandung conference in April 1955 served as both the means of striking a posture as a global leader , and of playing hard to get in his talks with the Americans , especially his demand that the United States sell him vast quantities of arms . Nasser `` played on the widespread suspicion that any Western defence pact was merely veiled colonialism and that Arab disunity and weakness -- especially in the struggle with Israel -- was a consequence of British machinations . '' He also began to align Egypt with the kingdom of Saudi Arabia -- whose rulers were hereditary enemies of the Hashemites -- in an effort to frustrate British efforts to draw Syria , Jordan and Lebanon into the orbit of the Baghdad Pact . Nasser struck a further blow against Britain by negotiating an arms deal with communist Czechoslovakia in September 1955 thereby ending Egypt 's reliance on Western arms . Later , other members of the Warsaw Pact also sold arms to Egypt and Syria . In practice , all sales from the Eastern Bloc were authorised by the Soviet Union , as an attempt to increase Soviet influence over the Middle East . This caused tensions in the United States because Warsaw Pact nations now had a strong presence in the region . Nasser and 1956 events Nasser and Jordan Nasser frustrated British attempts to draw Jordan into the pact by sponsoring demonstrations in Amman , leading King Hussein to dismiss the British commander of the Arab Legion , Sir John Bagot Glubb ( known to the Arabs as Glubb Pasha ) in March 1956 and throwing Britain 's Middle Eastern security policy into chaos . After one round of bloody rioting in December 1955 and another in March 1956 against Jordan joining the Baghdad Pact , both instigated by Cairo - based Voice of the Arabs radio station , Hussein believed his throne was in danger . In private , Hussein assured the British that he was still committed to continuing the traditional Hashemite alliance with Britain , and that his sacking of Glubb Pasha and all the other British officers in the Arab Legion were just gestures to appease the rioters . Nasser and Britain British Prime Minister Anthony Eden was especially upset at the sacking of Glubb Pasha , and as one British politician recalled : For Eden ... this was the last straw ... This reverse , he insisted was Nasser 's doing ... Nasser was our Enemy No. 1 in the Middle East and he would not rest until he destroyed all our friends and eliminated the last vestiges of our influence ... Nasser must therefore be ... destroyed . After the sacking of Glubb Pasha , which he saw as a grievous blow to British influence , Eden became consumed with an obsessional hatred for Nasser , and from March 1956 onwards , was in private committed to the overthrow of Nasser . The American historian Donald Neff wrote that Eden 's often hysterical and overwrought views towards Nasser almost certainly reflected the influence of the amphetamines to which Eden had become addicted following a botched operation in 1953 together with the related effects of sustained sleep deprivation ( Eden slept on average about 5 hours per night in early 1956 ) . Increasingly Nasser came to be viewed in British circles -- and in particular by Eden -- as a dictator , akin to Benito Mussolini . Ironically , in the buildup to the crisis , it was the Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell and the left - leaning tabloid newspaper The Mirror that first made the comparison between Nasser and Mussolini . Anglo - Egyptian relations would continue on their downward spiral . Britain was eager to tame Nasser and looked towards the United States for support . However , Eisenhower strongly opposed British - French military action . America 's closest Arab ally , Saudi Arabia , was just as fundamentally opposed to the Hashemite - dominated Baghdad Pact as Egypt , and the U.S. was keen to increase its own influence in the region . The failure of the Baghdad Pact aided such a goal by reducing Britain 's dominance over the region . `` Great Britain would have preferred to overthrow Nasser ; America , however uncomfortable with the ' Czech arms deal ' , thought it wiser to propitiate him . '' U.S. and the Aswan high dam On 16 May 1956 , Nasser officially recognised the People 's Republic of China , which angered the U.S. and Secretary Dulles , a sponsor of the Republic of China . This move , coupled with the impression that the project was beyond Egypt 's economic capabilities , caused Eisenhower to withdraw all American financial aid for the Aswan Dam project on 19 July . The Eisenhower administration believed that if Nasser were able to secure Soviet economic support for the high dam , that would be beyond the capacity of the Soviet Union to support , and in turn would strain Soviet - Egyptian relations . Eisenhower wrote in March 1956 that `` If Egypt finds herself thus isolated from the rest of the Arab world , and with no ally in sight except Soviet Russia , she would very quickly get sick of the prospect and would join us in the search for a just and decent peace in the region '' . Dulles told his brother , CIA director Allen Dulles , `` If they ( the Soviets ) do make this offer we can make a lot of use of it in propaganda within the satellite bloc . You do n't get bread because you are being squeezed to build a dam '' . Finally , the Eisenhower administration had become very annoyed at Nasser 's efforts to play the United States off against the Soviet Union , and refused to finance the Aswan high dam . As early as September 1955 , when Nasser announced the purchase of the Soviet military equipment via Czechoslovakia , Dulles had written that competing for Nasser 's favour was probably going to be `` an expensive process '' , one that Dulles wanted to avoid as much as possible . 1956 American peace initiative In January 1956 , to end the incipient arms race in the Middle East set off by the Soviet Union selling Egypt arms on a scale unlimited by the Tripartite Declaration and with France doing likewise with Israel , which he saw as opening the Near East to Soviet influence , Eisenhower launched a major effort to make peace between Egypt and Israel . Eisenhower sent out his close friend Robert B. Anderson to serve as a secret envoy who would permanently end the Arab -- Israeli dispute . During his meetings with Nasser , Anderson offered large quantities of American aid in exchange for a peace treaty with Israel . Nasser demanded the return of Palestinian refugees to Israel , wanted to annex the southern half of Israel and rejected direct talks with Israel . Given Nasser 's territorial and refugee - related demands , the Israeli Prime Minister David Ben Gurion suspected that Nasser was not interested in a settlement . Still , he proposed direct negotiations with Egypt in any level . A second round of secret diplomacy by Anderson in February 1956 was equally unsuccessful . Nasser sometimes suggested during his talks with Anderson that he was interested in peace with Israel if only the Americans would supply him with unlimited quantities of military and economic aid . In case of Israeli acceptance to the return of the Palestinian refugees to Israel and to Egypt annexing the southern half of Israel , Egypt would not accept a peace settlement . The United States or the United Nations would have to present the Israeli acceptance to all Arabs as a basis for peace settlements . It is not clear if Nasser was sincerely interested in peace , or just merely saying what the Americans wanted to hear in the hope of obtaining American funding for the Aswan high dam and American weapons . The truth will likely never be known as Nasser was an intensely secretive man , who managed to hide his true opinions on most issues from both contemporaries and historians . However , the British historian P.J. Vatikitos noted that Nasser 's determination to promote Egypt as the world 's foremost anti-Zionist state as a way of reinforcing his claim to Arab leadership meant that peace was unlikely . Hasan Afif El - Hasan says that in 1955 -- 1956 the American proposed Nasser to solve the Arab -- Israeli conflict peacefully and in exchange to finance the High Dam on the Nile river , but Nasser rejected the offer because it would mean siding with the West ( as opposed to remaining neutral ) in the Cold War . Since the alternative to a peace agreement was a war with unpredictable consequences , Nasser 's refusal to accept the proposal was irrational , according to el - Hasan . Canal nationalization Play media Nasser announces the nationalization of the canal ( Universal Newsreel , 30 July 1956 ) . Port Said , at the entrance to the Suez Canal from the Mediterranean . Nasser 's response was the nationalization of the Suez Canal . On 26 July , in a speech in Alexandria , Nasser gave a riposte to Dulles . During his speech he deliberately pronounced the name of Ferdinand de Lesseps , the builder of the canal , a code - word for Egyptian forces to seize control of the canal and implement its nationalization . He announced that the Nationalization Law had been published , that all assets of the Suez Canal Company had been frozen , and that stockholders would be paid the price of their shares according to the day 's closing price on the Paris Stock Exchange . That same day , Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping . Egypt also closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping , and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba , in contravention of the Constantinople Convention of 1888 . Many argued that this was also a violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements . According to the Egyptian historian Abd al - Azim Ramadan , the events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as well as other events during Nasser 's rule , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader . Ramadan notes Nasser 's decision to nationalize the Suez Canal without political consultation as an example of his predilection for solitary decision - making . British response The nationalisation surprised Britain and its Commonwealth . There had been no discussion of the canal at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference in London in late June and early July . Egypt 's action , however , threatened British economic and military interests in the region . Prime Minister Eden was under immense domestic pressure from Conservative MPs who drew direct comparisons between the events of 1956 and those of the Munich Agreement in 1938 . Since the U.S. government did not support the British protests , the British government decided in favour of military intervention against Egypt to avoid the complete collapse of British prestige in the region . Eden was hosting a dinner for King Feisal II of Iraq and his Prime Minister , Nuri es - Said , when he learned the canal had been nationalised . They both unequivocally advised Eden to `` hit Nasser hard , hit him soon , and hit him by yourself '' -- a stance shared by the vast majority of the British people in subsequent weeks . `` There is a lot of humbug about Suez , '' Guy Millard , one of Eden 's private secretaries , later recorded . `` People forget that the policy at the time was extremely popular . '' Opposition leader Hugh Gaitskell was also at the dinner . He immediately agreed that military action might be inevitable , but warned Eden would have to keep the Americans closely informed . After a session of the House of Commons expressed anger against the Egyptian action on 27 July , Eden justifiably believed that Parliament would support him ; Gaitskell spoke for his party when he called the nationalisation a `` high - handed and totally unjustifiable step '' . When Eden made a ministerial broadcast on the nationalization , Labour declined its right to reply . Gaitskell 's support became more cautious . On 2 August he said of Nasser 's behaviour , `` It is all very familiar . It is exactly the same that we encountered from Mussolini and Hitler in those years before the war '' . He cautioned Eden , however , that `` ( w ) e must not , therefore , allow ourselves to get into a position where we might be denounced in the Security Council as aggressors , or where the majority of the Assembly was against us '' . He had earlier warned Eden that Labour might not support Britain acting alone against Egypt . In two letters to Eden sent on 3 and 10 August 1956 , Gaitskell condemned Nasser but again warned that he would not support any action that violated the United Nations charter . In his letter of 10 August , Gaitskell wrote : Lest there should be any doubt in your mind about my personal attitude , let me say that I could not regard an armed attack on Egypt by ourselves and the French as justified by anything which Nasser has done so far or as consistent with the Charter of the United Nations . Nor , in my opinion , would such an attack be justified in order to impose a system of international control over the Canal - desirable though this is . If , of course , the whole matter were to be taken to the United Nations and if Egypt were to be condemned by them as aggressors , then , of course , the position would be different . And if further action which amounted to obvious aggression by Egypt were taken by Nasser , then again it would be different . So far what Nasser has done amounts to a threat , a grave threat to us and to others , which certainly can not be ignored ; but it is only a threat , not in my opinion justifying retaliation by war . Two dozen Labour MPs issued a statement on 8 August stating that forcing Nasser to denationalise the canal against Egypt 's wishes would violate the UN charter . Other opposition politicians were less conditional in their support . Former Labour Foreign Minister Herbert Morrison hinted that he would support unilateral action by the government . Jo Grimond , who became Liberal Party leader that November , thought if Nasser went unchallenged the whole Middle East would go his way . In Britain , the nationalisation was perceived as a direct threat to British interests . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick , the Permanent Under - Secretary at the Foreign Office wrote : If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil - bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that can not provide for its defence is finished . Direct military intervention , however , ran the risk of angering Washington and damaging Anglo - Arab relations . As a result , the British government concluded a secret military pact with France and Israel that was aimed at regaining control over the Suez Canal . French response The French Prime Minister Guy Mollet , outraged by Nasser 's move , determined that Nasser would not get his way . French public opinion very much supported Mollet , and apart from the Communists , all of the criticism of his government came from the right , who very publicly doubted that a socialist like Mollet had the guts to go to war with Nasser . During an interview with publisher Henry Luce , Mollet held up a copy of Nasser 's book The Philosophy of the Revolution and said : `` This is Nasser 's Mein Kampf . If we 're too stupid not to read it , understand it and draw the obvious conclusions , then so much the worse for us . '' Play media 1956 newsreels about Western reactions to the nationalization On 29 July 1956 , the French Cabinet decided upon military action against Egypt in alliance with Israel , and Admiral Nomy of the French Naval General Staff was sent to Britain to inform the leaders of that country of France 's decision , and to invite them to co-operate if interested . At the same time , Mollet felt very much offended by what he considered to be the lackadaisical attitude of the Eisenhower administration to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company . This was especially the case because earlier in 1956 the Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov had offered the French a deal whereby if Moscow ended its support of the FLN in Algeria , Paris would pull out of NATO and became neutral in the Cold War . Given the way that Algeria ( which the French considered an integral part of France ) had become engulfed in a spiral of increasing savage violence that French leaders longed to put an end to , the Mollet administration had felt tempted by Molotov 's offer , but in the end , Mollet , a firm Atlanticist , had chosen to remain faithful to NATO . In Mollet 's view , his fidelity to NATO had earned him the right to expect firm American support against Egypt , and when that support proved not forthcoming , he became even more determined that if the Americans were not willing to do anything about Nasser , then France would act . Commonwealth response Among the `` White Dominions '' of the British Commonwealth , Canada had few ties with the Suez Canal and twice had refused British requests for peacetime military aid in the Middle East . It had little reaction to the seizure before military action . By 1956 the Panama Canal was much more important than Suez to Australia and New Zealand ; the following year two experts would write that it `` is not vital to the Australian economy '' . The memory , however , of the two nations fighting in two world wars to protect a canal which many still called their `` lifeline '' to Britain or `` jugular vein '' , contributed to Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies and Sidney Holland of New Zealand supporting Britain in the early weeks after the seizure . On 7 August Holland hinted to his parliament that New Zealand might send troops to assist Britain , and received support from the opposition ; on 13 August Menzies , who had traveled to London from the United States after hearing of the nationalisation and became an informal member of the British Cabinet discussing the issue , spoke on the BBC in support of the Eden government 's position on the canal . He called the dispute over the canal `` a crisis more grave than any since the Second World War ended '' . An elder statesman of the Commonwealth who felt that Nasser 's actions threatened trading nations like Australia , he argued publicly that Western powers had built the canal but that Egypt was now seeking to exclude them from a role in its ownership or management . South Africa 's Johannes Strijdom stated `` it is best to keep our heads out of the beehive '' . His government saw Nasser as an enemy but would benefit economically and geopolitically from a closed canal , and politically from not opposing a nation 's right to govern its internal affairs . The `` non-white Dominions '' saw Egypt 's seizing of the canal as an admirable act of anti-imperialism , and Nasser 's Arab nationalism as similar to Asian nationalism . Jawaharlal Nehru of India was with Nasser when he learned of the Anglo - American withdrawal of aid for the Aswan Dam . As India was a user of the canal , however , he remained publicly neutral other than warning that any use of force , or threats , could be `` disastrous '' . Suez was also very important to Ceylon 's economy , and it was renegotiating defense treaties with Britain , so its government was not as vocal in supporting Egypt as it would have been otherwise . Pakistan was also cautious about supporting Egypt given their rivalry as leading Islamic nations , but its government did state that Nasser had the right to nationalise . Western Diplomacy Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies led an international committee in negotiations with Nasser in September 1956 , which sought to achieve international management of the Suez Canal . The mission was a failure . On 1 August 1956 , a tripartite meeting was opened at 10 Downing Street between British Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd , U.S. Ambassador Robert D. Murphy and French Foreign Affairs Minister Christian Pineau . An alliance was soon formed between Eden and Guy Mollet , French Prime Minister , with headquarters in London . General Hugh Stockwell and Admiral Barjot were appointed as Chief of Staff . Britain sought co-operation with the United States throughout 1956 to deal with what it maintained was a threat of an Israeli attack against Egypt , but to little effect . Between July and October 1956 , unsuccessful initiatives encouraged by the United States were made to reduce the tension that would ultimately lead to war . International conferences were organised to secure agreement on Suez Canal operations but all were ultimately fruitless . Almost immediately after the nationalisation , Eisenhower suggested to Eden a conference of maritime nations that used the canal . The British preferred to invite the most important countries , but the Americans believed that inviting as many as possible amid maximum publicity would affect world opinion . Invitations went to the eight surviving signatories of the Constantinople Convention and the 16 other largest users of the canal : Australia , Ceylon , Denmark , Egypt , Ethiopia , France , West Germany , Greece , India , Indonesia , Iran , Italy , Japan , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Pakistan , Portugal , Soviet Union , Spain , Sweden , Turkey , the United Kingdom , and the United States . All except Egypt -- which sent an observer , and used India and the Soviet Union to represent its interests -- and Greece accepted the invitation , and the 22 nations ' representatives met in London from 16 to 23 August . 15 of the nations supported the American - British - French position of international operation of the canal ; Pakistan chose its western allies over its sympathy for Egypt 's anti-western position despite resulting great domestic controversy . Ceylon , Indonesia , and the Soviet Union supported India 's competing proposal -- which Nasser had preapproved -- of international supervision only . India criticized Egypt 's seizure of the canal , but insisted that its ownership and operation now not change . The majority of 18 chose five nations to negotiate with Nasser in Cairo led by Menzies , while their proposal for international operation of the canal would go to the Security Council . Menzies ' 7 September official communique to Nasser presented a case for compensation for the Suez Canal Company and the `` establishment of principles '' for the future use of the canal that would ensure that it would `` continue to be an international waterway operated free of politics or national discrimination , and with financial structure so secure and an international confidence so high that an expanding and improving future for the Canal could be guaranteed '' and called for a convention to recognise Egyptian sovereignty of the canal , but for the establishment of an international body to run the canal . Nasser saw such measures as a `` derogation from Egyptian sovereignty '' and rejected Menzies ' proposals . Menzies hinted to Nasser that Britain and France might use force to resolve the crisis , but Eisenhower openly opposed the use of force and Menzies left Egypt without success . Instead of the 18 - nation proposal , the United States proposed an association of canal users that would set rules for its operation . 14 of the other nations , not including Pakistan , agreed . Britain , in particular , believed that violation of the association rules would result in military force , but after Eden made a speech to this effect in parliament on 12 September , the US ambassador Dulles insisted `` we do not intend to shoot our way through '' the canal . The United States worked hard through diplomatic channels to resolve the crisis without resorting to conflict . `` The British and French reluctantly agreed to pursue the diplomatic avenue but viewed it as merely an attempt to buy time , during which they continued their military preparations . '' The British , Washington 's closest ally , ignored Eisenhower 's pointed warning that the American people would not accept a military solution . On 25 September 1956 the Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan met informally with Eisenhower at the White House . Macmillan misread Eisenhower 's determination to avoid war and told Eden that the Americans would not in any way oppose the attempt to topple Nasser . Though Eden had known Eisenhower for years and had many direct contacts with him during the crisis , he also misread the situation . The Americans refused to support any move that could be seen as imperialism or colonialism , seeing the US as the champion of decolonisation . Eisenhower felt the crisis had to be handled peacefully ; he told Eden that American public opinion would not support a military solution . Eden and other leading British officials incorrectly believed Nasser 's support for Palestinian fedayeen against Israel , as well as his attempts to destabilise pro-western regimes in Iraq and other Arab states , would deter the US from intervening with the operation . Eisenhower specifically warned that the Americans , and the world , `` would be outraged '' unless all peaceful routes had been exhausted , and even then `` the eventual price might become far too heavy '' . London hoped that Nasser 's engagement with communist states would persuade the Americans to accept British and French actions if they were presented as a fait accompli . This proved to be a critical miscalculation . Franco - British - Israeli war plan Objectives Britain was anxious lest it lose efficient access to the remains of its empire . Both Britain and France were eager that the canal should remain open as an important conduit of oil . Both the French and the British felt that Nasser should be removed from power . The French `` held the Egyptian president responsible for assisting the anti-colonial rebellion in Algeria '' . France was nervous about the growing influence that Nasser exerted on its North African colonies and protectorates . Israel wanted to reopen the Straits of Tiran leading to the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping , and saw the opportunity to strengthen its southern border and to weaken what it saw as a dangerous and hostile state . This was particularly felt in the form of attacks injuring approximately 1,300 civilians emanating from the Egyptian - held Gaza Strip . The Israelis were also deeply troubled by Egypt 's procurement of large amounts of Soviet weaponry that included 530 armored vehicles , of which 230 were tanks ; 500 guns ; 150 MiG 15 jet fighters ; 50 Ilyushin Il - 28 bombers ; submarines and other naval craft . The influx of this advanced weaponry altered an already shaky balance of power . Israel was alarmed by the Czech arms deal , and believed it had only a narrow window of opportunity to hit Egypt 's army . Additionally , Israel believed Egypt had formed a secret alliance with Jordan and Syria . British planning In July 1956 , Eden ordered his CIGS , Field Marshal Gerald Templer to begin planning for an invasion of Egypt . Eden 's plan called for the Cyprus - based 16th Independent Parachute Brigade Group to seize the canal zone . The Prime Minister 's plan was rejected by Templer and the other service chiefs , who argued that the neglect of parachute training in the 16th Independent Parachute Brigade rendered his plan for an airborne assault unsuitable . Instead , they suggested the sea - power based Contingency Plan , which called for the Royal Marines to take Port Said , which would then be used as a base for three British divisions to overrun the canal zone . In early August , the Contingency Plan was modified by including a strategic bombing campaign that was intended to destroy Egypt 's economy , and thereby hopefully bring about Nasser 's overthrow . In addition , a role was allocated to the 16th Independent Parachute Brigade , which would lead the assault on Port Said in conjunction with the Royal Marine landing . The commanders of the Allied Task Force led by General Stockwell rejected the Contingency Plan , which Stockwell argued failed to destroy the Egyptian military . Franco - Israeli planning In July 1956 , IDF chief of staff General Moshe Dayan advised Prime Minister David Ben Gurion that Israel should attack Egypt at the first chance , but Ben Gurion stated he preferred to attack Egypt with the aid of France . On 7 August 1956 the French Defense Minister Maurice Bourgès - Maunoury asked Peres if Israel would attack Egypt together with France , to which he received a positive reply . On 1 September 1956 the French government formally asked that France and Israel begin joint planning for a war against Egypt . By 6 September 1956 , Dayan 's chief of operations General Meir Amit , was meeting with Admiral Pierre Barjot to discuss joint Franco - Israeli operations . On 25 September 1956 Peres reported to Ben Gurion that France wanted Israel as an ally against Egypt , and that the only problem was Britain , which was opposed to Israel taking action against Nasser . In late September 1956 , the French Premier Guy Mollet had embarked upon a dual policy of attacking Egypt with Britain , and if the British backed out ( as Mollet believed that they might ) , with Israel . On 30 September 1956 secret Franco - Israeli talks on planning a war started in Paris , which were based on the assumption that Britain would not be involved . The French very much wanted to use airfields in Cyprus to bomb Egypt , but being not certain about Britain 's attitude , wanted to use Israeli airfields if the ones in Cyprus were not free . Only on 5 October 1956 during a visit by General Maurice Challe to Britain where he met with Eden , were the British informed of the secret Franco - Israeli alliance . On 22 October 1956 , during negotiations leading to the Protocol of Sevres , David Ben - Gurion , Prime Minister of Israel , gave the most detailed explanation ever to foreign dignitaries , of Israel 's overall strategy for the Middle East . Shlaim called this Ben - Gurion 's `` grand design '' . His main objection to the `` English plan '' was that Israel would be branded as the aggressor while Britain and France would pose as peace - makers . Instead he presented a comprehensive plan , which he himself called `` fantastic '' , for the reorganization of the Middle East . Jordan , he observed , was not viable as an independent state and should therefore be divided . Iraq would get the East Bank in return for a promise to settle the Palestinian refugees there and to make peace with Israel while the West Bank would be attached to Israel as a semi-autonomous region . Lebanon suffered from having a large Muslim population which was concentrated in the south . The problem could be solved by Israel 's expansion up to the Litani River , thereby helping to turn Lebanon into a more compact Christian state ... Israel declares its intention to keep her forces for the purpose of permanent annexation of the entire area east of the El Arish - Abu Ageila , Nakhl - Sharm el - Sheikh , in order to maintain for the long term the freedom of navigation in the Straits of Eilat and in order to free herself from the scourge of the infiltrators and from the danger posed by the Egyptian army bases in Sinai ... `` I told him about the discovery of oil in southern and western Sinai , and that it would be good to tear this peninsula from Egypt because it did not belong to her , rather it was the English who stole it from the Turks when they believed that Egypt was in their pocket . I suggested laying down a pipeline from Sinai to Haifa to refine the oil . '' Play media Newsreels about disturbances in North Africa and Egypt leading up to the Suez Crisis Protocol of Sèvres Main article : Protocol of Sèvres In October 1956 , Eden , after two months of pressure , finally and reluctantly agreed to French requests to include Israel in Operation Revise . The British alliances with the Hashemite kingdoms of Jordan and Iraq had made the British very reluctant to fight alongside Israel , lest the ensuing backlash in the Arab world threaten London 's friends in Baghdad and Amman . The coming of winter weather in November meant that Eden needed a pretext to begin Revise as soon as possible , which meant that Israel had to be included . This was especially the case as many Conservative backbenchers had expected Eden to launch operations against Egypt in the summer , and were disappointed when Eden had instead chosen talks . By the fall of 1956 , many Tory backbenchers were starting to grow restive about the government 's seeming inability to start military action , and if Eden continued to put off military action for the winter of 1956 -- 57 , it is possible that his government might not had survived . Three months after Egypt 's nationalization of the Suez Canal company , a secret meeting took place at Sèvres , outside Paris . Britain and France enlisted Israeli support for an alliance against Egypt . The parties agreed that Israel would invade the Sinai . Britain and France would then intervene , purportedly to separate the warring Israeli and Egyptian forces , instructing both to withdraw to a distance of 16 kilometres from either side of the canal . The British and French would then argue that Egypt 's control of such an important route was too tenuous , and that it needed be placed under Anglo - French management . David Ben - Gurion did not trust the British in view of their treaty with Jordan and he was not initially in favour of the plan , since it would make Israel alone look like the aggressor ; however he soon agreed to it since such a good opportunity to strike back at Egypt might never again present itself . Under the Protocol of Sèvres , the following was agreed to : 29 October : Israel to invade the Sinai . 30 October : Anglo - French ultimatum to demand both sides withdraw from the canal zone . 31 October : Britain and France begin Revise . Anglo - French operation Musketeer Further information : Operation Musketeer ( 1956 ) Stockwell offered up Operation Musketeer , which was to begin with a two - day air campaign that would see the British gain air superiority . In place of Port Said , Musketeer called for the capture of Alexandria . Once that city had been taken in assault from the sea , British armoured divisions would engage in a decisive battle of annihilation somewhere south of Alexandria and north of Cairo . Musketeer would require thousands of troops , leading the British to seek out France as an ally . To destroy the 300,000 - strong Egyptian Army in his planned battle of annihilation , Stockwell estimated that he needed 80,000 troops , while at most the British Army could spare was 50,000 troops ; the French could supply the necessary 30,000 troops to make up the shortfall . On 11 August 1956 , General Keightley was appointed commander of Musketeer with the French Admiral Barjot as his deputy commander . The appointment of Stockwell as the Allied Task Force commander charged with leading the assault on Egypt caused considerable disappointment with the other officers of the Task Force . One French officer recalled that Stockwell was Extremely excitable , gesticulating , keeping no part of him still , his hands , his feet , and even his head and shoulders perpetually on the go , he starts off by sweeping objects off the table with a swish of his swagger cane or in his room by using it to make golf - strokes with the flower vases and ash - trays . Those are the good moments . You will see him pass in an instant from the most cheerfully expressed optimism to a dejection that amounts to nervous depression . He is a cyclothymic . By turns courteous and brutal , refined and coarse , headstrong in some circumstances , hesitant and indecisive in others , he disconcerts by his unpredictable responses and the contradictions of which he is made up . One only of his qualities remains constant : his courage under fire . By contrast , the majority of the officers of the Task Force , both French and British , admired Beaufre as an elegant yet tough general with a sharp analytical mind who always kept his cool . Most of the officers of the Anglo - French Task Force expressed regret that it was Beaufre who was Stockwell 's deputy rather the other way around . A major problem both politically and militarily with the planning for Musketeer was the one - week interval between sending troops to the eastern Mediterranean and the beginning of the invasion . Additionally , the coming of winter weather to the Mediterranean in late November would render the invasion impossible , which thus meant the invasion had to begin before then . An additional problem was Eden , who constantly interfered with the planning and was so obsessed with secrecy that he refused to tell Keightley what his political objectives were in attacking Egypt , namely was he interested in retaking the Suez Canal or toppling Nasser , or both . Eden 's refusal to explain to Keightley just what exactly he was hoping to accomplish by attacking Egypt exasperated Keightley to no end , and greatly complicated the planning process . In late August 1956 , the French Admiral Pierre Barjot suggested that Port Said once again be made the main target , which lessened the number of troops needed and thus reduced the interval between sending forces to the eastern Mediterranean and the invasion . Beaufre was strongly opposed to the change , warning that Barjot 's modification of merely capturing the canal zone made for an ambiguous goal , and that the lack of a clear goal was dangerous . In early September , Keightley embraced Barjot 's idea of seizing Port Said , and presented Revise . Anglo - French operation Revise Operation Revise called for the following : Phase I : Anglo - French air forces to gain air supremacy over Egypt 's skies . Phase II : Anglo - French air forces were to launch a 10 - day `` aero - psychological '' campaign that would destroy the Egyptian economy . Phase III : Air - and sea - borne landings to capture the canal zone . On 8 September 1956 Revise was approved by the British and French cabinets . Both Stockwell and Beaufre were opposed to Revise as an open - ended plan with no clear goal beyond seizing the canal zone , but was embraced by Eden and Mollet as offering greater political flexibility and the prospect of lesser Egyptian civilian casualties . Israeli operation Kadesh At the same time , Israel had been working on Operation Kadesh for the invasion of the Sinai . Dayan 's plan put an emphasis on air power combined with mobile battles of encirclement . Kadesh called for the Israeli air force to win air superiority , which was to be followed up with `` one continuous battle '' in the Sinai . Israeli forces would in a series of swift operations encircle and then take the main Egyptian strong points in the Sinai . Reflecting this emphasis on encirclement was the `` outside - in '' approach of Kadesh , which called for Israeli paratroopers to seize distant points first , with those closer to Israel to be seized later . Thus , the 202nd Paratroop Brigade commanded by Colonel Ariel Sharon was to land in the far - western part of the Sinai to take the Mitla Pass , and thereby cut off the Egyptian forces in the eastern Sinai from their supply lines . American intelligence The American Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) was taking high - altitude photos of the allied activities , and more details came from human sources in London , Paris and Tel Aviv . CIA chief Allen Dulles said that `` intelligence was well alerted as to what Israel and then Britain and France were likely to do ... In fact , United States intelligence had kept the government informed '' . Forces Britain Play media Universal Newsreel from 6 August about the departure of British and French ships for Egypt . British troops were well - trained , experienced , and had good morale , but suffered from the economic and technological limitations imposed by post-war austerity . The 16th Independent Parachute Brigade Group , which was intended to be the main British strike force against Egypt , was heavily involved in the Cyprus Emergency , which led to a neglect of paratroop training in favour of counter-insurgency operations . The Royal Navy could project formidable power through the guns of its warships and aircraft flown from its carriers , but a shortage of landing craft proved to be a serious weakness . It had just undergone a major and innovative carrier modernization program . The Royal Air Force ( RAF ) had just introduced two long - range bombers , the Vickers Valiant and the English Electric Canberra , but owing to their recent entry into service the RAF had not yet established proper bombing techniques for these aircraft . Despite this , General Sir Charles Keightley , the commander of the invasion force , believed that air power alone was sufficient to defeat Egypt . By contrast , General Hugh Stockwell , the Task Force 's ground commander believed that methodical and systematic armored operations centered on the Centurion battle tank would be the key to victory . France French troops were experienced and well - trained but suffered from cutbacks imposed by post-war politics of economic austerity . In 1956 , the French military was heavily involved in the Algerian war , which made operations against Egypt a major distraction . French paratroopers of the elite Regiment de Parachutistes Coloniaux ( RPC ) were extremely experienced , battle - hardened , and very tough soldiers , who had greatly distinguished themselves in the fighting in Indochina and in Algeria . The men of the RPC followed a `` shoot first , ask questions later '' policy towards civilians , first adopted in Vietnam , which was to lead to the killing of a number of Egyptian civilians . The rest of the French troops were described by the American military historian Derek Varble as `` competent , but not outstanding '' . The main French ( and Israeli ) battle tank , the AMX - 13 , was designed for mobile , outflanking operations , which led to a tank that was lightly armoured but very fast . General André Beaufre , who served as Stockwell 's subordinate , favoured a swift campaign of movement in which the main objective was to encircle the enemy . Throughout the operation , Beaufre proved himself to be more aggressive than his British counterparts , always urging that some bold step be taken at once . The French Navy had a powerful carrier force which was excellent for projecting power inland , but , like its British counterpart , suffered from a lack of landing craft . Israel Israeli AMX - 13 , shown here from the rear and side . American military historian Derek Varble called the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) the `` best '' military force in the Middle East while at the same time suffering from `` deficiencies '' such as `` immature doctrine , faulty logistics , and technical inadequacies '' . The IDF 's Chief of Staff , Major General Moshe Dayan , encouraged aggression , initiative , and ingenuity among the Israeli officer corps while ignoring logistics and armoured operations . Dayan , a firm infantry man , preferred that arm of the service at the expense of armour , which Dayan saw as clumsy , pricey , and suffering from frequent breakdowns . At the same time , the IDF had a rather disorganized logistics arm , which was put under severe strain when the IDF invaded the Sinai . Most of the IDF weapons in 1956 came from France . The main IDF tank was the AMX - 13 and the main aircraft were the Dassault Mystère IVA and the Ouragan . Superior pilot training was to give the Israeli Air Force an unbeatable edge over their Egyptian opponents . The Israeli Navy consisted of two destroyers , seven frigates , eight minesweepers , several landing craft , and fourteen torpedo boats . Egypt In the Egyptian Armed Forces , politics rather than military competence was the main criterion for promotion . The Egyptian commander , Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer , was a purely political appointee who owed his position to his close friendship with Nasser . A heavy drinker , he would prove himself grossly incompetent as a general during the Crisis . In 1956 , the Egyptian military was well equipped with weapons from the Soviet Union such as T - 34 and IS - 3 tanks , MiG - 15 fighters , Ilyushin Il - 28 bombers , SU - 100 self - propelled guns and assault rifles . Rigid lines between officers and men in the Egyptian Army led to a mutual `` mistrust and contempt '' between officers and the men who served under them . Egyptian troops were excellent in defensive operations , but had little capacity for offensive operations , owing to the lack of `` rapport and effective small - unit leadership '' . Invasion The Israeli operation Kadesh in Sinai Anglo - French para drops on the Suez Canal and Israeli conquest of Sinai . Israeli M4A4 Shermans were also used in the Sinai campaign . Operation Kadesh received its name from ancient Kadesh , located in the northern Sinai and mentioned several times in the Hebrew Pentateuch . Israeli military planning for this operation in the Sinai hinged on four main military objectives ; Sharm el - Sheikh , Arish , Abu Uwayulah , and the Gaza Strip . The Egyptian blockade of the Tiran Straits was based at Sharm el - Sheikh and , by capturing the town , Israel would have access to the Red Sea for the first time since 1953 , which would allow it to restore the trade benefits of secure passage to the Indian Ocean . The Gaza Strip was chosen as another military objective because Israel wished to remove the training grounds for Fedayeen groups , and because Israel recognised that Egypt could use the territory as a staging ground for attacks against the advancing Israeli troops . Israel advocated rapid advances , for which a potential Egyptian flanking attack would present even more of a risk . Arish and Abu Uwayulah were important hubs for soldiers , equipment , and centres of command and control of the Egyptian Army in the Sinai . Capturing them would deal a deathblow to the Egyptian 's strategic operation in the entire Peninsula . The capture of these four objectives were hoped to be the means by which the entire Egyptian Army would rout and fall back into Egypt proper , which British and French forces would then be able to push up against an Israeli advance , and crush in a decisive encounter . On 24 October , Dayan ordered a partial mobilization . When this led to a state of confusion , Dayan ordered full mobilization , and chose to take the risk that he might alert the Egyptians . As part of an effort to maintain surprise , Dayan ordered Israeli troops that were to go to the Sinai to be ostentatiously concentrated near the border with Jordan first , which was intended to fool the Egyptians into thinking that it was Jordan that the main Israeli blow was to fall on . An Israeli Air Force Meteor in flight On 28 October , Operation Tarnegol was effected , during which an Israeli Gloster Meteor NF. 13 intercepted and destroyed an Egyptian Ilyushin Il - 14 carrying Egyptian officers en route from Syria to Egypt , killing 16 Egyptian officers and journalists and two crewmen . The Ilyushin was believed to be carrying Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer and the Egyptian General Staff ; however this was not the case . The conflict began on 29 October 1956 . At about 3 : 00 pm , Israeli Air Force Mustangs launched a series of attacks on Egyptian positions all over the Sinai . Because Israeli intelligence expected Jordan to enter the war on Egypt 's side , Israeli soldiers were stationed along the Israeli - Jordanian frontier . The Israel Border Police militarized the Israel - Jordan border , including the Green Line with the West Bank , during the first few hours of the war . Israeli - Arab villages along the Jordanian border were placed under curfew . This resulted in the killings of 48 civilians in the Arab village of Kafr Qasim in an event known as the Kafr Qasim massacre . The border policemen involved in the killings were later tried and imprisoned , with an Israeli court finding that the order to shoot civilians was `` blatantly illegal '' . This event had major effects on Israeli law relating to the ethics in war and more subtle effects on the legal status of Arab citizens of Israel , who at the time were regarded as a fifth column . Early actions in southern Sinai Israeli paratrooper near the Mitla Pass The IDF chief of staff General Moshe Dayan , first planned to block the vital Mitla Pass . Dayan planned for the Battalion 890 of the Paratroop Brigade , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Rafael Eitan , a veteran of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War and future head of the IDF , to drop at Parker 's Memorial , near one of the defiles of the pass , Jebel Heitan . The rest of the brigade , under the command of Colonel Ariel Sharon would then advance to meet with the battalion , and consolidate their holdings . On 29 October , Operation Kadesh -- the invasion of the Sinai , began when an Israeli paratrooper battalion was air - dropped into the Sinai Peninsula , east of the Suez Canal near the Mitla Pass . In conjunction with the para drop , four Israeli P - 51 Mustangs using their wings and propellers , cut all overhead telephone lines in the Sinai , severely disrupting Egyptian command and control . Due to a navigation error , the Israeli DC - 3 transports landed Eitan 's 400 paratroopers three miles away from Parker 's Memorial , their intended target . Eitan marched his men towards Jebel Heitan , where they dug in while receiving supplies of weapons dropped by French aircraft . Israeli soldiers in the Sinai wave at a passing French plane At the same time , Colonel Sharon 's 202nd Paratroop Brigade raced out towards the Mitla Pass . A major problem for Sharon was vehicle break - down . Dayan 's efforts to maintain strategic surprise bore fruit when the Egyptian commander Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer at first treated the reports of an Israeli inclusion into the Sinai as a large raid instead of an invasion , and as such Amer did not order a general alert . By the time that Amer realized his mistake , the Israelis had made significant advances into the Sinai . Early actions along the Gulf of Aqaba , and the Central front As the paratroopers were being dropped into the Sinai , the Israeli 9th Infantry Brigade captured Ras al - Naqb , an important staging ground for that brigade 's later attack against Sharm el - Sheikh . Instead of attacking the town by a frontal attack , they enveloped the town in a night attack , and negotiated their way through some of the natural chokepoints into the rear of the town , surprising the Egyptians before they could ready themselves to defend . The Egyptians surrendered , with no Israeli casualties sustained . The 4th Infantry Brigade , under the command of Colonel Josef Harpaz , captured al - Qusaymah , which would be used as a jumping off point for the assault against Abu Uwayulah . Colonel Harpaz out - flanked al - Qusaymah with two pincers from the south - east and north - east in a night attack . In a short battle lasting from 3 : 00 am to sunrise , the IDF stormed al - Qusaymah . Battle of Jebel Heitan , Paratroop Brigade under attack Israeli paratroopers dig in near the Parker Memorial The portion of the paratroopers under Sharon 's command continued to advance to meet with the 1st Brigade . En route , Sharon assaulted Themed in a dawn attack , and was able to storm the town with his armor through the Themed Gap . Sharon routed the Sudanese police company , and captured the settlement . On his way to the Nakla , Sharon 's men came under attack from Egyptian MIG - 15s . On the 30th , Sharon linked up with Eytan near Nakla . Dayan had no more plans for further advances beyond the passes , but Sharon decided to attack the Egyptian positions at Jebel Heitan . Sharon sent his lightly armed paratroopers against dug - in Egyptians supported by aircraft , tanks and heavy artillery . Sharon 's actions were in response to reports of the arrival of the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the 4th Egyptian Armored Division in the area , which Sharon believed would annihilate his forces if he did not seize the high ground . Sharon sent two infantry companies , a mortar battery and some AMX - 13 tanks under the command of Mordechai Gur into the Heitan Defile on the afternoon of 31 October 1956 . Israeli AMX - 13 Light tank The Egyptian forces occupied strong defensive positions and brought down heavy anti-tank , mortar and machine gun fire on the IDF force . Gur 's men were forced to retreat into the `` Saucer '' , where they were surrounded and came under heavy fire . Hearing of this , Sharon sent in another task force while Gur 's men used the cover of night to scale the walls of the Heitan Defile . During the ensuing action , the Egyptians were defeated and forced to retreat . A total of 260 Egyptian and 38 Israeli soldiers were killed in the battle . Although the battle was an Israeli victory , the casualties sustained would surround Sharon with controversy . In particular , Sharon was criticized for ordering the attack on Jebel Heitan without authorization , and not realizing that with the Israeli Air Force controlling the skies , his men were in not such danger from the Egyptian tanks as he believed . Dayan himself maintained that Sharon was correct to order the attack without orders , and that under the circumstances , Sharon made the right decision ; instead he criticized Sharon for his tactics of attacking the Egyptians head - on , which Dayan claimed led to unnecessary casualties . Air operations , first Phase Play media Universal Newsreel from 1 November about the attack on Egypt From the outset , the Israeli Air Force flew paratroop drops , supply flights and medevac sorties . Israel 's new French - made Dassault Mystere IV jet fighters provided air cover for the transport aircraft . In the initial phase of the conflict , the Egyptian Air Force flew attack missions against advancing Israeli ground forces . The Egyptian tactic was to use their new Soviet - made MiG - 15 jets as fighter escorts , while their older British - made De Havilland Vampire and Gloster Meteor jets conducted strikes against Israeli troops and vehicles . In air combat , Israeli aircraft shot down between seven and nine Egyptian jets with the loss of one plane , but Egyptian strikes against the ground forces continued through to 1 November . With the attack by the British and French air forces and navies , President Nasser ordered his pilots to disengage and fly their planes to bases in Southern Egypt . The Israeli Air Force was then free to strike Egyptian ground forces at will , as Israeli forces advanced into the Western Sinai . On 3 November , four Israeli warplanes attacked a British warship , the Black Swan class sloop HMS Crane as it was patrolling the approaches to the Gulf of Aqaba . According to the IDF , Crane had been identified as an Egyptian warship , and the Israeli General Staff authorized the attack . Three rockets penetrated the ship 's hull and caused significant internal damage , including severed power mains and a ruptured oil tank . The ship also sustained some external damage from shrapnel and cannon fire , and three crewmen were wounded . Crane shot down one Israeli plane and damaged another during the engagement . Naval operations Ibrahim el Awal after its capture by the Israeli Navy On 30 October , the Egyptian Navy dispatched Ibrahim el Awal , an ex-British Hunt - class destroyer , to Haifa with the aim of shelling that city 's coastal oil installations . On 31 October Ibrahim el Awal reached Haifa and began bombarding the city with its four 102 mm ( 4 in ) guns . The French destroyer Kersaint , which was guarding Haifa port as part of Operation Musketeer , returned fire but failed to score any hits . Ibrahim el Awal disengaged and turned northwest . The Israeli destroyers INS Eilat and INS Yaffo and two Israeli Air Force Dassault Ouragans then gave chase and caught up with the Egyptian warship , and attacked it , damaging the destroyer 's turbo generator , rudder and antiaircraft guns . Left without power and unable to steer , Ibrahim el Awal surrendered to the Israeli destroyers . During the engagement , the Ibrahim el Awal 's crew lost 2 killed and 8 wounded . The Egyptian destroyer was subsequently incorporated into the Israeli Navy and renamed INS Haifa . On the night of 31 October in the northern Red Sea , the British light cruiser HMS Newfoundland challenged and engaged the Egyptian frigate Domiat , reducing it to a burning hulk in a brief gun battle . The Egyptian warship was then sunk by escorting destroyer HMS Diana . Of the Domiat 's crew , 38 were killed and 69 survived and were rescued . British losses in the engagement were 1 killed and 5 wounded . On 4 November , a squadron of Egyptian motor torpedo boats attacked a British destroyer off the northeast coast of the Nile Delta . The attack was repelled , with three torpedo boats sunk and the rest retreating . Hedgehog - Abu Uwayulah operations The village of Abu Uwayulah , 25 km ( 16 mi ) inside Egyptian territory , served as the road centre for the entire Sinai , and thus was a key Israeli target . To the east of Abu Uwayulah were several ridges that formed a natural defensive zone known to the Israelis as the `` Hedgehog '' . Holding the `` Hedgehog '' were 3,000 Egyptians of the 17th and 18th battalions of the 3rd Infantry Division commanded by Colonel Sami Yassa . Yassa 's men held a series of well - fortified trenches . The `` Hedgehog '' could only be assaulted from the east flank of Umm Qataf ridge and the west flank of Ruafa ridge . On 30 October , a probing attack by Israeli armour under Major Izhak Ben - Ari turned into an assault on the Umm Qataf ridge that ended in failure . During the fighting at Umm Qataf , Colonel Yassa was badly wounded and replaced by Colonel Saadedden Mutawally . To the south , another unit of the Israeli 7th Armored Brigade discovered the al - Dayyiqa gap in the Jebel Halal ridge of the `` Hedgehog '' . The Israeli forces stormed and took the al - Dayyiqa gap . Colonel Mutawally failed to appreciate the extent of the danger to his forces posed by the IDF breakthrough at al - Dayyiqa . Led by Colonel Avraham Adan , an IDF force entered the al - Dayyiqa and at dawn on 31 October attacked Abu Uwayulah . After an hour 's fighting , Abu Uwayulah fell to the IDF . At the same time , another IDF battalion attacked the Ruafa ridge . Concurrently , another attack was launched on the eastern edge of the `` Hedgehog '' by the IDF 10th Infantry Brigade ( composed mostly of reservists ) that ended in failure . By noon , the Israeli Air Force had carried out a series of punishing airstrikes on the Egyptian positions , sometimes accidentally hitting IDF ground forces . Such was the tendency of the IAF to stage `` friendly fire '' incidents the IAF was arguably as much as danger to the Israeli troops as to the enemy . After taking Abu Uwayulah , Adan committed all of his forces against the Ruafa ridge of the `` Hedgehog '' . Adan began a three - pronged attack with one armored force striking northeastern edge of Ruafa , a mixed infantry / armored force attacking the north edge and a feint attack from a neighbouring knoll . During the evening attack on 31 October , a chaotic battle raged on Ruafa ridge with much hand - to - hand fighting . Though every IDF tank involved was destroyed , after a night 's fighting , Ruafa had fallen to the IDF . Another IDF assault that night , this time by the 10th Infantry Brigade on Umm Qataf was less successful with much of the attacking force getting lost in the darkness , resulting in a series of confused attacks that ended in failure . Dayan , who had grown impatient with the failure to storm the `` Hedgehog '' , sacked the 10th Brigade 's commander Colonel Shmuel Golinda and replaced him with Colonel Israel Tal . On the morning of 1 November , Israeli and French aircraft launched frequent napalm attacks on the Egyptian troops at Umm Qataf . Joined by the 37th Armored Brigade , the 10th Brigade again assaulted Umm Qataf , and was again defeated . However , the ferocity of the IDF assault combined with rapidly dwindling stocks of water and ammunition caused Colonel Mutawally to order a general retreat from the `` Hedgehog '' on the evening of 1 November . Gaza Strip operations Play media U.S. newsreel on the Sinai and Gaza invasions The city of Rafah was strategically important to Israel because control of that city would sever the Gaza Strip from the Sinai and provide a way to the main centres of the northern Sinai , al - Arish and al - Qantarah . Holding the forts outside of Rafah were a mixture of Egyptian and Palestinian forces in the 5th Infantry Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Jaafar al - Abd . In Rafah itself the 87th Palestinian Infantry Brigade was stationed . Assigned to capture Rafah were 1st Infantry Brigade led by Colonel Benjamin Givli and 27th Armored Brigade commanded by Colonel Haim Bar - Lev of the IDF . To the south of Rafah were a series of mine - filled sand dunes and to the north were a series of fortified hills . Dayan ordered the IDF forces to seize Crossroads 12 in the central Rafah area , and to focus on breaking through rather than reducing every Egyptian strongpoint . The IDF assault began with Israeli sappers and engineers clearing a path at night through the minefields that surrounded Rafah . French warships led by the cruiser Georges Leygues provided fire support , through Dayan had a low opinion of the French gunnery , complaining that the French only struck the Egyptian reserves . Using the two paths cleared through the southern minefields , IDF tanks entered the Rafah salient . Under Egyptian artillery fire , the IDF force raced ahead and took Crossroads 12 with the loss of 2 killed and 22 wounded . In the north , the Israeli troops fought a confused series of night actions , but were successful in storming Hills 25 , 25A , 27 and 29 with the loss of six killed . In the morning of 1 November , Israeli AMX - 13s encircled and took Hills 34 and 36 . At that point , General al - Abd ordered his forces to abandon their posts outside of Rafah and retreat into the city . With Rafah more or less cut off and Israeli forces controlling the northern and eastern roads leading into the city , Dayan ordered the AMX - 13s of the 27th Armored Brigade to strike west and take al - Arish . By this point , Nasser had ordered his forces to fall back towards the Suez Canal , so at first Bar - Lev and his men met little resistance as they advanced across the northern Sinai . Hearing of the order to withdraw , General al - Abd and his men left Rafah on the morning of 1 November through a gap in the Israeli lines , and headed back towards the canal zone . Three hours later , the Israelis took Rafah . It was reported that after taking Rafah , Israeli troops killed 111 people , including 103 refugees , in Rafah 's Palestinian refugee camp . The circumstances of the killings are disputed . Not until the Jeradi Pass in the northern Sinai did the IDF run into serious opposition . A series of hooking attacks that out - flanked the Egyptian positions combined with airstrikes led to an Egyptian defeat at the Jeradi Pass . On 2 November , Bar - Lev 's forces took al - Arish . Meanwhile , the IDF attacked the Egyptian defenses outside of Gaza City late on 1 November . After breaking through the Egyptian lines , the Israeli tanks headed into Gaza City . Joined by infantry , the armor attacked the al - Muntar fortress outside of Gaza City , killing or capturing 3,500 Egyptian National Guard troops . By noon of 2 November , there was no more Egyptian opposition in the Gaza City area . On 3 November , the IDF attacked Egyptian and Palestinian forces at Khan Yunis . After a fierce battle , the Israeli 37th Armored Brigade 's Sherman tanks broke through the heavily fortified lines outside of Khan Yunis held by the 86th Palestinian Brigade . After some street - fighting with Egyptian soldiers and Palestinian fedayeen , Khan Yunis fell to the Israelis . There are claims that after taking Khan Yunis , the IDF committed a massacre , known as the Khan Yunis killings . Israel maintained that the Palestinians were killed in street - fighting , while the Palestinians claimed that Israeli troops started executing unarmed Palestinians after the fall of Khan Yunis . The claims of a massacre were reported to the UN General Assembly on 15 December 1956 by the Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency , Henry Labouisse , who reported from `` trustworthy sources '' that 275 people were killed in the massacre of which 140 were refugees and 135 local residents . In both Gaza City and Khan Yunis , street - fighting led to the deaths of `` dozens , perhaps hundreds , of non-combatants '' . Food and medicine distribution for refugees in need of assistance was complicated when some Palestinians ransacked the warehouses belonging to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency . This was compounded by a widespread view in Israel that the responsibility for the care of the Palestinian refugees rested with the UNRWA , not Israel , which led the Israelis to be slow with providing aid . By noon of 3 November , the Israelis had control of almost the entire Gaza Strip save for a few isolated strong points , which were soon attacked and taken . The UN estimated that in total 447 to 550 Palestinian civilians were killed by Israeli troops during the first weeks of Israeli occupation of the strip . The manner that these people were killed is disputed . Sharm el - Sheikh operations By 3 November , with the IDF having successfully taken the Gaza Strip , Arish , the Hedgehog , and Mitla Pass , Sharm el - Sheikh was the last Israeli objective . The main difficulty faced by Colonel Abraham Yoffe 's 9th Infantry Brigade was logistical . There were no good roads linking Ras an - Naqb to Sharm el - Sheikh . After taking the border town of Ras an - Naqb on 30 October , Dayan ordered Yoffe to wait until air superiority was ensured . To outflank Sharm el - Sheikh , Dayan ordered paratroopers to take the town of Tor in the western Sinai . The Egyptian forces at Sharm el - Sheikh had the advantage of holding one of the most strongly fortified positions in the entire Sinai , but had been subjected to heavy Israeli air attacks from the beginning of the war . Yoffe set out for Sharm el - Sheikh on 2 November , and his major obstacles were the terrain and vehicle break - down . Israeli Navy ships provided support to the 9th Division during its advance . After numerous skirmishes on the outskirts of Sharm el - Sheikh , Yoffe ordered an attack on the port around midnight on 4 November . After four hours of heavy fighting , Yoffe ordered his men to retreat . On the morning of 5 November , Israeli forces launched a massive artillery barrage and napalm strikes against Egyptian forces defending Sharm el - Sheikh . At 9 : 30 am on 5 November , the Egyptian commander , Colonel Raouf Mahfouz Zaki , surrendered Sharm el - Sheikh . The Israelis had lost 10 killed and 32 wounded , while the Egyptians had lost about 100 killed and 31 wounded . Another 864 Egyptian soldiers were taken prisoner . Anglo - French canal invasion See also : Operation Musketeer ( 1956 ) and Operation Telescope A battle - damaged de Havilland Sea Venom on HMS Eagle To support the invasion , large air forces had been deployed to Cyprus and Malta by Britain and France and many aircraft carriers were deployed . The two airbases on Cyprus were so congested that a third field which was in dubious condition had to be brought into use for French aircraft . Even RAF Luqa on Malta was extremely crowded with RAF Bomber Command aircraft . The British deployed the aircraft carriers HMS Eagle , Albion and Bulwark and France had the battleship Jean Bart and aircraft carriers Arromanches and La Fayette on station . In addition , HMS Ocean and Theseus acted as jumping - off points for Britain 's helicopter - borne assault ( the world 's first ) . The combined fleet was shadowed and even harassed by the United States Sixth Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Charles R. Brown . The fleet was led by the carriers USS Coral Sea and USS Randolph , later reinforced by USS Forrestal . Revise : phases I and II A Hawker Sea Hawk of 899 Naval Air Squadron , armed with rockets , about to be launched from the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle for a strike on an Egyptian airfield In the morning of 30 October Britain and France sent ultimatums to Egypt and Israel . They initiated Operation Musketeer on 31 October , with a bombing campaign . Nasser responded by sinking all 40 ships present in the canal closing it to all shipping -- shipping would not move again until early 1957 . Despite the risk of an invasion in the canal zone , Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer ordered Egyptian troops in the Sinai to stay put , as Amer confidently assured Nasser that the Egyptians could defeat the Israelis in the Sinai and then defeat the Anglo - French forces once they came ashore in the canal zone . Amer also advised Nasser to send more troops into the Sinai to inflict his promised defeat on Israel , even though the risk of their being cut off if the canal zone were seized by Anglo - French forces was enormous . Not until late on 31 October did Nasser disregard Amer 's rosy assessment and ordered his forces to disengage in the Sinai and to retreat back to the canal zone to face the expected Anglo - French invasion . Eden and Mollet ordered Phase I of Operation Revise to begin 13 hours after the Anglo - French ultimatum . British bombers based in Cyprus and Malta took off to Cairo with the aim of destroying Cairo airport , only to be personally ordered back by Eden when he learned that American civilians were being evacuated at Cairo airport . Fearful of the backlash that might result if American civilians were killed in a British bombing attack , Eden sent the Valiant bombers back to Malta while the Canberra 's were ordered to hit Almaza airbase outside of Cairo . British night bombing proved ineffective . Starting on the morning of 1 November , carrier - based de Havilland Sea Venoms , Chance - Vought Corsairs and Hawker Sea Hawks began a series of daytime strikes on Egypt . By the night of 1 November the Egyptian Air Force had lost 200 planes . With the destruction of Egypt 's air force , Keightley ordered the beginning of Revise Phase II . As part of Revise Phase II , a wide - ranging interdiction campaign began . On 3 November F4U - 7 Corsairs from the 14. F and 15. F Aéronavale taking off from the French carriers Arromanches and La Fayette , attacked the aerodrome at Cairo . The very aggressive French General Beaufre suggested at once that Anglo - French forces seize the canal zone with airborne landings instead of waiting the planned ten days for Revise II to be worked through , and that the risk of sending in paratroopers without the prospect of sea - borne landings for several days be taken . By 3 November , Beaufre finally convinced Keightley and Stockwell of the merits of his approach , and gained the approval for Operation Telescope as Beaufre had code - named the airborne assault on the canal zone . On 2 November 1956 the First Sea Lord Admiral Mountbatten sent a letter to Eden telling him to stop the invasion before troops landed in the canal zone as the operation had already proved to be too costly politically . The next day , Mountbatten made a desperate phone call to Eden asking for permission to stop the invasion before it began , only to be refused . Mountbatten 's views led to clash of personalities with the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , General Gerald Templer who supported the invasion . In response to Mountbatten 's call to cancel the invasion , Templer penned a memo , which read : Some people in England today say that what we 're ( sic ? ) done in the Middle East will have terrible effects in the future ... The reality is that we have checked a drift . With a bit of luck we 're not only stopped a big war in the Middle East , but we 're halted the march of Russia through the Middle East and on to the African continent . Telescope modified : the paratroops land Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo - French assault on Port Said , 5 November 1956 . On late 5 November , an advance element of the 3rd Battalion of the British Parachute Regiment dropped on El Gamil Airfield , a narrow strip of land , led by Brigadier M.A.H. Butler . The `` Red Devils '' could not return Egyptian fire while landing , but once the paratroopers landed , they used their Sten guns , three - inch mortars and anti-tank weapons with great effect . Having taken the airfield with a dozen casualties , the remainder of the battalion flew in by helicopter . The Battalion then secured the area around the airfield . During the ensuing street fighting , the Egyptian forces engaged in methodical tactics , fighting on the defense while inflicting maximum casualties and retreating only when overwhelming force was brought to bear . In particular , the SU - 100 tank destroyers proved to be a formidable weapon in urban combat . The British forces moved up towards Port Said with air support before digging in at 13 : 00 to hold until the beach assault . With close support from carrier - based Westland Wyverns , the British paratroopers took Port Said 's sewage works and the cemetery while becoming engaged in a pitched battle for the Coast Guard barracks . At the same time , Lieutenant Colonel Pierre Chateau - Jobert landed with a force of the 2nd RPC at Raswa . Raswa imposed the problem of a small drop zone surrounded by water , but General Jacques Massu of the 10th Parachute Division assured Beaufre that this was not an insolvable problem for his men . 500 heavily armed paratroopers of the French 2nd Colonial Parachute Regiment ( 2ème RPC ) , hastily redeployed from combat in Algeria , jumped over the al - Raswa bridges from Nord Noratlas 2501 transports of the Escadrille de Transport ( ET ) 1 / 61 and ET 3 / 61 , together with some combat engineers of the Guards Independent Parachute Company . The paratroopers swiftly secured the western bridge at the cost of two soldiers , and F4U Corsairs of the Aéronavale 14. F and 15. F flew a series of close - air - support missions , destroying several SU - 100s . F - 84Fs also hit two large oil storage tanks in Port Said , which went up in flames and covered most of the city in a thick cloud of smoke for the next several days . Egyptian resistance varied , with some positions fighting back until destroyed , while others were abandoned with little resistance . The French paratroopers stormed and took Port Said 's waterworks that morning , an important objective to control in a city in the desert . Chateau - Jobert followed up this success by beginning an attack on Port Fuad . Derek Varble , the American military historian , later wrote `` Air support and fierce French assaults transformed the fighting at Port Fuad into a rout '' . During the fighting in the canal zone , the French paratroopers often practiced their `` no - prisoners ' '' code and executed Egyptian POWs . The Egyptian commander at Port Said , General Salahedin Moguy then proposed a truce . His offer was taken up , and in the ensuring meeting with General Butler , Chateau - Jobert and General Massu , was offered the terms of surrendering the city and marching his men to the Gamil airfield to be taken off to prisoner - of - war camps in Cyprus . Moguy had no interest in surrendering and had only made the truce offer to buy time for his men to dig in ; when fighting began again vans with loudspeakers traveled through the city encouraging resistance against the invaders , by announcing that London and Paris had been bombed by the Russians and that World War III had started . As the paratroopers alone were not enough , Beaufre and British Admiral Manley Laurence Power urged that the sea - borne landings be accelerated and that Allied forces land the very next day . Stockwell and Knightley , who wished to stick with the original plan , opposed this . Stockwell was always in favour of rigidly following already agreed to plans , and was most reluctant to see any changes , whereas Beaufre was all for changing plans to match with changed circumstances . The differences between Stockwell and Beaufre were summarized by the American historian Derek Varble as : `` Stockwell favored existing plans ; their methodical construction and underlying staff work reduced risks . Beaufre , by contrast an opportunist , saw plans merely a means to an end , without much inherent value . For him , altered circumstances or assumptions provided adequate justification to jettison part or all of the original plan '' . Royal Marines come ashore at Port Said Troops of the Parachute Regiment escort a captured Egyptian soldier at Port Said At first light on 6 November , commandos of No. 42 and 40 Commando Royal Marines stormed the beaches , using landing craft of World War II vintage ( Landing Craft Assault and Landing Vehicle Tracked ) . The battle group standing offshore opened fire , giving covering fire for the landings and causing considerable damage to the Egyptian batteries and gun emplacements . The town of Port Said sustained great damage and was seen to be alight . The men of 42 Commando as much as possible chose to by - pass Egyptian positions and focused on trying to break through inland . The Royal Marines of 40 Commando had the advantage of being supported by Centurion tanks as they landed on Sierra Red beach . Upon entering downtown Port Said , the Marines became engaged in fierce urban combat as the Egyptians used the Casino Palace Hotel and other strongpoints as fortresses . 2ème RPC paratroopers patrol in Port Said , October 1956 . Nasser proclaimed the Suez War to be a `` people 's war '' . As such , Egyptian troops were ordered to don civilian clothes while guns were freely handed out to Egyptian civilians . From Nasser 's point of view , a `` people 's war '' presented the British and French with an unsolvable dilemma . If the Allies reacted aggressively to the `` people 's war '' , then that would result in the deaths of innocent civilians and thus bring world sympathy to his cause while weakening morale on the home front in Britain and France . If the Allies reacted cautiously to the `` people 's war '' , than that would result in Allied forces becoming bogged down by sniper attacks , who had the advantage of attacking `` with near impunity by hiding among crowds of apparent non-combatants '' . These tactics worked especially well against the British . British leaders , especially Eden and the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir Louis Mountbatten were afraid of being labelled `` murderers and baby killers '' , and sincerely attempted to limit Egyptian civilian deaths . Eden frequently interfered with Revise Phase I and II bombing , striking off various targets that he felt were likely to cause excessive civilian deaths , and restricted the gun sizes that could be used at the Port Said landings , again to minimize civilian deaths . The American historian Derek Varble has commented that the paradox between Eden 's concern for Egyptian civilians and the object of Revise Phase II bombing , which was intended to terrorize the Egyptian people , was never resolved . Despite Eden 's best efforts , British bombing still killed hundreds of Egyptian civilians during Revise II , though these deaths were due more to imprecise aiming rather than a deliberate policy of `` area bombing '' such as that employed against Germany in World War II . At Port Said , the heavy fighting in the streets and the resulting fires destroyed much of the city , killing many civilians . In the afternoon , 522 additional French paratroopers of the 1er REP ( Régiment Étranger Parachutiste , 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment ) were dropped near Port Fouad . These were also constantly supported by the Corsairs of the French Aéronavale , which flew very intensive operations : for example , although the French carrier La Fayette developed catapult problems , no less than 40 combat sorties were completed . The French were aided by AMX - 13 light tanks . While clearing Port Fuad , the 1er Regiment Etranger Parachutiste killed 100 Egyptians without losing a man in return . A British link up between the 3rd Battalion , The Parachute Regiment , and the Commandos at the Coast Guard barracks in Port Said . The paratroopers have with them a captured SU - 100 tank destroyer , and the Commandos a Buffalo amphibious assault vehicle . British commandos of No. 45 Commando assaulted by helicopter , meeting stiff resistance , with shore batteries striking several helicopters , while friendly fire from British carrier - borne aircraft caused casualties to 45 Commando and HQ . The helicopter borne assault of 45 Commando was the first time helicopters were used by UK forces to lift men directly into a combat zone . Lieutenant Colonel N.H. Tailyour , who was leading 45 Commando was landed by mistake in a stadium still under Egyptian control resulting in a very hasty retreat . Street fighting and house clearing , with strong opposition from well - entrenched Egyptian sniper positions , caused further casualties . Especially fierce fighting took place at the Port Said 's Customs House and Navy House . The Egyptians destroyed Port Said 's Inner Harbour , which forced the British to improvise and use the Fishing Harbour to land their forces . The 2nd Bn of the Parachute Regiment landed by ship in the harbour . Centurion tanks of the British 6th Royal Tank Regiment were landed and by 12 : 00 they had reached the French paratroopers . While the British were landing at Port Said , the men of the 2 RPC at Raswa fought off Egyptian counter-attacks featuring SU100 self - propelled guns . After establishing themselves in a position in downtown Port Said , 42 Commando headed down the Shari Muhammad Ali , the main north - south road to link up with the French forces at the Raswa bridge and the Inner Basin lock . While doing so , the Marines also took Port Said 's gasworks . Meanwhile , 40 Commando supported by the Royal Tank Regiment remained engaged in clearing the downtown of Egyptian snipers . Colonel Tailyour arranged for more reinforcements to be brought in via helicopter . Hearing rumours that Moguy wished to surrender , both Stockwell and Beaufre left their command ship HMS Tyne for Port Said . Upon landing , they learned the rumours were not true . Instead of returning to the Tyne , both Stockwell and Beaufre spent the day in Port Said , and were thus cut off from the news . Only late in the day did Beaufre and Stockwell learn of the acceptance of the United Nations ceasefire . Rather than focusing on breaking out to take al - Qantarah , the Royal Marines became bogged down in clearing every building in Port Said of snipers . The Centurions of the Royal Tank Regiment supported by the paratroopers of 2 RPC began a slow advance down to al - Qantarah on the night of 6 November . Egyptian sniper attacks and the need to clear every building led the 3 Para to be slowed in their attempts to link up with the Royal Marines . When Stockwell learned of the ceasefire to come into effect in five hours ' time at 9 : 00 pm , he ordered Colonel Gibbon and his Centurions to race down and take al - Qantarah with all speed in order to improve the Allied bargaining position . What followed was a confused series of melee actions down the road to al - Qantarah that ended with the British forces at al - Cap , a small village four miles north of al - Qantarah at 2 : 00 am , when the ceasefire came into effect . Casualties British casualties stood at 16 dead and 96 wounded , while French casualties were 10 dead and 33 wounded . The Israeli losses were 172 dead and 817 wounded . The number of Egyptians killed was `` never reliably established '' . Egyptian casualties to the Israeli invasion were estimated at 1,000 -- 3,000 dead and 4,000 wounded , while losses to the Anglo - French operation were estimated at 650 dead and 900 wounded . 1,000 Egyptian civilians are estimated to have died . End of hostilities Anti-war protests in Britain Play media Newsreel from 12 November 1956 about the end of the invasion Although the public believed the British government 's justification of the invasion as a separation of Israeli and Egyptian forces , protests against the war occurred in Britain after it began . On the popular television talk show Free Speech , an especially bitter debate took place on 31 October with the leftist historian A.J.P. Taylor and the Labour journalist and future party leader Michael Foot calling their colleague on Free Speech , the Conservative MP Robert Boothby , a `` criminal '' for supporting the war . One television critic spoke of Free Speech during the war that `` the team seemed to not only on the verge of , but actually losing their tempers ... Boothby boomed , Foot fumed and Taylor trephined , with apparent real malice ... '' The angry , passionate , much - watched debates about the Suez war on Free Speech mirrored the divided public response to the war . The British government pressured the BBC to support the war , and seriously considered taking over the network . Eden 's major mistake had been not to strike in July 1956 when there was widespread anger at Nasser 's nationalisation of the Suez Canal Company , as by the fall of 1956 public anger had subsided , with many people in Britain having come to accept the fait accompli , and saw no reason for war . This was especially the case as Eden 's claims that the Egyptians would hopelessly mismanage the canal had proven groundless , and that by September 1956 it was clear that the change of management had not affected shipping . Even more importantly , Eden 's obsession with secrecy and his desire to keep the preparations for war as secret as possible meant that the Eden government did nothing in the months running up to the attack to explain to the British people why it was felt that war was necessary . Many of the reservists who were called up for their National Service in the summer and fall of 1956 recalled feeling bewildered and confused as the Eden government started preparing to attack Egypt while at the same time Eden insisted in public that he wanted a peaceful resolution of the dispute , and was opposed to attacking Egypt . The British author David Pryce - Jones recalled that as a young officer , that after the ultimatum was submitted to Egypt he had to explain to his troops why war with Egypt was necessary without believing a word that he was saying . Only one British soldier , however , refused to fight . Gaitskell was much offended that Eden had kept him in the dark about the planning for action against Egypt , and felt personally insulted that Eden had just assumed that he would support the war without consulting him first . On 31 October he cited in Parliament the fact that , despite Eden 's claim that the British government had consulted closely with the Commonwealth , no other member nation did ; in the Security Council , not even Australia had supported the British action . He called the invasion an act of disastrous folly whose tragic consequences we shall regret for years . Yes , all of us will regret it , because it will have done irreparable harm to the prestige and reputation of our country ... we shall feel bound by every constitutional means at our disposal to oppose it The stormy and violent debates in the House of Commons on 1 November 1956 almost degenerated into fist - fights after several Labour MPs compared Eden to Hitler . Yet the Prime Minister insisted , `` We ( are not ) at war with Egypt now. ( ... ) There has not been a declaration of war by us . We are in an armed conflict . '' The British historian A.N. Wilson wrote that `` The letters to The Times caught the mood of the country , with great majority opposing military intervention ... '' The journalist Malcolm Muggeridge and actor Robert Speaight wrote in a public letter that The bitter division in public opinion provoked by the British intervention in the Middle East has already had one disastrous consequence . It has deflected popular attention from the far more important struggle in Hungary . A week ago the feelings of the British people were fused in a single flame of admiration for the courage and apparent success of the Hungarian revolt . Now , that success seems threatened by Russian treachery and brute force , and Hungary has appealed to the West ... It is the first , and perhaps will prove the only opportunity to reverse the calamitous decisions of Yalta ... The Prime Minister has told us that 50 million tons of British shipping are at stake in his dispute with President Nasser . What is at stake in Central Europe are rather more than 50 million souls . It may be objected that it is not so easy to help the Hungarians ; to this excuse they are entitled to reply that it was not so easy to help themselves . Lady Violet Bonham Carter , an influential Liberal Party member , wrote in a letter to the Times that I am one of the millions who watching the martyrdom of Hungary and listening yesterday to the transmission of her agonizing appeals of help ( immediately followed by our `` successful bombings '' of Egyptian `` targets '' ) who have felt a humiliation , shame and anger which are beyond expression ... We can not order Soviet Russia to obey the edict of the United Nations which we ourselves have defied , nor to withdraw her tanks and guns from Hungary while we are bombing and invading Egypt . Today we are standing in the dock with Russia ... Never in my lifetime has our name stood so low in the eyes of the world . Never have we stood so ingloriously alone . According to public opinion polls at the time , 37 % of the British people supported the war while 44 % were opposed . The Observer newspaper in a leader ( editorial ) attacked the Eden government for its `` folly and crookedness '' in attacking Egypt while the Manchester Guardian urged its readers to write letters of protest to their MPs . The Economist spoke of the `` strange union of cynicism and hysteria '' in the government and The Spectator stated that Eden would soon have to face `` a terrible indictment '' . The majority of letters written to MPs from their constituents were against the Suez attack . Significantly , many of the letters come from voters who identified as Conservatives . The historian Keith Feiling wrote `` the harm done seems to me terrifying : for my part I have resigned from the party while the present leader is there '' . The law professor and future Conservative cabinet minister Norman St. John - Stevas wrote at the time : I had wanted to stand for the party at the next election , but I can not bring myself to vote for the party at the moment , let alone stand for it . I am thinking of joining the Labour Party and am having lunch with Frank Pakenham next week . The historian Hugh Trevor - Roper expressed regret that no senior minister resigned and hoped `` some kind of national Tory party can be saved from the wreck '' . A master at Eton College in a letter to his MP declared : I write to you to express my complete abhorrence of the policy which the government is pursuing ... I have voted Conservative in the last three elections , but I am quite sure my next vote will be for a Labour candidate The Labour Party and the Trade Union Congress organized nation - wide anti-war protests , starting on 1 November under the slogan `` Law , not war ! '' On 4 November , at an anti-war rally in Trafalgar Square attended by 30,000 people ( making it easily the biggest rally in London since 1945 ) , the Labour MP Aneurin Bevan accused the government of `` a policy of bankruptcy and despair '' . Bevan stated at the Trafalgar rally : We are stronger than Egypt but there are other countries stronger than us . Are we prepared to accept for ourselves the logic we are applying to Egypt ? If nations more powerful than ourselves accept the absence of principle , the anarchistic attitude of Eden and launch bombs on London , what answer have we got , what complaint have we got ? If we are going to appeal to force , if force is to be the arbiter to which we appeal , it would at least make common sense to try to make sure beforehand that we have got it , even if you accept that abysmal logic , that decadent point of view . We are in fact in the position today of having appealed to force in the case of a small nation , where if it is appealed to against us it will result in the destruction of Great Britain , not only as a nation , but as an island containing living men and women . Therefore I say to Anthony , I say to the British government , there is no count at all upon which they can be defended . They have besmirched the name of Britain . They have made us ashamed of the things of which formerly we were proud . They have offended against every principle of decency and there is only way in which they can even begin to restore their tarnished reputation and that is to get out ! Get out ! Get out ! Inspired by Bevan 's speech , the crowd at Trafalgar Square then marched on 10 Downing Street chanting `` Eden Must Go ! '' , and attempted to storm the Prime Minister 's residence . The ensuing clashes between the police and the demonstrators which were captured by television cameras had a huge demoralizing effect on the Eden cabinet , which was meeting there . The British historian Anthony Adamthwaite wrote in 1988 that American financial pressure was the key factor that forced Eden to accept a ceasefire , but the public protests , declining poll numbers and signs that many Conservative voters were deserting the government were important secondary factors . Support for Eden According to some historians , the majority of British people were on Eden 's side . On 10 and 11 November an opinion poll found 53 % supported the war , with 32 % opposed . The majority of Conservative constituency associations passed resolutions of support to `` Sir Anthony '' . Gilbert Murray was among Oxford scholars who signed a statement supporting Eden ; such an act by the famous advocate of internationalism amazed both sides . He explained that , if not stopped , he believed Nasserism would become a Soviet - led worldwide anti-western movement . British historian Barry Turner wrote that The public reaction to press comment highlighted the divisions within the country . But there was no doubt that Eden still commanded strong support from a sizable minority , maybe even a majority , of voters who thought that it was about time that the upset Arabs should be taught a lesson . The Observer and Guardian lost readers ; so too did the News Chronicle , a liberal newspaper that was soon to fold as a result of falling circulation . A.N. Wilson wrote that The bulk of the press , the Labour Party and that equally influential left - learning party , the London dinner party , were all against Suez together with the rent - a-mob of poets , dons , clergy and ankle - socked female graduates who deplored British action , they did not necessarily constitute the majority of unexpressed public opinion The economist Roy Harrod wrote at the time that the `` more level - headed British , whom I believe to be in the majority though not the most vocal '' were supporting the `` notable act of courage and statesmanship '' of the government . Eden himself claimed that his mail went from eight to one against the military action immediately after its start , to four to one in support on the day before the ceasefire . The conflict exposed the division within the Labour Party between middle - class internationalist intelligentsia who opposed the conflict , and working - class voters who supported it . One Conservative MP wrote : `` I have lost my middle - class followers , but this has been at least balanced by backing from working - class electors who normally vote Socialist and who favour a strong line on Suez '' . Labour MP Richard Crossman said that `` when the Labour Party leadership tried to organise demonstrations in the Provinces of the kind they 'd held in Trafalgar Square , there was great reluctance among the working classes , because we were at war . It was Munich in reverse . And it was very , very acute '' . Labour MP James Callaghan agreed : `` The horny - handed sons of toil rallied to the call of the bugle . They reacted against us in the same way as they did against Chamberlain a few months after Munich '' . He recalled that up until the fighting started `` we had public opinion on our side ; but as soon as we actually went to war , I could feel the change '' . Labour MP Barbara Castle recalled that Labour 's protest against the conflict was `` drowned in a wave of public jingoism '' . During the Lewisham North and Warwick and Leamington by - elections held in February and March 1957 , Labour instructed its activists not to emphasise their opposition to Suez because the government 's action had considerable support . Callaghan believed that the Conservatives increased their majority at the 1959 election in part because working - class Labour voters were still angry at the party for opposing the conflict . Labour MP Stanley Evans resigned from his seat and his membership of the party due to his support for British action in Suez . International reaction Play media Eisenhower press conference about the crisis , 9 August The operation , aimed at taking control of the Suez Canal , Gaza , and parts of Sinai , was highly successful for the invaders from a military point of view , but was a disaster from a political point of view , resulting in international criticism and diplomatic pressure . Along with the Suez crisis , the United States was also dealing with the near - simultaneous Hungarian revolution . Vice President Richard Nixon later explained : `` We could n't on one hand , complain about the Soviets intervening in Hungary and , on the other hand , approve of the British and the French picking that particular time to intervene against Nasser '' . Beyond that , it was Eisenhower 's belief that if the United States were seen to acquiesce in the attack on Egypt , that the resulting backlash in the Arab world might win the Arabs over to the Soviet Union . Despite having no commercial or military interest in the area , many countries were concerned with the growing rift between Western allied nations . The Swedish ambassador to the Court of St. James , Gunnar Hägglöf wrote in a letter to the anti-war Conservative M.P. Edward Boyle , I do n't think there is any part of the world where the sympathies for England are greater than in Scandinavia . But Scandinavian opinion has never been more shocked by a British government 's action -- not even by the British - German Naval Agreement of 1935 -- than by the Suez intervention . Presidents Eisenhower and Nasser meeting in New York , 1960 The attack on Egypt greatly offended many in the Islamic world . In Pakistan , 300,000 people showed up in a rally in Lahore to show solidarity with Egypt while in Karachi a mob chanting anti-British slogans burned down the British High Commission . In Syria , the military government blew up the Kirkuk -- Baniyas pipeline that allowed Iraqi oil to reach tankers in the Mediterranean to punish Iraq for supporting the invasion , and to cut Britain off from one of its main routes for taking delivery of Iraqi oil . King Saud of Saudi Arabia imposed a total oil embargo on Britain and France . When Israel refused to withdraw its troops from the Gaza Strip and Sharm el - Sheikh , Eisenhower declared , `` We must not allow Europe to go flat on its back for the want of oil . '' He sought UN-backed efforts to impose economic sanctions on Israel until it fully withdrew from Egyptian territory . Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson and minority leader William Knowland objected to American pressure on Israel . Johnson told the Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that he wanted him to oppose `` with all its skill '' any attempt to apply sanctions on Israel . Dulles rebuffed Johnson 's request , and informed Eisenhower of the objections made by the Senate . Eisenhower was `` insistent on applying economic sanctions '' to the extent of cutting off private American assistance to Israel which was estimated to be over $100 million a year . Ultimately , the Democratic Party - controlled Senate would not cooperate with Eisenhower 's position on Israel . Eisenhower finally told Congress he would take the issue to the American people , saying , `` America has either one voice or none , and that voice is the voice of the President -- whether everybody agrees with him or not . '' The President spoke to the nation by radio and television where he outlined Israel 's refusal to withdraw , explaining his belief that the UN had `` no choice but to exert pressure upon Israel '' . On 30 October , the Security Council held a meeting , at the request of the United States , when it submitted a draft resolution calling upon Israel immediately to withdraw its armed forces behind the established armistice lines . It was not adopted because of British and French vetoes . A similar draft resolution sponsored by the Soviet Union was also rejected . On 31 October , also as planned , France and the UK launched an air attack against targets in Egypt , which was followed shortly by a landing of their troops at the northern end of the canal zone . Later that day , considering the grave situation created by the actions against Egypt , and with lack of unanimity among the permanent members preventing it from exercising its primary responsibility to maintain international peace and security , the Security Council passed Resolution 119 ; it decided to call an emergency special session of the General Assembly for the first time , as provided in the 1950 `` Uniting for Peace '' resolution , in order to make appropriate recommendations to end the fighting . Play media Universal Newsreel from 4 December about Dag Hammarskjöld 's meeting with Nasser . The emergency special session was convened 1 November ; the same day Nasser requested diplomatic assistance from the U.S. , without requesting the same from the Soviet Union ; he was at first skeptical of the efficacy of US diplomatic efforts at the UN , but later gave full credit to Eisenhower 's role in stopping the war . In the early hours of 2 November , the General Assembly adopted the United States ' proposal for Resolution 997 ( ES - I ) ; the vote was 64 in favour and 5 opposed ( Australia , New Zealand , Britain , France , and Israel ) with 6 abstentions . It called for an immediate ceasefire , the withdrawal of all forces behind the armistice lines , an arms embargo , and the reopening of the Suez Canal , which was now blocked . The Secretary - General was requested to observe and report promptly on compliance to both the Security Council and General Assembly , for further action as deemed appropriate in accordance with the UN Charter . Over the next several days , the emergency special session consequently adopted a series of enabling resolutions , which established the first United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) , on 7 November by Resolution 1001 . This proposal of the emergency force and the resulting cease - fire was made possible primarily through the efforts of Lester B. Pearson , the Secretary of External Affairs of Canada , and Dag Hammarskjöld , the Secretary - General of the United Nations . The role of Nehru , both as Indian Prime minister and a leader of the Non Aligned Movement was significant ; the Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that `` Now Nehru -- who had tried to be even - handed between the two sides -- denounced Eden and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorously . He had a powerful , if relatively silent , ally in the US president Dwight Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America 's clout in the IMF to make Eden and Mollet behave '' . The Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote about Nehru 's role that : `` So the Suez War ended in Britain 's humiliation . Eden lost his job . Nehru achieved his objective of protecting Egypt 's sovereignty and Nasser 's honour '' . Britain and France agreed to withdraw from Egypt within a week ; Israel did not . A rare example of support for the Anglo - French actions against Egypt came from West Germany ; though the Cabinet was divided , the Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was furious with the United States for its `` chumminess with the Russians '' as Adenauer called the U.S. refusal to intervene in Hungary and voting with the Soviet Union at the UN Security Council , and the traditionally Francophile Adenauer drew closer to Paris as a result . Adenauer told his Cabinet on 7 November that Nasser was a pro-Soviet force that needed to cut down to size , and in his view the attack on Egypt was completely justified . Adenauer maintained to his Cabinet that the French had every right to invade Egypt because of Nasser 's support for the FLN in Algeria , but the British were partly to blame because they `` inexplicably '' shut down their Suez Canal base in 1954 . What appalled Adenauer about the crisis was that the United States had come against the attack on Egypt and voted with the Soviet Union at Security Council against Britain and France , which lead Adenauer to fear that the United States and Soviet Union would `` carve up the world '' according to their own interests with no thought for the interests of European states . Adenauer refused to cancel a planned visit to Paris on 5 -- 6 November 1956 and his summit with Mollet was clearly meant to be seen as a gesture of moral support . Adenauer was especially worried by the fact that the American embassy in Bonn would not provide a clear answer as to what was the American policy in response to the Bulganin letters . One of Adenauer 's aides Fritz von Eckardt commented about the opening ceremony in Paris where Mollet and Adenauer stood side by side while the national anthems were played that `` In the most serious hour France had experienced since the end of the war , the two governments were standing shoulder by shoulder '' . During the summit in Paris , Mollet commented to Adenauer that a Soviet nuclear strike could destroy Paris at any moment , which added considerably to the tension and helped to draw the French and Germans closer . On 7 November , David Ben - Gurion addressed the Knesset and declared a great victory , saying that the 1949 armistice agreement with Egypt was dead and buried , and that the armistice lines were no longer valid and could not be restored . Under no circumstances would Israel agree to the stationing of UN forces on its territory or in any area it occupied . He also made an oblique reference to his intention to annex the Sinai Peninsula . Isaac Alteras writes that Ben - Gurion ' was carried away by the resounding victory against Egypt ' and while ' a statesman well known for his sober realism , ( he ) took flight in dreams of grandeur . ' The speech marked the beginning of a four - month - long diplomatic struggle , culminating in withdrawal from all territory , under conditions far less palatable than those envisioned in the speech , but with conditions for sea access to Eilat and a UNEF presence on Egyptian soil . The speech immediately drew increased international pressure on Israel to withdraw . That day in New York , the emergency session passed Resolution 1002 , again calling for the immediate withdrawal of Israeli troops to behind the armistice lines , and for the immediate withdrawal of British and French troops from Egyptian territory . After a long Israeli cabinet meeting late on 8 November , Ben - Gurion informed Eisenhower that Israel declared its willingness to accept withdrawal of Israeli forces from Sinai , ' when satisfactory arrangements are made with the international force that is about to enter the canal zone ' . Soviet threats Although the Soviet Union 's position in the crisis was as helpless as was the United States ' regarding Hungary 's uprising , Premier Nikolai Bulganin threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side , and to launch rocket attacks on Britain , France and Israel . Bulganin accused Ben - Gurion of supporting European colonialism , and Mollet of hypocrisy for leading a socialist government while pursuing a right - wing foreign policy . He did however concede in his letter to Eden that Britain had legitimate interests in Egypt . The Soviet threat to send troops to Egypt to fight the Allies led Eisenhower to fear that this might be the beginning of World War III . One of Eisenhower 's aides Emmet Hughes recalled that the reaction at the White House to the Bulganin letters was `` sombre '' as there was fear that this was the beginning to the countdown to World War III , a war that if it occurred would kill hundreds of millions of people . In private , Eisenhower told Undersecretary of State Herbert Hoover Jr. of his fears that : The Soviet Union might be ready for to undertake any wild adventure . They are as scared and furious as Hitler was in his last days . There 's nothing more dangerous than a dictatorship in that frame of mind . If the Soviet Union did go to war with NATO allies Britain and France , then the United States would be unable to remain neutral , because the United States ' obligations under NATO would come into effect , requiring them to go to war with the Soviet Union in defense of Britain and France . Likewise , if the Soviet Union attacked Israel , though there was no formal American commitment to defend Israel , the Eisenhower administration would come under heavy domestic pressure to intervene . From Eisenhower 's viewpoint , it was better to end the war against Egypt rather than run the risk of this escalating into the Third World War , in case Khrushchev was serious about going to war in defense of Egypt as he insisted in public that he was . Eisenhower 's reaction to these threats from the Soviet Union was : `` If those fellows start something , we may have to hit ' em -- and , if necessary , with everything in the bucket . '' Eisenhower immediately ordered the U-2s into action over Syria and Israel to search for any Soviet air forces on Syrian bases , so the British and French could destroy them . He told Hoover and CIA director Allan Dulles , `` If the Soviets attack the French and British directly , we would be in a war and we would be justified in taking military action even if Congress were not in session . '' ( The Americans excluded Israel from the guarantee against Soviet attack , however , alarming the Israeli government . ) Khrushchev often claimed to possess a vast arsenal of nuclear - tipped ICBMs , and while disclaiming any intention of starting a war , maintained that he would be more than happy to turn a conventional war into a nuclear one if war did come . The U-2 spy flights , which were intended to discover if the Soviet Union really did have the nuclear arsenal that it claimed to have , only started in July 1956 , and it was not until February 1959 that it firmly established that Khrushchev had vastly exaggerated his nuclear strength . In fact , the supposedly huge Soviet arsenal of ICBMs , with which Khrushchev would wipe out the cities of Britain , France , Israel , and if necessary the United States consisted only of four Semyorka missiles stationed at a swamp south of Arkhangelsk . From the viewpoint of Eisenhower , in 1956 he had no way of knowing for certain whether Khrushchev 's nuclear braggadocio was for real or not . Earlier in 1956 , Dulles had warned Eisenhower that Khrushchev was `` the most dangerous person to lead the Soviet Union since the October Revolution '' as Khrushchev was `` not a coldly calculating person , but rather one who reacted emotionally . He was obviously intoxicated much of the time and could be expected to commit irrational acts . '' Khrushchev later admitted in his memoirs that he was not seriously `` thinking of going to war '' in November 1956 as he claimed at the time as he lacked the necessary ICBMs to make good his threats . Financial pressure The United States also put financial pressure on the UK to end the invasion . Because the Bank of England had lost $45 million between 30 October and 2 November , and their oil supply had been damaged by the closing of the Suez Canal , the British sought immediate assistance from the IMF , but it was denied by the United States . Eisenhower in fact ordered his Secretary of the Treasury , George M. Humphrey , to prepare to sell part of the US Government 's Sterling Bond holdings . The UK government considered invading Kuwait and Qatar if oil sanctions were put in place by the US . Britain 's Chancellor of the Exchequer , Harold Macmillan , advised his Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , that the United States was fully prepared to carry out this threat . He also warned his Prime Minister that Britain 's foreign exchange reserves simply could not sustain the devaluation of the pound that would come after the United States ' actions ; and that within weeks of such a move , the country would be unable to import the food and energy supplies needed to sustain the population on the islands . However , there were suspicions in the Cabinet that Macmillan had deliberately overstated the financial situation in order to force Eden out . What Treasury officials had told Macmillan was far less serious than what he told the Cabinet . In concert with U.S. actions , Saudi Arabia started an oil embargo against Britain and France . The U.S. refused to fill the gap until Britain and France agreed to a rapid withdrawal . The other NATO members refused to sell oil they received from Arab nations to Britain or France . Cease fire Play media Israelis protesting against the UN order to evacuate Gaza and Sinai , 14 February 1957 The British government faced political and economic pressure . Sir Anthony Eden , the British Prime Minister , announced a cease fire on 6 November , warning neither France nor Israel beforehand . Troops were still in Port Said and on operational manoeuvres when the order came from London . Port Said had been overrun and the military assessment was that the Suez Canal could have been completely taken within 24 hours . Eisenhower initially agreed to meet with Eden and Mollet to resolve their differences , but then cancelled the proposed meeting after Secretary of State Dulles advised him it risked inflaming the Middle Eastern situation further . Eisenhower was not in favour of an immediate withdrawal of British , French and Israeli troops until the US ambassador to the United Nations , Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. pushed for it . Eden 's predecessor Sir Winston Churchill commented on 22 November , `` I can not understand why our troops were halted . To go so far and not go on was madness . '' Churchill further added that while he might not have dared to begin the military operation , nevertheless once having ordered it he would certainly not have dared to stop it before it had achieved its objective . Without further guarantee , the Anglo - French Task Force had to finish withdrawing by 22 December 1956 , to be replaced by Danish and Colombian units of the UNEF . The Israelis refused to host any UN force on Israeli controlled territory and left the Sinai in March 1957 . Before the withdrawal the Israeli forces systematically destroyed infrastructure in Sinai peninsula , such as roads , railroads and telephone lines , and all houses in the villages of Abu Ageila and El Quseima . Before the railway was destroyed , Israel Railways captured Egyptian National Railways equipment including six locomotives and a 30 - ton breakdown crane . The UNEF was formed by forces from countries that were not part of the major alliances ( NATO and the Warsaw Pact -- though Canadian troops participated in later years , since Canada had spearheaded the idea of a neutral force ) . By 24 April 1957 the canal was fully reopened to shipping . Aftermath This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media 1957 newsreels about the aftermath of the crisis . Egyptian sovereignty and ownership of the canal had been confirmed by the United States and the United Nations . In retirement , Anthony Eden , the British Prime Minister at the time , maintained that the military response had prevented a much larger war in the Middle East . Israel had been expecting an Egyptian invasion in either March or April 1957 , as well as a Soviet invasion of Syria . The crisis may also have hastened decolonization , as many of the remaining British and French colonies gained independence over the next few years . Some argued that the imposed ending to the Crisis led to over-hasty decolonization in Africa , increasing the chance of civil wars and military dictatorships in newly independent countries . The fight over the canal also laid the groundwork for the Six - Day War in 1967 due to the lack of a peace settlement following the 1956 war and rising of tensions between Egypt and Israel . The failure of the Anglo - French mission was also seen as a failure for the United States , since the western alliance had been weakened and the military response had ultimately achieved nothing . Additionally , the Soviet Union was able to avoid most repercussions from its violent suppression of the rebellion in Hungary , and were able to present an image at the United Nations as a defender of small powers against imperialism . As a direct result of the Crisis and in order to prevent further Soviet expansion in the region , Eisenhower asked Congress on 5 January 1957 for authorization to use military force if requested by any Middle Eastern nation to check aggression and , secondly , to set aside $200 million to help Middle Eastern countries that desired aid from the United States . Congress granted both requests and this policy became known as the Eisenhower Doctrine . The Soviet Union made major gains with regards to influence in the Middle East . As American historian John Lewis Gaddis wrote : When the British - French - Israeli invasion forced them to choose , Eisenhower and Dulles came down , with instant decisiveness , on the side of the Egyptians . They preferred alignment with Arab nationalism , even if it meant alienating pro-Israeli constituencies on the eve of a presidential election in the United States , even if it meant throwing the NATO alliance into its most divisive crisis yet , even if it meant risking whatever was left of the Anglo - American ' special relationship ' , even if it meant voting with the Soviet Union in the United Nations Security Council at a time when the Russians , themselves , were invading Hungary and crushing -- far more brutally than anything that happened in Egypt -- a rebellion against their own authority there . The fact that the Eisenhower administration itself applied crushing economic pressure to the British and French to disengage from Suez , and that it subsequently forced an Israeli pull - back from the Sinai as well -- all of this , one might thought , would won the United States the lasting gratitude of Nasser , the Egyptians and the Arab world . Instead , the Americans lost influence in the Middle East as a result of Suez , while the Russians gained it . Statue of Ferdinand de Lesseps ( a Frenchman who built the Suez Canal ) was removed following the nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956 . Nikita Khrushchev 's much publicized threat expressed through letters written by Nikolai Bulganin to begin rocket attacks on 5 November on Britain , France , and Israel if they did not withdraw from Egypt was widely believed at the time to have forced a ceasefire . Accordingly , it enhanced the prestige of the Soviet Union in Egypt , the Arab world , and the Third World , who believed the USSR was prepared to launch a nuclear attack on Britain , France , and Israel for the sake of Egypt . Though Nasser in private admitted that it was American economic pressure that had saved him , it was Khrushchev , not Eisenhower , whom Nasser publicly thanked as Egypt 's saviour and special friend . Khrushchev later boasted in his memoirs : Our use of international influence to halt England , France and Israel 's aggression against Egypt in 1956 was a historic turning point ... Previously they had apparently thought that we were bluffing , when we openly said that the Soviet Union possessed powerful rockets . But then they saw that we really had rockets . And this had its effect . Khrushchev took the view that the Suez crisis had been a great triumph for Soviet nuclear brinksmanship , arguing publicly and privately that his threat to use nuclear weapons was what had saved Egypt . Khrushchev claimed in his memoirs : The governments of England and France knew perfectly well that Eisenhower 's speech condemning their aggression was just a gesture for the sake of public appearances . But when we delivered our own stern warning to the three aggressors , they knew we were n't playing games with public opinion . They took us seriously . The conclusion that Khrushchev drew from the Suez crisis , which he saw as his own personal triumph , was that the use of nuclear blackmail was a very effective tool for achieving Soviet foreign policy goals . Therefore , a long period of crises began , starting with the Berlin crisis of 1958 and culminating in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles perceived that there was a power vacuum in the Middle East , and thought the United States should fill it . Dulles 's policies , which ultimately led to the Eisenhower Doctrine , were based on the assumption that Nasser and other Arab leaders shared America 's of the Soviet Union , which was emphatically untrue . In fact , Nasser never wanted Egypt to be aligned with one single superpower , and instead preferred the Americans and Soviets vying for his friendship . Nasser saw the Eisenhower Doctrine as a heavy - handed American attempt to dominate the Middle East ( a region that Nasser believed he ought to dominate ) , and led him to ally Egypt with the Soviet Union as an effective counter-weight . It was only with the quiet abandonment of the Eisenhower Doctrine in a National Security Council review in mid-1958 that Nasser started pulling away from the Soviet Union to resume his preferred role as an opportunist who tried to use both superpowers to his advantage , playing on their animosity . The American conservative historian Arthur L. Herman claims that the episode ruined the usefulness of the United Nations to support American ideals : Suez destroyed the United Nations as well . By handing it over to Dag Hammarskjöld and his feckless ilk , Eisenhower turned the organization from the stout voice of international law and order into at best a meaningless charade ; at worst , a Machiavellian cesspool . Instead of teaching Nasser and his fellow dictators that breaking international law does not pay , Suez taught them that every transgression will be forgotten and forgiven , especially if oil is at stake ... Suez destroyed the moral authority of the so - called world community . Fifty years later , we are all still living in the rubble . Military thought The great military lesson that was reinforced by the Suez War was the extent that the desert favoured highly fluid , mobile operations and the power of aerial interdiction . French aircraft destroyed Egyptian forces threatening paratroopers at Raswa and Israeli air power saved the IDF several days ' worth of time . To operate in the open desert without air supremacy proved to be suicidal for the Egyptian forces in the Sinai . The Royal Marine helicopter assault at Port Said `` showed promise as a technique for transporting troops into small landing zones '' . Strategic bombing proved ineffective . Revise Phase II failed to achieve its aim of breaking Egyptian morale while at the same time , those civilian deaths that did occur helped to turn world opinion against the invasion and especially hurt support for the war in Britain . Egyptian urban warfare tactics at Port Said proved to be effective at slowing down the Allied advance . Finally , the war showed the importance of diplomacy . Anglo - French operations against Egypt were militarily successful , but proved to be counterproductive as opinion in both in the home front in Britain and France and the world abroad , especially in the United States , was against the operation . Europe In West Germany , the Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was shocked by the Soviet threat of nuclear strikes against Britain and France , and even more by the quiescent American response to the Soviet threat of nuclear annihilation against two of NATO 's key members . The Bulganin letters showcased Europe 's dependence upon the United States for security against Soviet nuclear threats while at the same time seeming to show that the American nuclear umbrella was not as reliable as had been advertised . As a result , the French became determined to acquire their own nuclear weapons rather than rely upon the Americans while both Germanys became even more interested in the idea of a European `` Third Force '' in the Cold War . This helped to lead to the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957 , which was intended to be the foundation of the European `` Third Force '' . The European Economic Community was the precursor to the European Union . Egypt Egypt ended as the winner , with UK and French troops withdrawn soon , and Israeli troops to withdraw later on , while keeping control over the Suez Canal . After the fighting ended , Abdel Hakim Amer , Egypt 's Chief - of - Staff , accused Nasser of provoking an unnecessary war and then blaming the military for the result . The British historian D.R. Thorpe wrote that the imposed ending to the Crisis gave Nasser `` an inflated view of his own power '' . In his mind , he had defeated the combined forces of the United Kingdom , France and Israel , whereas in fact the military operation had been `` defeated '' by pressure from the United States . Despite the Egyptian defeat , Nasser emerged as a hero in the Arab world . American historian Derek Varble commented : `` Although Egyptian forces fought with mediocre skill during the conflict , many Arabs saw Nasser as the conqueror of European colonialism and Zionism , simply because Britain , France and Israel left the Sinai and the northern canal zone '' . The Greek - American historian P.J. Vatikiotis wrote that Nasser in his speeches both in 1956 and after provided for `` superficial explanations of Egypt 's military collapse in Sinai , based on some extraordinary strategy '' and that `` Simplistic children 's tales about the Egyptian air force 's prowess in 1956 were linked in the myth of orderly withdrawal from Sinai . All this was necessary to construct yet another myth , that of Port Said . Inflating and magnifying odd and sporadic resistance into a Stalingrad - like tenacious defense , Port Said became the spirit of Egyptian independence and dignity . '' During the Nasser era , the fighting at Port Said become a huge symbol of the victory that Egypt was said to have won , which in turn was linked to as part and parcel of a wider anti-colonial struggle throughout the entire world . Thorpe wrote about Nasser 's post Suez hubris that `` The Six Day War against Israel in 1967 was when reality kicked in -- a war that would never have taken place if the Suez crisis had had a different resolution '' . Summarizing the arguments of the Egyptian writer Tawfiq al - Hakim about the links between the 1956 and 1967 wars Vatikiotis wrote : `` Were bluffing and histrionics in the nature of Nasser ? It was bluffing that led to the crushing of Egypt in 1967 , because of the mass self - deception exercised by leaders and followers alike ever since the non-existent ' Stalingrad which was Port Said ' in 1956 . '' Abolishing civil liberties Further information : 1956 -- 57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries Communities Mizrahi Persian Baghdadi Sephardi Background Jews under Muslim rule Ottoman Old Yishuv Antisemitism in the Arab World Holocaust in Libya Farhud Zionism Arab -- Israeli conflict 1948 Palestine war Suez Crisis Six - Day War Algerian War Main events Magic Carpet ( Yemen ) Ezra and Nehemiah ( Iraq ) Lebanese exodus Egyptian exodus Moroccan exodus Operation Yachin Pied - Noir ( Algeria ) Day of Revenge ( Libya ) Exodus of Iran 's Jews Resettlement Aliyah HIAS Mossad LeAliyah Bet JDC Mizrahi Jews in Israel Iranian Iraqi Kurdish Moroccan Syrian Turkish Yemenite Transition camps Immigrant camps Development towns Austerity North African Jews in France Advocation Remembrance Day JIMENA JJAC WOJAC The Forgotten Refugees Related topics Arab Jews Musta'arabi Maghrebi Jews Berber Jews In October 1956 , when the Suez Crisis erupted , Nasser brought in a set of sweeping regulations abolishing civil liberties and allowing the state to stage mass arrests without charge and strip away Egyptian citizenship from any group it desired ; these measures were mostly directed against the Jews of Egypt . As part of its new policy , 1,000 Jews were arrested and 500 Jewish businesses were seized by the government . A statement branding the Jews as `` Zionists and enemies of the state '' was read out in the mosques of Cairo and Alexandria . Jewish bank accounts were confiscated and many Jews lost their jobs . Lawyers , engineers , doctors and teachers were not allowed to work in their professions . Thousands of Jews were ordered to leave the country . They were allowed to take only one suitcase and a small sum of cash , and forced to sign declarations `` donating '' their property to the Egyptian government . Some 25,000 Jews , almost half of the Jewish community left , mainly for Israel , Europe , the United States and South America . By 1957 the Jewish population of Egypt had fallen to 15,000 . Britain The political and psychological impact of the crisis had a fundamental impact on British politics . Anthony Eden was accused of misleading parliament and resigned from office on 9 January 1957 . Eden had barely been prime minister for two years when he resigned , and his unsuccessful handling of the Suez Crisis eclipsed the successes he had achieved in the previous 30 years . Eden 's successor , Harold Macmillan , accelerated the process of decolonisation and sought to recapture the benevolence of the United States . He enjoyed a close friendship with Eisenhower , dating from the North African campaign in World War II , where General Eisenhower commanded allied invasion forces and Macmillan provided political liaison with Winston Churchill . Benefiting from his personal popularity and a healthy economy , Macmillan 's government increased its Parliamentary majority in the 1959 general election . The Suez crisis , though a blow to British power in the Near East , did not mark its end . Britain intervened successfully in Jordan to put down riots that threatened the rule of King Hussein in 1958 and in 1961 deployed troops to Kuwait to successfully deter an Iraqi invasion ; the latter deployment had been a response to the threats of the Iraqi dictator General Abd al - Karim Qasim that he would invade and annex Kuwait . However , at the same time , though British influence continued in the Middle East , Suez was a blow to British prestige in the Near East from which the country never recovered . Increasingly , British foreign policy thinking turned away from acting as a great imperial power . During the 1960s there was much speculation that Prime Minister Harold Wilson 's continued refusals to send British troops to Vietnam , even as a token force , despite President Lyndon B. Johnson 's persistent requests , were partially due to the Americans failing to support Britain during the Suez Crisis . Edward Heath was dismayed by the U.S. opposition to Britain during the Suez Crisis ; as Prime Minister in October 1973 he refused the U.S. permission to use any of the UK 's air bases to resupply during the Yom Kippur War , or to allow the Americans to gather intelligence from British bases in Cyprus . The British relationship with the United States did not suffer lasting consequences from the crisis . `` The Anglo - American ' special relationship ' was revitalised immediately after the Suez Crisis '' , writes Risse Kappen . The United States wanted to restore the prestige of its closest ally and thus `` The two governments ... engaged in almost ritualistic reassurances that their ' special relationship ' would be restored quickly '' . One example came with Britain 's first Hydrogen bomb test Operation Grapple which led to the 1958 U.S. -- UK Mutual Defence Agreement . Six years after the crisis , the Americans amazed the British by selling them state - of - the - art missile technology at a moderate cost , which became the UK Polaris programme . France Franco - American ties never recovered from the Suez crisis . There were various reasons for this . Previously there had already been strains in the Franco - American relationship triggered by what Paris considered U.S. betrayal of the French war effort in Indochina at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 . The incident demonstrated the weakness of the NATO alliance in its lack of planning and co-operation beyond the European stage . Mollet believed Eden should have delayed calling the Cabinet together until 7 November , taking the whole canal in the meantime , and then veto with the French any UN resolution on sanctions . From the point of view of General de Gaulle , the Suez events demonstrated to France that it could not rely on its allies ; the British had initiated a ceasefire in the midst of the battle without consulting the French , while the Americans had opposed Paris politically . The damage to the ties between Paris and Washington , D.C. , `` culminated in President de Gaulle 's 1966 decision to withdraw from the military integration of NATO '' . The Suez war had an immense impact on French domestic politics . Much of the French Army officer corps felt that they been `` betrayed '' by what they considered to be the spineless politicians in Paris when they were on the verge of victory just as they believed they had been `` betrayed '' in Vietnam in 1954 , and accordingly become more determined to win the war in Algeria , even if it meant overthrowing the Fourth Republic to do so . The Suez crisis thus help to set the stage for the military disillusionment with the Fourth Republic , which was to lead to the collapse of the republic in 1958 . According to the protocol of Sèvres agreements , France secretly transmitted parts of its own atomic technology to Israel , including a detonator . Israel An Israeli soldier stands next to an Egyptian gun that had blocked the Tiran Straits . The Israel Defense Forces gained confidence from the campaign . The war demonstrated that Israel was capable of executing large scale military maneuvers in addition to small night - time raids and counter insurgency operations . David Ben - Gurion , reading on 16 November that 90,000 British and French troops had been involved in the Suez affair , wrote in his diary , ' If they had only appointed a commander of ours over this force , Nasser would have been destroyed in two days . ' The war also had tangible benefits for Israel . The Straits of Tiran , closed by Egypt since 1950 was re-opened . Israeli shipping could henceforth move freely through the Straits of Tiran to and from Africa and Asia . The Israelis also secured the presence of UN Peacekeepers in Sinai . Operation Kadesh bought Israel an eleven - year lull on its southern border with Egypt . Israel escaped the political humiliation that befell Britain and France following their swift , forced withdrawal . In addition , its stubborn refusal to withdraw without guarantees , even in defiance of the United States and United Nations , ended all Western efforts , mainly American and British ones , to impose a political settlement in the Middle East without taking Israel 's security needs into consideration . In October 1965 Eisenhower told Jewish fundraiser and Republican party supporter Max M. Fisher that he greatly regretted forcing Israel to withdraw from the Sinai peninsula ; Vice-President Nixon recalled that Eisenhower expressed the same view to him on several occasions . Other parties Lester B. Pearson , who would later become the Prime Minister of Canada , was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his efforts in creating a mandate for a United Nations Peacekeeping Force , and he is considered the father of the modern concept of peacekeeping . The Suez Crisis contributed to the adoption of a new national flag of Canada in 1965 , as the Egyptian government had objected to Canadian peacekeeping troops on the grounds that their flag at that time included a British ensign . As Prime Minister , Pearson would advocate the simple Maple Leaf that was eventually adopted . After Suez , Cyprus , Aden , and Iraq became the main bases for the British in the region while the French concentrated their forces at Bizerte and Beirut . UNEF was placed in the Sinai ( on Egyptian territory only ) with the express purpose of maintaining the cease - fire . While it was effective in preventing the small - scale warfare that prevailed before 1956 and after 1967 , budgetary cutbacks and changing needs had seen the force shrink to 3,378 by 1967 . The Soviet Union , after long peering through the keyhole of a closed door on what it considered a Western sphere of influence , now found itself invited over the threshold as a friend of the Arabs . Shortly after it reopened , the canal was traversed by the first Soviet warships since World War I . The Soviets ' burgeoning influence in the Middle East , although it was not to last , included acquiring Mediterranean bases , introducing multipurpose projects , supporting the budding Palestinian liberation movement and penetrating the Arab countries . Nasser claimed to be the defender of the Palestinian cause , but his anti-Israel warlike rhetoric damaged the Palestinians since it convinced a lot of the Israelis to oppose reconciliation with the Palestinians . See also Protocol of Sèvres Operation Tarnegol Egyptian Military museum 1965 war hall . General United Kingdom -- United States relations France -- United Kingdom relations France -- United States relations Israel -- United States relations Israeli casualties of war List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Notes ^ Jump up to : Tal ( 2001 ) p 203 Jump up ^ Mart , Michelle . Eye on Israel : How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally . p. 159 . ISBN 0791466876 . Jump up ^ Stewart ( 2013 ) p 133 Jump up ^ Kunz , Diane B . The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1967 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brown , Derek ( 14 March 2001 ) . `` 1956 : Suez and the end of empire '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( 24 July 2006 ) . `` Suez : End of empire '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ History 's worst decisions and the people who made them , pp. 167 -- 172 Jump up ^ Casualties in Arab -- Israeli Wars , Jewish Virtual Library ^ Jump up to : Casualties Of Mideast Wars , Los Angeles Times ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek The Suez Crisis 1956 , Osprey : London 2003 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Britain France Israel Egypt War 1956 ^ Jump up to : Schiff , A History of the Israeli Army , 1870 -- 1974 , p. 70 , Straight Arrow Books ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ A History of the Israeli Army : 1870 - 1974 - Zeev Schiff - كتب Google Jump up ^ Israel -- The Suez War of 1956 : U.S. newsreel footage . Event occurs at 0 : 30 -- 0 : 40 . Jump up ^ Ross , Stewart ( 2004 ) . Causes and Consequences of the Arab -- Israeli Conflict . Evans Brothers . pp. 76 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 237 - 52585 - 9 . Jump up ^ Isacoff , Jonathan B. ( 2006 ) . Writing the Arab -- Israeli Conflict : Pragmatism and Historical Inquiry . Lexington Books . pp. 79 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1273 - 1 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Neil ( 1983 ) . Futile Diplomacy : Operation Alpha and the Failure of Anglo - American Coercive Diplomacy in the Arab -- Israeli Conflict , 1954 -- 1956 . Psychology Press . pp. 15 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4757 - 9 . Jump up ^ Also named : Suez Canal Crisis , Suez War , Suez -- Sinai war , Suez Campaign , Sinai Campaign , Operation Musketeer `` Port Said Remembers ' Tripartite Aggression ' of 1956 ' '' . Daily News Egypt . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . ( Arabic : أزمة السويس / ‎ العدوان الثلاثي ‎ Azmat al - Suways / al - ʻUdwān al - Thulāthī , `` Suez Crisis '' / `` the Tripartite Aggression '' ; French : Crise du canal de Suez ; Hebrew : מבצע קדש ‎ Mivtza ' Kadesh `` Operation Kadesh '' , or מלחמת סיני Milẖemet Sinai , `` Sinai War '' ) Jump up ^ Mayer , Michael S. ( 2010 ) . The Eisenhower Years . Infobase Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 9780816053872 . Jump up ^ Abernathy , David ( 2000 ) . The Dynamics of Global Dominance : European Overseas Empires , 1415 -- 1980 . Yale University Press . p . CXXXIX . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Roger Owen `` Suez Crisis '' The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World , Second edition . Joel Krieger , ed . Oxford University Press Inc. 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` An affair to remember '' . The Economist. 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Sylvia Ellis ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of Anglo - American Relations . Scarecrow Press . p. 212 . Jump up ^ Peden , G.C. ( December 2012 ) , `` Suez and Britain 's Decline as a World Power '' , The Historical Journal , Cambridge University Press , 55 ( 4 ) : 1073 -- 1096 , doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X12000246 ^ Jump up to : Major Jean - Marc Pierre ( 15 August 2014 ) . 1956 Suez Crisis And The United Nations . Tannenberg Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78289 - 608 - 1 . Still in 1950 Egypt blocked the Straits of Tiran barring Israel from the waterway ( Longgood 1958 , xii - xiii ) . Jump up ^ Mastny , Vojtech ( March 2002 ) . `` NATO in the Beholder 's Eye : Soviet Perceptions and Policies , 1949 -- 56 '' ( PDF ) . Cold War International History Project . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Jump up ^ Christopher , Adam ( 2010 ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution : Hungarian and Canadian Perspectives . University of Ottawa Press . p. 37 . ISBN 9780776607054 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry . Suez 1956 : The First Oil War . pp. 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` Suez Canal '' . Egyptian State Information Service . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Sachar . A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 12 . Jump up ^ Yergin , p. 480 Jump up ^ State of Business : Middle - East Echoes , Time , 12 November 1956 Jump up ^ Donald Watt , `` Britain and the Suez Canal '' , Royal Institute of International Affairs , 1956 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Darwin , p. 207 . `` Nothing could have been better calculated to lash popular Muslim feeling to new fury ... and to redouble Egyptian hostility to Britain on whose ' betrayal ' of the Palestine Arabs the catastrophe could easily be blamed . '' Jump up ^ Butler , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Darwin , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Vakikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , pp. 230 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Butler , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 : Egypt seizes Suez Canal '' . BBC News . 26 July 1956 . ^ Jump up to : Darwin , p. 210 Jump up ^ See : Michael N. Barnett , Confronting the Costs of War : Military Power , State , and Society in Egypt and Israel ( Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1992 ) , 82 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : through Egyptian eyes edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy towards Egypt 1955 -- 1981 p. 11 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 167 -- 168 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , Simon & Schuster : New York , 1981 , pp. 18 -- 19 & 195 . Jump up ^ Vakikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy Towards Egypt , 1955 -- 1981 , State University of New York : Albany , 1985 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , pp. 892 -- 921 from English Historical Review , Volume CXIV , Issue # 483 , September 2004 , pp. 893 -- 894 . Jump up ^ Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , pp. 892 -- 921 from English Historical Review , Volume CXIV , Issue # 483 , September 2004 , p. 900 . Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy towards Egypt , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , p. 899 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 169 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , pp. 906 -- 907 . Jump up ^ Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : through Egyptian eyes edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : through Egyptian eyes edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : through Egyptian eyes edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 170 -- 172 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 171 . Jump up ^ Love , Kenneth Suez , McGraw - Hill : New York , 1969 , pp. 306 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 170 -- 71 Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy towards Egypt , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy towards Egypt , pp. 16 -- 17 & 18 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Guy Laron ( February 2007 ) . `` Cutting the Gordian Knot : The Post-WWII Egyptian Quest for Arms and the 1955 Czechoslovak Arms Deal '' . wilsoncenter.org . p. 16 . Egyptian representatives were able to sign a new commercial agreement with Czechoslovakia on 24 October 1951 , which included a secret clause stating that `` the government of Czechoslovakia will provide the Egyptian government with arms and ammunition -- to be selected by Egyptian experts -- worth about 600 million Egyptian pounds , to be paid in Egyptian cotton . '' The Egyptian experts requested 200 tanks , 200 armored vehicles , 60 to 100 MIG - 15 planes , 2,000 trucks , 1,000 jeeps , and other items ... . Czechoslovakia would not be able to supply weapons to Egypt in 1952 . And each year , from then until 1955 , Prague kept finding new reasons to delay the shipments Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Marshal Soviet Foreign Aid , New York : Fredrich Prager , 1968 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 p. 450 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Mohamed ElBaradei ( 1982 ) , `` The Egyptian - Israeli Peace Treaty and Access to the Gulf of Aqaba : A New Legal Regime '' , American Journal of International Law , 76 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 554 , doi : 10.2307 / 2200785 Jump up ^ Kameel B. Nasr ( 1 December 1996 ) . Arab and Israeli Terrorism : The Causes and Effects of Political Violence , 1936 - 1993 . McFarland . pp. 40 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3105 - 2 . Fedayeen to attack ... almost always against civilians ^ Jump up to : Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and his Generation , pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , pp. 250 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 160 -- 161 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 234 -- 236 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic aid and American Policy towards Egypt , pp. 24 -- 25 & 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic aid and American Policy towards Egypt , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Darwin , p. 211 ^ Jump up to : Kissinger , p. 529 Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Mason , Edward & Asher , Robert The World Bank Since Bretton Woods , Washington : Brookings Institution , 1973 , p. 638 Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Isaac Alteras , Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli relations , 1953 -- 1960 ( 1993 ) ch 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Kissinger , p. 528 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 172 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 130 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Isaac Alteras ( 1993 ) . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli Relations , 1953 - 1960 . University Press of Florida . pp. 166 , 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 6 . p. 166 Egyptian territorial contiguity with Jordan ... ( Nasser ) said that `` the line should run from Dhahirya ... to Gaza Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Isaac Alteras ( 1993 ) . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. -- Israeli Relations , 1953 -- 1960 . University Press of Florida . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 6 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , pp. 306 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Vatikitos , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Hasan Afif El - Hasan ( 1 January 2010 ) . Israel Or Palestine ? Is the Two - state Solution Already Dead ? : A Political and Military History of the Palestinian - Israeli Conflict . Algora Publishing . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 794 - 6 . in 1955 ... The U.S offered to finance the High Dam on the Nile river ... in exchange for Egypt 's help to settle the Arab - Israeli conflict peacefully ... But Nasser rejected the offer because it would mean siding with the West in the Cold War ... was the quasi alliance with the soviets more important than solving the Palestinian issue peacefully ? ... since the alternative to a negotiated settlement was a war with unpredictable consequences , Nasser 's refusal to accept the Negotiation offer was irrational . Jump up ^ Kissinger , p. 530 Jump up ^ BBC On This Day , 1956 : Egypt seizes Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` 1956 : Egypt Seizes Suez Canal '' . BBC . 26 July 1956 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Sachar , p. 455 Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Israel '' . US State Department . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 105 , 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . the prominent historian and commentator Abd al - Azim Ramadan , In a series of articles published in AlWafd , subsequently compiled in a book published in 2000 , Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult ... The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , Ramadan wrote , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation ... The source of all this evil . Ramadan noted , was Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making ... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual -- Nasser -- repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 . Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel , despite the lack of military preparedness ^ Jump up to : Eayrs , James ( 1964 ) . The Commonwealth and Suez : A Documentary Survey . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : What we failed to learn from Suez . Telegraph ( 1 November 2006 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Goodwin , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` Low Conspiracy ? -- Government interference in the BBC '' ( PDF ) . Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture . 2 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 118 . ISSN 1744 - 6708 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , pp. 231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Keith Kyle Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East ( I.B. Tauris , 2003 ) , pp. 225 -- 226 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : R.G. Menzies ; Speech is of Time ; Cassell ; London ; 1958 ^ Jump up to : Brian Carroll ; From Barton to Fraser ; Cassell Australia ; 1978 Jump up ^ Le Canal de Suez et la nationalisation par le Colonel Nasser , Les Actualité Française -- AF , 08.01. 1956 Jump up ^ `` Compromise - Minded Conferees '' . Life . 27 August 1956 . p. 43 . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kingseed , Cole Christian ( 1995 ) . Eisenhower and the Suez Crisis of 1956 . Louisiana State Press . pp. 66 -- 67 . ISBN 9780807119877 . Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Tony Shaw ( 1996 ) . Eden , Suez and the Mass Media : Propaganda and Persuasion During the Suez Crisis . I.B. Tauris . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Charles Williams , Harold Macmillan ( 2009 ) p. 250 - 252 Jump up ^ Robert Rhodes James , Anthony Eden : A Biography ( 1986 ) , pp 462 -- 5 , quote p 472 dated 31 July 1956 Jump up ^ C. Philip Skardon , A Lesson for Our Times : How America Kept the Peace in the Hungary - Suez Crisis of 1956 ( 2010 ) pp 194 -- 5 Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Chaim Herzog and Shlomo Gazit , The Arab -- Israeli Wars : War and Peace in the Middle East from the 1948 War of Independence to the Present ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) pp. 113 -- 117 Jump up ^ Zeev Schiff , A History of the Israeli Army , pp. 65 -- 66 , Simon and Schuster ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Hazem Kandil ( 13 November 2012 ) . Soldiers , Spies and Statesmen : Egypt 's Road to Revolt . Verso Books . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 962 - 1 . ( Israel ) `` was alarmed by the Czech arms deal , and believed it had only a narrow window of opportunity to cripple Cairo 's drive for military parity '' . Jump up ^ Soviets Threaten Israel , Ben - Gurion Responds . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 22 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 295 -- 296 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 321 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 323 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 335 -- 336 . Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ( 1997 ) . `` The Protocol of Sèvres , 1956 : Anatomy of a War Plot '' . International Affairs . pp. 509 -- 530 . Jump up ^ Patrick Tyler ( 2012 ) . `` Fortress Israel : The Inside Story of the Military Elite Who Run the Country '' ( Hardcover ed . ) . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 28104 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zeev Maoz ( 2008 ) . `` Defending the Holy Land '' ( Paperback ed . ) . The University of Michigan Press . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11540 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : The Protocol of Sèvres 1956 Anatomy of a War Plot . Users.ox.ac.uk . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez Britain 's End of Empire , London : I.B. Tauris 2011 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 25 . Jump up ^ Natan Aridan ( 2004 ) . Britain , Israel and Anglo - Jewry : 1949 -- 57 . Psychology Press . p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 16 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 18 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 18 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 28 . Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Benny Morris , Righteous Victims , p. 289 ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Herzog ( 1982 ) p. 118 Jump up ^ Norton , Bill ( 2004 ) -- Air War on the Edge -- A History of the Israeli Air Force and its Aircraft since 1947 ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Herzog , The Arab -- Israeli Wars , p. 138 Random House , ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Nordeen , Lon Fighters Over Israel London 1991 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ed . The Aerospace Encyclopedia of Air Warfare Volume Two : 1945 to the present Aerospace Publishing London 1997 , pp. 148 -- 153 ISBN 1 - 874023 - 88 - 3 Jump up ^ Midshipman RJH Griffiths , HMS Newfoundland : The Night we sank the Domiat Jump up ^ House of Commons Debates 19 December 1956 vol 562 c180W . Hansard.millbanksystems.com ( 19 December 1956 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Geoffrey -- Crises do Happen : The Royal Navy and Operation Musketeer , Suez , 1956 ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , Michael : Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 -- 2015 , 4th ed , p. 573 Jump up ^ The battle of Haifa . The capture of Ibrahim el - Awal Jump up ^ Max Wurmbrand , The Valiant of Israel , p. 80 , Massada Press Ltd ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Pimlott -- editor British Military Operations , 1945 -- 1984 London : Guild Publishing 1984 p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 35 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 32 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 35 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 38 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 38 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 41 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 43 . Jump up ^ Special Report of the Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Covering the period 1 November 1956 to mid-December 1956 , New York , 1957 Jump up ^ Rafah , Palestine : Information with Provenance ( PIWP database ) ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 46 . Jump up ^ Joe Sacco produces comics from the hot zones . New York Times . Jump up ^ UNRWA Report to the UN General Assembly November 1 -- December 14 , 1956 Archived 29 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sacco , Joe ( 2009 ) . Footnotes in Gaza : A Graphic Novel . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7347 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 86 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Morris , Benny ( 1993 ) Israel 's Border Wars , 1949 -- 1956 . Arab Infiltration , Israeli Retaliation , and the Countdown to the Suez War . Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 827850 - 0 . p. 408 . `` On 3 November , the day Khan Yunis was conquered , IDF troops shot dead hundreds of Palestinian refugees and local inhabitants in the town . One UN report speaks of ' some 135 local resident ' and ' 140 refugees ' killed as IDF troops moved through the town and its refugee camp ' searching for people in possession of arms ' . In Rafah , which fell to the IDF on 1 -- 2 November , Israeli troops killed between forty - eight and one hundred refugees and several local residents , and wounded another sixty - one during a massive screening operation on 12 November , in which they sought to identify former Egyptian and Palestinian soldiers and Fedayeen hiding among the local population ... Another sixty - six Palestinians , probably Fedayeen , were executed in a number of other incidents during screening operations in the Gaza Strip between 2 and 20 November ... The United Nations estimated that , all told , Israeli troops killed between 447 and 550 Arab civilians in the first three weeks of the occupation of the Strip . '' ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` The Israel Navy Throughout Israel 's Wars '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 49 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Bill , Slettedahl Macpherson , Heidi ( 2005 ) Britain and the Americas : culture , politics , and history . ABC - CLIO , p. 939 . ISBN 1851094318 Jump up ^ Brown , Neville ( 2013 ) Global Instability and Strategic Crisis . Routledge , p. 40 . ISBN 1134409605 Jump up ^ Dunbabin , J.P.D. ( 1994 ) . International Relations Since 1945 : The post-imperial age : the great powers and the wider world . Longman , p. 294 . ISBN 0582227194 Jump up ^ Smith , Peter C. ( 2007 ) . Midway : Dauntless Victory : Fresh Perspectives on America 's Seminal Naval Victory of World War II . Pen & Sword , p. 277 . ISBN 1844155838 Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 53 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 54 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 50 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 52 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 399 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 pp. 457 -- 458 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 p. 458 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 60 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 61 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 62 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 62 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 66 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 87 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 88 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 88 Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 89 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 77 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 66 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 69 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 66 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 70 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 72 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 78 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 79 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 80 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , R. Ernest ; Dupuy , Trevor N. ( 1994 ) . The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History . HarperCollins . p. 1343 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 91 . Jump up ^ Donald Neff , Warriors at Suez . Amana Books , Vermont . 1988 . ISBN 0 - 915597 - 58 - 6 . p. 414 . Quotes UN report : `` thousands of wounded and dead bodies all over Sanai ( sic ) '' . Neff estimates 4000 Egyptians wounded and 6000 captured or missing in Sinai and a further 900 wounded by the Anglo - French . Jump up ^ Varble , 1956 , 2003 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Fairhall , John ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Drama sparks Suez Crisis memories '' . Eastern Daily Press . Archived from the original on 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole , Robert A.J.P. Taylor the Traitor Within the Gates , London : Macmillan 1993 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Robert A.J.P. Taylor the traitor Within the Gates , London : Macmillan 1993 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , pp. 230 & 254 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , pp. 206 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Pryce - Jones , David The Closed Circle : An Interpretation of the Arabs , Chicago : Ivan Dee , 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , pp. 230 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 388 -- 389 . Jump up ^ House of Commons Debate , 1 November 1956 , http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1956/nov/01/egypt-and-israel Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. Our Times , Hutchinson : London 2008 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. Our Times , Hutchinson : London 2008 , pp. 65 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , A.N. Our Times , Hutchinson : London 2008 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Lynn ( October 2006 ) . `` The Suez Fiasco 1956 '' . Socialism Today . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 p. 463 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton 2006 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 pp. 455 -- 456 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 pp. 456 -- 457 . ^ Jump up to : Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 p. 456 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aneurin Bevan 1956 '' . New Statesman . UK . 4 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez Britain 's End of Empire , London : I.B. Tauris 2011 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez Britain 's End of Empire , London : I.B. Tauris 2011 , pp. 441 -- 442 . Jump up ^ Russell Braddon , Suez : Splitting of a Nation ( London : Collins , 1973 ) , p. 111 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Alan Sked and Chris Cook , Post-War Britain : A Political History ( London : Penguin , 1984 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Dominic Sandbrook , Never Had It So Good : A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles ( London : Abacus , 2006 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. Our Times , Hutchinson : London 2008 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Sir Anthony Eden , Full Circle ( London : Cassell , 1960 ) , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Sandbrook , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Brian Harrison , Seeking a Role : The United Kingdom , 1951 - 1970 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) , p. 105 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Black , `` ' The Bitterest Enemies of Communism ' : Labour Revisionists , Atlanticism and the Cold War '' , Contemporary British History , 15 : 3 , Autumn 2001 , pp. 50 - 51 . Jump up ^ Lawrence James , The Rise and Fall of the British Empire ( London : Abacus , 1998 ) , p. 583 . Jump up ^ Braddon , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Braddon , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Barbara Castle , Fighting All The Way ( London : Pan , 1994 ) , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Kenneth O. Morgan , Britain Since 1945 : The People 's Peace ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ James Callaghan , Time and Chance ( London : Collins , 1987 ) , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Sked and Cook , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 88. n Jump up ^ Borhi , László ( 1999 ) . `` Containment , Rollback , Liberation or Inaction ? The United States and Hungary in the 1950s '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Cold War Studies . 1 ( 3 ) : 67 -- 108 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039799316976814 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Pike , Francis Empires at War , London : I.B. Tauris 2009 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Robert The Kingdom , New York : Avon 1981 , p. 315 . ^ Jump up to : Divine , Robert ( 1981 ) . Eisenhower and the Cold War . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 64 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Establishment of UNEF , Background at UN.org Jump up ^ Love , Kennett ( 1969 ) . Suez : The Twice - Fought War . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ John Allphin Moore and Jerry Pubantz , Encyclopedia of the United Nations ( 2008 ) 2 : 399 Jump up ^ Hendershot , Robert ; Family Spats : Perception , Illusion , and Sentimentality in the Anglo - American Special Relationship Jump up ^ UNGA Emergency Special Sessions . Un.org . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ' Nothing common and there is no wealth ' . Indianexpress.com ( 5 March 2010 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dietl , Ralph `` Suez 1956 : A European Intervention ? '' pp. 259 -- 273 from Journal of Contemporary History , Volume 43 , Issue # 2 , April 2008 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hans - Peter Konrad Adenauer : A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War , Revolution and Reconstruction , 1952 -- 1967 Oxford : Berghahn Books , 1995 pp. 241 -- 242 . ^ Jump up to : Schwarz , Hans - Peter Konrad Adenauer : A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War , Revolution and Reconstruction , 1952 -- 1967 Oxford : Berghahn Books , 1995 p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Schwarz , Hans - Peter Konrad Adenauer : A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War , Revolution and Reconstruction , 1952 -- 1967 Oxford : Berghahn Books , 1995 p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli Relations , 1953 -- 1960 , Isaac Alteras , University Press of Florida , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 8 , p. 246 . Books.google.com . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : A Restless Mind : Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter , Amos Perlmutter , Benjamin Frankel , Routledge , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4607 - 5 , Michael Brecher Essay , pp. 104 -- 117 . Books.google.com . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Avi ( 2001 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32112 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Suez Crisis . Globalsecurity.org ( 26 July 1956 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East , p. 458 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , pp. 237 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , pp. 239 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charles Harold Macmillan ( 2009 ) pp. 259 -- 261 Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East , p. 464 Jump up ^ Kennett Love , Suez : The Twice - Fought War ( New York : McGraw Hill , 1969 ) , p. 651 Jump up ^ The Suez Crisis of 1956 Archived 13 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Historylearningsite.co.uk ( 30 March 2007 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ The effect of Prime Minister Anthony Eden 's illness on his decision - making during the Suez crisis . Qjmed.oxfordjournals.org ( 6 May 2005 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Alteras , Issac Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli relations , 1953 -- 1960 p. 243 Jump up ^ Service Cinématographique des Armées SCA reportage de Paul Corcuff , 22 December 1956 Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . French Ministry of Defense archives ECPAD MO56141AR14 Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 1983 ) . The Fateful Triangle : The United States , Israel and the Palestinians . New York : South End Press . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 89608 - 187 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cotterell , Paul ( 1984 ) . The Railways of Palestine and Israel . Tourret Publishing . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 905878 - 04 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Gallery '' . Fun . Israel Railways . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Message to the Congress Transmitting the 11th Annual Report on United States Participation in the United Nations '' . University of California Santa Barbara . 14 January 1958 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Suez crisis , 1956 '' . The Arab -- Israeli Conflict , 1947 -- present . 28 August 2001 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East , p. 493 Jump up ^ `` Suez : The ' betrayal ' of Eden '' , BBC News ( 30 October 2006 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Suez Canal Crisis . Novaonline.nvcc.edu . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Delauche , Frederic Illustrated History of Europe : A Unique Guide to Europe 's Common Heritage ( 1992 ) p. 357 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 173 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 522 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 236 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 236 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 236 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 173 -- 174 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` A Man , A Plan , A Canal What Nasser wrought when he seized Suez a half century ago '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 92 . Jump up ^ Dietl , Ralph `` Suez 1956 : A European Intervention ? '' pp. 259 -- 273 from Journal of Contemporary History , Volume 43 , Issue # 2 , April 2008 , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Dietl , Ralph `` Suez 1956 : A European Intervention ? '' pp. 259 -- 273 from Journal of Contemporary History , Volume 43 , Issue # 2 , April 2008 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Hazem Kandil ( 13 November 2012 ) . Soldiers , Spies and Statesmen : Egypt 's Road to Revolt . Verso Books . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 962 - 1 . meeting on November 15 ( 1956 ) ... Amer also lashed out at Nasser , accusing him of provoking an unnecessary war and then blaming the military for the result . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , D.R. ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` What we failed to learn from Suez '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 84 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Laskier , Michael `` Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime , 1956 -- 70 '' pp. 573 -- 619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31 , Issue # 3 , July 1995 , p. 579 . Jump up ^ Laskier , Michael `` Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime , 1956 -- 70 '' pp. 573 -- 619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31 , Issue # 3 , July 1995 , pp. 579 -- 580 . ^ Jump up to : Laskier , Michael `` Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime , 1956 -- 70 '' pp. 573 -- 619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31 , Issue # 3 , July 1995 , p. 581 . ^ Jump up to : Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ WWII Behind Closed Doors : Stalin , the Nazis and the West . Biographies . Anthony Eden . PBS . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ J.M. Brown & W.R. Louis ( eds ) ( 1999 ) , The Oxford History of the British Empire , Vol. 4 : The Twentieth Century CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Horne 2008 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Adamthwaite , Anthony , `` Suez Revisited '' , International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 page 449 . Jump up ^ US - UK Special Relationship 06 Intelligence Analysis and Reporting Archived 13 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Spyinggame.wordpress.com ( 30 July 2011 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous liaisons : post-September 11 intelligence alliances '' . Harvard International Review . 2002 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Dawson , R. ; Rosecrance , R. ( 1966 ) . `` Theory and Reality in the Anglo - American Alliance '' . World Politics . 19 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 2009841 . JSTOR 2009841 . ^ Jump up to : Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Sowerwine , Charles France Since 1870 , London : Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 p. 278 . Jump up ^ Affaire de Suez , Le Pacte Secret , Peter Hercombe et Arnaud Hamelin , France 5 / Sunset Presse / Transparence , 2006 Jump up ^ Keith Kyle reviews Divided we stand by W. Scott Lucas and Blind Loyalty by W.J. Hudson LRB 25 February 1993 . Lrb.co.uk . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Herzog , p. 141 ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower and Israel : US - Israel relations 1953 -- 1960 . Isaac Alteras . Limited preview at Google Books . Jump up ^ Thorner , Thomas ( 2003 ) . A Country Nourished on Self - Doubt : Documents in Post-Confederation Canadian History . Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 548 - 4 . Jump up ^ MILITARIA Toon onderwerp -- Suez Crisis : Operation Musketeer . Militaria.forum-xl.com . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Hasan Afif El - Hasan ( 1 January 2010 ) . Israel Or Palestine ? Is the Two - state Solution Already Dead ? : A Political and Military History of the Palestinian - Israeli Conflict . Algora Publishing . pp. 154 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 794 - 6 . The ( 1956 ) war was waged by Israel , the French and the British . As stated before , Israel wanted to pre-empt the potential threat of the arms purchase , the French wanted to retaliate for Nasser 's support to the Algerian Liberation movement and the British wanted to prevent Nasser from Nationalizing the Suez Canal ... He ( Nasser ) promoted Arab nationalism and claimed himself the defender of the Palestinian cause ... but his ( Nasser ) anti Israel warlike rhetoric that was broadcast in public speeches and publicized in local press did not help the Palestinians . On the contrary , it convinced large section of the Israeli population to oppose reconciliation with the Palestinians References Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pages 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 . Arnstein , Walter L. ( 2001 ) . Britain Yesterday and Today : 1830 to the Present . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 00104 - 0 . Alteras , Isaac . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. -- Israeli relations , 1953 -- 1960 ( University Press of Florida , 1993 ) Barnett , Michael N. ( 1992 ) . Confronting the Costs of War : Military Power , State , and Society in Egypt and Israel . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 07883 - 0 . Beaufre , André ( 1969 ) . The Suez Expedition 1956 . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 571 - 08979 - 8 . ( translated from French by Richard Barry ) Bregman , Ahron ( 2002 ) . Israel 's Wars : A History Since 1947 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28716 - 2 . Bromberger , Merry and Serge Secrets of Suez Sidgwick & Jackson London 1957 ( translated from French Les Secrets de l'Expedition d'Egypte by James Cameron ) Burns , William J. ( 1985 ) . Economic Aid and American Policy toward Egypt , 1955 -- 1981 . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 0873958683 . Butler , L.J. ( 2002 ) . Britain and Empire : Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 449 - X . Childers , Erskine B. ( 1962 ) . The Road To Suez . MacGibbon & Kee . ASIN B000H47WG4 . Darwin , John ( 1988 ) . Britain and Decolonisation : The Retreat From Empire in the Post Cold War World . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 29258 - 8 . Dietl , Ralph ( April 2008 ) , `` Suez 1956 : A European Intervention ? '' , Journal of Contemporary History , Sage Publications , 43 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 273 , doi : 10.1177 / 0022009408089032 Doran , Michael . Ike 's Gamble , Free Press . Oct. 2016 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 878071 - 7 . Hendershot , Robert M. ( 2008 ) . Family Spats : Perception , Illusion , and Sentimentality in the Anglo - American Special Relationship . VDM Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 639 - 09016 - 1 . Heikal , Mohamed ( 1986 ) . Cutting The Lion 's Tail : Suez Through Egyptian eyes . London : Deutsch . ISBN 0 - 233 - 97967 - 0 . Herzog , Chaim ( 1982 ) . The Arab - Israeli Wars : War and Peace in the Middle East . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50379 - 1 . Horne , Alistair ( 2008 ) ( 1988 ) . Macmillan : The Official Biography ( Twentieth anniversary ed . ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 71083 - 2 . Hyam , Ronald ( 2006 ) . Britain 's Declining Empire : The Road to Decolonisation 1918 -- 1969 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 68555 - 9 . James , Robert Rhodes ( 1986 ) . Anthony Eden : A Biography . McGraw Hill Book Company Inc . ASIN B0040YOVBQ . Kissinger , Henry ( 1994 ) . Diplomacy . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 51099 - 1 . Kyle , Keith ( 2003 ) . Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 811 - 8 . Kunz , Diane B. ( 1991 ) . The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis . U. of North Carolina Press . Laskier , Michael `` Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime , 1956 -- 70 '' pp. 573 -- 619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31 , Issue # 3 , July 1995 . Leuliette , Pierre ( 1964 ) . St. Michael and the Dragon : Memoirs of a Paratrooper . Houghton Mifflin . Love , Kenneth ( 1969 ) . Suez The Twice Fought War . McGraw - Hill . Lucas , Scott ( 1996 ) . Britain and Suez : The Lion 's Last Roar . Manchester University Press . pp. 118 -- 30 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4579 - 7 . pp. 118 -- 130 on historiography Marshall , S.L.A ( 1958 ) . Sinai Victory : Command Decisions In History 's Shortest War , Israel 's Hundred - Hour Conquest of Egypt East of Suez , Autumn , 1956 . New York : Battery Press . ISBN 0 - 89839 - 085 - 0 . Neff , Donald ( 1981 ) . Warriors at Suez : Eisenhower takes America into the Middle - East . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 41010 - 5 . Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 . Pearson , Jonathan . ( 2002 ) Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis : Reluctant Gamble ( Springer , 2002 ) . online Reynolds , David ( 1991 ) . Brittania Overruled : British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 38249 - 1 . Risse - Kappen , Thomas ( 1997 ) ( 1995 ) . Cooperation among Democracies : The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01711 - 2 . Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : Through Egyptian eyes : Essays in honour of Professor P.J. Vatikiotis edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , ISBN 0415061032 . Sachar , Howard M. A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . Published by Alfred A. Knopf ( New York ) . 1976 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 48564 - 5 Sharon , Ariel ( 1989 ) . Warrior : The Autobiography Of Ariel Sharon . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 60555 - 0 . Stewart , Dona J. ( 2013 ) . The Middle East Today : Political , Geographical and Cultural Perspectives . Routledge . ISBN 9780415782432 . Tal , David , ed. ( 2001 ) . The 1956 War . London : Frank Cass Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4394 - 7 . Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , pp. 892 -- 921 from English Historical Review , Volume CXIV , Issue # 483 , September 2004 . Turner , Barry ( 2006 ) . Suez 1956 The World 's First War for Oil . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0340837683 . Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) . The Suez Crisis 1956 . London : Osprey . ISBN 1841764183 . Vatikiotis , Panayiotis ( 1978 ) . Nasser and His Generation . London : Croom Helm . ISBN 0 - 85664 - 433 - 1 . Verbeek , Bertjan ( 2003 ) . Decision - Making in Great Britain During the Suez Crisis . Small Groups and a Persistent Leader . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3253 - 5 . Wilson , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Our Times The age of Elizabeth II . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 0091796717 . Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 50248 - 4 ... Chapter 24 is devoted entirely to the Suez Crisis . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suez Crisis . Israel 's Second War of Independence , essay in Azure magazine . A Man , A Plan and A Canal by Arthur L. Herman Sinai Campaign 1956 Canada and the Suez Crisis July 2006 , BBC , Suez 50 years on Suez and the high tide of Arab nationalism International Socialism 112 ( 2006 ) Detailed report on the Suez campaign by Ground Forces Chief of Staff General Beaufre , French Defense Ministry archive ( French ) Bodleian Library Suez Crisis Fiftieth anniversary exhibition Suez index at Britains-smallwars.com -- accounts by British servicemen that were present 26 July speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser ( French translation ) Speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser ( Original text in Arabic ) The short film The Middle East ( 1963 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Media links Newsreel film , British Prime Minister 's broadcast at Britishpathe.com Blue Vanguard ( 1957 ) , National Film Board of Canada film for the United Nations about its role in restoring peace after the Suez Crisis ( 60 min , Ian MacNeill , dir . ) Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - 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Maratha War ( 1817 -- 18 ) Guiana ( 1823 ) Anglo - Ashanti wars ( 1824 -- 1901 ) First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 26 ) Black War ( Van Diemen 's Land ) 1828 -- 32 ) Jamaica ( 1831 -- 32 ) Malacca ( 1831 -- 33 ) Lower Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Upper Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 41 ) First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 42 ) First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) New Zealand Wars ( 1845 -- 72 ) First Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) Río de la Plata ( 1845 -- 50 ) Ceylon ( 1848 ) Second Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1848 -- 49 ) Second Anglo -- Burmese War ( 1852 ) Eureka Rebellion ( 1852 ) Anglo -- Persian War ( 1856 -- 57 ) Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 60 ) Indian Rebellion ( 1857 -- 59 ) Ambela Campaign ( 1863 -- 64 ) Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 65 ) Fenian Rebellion in Canada ( 1866 -- 71 ) Abyssinia ( 1868 ) Manitoba ( 1870 ) Perak ( 1875 -- 76 ) Anglo -- Zulu War ( 1879 ) Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1879 -- 80 ) Basutoland ( 1880 -- 81 ) First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) Mahdist War ( 1881 -- 99 ) Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 ) Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden ( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) Israeli wars and conflicts Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 -- 49 ) Reprisal operations ( 1951 -- 56 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Six - Day War ( 1967 ) War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) Operation Litani ( 1978 ) First Lebanon War ( 1982 -- 85 ) South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) First Intifada ( 1987 -- 93 ) Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Second Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) Israel -- Gaza conflict ( 2014 ) Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egypt Hamas Gaza Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Lebanon Pakistan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Hezbollah Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries Algeria China Cuba France Iran Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea Norway Pakistan Russia Sudan Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Mandatory Palestine Soviet Union United Arab Republic Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 39 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 1950s 1948 -- 49 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( Reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 70 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 79 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 93 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 05 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 06 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 08 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 09 Gaza War 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Gaza border protests Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin - Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm el - Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks Suez Canal Authorities Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) Port Said Port Authority Suez Governorate Ismailia Governorate Port Said Governorate Cities and ports Port Said Port Fuad Suez Canal Container Terminal Ismailia Suez Suez Port Infrastructure Waterworks Suezmax Lake Manzala Lake Timsah Great Bitter Lake Sweet Water Canal Constructions Port Said Lighthouse Suez Canal Bridge El Ferdan Railway Bridge Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel Power line crossing Canal expansion ( 2015 ) Area Development Project New Suez Canal Marine life Lessepsian migration List History Heroopolite Gulf Canal of the Pharaohs Société d'études du Canal de Suez ( 1846 ) French / UK operation Ferdinand de Lesseps Isma'il Pasha Suez Canal Company Convention of Constantinople Raid on the Suez Canal Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Operation Musketeer Operation Tarnegol Operation Telescope Protocol of Sèvres United Nations Security Council Resolution 118 United Nations Security Council Resolution 119 Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts GND : 4183985 - 7 SUDOC : 027586502 BNF : cb119594694 ( data ) NDL : 00571518 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suez_Crisis&oldid=835432602 '' Categories : Suez Crisis 1956 in All - Palestine ( Gaza ) 1956 in Egypt 1956 in international relations 1956 in Israel 1957 in All - Palestine ( Gaza ) 1957 in Egypt 1957 in Israel British Empire British military occupations Egypt -- Soviet Union relations France -- Israel relations France -- United Kingdom relations Israel -- United Kingdom relations October 1956 events November 1956 events Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2014 Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2011 United Kingdom - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from January 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Articles needing POV - check from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 17 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did britain go to war with egypt	[ "The Suez Crisis or the Second Arab–Israeli War[15][16][17] also named the Tripartite Aggression (in the Arab world) and Operation Kadesh or Sinai War (in Israel),[18] was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had just nationalized the canal.[19] After the fighting had started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated Great Britain and France and strengthened Nasser.[20][21][22]" ]	[ "1956" ]
-1584142049580294077	Picnic at Hanging Rock (TV series)	Picnic at Hanging Rock ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Picnic at Hanging Rock ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Picnic at Hanging Rock Amazon Video promotional poster Genre Mystery Romance Drama Based on Picnic at Hanging Rock by Joan Lindsay Written by Beatrix Christian Alice Addison Directed by Michael Rymer Larysa Kondracki Amanda Brotchie Composer ( s ) Cezary and Jan Skubiszewski Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 6 Production Executive producer ( s ) Jo Porter Anthony Ellis Penny Win Producer ( s ) Brett Popplewell Antonia Barnard Jo Porter Editor ( s ) Geoff Hitchins Anne Carter Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia Australia Distributor FremantleMedia Release Original network Showcase Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) External links Showcase - Picnic at Hanging Rock Picnic at Hanging Rock is an Australian mystery romantic drama television series that premiered on Foxtel 's Showcase on 6 May 2018 . The series was adapted from Joan Lindsay 's 1967 novel of the same name about a group of schoolgirls who , while on an outing to Hanging Rock , mysteriously disappear . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Supporting cast 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Filming commenced in February 2017 at Labassa , Caulfield , Mandeville Hall , Toorak , Rippon Lea , Elsternwick , Werribee Park , as well as Lysterfield Park and Fraser St Clunes . Cast and characters ( edit ) Natalie Dormer as Mrs Hester Appleyard , headmistress Lily Sullivan as Miranda Reid Lola Bessis as Mademoiselle Dianne de Poitiers , mistress of French Conversation Harrison Gilbertson as Michael Fitzhubert Samara Weaving as Irma Leopold Madeleine Madden as Marion Quade Inez Curro as Sara Waybourne Ruby Rees as Edith Horton Yael Stone as Miss Dora Lumley , mistress of Deportment and Bible Studies Philip Quast as Arthur Appleyard , Hester 's late husband Supporting cast ( edit ) Anna McGahan as Miss Greta McCraw , mistress of Geography and Mathematics Sibylla Budd as Mrs Valange , mistress of Art and Literature Randall Berger Kate Bradford Mark Coles Smith Ines English Kaarin Fairfax John Flaus Mayah Fredes Ros Gentle Marcus Graham Emily Gruhl Kym Gyngell Don Hany Huw Higginson James Hoare Rob Jacobson Felix Johnson Markella Kavenagh Julie Nihill Jonny Pasvolsky Alyssa Tuddenham Bethany Whitmore Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Episode One '' Larysa Kondracki Beatrix Christian 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) `` Episode Two '' Larysa Kondracki Beatrix Christian 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) `` Episode Three '' Larysa Kondracki Alice Addison & Beatrix Christian 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) `` Episode Four '' Amanda Brotchie Alice Addison 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 5 `` Episode Five '' Michael Rymer TBA 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) 6 `` Episode Six '' Michael Rymer Beatrix Christian 6 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered in Australia on Showcase in 2018 . The program was acquired by the BBC in the United Kingdom , Canal+ in France and Amazon Video in the United States . Also the series broadcast in Greece by ERT . See also ( edit ) Picnic at Hanging Rock , a 1975 film adaptation Picnic at Hanging Rock , the novel References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . screenaustralia.gov.au . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Airdate : Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . Foxtel . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Picnic at Hanging Rock '' . Showcase. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` Picnic at Hanging Rock for 2018 TV debut '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Picnic at Hanging Rock - Foxtel Picnic at Hanging Rock on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picnic_at_Hanging_Rock_(TV_series)&oldid=843564908 '' Categories : 2018 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian drama television series 2010s mystery television series English - language television programs Showcase Australia shows Television shows set in Victoria ( Australia ) Television programs based on Australian novels Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use Australian English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Articles using Template : Episode table with invalid colour combination Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was foxtel picnic at hanging rock filmed	[ "Filming commenced in February 2017 at Labassa, Caulfield, Mandeville Hall, Toorak, Rippon Lea, Elsternwick, Werribee Park, as well as Lysterfield Park and Fraser St Clunes." ]	[ "Labassa, Caulfield, Mandeville Hall, Toorak, Rippon Lea, Elsternwick, Werribee Park, as well as Lysterfield Park and Fraser St Clunes" ]
-8310745860243994006	Netflix	Netflix - wikipedia Netflix Jump to : navigation , search Netflix , Inc . Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : NFLX NASDAQ - 100 component S&P 500 Component Industry Entertainment Founded August 29 , 1997 ; 20 years ago ( 1997 - 08 - 29 ) in Scotts Valley , California , United States Founder Reed Hastings Marc Randolph Headquarters Los Gatos , California , United States Key people Reed Hastings ( Chairman , CEO ) Ted Sarandos ( CCO ) Products Streaming media video on demand Services Film production film distribution television production Revenue US $ 11.692 billion ( 2017 ) Operating income US $ 839 million ( 2017 ) Net income US $ 559 million ( 2017 ) Total assets US $ 19.013 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $ 3.582 billion ( 2017 ) Number of employees 5,400 ( 2017 ) Divisions US Streaming International Streaming Domestic DVD Subsidiaries DVD.com Millarworld Website www.netflix.com Netflix , Inc. / ˈnɛtflɪks / is an American entertainment company , headquartered in Los Gatos , California . Founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in Scotts Valley , California , the company 's primary businesses are its eponymous subscription - based , streaming video - on - demand service , which offers online streaming of a library of films and television programs , as well as the distribution and production of original films and television series that are distributed exclusively by the service . Netflix 's initial business model included DVD sales and rental by mail , although Hastings jettisoned DVD sales about a year after Netflix 's founding to focus on the DVD rental business . In 2007 , Netflix expanded its business with the introduction of streaming media , while retaining the DVD and Blu - ray rental service . The company expanded internationally , with streaming made available to Canada in 2010 and continued growing its streaming service from there ; by January 2016 , Netflix services operated in over 190 countries -- it is available worldwide except Mainland China , Syria , North Korea and Crimea . Netflix entered the content - production industry in 2012 , debuting its first series , Lilyhammer . It has greatly expanded the production of both film and television series since then , offering `` Netflix Original '' content through its online library of films and television . Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films in 2016 , more than any other network or cable channel . As of April 2018 , Netflix had 125 million total subscribers worldwide , including 56.71 million in the United States . Their efforts to produce new content , secure the rights for additional content , and diversify through 190 countries has resulted in the company racking up billions in long - term debt : $21.9 billion as of September 2017 , up from $16.8 billion from the same time the previous year , although only $6.5 billion of this is long - term debt ; the remaining are long - term obligations . Netflix 's headquarters are located at 121 Albright Way , Los Gatos , California , United States . They also have other offices in the Netherlands , Brazil , India , Japan , and South Korea . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding and establishment 1.2 Membership fee , Blockbuster acquisition offer , growth start 1.3 Video on demand introduction , declining DVD sales , global expansion 1.3. 1 Early Netflix Original content 1.4 Entertainment dominance and presence and continued growth 1.5 Rebranding and wider international expansion 2 Ownership 3 Services 3.1 History 3.2 Disc rental 3.2. 1 Qwikster 3.3 Profiles 3.3. 1 Reintroduction 4 Products 5 Content 5.1 Netflix Originals 5.2 Film and television deals 5.3 Producers and distributors 6 Device support 7 Sales and marketing 8 International expansion 9 Competitors 9.1 Time Warner 10 Awards 11 Finance and revenue 11.1 2010 11.2 2011 11.3 2014 11.4 2016 12 Legal issues and controversies 13 User information 14 Effects and legacy 14.1 The Netflix Model 15 See also 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of Netflix Founding and establishment ( edit ) Netflix 's headquarters in Los Gatos , California Netflix was founded on August 29 , 1997 , in Scotts Valley , California , by Marc Randolph and Reed Hastings . Randolph worked as a marketing director for Hastings ' company , Pure Atria . Randolph was a co-founder of MicroWarehouse , a computer mail order company , and was later employed by Borland International as vice president of marketing . Hastings , a computer scientist and mathematician , sold Pure Atria to Rational Software Corporation in 1997 for $700 million in what was then the richest acquisition in Silicon Valley history . They came up with the idea for Netflix while commuting between their homes in Santa Cruz and Pure Atria 's headquarters in Sunnyvale while waiting for government regulators to approve the merger , although Hasting has given several different explanations for how the idea was created . Hastings invested $2.5 million in startup cash for Netflix . Randolph admired the fledgling e-commerce company Amazon and wanted to find a large category of portable items to sell over the Internet using a similar model . They considered and rejected VHS tapes as too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship . When they heard about DVDs , which was first introduced in the United States on March 31 , 1997 , they tested the concept of selling or renting DVDs by mail , by mailing a compact disc to Hastings ' house in Santa Cruz . When the disc arrived intact , they decided to take on the $16 billion home video sales and rental industry . Hastings is often quoted saying that he decided to start Netflix after being fined $40 at a Blockbuster store for being late to return a copy of Apollo 13 . But this is an apocryphal story that he and Randolph designed to explain the company 's business model and motivation . Netflix was launched on April 14 , 1998 , as the world 's first online DVD rental store , with only 30 employees and 925 titles available , which was almost the entire catalogue of DVDs in print at the time , through the pay - per - rent model with rates and due dates that were similar to its bricks - and - mortar rival , Blockbuster . Membership fee , Blockbuster acquisition offer , growth start ( edit ) Netflix introduced the monthly subscription concept in September 1999 , and then dropped the single - rental model in early 2000 . Since that time , the company has built its reputation on the business model of flat - fee unlimited rentals without due dates , late fees , shipping and handling fees , or per - title rental fees . First logo , used from 1997 to 2000 Netflix logo used from 2000 to 2014 In 2000 , when Netflix had just about 300,000 subscribers and relied on the U.S. Postal Service for the delivery of their DVDs , they were losing money and offered to be acquired by Blockbuster for $50 million . They proposed that Netflix , which would rename themselves Blockbuster , would handle the online business , while Blockbuster should take care of the DVDs , making them less dependent on U.S. Postal Service . But the offer was declined . While they experienced fast growth in 2001 , both the dot - com bubble burst and the 9 / 11 attacks would occur later that year , affecting the company badly and forcing them to lay off two thirds of their 120 employees . But then the sales of DVD players finally took off as they became more affordable , selling for about $200 around Thanksgiving times , becoming one of that year 's most popular Christmas gifts . And by early 2002 Netflix saw a huge increase in their subscription business . Netflix initiated an initial public offering ( IPO ) on May 29 , 2002 , selling 5.5 million shares of common stock at the price of US $ 15.00 per share . On June 14 , 2002 , the company sold an additional 825,000 shares of common stock at the same price . After incurring substantial losses during its first few years , Netflix posted its first profit during fiscal year 2003 , earning US $6.5 million profit on revenues of US $272 million . In 2005 , 35,000 different films were available , and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day . Randolph , a dominant producer and board member for Netflix , retired from the company in 2004 . Video on demand introduction , declining DVD sales , global expansion ( edit ) For some time the company had considered offering movies online , but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net . The original idea was a `` Netflix box '' that could download movies overnight , and be ready to watch the next day . By 2005 , they had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service , and was ready to go public with it . But after discovering YouTube , and witnessing how popular streaming services were despite the lack of high - definition content , the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept instead , a project that was completed in 2007 . Netflix developed and maintains an extensive personalized video - recommendation system based on ratings and reviews by its customers . On October 1 , 2006 , Netflix offered a $1,000,000 prize to the first developer of a video - recommendation algorithm that could beat its existing algorithm Cinematch , at predicting customer ratings by more than 10 % . In February 2007 , the company delivered its billionth DVD , and began to move away from its original core business model of DVDs , by introducing video on demand via the Internet . Netflix grew as DVD sales fell from 2006 to 2011 . Another contributing factor for the company 's online DVD rental success was that they could offer a much larger selection of movie titles to choose from than Blockbuster 's rental outlets . But when they started to offer streaming content for free to its subscribers in 2007 , it could offer no more than about 1000 movies and TV - shows , just 1 % compared to its more than 100,000 different DVD titles . Yet as the popularity kept growing , the number of titles available for streaming was increasing as well , and had reached 12,000 movies and shows in June 2009 . In January 2013 , Netflix reported that it had added two million United States customers during the fourth quarter of 2012 , with a total of 27.1 million United States streaming customers , and 29.4 million total streaming customers . In addition , revenue was up 8 % to $945 million for the same period . That number increased to 36.3 million subscribers ( 29.2 million in the United States ) in April 2013 . As of September 2013 , for that year 's third quarter report , Netflix reported its total of global streaming subscribers at 40.4 million ( 31.2 million in the United States ) . By the fourth quarter of 2013 , Netflix reported 33.1 million United States subscribers . By September 2014 , Netflix had subscribers in over 40 countries , with intentions of expanding their services in unreached countries . Early Netflix original content ( edit ) Netflix has played a prominent role in independent film distribution . Through its division Red Envelope Entertainment , Netflix licensed and distributed independent films such as Born into Brothels and Sherrybaby . As of late 2006 , Red Envelope Entertainment also expanded into producing original content with filmmakers such as John Waters . Netflix closed Red Envelope Entertainment in 2008 , in part to avoid competition with its studio partners . Entertainment dominance and presence and continued growth ( edit ) Netflix has been one of the most successful dot - com ventures . In September 2002 , The New York Times reported that , at the time , Netflix mailed about 190,000 discs per day to its 670,000 monthly subscribers . The company 's published subscriber count increased from one million in the fourth quarter of 2002 to around 5.6 million at the end of the third quarter of 2006 , to 14 million in March 2010 . Netflix 's early growth was fueled by the fast spread of DVD players in households ; in 2004 , nearly two - thirds of United States homes had a DVD player . Netflix capitalized on the success of the DVD and its rapid expansion into United States homes , integrating the potential of the Internet and e-commerce to provide services and catalogs that bricks - and - mortar retailers could not compete with . Netflix also operates an online affiliate program which has helped to build online sales for DVD rentals . The company offers unlimited vacation time for salaried workers and allows employees to take any amount of their paychecks in stock options . By 2010 , Netflix 's streaming business had grown so quickly that within months the company had shifted from the fastest - growing customer of the United States Postal Service 's first - class service to the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America in the evening . In November , it began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals . On September 18 , 2011 , Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster , separating DVD rental and streaming services . Andy Rendich , a 12 - year Netflix veteran , was to be CEO of Qwikster . Qwikster would carry video games whereas Netflix did not . However , in October 2011 , Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and would not , in fact , create Qwikster for that purpose . In April 2011 , Netflix had over 23 million subscribers in the United States and over 26 million worldwide . But on October 24 , Netflix announced 800,000 unsubscribers in the United States during Q3 2011 , and more losses were expected in Q4 2011 . However Netflix 's income jumped 63 % for Q3 2011 . Year - long , the total digital revenue for Netflix reached at least $1.5 billion . On January 26 , 2012 , Netflix added 610,000 subscribers in the United States by the end of the fourth quarter of 2011 , totaling 24.4 million United States subscribers for this time period . On October 23 , however , Netflix announced an 88 % decline in profits for the third quarter of the year . Opened Netflix rental envelope containing a DVD of Coach Carter . In April 2012 , Netflix filed with the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) to form a political action committee ( PAC ) called FLIXPAC . Politico referred to the PAC , based in Los Gatos , California , as `` another political tool with which to aggressively press a pro-intellectual property , anti-video - piracy agenda . '' The hacktivist group Anonymous called for a boycott of Netflix following the news . Netflix spokesperson Joris Evers indicated that the PAC was not set up to support the Stop Online Piracy Act ( SOPA ) and the PROTECT IP Act ( PIPA ) , tweeting that the intent was to `` engage on issues like net neutrality , bandwidth caps , UBB and VPPA . '' In February 2013 , Netflix announced it would be hosting its own awards ceremony , The Flixies . On March 13 , 2013 , Netflix announced a Facebook implementation , letting United States subscribers access `` Watched by your friends '' and `` Friends ' Favorites '' by agreeing . This was not legal until the Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988 was modified in early 2013 . Re-branding and wider international expansion ( edit ) In April 2014 , Netflix approached 50 million global subscribers with a 32.3 % video streaming market share in the United States . Netflix operated in a total of 41 countries around the world . In June 2014 , Netflix unveiled a global rebranding : a new logo , which uses a modern typeface with the drop shadowing removed , and a new website UI . The change was controversial ; some liked the new minimalist design , whereas others felt more comfortable with the old interface . In July 2014 , Netflix surpassed 50 million global subscribers , with 36 million of them being in the United States . At the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show , Netflix announced a major international expansion of its service into 150 additional countries . Netflix promoted that with this expansion , it would now operate in nearly all countries that the company may legally or logistically operate in . A notable exception was China , citing the barriers of operating Internet and media services in the country due to its regulatory climate . Reed Hastings stated that the company was planning to build relationships with local media companies that could serve as partners for distributing its content in the country ( with a goal to concentrate primarily on its original content ) , but stated that they were in no hurry , and could thus take `` many years '' . Also in January 2016 Netflix announced it would begin blocking virtual private networks , or VPNs . At the same time , Netflix reported 74.8 million subscribers and predicted it would add 6.1 million more by March 2016 . Subscription growth has been fueled by its global expansion . By the end of the year , Netflix added a feature to allow customers to download and play select movies and shows while offline . In February 2017 , Netflix signed a music publishing deal with BMG Rights Management , where BMG will oversee rights outside of the United States for music associated with Netflix original content . Netflix continues to handle these tasks in - house in the United States . On April 17 , 2017 , it was reported that Netflix was nearing 100 million subscribers . On April 25 , 2017 , Netflix announced that it had reached a licensing deal in China with the Baidu - owned streaming service iQiyi , to allow selected Netflix original content to be distributed in China on the platform . The Los Angeles Times stated : '' Its series and movies account for more than a third of all prime - time download Internet traffic in North America . '' On August 7 , 2017 , Netflix acquired Millarworld , the creator - owned publishing company of comic book writer Mark Millar , It is the first ever company acquisition in Netflix 's history . Netflix plans to leverage Millar and his current and future work for future original content . Chief content officer Ted Sarandos described Millar as being a `` modern - day Stan Lee '' . The following week , Netflix announced that it had entered into an exclusive development deal with Shonda Rhimes . On January 22 , 2018 , the company crossed $100 billion in market capitalization , becoming the largest digital media and entertainment company in the world , bigger than every traditional media company except for Comcast and Disney and the 59th largest publicly traded company in the US S&P 500 Index . On March 2 , 2018 , Netflix stock price surge to new all - time high of $301.05 beating it 12 month price target of $300.00 , and finishing the session with a market capitalization of $130 billion putting it within shouting distance of traditional media giants like Disney ( $155 billion ) and Comcast ( $169 billion ) . The milestone came a day after British satcaster Sky announced a new agreement with Netflix to integrate Netflix 's subscription VOD offering into its pay - TV service . Customers with its high - end Sky Q set - top box and service will be able see Netflix titles alongside their regular Sky channels . Ownership ( edit ) As of 2017 , Netflix shares were mainly held by institutional investors , including Capital Group Companies , The Vanguard Group , BlackRock and others . Services ( edit ) Netflix 's video on demand streaming service , formerly branded as Watch Now , allows subscribers to stream television series and films via the Netflix website on personal computers , or the Netflix software on a variety of supported platforms , including smartphones and tablets , digital media players , video game consoles , and smart TVs According to a Nielsen survey in July 2011 , 42 % of Netflix users used a standalone computer , 25 % used the Wii , 14 % by connecting computers to a television , 13 % with a PlayStation 3 and 12 % an Xbox 360 . When the streaming service first launched , Netflix 's disc rental subscribers were given access at no additional charge . Subscribers were allowed approximately one hour of streaming per dollar spent on the monthly subscription ( a $16.99 plan , for example , entitled the subscriber to 17 hours of streaming media ) . In January 2008 , however , Netflix lifted this restriction , at which point virtually all rental - disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost ( however , subscribers on the restricted plan of two DVDs per month ( $4.99 ) remained limited to two hours of streaming per month ) . This change came in a response to the introduction of Hulu and to Apple 's new video - rental services . Netflix later split DVD rental subscriptions and streaming subscriptions into separate , standalone services , at which point the monthly caps on Internet streaming were lifted . Netflix service plans are currently divided into three price tiers ; the lowest offers standard definition streaming on a single device , the second allows high definition streaming on two devices simultaneously , and the `` Platinum '' tier allows simultaneous streaming on up to four devices , and 4K streaming on supported devices and Internet connections . The HD subscription plan historically cost US $7.99 ; in April 2014 , Netflix announced that it would raise the price of this plan to $9.99 for new subscribers , but that existing customers would be grandfathered under this older price until May 2016 , after which they could downgrade to the SD - only tier at the same price , or pay the higher fee for continued high definition access . On November 30 , 2016 , Netflix launched an offline playback feature , allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps on Android or iOS to cache content on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing without an Internet connection . The feature is primarily available on selected series and films , and Netflix stated that more content would be supported by the feature over time . Netflix will partner with airlines to provide them with its mobile streaming technology . This will start in early 2018 as part of an effort to get airlines to provide better in - flight Wi - Fi . History ( edit ) Marc Randolph , co-founder of Netflix and the first CEO of the company . Reed Hastings , co-founder and the current Chairman and CEO . On October 1 , 2008 , Netflix announced a partnership with Starz to bring 2,500 + new films and shows to `` Watch Instantly '' , under Starz Play . In August 2010 , Netflix reached a five - year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films from Paramount , Lionsgate and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . The deal increased Netflix 's annual spending fees , adding roughly $200 million per year . It spent $117 million in the first six months of 2010 on streaming , up from $31 million in 2009 . On July 12 , 2011 , Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans : one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services . The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month , while DVD rental would start at the same price . The announcement led to panned reception amongst Netflix 's Facebook followers , who posted negative comments on its wall . Twitter comments spiked a negative `` Dear Netflix '' trend . The company defended its decision during its initial announcement of the change : `` Given the long life we think DVDs by mail will have , treating DVDs as a $2 add - on to our unlimited streaming plan neither makes great financial sense nor satisfies people who just want DVDs . Creating an unlimited - DVDs - by - mail plan ( no streaming ) at our lowest price ever , $7.99 , does make sense and will ensure a long life for our DVDs - by - mail offering . '' In a reversal , Netflix announced in October that its streaming and DVD - rental plans would remain branded together . Disc rental ( edit ) In the United States , the company provides a monthly flat - fee for DVD and Blu - ray rentals . A subscriber creates a rental queue , a list , of films to rent . The films are delivered individually via the United States Postal Service from regional warehouses . As of March 28 , 2011 , Netflix had 58 shipping locations throughout the United States The subscriber can keep the rented disc as long as desired , but there is a limit on the number of discs that each subscriber can have simultaneously via different tiers . To rent a new disc , the subscriber must return the previous disc in a metered reply mail envelope . Upon receipt , Netflix ships the next available disc in the subscriber 's rental queue . Netflix offers pricing tiers for DVD rental . On November 21 , 2008 , Netflix began offering subscribers rentals on Blu - ray disc for an additional fee . In addition , Netflix sold used discs , delivered and billed identically as rentals . This service was discontinued at the end of November . On January 6 , 2010 , Netflix agreed with Warner Bros. to delay new release rentals 28 days prior to retail , in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies , with similar deals involving Universal and 20th Century Fox were reached on April 9 . In 2011 , Netflix split its service pricing . Currently , Netflix 's disc rental memberships range from $7.99 to $19.99 / m , including a free one - month trial and unlimited DVD exchanges . Qwikster ( edit ) On September 18 , 2011 , Netflix announced that it would split out and rebrand its DVD - by - mail service as Qwikster . CEO Reed Hastings justified the decision , stating that `` we realized that streaming and DVD by mail are becoming two quite different businesses , with very different cost structures , different benefits that need to be marketed differently , and we need to let each grow and operate independently . '' It was also announced that the re-branded service would add video game rentals . The decision to split the services was widely criticized ; it was noted that the two websites would have been autonomous from each other ( with ratings , reviews , and queues not carrying over between them ) , and would have required separate user accounts . Additionally , the two websites would require separate subscriptions , meaning that a bundle of DVD - by - mail and streaming service now cost US $16 per - month rather than $10 . On October 10 , 2011 , Netflix announced that it had shelved the planned re-branding in response to customer feedback , and that the DVD - by - mail and streaming services would continue to operate through a single website under the Netflix brand . However , the pricing increase was not reversed . Netflix stated that it had lost 800,000 subscribers in the fourth quarter of 2011 -- a loss partially credited to the poor reception of the aborted re-branding . In March 2012 , Netflix confirmed to TechCrunch that it had acquired the domain name DVD.com . By 2016 , Netflix had quietly rebranded its DVD - by - mail service under the name DVD.com , A Netflix Company . As of 2017 , the service still has 3.3 million customers , and Hastings plans to keep it for at least five more years . The first quarter of 2018 , DVD rentals gave $60.2 million profit from $120.4 million in revenue . Profiles ( edit ) In June 2008 , Netflix announced plans to eliminate its online subscriber profile feature . Profiles allow one subscriber account to contain multiple users ( for example , a couple , two roommates , or parent and child ) with separate DVD queues , ratings , recommendations , friend lists , reviews , and intra-site communications for each . Netflix contended that elimination of profiles would improve the customer experience . However , likely as a result of negative reviews and reaction by Netflix users , Netflix reversed its decision to remove profiles 11 days after the announcement . In announcing the reinstatement of profiles , Netflix defended its original decision , stating , `` Because of an ongoing desire to make our website easier to use , we believed taking a feature away that is only used by a very small minority would help us improve the site for everyone , '' then explained its reversal : `` Listening to our members , we realized that users of this feature often describe it as an essential part of their Netflix experience . Simplicity is only one virtue and it can certainly be outweighed by utility . '' Reintroduction ( edit ) Netflix reinvigorated the `` Profiles '' feature on August 1 , 2013 that permits accounts to accommodate up to five user profiles , associated either with individuals or thematic occasions . `` Profiles '' effectively divides the interest of each user , so that each will receive individualized suggestions and adding favorites individually . `` This is important '' , according to Todd Yellin , Netflix 's Vice President of Product Innovation , because , `` About 75 percent to 80 percent of what people watch on Netflix comes from what Netflix recommends , not from what people search for '' . Moreover , Mike McGuire , a VP at Gartner , said : `` profiles will give Netflix even more detailed information about its subscribers and their viewing habits , allowing the company to make better decisions about what movies and TV shows to offer '' . Additionally , profiles lets users link their individual Facebook accounts , and thus share individual watch queues and recommendations , since its addition in March after lobbying Congress to change an outdated act . Neil Hunt , Netflix 's former Chief Product Officer , told CNNMoney : `` profiles are another way to stand out in the crowded streaming - video space '' , and , `` The company said focus - group testing showed that profiles generate more viewing and more engagement '' . Hunt says Netflix may link profiles to specific devices , in time , so a subscriber can skip the step of launching a specific profile each time s / he logs into Netflix on a given device . Critics of the feature have noted : New profiles are created as `` blank slates '' , but viewing history prior to profile creations stays profile - wide . People do n't always watch Netflix alone , and media watched with viewing partner ( s ) -- whose tastes might not reflect the owner ( s ) -- affect recommendations made to that profile In response to both concerns , however , users can refine future recommendations for a given profile by rating the shows watched and by their ongoing viewing habits . Products ( edit ) An Aquos remote control with a Netflix button In 2007 , Netflix recruited one of the early DVR business pioneers Anthony Wood to build a `` Netflix Player '' that would allow streaming content to be played directly on a television set rather than a PC or laptop . While the player was initially developed at Netflix , Reed Hastings eventually shut down the project to help encourage other hardware manufacturers to include built - in Netflix support . Wood eventually launched the player as the first device from Roku Inc. which is now primarily known for its streaming video players , with Netflix serving as a primary investor in the new company . In 2011 , Netflix introduced a Netflix button for certain remote controls , allowing users to instantly access Netflix on compatible devices . Netflix revealed a prototype of the new device called `` The Switch '' at the 2015 World Maker Faire New York . `` The Switch '' allows Netflix users to turn off lights when connected to a smart home light system . It also connects to users ' local networks to enable their servers to order takeout , and silence one 's phone at the press of a button . Though the device has n't been patented , Netflix released instructions on their website , on how to build it at home ( DIY ) . The instructions cover both the electrical structure and the programming processes . Since 2015 , the company received significant technical support from France 's CNRS concerning video compression and formating , through CNRS ' Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes ( LS2N ) . In March 2017 at Barcelona 's World Congress for mobile technologies , the American company presented the French lab 's open - source technological creation : a compression tool allowing HD+ video quality with a bandwidth need of under 100 kilo octets per second , 40 times less than that of HD TV needs and compatible with mobile services worldwide . In May 2016 , Netflix created a new tool called FAST to determine how fast one 's Internet connection is . Content ( edit ) Netflix originals ( edit ) Further information : List of original programs distributed by Netflix , List of original films distributed by Netflix , and List of original stand - up comedy specials distributed by Netflix A `` Netflix Original '' is content that is produced , co-produced , or distributed by Netflix exclusively on their services . Netflix funds their original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign a project , providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series . In March 2011 , Netflix began acquiring original content for its library , beginning with the hour - long political drama House of Cards , which debuted in February 2013 . The series was produced by David Fincher , and stars Kevin Spacey . In late 2011 , Netflix picked up two eight - episode seasons of Lilyhammer and a fourth season of the ex-Fox sitcom Arrested Development . Netflix released the supernatural drama series Hemlock Grove in early 2013 . In February 2013 , DreamWorks Animation and Netflix co-produced Turbo FAST , based on the movie Turbo , which premiered in July . Netflix has distributed over a dozen other animated family and kid shows , including All Hail King Julien , The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show , Dawn of the Croods , Voltron : Legendary Defender , and Kulipari : An Army of Frogs . Logos of some Netflix original programs Orange Is the New Black debuted on the streaming service in July 2013 . In a rare discussion of a Netflix show 's ratings , Netflix executives have commented that the show is Netflix 's most - watched original series . In February 2016 , Orange is the New Black was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season . On June 9 , 2017 , season 5 was premiered and the new season is expected to premier in 2018 , Summer . In November 2013 , Netflix and Marvel Television announced a five - season deal to produce live action Marvel superhero - focused series : Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Iron Fist and Luke Cage . The deal involves the release of four 13 - episode seasons that culminate in a mini-series called The Defenders . Daredevil and Jessica Jones premiered in 2015 . The Luke Cage series premiered on September 30 , 2016 , followed by Iron Fist on March 17 , 2017 and The Defenders on August 18 , 2017 . In April 2016 the Netflix series in the Marvel Cinematic Universe were expanded further , to include a 13 - episode series of The Punisher . In addition to the Marvel deal , Disney announced that the television series Star Wars : The Clone Wars would release its sixth and final season on Netflix , as well as all five prior and the feature film . The new Star Wars content was released on Netflix 's streaming service on March 7 , 2014 . In April 2014 , Netflix signed Arrested Development creator Mitch Hurwitz and his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service . The period drama Marco Polo premiered on December 12 , 2014 . The animated sitcom BoJack Horseman premiered in August 2014 , to mixed reviews on release but garnering wide critical acclaim for the following seasons . The science fiction drama Sense8 debuted in June 2015 , which was written and produced by The Wachowskis and J. Michael Straczynski Bloodline and Narcos were two other drama series that Netflix released in 2015 . On November 6 , 2015 , Master of None premiered , starring Aziz Ansari . Other comedy shows premiering in 2015 included Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , Grace and Frankie , Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp , and W / Bob & David . Netflix continued to dramatically expand their original content in 2016 . The science fiction supernatural drama Stranger Things premiered in July 2016 , the music - driven drama The Get Down in August , and the year 's premieres included comedy shows such as Love , Flaked , Netflix Presents : The Characters , The Ranch , and Lady Dynamite . Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films in 2016 , more than any other network or cable channel . On September 14 , 2016 , Netflix and 20th Century Fox jointly acquired the U.S distribution rights to the Canadian independent drama film Two Lovers and a Bear following its screening at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9 , 2016 . Netflix has also invested in distributing exclusive stand - up comedy specials from such notable comedians as Dave Chappelle , Louis C.K. , Chris Rock , Jim Gaffigan , Bill Burr and Jerry Seinfeld . In January 2017 , Netflix announced all Seinfeld 's Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee episodes and season 10 would be on their service . The company has started internally self - producing its original content , such as The Ranch and Chelsea , through its Netflix Studios production house . Netflix expected to release 1,000 hours of original content in 2017 . In October 2017 , Netflix iterated a goal of having half of its library consist of original content by 2019 , announcing a plan to invest $8 billion on original content in 2018 . There will be a particular focus on films and anime through this investment , with a plan to produce 80 original films and 30 anime series . In September 2017 , Minister of Heritage Mélanie Joly also announced that Netflix had agreed to make a CDN $ 500 million ( US $400 million ) investment over the next five years in the production of content in Canada . The company denied that the deal was intended to result in a tax break . In November 2017 , Netflix announced that it would be making its first original Colombian series , to be executive produced by Ciro Guerra . Film and television deals ( edit ) Netflix currently has exclusive pay TV deals with several studios . The pay TV deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms . As of 2014 , films catalogued in Netflix 's United States library include recent releases from Relativity Media and its subsidiary Rogue Pictures , as well as DreamWorks Animation , Open Road Films ( though this deal expired in 2017 ; Showtime has assumed pay television rights ) , FilmDistrict , The Weinstein Company ( one of whose founders , Harvey Weinstein , has been accused of sexual harassment as of 2017 ( see Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations ) , causing Netflix to decide not to host the 75th Golden Globe Awards with TWC , thus ending its Golden Globes partnership with the mini-major film studio ) , Sony Pictures Animation , and the Walt Disney Studios catalog among others . Other distributors who have sold back - catalog rights to Netflix include Warner Bros. , Universal Pictures , Sony Pictures Entertainment , 20th Century Fox , and The Walt Disney Studios . Netflix also holds current and back - catalog rights to television programs distributed by Disney -- ABC Television Group , DreamWorks Classics , Kino International , Warner Bros. Television , 20th Television and CBS Television Distribution , along with titles from other companies such as Hasbro Studios , Saban Brands , Funimation , and Viz Media . Formerly , the streaming service also held rights to select television programs distributed by NBCUniversal Television Distribution and Sony Pictures Television . Netflix also previously held the rights to select titles from vintage re-distributor The Criterion Collection , but these titles pulled from Netflix and added to Hulu 's library . Epix signed a five - year streaming deal with Netflix . For the initial two years of this agreement , first - run and back - catalog content from Epix was exclusive to Netflix . Epix films would come to Netflix 90 days after their premiere on Epix . However , the exclusivity clause ended on September 4 , 2012 , when Amazon signed a deal with Epix to distribute its titles via the Amazon Video streaming service . These include films from Paramount , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and Lionsgate . On September 1 , 2011 , Starz ceased talks with Netflix to renew their streaming arrangement . As a result , Starz 's library of films and series were removed from Netflix on February 28 , 2012 . Titles available on DVD were not affected and can still be acquired from Netflix via their DVD - by - mail service . However , select films broadcast on Starz continue to be available on Netflix under license from their respective television distributors . Netflix also negotiated to distribute animated films from Universal that HBO declined to acquire , such as The Lorax , ParaNorman , and Minions . On August 23 , 2012 , Netflix and The Weinstein Company signed a multi-year output deal for RADiUS - TWC films . Later that year , on December 4 , Netflix and Disney announced an exclusive multi-year agreement for first - run United States subscription television rights to Walt Disney Studios ' animated and live - action films , which were available on Netflix beginning in 2016 . However , classics such as Dumbo , Alice in Wonderland and Pocahontas were instantly available upon completion of the deal . Direct - to - video releases were made available in 2013 . The agreement with Disney is scheduled to end in 2019 , as the company is preparing to launch a new streaming service that will carry all Walt Disney Pictures , Marvel Studios , and Lucasfilm releases . Netflix will retain rights to continue streaming the Marvel series that were produced for the service . With the Disney - Fox merger , movie and TV titles from 20th Century Fox will likely follow suit after their deal with Netflix expires , except Two Lovers and a Bear , which Netflix will likely retain U.S streaming rights to as Fox and Netflix jointly acquired the U.S distribution rights to the film . On January 14 , 2013 , Netflix signed an agreement with Time Warner 's Turner Broadcasting System and Warner Bros. Television to distribute Cartoon Network , Warner Bros. Animation , and Adult Swim content , as well as TNT 's Dallas , beginning in March 2013 . The rights to these programs , previously held by Amazon Video , were given to Netflix shortly after their deal with Viacom to stream Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. programs expired . However , Cartoon Network 's ratings dropped by 10 % in households that had Netflix , and so many of the shows from that channel and Adult Swim were removed in March 2015 . However , most of these shows were added to Hulu in May of the same year . In Canada , Netflix holds pay TV rights to films from Paramount , DreamWorks Animation and 20th Century Fox ( shared with The Movie Network ) , distributing all new content from those studios eight months after initial release . In 2015 , the company also bought the Canadian pay TV rights to Disney films . In 2014 , opinion web blogger Felix Salmon wrote that Netflix could n't `` afford the content that its subscribers most want to watch . '' He cited as evidence the company 's loss of rights to stream several major movies . According to journalist Megan McArdle , the loss of these movies was extremely problematic for the company ; specifically , she said that `` ( Netflix 's ) movie library is no longer actually a good substitute for a good movie rental place '' . Netflix also began to acquire distribution rights to third - party films in 2017 into 2018 . One of its first acquisitions was the film The Cloverfield Paradox , which Netflix had acquired from Paramount Pictures in early 2018 , and launched on its service on February 4 , 2018 , shortly after airing its first trailer during Super Bowl LII . While the film was critically panned , analysts believed that Netflix 's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release , while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal . Other films acquired by Netflix includes international distribution for Paramounts Annihilation , and worldwide distribution of Universal 's Extinction . Producers and distributors ( edit ) 20th Television , 20th Century Fox Television Aniplex of America BBC Earth CBS Corporation , CBS Television Studios DreamWorks Animation Funimation Hasbro Studios Kino International , NBCUniversal , Universal Television Saban Brands Universal Pictures Viz Media Warner Bros. Pictures , Warner Bros. Television Paramount Pictures Device support ( edit ) Main article : List of Netflix - compatible devices Devices that are compatible with Netflix streaming services include Blu - ray Disc players , tablet computers , mobile phones , high - definition television ( HDTV ) receivers , home theater systems , set - top boxes , and video game consoles . 4K streaming requires a 4K - compatible device and display , both supporting HDCP 2.2. 4K streaming on personal computers requires hardware and software support of the Microsoft PlayReady 3.0 digital rights management solution , which requires a compatible CPU , graphics card , and software environment . Currently , this feature is limited to Intel 7th gen Core CPUs and AMD Ryzen APUs or later , Windows 10 , Nvidia Geforce 10 series and AMD Radeon 400 series or later graphics cards , and running through Microsoft Edge web browser , or the UWP Netflix app . Sales and marketing ( edit ) Netflix 's booth at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Netflix 's website has 117.6 million subscribers as of 2018 , with 8.3 million being added in their last quarter . This was about five times the number of visitors to Blockbuster 's main website . As of January 28 , 2018 , Netflix 's website ranked as the 30th most trafficked website in the world and 9th most trafficked website in the United States . During Q1 2011 , sales and rentals of DVDs and Blu - ray discs plunged about 35 % , and the sell - through of packaged discs fell 19.99 % to $2.07 billion , with more money spent on subscription than in - store rentals . This decrease was attributed to the rising popularity of Netflix and other streaming services . In July 2012 , Netflix hired Kelly Bennett -- former Warner Bros. Vice President of Interactive , Worldwide Marketing -- to become its new Chief Marketing Officer . This also filled a vacancy at Netflix that had been empty for over six months when their previous CMO Leslie Kilgore left in January 2012 . Netflix has a Twitter feed , used to tweet about the new and upcoming shows that include hashtags to encourage engagement of their audience to not only watch the show but to contribute to the hashtag themselves . International expansion ( edit ) Main article : International expansion of Netflix Whilst Netflx 's service is available in many countries , receivable content is extremely limited in some . e.g. movies and TV series per country : 6,991 USA , 4.674 UK , 2,852 Germany , ( as of March 2018 ) . Availability of Netflix , as of Jan. 2016 : Available Not available 2007 Netflix began streaming in the United States . The company first began offering streaming service to the international market on September 22 , 2010 in Canada . 2011 Netflix expanded its streaming service to Latin America , the Caribbean and the Guianas . 2012 Netflix started its expansion to Europe in 2012 , launching in the United Kingdom and Ireland on January 4 . By September 18 it had expanded to Denmark , Finland , Norway and Sweden . 2013 The company decided to slow expansion in order to control subscription costs . It only expanded to the Netherlands . 2014 Netflix became available in Austria , Belgium , France , Germany , Luxembourg , India and Switzerland . 2015 Netflix expanded to Australia and New Zealand , Japan , Italy , Portugal , and Spain . 2016 Netflix announced at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2016 that it had become available everywhere worldwide outside of Mainland China , Syria , North Korea and the territory of Crimea . 2017 In April 2017 , Netflix confirmed it had reached a licensing deal in Mainland China for original Netflix content with iQiYi , a Chinese video streaming platform owned by Baidu . Signs of Netflix at BTS Thong Lor , Bangkok . As of December 2017 , Netflix officially supports 22 languages for user interface and customer support purposes : Arabic ( Modern Standard ) , Bulgarian , Chinese ( Simplified and Traditional ) , Danish , Dutch , English , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Norwegian ( Bokmål ) , Polish , Portuguese ( Brazilian and European ) , Romanian , Spanish ( Castilian and Standard ) , Swedish , Thai and Turkish . Competitors ( edit ) See also : Online DVD rental and Video on demand Netflix 's success was followed by the establishment of numerous other DVD rental companies , both in the United States and abroad . Walmart began an online rental service in October 2002 but left the market in May 2005 . However , Walmart later acquired the rental service Vudu in 2010 . Blockbuster Video entered the United States online market in August 2004 , with a US $19.95 monthly subscription service ( equivalent to $25.85 in 2017 ) . This sparked a price war ; Netflix had raised its popular three - disc plan from US $19.95 to US $21.99 just prior to Blockbuster 's launch , but by October , Netflix reduced this fee to US $17.99 . Blockbuster responded with rates as low as US $14.99 for a time , but , by August 2005 , both companies settled at identical rates . On July 22 , 2007 , Netflix dropped the prices of its two most popular plans by US $1.00 in an effort to better compete with Blockbuster 's online - only offerings . On October 4 , 2012 , Dish Network scrapped plans to make Blockbuster into a Netflix competitor . ( Dish bought the ailing Blockbuster , LLC in 2011 and will continue to license the brand name to franchise locations , and keep its `` Blockbuster on Demand '' video streaming service open . ) In 2005 , Netflix cited Amazon.com as a potential competitor , which until 2008 , offered online video rentals in the United Kingdom and Germany . This arm of the business was eventually sold to LoveFilm ; however , Amazon then bought LoveFilm in 2011 . In addition , Amazon now streams movies and television shows through Amazon Video ( formerly Amazon Video On Demand and LOVEFiLM Instant ) . Redbox is another competitor that uses a kiosk approach : Rather than mailing DVDs , customers pick up and return DVDs at self - service kiosks located in metropolitan areas . In September 2012 , Coinstar , the owners of Redbox , announced plans to partner with Verizon to launch Redbox Instant by Verizon by late 2012 . In early 2013 , Redbox Instant by Verizon began a limited beta release of its service , which was described by critics as `` No Netflix killer '' due to `` glitches ( and ) lackluster selection . '' CuriosityStream , a premium ad - free , subscription - based service launched in March 2015 similar to Netflix but offering strictly nonfiction content in the areas of science , technology , civilization and the human spirit , has been dubbed the `` new Netflix for non-fiction '' . Hulu Plus , like Netflix and Amazon Prime Instant Video , `` ink ( s ) their own deals for exclusive and original content '' , requiring Netflix `` not only to continue to attract new subscribers , but also keep existing ones happy . '' Netflix and Blockbuster largely avoid offering pornography , but several `` adult video '' subscription services were inspired by Netflix , such as SugarDVD and WantedList . In Australia , Netflix competes with several local streaming companies , most notably locally operated services Stan and Quickflix . In the Nordic countries , Netflix competes with Viaplay , HBO Nordic and C More . In Southeast Asia , Netflix competes with HOOQ , Astro On the Go , Sky on Demand , Singtel TV , HomeCable OnDemand , and iflix . In New Zealand , Netflix competes with local streaming companies including Television New Zealand ( TVNZ ) , Mediaworks New Zealand , Sky Network Television , Lightbox , Neon and Quickflix . In Italy , Netflix competes with Infinity , Now TV and TIMvision . In South Africa , Netflix competes with Showmax . In the Middle East , Netflix competes with Starz Play Arabia . In Mexico , when Televisa launched its own streaming service Blim , it was heavily criticized for not understanding millennials , Netflix themselves also criticized the poor quality of the productions content made by Televisa . Time Warner ( edit ) In a 2010 New York Times interview , Time Warner CEO Jeff Bewkes downplayed Netflix as a threat to more traditional media companies . Bewkes told the newspaper , `` It 's a little bit like , is the Albanian army going to take over the world ? I do n't think so . '' At the same time , he recognized that the company 's DVD service may have contributed to a decline in DVD sales , and regarding the industry 's willingness to make special deals with Netflix in the future , he added `` this has been an era of experimentation , and I think it 's coming to a close . '' Bewkes later refined his position , stating during a 2011 conference call that `` things like Netflix are welcome additions to the infrastructure . They can monetize value for companies like Warner that maybe there was n't -- in terms of efficiency for older product , was n't as available before ( ... ) Our view of Netflix has been very consistent . I 've tried at times to be humorous about it , sometimes to make a point . '' Awards ( edit ) Further information : List of accolades received by Netflix On July 18 , 2013 , Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online - only web television programs at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . Three of its web series , Arrested Development , Hemlock Grove and House of Cards , earned a combined 14 nominations ( nine for House of Cards , three for Arrested Development and two for Hemlock Grove ) . The House of Cards episode `` Chapter 1 '' received four nominations for both the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , becoming the first webisode of a television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination : David Fincher was nominated in the category of Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series . `` Chapter 1 '' joined Arrested Development 's `` Flight of the Phoenix '' and Hemlock Grove 's `` Children of the Night '' as the first webisodes to earn Creative Arts Emmy Award nomination , and with its win for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series , `` Chapter 1 '' became the first webisode to be awarded an Emmy . Fincher 's win for Directing for a Drama Series made the episode the first Primetime Emmy - awarded webisode . On December 12 , 2013 , the network earned six Golden Globe Award nominations , including four for House of Cards . Among those nominations was Wright for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama for her portrayal of Claire Underwood , which she won at the 71st Golden Globe Awards on January 12 . With the accolade , Wright became the first actress to win a Golden Globe for an online - only web television series . It also marked Netflix ' first major acting award . House of Cards and Orange is the New Black also won Peabody Awards in 2013 . On July 10 , 2014 , Netflix received 31 Emmy nominations . Among other nominations , House of Cards received nominations for Outstanding Drama Series , Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series . Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . Orange is the New Black was nominated in the comedy categories , earning nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing For A Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing For A Comedy Series . Taylor Schilling , Kate Mulgrew and Uzo Aduba were respectively nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series , Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series ( the latter was for Aduba 's recurring role in season one , as she was promoted to series regular for the show 's second season ) . Netflix got the largest share of 2016 Emmy award nominations among its competitors , with 16 major nominations . However , streaming shows only got 24 nominations out of a total of 139 , falling significantly behind cable . The 16 Netflix nominees were : House of Cards with Kevin Spacey , A Very Murray Christmas with Bill Murray , Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , Master of None , and Bloodline . Stranger Things received 19 nominations at the 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards , while The Crown received 13 nominations . In April 2017 , Netflix was nominated for Broadcaster of the Year in the UK 's Diversity in Media Awards . In December 2017 , Netflix was awarded PETA 's Company Of The Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries like Forks Over Knives and What The Health . At the 90th Academy Awards , held on March 4 , 2018 , Netflix won the Oscar for Best Documentary Feature for the film Icarus . During his remarks backstage , director and writer Bryan Fogel remarked that Netflix had `` single - handedly changed the documentary world . '' Icarus had its premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival and was bought by Netflix for $5 million , one of the biggest deals ever for a non-fiction film . Finance and revenue ( edit ) In 2010 , Netflix 's stock price increased 219 % to $175.70 and it added eight million subscribers , bringing its total to 20 million . Revenue jumped 29 % to $2.16 billion and net income was up 39 % to $161 million . 2011 ( edit ) In April 2011 , Netflix was expected to earn $1.07 a share in the first quarter of 2011 on revenue of $705.7 million , a huge increase compared to the year - earlier profit of 59 ¢ on revenue of $493.7 million , according to a survey of 25 analysts polled by FactSet Research . At their peak , in July 2011 , Netflix shares were trading for $299 . Following the customer dissatisfaction and resulting loss of subscribers after the announcements by CEO Hastings that streaming and DVD rental would be charged separately , leading to a higher price for customers who wanted both ( on September 1 ) , and that the DVD rental would be split off as the subsidiary Qwikster ( on September 18 ) , the share price fell steeply , to around $130 . However , on October 10 , 2011 , plans to split the company were scrapped . The reason being that `` two websites would make things more difficult '' , he stated on the Netflix blog . On November 22 , Netflix 's share tumbled , as share prices fell by as much as 7 % . By December 2011 , as a consequence of its decision to raise prices , Neflix had lost over 75 % of its total value from the summer . Describing their business model as `` broken '' , Wedbush downgraded Netflix 's stock rating to `` underperform '' , the equivalent of sell . 2014 ( edit ) In May 2014 , Netflix increased the fee for UK subscribers by £ 1 . The price increase took effect immediately for new subscribers , but would be delayed for two years for existing members . Netflix applied similar increases in the United States ( an increase of $1 ) and the Eurozone ( an increase of € 1 ) . According to Forbes , `` Netflix can add roughly $500 million in annual incremental revenues in the U.S. alone by 2017 with this move '' and `` roughly $200 -- 250 million in incremental revenues from price changes in international markets '' . However , Reuters ' Felix Salmon is critical about Netflix 's financial future , noting that `` any time that Netflix builds up a profit margin , the studios will simply raise their prices until that margin disappears '' . 2016 ( edit ) In April 2016 , Netflix announced it would be ending a loyalty rate in certain countries for subscribers who were continuously subscribed before price rises . Netflix spent about $5 billion on original content in 2016 ; this compares to a 2015 revenue of US $6.77 billion ( 2015 ) . Legal issues and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Legal issues and controversies surrounding Netflix In 2004 , Netflix was sued for false advertising in relation to claims of `` unlimited rentals '' with `` one - day delivery '' . In 2015 , Netflix was caught up in an international copyright lawsuit involving the 1948 Italian film Bicycle Thieves . Netflix was sued in 2016 for telling subscribers in marketing material that it `` would not increase monthly subscription prices as long as the subscribers maintained the subscription service continuously , '' However , it announced that it would `` phase out this grandfathering gradually over the remainder of 2016 , with our longest tenured members getting the longest benefit . '' Thus , according to the class action , `` Netflix has broken its contract with these subscribers by unilaterally raising monthly subscription prices . '' Netflix - Original movies are not allowed to play in competition at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival because of a rule requiring competition films to have been released in French theaters , artistic director Thierry Fremaux said to The Hollywood Reporter ; while they will be permitted to screen at Cannes , they will not be eligible to compete . As he told the magazine earlier , `` The Netflix people loved the red carpet and would like to be present with other films . But they understand that the intransigence of their own model is now the opposite of ours . '' User information ( edit ) Main article : Technical details of Netflix This section should include a summary of Technical details of Netflix . See Wikipedia : Summary style for information on how to incorporate it into this article 's main text . ( July 2017 ) Effects and legacy ( edit ) The rise of Netflix has affected the way audiences watch televised content . Netflix 's CPO Neil Hunt believes that Netflix is a model for what television will look like in 2025 . He points out that because the Internet allows users the freedom to watch shows at their own pace , an episode does not need cliffhangers to tease the audience to keep tuning in week after week , because they can just binge straight into the next episode . Netflix has allowed content creators to deviate from traditional formats that force 30 minute or 60 minute timeslots once a week , which it claims gives them an advantage over networks . Their model provides a platform that allows varying run times per episode based on a storyline , eliminates the need for a week to week recap , and does not have a fixed notion of what constitutes a `` season '' . This flexibility also allows Netflix to nurture a show until it finds its audience , unlike traditional networks which will quickly cancel a show if it is unable to maintain steady ratings . Netflix has strayed from the traditional necessary production of a pilot episode in order to establish the characters and create arbitrary cliffhangers to prove to the network that the concept of the show will be successful . Kevin Spacey spoke at the Edinburgh International Television Festival about how the new Netflix model was effective for the production of House of Cards , `` Netflix was the only company that said , ' We believe in you . We 've run our data , and it tells us our audience would watch this series . '' Though traditional networks are unwilling to risk millions of dollars on shows without first seeing a pilot , Spacey points out that in 2012 , 113 pilots were made , 35 of those were chosen to go to air , 13 of those were renewed , and most of those are gone now . The total cost of this is somewhere between $300 million and $400 million , which makes Netflix 's deal for House of Cards extremely cost effective . Netflix 's subscription fee also eliminates the need for commercials , so they are free from needing to appease advertisers to fund their original content , a model similar to traditional pay television services such as HBO and Showtime . The Netflix model has also affected viewers ' expectations . According to a 2013 Nielsen survey , more than 60 % of Americans said they binge - watch shows and nearly eight out of 10 Americans have used technology to watch their favorite shows on their own schedule . Netflix has successfully continued to release its original content by making the whole season available at once , acknowledging changing viewer habits . This allows audiences to watch episodes at a time of their choosing rather than having to watch just one episode a week at a specific scheduled time ; this effectively gives its subscribers freedom and control over when to watch the next episode at their own pace . Netflix has capitalized on these habits by automatically playing the next episode in the series , removing the 15 - second wait times of content on other streaming services . The structure that allows convenient viewing of episodes , as well as the intent to provide content of quality comparable to some broadcast and cable television programs , in effect often results in the viewer being hooked into the program by the time the next episode starts . In June 2016 , Russian Minister of Culture Vladimir Medinsky asserted that Netflix is part of the US government plot to influence the world culture , `` to enter every home , get into every television , and through that television , into the head of every person on earth '' . This was part of his argument for the increase of funding of Russian cinema to pitch it against the dominance of Hollywood . The Netflix model ( edit ) Coined by media analysts and journalists , this is a phenomenon that influenced the creation or launches of similar `` Netflix - like '' services in other businesses outside of media and entertainment , examples include Facebook Watch , MoviePass , YouTube Red and YouTube TV , HBO Now , CBS All Access , Spotify , Apple Music , Xbox Game Pass among many others . And also sparking consolidation among traditional media conglomerates , including Disney 's pending acquisition of 21st Century Fox and AT&T 's pending acquisition of Time Warner . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Companies portal Film portal Streaming television Netflix and chill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Business Search -- Business Entities -- Business Programs California Secretary of State '' . businesssearch.sos.ca.gov . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix q4 2017 Results '' . 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Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Inks BMG Deal to Manage Music Rights Outside U.S. '' Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bond , Shannon ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix nears 100m subscriber milestone '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix buys Scots comic book firm Millarworld '' . BBC News . August 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Acquires Millarworld '' . Netflix Media Center . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Signs Shonda Rhimes in Counterpunch to ABC and Disney '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Stock Pops to New All - Time High , Company Now Worth More Than $130 Billion '' . Jump up ^ `` Netflix , Inc . ( NFLX ) Ownership Summary '' . NASDAQ.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Falcone , John P. ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` Netflix Watch Now : Missing too much popular content '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What Netflix and Hulu Users are Watching ... and How '' . NielsenWire . July 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Expands Internet Viewing Option '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to lift limits on streaming movies '' . dailynews.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to phase out $7.99 HD plan for long - term members starting in May '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix hikes monthly subscription price by $1 for new customers '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix hikes subscription price for 4K TV owners '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fung , Brain . `` Netflix is finally letting you download videos for offline viewing '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas . `` Netflix unveils download feature for offline binge - watching '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix finally lets you download shows and movies to watch offline '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Sara Ashley . `` Netflix wants to make it easier to binge - watch on planes '' . CNN Money . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` More mainstream movies for Netflix online '' . Los Angeles Times . October 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Netflix to Stream Films From Paramount , Lions Gate , MGM '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Reisinger , Don ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix hikes prices , adds DVD - only plan '' . CNET . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mack , Eric ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Dear Netflix ' : Price hike ignites social - media fire '' . CNET . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , in Reversal , Will Keep Its Services Together '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lilly , Paul ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` GameFly Complains USPS Favors Netflix '' . Maximum PC . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Netflix has 58 shipping locations Jump up ^ `` The Official Netflix Blog : Ending sales of previously viewed DVDs on website '' . netflix.com . November 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Home Entertainment and Netflix Announce New Agreements Covering Availability of DVDs , Blu - ray and Streaming Content '' . netflix.mediaroom.com . January 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Studios Home Entertainment and Netflix Announce New Distribution Deals for DVDs , Blu - ray and Streaming Content '' . netflix.mediaroom.com. April 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twentieth Century Fox and Netflix Announce Comprehensive Strategic Agreement That Includes Physical and Digital Distribution '' . PR Newswire . Cision. April 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Splits DVD - Streaming Business , Rebrands With Qwikster , Adds Video Games '' . Fast Company . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Remember When Netflix Wanted To Rent DVDs On A Different Website ? Yeah , That Was A Fun Week '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` reportedLooks Back on Its Near - Death Spiral '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix abandons plan for Qwikster DVD service '' . CNN Money . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Netflix Lost 800,000 Members , and Good Will '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is Netflix About to Copy Amazon ? '' . The Motley Fool . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Sharpens Focus On DVDs With DVD.com , But Do n't Cry Qwikster . ( It 's Staying ) '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's How Netflix 's DVD Envelope Designs Have Changed Since 2012 '' . Paste Magazine . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tan , Janice . `` Netflix CEO predicts 2018 revenue to grow to about US $15 bn '' . Jump up ^ `` When Will Netflix Kill Its DVD Service ? '' . April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Unveils Profiles '' . Netflix . January 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Profiles feature going away '' . Netflix Community Blog . January 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . ( T ) he motivation is solely driven by keeping our service as simple and as easy to use as possible . Too many members found the feature difficult to understand and cumbersome , having to consistently log in and out of the website . Please know that the motivation is solely driven by keeping our service as simple and as easy to use as possible . Jump up ^ `` Netflix To Eliminate Profiles Feature '' . Slashdot . January 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Unfortunately , the fun stops September 1 , at which point Netflix is , for unknown reasons , going to terminate this feature . Why ? To ' ... help us to continue to improve the Netflix website for all our customers . ' Improvement indeed . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to eliminate profiles , instigate roommate feuds '' . c Net news . January 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Lousy move , Netflix . A thread on feedback forum Get Satisfaction revealed that other people are n't too happy either . Jump up ^ `` Netflix killing extra queues to `` improve '' service `` . ars technica . June 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . An online petition is already available , with signees agreeing to either move to a cheaper plan , put their account on hold , or cancel their accounts entirely . Netflix must be banking that the improvements to its web site will offset the ill will and lost subscribers that this news has engendered . Jump up ^ `` What is happening to Profiles ? '' . Netflix Customer Service . January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Community Blog : Profiles feature NOT going away '' . Blog.netflix.com . June 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2008 . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stenovec , Timothy ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Launches Profiles , Finally Realizing How People Really Watch Movies On It '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stenovec , Timothy ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Launches Profiles , Finally Realizing How People Really Watch Movies On It '' . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : Pepitone , Julianne ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix launches user profiles for individual recommendations '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pepitone , Julianne ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix launches user profiles for individual recommendations '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lawler , Ryan ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Makes Recommendations More Personalized By Adding Individual User Profiles '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogowsky , Mark ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Profiles : One Step Up , Two Steps Back '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Netflix , . `` Netflix Appoints Anthony Wood , who Founded and led ReplayTV , As V.P. of Internet TV '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Roku 's Anthony Wood looks beyond the box '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Roku SEC Filing Document '' ( PDF ) . SEC.Gov . February 2008 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Remote controls to get a Netflix button '' . CNET . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Switch Lets You Netflix And Chill With The Push Of A Button '' . Tech Times . September 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Switch '' . makeit.netflix.com . 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Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Famke Janssen , Bill Skarsgard Cast In Eli Roth 's ' Hemlock Grove ' ; Netflix To Air Gaumont - Produced Series In Early 2013 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation To Produce First Netflix Original Series For Kids '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation To Produce TV Shows Based On Its Characters For Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- The Lost Missions Now on Netflix '' . starwars.com . Lucasfilm . March 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Mitch Hurwitz Inks Multi-Year Deal With Netflix For New Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BoJack Horseman -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Only On Netflix : Sci - Fi Giants The Wachowskis And J. Michael Straczynski Team - Up To Create ' Sense8 ' '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . PR Newswire . March 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Toronto : Dane DeHaan - Tatiana Maslany 's ' Two Lovers and a Bear ' Sold to Fox , Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laughing All the Way to the Bank '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Jerry Seinfeld 's $100 million decision to jump to Netflix '' . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to boost in - house production arm '' . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://billingsgazette.com/business/investment/markets-and-stocks/netflix-inc-will-launch-hours-of-original-content-in/article_9fca2d09-91f6-5e82-a20d-6564154e12c0.html Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix plans to spend $8 billion to make its library 50 percent original by 2018 '' . The Verge . 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Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Netflix , Weinstein Co To `` Reinvent '' Pay - TV Experience With New Multi-Year Pact Archived August 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved August 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ Netflix Gets Rights to Sony Animation Films Archived August 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` VIZ MEDIA EXPANDS RELATIONSHIP WITH NETFLIX TO OFFER POPULAR ANIME TITLES AVAILABLE TO WATCH INSTANTLY FROM NETFLIX '' . Viz Media.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chabot , Jeff ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix loses Criterion films '' . HD Report . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Amazon Adds Movies to Streaming Service in New Challenge to Netflix '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , Nancy ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Epix , Netflix announce deal to stream movies '' . USA Today . Tysons Corner , VA : Gannett . ISSN 0734 - 7456 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adegoke , Yinka ( May 3 , 2012 ) . McCormick , Gerald E. ; Von Ahn , Lisa , eds . `` Viacom profit beats , but Nickelodeon worries loom '' . London . Reuters . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Starz to Split From Netflix '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Netflix 's Ted Sarandos Calls Disney Content Deal a ' Game Changer ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix And RADiUS - TWC Announce Multi-Year Output Deal in the United States To Bring Diverse Slate To Widest Possible Audience '' ... heraldonline.com . August 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Netflix outbids premium TV for rights to Disney movies Archived May 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Disney inks exclusive licensing deal with Netflix Archived February 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... effective December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Disney Movies Online ' Store , Site Shutting Down Archived January 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Marvel and Star Wars films will ditch Netflix for Disney 's own service '' . CNET . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Bell Media 's The Movie Network Inks National Licensing Agreement with Twentieth Century Fox Television Distribution -- Bell Media '' . www.bellmedia.ca . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Canada Cuts Exclusive Deal for Disney Films '' Archived September 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . VideoInk Jump up ^ Salmon , Felix . `` Netflix 's dumbed - down algorithms '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McArdle , Megan . `` Netflix Is Caught Between a DVD and a Hard Place '' . Bloombergview . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix in Talks to Acquire ' Cloverfield ' Sequel From Paramount '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; McClintonk , Pamela ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sources : Netflix Paid Paramount More Than $50 Million for ' Cloverfield Paradox ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Buys Michael Pena - Lizzy Caplan Thriller ' Extinction ' From Universal '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All about PlayReady 3.0 , Microsoft 's secret plan to lock down 4K movies to your PC '' . PC World . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to watch Netflix in UHD '' . Techradar . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 4K streaming comes to the PC -- but it needs Kaby Lake CPU '' . Ars Technica . 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'' May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Ryan . July 24 , 2012 . `` Netflix Adds Warner Bros. Exec As Its New chief marketing officer . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Streaming social : What marketers can learn from Netflix 's social strategy '' . Marketing Land . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix -- Movies and TV series by country '' . Whats New On Netflix . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Star Staff ; Canadian Press ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Netflix stumbles as it launches in Canada '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pepitone , Julianne ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix expands to 43 new countries '' . CNN . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix launches UK film and TV streaming service '' . BBC News . January 9 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` How the Australian Netflix differs from the US service '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . March 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to launch in Japan this fall '' . Netflix Media Center ( Press release ) . February 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramos , João ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` Portugal terá Netflix em Outubro '' ( `` Portugal will have Netflix in October '' ) . Expresso ( in Portuguese ) ( 2223 ) . Paço de Arcos : Impresa Publishing . pp. E20 -- E21 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kline , Daniel B. ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` CES 2016 : Reed Hastings on the Future of Netflix '' . The Motley Fool . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Blockbuster Abandons Plans for Netflix - Like Streaming Service '' . PC Magazine . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Andrea ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Roll credits : Dish shuttering its remaining 300 Blockbuster stores '' . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Ken ( June 19 , 2005 ) . `` Netflix sees a bright future , sans Amazon competition '' . arstechnica.com . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ PASCAL - EMMANUEL GOBRY ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon Buys Lovefilm , The Netflix Of Europe '' . Business Insider . Business Insider , Inc . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Flacy , Mike ( March 9 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Instant vs. Hulu Plus vs. Amazon Video '' . Digital Trends . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redbox - Verizon Streaming to Challenge Netflix by Year - End '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawer , Richard . `` Redbox Instant beta invites slowly start rolling out , iOS and Android apps appear '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger . `` Redbox Instant is no Netflix killer '' . CNET . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benzinga . `` Redbox Instant Beta Launches with Glitches , Lackluster Selection '' . NASDAQ . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abbruzzese , Jason . `` CuriosityStream : the new ' Netflix for non-fiction ' '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stenovec , Timothy ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Launches Profiles , Finally Realizing How People Really Watch Movies On It '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sjöberg , Lore ( February 19 , 2004 ) . `` Netflix Imitators Are Everywhere '' . Wired . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Daniel ( November 2005 ) . `` Skin City '' . Wired . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kidman , Alex ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix vs Stan vs Presto '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nordic leads the SVOD market in Europe '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Svensk TV - marknad 2017 : Rekordhög omsättning drivet av webb - TV '' . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix in Southeast Asia : iflix , Hooq welcome competition '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lim , Kuan ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` The Challenges of Video on Demand in Southeast Asia '' . PC Magazine . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TVNZ will livestream services from Monday '' . NZ Herald . June 23 , 2017 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sky TV considers options after NZ rejects Vodafone New Zealand deal '' . Reuters . February 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Media Profile : Kym Niblock , chief product and information officer , TVNZ -- Mediaweek '' . www.mediaweek.com.au . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A guide to NZ streaming services '' . Stuff . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Perché Now TV , Infinity e Prime Video dovrebbero essere come Netflix '' . DAILYBEST ( in Italian ) . March 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mohammed , Omar ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Africa 's biggest media company will fight Netflix for control of the global streaming market '' . Quartz . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dos semanas probando Blim '' . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blim , copia de Netflix , fracasará porque Televisa no entiende a los mileniales '' . February 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Forbes Staff ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix se burla de Televisa y Rebelde '' . Forbes Mexico . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arango , Tim ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Time Warner Views Netflix as a Fading Star '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Matt ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Time Warner Chief : ' Things Like Netflix are Welcome Additions ' '' . Wall Street Journal blog . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House Of Cards '' . Emmys.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Makes History With Two Primetime Creative Arts Emmy ® Awards '' . The Star - Ledger . PR Newswire . September 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Amol & Alexandra Cheney ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Makes Some History With Showing at Emmys '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' star Robin Wright earns series ' sole Golden Globes win '' . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Golden Globes : Robin Wright wins best actress for online - only ' House of Cards ' '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Brooklyn Nine Nine ' Nabs Upset TV Comedy Wins '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 73rd Annual Peabody Awards '' . PeabodyAwards.cm . May 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix just scored a remarkable 31 Emmy nominations '' . BGR.com . July 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's shows grab most nominations in major Emmy categories '' . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Westworld , Stranger Things lead 2017 Emmy nominations '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Brent Lang , Ramin ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Sundance : Netflix Lands Russian Doping Documentary ' Icarus ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ben Fritz , Los Angeles Times . `` Netflix Chief Executive Reed Hastings ' compensation doubled to $5.5 million Archived December 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David B. Wilkerson , Market Watch. `` Netflix expected to post strong earnings Archived November 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix messes up '' . The Economist . September 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mucken , Lynn ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Alternatives for angry Netflix customers : Ticked over the company 's price increase ? Here 's what some of the other video services have to offer '' . MSN . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix shares hit by bleak 2012 outlook '' . Toronto . Reuters . November 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix , Inc. : NASDAQ : NFLX quotes & news -- Google Finance '' . Google . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Stock May Never Recover from Qwikster Calamity '' . InvestorPlace . October 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Analyst calls Netflix 's business ' broken ' -- The Ratings Game '' . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Patrick . `` Netflix announces immediate fee increase for new UK subscribers '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Great Speculations ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Impact Of Netflix 's Price Rise '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The problem with Netflix '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's longtime customers will start paying $9.99 per month by May '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grothaus , Michael ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Has Started An ' Arms Race ' For Original Content '' . Fast Company . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 annual results '' . Netflix , Inc . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix settles class action lawsuit '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Hit With Copyright Lawsuit Over Classic Italian Film ' Bicycle Thief ' '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix sued for streaming Bicycle Thieves ' without copyright ' '' . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Class Action Filed Over ' Grandfathered ' Price Increase '' . Top Class Actions . July 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mintzer , Jordan ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Cannes Artistic Director on Battling Netflix , Banning Selfies and Gender Equality on the Croisette '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richford , Rhonda ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Cannes Artistic Director Explains Netflix Competition Ban '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What Television Will Look Like in 2025 , According to Netflix '' . Wired . May 2014 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Long Term View '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` House of Cards '' . Al Jazeera . February 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lum , Shelby ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Opinion : Netflix spoils subscribers , might be future of television '' . The Lantern . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tom ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix is just a CIA plot , says Kremlin '' . The Times . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinmurnane/2018/01/24/xbox-game-pass-bombshell-could-make-microsoft-the-netflix-of-video-games/#65580c73610a Archived January 30 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Netflix . Netflix Business data for Netflix : Google Finance Yahoo ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many countries does netflix provide service to	[ "Netflix's initial business model included DVD sales and rental by mail, although Hastings jettisoned DVD sales about a year after Netflix's founding to focus on the DVD rental business.[8][9] In 2007, Netflix expanded its business with the introduction of streaming media, while retaining the DVD and Blu-ray rental service. The company expanded internationally, with streaming made available to Canada in 2010[10] and continued growing its streaming service from there; by January 2016, Netflix services operated in over 190 countries – it is available worldwide except Mainland China, Syria, North Korea and Crimea.[11]" ]	[ "over 190 countries" ]
7548976703221857913	1982 FIFA World Cup	1982 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 FIFA World Cup Copa Mundial de Fútbol -- España 82 1982 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Spain Dates 13 June -- 11 July ( 29 days ) Teams 24 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 17 ( in 14 host cities ) Final positions Champions Italy ( 3rd title ) Runners - up West Germany Third place Poland Fourth place France Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 146 ( 2.81 per match ) Attendance 2,109,723 ( 40,572 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Paolo Rossi ( 6 goals ) Best player Paolo Rossi Best young player Manuel Amoros Fair play award Brazil ← 1978 1986 → The 1982 FIFA World Cup , the 12th FIFA World Cup , was held in Spain from 13 June to 11 July 1982 . The tournament was won by Italy , who defeated West Germany 3 -- 1 during the final match , held in the Spanish capital of Madrid . It was Italy 's third World Cup win and first since 1938 . The defending champions Argentina were eliminated in the second group round . Algeria , Cameroon , Honduras , Kuwait and New Zealand made their first appearances in the finals . The tournament featured the first penalty shoot - out in World Cup competition . It was also the third time ( 1934 and 1966 ) that all four semifinalists were European . In the first round of Group 3 , Hungary defeated El Salvador 10 -- 1 , equalling the largest margin of victory recorded in the finals ( Hungary over South Korea 9 -- 0 in 1954 , and Yugoslavia over Zaire 9 -- 0 in 1974 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Summary 3.1 Format 3.2 First round 3.3 Second round 3.4 Semi-finals , third - place match , and final 4 Records 5 Venues 6 Match officials 7 Squads 8 Groups 8.1 Seeding 8.2 Final draw 9 Results 9.1 First round 9.1. 1 Group 1 9.1. 2 Group 2 9.1. 3 Group 3 9.1. 4 Group 4 9.1. 5 Group 5 9.1. 6 Group 6 9.2 Second round 9.2. 1 Group A 9.2. 2 Group B 9.2. 3 Group C 9.2. 4 Group D 9.3 Knockout stage 9.3. 1 Semi-finals 9.3. 2 Third place match 9.3. 3 Final 10 Statistics 10.1 Goalscorers 11 Red cards 12 Awards 13 FIFA retrospective ranking 14 Symbols 14.1 Mascot 14.2 Match ball 15 References 16 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Spain was chosen as the host nation by FIFA in London , England on 6 July 1966 . Hosting rights for the 1974 and 1978 tournaments were awarded at the same time . West Germany agreed a deal with Spain by which Spain would support West Germany for the 1974 tournament , and in return West Germany would allow Spain to bid for the 1982 World Cup unopposed . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup qualification Countries qualified for World Cup Country failed to qualify Countries that did not enter World Cup Country not a FIFA member For the first time , the World Cup finals expanded from 16 to 24 teams . This allowed more teams to participate , especially from Africa and Asia . Teams absent from the finals were 1974 and 1978 runners - up Netherlands ( eliminated by Belgium and France ) , Mexico ( eliminated by Honduras and El Salvador ) , and the three times 1970s participants Sweden ( eliminated by Scotland and Northern Ireland ) . Northern Ireland qualified for the first time since 1958 . Belgium , Czechoslovakia , El Salvador , England , and the Soviet Union were back in the Finals after a 12 - year absence . England had its first successful World Cup qualifying campaign in 20 years -- the English team had qualified automatically as hosts in 1966 and as defending champions in 1970 , then had missed the 1974 and 1978 tournaments . Yugoslavia and Chile were also back after having missed the 1978 tournament . Algeria , Cameroon , Honduras , Kuwait , and New Zealand all participated in the World Cup for the first time . As of 2018 , this was the last time that El Salvador and Kuwait qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . There was some consideration given as to whether England , Northern Ireland , and Scotland should withdraw from the tournament because of the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom . A directive issued by the British sports minister Neil Macfarlane in April , at the start of the conflict , suggested that there should be no contact between British representative teams and Argentina . This directive was not rescinded until August , following the end of hostilities . Macfarlane reported to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher that some players and officials were uneasy about participating because of the casualties suffered by British forces . FIFA advised the British Government that there was no prospect that Argentina ( the defending champions ) would be asked to withdraw . It also became apparent that no other countries would withdraw from the tournament . It was decided to allow the British national teams to participate so that Argentina could not use their absence for propaganda purposes , reversing the intended effect of applying political pressure onto Argentina . List of qualified teams ( edit ) The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 1 ) Kuwait CAF ( 2 ) Algeria Cameroon OFC ( 1 ) New Zealand CONCACAF ( 2 ) Honduras El Salvador CONMEBOL ( 4 ) Argentina Brazil Chile Peru UEFA ( 14 ) Austria Belgium Czechoslovakia England France Hungary Italy Northern Ireland Poland Scotland Soviet Union Spain ( hosts ) West Germany Yugoslavia Summary ( edit ) Format ( edit ) A statue commemorating the 1982 FIFA World Cup at the Estadio Riazor in A Coruña . The 1982 competition used a unique format . The first round was a round - robin group stage containing six groups of four teams each . Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw , with goal difference used to separate teams equal on points . The top two teams in each group advanced . In the second round , the twelve remaining teams were split into four groups of three teams each , with the winner of each group progressing to the knockout semi-final stage . The composition of the groups in the second round was predetermined before the start of the tournament . In the aggregate , Groups A and B were to include one team from each of Groups 1 through 6 , and Groups C and D included the remaining six teams . The winners of Groups 1 and 3 were in Group A whilst the runners - up were in Group C. The winners of Groups 2 and 4 were in Group B whilst the runners - up were in Group D . The winner of Group 5 was in Group D whilst the runner - up was in Group B . The winner of Group 6 was in Group C whilst the runner - up was in Group A. Thus , Group A mirrored Group C , and Group B mirrored Group D with the winners and runners - up from the first round being placed into opposite groups in the second round . The second - round groups that mirrored each other ( based on the first - round groupings ) faced off against each other in the semifinals . Thus , the Group A winner played the Group C winner , and the Group B winner player the Group D winner . This meant that if two teams which played in the same first - round group both emerged from the second round , they would meet for the second time of the tournament in a semifinal match . It also guaranteed that the final match would feature two teams that had not previously played each other in the tournament . As it turned out , Italy and Poland who were both in Group 1 in the first round , each won their second - round groups and played each other in a semifinal match . First round ( edit ) In Group 1 , newcomers Cameroon held both Poland and Italy to draws , and were denied a place in the next round on the basis of having scored fewer goals than Italy ( the sides had an equal goal difference ) . Poland and Italy qualified over Cameroon and Peru . Italian journalists and tifosi criticised their team for their uninspired performances that managed three draws ; the squad was reeling from the recent Serie A scandal , where national players were suspended for match fixing and illegal betting . Group 2 saw one of the great World Cup upsets on the first day with the 2 -- 1 victory of Algeria over reigning European Champions West Germany . In the final match in the group , West Germany met Austria . Further information on this match : Disgrace of Gijón Algeria had already played their final group game the day before , and West Germany and Austria knew that a West German win by 1 or 2 goals would qualify them both , while a larger German victory would qualify Algeria over Austria , and a draw or an Austrian win would eliminate the Germans . After 10 minutes of all - out attack , West Germany scored through a goal by Horst Hrubesch . After the goal was scored , the two teams kicked the ball around aimlessly for the rest of the match . Chants of `` Fuera , fuera '' ( `` Out , out '' ) were screamed by the Spanish crowd , while angry Algerian supporters waved banknotes at the players . This performance was widely deplored , even by the German and Austrian fans . One German fan was so upset by his team 's display that he burned his German flag in disgust . Algeria protested to FIFA , who ruled that the result be allowed to stand ; FIFA introduced a revised qualification system at subsequent World Cups in which the final two games in each group were played simultaneously . Group 3 , where the opening ceremony and first match of the tournament took place , saw Belgium beat defending champions Argentina 1 -- 0 . The Camp Nou stadium was the home of Barcelona , and many fans had wanted to see the club 's new signing , Argentinian star Diego Maradona , who did not perform to expectations . Both Belgium and Argentina ultimately advanced at the expense of Hungary and El Salvador despite Hungary 's 10 -- 1 win over the Central American nation -- which , with a total of 11 goals , is the second highest scoreline in a World Cup game ( equal with Brazil 's 6 -- 5 victory over Poland in the 1938 tournament and Hungary 's 8 -- 3 victory over West Germany in the 1954 tournament ) . Group 4 opened with England midfielder Bryan Robson 's goal against France after only 27 seconds of play . England won 3 -- 1 and qualified along with France over Czechoslovakia and Kuwait , though the tiny Gulf emirate held Czechoslovakia to a 1 -- 1 draw . In the game between Kuwait and France , with France leading 3 -- 1 , France midfielder Alain Giresse scored a goal vehemently contested by the Kuwait team , who had stopped play after hearing a piercing whistle from the stands , which they thought had come from Soviet referee Miroslav Stupar . Play had not yet resumed when Sheikh Fahad Al - Ahmed Al - Jaber Al - Sabah , brother of the Kuwaiti Emir and president of the Kuwaiti Football Association , rushed onto the pitch to remonstrate with the referee . Stupar countermanded his initial decision and disallowed the goal to the fury of the French . Maxime Bossis scored another valid goal a few minutes later and France won 4 -- 1 . In Group 5 , Honduras held hosts Spain to a 1 -- 1 draw . Northern Ireland won the group outright , eliminating Yugoslavia and beating hosts Spain 1 -- 0 ; Northern Ireland had to play the majority of the second half with ten men after Mal Donaghy was dismissed . Spain scraped by thanks to a controversial penalty in the 2 -- 1 victory over Yugoslavia . At 17 years and 41 days , Northern Ireland forward Norman Whiteside was the youngest player to appear in a World Cup match . Brazil were in Group 6 . With Zico , Sócrates , Falcão , Éder and others , they boasted an offensive firepower that promised a return to the glory days of 1970 . They beat the USSR 2 -- 1 thanks to a 20 - metre Éder goal two minutes from time , then Scotland and New Zealand with four goals each . The Soviets took the group 's other qualifying berth on goal difference at the expense of the Scots . Second round ( edit ) Poland opened Group A with a 3 -- 0 defeat of Belgium thanks to a Zbigniew Boniek hat - trick . The Soviet Union prevailed 1 -- 0 in the next match over Belgium . The Poles edged out the USSR for the semi-final spot on the final day on goal difference thanks to a 0 -- 0 draw in a politically charged match , as Poland 's then - Communist government had imposed a martial law a few months earlier to quash internal dissent . In Group B , a match between England and West Germany ended in a goalless draw . West Germany put the pressure on England in their second match by beating Spain 2 -- 1 . The home side drew 0 -- 0 against England , denying Ron Greenwood 's team a semi-final place and putting England in the same position as Cameroon , being eliminated without losing a game . In Group C , with Brazil , Argentina and Italy , in the opener , Italy prevailed 2 -- 1 over Diego Maradona and Mario Kempes 's side after a game in which Italian defenders Gaetano Scirea and Claudio Gentile proved themselves equal to the task of stopping the Argentinian attack . Argentina now needed a win over Brazil on the second day , but lost 3 -- 1 -- Argentina only scoring in the last minute . Diego Maradona kicked Brazilian player João Batista in the groin and was sent off in the 85th minute . The match between Brazil and Italy pitted Brazil 's attack against Italy 's defense , with the majority of the game played around the Italian area , and with the Italian midfielders and defenders returning the repeated set volleys of Brazilian shooters such as Zico , Sócrates and Falcão . Italian centre back Gentile was assigned to mark Brazilian striker Zico , earning a yellow card and a suspension for the semi-final . Paolo Rossi opened the scoring when he headed in Antonio Cabrini 's cross with just five minutes played . Sócrates equalised for Brazil seven minutes later . In the twenty - fifth minute Rossi stepped past Júnior , intercepted a pass from Cerezo across the Brazilians ' goal , and drilled the shot home . The Brazilians threw everything in search of another equalizer , while Italy defended bravely . On 68 minutes , Falcão collected a pass from Junior and as Cerezo 's dummy run distracted three defenders , fired home from 20 yards out . Now Italy had gained the lead twice thanks to Rossi 's goals , and Brazil had come back twice ; At 2 -- 2 , Brazil would have been through on goal difference , but in the 74th minute , a poor clearance from an Italian corner kick went back to the Brazilian six - yard line where Rossi and Francesco Graziani were waiting . Both aimed at the same shot , Rossi connecting to get a hat trick and sending Italy into the lead for good . In the 86th minute Giancarlo Antognoni scored an apparent fourth goal for Italy , but it was wrongly disallowed for offside . In the dying moments Dino Zoff made a miraculous save to deny Oscar a goal , ensuring that Italy advanced to the semi-final . In the last group , Group D , France dispatched Austria 1 -- 0 with a free kick goal by Bernard Genghini , and then defeated Northern Ireland 4 -- 1 to reach their first semi-final since 1958 . Semi-finals , third - place match , and final ( edit ) Official ball of Spain ' 82 In a re-match of the encounter in the first round , Italy beat Poland in the first semi-final through two goals from Paolo Rossi . In the game between France and West Germany , the Germans opened the scoring through a Pierre Littbarski strike in the 17th minute , and the French equalised nine minutes later with a Michel Platini penalty . In the second half a long through ball sent French defender Patrick Battiston racing clear towards the German goal . With both Battiston and the lone German defender trying to be the first to reach the ball , Battiston flicked it past German keeper Harald Schumacher from the edge of the German penalty area and Schumacher reacted by jumping up to block . Schumacher did n't seem to go for the ball , however , and clattered straight into the oncoming Battiston -- which left the French player unconscious and knocked two of his teeth out . Schumacher 's action has been described as `` one of history 's most shocking fouls '' . The ball went just wide of the post and Dutch referee Charles Corver deemed Schumacher 's tackle on Battiston not to be a foul and awarded a goal kick . Play was interrupted for several minutes while Battiston , still unconscious and with a broken jaw , was carried off the field on a stretcher . After French defender Manuel Amoros had sent a 25 - metre drive crashing onto the West German crossbar in the final minute , the match went into extra time . On 92 minutes , France 's sweeper Marius Trésor fired a swerving volley under Schumacher 's crossbar from ten metres out to make it 2 -- 1 . Six minutes later , an unmarked Alain Giresse drove in an 18 - metre shot off the inside of the right post to finish off a counter-attack and put France up 3 -- 1 . But West Germany would not give up . In the 102nd minute a counter-attack culminated in a cross that recent substitute Karl - Heinz Rummenigge turned in at the near post from a difficult angle with the outside of his foot , reducing France 's lead to 3 -- 2 . Then in the 108th minute Germany took a short corner and after France failed to clear , the ball was played by Germany to Littbarski whose cross to Horst Hrubesch was headed back to the centre towards Klaus Fischer , who was unmarked but with his back to goal . Fischer in turn volleyed the ball past French keeper Jean - Luc Ettori with a bicycle kick , levelling the scores at 3 -- 3 . The match went to penalties , with France and West Germany participating in the first penalty shootout at a World Cup finals . Giresse , Manfred Kaltz , Manuel Amoros , Paul Breitner and Dominique Rocheteau all converted penalties until Uli Stielike was stopped by Ettori , giving France the advantage . But then Schumacher stepped forward , lifted the tearful Stielike from the ground , and saved Didier Six 's shot . With Germany handed the lifeline they needed Littbarski converted his penalty , followed by Platini for France , and then Rummenigge for Germany as the tension mounted . France defender Maxime Bossis then had his kick parried by Schumacher who anticipated it , and Hrubesch stepped up to score and send Germany to the World Cup final yet again with a victory on penalties , 5 -- 4 . In the third - place match , Poland edged the French side 3 -- 2 which matched Poland 's best performance at a World Cup previously achieved in 1974 . France would go on to win the European Championship two years later . In the final , Antonio Cabrini fired a penalty wide of goal in the first half . In the second half , Paolo Rossi scored first for the third straight game by heading home Gentile 's bouncing cross at close range . Exploiting the situation , Italy scored twice more on quick counter-strikes , all the while capitalising on their defence to hold the Germans . With Gentile and Gaetano Scirea holding the centre , the Italian strikers were free to counter-punch the weakened German defence . Marco Tardelli 's shot from the edge of the area beat Schumacher first , and Alessandro Altobelli , the substitute for injured striker Francesco Graziani , made it 3 -- 0 at the end of a solo sprint down the right side by the stand - out winger Bruno Conti . Italy 's lead appeared secure , encouraging Italian president Sandro Pertini to wag his finger at the cameras in a playful `` not going to catch us now '' gesture . In the 83rd minute , Paul Breitner scored for West Germany , but it was only a consolation goal as Italy won 3 -- 1 to claim their first World Cup title in 44 years , and their third in total . Records ( edit ) Italy became the first team to advance from the first round without winning a game , drawing all three ( while Cameroon were eliminated in the same way by virtue of having only one goal scored against Italy 's two ) , and also the only World Cup winner to draw or lose three matches at the Finals . By winning , Italy equalled Brazil 's record of winning the World Cup three times . Italy 's total of twelve goals scored in seven matches set a new low for average goals scored per game by a World Cup winning side ( subsequently exceeded by Spain in 2010 ) , while Italy 's aggregate goal difference of + 6 for the tournament remains a record low for a champion , equalled by Spain . Italy 's 40 - year - old captain - goalkeeper Dino Zoff became the oldest player to win the World Cup . This was the first World Cup in which teams from all six continental confederations participated in the finals , something that did not happen again until 2006 . Venues ( edit ) 17 stadiums in 14 cities hosted the tournament , a record that stood until the 2002 tournament , which was played 20 stadiums in two countries . The most used venue was FC Barcelona 's Camp Nou stadium , which hosted five matches , including a semi-final ; it was the largest stadium used for this tournament . With the city 's Sarrià Stadium also hosting three matches , Barcelona was the Spanish city with the most matches in Espana ' 82 with eight ; Madrid , the nation 's capital , followed with seven . This particular World Cup was organized in such a way that all of the matches of each of the six groups were assigned stadiums in cities near to each other , in order to reduce the stress of travel on the players and fans . For example , Group 1 matches were played in Vigo and A Coruña , Group 2 in Gijon and Oviedo , Group 3 in Elche and Alicante ( except for the first match , which was the opening match of the tournament , which was played at the Camp Nou ) , Group 4 in Bilbao and Valladolid , Group 5 ( which included hosts Spain ) in Valencia and Zaragoza , and Group 6 in Seville and Malaga ( of the three first - round matches in Seville , the first match between Brazil and the Soviet Union was played in the Pizjuán Stadium , and the other two were played in the Villamarín Stadium ) . When the tournament went into the round - robin second round matches , all the aforementioned cities excluding Barcelona , Alicante and Seville did not host any more matches in Espana ' 82 . Both the Santiago Bernabéu and Vicente Calderón stadiums in Madrid and the Sarrià Stadium in Barcelona were used for the first time for this tournament for the second round matches . Madrid and Barcelona hosted the four second round group matches ; Barcelona hosted Groups A and C ( Camp Nou hosted all three of Group A 's matches , and Sarrià did the same with Group C 's matches ) and Madrid hosted Groups B and D ( Real Madrid 's Bernabeu Stadium hosted all three of Group B 's matches , and Atletico Madrid 's Calderon Stadium did the same with the Group D matches ) The two semi final matches were held at Camp Nou and the Pizjuán Stadium in Seville , the third largest stadium used for the tournament ( one of only two Espana ' 82 matches it hosted ) , the third place match was held in Alicante and the final was held at the Bernabeu , the second largest stadium used for this tournament . Madrid Barcelona Santiago Bernabéu Vicente Calderón Camp Nou Sarrià Capacity : 90,800 Capacity : 65,695 Capacity : 97,679 Capacity : 40,400 Sevilla Elche Valencia Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Benito Villamarín Martínez Valero Luis Casanova Capacity : 68,110 Capacity : 50,253 Capacity : 53,290 Capacity : 47,542 Bilbao A Coruña Alicante Barcelona Bilbao Elche Gijón Madrid Málaga Oviedo Sevilla Valencia Valladolid Vigo Zaragoza 1982 FIFA World Cup ( Spain ) San Mamés Capacity : 46,223 Gijón Zaragoza Málaga A Coruña El Molinón La Romareda La Rosaleda Riazor Capacity : 45,153 Capacity : 41,806 Capacity : 34,411 Capacity : 34,190 Vigo Valladolid Alicante Oviedo Balaídos José Zorrilla José Rico Pérez Carlos Tartiere Capacity : 33,000 Capacity : 29,990 Capacity : 28,421 Capacity : 23,500 Match officials ( edit ) AFC Ibrahim Youssef Al - Doy Chan Tam Sun Abraham Klein CAF Benjamin Dwomoh Yousef El - Ghoul Belaid Lacarne CONCACAF Rómulo Méndez David Socha Luis Paulino Siles Mario Rubio Vázquez CONMEBOL Gilberto Aristizábal Luis Barrancos Juan Daniel Cardellino Arnaldo Cézar Coelho Gastón Castro Arturo Ithurralde Enrique Labo Revoredo Héctor Ortiz UEFA Paolo Casarin Vojtech Christov Charles Corver Bogdan Dotchev Walter Eschweiler Erik Fredriksson Bruno Galler António Garrido Alojzy Jarguz Augusto Lamo Castillo Henning Lund - Sørensen Damir Matovinović Malcolm Moffat Károly Palotai Alexis Ponnet Adolf Prokop Nicolae Rainea Miroslav Stupar Michel Vautrot Bob Valentine Clive White Franz Wöhrer OFC Tony Boskovic Squads ( edit ) For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament , see 1982 FIFA World Cup squads . Groups ( edit ) Seeding ( edit ) The 24 qualifiers were divided into four groupings which formed the basis of the draw for the group stage . FIFA announced the six seeded teams on the day of the draw and allocated them in advance to the six groups ; as had become standard , the host nation and the reigning champions were among the seeds . The seeded teams would play all their group matches at the same venue ( with the exception of World Cup holders Argentina who would play in the opening game scheduled for the Camp Nou , the largest of the venues ) . The remaining 18 teams were split into three pots based on FIFA 's assessment of the team 's strength , but also taking in account geographic considerations . The seedings and group venues for those teams were tentatively agreed at an informal meeting in December 1981 but not officially confirmed until the day of the draw . FIFA executive Hermann Neuberger told the press that the seeding of England had been challenged by other nations but they were to be seeded as `` the Spanish want England to play in Bilbao for security reasons '' . Seeded teams Pot A Pot B Pot C Spain ( hosts ) Argentina ( reigning champions ) Brazil England Italy West Germany Austria Czechoslovakia Hungary Poland Soviet Union Yugoslavia Belgium France Northern Ireland Scotland Chile Peru Algeria Cameroon Kuwait El Salvador Honduras New Zealand Final draw ( edit ) On 16 January 1982 the draw was conducted at the Palacio de Congresos in Madrid , where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups . Firstly a draw was made to decide the order in which the three drums containing pots A , B and C would be emptied . The teams were then drawn one - by - one and entered in the groups in that order . A number was then drawn to determine the team 's `` position '' in the group and hence the fixtures . The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams . As a result , Pot B -- which contained two South American teams -- was initially drawn containing only the four Europeans , which were then to be immediately allocated to Groups 3 and 6 which contained the two South American seeds Argentina and Brazil . Once these two groups had been filled with the entrants from Pot B , then Chile and Peru would be added to the pot and the draw continue as normal . In the event , FIFA executives Sepp Blatter and Hermann Neuberger conducting the draw initially forgot this stipulation and immediately placed the first team drawn from this pot ( Belgium ) into Group 1 , rather than Group 3 before then placing the second team drawn out ( Scotland ) into Group 3 ; they then had to correct this by moving Belgium to Group 3 and Scotland into Group 6 . The ceremony suffered further embarrassment when one of the revolving drums containing the teams broke down . Results ( edit ) All times are Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Second group stage First group stage First round ( edit ) The group winners and runners - up advanced to the second round . Teams were ranked on the following criteria : 1 . Greater number of points in all group matches 2 . Goal difference in all group matches 3 . Greater number of goals scored in all group matches 4 . Drawing of lots Group 1 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group 1 Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Poland 0 5 + 4 Advance to second round Italy 0 0 0 Cameroon 0 0 0 Peru 0 6 − 4 Source : FIFA 14 June 1982 Italy 0 -- 0 Poland Balaídos , Vigo 15 June 1982 Peru 0 -- 0 Cameroon Estadio de Riazor , A Coruña 18 June 1982 Italy 1 -- 1 Peru Balaídos , Vigo 19 June 1982 Poland 0 -- 0 Cameroon Estadio de Riazor , A Coruña 22 June 1982 Poland 5 -- 1 Peru Estadio de Riazor , A Coruña 23 June 1982 Italy 1 -- 1 Cameroon Balaídos , Vigo Group 2 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group 2 Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification West Germany 0 6 + 3 Advance to second round Austria 0 + 2 Algeria 0 5 5 0 Chile 0 0 8 − 5 0 Source : FIFA 16 June 1982 West Germany 1 -- 2 Algeria El Molinón , Gijón 17 June 1982 Chile 0 -- 1 Austria Estadio Carlos Tartiere , Oviedo 20 June 1982 West Germany 4 -- 1 Chile El Molinón , Gijón 21 June 1982 Algeria 0 -- 2 Austria Estadio Carlos Tartiere , Oviedo 24 June 1982 Algeria 3 -- 2 Chile Estadio Carlos Tartiere , Oviedo 25 June 1982 West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria El Molinón , Gijón Group 3 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group 3 Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 + 2 5 Advance to second round Argentina 0 6 + 4 Hungary 12 6 + 6 El Salvador 0 0 13 − 12 0 Source : FIFA 13 June 1982 Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium Camp Nou , Barcelona 15 June 1982 Hungary 10 -- 1 El Salvador Nuevo Estadio , Elche 18 June 1982 Argentina 4 -- 1 Hungary Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante 19 June 1982 Belgium 1 -- 0 El Salvador Nuevo Estadio , Elche 22 June 1982 Belgium 1 -- 1 Hungary Nuevo Estadio , Elche 23 June 1982 Argentina 2 -- 0 El Salvador Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante Group 4 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group 4 Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 6 + 5 6 Advance to second round France 6 5 + 1 Czechoslovakia 0 − 2 Kuwait 0 6 − 4 Source : FIFA 16 June 1982 England 3 -- 1 France San Mamés Stadium , Bilbao 17 June 1982 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 1 Kuwait Estadio José Zorrilla , Valladolid 20 June 1982 England 2 -- 0 Czechoslovakia San Mamés Stadium , Bilbao 21 June 1982 France 4 -- 1 Kuwait Estadio José Zorrilla , Valladolid 24 June 1982 France 1 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio José Zorrilla , Valladolid 25 June 1982 England 1 -- 0 Kuwait San Mamés Stadium , Bilbao Group 5 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group 5 Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Northern Ireland 0 + 1 Advance to second round Spain 0 Yugoslavia 0 Honduras 0 − 1 Source : FIFA 16 June 1982 Spain 1 -- 1 Honduras Estadio Luis Casanova , Valencia 17 June 1982 Yugoslavia 0 -- 0 Northern Ireland La Romareda , Zaragoza 20 June 1982 Spain 2 -- 1 Yugoslavia Estadio Luis Casanova , Valencia 21 June 1982 Honduras 1 -- 1 Northern Ireland La Romareda , Zaragoza 24 June 1982 Honduras 0 -- 1 Yugoslavia La Romareda , Zaragoza 25 June 1982 Spain 0 -- 1 Northern Ireland Estadio Luis Casanova , Valencia Group 6 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group 6 Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 10 + 8 6 Advance to second round Soviet Union 6 + 2 Scotland 8 8 0 New Zealand 0 0 12 − 10 0 Source : FIFA 14 June 1982 Brazil 2 -- 1 Soviet Union Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium , Seville 15 June 1982 Scotland 5 -- 2 New Zealand La Rosaleda Stadium , Málaga 18 June 1982 Brazil 4 -- 1 Scotland Estadio Benito Villamarín , Seville 19 June 1982 Soviet Union 3 -- 0 New Zealand La Rosaleda Stadium , Málaga 22 June 1982 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Scotland La Rosaleda Stadium , Málaga 23 June 1982 Brazil 4 -- 0 New Zealand Estadio Benito Villamarín , Seville Second round ( edit ) The second round of matches consisted of four 3 - way round - robin groups , each confined to one stadium in one of Spain 's two largest cities : 2 in Madrid , and 2 in Barcelona . The winners of each one of these groups would progress to the semi-finals . Teams were ranked on the following criteria : 1 . Greater number of points in all group matches 2 . Goal difference in all group matches 3 . Greater number of goals scored in all group matches 4 . Whether the team finished first or second in their first round group 5 . Drawing of lots Although the fixtures were provisionally determined in advance , the teams competing in each fixture depended on the result of the opening match in each group : Should a team be defeated in the opening game of the group , that team would then have to play in the second fixture against the team not participating in the opening group game ; the winner of the opening game would , by contrast , be rewarded by not needing to play again until the final fixture of the group and therefore gained extra recovery time . If the opening game was a draw , the predetermined order of games would proceed as planned . These regulations helped ensure that the final group games were of importance as no team could already have progressed to the semi-finals by the end of the second fixtures . The 43,000 - capacity Sarria Stadium in Barcelona , used for the Group C round - robin matches between Italy , Argentina and Brazil was , unlike any of the other matches ( except 1 ) in the other groups , severely overcrowded for all 3 matches . The venue was then heavily criticized for its lack of space and inability to handle such rampant crowds ; although no one had foreseen such crowds at all ; the Group A matches held at the nearby and much larger 99,500 - capacity Camp Nou stadium never went past 65,000 and hosted all European teams ; it was anticipated there would be larger crowds for the Camp Nou - hosted second round matches between Belgium , the Soviet Union and Poland . Group A ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Poland 0 0 + 3 Advance to knockout stage Soviet Union 0 0 + 1 Belgium 0 0 0 − 4 0 Source : FIFA 28 June 1982 Poland 3 -- 0 Belgium Camp Nou , Barcelona 1 July 1982 Belgium 0 -- 1 Soviet Union Camp Nou , Barcelona 4 July 1982 Soviet Union 0 -- 0 Poland Camp Nou , Barcelona Group B ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification West Germany 0 + 1 Advance to knockout stage England 0 0 0 0 0 Spain 0 − 1 Source : FIFA 29 June 1982 West Germany 0 -- 0 England Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 2 July 1982 West Germany 2 -- 1 Spain Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 5 July 1982 Spain 0 -- 0 England Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid Group C ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Italy 0 0 5 + 2 Advance to knockout stage Brazil 0 5 + 1 Argentina 0 0 5 − 3 0 Source : FIFA 29 June 1982 Italy 2 -- 1 Argentina Sarrià Stadium , Barcelona 2 July 1982 Argentina 1 -- 3 Brazil Sarrià Stadium , Barcelona 5 July 1982 Italy 3 -- 2 Brazil Sarrià Stadium , Barcelona Group D ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 5 + 4 Advance to knockout stage Austria 0 − 1 Northern Ireland 0 6 − 3 Source : FIFA 28 June 1982 Austria 0 -- 1 France Vicente Calderón Stadium , Madrid 1 July 1982 Austria 2 -- 2 Northern Ireland Vicente Calderón Stadium , Madrid 4 July 1982 France 4 -- 1 Northern Ireland Vicente Calderón Stadium , Madrid Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup knockout stage Semi-finals Final 8 July -- Barcelona ( Camp Nou ) Poland 0 Italy 11 July -- Madrid ( Bernabéu ) Italy West Germany 1 Third place 8 July -- Seville ( Pizjuán ) 10 July -- Alicante West Germany ( pen . ) 3 ( 5 ) Poland France 3 ( 4 ) France 2 Semi-finals ( edit ) 8 July 1982 17 : 15 CEST Poland 0 -- 2 Italy Report Rossi 22 ' , 73 ' Camp Nou , Barcelona Attendance : 50,000 Referee : Juan Daniel Cardellino ( Uruguay ) Main article : West Germany v France ( 1982 FIFA World Cup ) 8 July 1982 21 : 00 CEST West Germany 3 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) France Littbarski 17 ' Rummenigge 102 ' Fischer 108 ' Report Platini 26 ' ( pen . ) Trésor 92 ' Giresse 98 ' Penalties Kaltz Breitner Stielike Littbarski Rummenigge Hrubesch 5 -- 4 Giresse Amoros Rocheteau Six Platini Bossis Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium , Seville Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Charles Corver ( Netherlands ) Third place match ( edit ) 10 July 1982 20 : 00 CEST Poland 3 -- 2 France Szarmach 40 ' Majewski 44 ' Kupcewicz 46 ' Report Girard 13 ' Couriol 72 ' Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante Attendance : 28,000 Referee : António Garrido ( Portugal ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup Final 11 July 1982 20 : 00 CEST Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Rossi 57 ' Tardelli 69 ' Altobelli 81 ' Report Breitner 83 ' Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid Attendance : 90,000 Referee : Arnaldo Cézar Coelho ( Brazil ) Statistics ( edit ) Goalscorers ( edit ) Paolo Rossi received the Golden Boot for scoring six goals . In total , 146 goals were scored by 100 players , with only one of them credited as own goal . 6 goals Paolo Rossi 5 goals Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 4 goals Zico Zbigniew Boniek 3 goals Falcão Alain Giresse László Kiss Gerry Armstrong 2 goals Salah Assad Daniel Bertoni Diego Maradona Daniel Passarella Walter Schachner Éder Serginho Sócrates Antonín Panenka Trevor Francis Bryan Robson Bernard Genghini Michel Platini Dominique Rocheteau Didier Six László Fazekas Tibor Nyilasi Gábor Pölöskei Marco Tardelli Billy Hamilton John Wark Klaus Fischer Pierre Littbarski 1 goal Lakhdar Belloumi Tedj Bensaoula Rabah Madjer Osvaldo Ardiles Ramón Díaz Reinhold Hintermaier Hans Krankl Bruno Pezzey Ludo Coeck Alexandre Czerniatynski Erwin Vandenbergh Júnior Oscar Grégoire M'Bida Juan Carlos Letelier Gustavo Moscoso Miguel Ángel Neira Luis Ramírez Zapata Paul Mariner Maxime Bossis Alain Couriol René Girard Gérard Soler Marius Trésor Eduardo Laing Héctor Zelaya Lázár Szentes József Tóth József Varga Alessandro Altobelli Antonio Cabrini Bruno Conti Francesco Graziani Abdullah Al - Buloushi Faisal Al - Dakhil Steve Sumner Steve Wooddin Rubén Toribio Díaz Guillermo La Rosa Andrzej Buncol Włodzimierz Ciołek Janusz Kupcewicz Grzegorz Lato Stefan Majewski Włodzimierz Smolarek Andrzej Szarmach Steve Archibald Kenny Dalglish Joe Jordan David Narey John Robertson Graeme Souness Andriy Bal Sergei Baltacha Oleh Blokhin Aleksandre Chivadze Yuri Gavrilov Khoren Oganesian Ramaz Shengelia Juanito Roberto López Ufarte Enrique Saura Jesús María Zamora Paul Breitner Horst Hrubesch Uwe Reinders Ivan Gudelj Vladimir Petrović Own goals Jozef Barmoš ( against England ) Red cards ( edit ) Américo Gallego Diego Maradona Ladislav Vízek Gilberto Yearwood Mal Donaghy Awards ( edit ) Source : Golden Boot Golden Ball Best Young Player FIFA Fair Play Trophy Paolo Rossi Paolo Rossi Manuel Amoros Brazil FIFA retrospective ranking ( edit ) In 1986 , FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986 , based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . The rankings for the 1982 tournament were as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts . Italy 1 / C 7 0 12 6 + 6 11 West Germany 2 / B 7 12 10 + 2 8 Poland 1 / A 7 11 5 + 6 9 France 4 / D 7 16 12 + 4 8 Eliminated in the second group stage 5 Brazil 6 / C 5 0 15 6 + 9 8 6 England 4 / B 5 0 6 + 5 8 7 Soviet Union 6 / A 5 7 + 3 6 8 Austria 2 / D 5 5 + 1 5 9 Northern Ireland 5 / D 5 5 7 − 2 5 10 Belgium 3 / A 5 5 − 2 5 11 Argentina 3 / C 5 0 8 7 + 1 12 Spain 5 / B 5 5 − 1 Eliminated in the first group stage 13 Algeria 0 5 5 0 14 Hungary 12 6 + 6 15 Scotland 6 8 8 0 16 Yugoslavia 5 0 17 Cameroon 0 0 0 18 Honduras 5 0 − 1 19 Czechoslovakia 0 − 2 20 Peru 0 6 − 4 21 Kuwait 0 6 − 4 22 Chile 0 0 8 − 5 0 23 New Zealand 6 0 0 12 − 10 0 24 El Salvador 0 0 13 − 12 0 Symbols ( edit ) Mascot ( edit ) The official mascot of this World Cup was Naranjito , an anthropomorphised orange , a typical fruit in Spain , wearing the kit of the host 's national team . Its name comes from naranja , the Spanish word for orange , and the diminutive suffix `` - ito '' . Football in Action ( fútbol en acción ) was the name of an educational animated series first aired in 1982 on public broadcaster RTVE . Chapters had a duration of 20 minutes and the main character was Naranjito . The series lasted for 26 episodes and the theme was football , adventures and World Cup of 82 . Naranjito was accompanied by other characters , as his girlfriend Clementina , his friend Citronio and Imarchi the robot . Match ball ( edit ) The match ball for 1982 World Cup , manufactured by Adidas , was the Tango España . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` 1982 : Why Brazil V Italy Was One Of Football 's Greatest Ever Matches '' . Esquire . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ger , McCarthy . `` Memory Lane -- West Germany v France at World Cup 82 '' . Backpage Football . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup withdrawal considered amid Falklands War '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 28 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Outline '' . Soccernostalgia. 31 May 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italy qualify with two goals in three games '' . Glasgow Herald ( page 19 ) . 24 June 1982 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , Lawrence ; Smyth , Rob ( 11 August 2004 ) . `` What 's the dodgiest game in football history ? '' . guardian.co.uk . Guardian News and Media . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ten - man Irish in fairytale victory '' . Glasgow Herald ( page 19 ) . 26 June 1982 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 : Why Brazil V Italy Was One Of Football 's Greatest Ever Matches '' . Esquire.co.uk. 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Foot , John . Winning at All Costs : A Scandalous History of Italian Soccer . p. 470 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World 's worst refereeing decisions '' , BBC , 5 January 2005 Archived 6 October 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Dino Zoff '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 12 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Stadium capacities , Panini official album to World Cup 1982 . Jump up ^ Alsos , Jan . `` Planet World Cup -- 1982 -- Match Schedule '' . www.planetworldcup.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The FIFA World Cup Final Draw history '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` England world seeds -- official '' . Glasgow Herald . 12 December 1981 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain ; Report of FIFA '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1982 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup : Confusion and chaos at the 1982 draw '' . BBC Sport. 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stein gets down to business '' . Glasgow Herald . 18 January 1982 . ^ Jump up to : `` Der Spielplan für die WM ' 82 '' . Kicker -- Sonderheft WM ' 82 ( in German ) . May 1982 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` 82 : The original and harshest Group of Death '' . www.fourfourtwo.com. 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` page 45 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1982 . 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM , FIFA.com Details at RSSSF FIFA Technical Report ( Part 1 ) , ( Part 2 ) and ( Part 3 ) FIFA Awards -- World Cup 1982 `` Golden Ball '' 1980s portal Spain portal 1982 FIFA World Cup Stages First group stage Group 1 Group 2 West Germany v Austria Group 3 Hungary v El Salvador Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Second group stage Group A Group B Group C Italy v Brazil Group D Knockout stage West Germany v France Final General information Qualification Squads 1982 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Italy Runners - up West Germany Third place Poland Fourth place France Second group stage Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil England Northern Ireland Soviet Union Spain First group stage Algeria Cameroon Chile Czechoslovakia El Salvador Honduras Hungary Kuwait New Zealand Peru Scotland Yugoslavia FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 2073272 - 7 LCCN : no2014088305 VIAF : 139052786 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=850460474 '' Categories : 1982 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Spain 1981 -- 82 in Spanish football June 1982 sports events July 1982 sports events Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from June 2018 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 00 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the soccer world cup in 1982	[ "The tournament was won by Italy, who defeated West Germany 3–1 during the final match, held in the Spanish capital of Madrid. It was Italy's third World Cup win and first since 1938. The defending champions Argentina were eliminated in the second group round. Algeria, Cameroon, Honduras, Kuwait and New Zealand made their first appearances in the finals. \n" ]	[ "Italy" ]
8464351207146033168	Role Models	Role Models - wikipedia Role Models This article is about the 2008 comedy film . For other uses , see Role model . Role Models Theatrical release poster Directed by David Wain Produced by Luke Greenfield Mary Parent Scott Stuber Written by David Wain Timothy Dowling Paul Rudd Ken Marino Starring Seann William Scott Paul Rudd Christopher Mintz - Plasse Bobb'e J. Thompson Jane Lynch Ken Jeong Elizabeth Banks Music by Craig Wedren Cinematography Russ T. Alsobrook Edited by Eric Kissack Production company Relativity Media New Regency Productions Hallway Pictures WideAwake Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date October 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 22 ) ( Westwood ) November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $28 million Box office $92.4 million Role Models is a 2008 American comedy film directed by David Wain and written by Wain , Timothy Dowling , Paul Rudd and Ken Marino . It is about two energy drink salesmen who are ordered to perform 150 hours of community service as punishment for various offenses . For their service , the two men work at a program designed to pair kids with adult role models . The film stars Seann William Scott , Paul Rudd , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , Bobb'e J. Thompson , Jane Lynch and Elizabeth Banks . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Danny and Wheeler are two energy drink salesmen who promote a drink called `` Minotaur '' to school children , and encourage kids to stay off drugs . Wheeler loves the job , but Danny hates it , viewing it as a pointless , dead - end career . Danny 's depression results in the collapse of his relationship with his girlfriend Beth , after he impulsively proposes to her . After a presentation at an elementary school , the duo find their Minotaur truck being towed , as they were parked in a no - parking zone . After an argument with the tow truck driver , Danny attempts to `` drive '' their truck free of the tow truck , damaging the tow truck , nearly running over a security guard and crashing into a statue . Both men are arrested and charged with assault and disorderly conduct . Beth strikes a deal with the judge in which they have to log 150 hours of community service over the next 30 days , in lieu of 30 days in jail . They are to complete their service with Sturdy Wings , a big brother - big sister program led by Gayle Sweeny , a recovering addict . Gayle is aware of their court mandate and warns them that if they fail to meet her requirements they will be sent to prison . Wheeler is paired up with Ronnie , a foul - mouthed streetwise miscreant obsessed with breasts , who has driven away all the other `` Bigs '' he has been paired with . Danny is assigned Augie , a nerdy teenager obsessed with medieval live action role - playing games . Danny is unable to find common ground with Augie while Ronnie takes a disliking to Wheeler . Danny considers choosing the jail sentence , but Wheeler insists that if they go to jail , they will get raped . They gradually bond with their `` littles '' . Ronnie and Wheeler share the experience of having been abandoned by their fathers while Danny learns about Augie 's medieval fantasy realm . Ronnie takes an interest in Wheeler 's favorite group , Kiss , and discovers that Wheeler shares his obsession with breasts , which Wheeler teaches him to control . Danny and Augie bond when they realize that they are both involved in the Sturdy Wings program against their will . Danny joins Augie 's live action role playing game , `` LAIRE '' ( Live Action Interactive Role - playing Explorers ) and attempts to reconcile with Beth , but to no avail ( Beth must commit to the break - up , stating that it is for the best ) . However , their good luck is short - lived . When Augie manages to sneak up on the King of LAIRE , Argotron the King lies and tells everyone that he killed Augie . Danny , defending Augie , confronts and then pushes the King , and gets himself and Augie banned from LAIRE forever . Later , Danny insults Augie 's mother and stepfather for refusing to support Augie 's hobby , earning their hatred . As soon as Augie 's parents kick Danny out of their house , Danny retorts , `` I 'd be psyched if he were my kid . '' Meanwhile , Wheeler takes Ronnie to a party and leaves him unsupervised , resulting in Ronnie walking home alone and a series of angry messages from Ronnie 's mother , Karen , on Wheeler 's cell - phone . Ronnie and Augie 's parents ask Sturdy Wings for new mentors , and Danny and Wheeler are expelled from the program , thus failing to complete their community service . Beth says that she will defend Danny and Wheeler in court , but can not make any promises , as they will eventually be sent to jail . Danny and Wheeler argue and go their separate ways . Danny convinces King Argotron to allow himself and Augie to fight that afternoon in the much - awaited battle royale . Wheeler gets permission from Karen to hang out with Ronnie after he gets out of jail , and earns Ronnie 's forgiveness . However , the King secretly warns the other members of Augie 's LAIRE `` country '' of Xanthia that allowing Augie to fight with them will lead to severe retribution in the game . They call Augie to tell him he 's too much of a liability and he has nowhere to turn . To form a new LAIRE country , Danny and Augie need four members and matching costumes . Danny asks Wheeler and Ronnie to join them . They arrive with Wheeler 's Kiss costumes and a Kiss - themed Minotaur truck , naming their new country `` Kiss - My - Anthia '' . After a betrayal by his former Xanthian allies , Augie finally duels with the king , defeating him . A hidden player , Sarah , who goes by Esplen in LAIRE , then attacks and defeats Augie ; she is crowned the new queen and chooses Augie as her king - consort . Augie 's parents forgive Danny . Impressed with having seen that Wheeler and Danny care for the children , Gayle clears their names with the judge . Danny serenades Beth with a rendition of the Kiss song `` Beth '' and they happily reconcile . Cast ( edit ) Seann William Scott as Wheeler Paul Rudd as Danny Christopher Mintz - Plasse as Augie Bobb'e J. Thompson as Ronnie Elizabeth Banks as Beth Jane Lynch as Gayle Ken Jeong as King Argotron Kerri Kenney - Silver as Lynette Ken Marino as Jim Nicole Randall Johnson as Karen A.D. Miles as Martin Joe Lo Truglio as Kuzzik Vincent Martella as Artonius Matt Walsh as Davith of Glencracken Allie Stamler as Sarah / Queen Esplen Jessica Morris as Linda the Teacher Carly Craig as Connie Keegan - Michael Key as Duane Amanda Righetti as Isabel Jorma Taccone as Mitch from Graphics Armen Weitzman as Party Dude Elijah Polanco as Ronnie 's Friend Nate Hartley as Rule Master Louis C.K. as School Liaison Production ( edit ) The film was originally announced in December 2006 under the title Big Brothers , with Luke Greenfield directing and Timothy Dowling writing the script . A January 22 , 2007 , draft of the script credits Moses Port and David Guarascio as writers , with no listing of Dowling . During promotion for the film Knocked Up , Paul Rudd revealed that shooting on Big Brothers was on hiatus while the script was being retooled . News was later revealed that Rudd was commissioned to write a new draft of the script and David Wain had signed on to direct . Wain later revealed the film was now titled Little Big Men . UniversalPictures.com listed the film under the final title Role Models , which made its release on November 7 , 2008 . It was pre-screened at the University of Maryland 's Hoff Theater on October 30 , 2008 to positive accord . A running gag in the film is a song entitled `` Love Take Me Down ( to the Streets ) '' , which is claimed by Martin to be by the band Wings . In the initial scene at the Sturdy Wings building , Martin begins singing the song , which he claims is `` one of their hits from the ' 70s '' , a fact which Danny denies . This is a minor recurring joke throughout the film . During the credits , the song plays and is listed on the film soundtrack as being performed by `` Not Wings . '' The song was written by Charles Gansa , a composer who worked on the film , and A.D. Miles , who plays Martin in the film . It was written to imitate the style of the music of Wings and performed by Joey Curatolo , a Paul McCartney soundalike who performs in the Beatles tribute band Rain . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Role Models opened # 2 at the box office behind Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa with $19.2 million . The film made a total of $67,300,955 domestically and $25,201,210 in foreign countries , for a total of $92,502,165 worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) Role Models was met with generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 78 % , based on 157 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Role Models is a frequently crude , always funny comedy with the cast providing solid work throughout . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a rating of 61 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . In their year end review , IGN awarded Role Models with `` Best Comedy Film of 2008 '' . Eye Weekly selected Role Models as one of the best films of 2008 . Home Media ( edit ) The DVD was released on March 10 , 2009 selling 1,028,207 during its first week generating $17,469,237 in revenue . As of August 10 , 2011 the DVD has sold 2,555,713 copies and over $40 million in revenue . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Role Models ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Role Models - Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rudd is Big Brother '' . Joblo.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` THE CROP REPORT - 3 / 28 / 07 '' . CHUD.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Rudd Donates Time For ' Big Brothers ' '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved September 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PAUL RUDD / DAVID WAIN NEWS '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved September 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` David Wain returns with comedy ' The Ten ' '' . The Daily Athenaeum . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved September 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Future Releases '' . Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ http://www.vanityfair.com/online/culture/2008/12/19/a-melodic-tribute-to-70sera-paul-mccartney.html Jump up ^ `` Role Models Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Role Models '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN - Best Comedy Film of 2008 '' . Bestof.ign.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 : Reeling in the year '' . Eye Weekly . December 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Official website Role Models on IMDb Role Models at AllMovie Role Models at Box Office Mojo Role Models at Rotten Tomatoes Role Models at Metacritic Films directed by David Wain Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) The Ten ( 2007 ) Role Models ( 2008 ) Wanderlust ( 2012 ) They Came Together ( 2014 ) A Futile and Stupid Gesture ( 2018 ) Films produced by Scott Stuber The Break - Up ( 2006 ) You , Me and Dupree ( 2006 ) The Kingdom ( 2007 ) Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins ( 2008 ) Role Models ( 2008 ) Love Happens ( 2009 ) Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 ) Repo Men ( 2010 ) Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) Your Highness ( 2011 ) Safe House ( 2012 ) Battleship ( 2012 ) Ted ( 2012 ) Admission ( 2013 ) 47 Ronin ( 2013 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 ) Central Intelligence ( 2016 ) Office Christmas Party ( 2016 ) Patriots Day ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Role_Models&oldid=851113182 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2000s comedy films American comedy films American films Films directed by David Wain Screenplays by Paul Rudd American buddy films Relativity Media films Universal Pictures films Films produced by Scott Stuber Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 04 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote love take me down to the streets	[ "A running gag in the film is a song entitled \"Love Take Me Down (to the Streets)\", which is claimed by Martin to be by the band Wings. In the initial scene at the Sturdy Wings building, Martin begins singing the song, which he claims is \"one of their hits from the '70s\", a fact which Danny denies. This is a minor recurring joke throughout the film. During the credits, the song plays and is listed on the film soundtrack as being performed by \"Not Wings.\" The song was written by Charles Gansa, a composer who worked on the film, and A. D. Miles, who plays Martin in the film. It was written to imitate the style of the music of Wings and performed by Joey Curatolo, a Paul McCartney soundalike who performs in the Beatles tribute band Rain.[9]\n", "A running gag in the film is a song entitled \"Love Take Me Down (to the Streets)\", which is claimed by Martin to be by the band Wings. In the initial scene at the Sturdy Wings building, Martin begins singing the song, which he claims is \"one of their hits from the '70s\", a fact which Danny denies. This is a minor recurring joke throughout the film. During the credits, the song plays and is listed on the film soundtrack as being performed by \"Not Wings.\" The song was written by Charles Gansa, a composer who worked on the film, and A. D. Miles, who plays Martin in the film. It was written to imitate the style of the music of Wings and performed by Joey Curatolo, a Paul McCartney soundalike who performs in the Beatles tribute band Rain.[9]\n" ]	[ "Charles Gansa", "A. D. Miles" ]
-845014503537169666	History of the rupee	History of the rupee - wikipedia History of the rupee Jump to : navigation , search Silver coin of the Maurya Empire , known as Rupyarupa , with symbols of wheel and elephant . 3rd century BC . The history of the Rupee traces back to the Ancient India in circa 6th century BC . Ancient India was the earliest issuers of coins in the world , along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters . The word `` rūpiye '' is derived from a Sanskrit word `` rūpaa '' , which means `` wrought silver , a coin of silver '' , in origin an adjective meaning `` shapely '' , with a more specific meaning of `` stamped , impressed '' , whence `` coin '' . It is derived from the noun rūpa `` shape , likeness , image '' . The word rūpa is being further identified as having sprung from the Dravidian . Vedic origin is more likely compare Sanskrit rūpá , n. , m . A form , beauty ( Rigveda ) , rūpaka adjective and n. , m . A particular coin Pañcatantra , rūpya , * rūpiya - , adj . beautiful , bearing a stamp Pāṇini. , n . silver Mahabharata . There is no evidence of transmission to Indo - Aryan from Dravidian and textual evidence dates to well before any references in the later Dravidian . Arthashastra , written by Chanakya , prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya ( c. 340 -- 290 BCE ) , mentions silver coins as rupyarupa , other types including gold coins ( Suvarnarupa ) , copper coins ( Tamararupa ) and lead coins ( Sisarupa ) are mentioned . Rupa means form or shape , example , Rupyarupa , Rupya -- wrought silver , rupa -- form . Sher Shah Suri , during his five - year rule from 1540 to 1545 , set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver , weighing 178 grains , which was termed the Rupiya . The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period , Maratha era as well as in British India . Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include the Bank of Hindostan ( 1770 -- 1832 ) , the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar ( 1773 -- 75 , established by Warren Hastings ) , and the Bengal Bank ( 1784 -- 91 ) . The Indian rupee was a silver - based currency during much of the 19th century , which had severe consequences on the standard value of the currency , as stronger economies were on the gold standard . During British rule , and the first decade of independence , the rupee was subdivided into 16 annas . Each anna was subdivided into either 4 paisas or 12 pies . So one rupee was equal to 16 annas , 64 paises of 192 pies . In 1957 , decimalisation occurred and the rupee was divided into 100 naye paise ( Hindi / Urdu for new paisas ) . After a few years , the initial `` naye '' was dropped . For many years in the early and mid-20th century , the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India ; areas such as East Africa , Southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early uses 2 Coinage since the British period 3 Since 1947 3.1 Decimalisation 3.2 1966 Economic crisis 3.3 1991 Economic crisis 3.4 Revaluation 3.5 2013 Depreciation 4 Banknotes 4.1 Early paper issues 4.2 British India issues 4.3 Reserve Bank issues during British India 4.4 Republic of India issues 5 Valuation history 6 Other issues 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early uses ( edit ) Rupiya issued by the Sher Shah Suri , 1540 -- 1545 CE Ancient India in circa 6th century BC , was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world , along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters . The first `` rupee '' is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri ( 1486 -- 1545 ) , based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces ( paisa ) per rupee . The word rūpiya is derived from word rūpa , which means `` wrought silver , a coin of silver '' , in origin an adjective meaning `` shapely '' , with a more specific meaning of `` stamped , impressed '' , hence a `` coin '' . It is derived from the noun rūpa `` shape , likeness , image '' . Arthashastra , written by Chanakya , prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya ( c. 340 -- 290 BCE ) , mentions silver coins as rūpyarūpa , other types of coins including gold coins ( Suvarnarūpa ) , copper coins ( Tamrarūpa ) and lead coins ( Sisarūpa ) are also mentioned . Rupa means form or shape , example , Rūpyarūpa , Rūpya -- wrought silver , rūpa -- form . In the intermediate times there is no fixed monetary system as reported by the Da Tang Xi Yu Ji . During his five - year rule from 1540 to 1546 , Sher Shah Suri set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver , weighing 178 grains , which was termed the Rupiya . The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period , the Maratha era ( 1674 -- 1818 ) and in British India , as well . Coinage since the British period ( edit ) Main articles : Indian coinage , British Indian coins , and Modern Indian coins The British settlements in Western India , South India , and the Eastern Province of Bengal ( Calcutta ) independently developed different coinages in consonance with the local acceptability of the coins for the purposes of trade . 1 Paisa coupon issued by Sayla state Indian rupee ( 1862 ) . Obverse : Crowned bust of Queen Victoria . Reverse : Face value , country and date . Coin made of 91.7 % silver . Half anna ( 2 paisa ) coin ; an anna = 4 paisa , George VI series , 1945 There are many fake coins of East India Company , with Indian gods depicted on the obverse side as shown in side - bar . Original East India Company coins show only the coat of arms of the East India Company . The coins of Bengal were developed in the Mughal style and those of Madras mostly in a South Indian style . The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns . It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Emperor Farrukh Siyar to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint . The British gold coins were termed Carolina , the silver coins Anglina , the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny . By the early 1830 , the English had become the dominant power in India . The Coinage Act of 1835 provided for uniform coinage throughout India . The new coins had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian . The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of Queen Victoria . The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India . The gold silver ratio expanded during 1870 - 1910 . Unlike India , her colonial master Britain was on gold standard . To meet the Home Charges ( i.e. , expenditure in England ) the colonial government had to remit a larger number of rupees and this necessitated increased taxation and unrest . British Indian 1 rupee , 1917 The 1911 accession to the throne of the King - Emperor George V led to the famous `` pig rupee '' . On the coin , the King appeared wearing the chain of the Order of the Indian Elephant . Through poor engraving , the elephant looked very much like a pig . The Muslim population was enraged and the image had to be quickly redesigned . Acute shortage of silver during the First World War , led to the introduction of paper currency of One Rupee and Two and a half Rupees . The silver coins of smaller denominations were issued in cupro - nickel . The compulsion of the Second World War led to experiments in coinage where the standard rupee was replaced by the `` Quaternary Silver Alloy '' . The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940 . In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins . Immediately after independence , the British coinage was continued . The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice , or 192 pies . The `` Anna Series '' was introduced on 15 August 1950 . this was the first coinage of Republic of India . The King 's Portrait was replaced by the Ashoka 's Lion Capital . A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin . The monetary system was retained with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas . The 1955 Indian Coinage ( Amendment ) Act , that came into force with effect from 1 April 1957 , introduced a `` Decimal series '' . The rupee was now divided into 100 ' Paisa ' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice . The `` Naye Paise '' coins were minted in the denominations of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 and 50 Naye Paise . Both the Anna series and the Naye Paise coins were valid for some time . From 1968 onward , the new coins were called just Paise instead of Naye Paise because they were no more naye = new . With high inflation in the sixties , small denomination coins which were made of bronze , nickel - brass , cupro - nickel , and aluminium - bronze were gradually minted in Aluminium . This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin . A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity . Over a period , cost - benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1 , 2 and 3 paise coins in the 1970s . Stainless steel coinage of 10 , 25 and 50 paise , was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992 . The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Re 1 , Rs 2 , and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s . Since 1947 ( edit ) Main article : Indian rupee Since its Independence in 1947 , India has faced two major financial crises and two consequent devaluations of the rupee : In 1966 and 1991 . Decimalisation ( edit ) A summary of the decimalisation of the Rupee : Dates Currency system From 1835 1 rupee = 16 annas = 64 pice ( paisé -- singular , `` paisa '' ) = 192 pies ( singular , `` pie '' ) From 1 April 1957 1 rupee = 100 nayé paisé From 1 June 1964 1 rupee = 100 paisé The price of 16 Annas is 1 rupee in 1947 . The demand for decimalisation existed for over a century . Sri Lanka decimalised its rupee in 1869 . The Indian Coinage Act was amended in September 1955 for the adoption of a decimal system for coinage . The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957 . The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature . It , however , was now divided into 100 ' Paisa ' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice . For public recognition , the new decimal Paisa was termed ' Naya Paisa ' until 1 June 1964 when the term ' Naya ' was dropped . The coins of that period also mentioned their value in terms of the rupee to avoid confusion and cheating . For example , the one paisa coin carried the text `` One hundredth of a Rupee '' in Hindi . 1966 economic crisis ( edit ) From 1950 , India ran continued trade deficits that increased in magnitude in the 1960s . Furthermore , the Government of India had a budget deficit problem and could not borrow money from abroad or from the private corporate sector , due to that sector 's negative savings rate . As a result , the government issued bonds to the RBI , which increased the money supply , leading to inflation . In 1966 , foreign aid , which had hitherto been a key factor in preventing devaluation of the rupee , was finally cut off and India was told it had to liberalise its restrictions on trade before foreign aid would again materialise . The response was the politically unpopular step of devaluation accompanied by liberalisation . Furthermore , The Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 led the US and other countries friendly towards Pakistan to withdraw foreign aid to India , which necessitated more devaluation . Defense spending in 1965 / 1966 was 24.06 % of total expenditure , the highest it has been in the period from 1965 to 1989 ( Foundations , pp 195 ) . Another factor leading to devaluation was the drought of 1965 / 1966 which resulted in a sharp rise in prices . At the end of 1969 , the Indian Rupee was trading at around 13 British pence . A decade later , by 1979 , it was trading at around 6 British pence . Finally , by the end of 1989 , the Indian Rupee had plunged to an all - time low of 3 British pence . This triggered a wave of irreversible liberalisation reforms away from populist measures . 1991 economic crisis ( edit ) In 1991 , India still had a fixed exchange system , where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners . India started having balance of payments problems since 1985 , and by the end of 1990 , it found itself in serious economic trouble . The government was close to default and its foreign exchange reserves had dried up to the point that India could barely finance three weeks ' worth of imports . As in 1966 , India faced high inflation and large government budget deficits . This led the government to devalue the rupee . At the end of 1999 , the Indian Rupee was devalued considerably . Revaluation ( edit ) In the period between 2000 and 2007 , the Rupee stopped declining and stabilized ranging between 1 USD = INR 44 -- 48 . In late 2007 , the Indian Rupee reached a record high of Rs. 39 per USD , on account of sustained foreign investment flows into the country . This posed problems for major exporters , IT and BPO firms located in the country who were incurring losses in their earnings given the appreciation in rupee . The trend has reversed lately with the 2008 world financial crisis as Foreign investors transferred huge sums out to their own countries . Such appreciations were reflected in many currencies , e.g. the British Pound , which had gained value against the dollar and then has lost value again with the recession of 2008 . 2013 depreciation ( edit ) Due to stagnant reforms , and declining foreign investment , rupee started depreciating in the early 2013 . Measures were announced by the government before this drop to prevent it from dropping further , but none managed to slow down the depreciation . After continued depreciation , and high inflation , the then Prime Minister of India , Manmohan Singh , made a statement in the Parliament of India on the issue . He was of the view that , the present depreciation is partly led by global factors as well as domestic factors . He also asked the political parties to help his Government , tide over the crisis that the country was facing with rupee losing its value . Banknotes ( edit ) Early paper issues ( edit ) Notes issued by the Bank of Bengal can be categorised in the following three series . Unifaced series : The early notes of the Bank of Bengal were printed only on one side and were issued as one gold mohur and in denominations of Rs. 100 , Rs. 250 , Rs. 500 , etc . Commerce series : Later notes had a vignette representing an allegorical female figure personifying ' commerce ' . The notes were printed on both sides . On the obverse the name of the bank and the denominations were printed in three scripts , viz. , ( Urdu , Bengali and Devanagari ) . On the reverse of such notes was printed a cartouche with ornamentation carrying the name of the Bank . Britannia series : By the late 19th century , the motif ' commerce ' was replaced by ' Britannia ' . The new banknotes had more features to prevent forgery . British India issues ( edit ) The Paper Currency Act of 1861 gave the Government the monopoly of note issue throughout the vast expanse of British India , which was a considerable task . Eventually , the management of paper currency was entrusted to the Mint Masters , the Accountant Generals and the Controller of Currency . Victoria portrait series : The first set of British India notes were the ' Victoria Portrait ' series issued in denominations of 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 and 1,000 . These were unifaced , carried two language panels . The security features incorporated the watermark , the printed signature and the registration of the notes . Underprint series : The unifaced Underprint series was introduced in 1867 as the Victoria Portrait series was withdrawn in the wake of a spate of forgeries . These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 500 , 1,000 and 10,000 . George V series : A series carrying the portrait of George V were introduced in 1923 , and was continued as an integral feature of all paper money issues of British India . These notes were issued in denominations of Rs 1 , 21⁄2 , 5 , 10 , 50 , 100 , 1,000 , 10,000 . Reserve Bank issues during British India ( edit ) The Reserve Bank of India was formally inaugurated on Monday , 1 April 1935 with its Central Office at Calcutta . Section 22 of the RBI Act , 1934 , empowered it to continue issuing Government of India notes until its own notes were ready for issue . The bank issued the first five rupee note bearing the portrait of George VI in 1938 . This was followed by Rs. 10 in February , Rs 100 in March and Rs 1,000 and Rs 10,000 in June 1938 . The first Reserve Bank issues were signed by the second Governor , Sir James Taylor . In August 1940 , the one - rupee note was reintroduced as a wartime measure , as a Government note with the status of a rupee coin . During the war , the Japanese produced high - quality forgeries of the Indian currency . This necessitated a change in the watermark . The profile portrait of George VI was changed to his full frontal portrait . The security thread was introduced for the first time in India . The George VI series continued till 1947 and thereafter as a frozen series till 1950 when post-independence notes were issued . Republic of India issues ( edit ) Following the Independence of India the Government of India brought out the new design Re. 1 note in 1949 . Initially , it was felt that the King 's portrait be replaced by a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi . Finally , however , the Lion Capital of Ashoka was chosen . The new design of notes were largely along earlier lines . In 1953 , Hindi was displayed prominently on the new notes . The economic crisis in late 1960s led to a reduction in the size of notes in 1967 . High denomination notes , like Rs. 10,000 notes were demonetized in 1978 . The first `` Mahatma Gandhi Series '' was introduced in 1996 . Prominent new features included a changed watermark , windowed security thread , latent image and intaglio features for the visually handicapped . The five hundred ( ₹ 500 ) and one thousand rupee notes ( ₹ 1,000 ) were demonetised by an unscheduled address to the nation by Prime Minister Narendra Modi starting from midnight 8 November 2016 . These notes are being replaced by the Mahatma Gandhi New Series of notes . Valuation history ( edit ) INR value against USD The Indian rupee and British pound sterling were historically exchanged based on the gold silver ratio . By the 1870s , the rupee had crossed ₹ 9 to the sterling and was officially pegged , via several appointed commissions , to the sterling from 1926 to 1966 at ₹ 13.33 . The peg changed to the US dollar in 1966 at ₹ 7.80 . Year Exchange rate ( INR per USD ) 1940 3.4804 1941 -- 1942 3.3077 1943 3.3223 1944 -- 1945 3.3024 1946 3.309 1947 1.00 1948 1.30 1949 3.67 1950 -- 1966 4.76 1966 7.50 8.39 1980 7.86 1985 12.38 17.01 1995 32.427 2000 43.50 2005 ( Jan ) 43.47 2006 ( Jan ) 45.19 2007 ( Jan ) 39.42 2008 ( October ) 48.88 2009 ( October ) 46.37 2010 ( 22 January ) 46.21 2011 ( April ) 44.17 2011 ( 21 September ) 48.24 2011 ( 17 November ) 55.3950 2012 ( 22 June ) 57.15 2013 ( 15 May ) 54.73 2013 ( 12 Sep ) 62.92 2014 ( 15 May ) 59.44 2014 ( 12 Sep ) 60.95 2015 ( 15 Apr ) 62.30 2015 ( 15 May ) 64.22 2015 ( 19 sep ) 65.87 2015 ( 30 nov ) 66.79 2016 ( 20 Jan ) 68.01 2016 ( 25 Jan ) 67.63 2016 ( 25 Feb ) 68.82 2016 ( 14 April ) 66.56 2016 ( 22 Sep ) 67.02 2016 ( 24 Nov ) 67.63 2017 ( 28 Mar ) 65.04 2017 ( 28 April ) 64.27 2017 ( 15 May ) 64.05 2017 ( 14 August ) 64.13 Other issues ( edit ) Main articles : Pakistani rupee , French Indian rupee , Portuguese Indian Rupia , and Gulf rupee Jammu and Kashmir issues : Maharaja Rambir Singh introduced paper money on watermarked paper in 1877 . The notes were not very popular and were in circulation for a very short period . The notes carried the ' Sun ' motif of the Dogra family . Five - rupee note from Hyderabad Hyderabad issues : The Government of Hyderabad had made several efforts to organize private bankers to set up a banking company which could issue paper money . The British , however resisted the attempts of Indian princely states to issue paper currency . The acute shortage of silver during the First World War and the contributions of Hyderabad State to the British war effort led them to accept , in 1918 , paper currency in denominations of Rs. 10 / - and Rs. 100 / - issued under the Hyderabad Currency Act . The currency was designated the Osmania Sicca ( OS ) . Rupee One and Rupees Five notes were issued subsequently in 1919 and Rupees One Thousand notes were issued in 1926 . After the setting up of the India Currency Notes Press at Nasik , Hyderabad notes came to be printed there . Burma issues : Burma separated from India in 1938 ; however , the Reserve Bank of India acted as Banker to the Government of Burma and was responsible for note issue in terms of the Burma Monetary Arrangements Order , 1937 . In May 1938 the Bank issued Burma notes which were not legal tender in India . Indo - French issues : The French Indian rupee ( FIR ) was introduced by France 's Bank of Indochina in French colonies of India . Indo - Portuguese issues : The Portuguese Indian Rupia was the currency of Portuguese India until 1959 . It was divisible into 16 Tangas or 960 Reis . In 1959 , the currency was changed to the Portuguese Indian Escudo , at the rate of 1 Rupia for 6 Escudos . Persian Gulf issues : For many years in the early and mid-20th century , the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India : areas such as East Africa , Southern Arabia and the Persian Gulf . The rupees used in the Persian Gulf had been bought by the Gulf states from the Reserve Bank of India , who held the sterling reserves by which the rupees had originally been purchased . However , Indian rupees were being smuggled from India to the states of the Persian Gulf in exchange for gold . It was estimated in 1959 that the total amount of gold in private hands in India was about $ US1. 75 to 2 billion -- roughly two - thirds of the value of paper money in circulation . While it was legal to own and to trade in gold within India , it was illegal to import or export gold . The Gulf Rupee , also known as the Persian Gulf Rupee ( PGR ) , was introduced by the Indian government as a replacement for the Indian Rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act , 1 May 1959 . After India devalued the rupee on June 1966 , those countries still using it -- Oman , Qatar and what is now the United Arab Emirates ( known as the Trucial States until 1971 ) -- replaced the Gulf Rupee with their own currencies . Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 and 1965 respectively . Emergency issues , Princely states : During the 1940s , when mints were occupied for use in the war , an acute scarcity of small coins was felt throughout India . Princely states in Western India like Balvan , Bikaner , Bundi , Gondal , Indergadh , Junagadh , Jasdan , Kutch Mengni , Muli , Morvi , Mangrol , Nawanagar , Nawalgarh Palitana , Rajkot , Sailana , Sayla , Vithalgadh , issued `` Cash Coupons '' to meet the shortage . Hyderabad state OS Rs. 100 issue Five rupees , 1922 Portuguese Indian 1 rupee , 1924 French Indian 1 rupee , 1938 George VI profile portrait , RBI , 1937 One rupee , British India George VI profile portrait changed to frontal portrait , RBI , 1943 Two rupees , Republic of India See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Tables of historical exchange rates to the india rupee Rupee Indian rupee Mauritian rupee Pakistani rupee Nepali rupee Coinage of India Coins of British India History of the taka Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1940 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $3.83 per pound Jump up ^ 1941 -- 1942 : ₹ 13.33 per pound , $4.03 per pound References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Redy . `` AIndia. htm '' . Worldcoincatalog.com . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Subodh Kapoor ( January 2002 ) . The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical , historical , religious ... , Volume 6 . Cosmo Publications . p. 1599 . ISBN 81 - 7755 - 257 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : etymonline.com ( 20 September 2008 ) . `` Etymology of rupee '' . Retrieved 20 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Caldwell . `` A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South - Indian family of languages '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://dsal.uchicago.edu ( 10 November 2013 ) . `` Etymology of rupee '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mughal Coinage at RBI Monetary Museum . Retrieved on 4 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coinage - Pre-Colonial India Coinage '' . Rbi.org.in . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Trübner 's Oriental Series DA TANG XIYU JI Great Tang Dynasty Records of the Western World , translated by Samuel Beal TWO VOLUMES Kegan , Paul , Trench , Teubner & Co . London 1906 ( First Edition ‐ London 1884 ) Jump up ^ Devika Johri & Mark Miller . `` Devaluation of the Rupee : Tale of Two Years , 1966 and 1991 '' http://www.ccs.in/ccsindia/policy/money/studies/wp0028.pdf Jump up ^ `` Global Financial Data '' . Global Financial Data . 15 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Devaluation of the Rupee : Tale of Two Years , 1966 and 1991 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Rupee crashes to 68.75 per dollar as foreign investors flee - NDTVProfit.com . Profit.ndtv.com . Retrieved on 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhat , Swati. ( 28 August 2013 ) Rupee nears 69 / dollar ; posts biggest day fall in 18 years Reuters . In.reuters.com . Retrieved on 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ External factors led to rupee fall , reduce hunger for gold : PM . YouTube ( 30 August 2013 ) . Retrieved on 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Spotlight ( 8 November 2016 ) , ( English ) PM Modi 's Surgical Strike on Corruption 500 , 1000 Rupee Notes Not Legal Tender Anymore , retrieved 8 November 2016 -- via YouTube Jump up ^ Johri , Devika . `` Devaluation of the Rupee : Tale of Two Years , 1966 and 1991 '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Civil Society . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : V.S. Somanath , International Financial Management , page 53 , I.K. International , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Computing ' Real Value ' Over Time with a Conversion between U.K. Pounds and U.S. Dollars , 1774 to Present , MeasuringWorth Jump up ^ China 's Foreign Trade Statistics , 1864 - 1949 , page 196 , Harvard University Asia Center , 1974 Jump up ^ The Statesman 's Year - Book : Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1945 , page 696 , Springer , 2016 Jump up ^ Oil , International Payments and Reform , page 260 , Institute for Financial Management and Research , 1975 ^ Jump up to : Journey of Indian rupee since independence , The Times of India . Retrieved on 1 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Indian Rupee Value from 1980 Chipkidz . Chipkidz.wordpress.com ( 10 August 2009 ) . Retrieved on 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USD to INR Rates on 6 / 22 / 2012 '' . Exchange Rates . 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USD to INR Rates on 5 / 15 / 2013 '' . Exchange Rates . 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Rupee rises to 62.92 per dollar , on track for 6th straight gain - NDTVProfit.com . Profit.ndtv.com . Retrieved on 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USD to INR Rates on 15 - May - 2014 '' . Exchange Rates . 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USD to INR Rates on 12 - Sep - 2014 '' . Exchange Rates . 12 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USD to INR Rates on 15 - Apr - 2015 '' . Exchange Rates . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` news18 '' . news18. 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) British India Coins Wiki Picture of original Rupiya introduced by Sher Shah Suri Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum World coin gallery Reserve Bank of India Gallery of current and historical Indian banknotes ( hide ) Currencies named rupee or similar Circulating Indian rupee ( रुपया ) Indonesian rupiah Maldivian rufiyaa ( ދިވެހި ރުފިޔ ) Mauritian rupee ( roupie ) Nepalese rupee ( रूपैयाँ ) Pakistani rupee ( روپي ) Seychellois rupee ( roupi , roupie ) Sri Lankan rupee ( රුපියල් ) Obsolete Afghan rupee Burmese rupee Japanese occupation rupee Danish Indian rupee East African rupee French Indian rupee ( roupie ) German East African rupie Gulf rupee ( روپيه ‎ ) Hyderabadi rupee ( रुपया , రూపాయి ) Italian Somaliland rupia Javan rupee Mombasan rupee Netherlands Indian roepiah Portuguese Indian rupia Riau rupiah Travancore rupee West Irian rupiah Zanzibari rupee ( روپيه ‎ ) Conceptual Petrorupee Fictional Hylian rupee ( ルピー ) See also History of the rupee Nepalese mohar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_rupee&oldid=795462523 '' Categories : Rupee Currencies of India Currencies of Pakistan Economic history of India History of money Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use British English from December 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2012 Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Dhivehi - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles containing non-English - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া हिन्दी Italiano தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was devaluation of rupee done in india	[ "Since its Independence in 1947, India has faced two major financial crises and two consequent devaluations of the rupee: In 1966 and 1991.[9]", "Since its Independence in 1947, India has faced two major financial crises and two consequent devaluations of the rupee: In 1966 and 1991.[9]" ]	[ "1966", "1991" ]
2755495185046756574	2018 Copa del Rey Final	2018 Copa del Rey final - wikipedia 2018 Copa del Rey final Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Copa del Rey Final The Wanda Metropolitano in Madrid held the final Event 2017 -- 18 Copa del Rey Sevilla Barcelona 0 5 Date 21 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 21 ) Venue Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Man of the Match Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Referee Jesús Gil Manzano Attendance 62,623 Weather Clear 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) 82 % humidity ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Copa del Rey Final was a football match played on 21 April 2018 to decide the winner of the 2017 -- 18 Copa del Rey , the 116th edition of Spain 's primary football cup . The match was between Sevilla and Barcelona at the Wanda Metropolitano Stadium in Madrid . Barcelona won the final 5 -- 0 for their 4th consecutive and 30th overall Copa del Rey title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Route to the final 3 Match 3.1 Details 4 References Background ( edit ) Barcelona were competing in their 40th Copa del Rey final , extending the record of 39 which they previously shared with Real Madrid , having won 29 titles prior , a competition record . They were the reigning champions , having defeated Alavés 3 -- 1 in the earlier 2017 final at the Vicente Calderón in Madrid . This was their fifth consecutive final , a feat never accomplished before , and were seeking a fourth consecutive title , a record shared by Real Madrid ( 1905 , 1906 , 1907 , 1908 ) and Athletic Bilbao ( 1930 , 1931 , 1932 , 1933 ) . Sevilla were competing in their ninth Copa del Rey final , having won a total of five titles prior ( 1935 , 1939 , 1948 , 2007 , and 2010 ) . The pairing was a rematch from the 2016 final , where Barcelona won 2 -- 0 after extra time . Route to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2017 -- 18 Copa del Rey Sevilla Round Barcelona Opponent Result Legs Opponent Result Legs Cartagena 7 -- 0 3 -- 0 away ; 4 -- 0 home Round of 32 Murcia 8 -- 0 3 -- 0 away ; 5 -- 0 home Cádiz 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 away ; 2 -- 1 home Round of 16 Celta Vigo 6 -- 1 1 -- 1 away ; 5 -- 0 home Atlético Madrid 5 -- 2 2 -- 1 away ; 3 -- 1 home Quarter - finals Espanyol 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 away ; 2 -- 0 home Leganés 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 away ; 2 -- 0 home Semi-finals Valencia 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 home ; 2 -- 0 away Match ( edit ) Details ( edit ) 21 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 21 ) 21 : 30 CEST Sevilla 0 -- 5 Barcelona Report L. Suárez 14 ' , 40 ' Messi 31 ' Iniesta 52 ' Coutinho 69 ' ( pen . ) Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Attendance : 62,623 Referee : Jesús Gil Manzano Sevilla Barcelona GK 13 David Soria RB 16 Jesús Navas CB 25 Gabriel Mercado 34 ' CB 5 Clément Lenglet LB 18 Sergio Escudero ( c ) 38 ' CM 15 Steven Nzonzi CM 10 Éver Banega RW 17 Pablo Sarabia 82 ' AM 22 Franco Vázquez 74 ' 86 ' LW 11 Joaquín Correa 46 ' CF 20 Luis Muriel Substitutes : GK Sergio Rico DF Miguel Layún 82 ' DF 6 Daniel Carriço MF 14 Guido Pizarro FW 9 Wissam Ben Yedder FW 23 Sandro Ramírez 46 ' FW 24 Nolito 86 ' Manager : Vincenzo Montella GK 13 Jasper Cillessen RB 20 Sergi Roberto CB Gerard Piqué CB 23 Samuel Umtiti LB 18 Jordi Alba RM 14 Philippe Coutinho 82 ' CM Ivan Rakitić CM 5 Sergio Busquets 74 ' 76 ' LM 8 Andrés Iniesta ( c ) 67 ' 88 ' CF 10 Lionel Messi CF 9 Luis Suárez Substitutes : GK Marc - André ter Stegen DF Nélson Semedo DF 25 Thomas Vermaelen MF 6 Denis Suárez 88 ' MF 15 Paulinho 76 ' FW 11 Ousmane Dembélé 82 ' FW 17 Paco Alcácer Manager : Ernesto Valverde Man of the Match : Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Assistant referees : Ángel Nevado Rodríguez Juan Carlos Yuste Jiménez Fourth official : Carlos del Cerro Grande Reserve assistant referee : Roberto Alonso Fernández Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes , of which up to three may be used . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sevilla 0 -- 5 Barcelona '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gil Manzano , el árbitro de la final de Copa entre Barça y Sevilla '' ( Gil Manzano , the referee of the Copa final between Barça and Sevilla ) . lavanguardia.com ( in Spanish ) . La Vanguardia. 9 April 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla vs. Barcelona -- 21 April 2018 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weather History for LEMD -- April , 2018 '' . Weather Underground . The Weather Company . 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Copa del Rey Seasons 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1928 -- 29 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1944 -- 45 1946 1947 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1951 1952 1952 -- 53 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1969 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 ( FEF & UECF ) 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 Related Copa de la Coronación ( final ) Copa de la España Libre Regional Championship : ( Aragón Asturias Baleares Canary Islands Cantabria Castilla - León Centro Catalonia Extremadura Galicia Guipuzkoa Levante Norte / Vizcaya Norte de África Sur ) History 2017 -- 18 in Spanish football Domestic leagues La Liga Segunda División Play - Off 2a 2a División B ( Play - Off 2aB ) 3a División Play - Off 3a Domestic cups Copa del Rey ( Final ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación de España Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup European competitions Champions League Europa League Super Cup Related to national teams Men 2018 FIFA World Cup ( Qualifying Group G ) Julen Lopetegui Women 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup ( Qualifying Group 7 ) Jorge Vilda Women 's football Primera División Segunda División Regional leagues Copa de la Reina Champions League Youth football División de Honor Copa del Rey UEFA Youth League Club seasons La Liga Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Celta Vigo Deportivo Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Las Palmas Leganés Levante Málaga Real Betis Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Segunda División Albacete Alcorcón Almería Barcelona B Cádiz Córdoba Cultural Leonesa Gimnàstic Granada Lorca FC Huesca Lugo Numancia Osasuna Oviedo Rayo Vallecano Reus Sevilla Atlético Sporting Gijón Tenerife Valladolid Zaragoza Segunda División B Burgos Lleida Esportiu Primera División ( women ) Barcelona Summer transfers Winter transfers FC Barcelona matches Copa del Rey Finals 1902 1910 1912 1913 ( UECF ) 1919 1920 1922 1925 1926 1928 1932 1936 1942 1951 1952 1953 1954 1957 1959 1963 1968 1971 1978 1981 1984 1986 1988 1990 1997 1998 2009 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Copa de la Liga Finals 1986 Supercopa de España 1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1997 1998 1999 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 2017 2018 UEFA Champions League Finals 1961 1986 1992 1994 2006 2009 2011 2015 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1969 1979 1982 1989 1991 1997 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Finals 1958 1960 1962 1966 Trophy Play - Off UEFA Super Cup 1979 1982 1989 1992 1997 2006 2009 2011 2015 Intercontinental Cup 1992 FIFA Club World Cup Finals 2006 2009 2011 2015 Other matches Summer of Champions ' Cup ( 2012 ) Uli Hoeneß Cup ( 2013 ) FC Barcelona 1 -- 1 Atlético Madrid ( 2014 ) Barcelona 6 -- 1 Paris Saint - Germain ( 2017 ) Sevilla FC matches Copa del Rey Finals 1935 1939 1948 1955 1962 2007 2016 2018 Supercopa de España 2007 2016 2018 UEFA Europa League Finals 2006 2007 2014 2015 2016 UEFA Super Cup 2006 2007 2014 2015 2016 Supercopa Euroamericana 2015 2016 Association football portal Spain portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Copa_del_Rey_Final&oldid=839722749 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 in Spanish football cups Copa del Rey Finals FC Barcelona matches Sevilla FC matches April 2018 sports events in Europe Football in Madrid 2010s in Madrid Sports competitions in Madrid Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Nederlands Русский ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 07 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	barcelona vs sevilla copa del rey final stadium	[ "The match was between Sevilla and Barcelona at the Wanda Metropolitano Stadium in Madrid." ]	[ "Wanda Metropolitano Stadium in Madrid" ]
-1197812544369713442	Jordan of Saxony	Jordan of Saxony - wikipedia Jordan of Saxony Jump to : navigation , search Blessed Jordan of Saxony , O.P. Fresco of the Blessed Jordan in the Dominican priory at Worms Master General of the Order of Preachers c. 1190 Borgberge near Dassel , Duchy of Saxony 1237 at sea , near Syria Venerated in Roman Catholic Church Beatified 1825 by Pope Leo XII ( cultus confirmed ) Feast 13 February Patronage Vocations to the Dominican Order Faculty of Engineering University of Santo Tomas Manila , Philippines The Blessed Jordan of Saxony , O.P. ( referred to in Latin as Jordanis , also known as de Alamania ; c. 1190 -- 1237 ) , was one of the first leaders of the Dominican Order . His feast day is February 13 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Master General 2 Death 3 Veneration 3.1 Patronage 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External links Life ( edit ) Jordan belonged to the noble German family of the Counts of Eberstein . He was born in the Castle of Borrenstrick , in the diocese of Paderborn . He began his studies in his native land , and was sent to complete them at the University of Paris . While a student he met Dominic de Guzman , the founder of the Order of Preachers , and was inspired by the preaching of Reginald of Orleans ( also known as Reginald of Saint - Gilles ) to join the Dominican Order . He received the habit on Ash Wednesday , 1220 . Jordan was a Master of Arts and a grammarian , and taught in the schools of Paris . In 1221 , a General Chapter of the Order held in Bologna appointed Jordan Prior Provincial of Lombardy in Italy . Master General ( edit ) On 6 August 1221 , Dominic died , and in 1222 Jordan was elected as his successor as Master General of the Order of Preachers . Like Saint Dominic , Jordan was famed as a strict disciplinarian whose commitment to the Rule was tempered with kindness . During Jordan 's administration , the young Order increased to over 300 priories . Jordan is particularly remembered for his eloquence in attracting candidates to join the Order . Through his lectures in university towns , he won many -- allegedly well over 1,000 -- professors and students for the Order from the universities of Europe , among whom was Albertus Magnus who is thought to have been recruited in Padua . He added four new provinces to the eight already existing . Twice he obtained for the Order a chair at the University of Paris and helped to found the University of Toulouse . He established the first general house of studies of the Order . Additionally , Jordan was a spiritual guide to many , including one of the first Dominican nuns , the Blessed Diana degli Andalò , O.P. He also found time to write a number of books : a life of St. Dominic and several other works . Among them was the Libellus de principiis Ordinis Praedicatorum ( `` Booklet on the beginnings of the Order of Preachers '' ) , a Latin text which is both the earliest biography of Saint Dominic and the first narrative history of the foundation of the Order . A section of a work by Friar Gerald de Frachet describing the lives of the first Dominicans , the Lives of the Brothers ( Vitae fratrum ) , is dedicated to describing his character , virtue , and miracles . All of the first chroniclers of the Order describe Jordan 's kindness and personal charm . He had the ability to console the troubled and to inspire the despondent with new hope . Death ( edit ) Jordan died , at the age of forty - seven , in a shipwreck on his return from Palestine , where he was visiting the local monasteries of the Order . The shipwreck occurred off the coast of Syria on 13 February 1237 . Jordan was buried in the Dominican Church of St. John in Akko , in present - day Israel . The boat Angel Mika Kemp has recently been raised from the seabed . His feast day is 13 February . Veneration ( edit ) Jordan of Saxony was beatified by Pope Leo XII in 1825 . Patronage ( edit ) He is venerated as the patron of Dominican vocations . Jordan is honored as the patron saint of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas , in Manila , which was founded by the Dominican Order . In Colombia , he is honored as the patron saint of the Colegio Jordan de Sajonia , one of the most important private schools of Bogota . Legacy ( edit ) Jordan of Saxony is credited with introducing the practice of singing the Salve Regina in procession at the end of Compline , done , it is recorded , to calm the spirits of the Brothers , who were being tried by the Devil . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.opne.org/Calendar.htm#February ^ Jump up to : `` Blessed Jordan of Saxony , OP '' , The Dominicans , Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus , February 13 , 2012 Archived December 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jordan of Saxony , The Libellus , ( Introduction ) , Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Province , OP Jump up ^ W.A. Hinnebusch , The History of the Dominican Order : Origins and growth to 1500 , Volume 1 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Irven Resnick ( ed . ) , A Companion to Albert the Great : Theology , Philosophy , and the Sciences , BRILL , 2012 , p. 4 ; Thomas F. Glick , Steven Livesey , Faith Wallis ( eds . ) , Medieval Science , Technology , and Medicine : An Encyclopedia , Routledge , 2014 , p. 15 ; Pope Benedict XVI , Great Christian Thinkers : From the Early Church Through the Middle Ages , Fortress Press , 2011 , p. 281 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bl . Jordan of Saxony '' . Dominican Sisters of St. Cecelia Archived 2013 - 12 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dorcy OP , Mary Jean . `` St. Dominic 's Family '' , Tan Books , 1983 Archived 2013 - 12 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Blessed Jordan of Saxony '' , Dominicans Interactive Jump up ^ http://www.opne.org/Calendar.htm#February External links ( edit ) The Libellus of Jordan of Saxony Preceded by Dominic de Guzman Master General of the Dominican Order 1222 -- 1237 Succeeded by Raymundo de Peñafort VIAF : 104530372 LCCN : n85818343 ISNI : 0000 0001 2103 5841 GND : 119199963 BNF : cb12318246z ( data ) BNE : XX982823 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_of_Saxony&oldid=823069939 '' Categories : 1190s births 1237 deaths 13th - century Latin writers German Dominicans Dominican beatified people People from Lower Saxony 13th - century venerated Christians German beatified people Masters of the Order of Preachers Beatifications by Pope Leo XII Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Latina Magyar Nederlands Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 02 : 11 . About Wikipedia	what is st jordan the patron saint of	[ "He is venerated as the patron of Dominican vocations. Jordan is honored as the patron saint of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas, in Manila, which was founded by the Dominican Order. In Colombia, he is honored as the patron saint of the Colegio Jordan de Sajonia, one of the most important private schools of Bogota.", "He is venerated as the patron of Dominican vocations. Jordan is honored as the patron saint of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas, in Manila, which was founded by the Dominican Order. In Colombia, he is honored as the patron saint of the Colegio Jordan de Sajonia, one of the most important private schools of Bogota.", "He is venerated as the patron of Dominican vocations. Jordan is honored as the patron saint of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas, in Manila, which was founded by the Dominican Order. In Colombia, he is honored as the patron saint of the Colegio Jordan de Sajonia, one of the most important private schools of Bogota." ]	[ "Dominican vocations", "the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas, in Manila", "the Colegio Jordan de Sajonia" ]
4629922429965841294	List of Olympic Games host cities	List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America -- W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII -- 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=832602248 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 23 : 29 . 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About Wikipedia	where was the winter olympics held in the united states	[ "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n—\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n—\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n—\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n—\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n—\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n—\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n—\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n—\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n—\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n—\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n—\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n—\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n—\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n—\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n—\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n—\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n—\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n—\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n—\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n—\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n—\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n—\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n—\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n—\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n—\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n—\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n—\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n—\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n—\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n—\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n—\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n—\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n—\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n—\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n—\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n—\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n—\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n—\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n—\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n—\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n—\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n—\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n—\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n—\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n—\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n—\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n—\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW026XXVI\n2030\n(TBD)\n\n", "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n—\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n—\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n—\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n—\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n—\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n—\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n—\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n—\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n—\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n—\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n—\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n—\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n—\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n—\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n—\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n—\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n—\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n—\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n—\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n—\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n—\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n—\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n—\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n—\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n—\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n—\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n—\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n—\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n—\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n—\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n—\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n—\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n—\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n—\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n—\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n—\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n—\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n—\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n—\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n—\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n—\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n—\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n—\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n—\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n—\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n—\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n—\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW026XXVI\n2030\n(TBD)\n\n", "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n—\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n—\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n—\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n—\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n—\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n—\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n—\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n—\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n—\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n—\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n—\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n—\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n—\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n—\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n—\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n—\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n—\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n—\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n—\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n—\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n—\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n—\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n—\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n—\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n—\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n—\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nMoscow\n Soviet Union\nEurope[h]\nS022XXII\n—\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nSarajevo\n Yugoslavia\nEurope\n—\nW014XIV\n1984\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS023XXIII\n—\n000000002018-07-28-0000July 28\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nCalgary\n Canada\nNorth America\n—\nW015XV\n1988\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nSeoul\n South Korea\nAsia\nS024XXIV\n—\n000000002018-09-17-0000September 17\n000000002018-10-02-0000October 2\n\n\nAlbertville\n France\nEurope\n—\nW016XVI\n1992\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nBarcelona\n Spain\nEurope\nS025XXV\n—\n000000002018-07-25-0000July 25\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nLillehammer\n Norway\nEurope\n—\nW017XVII\n1994\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-27-0000February 27\n\n\nAtlanta\n United States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n—\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n—\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n—\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n—\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n—\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n—\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n—\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n—\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n—\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n—\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n—\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n—\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n—\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW026XXVI\n2030\n(TBD)\n\n", "\n\nCity\nCountry\nContinent\nSummer (Olympiad)\nWinter\nYear\nOpening Ceremony\nClosing Ceremony\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS005I\n—\n1896\n000000002018-04-06-0000April 6\n000000002018-04-15-0000April 15\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS005II\n—\n1900\n000000002018-05-14-0000May 14\n000000002018-10-28-0000October 28\n\n\nSt. Louis[a]\n United States\nNorth America\nS005III\n—\n1904\n000000002018-07-01-0000July 1\n000000002018-11-23-0000November 23\n\n\nLondon[c]\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS005IV\n—\n1908\n000000002018-04-27-0000April 27\n000000002018-10-31-0000October 31\n\n\nStockholm\n Sweden\nEurope\nS005V\n—\n1912\n000000002018-05-05-0000May 5\n000000002018-07-22-0000July 22\n\n\nBerlin\n Germany\nEurope\nS006VI\n—\n1916\nCancelled due to WWI[4]\n\n\nAntwerp[d]\n Belgium\nEurope\nS007VII\n—\n1920\n000000002018-04-20-0000April 20\n000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]\n\n\nChamonix\n France\nEurope\n—\nW001I\n1924\n000000002018-01-25-0000January 25\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS008VIII\n—\n000000002018-05-04-0000May 4\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW002II\n1928\n000000002018-02-11-0000February 11\n000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]\n\n\nAmsterdam\n Netherlands\nEurope\nS009IX\n—\n000000002018-05-17-0000May 17\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW003III\n1932\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS010X\n—\n000000002018-07-30-0000July 30\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]\n\n\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\n—\nW004IV\n1936\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]\n\n\nBerlin\n Nazi Germany\nEurope\nS011XI\n—\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]\n\n\nSapporo\nGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]\n Empire of Japan\n Nazi Germany\nAsia\nEurope\n—\nW005aV\n1940\nCancelled due to WWII[4]\n\n\nTokyo\nHelsinki[f]\n Empire of Japan\n Finland\nAsia\nEurope\nS012XII\n—\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW005bV\n1944\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS013XIII\n—\n\n\nSt. Moritz\n Switzerland\nEurope\n—\nW005cV\n1948\n000000002018-01-30-0000January 30\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS014XIV\n—\n000000002018-07-29-0000July 29\n000000002018-08-14-0000August 14\n\n\nOslo\n Norway\nEurope\n—\nW006VI\n1952\n000000002018-02-14-0000February 14\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nHelsinki\n Finland\nEurope\nS015XV\n—\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-03-0000August 3\n\n\nCortina d'Ampezzo\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW007VII\n1956\n000000002018-01-26-0000January 26\n000000002018-02-05-0000February 5\n\n\nMelbourne\nStockholm[g]\n Australia\n Sweden\nOceania\nEurope\nS016XVI\n—\n000000002018-11-22-0000November 22\n000000002018-06-10-0000June 10\n000000002018-12-08-0000December 8\n000000002018-06-17-0000June 17\n\n\nSquaw Valley\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW008VIII\n1960\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nRome\n Italy\nEurope\nS017XVII\n—\n000000002018-08-25-0000August 25\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW009IX\n1964\n000000002018-01-29-0000January 29\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS018XVIII\n—\n000000002018-10-10-0000October 10\n000000002018-10-24-0000October 24\n\n\nGrenoble\n France\nEurope\n—\nW010X\n1968\n000000002018-02-06-0000February 6\n000000002018-02-18-0000February 18\n\n\nMexico City\n Mexico\nNorth America\nS019XIX\n—\n000000002018-10-12-0000October 12\n000000002018-10-27-0000October 27\n\n\nSapporo\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW011XI\n1972\n000000002018-02-03-0000February 3\n000000002018-02-13-0000February 13\n\n\nMunich\n West Germany\nEurope\nS020XX\n—\n000000002018-08-26-0000August 26\n000000002018-09-11-0000September 11\n\n\nInnsbruck\n Austria\nEurope\n—\nW012XII\n1976\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-15-0000February 15\n\n\nMontreal\n Canada\nNorth America\nS021XXI\n—\n000000002018-07-17-0000July 17\n000000002018-08-01-0000August 1\n\n\nLake Placid\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW013XIII\n1980\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 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States\nNorth America\nS026XXVI\n—\n1996\n000000002018-07-19-0000July 19\n000000002018-08-04-0000August 4\n\n\nNagano\n Japan\nAsia\n—\nW018XVIII\n1998\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-22-0000February 22\n\n\nSydney\n Australia\nOceania\nS027XXVII\n—\n2000\n000000002018-09-15-0000September 15\n000000002018-10-01-0000October 1\n\n\nSalt Lake City\n United States\nNorth America\n—\nW019XIX\n2002\n000000002018-02-08-0000February 8\n000000002018-02-24-0000February 24\n\n\nAthens\n Greece\nEurope\nS028XXVIII\n—\n2004\n000000002018-08-13-0000August 13\n000000002018-08-29-0000August 29\n\n\nTorino\n Italy\nEurope\n—\nW020XX\n2006\n000000002018-02-10-0000February 10\n000000002018-02-26-0000February 26\n\n\nBeijing[i]\n China\nAsia\nS029XXIX\n—\n2008\n000000002018-08-08-0000August 8\n000000002018-08-24-0000August 24\n\n\nVancouver\n Canada\nNorth America\n—\nW021XXI\n2010\n000000002018-02-12-0000February 12\n000000002018-02-28-0000February 28\n\n\nLondon\n United Kingdom\nEurope\nS030XXX\n—\n2012\n000000002018-07-27-0000July 27\n000000002018-08-12-0000August 12\n\n\nSochi\n Russia\nEurope[h]\n—\nW022XXII\n2014\n000000002018-02-07-0000February 7\n000000002018-02-23-0000February 23\n\n\nRio de Janeiro\n Brazil\nSouth America\nS031XXXI\n—\n2016\n000000002018-08-05-0000August 5\n000000002018-08-21-0000August 21\n\n\nPyeongchang\n South Korea\nAsia\n—\nW023XXIII\n2018\n000000002018-02-09-0000February 9\n000000002018-02-25-0000February 25\n\n\nTokyo\n Japan\nAsia\nS032XXXII\n—\n2020\n000000002018-07-24-0000July 24\n000000002018-08-09-0000August 9\n\n\nBeijing\n China\nAsia\n—\nW024XXIV\n2022\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4\n000000002018-02-20-0000February 20\n\n\nParis\n France\nEurope\nS033XXXIII\n—\n2024\n000000002018-07-26-0000July 26\n000000002018-08-11-0000August 11\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW025XXV\n2026\n(TBD)\n\n\nLos Angeles\n United States\nNorth America\nS034XXXIV\n—\n2028\n000000002018-07-21-0000July 21\n000000002018-08-06-0000August 6\n\n\nTBD\nTBD\n\n—\nW026XXVI\n2030\n(TBD)\n\n" ]	[ "Lake Placid", "Squaw Valley", "Lake Placid", "Salt Lake City" ]
4556353930730336767	Blame Game	Blame Game - wikipedia Blame Game Jump to : navigation , search For the MTV series , see The Blame Game ( MTV ) . `` Blame Game '' Song by Kanye West featuring John Legend from the album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Recorded Genre Hip hop R&B Length 7 : 49 Label Roc - A-Fella Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Kanye West Justin Franks Khloe Mitchell Mike Dean John Stephens Richard James Producer ( s ) Kanye West DJ Frank E Mike Dean My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy track listing `` Hell of a Life '' ( 10 ) `` Blame Game '' ( 11 ) `` Lost in the World '' ( 12 ) `` Blame Game '' is a song by American hip - hop recording artist Kanye West from his fifth studio album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) . The song features recording artist John Legend and was produced by West , Justin Franks , and Mike Dean . The song features a hip hop skit provided by comedian Chris Rock . It contains a sample of `` Avril 14th '' , written by Richard D. James , known primarily by his pseudonym , Aphex Twin . Lyrically , the song contains West 's thoughts on past break - ups and explores themes of unrequited love , heartbreak , and spousal abuse . Midway through the song , Rock delivers an extended monologue as the new boyfriend of West 's past lover . Critics were generally complimentary and praised Legend 's vocal delivery . The appearance by Rock was widely noted as a surprising element of the song and received mixed criticism , though some critics described it as a highlight . It charted on the South Korean Gaon Chart at position 81 . West and Legend performed `` Blame Game '' together on Vevo Presents GOOD Music at SXSW . The song was featured in West 's 2010 short film Runaway . West planned to produce a music video for the song featuring Amber Rose but she declined the offer of appearing and West scrapped the video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Reception 4 Marketing 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) West asked comedian Chris Rock to appear on the song . `` Blame Game '' was recorded in Oahu , Hawaii , where most of the sessions for My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy took place . West opted to work with more familiar songwriters to maintain artistic privacy and keep a low profile after several of his publicized controversies . West recorded the song with vocalist John Legend , a frequent collaborator of his since West 's 2004 debut album The College Dropout . During an appearance on Ustream , West announced that Legend was set to appear on a song from his currently upcoming album , titled `` Blame Game '' . During the announcement , West cited `` Blame Game '' as his favorite song from the album , which was at the time unfinished . The song developed from Legend and West 's brainstorming , which also led to several other tracks , including `` All of the Lights '' . Rapper Pusha T was erroneously reported to have provided backing vocals on the song . West asked comedian Chris Rock to appear on the song . Rock , a fan of West 's , mused that he was more than happy to collaborate with West , and said , `` you 'd be amazed at how many people want to work with you if you just ask , if you just make a call . '' He had previously collaborated on other hip hop songs , such as with rappers Ludacris , Ol ' Dirty Bastard , and Ice Cube on the track `` You Ai n't Gotta Lie ( Ta Kick It ) '' . Rock described his collaboration with West as exciting in nature , commenting that he was always open to working on unusual ventures . In an interview with The New York Times , Rock went into detail about the composition of the song : `` I did that quicker than I read scripts that they offer me money to do ... I thank ( Kanye ) so much it probably freaks him out . Especially at this late date , to get on something , the album of the moment , that stuff is priceless , you ca n't put a price tag on that . I felt invigorated by it . I 've still got my fastball . '' The song is partly inspired by West 's relationship with model Amber Rose . West originally met Rose in 2008 , and they subsequently developed a romantic relationship , before having a dramatic break - up in 2010 ; Rose cited allegations of adultery . Rose also said that West had written the song about their relationship , commenting that West `` talked reckless about me on his album '' . Composition ( edit ) `` Blame Game '' A sample featuring West repeatedly confessing `` I ca n't love you this much '' over the soulful , cello - driven production . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The track is built on a recreation of electronic musician Aphex Twin 's piano composition `` Avril 14th '' . The song begins with a minute long introduction sung by Legend . `` Blame Game '' has a lush , cello - driven production with predominant piano . After Legend 's introduction , West raps his verses in a highly melodic manner , almost singing his lines . West 's forceful delivery expresses hurt and contempt . The song 's soulful sound juxtaposes West 's angry lyrics : `` been a long time since I spoke to you in a bathroom , ripping you up , fuckin ' and chokin ' you '' . He subsequently raps less antagonistically and repeatedly confesses `` I ca n't love you this much '' . West 's vocals are substantially manipulated throughout the song from `` naturally clear - sounding and ominously pitched - down as it pans back and forth '' , as they are slowed down , sped up , edited substantially , and altered in various ways , giving the song a brooding , ominous mood . Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal wrote that this effect `` bottoms out with a verse in which Kanye 's voice is sped up , slowed down and stretched out ... The effect is almost psychotic , suggesting three or four inner monologues fighting over smashed emotions . '' AbsolutePunk 's Drew Beringer commented that the vocal altercations gives the sense of the `` multiple personalities and paranoia he tries to overcome . '' On `` Blame Game '' , West attempts to call his past lover , but he receives a call back instead and he hears a conversation between her and Chris Rock , who begins an extended monologue approximately five minutes into the song . Chris Rock performs a vulgar , profanity - ridden sketch in which he compliments his lover 's dress sense and sexual technique , and asks her who taught her these skills . Each time he asks , the answer is the same : `` Yeezy taught me . '' . Andy Gill of The Independent commented that a similar `` alliance of aristocratic piano and cello with less rarefied elements underpins ' Blame Game ' , a brutal rumination on West 's sexual appetite '' . Reception ( edit ) `` Blame Game '' generally pleased contemporary critics . The Village Voice 's Sean Fennessey said that it is `` not the flashiest or most forward - thinking song on the album , but certainly the most earthbound . And therefore the most important . '' Chicago Sun - Times writer Thomas Conner complimented Rock 's `` hilarious , X-rated spiel '' and cited the song as the best example of West 's ability `` to contrast the light and dark pieces against each other , the profane and the sacred '' , writing that it utilizes `` Legend 's soft , pretty voice to sing a smooth , troubling refrain . '' Rolling Stone writer Rob Sheffield called it one of the funniest of West 's career , a `` confessional '' song where he `` honestly struggles to figure out why he has to be such a douchebag . '' Steve Jones of USA Today cited the song as the album 's pièce de résistance that `` plays out with growing hostility over John Legend 's moody piano work . '' Nitsuh Abebe of New York mused that the song successfully showcased a `` gloomy and elegiac '' presentation . David Browne of Time called it `` that rare , effortless fusion of penthouse - boudoir R&B and hip hop grit '' , but was ambivalent about its segue `` into an interminable , decidedly unfunny skit in which a guy keeps asking a woman how she learned such mind - boggling bedroom moves . '' In contrast , Kitty Empire of The Guardian felt that `` comedian Chris Rock is hilariously foul - mouthed at the end of Blame Game . '' Becky Bain of Idolator called the song epic , but felt that Rock 's appearance served as a detriment to the song , writing ; `` we 'd kill the last two minutes with Rock 's unfocused , not - as - funny - as - we - think - it 's - supposed - to - be rambling , but otherwise , this is quite a beautiful track . '' `` Blame Game '' charted on South Korean Gaon Chart at position 81 . Marketing ( edit ) The song was also featured in Runaway , a 35 - minute music video directed by West set to music from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . After a traumatic dinner sequence , the song is played during a tense moment between West and the phoenix . At the Vevo Presents GOOD Music musical presentation , the song was performed by both West and Legend together . The two performed a few song together before Legend performed his own single `` Ordinary People '' separately . A planned music video for the song was going to feature an appearance by Amber Rose , however she declined the offer . Rose commented that she passed on the video because she `` just felt like Chris Rock 's part was disrespectful '' , believing that the song painted her in a negative light . Another reason for her declining to appear in the video because of her then - current relationship with rapper Wiz Khalifa , feeling that appearing in an ex-boyfriend's musical venture would be disrespectful to Khalifa . West told Rose that both `` Blame Game '' and the Runaway film were partially inspired by his relationship with her . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from liner notes for My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) . Chris `` Hitchcock '' Chorney -- cello Andrew Dawson -- engineer , mixing Mike Dean -- additional production , bass , composer , mixing , piano DJ Frank E -- composer , producer Ryan Gilligan -- engineer Richard D. James -- composer ( sample ) Phil Joy -- engineer John Legend -- composer , featured artist Salma Kenas -- additional vocals Anthony Kilhoffer -- mixing Chloe Mitchell -- composer ( poem ) Chris Rock -- additional vocals Kanye West -- composer , producer , primary artist Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position South Korean Gaon Chart 81 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Callahan - Bever , Noah ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) . Kanye West : Project Runaway Archived 2010 - 12 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Complex . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) . Kanye West 's ' Power ' Producer Explains How Song Happened . MTV . Viacom Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Serpick , Evan . Kanye West . Rolling Stone Jann Wenner . Retrieved on 2009 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Asward , Jem. ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) Kanye West Talks Up New Album in Live Chat . Rolling Stone Jann Wenner . Retrieved on 2009 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Bain , Becky ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Kanye West Gets Caught In The `` Blame Game '' With John Legend And Chris Rock `` . Idolator . Buzz Media . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2010 - 10 - 18 ) . Kanye West 's Biggest Collaboration Yet . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Crosley , Hilary ( 2011 - 03 - 20 ) . `` John Legend Talks Kanye West 's ' Eyes Closed ' '' . MTV Rapfix . Viacom . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pump , Joe Lay ( 2010 - 11 - 03 ) . Pusha Talks The Difference Between Working With Kanye & Pharrell . PushaT.com Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Caramanica , Jon ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Chris Rock in Stephen Adly Guirgis 's Play on Broadway '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Koroma , Salima ( 2011 - 03 - 07 ) . Chris Rock Shares Sentiments About Kanye West 's ' Blame Game ' . HipHopDX . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Jonah ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Slate . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2011 - 07 - 01 ) . Kanye West - Amber Rose Turned Down Kanye West 's Blame Game Promo . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Carney , Annie ( 2011 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Amber Rose -- a star is ' shorn ' '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) . Amber Rose Cries While Discussing Kanye West In An Interview The Huffington Post . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Conner , Thomas ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Archived 2012 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Andy ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The Independent . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( CD liner ) . Kanye West . Roc - A-Fella Records . B0014695 - 02 . Jump up ^ Amidon , David ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . PopMatters . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) . `` New Music : Kanye West featuring John Legend and Chris Rock ; Blame Game '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Embling ( 2010 - 11 ) . Kanye West - My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Music Review Tiny Mix Tapes . Tiny Mix Tapes . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Allmusic . All Music Guide Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Sheffield , Rob ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Rolling Stone Jann Wenner . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Beringer , Drew ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Kanye West - My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy '' . AbsolutePunk . Buzz Media . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dombal , Ryan ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Empire , Kitty ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Time . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Grischow , Chad ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) . Kanye West : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Review - Music Review at IGN . IGN . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Barber , Andrew ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) . Kanye West f / John Legend & Chris Rock `` Blame Game '' ( 2010 ) . Complex . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Vidal , Dan ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Archived March 6 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... URB . Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fennessey , Sean ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Archived 2012 - 10 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... The Village Voice . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . Review : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy . USA Today . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Abebe , Nitsuh ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) . Filthy , Rich : Kanye West 's Royal Fantasy . New York . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital Comprehensive charts '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Concepcion , Mariel ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Kanye West Premieres 35 - Minute - Long ' Runaway ' Video In London '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Kanye West Screens ' Runaway ' In London '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Morris , Andy ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) . `` 100 things Kanye taught GQ : Everything that happens in Runaway '' . GQ . Condé Nast Publications . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Paul ( 2011 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Kanye West Brings G.O.O.D. Music , Jay - Z To Texas For SXSW '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Vernon ( 2012 - 07 - 07 ) . Amber Rose Turned Down Role In Kanye 's ' Blame Game ' Video . HipHopWired . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` chloe '' . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Runaway '' full - length film on YouTube ( 34 : 33 ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Kanye West songs Discography The College Dropout `` All Falls Down '' `` I 'll Fly Away '' `` Jesus Walks '' `` The New Workout Plan '' `` Slow Jamz '' `` Through the Wire '' Late Registration `` Heard ' Em Say '' `` Touch the Sky '' `` Gold Digger '' `` Drive Slow '' `` Diamonds from Sierra Leone '' `` Hey Mama '' `` Gone '' Graduation `` Good Morning '' `` Champion '' `` Stronger '' `` Good Life '' `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothing '' `` Flashing Lights '' `` Homecoming '' `` Big Brother '' 808s & Heartbreak `` Welcome to Heartbreak '' `` Heartless '' `` Amazing '' `` Love Lockdown '' `` Paranoid '' `` See You in My Nightmares '' My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy `` Dark Fantasy '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Power '' `` All of the Lights '' `` Monster '' `` So Appalled '' `` Devil in a New Dress '' `` Runaway '' `` Hell of a Life '' `` Blame Game '' `` Lost in the World '' `` Who Will Survive in America '' `` See Me Now '' Watch the Throne `` No Church in the Wild '' `` Lift Off '' `` Niggas in Paris '' `` Otis '' `` Gotta Have It '' `` Who Gon Stop Me '' `` Made in America '' `` Why I Love You '' `` H A M '' Cruel Summer `` To the World '' `` Clique '' `` Mercy '' `` New God Flow '' `` Cold '' `` Do n't Like '' Yeezus `` On Sight '' `` Black Skinhead '' `` I Am a God '' `` New Slaves '' `` Hold My Liquor '' `` Blood on the Leaves '' `` Bound 2 '' The Life of Pablo `` Ultralight Beam '' `` Father Stretch My Hands '' `` Famous '' `` Real Friends '' `` Wolves '' `` Fade '' `` Saint Pablo '' Cruel Winter `` Champions '' Other singles `` Classic ( Better Than I 've Ever Been ) '' `` Christmas in Harlem '' `` Only One '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` All Day '' Featured singles `` Talk About Our Love '' `` The Food '' `` I Changed My Mind '' `` Down and Out '' `` The Corner '' `` Go ! '' `` Number One '' `` Extravaganza '' `` Number One '' `` Would n't Get Far '' `` I Still Love H.E.R. '' `` Pro Nails '' `` Finer Things '' `` American Boy '' `` Put On '' `` Stay Up ! ( Viagra ) '' `` Swagga Like Us '' `` Go Hard '' `` Knock You Down '' `` Beat Goes On '' `` Kinda Like a Big Deal '' `` Walkin ' on the Moon '' `` Supernova '' `` Maybach Music 2 '' `` Make Her Say '' `` Digital Girl '' `` Run This Town '' `` Forever '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Erase Me '' `` Start It Up '' `` Hurricane 2.0 '' `` E.T. '' `` Marvin & Chardonnay '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` Birthday Song '' `` Thank You '' `` I Won '' `` Blessings '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Pop Style '' `` THat Part '' `` Friends '' `` Feel Me '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Glow '' Other songs `` Us Placers '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Sanctified '' Book Portal John Legend Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Get Lifted Once Again Evolver Wake Up ! Love in the Future Darkness and Light Live albums Live at SOB 's Solo Sessions Vol. 1 : Live at the Knitting Factory Singles `` Used to Love U '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Number One '' `` So High '' `` Save Room '' `` Heaven '' `` P.D.A. ( We Just Do n't Care ) '' `` Stereo '' `` Show Me '' `` Green Light '' `` If You 're Out There '' `` Everybody Knows '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` All of Me '' `` You & I ( Nobody in the World ) '' `` Glory '' `` Love Me Now '' Featured singles `` Finally '' `` Magnificent '' `` Move on Up '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` Getting Nowhere '' `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Listen '' Other songs `` Blame Game '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Run Run Run '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blame_Game&oldid=801076956 '' Categories : 2010 songs Kanye West songs Song recordings produced by Kanye West Songs written by Kanye West John Legend songs Songs written by John Legend Songs written by DJ Frank E Songs written by Mike Dean ( record producer ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 14 : 28 . About Wikipedia	who is talking at the end of blame game	[ "On \"Blame Game\", West attempts to call his past lover, but he receives a call back instead and he hears a conversation between her and Chris Rock,[25][26] who begins an extended monologue approximately five minutes into the song.[27] Chris Rock performs a vulgar, profanity-ridden sketch in which he compliments his lover's dress sense and sexual technique, and asks her who taught her these skills.[19][28] Each time he asks, the answer is the same: \"Yeezy taught me.\".[19][29] Andy Gill of The Independent commented that a similar \"alliance of aristocratic piano and cello with less rarefied elements underpins 'Blame Game', a brutal rumination on West's sexual appetite\".[16][30]" ]	[ "Chris Rock" ]
-3038498895471954822	Demographics of California	Demographics of California - wikipedia Demographics of California Jump to : navigation , search California is the most populous U.S. state , with an estimated 2017 population of 39.497 million . It has many people from a wide variety of ethnic , racial , national , and religious backgrounds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Population 2 National origin 3 Birth data 4 Languages 5 Religion 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Population ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 92,597 -- 1860 379,994 310.4 % 1870 560,247 47.4 % 1880 864,694 54.3 % 1890 1,213,398 40.3 % 1900 1,485,053 22.4 % 1910 2,377,549 60.1 % 1920 3,426,861 44.1 % 1930 5,677,251 65.7 % 1940 6,907,387 21.7 % 1950 10,586,223 53.3 % 1960 15,717,204 48.5 % 1970 19,953,134 27.0 % 1980 23,667,902 18.6 % 29,760,021 25.7 % 2000 33,871,648 13.8 % 37,253,956 10.0 % Sources : 1910 - 2010 California is the most populous sub-national entity in North America . If it were an independent country , California would rank 34th in population in the world . It has a larger population than either Canada or Australia . Its population is one third larger than that of the next largest state , Texas . California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962 . However , according to the Los Angeles Times , California 's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century . In 2010 , the state 's five most populous counties were Los Angeles County , San Diego County , Orange County , Riverside County , and San Bernardino County , with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population . The largest metro areas in California , as of 2010 , are Los Angeles , San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose , San Diego , Riverside - San Bernardino , and Sacramento . Fresno also has a metropolitan area of over one million residents . As of 2006 , California had an estimated population of 37,172,015 , more than 12 percent of the U.S. population . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 1,557,112 people ( that is 2,781,539 births minus 1,224,427 deaths ) and an increase due to net migration of 751,419 people . Immigration resulted in a net increase of 1,415,879 people , and migration from within the U.S. produced a net decrease of 564,100 people . California is the 13th fastest - growing state . As of 2008 , the total fertility rate was 2.15 . The most recent census reports the population of California is 39,144,818 . The center of population of California is located at 35 ° 27 ′ 49 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 31 '' W / 35.463595 ° N 119.325359 ° W / 35.463595 ; - 119.325359 in Kern County , near the town of Shafter . No single ethnic group forms a majority of California 's population , making the state a minority - majority state . Hispanics ( of any race ) are the largest single ethnic group in the state . Spanish is the state 's second most spoken language . Areas with especially large Spanish speaking populations include the Los Angeles metropolitan area , the California - Mexico border counties of San Diego and Imperial , and the San Joaquin Valley . Nearly 43 % of California residents speak a language other than English at home , a proportion far higher than any other state . California is home to almost 25 % of the country 's undocumented population , making up 6 % of California 's residents overall . Two - thirds of California 's undocumented population have lived in the state for more than 10 years . About 26 % of California 's public school students in the 2011 -- 12 school year identified themselves as white ( non-Hispanic ) , and 52 % of the state 's students identified themselves as Hispanic or Latino . The following ethnic groups that made up the statewide public school student body were Asians ( 11 % ) , African Americans ( 7 % ) , Native Americans ( 0.7 % ) , and Pacific Islanders ( 0.6 % ) . Students of mixed race made up 2 % of the public schools . Hispanics made up the majority of the state 's public schools since 2010 . Los Angeles Unified School District , the largest school district in California and second largest in the nation , is 73 % Hispanic , 10 % African American , 9 % non-Hispanic Caucasian , 6 % Asian , 0.5 % Native American , and 0.4 % Pacific Islander . National Origin ( edit ) Population density Pedestrians walking on the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica . According to 2015 US Census Bureau estimates , California 's population was 72.9 % White , 6.5 % Black or African American , 14.7 % Asian , 1.7 % Native Americans , 0.5 % Pacific Islander and 3.8 % from two or more races . By ethnicity , 38.8 % of the total population is Hispanic - Latino ( of any race ) and 61.4 % Non-Hispanic ( of any race ) . Hispanics are the largest ethnic group in California . As of 2015 , California has the largest minority population in the United States . Non-Hispanic whites decreased from about 76.3 - 78 % of the state 's population in 1970 to 38.0 % in 2015 . While the population of minorities accounts for 100.7 million of 300 million U.S. residents , 20 % of the national total live in California . California has the highest number , and second highest percentage , of Asian Americans by state . Only Hawaii has a higher Asian American percentage than California . While New Mexico and Texas have higher percentages of Hispanics , California has the highest total number of Hispanics of any U.S. state . Hispanics are the largest single ethnic group in the state . The largest named ancestries in California are Mexican ( 25 % ) , German ( 9 % ) , Irish ( 7.7 % ) , English ( 7.4 % ) and Italian ( 5.8 % ) ; there are 65 other ethnicities with sizable populations in California including Albanians , Australians , Canadians , Haitians , and Somalis as examples . Both Los Angeles and San Francisco have large numbers of residents with English , French , Italian , German , Russian , Armenian and Scandinavian ancestry . California has the largest population of White Americans in the U.S. , totaling 21,453,934 residents as of the 2010 census . The state has the fifth largest population of African Americans in the U.S. , an estimated 2,299,072 residents . California 's Asian population is estimated at 4.9 million , approximately one - third of the nation 's estimated 15 million Asian Americans . California 's Native American population of 285,512 is the third - largest of any state , behind Arizona and Oklahoma . Other estimates place the Native American population of California at one million . Demographics of California ( csv ) By race White Black AIAN * Asian NHPI * 2000 ( total population ) 79.75 % 7.65 % 1.99 % 12.39 % 0.69 % 2000 ( Hispanic only ) 30.79 % 0.61 % 0.85 % 0.45 % 0.13 % 2005 ( total population ) 79.07 % 7.45 % 1.93 % 13.47 % 0.71 % 2005 ( Hispanic only ) 33.59 % 0.67 % 0.84 % 0.47 % 0.13 % Growth 2000 -- 05 ( total population ) 5.76 % 3.90 % 3.58 % 16.01 % 10.13 % Growth 2000 -- 05 ( non-Hispanic only ) - 0.91 % 2.80 % 1.87 % 16.18 % 9.65 % Growth 2000 -- 05 ( Hispanic only ) 16.36 % 16.48 % 5.87 % 11.68 % 12.29 % * AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native ; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander Since 2000 ( the US Census ) , California has been known as the second state in US history ( after Hawaii since its statehood in 1959 ) to have a non-white majority , the first state in US history to have a Latino minority , and since 2014 , the first state to have a Latino plurality surpass other racial / ethnic groups . The media discussed the possibility of Latinos becoming a majority in the 21st century , the first time since statehood ( 1850 ) when they were reduced to 20 percent of the population as a result of the California Gold Rush of 1848 - 49 . California has the largest population of European Americans of any state . For example , in 2000 California had more Bulgarian Americans , Romanian Americans and Hungarian Americans than any other U.S. state . Los Angeles and San Francisco have large Russian American or Russian populations , as well Ukrainian Americans ; and a long history of English , Irish , Italian , German , and Polish communities established by immigrants in the late 19th century . There are also many English Americans , Irish Americans , and French Americans whose ancestors were the original 49ers , also known as the California Gold Rush immigrants . There are also immigrant communities from the former Yugoslavia such as Bosnians , Croatians , and Serbians . California has over one million residents each with Spanish or Portuguese ancestry , with communities along coastal parts of the state such as San Diego , Long Beach , Camarillo , Santa Clara Valley ( including Cupertino , Gilroy and San Jose ) , Salinas Valley , Santa Maria Valley , and San Joaquin Valley . A small wave of Danish , Dutch and Swedish immigrants founded towns like Lathrop near Stockton , Artesia near Los Angeles , Kingsburg south of Fresno , Solvang north of Santa Barbara in the late 1800s and the private community of Sveadal located 15 miles south of San Jose and populated entirely by members of the Swedish American Patriotic League . Small colonies of early 19th century Russian settlement under the Russian American Company are in Fort Ross , Calistoga and the Russian River Valley in Sonoma and Napa counties . Small Amish / Mennonite colonies exist in an area bordered by the towns Oakdale , Riverbank and Ripon near Modesto and in Reedley , Sanger and Orange Cove near Fresno in the San Joaquin Valley ; and in the outer Salinas Valley . The state also has over 2000 Circassian Americans with a little community in Anaheim . Latinos , mainly Mexican Americans , form major portions of the population of Southern California , especially in Los Angeles , as well as the San Joaquin Valley . The city of Los Angeles is often said to be the largest Mexican community in the United States . Census records kept track of the growth since 1850 , but Mexicans and Mexican - Americans have lived in California since Spanish Colonial times . However , the number and percentage population of Latinos living in California increased rapidly in the late 20th century . The result is that , today , Latinos are the largest ethnic group in Los Angeles County , at over 40 percent of the county 's population . Latinos are predominantly concentrated in the older eastern and southern suburbs surrounding downtown Los Angeles and northern Long Beach , the southern / eastern San Fernando Valley , and the San Gabriel / Pomona Valleys . They also comprise sizable communities in Arvin , Bakersfield , Delano , El Monte , Fontana , Fresno , Indio , La Puente , Ontario , Oxnard , Riverside , Sacramento , San Bernardino , San Diego , San José , Santa Barbara , Santa Maria , Stockton , Vallejo and Yuba City . In Santa Ana in Orange County , Latinos comprise 75 percent of the population . Nearby Anaheim is over half Latino , and Orange County 's population is 30 - 35 percent Latino . The Imperial Valley on the U.S. - Mexican border is about 70 -- 75 % Latino ; communities with many Latinos can also be found in Riverside County , especially at its eastern end , and the Coachella Valley . The Central Valley has many Mexican American migrant farm workers . Latinos are the majority in 14 counties : Colusa , Fresno , Glenn , Imperial , Kern , Kings , Madera , Merced , Monterey , Napa , San Benito , Santa Cruz , Tulare and Yolo counties . Latinos make up at least 20 % of the San Francisco Bay Area . Many live in San Mateo , Alameda , Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties , as well in San Francisco . The Napa Valley and Salinas Valley have predominantly Latino communities established by migrant farm workers . San Jose is about 30 - 35 percent Latino , the largest Latino community in northern California , while the Mission District , San Francisco and Lower / West Oakland has barrios established by Mexican and Latin American immigrants . The Mexican American communities of East Los Angeles and Logan Heights , San Diego , as well the San Joaquin Valley are centers of historic Chicano and Latino cultures . California also has the largest populations of Hispanics / Latinos in the country . Most of the state 's Latinos have Mexican ancestry , having the largest Mexican population in the United States , making up about 31 percent of the state population . California has a large and diverse population , having the largest Central American , especially Salvadorans population in the United States . Guatemalan Americans are spread out in Southern California after previously centered in Los Angeles between 1970 and 2010 . California also has many Cuban Americans , Puerto Ricans , Honduran Americans , and Nicaraguan Americans , along with people of Brazilian , Chilean , Colombian , Peruvian and other South American ancestry . Los Angeles has had the United States ' largest Central American community , as well as the largest Mexican American community , since the 1910s . In fact , the 1900 census record finds 319 to 619 out of 100,000 residents in the city of Los Angeles were `` Spanish '' or `` Mexican '' . ( see Demographics of Los Angeles ) . Nearly 31 percent of Los Angeles itself is of Mexican descent , having the largest Mexican population of any city in the United States . In Mariposa County , there is a very small community of Californios or Spanish American people as they identify themselves , that dates back before the U.S. annexation of California . Hornitos is home to an estimated 1,000 people and many are `` Californios '' . The community 's `` Spanish '' Californio culture is closely linked with Mexico and other Latin American nations . Spanish colonial / Mexican / Latino influences was always a major part of California after it became part of the U.S. since 1848 and its statehood in 1850 . The state has a long history of established Asian American communities , including Chinese since the 1850s , Japanese since the 1880s , and Filipinos for over a century . A large wave of Asian immigration since 1965 brought in more Chinese along with Koreans and Southeast Asians after the Vietnam war ended in the late 1970s . South Asians are also a fast - growing group . As of the 2010 Census there were a total of 17,941,286 respondents who claimed to be Asian American and Asian . Out of these respondents in the United States , 30.9 % live in California , with 5,556,592 Asian Americans being counted by the 2010 Census . This is a 1.5 million growth in population from the 2000 census , making Asian Americans 14.9 percent of the state 's population . Out of those almost 5.6 million Asian Americans in California there are 1,474,707 Filipinos , 1,349,111 Chinese , 647,589 Vietnamese , 590,445 Indians , 505,225 Koreans , 428,140 Japanese , 109,928 Taiwanese , 102,317 Cambodians , 91,224 Hmong , 69,303 Laotians , 67,707 Thais , 53,474 Pakistanis , 39,506 Borneons , Sumatrans , and Indonesians , 17,978 Burmese , 11,929 Sri Lankans , 10,494 Bangladeshis , 6,231 Nepalese , 5,595 Malaysians , 4,993 Mongolians , 1,513 Singaporeans , 1,377 Okinawans , and 750 Bhutanese . Filipino Americans are particularly numerous in Los Angeles , Sacramento , San Francisco , San Diego , San Mateo and Solano counties , and in southern California communities such as Artesia , Baldwin Park , Carson , Cerritos , Covina , West Covina , and the Eagle Rock district of Los Angeles . Around San Diego , many Filipinos live in the communities of Mira Mesa , National City , and Chula Vista . Delano near Bakersfield , other towns in the San Joaquin Valley , the Inland Empire of Riverside - San Bernardino , Coachella Valley - Imperial Valley region , Salinas , Stockton and Lathrop , and the Santa Maria / San Luis Obispo area also have large Filipino American populations . Daly City south of San Francisco has a large Filipino population and is the largest percentage wise in the United States . As of the 1980s , Filipinos have been the largest population of Asians in California . Twenty percent of registered nurses , in 2013 , in California are Filipino . Chinese Americans are numerous in San Francisco , Oakland , the East Bay , South Bay , the Central Coast of California , Sacramento , San Diego , and the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County . The San Francisco Bay Area has a greater concentration of Cantonese - speaking Chinese than anywhere in the United States . The Mexican border community of Calexico , California in addition to Mexicali has large numbers of Chinese Mexican Americans , that is , Mexican Americans of Chinese ancestry . Smaller Chinese communities can also be found in San Jacinto Valley , Lake Elsinore , and Victorville . Southern California has perhaps the largest Taiwan - born Chinese American community in the U.S. , particularly in the San Gabriel Valley ( i.e. Walnut and Diamond Bar ) , Buena Park , Cerritos , West Covina , Irvine , communities in the South Bay , Los Angeles and southern Orange County . Many minority groups from China also live in California , for example , there are Tibetan , Mongolian and Uygur Americans concentrated in San Francisco , Oakland , San Jose , Orange County , and the Los Angeles / Long Beach area . Large Korean American communities exist in the Koreatown of Los Angeles , the eastern San Gabriel Valley , the San Fernando Valley , Cerritos / Long Beach , South Bay , Los Angeles , northern Orange County and San Diego area . There is another large Korean American population in the San Francisco Bay Area , and Koreans are growing in number in the suburban Inland Empire region , in cities such as Chino Hills , Corona , Desert Hot Springs and Loma Linda south of San Bernardino . Since 1990 , the Korean American and African American populations relocated westward and northward in the Los Angeles area . The South Bay area and Little Tokyo have a large Japanese American community . Japanese Americans , however , are also concentrated in San Francisco and across the Bay Area , San Jose , the Salinas Valley and Santa Cruz County ; and smaller communities in the Sacramento , Fresno , Bakersfield , Anaheim , San Diego , San Bernardino , Santa Barbara and Stockton areas . Despite the presence of Japanese goods stores , media outlets and restaurants in the state , most `` Little Tokyos '' and `` Japantowns '' were evacuated during the forced relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II ( see Japanese American Internment ) . As a result , most Japanese Americans in urban areas do not reside in historical Japanese communities . California has the largest American population of Southeast Asians , concentrated in the Los Angeles - Long Beach , Sacramento , and Fresno areas . This includes the Hmong and Vietnamese , including Chinese Vietnamese . Long Beach has one of the largest Cambodian American communities in the United States . The neighboring cities of Westminster and Garden Grove have the largest Vietnamese American community outside of Vietnam and are often dubbed `` Little Saigon '' . Vietnamese and Cambodian immigrants also settled in the San Francisco Bay Area , especially San Jose , Santa Clara and Sunnyvale , as well across the San Joaquin Valley and in San Diego . Over 6,000 Laotian Americans live in the Fresno area , including an even larger Hmong American community , the second - largest of its kind . Other Hmong colonies in the Central Valley of California and Northern California developed since the end of the Vietnam war ( 1975 -- 79 ) . California also has a Thai American community of over 250,000 , concentrated in Southern California , with small Thai and Southeast Asian communities in Perris and Banning in the Inland Empire region . Los Angeles has the largest Thai population outside of Thailand and is also home to the world 's first Thai Town . About 150,000 Indonesians live in Southern California , primarily the Los Angeles and San Diego areas . California has the largest Indian American population in the U.S. Many live in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area , San Diego , and the San Francisco Bay Area . The Los Angeles suburbs of Artesia and Cerritos have large Indian American communities . San Jose , Fremont , and other Silicon Valley cities have many Indian Americans who are employed in the high - tech industry . Many Indian Americans are in Central Valley cities such as Stockton , Bakersfield , Fresno , Yuba City , and the Imperial Valley . Most South Asians in California are Indian American , but there are also Pakistani Americans , Bangladeshi Americans , and Sri Lankan Americans ( see Sinhalese and Tamils ) esp . concentrated in the San Gabriel Valley ( Covina Valley ) of the Los Angeles area . Over 50,000 Afghan Americans are concentrated in the East Bay primarily in Alameda County and its communities of Fremont and Hayward ; Afghans also live throughout the state ( esp . Orange County and Ventura County ) . The state has 150,000 residents with Pacific Islander ancestry . Most , 80,000 , are Native Hawaiians of measurable Polynesian ancestry ; many also have Asian , European , or other ancestries . There are also 25,000 Samoan Americans originally from American Samoa or Western Samoa . Most live in Long Beach and the Los Angeles suburbs of Carson , Artesia , Cerritos , and Redondo Beach , Oceanside , and Upland . About 10,000 Chamorros from Guam and Northern Mariana Islands live in northern California , the largest Micronesian community in the mainland United States . An estimated 10,000 Tahitians from French Polynesia live in southern California . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are also many Palauans in southern California , specifically in the San Diego area , including Vista . Only 677 in Vista alone in the 2010 US Census . Members of the Palauan community often also have Malay , Indonesian , Micronesian , Melanesian , Japanese , and other east Asian ancestries . Many Chuukese or Trukese live in San Diego , while the original settlers on Truk Island are Spanish and German but most Truukese now are Japanese and Korean , then Filipino and some Chinese , and finally the arrival of American expatriates . Many came to the Oceanside area due to the military installations around the city , which has the oldest Polynesian or Pacific Islander community . The state also has over 715,000 Arab Americans , with large communities in Alameda , Fresno , Imperial , Kern , Orange , San Bernardino , San Diego , Sacramento and Stanislaus counties . They represent all Arab and Middle Eastern nationalities , the most numerous being of Gaza and West Bank ( see Palestinian Americans ) followed by those from Syria ( see Syrian Americans ) and Lebanon ( about half - 1.5 out of 3.1 million estimated - ( see Lebanese Americans ) live in California ) , Algeria , Bahrain , Egypt , Iraq , Jordan , Kuwait , Libya , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Tunisia , United Arab Emirates and Yemen . Arabs have resided in California since the 1920s , most notably in Orange County in the section of Little Arabia ( Anaheim , California ) and the San Diego area . About 500,000 Iranian Americans live throughout Southern California , including about 20 % of the population of Beverly Hills . Iranian American communities also flourish in the San Fernando Valley , Orange County , San Diego , the Palm Springs area , and the San Joaquin Valley . The majority of Iranian Americans immigrated after the ouster of the pro-U.S. Shah regime of Iran in the late 1970s . California also has the third largest Greek American population in the United States , behind New York and Massachusetts . There is also large population of Assyrian / Chaldean descent living in the Central Valley , with large communities in Modesto , Ceres and Turlock , as well as throughout the Central Coast and the California Desert ( i.e. the Coachella and Imperial valleys ) . San Diego has one of the largest concentrations of Chaldean immigrants in the United States . California is also home to 600,000 Armenian Americans , with many in Glendale north of Los Angeles , as well as a large community in Fresno . As of 1988 California had about 500,000 ethnic Armenians with over half of them living in Greater Los Angeles . Turkish Americans and Azerbaijani Americans form moderately - sized communities in both Los Angeles and San Francisco . California has 2.3 million African Americans as of 2010 , the largest population of Black or African Americans in the western U.S , and the 5th largest Black population in the United States . Cities that have the largest share of African Americans and have historically been Black cultural centers include ( 11 largest in the state ) : Compton , Inglewood , Long Beach , Los Angeles , Oakland , Richmond , Riverside , Sacramento , San Bernardino , San Diego and Vallejo . There are many other cities and towns in the state with sizeable African American populations . These include : Berkeley , Dublin , East Palo Alto , Fairfield , Hayward , Marin City , Piedmont , San Leandro , and Suisun City . Bakersfield , Fresno , Merced , Modesto , and Stockton . Adelanto , Altadena , Apple Valley , California City , Carson , Corona , Desert Hot Springs , Fontana , Gardena , Hawthorne , Indio , Lakewood , Lancaster , Lynwood , Moreno Valley , National City , Oceanside , Palmdale , Palm Springs , Pasadena , Perris , Pomona , Rialto , Twentynine Palms , and Victorville . African Americans are approximately 7 percent of the state population . The state percentage of African Americans has dropped in the 1990s and 2000s , though the state 's overall number of African - Americans has increased in that time period . The black population in East and West Oakland and South Central Los Angeles - places where they held the majority for decades - has greatly decreased as the black middle class has relocated to nearby suburbs , including those in the Inland Empire and Antelope Valley in Southern California and the Sacramento metropolitan area in Northern California . Many African Americans have also moved to the South , where their grandparents may have come from in the `` Great Migration '' of the mid-20th century . African Americans have made a contribution to the state 's hip - hop and R&B music culture . African - American musical artists born and / or raised in California include : Snoop Dogg , Dr. Dre , Ice Cube , E-40 , Nate Dogg , Tupac Shakur , En Vogue , Tony ! Toni ! Tone ! , Too Short , Eazy - E , N.W.A , Keyshia Cole , Digital Underground , JJ Fad , Barry White , The Pointer Sisters and Kendrick Lamar . Also noted is California has small West Indian ( Afro - Caribbean American ) and African immigration from countries such as Cape Verde , Eritrea and Ethiopia ( i.e. Little Ethiopia in West Los Angeles ) , Ghana , Jamaica , Kenya , Nigeria , Senegal , Somalia , South Africa ( including White South Africans ) , Tanzania and Yemen across from the Horn of Africa . They established communities in Los Angeles known for a large Ethiopian community and Oakland / Berkeley ( East Bay ) as well Nuer refugees from South Sudan migrated to the Sacramento area ; and the Cape Verdean community in Solano County and the Santa Clara Valley , and the San Diego area . As of 2010 , California 's Native American population of 362,801 was the most of any state . It also has the most Native American tribes , indigenous to the state or not , but the majority of known Californian Indian tribes became extinct in the late 19th century . The U.S. Census includes Latin American Indian , especially immigrants who belonged to indigenous peoples or who have Amerindian heritage from North and South America . The Cherokee Nation is the largest tribe in the state with a population of 110,000 , although the number of Cherokee descendants may surpass 600,000 according to demographers . They are often descendants of Dust Bowl refugees in the 1930s and 1940s who migrated to the state 's farming counties and urban areas for jobs . The largest urban American Indian communities are Los Angeles / Long Beach , San Francisco / Oakland , Sacramento , and San Diego areas . California also has significant populations of the Apache , Choctaw , Creek , Hopi , Zuni , Navajo , Blackfeet , Shoshone , Paiute , Pueblos , Cahuilla and Chumash tribes . The Cahuilla in the Coachella Valley have profited from real estate land leases , and much of Indio and Palm Springs are tribal - owned lands under legal tribal jurisdiction . Estimated ancestries of Californians ( show ) Ancestry 2013 population Margin of error ( + / - ) Total 43,071,506 33,741 Afghan 38,136 3,075 Albanian 4,792 681 Alsatian 730 163 American 1,124,070 10,956 Arab : 277,573 6,191 Egyptian 45,540 2,737 Iraqi 20,551 1,969 Jordanian 14,142 1,731 Lebanese 57,008 2,372 Moroccan 8,953 959 Palestinian 16,340 1,571 Syrian 23,298 1,749 Arab 44,851 2,645 Arab other 48,890 2,692 Armenian 258,260 5,292 Assyrian / Chaldean / Syriac 35,690 2,687 Australian 18,803 1,253 Austrian 77,113 2,205 Basque 18,413 1,252 Belgian 25,581 1,354 Brazilian 34,776 1,964 British 146,221 3,425 Bulgarian 13,093 1,304 Cajun 3,752 858 Canadian 88,244 2,687 Carpatho Rusyn 462 151 Celtic 5,910 593 Croatian 48,160 1,859 Cypriot 557 204 Czech 88,563 2,557 Czechoslovakian 23,097 1,164 Danish 182,221 3,432 Dutch 392,589 6,088 Eastern European 66,301 2,688 English 2,330,057 15,509 Estonian 4,210 636 European 542,475 8,588 Finnish 50,937 2,012 French 726,569 8,629 French Canadian 111,298 2,978 German 3,315,493 16,348 German Russian 2,094 328 Greek 131,110 3,050 Guyanese 2,947 468 Hungarian 125,280 3,639 Icelander 6,169 777 Iranian 213,661 6,417 Irish 2,612,782 13,767 Israeli 28,639 1,889 Italian 1,525,214 12,309 Latvian 10,974 916 Lithuanian 48,883 1,811 Luxemburger 3,040 387 Macedonian 3,093 471 Maltese 7,883 1,035 New Zealander 5,047 763 Northern European 46,409 2,030 Norwegian 394,056 5,827 Pennsylvania German 6,217 609 Polish 504,770 7,165 Portuguese 354,823 5,044 Romanian 66,942 2,927 Russian 433,384 6,662 Scandinavian 64,166 2,299 Scotch - Irish 240,268 4,345 Scottish 520,575 7,414 Serbian 17,739 1,434 Slavic 11,335 948 Slovak 24,732 1,564 Slovene 8,628 727 Soviet Union 195 111 Subsaharan African : 269,781 7,329 Cape Verdean 2,549 532 Ethiopian 28,007 2,467 Ghanaian 3,392 647 Kenyan 4,713 970 Liberian 1,069 400 Nigerian 25,498 2,414 Senegalese 585 296 Sierra Leonean 537 223 Somalian 7,066 1,440 South African 10,095 917 Sudanese 2,095 510 Ugandan 1,694 516 Zimbabwean 585 244 African 174,347 6,255 Other Subsaharan African 7,549 1,148 Swedish 425,092 5,332 Swiss 103,574 2,660 Turkish 23,206 1,214 Ukrainian 99,583 4,046 Welsh 168,463 3,482 West Indian 79,125 727 Bahamian 596 215 Barbadian 1,362 308 Belizean 21,331 1,459 Bermudan 370 170 British West Indian 1,858 485 Dutch West Indian 1,960 329 Haitian 7,363 1,046 Jamaican 28,675 1,877 Trinidadian and Tobagonian 5,357 716 U.S. Virgin Islander 756 288 West Indian 9,221 1,247 Other West Indian 276 124 Yugoslavian 33,363 1,830 Other groups 24,394,120 29,987 footnotes = Jump up ^ Underlined entries have sub-ancestries ^ Jump up to : Arab sub-ancestry Jump up ^ except Basque ^ Jump up to : Subsaharan African sub-ancestry Jump up ^ except Hispanic groups ^ Jump up to : West Indian sub-ancestry Estimated ancestries of Californians ( show ) Ancestry 2010 Population Percentage of Total Population White , not Hispanic or Latino 15,763,625 42.3 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 14,013,719 37.6 % Mexican 11,423,146 30.6 % Salvadoran 573,956 1.5 % Guatemalan 332,737 0.8 % Puerto Rican 189,945 0.5 % Colombian 164,416 0.4 % Spaniard 142,194 0.3 % Nicaraguan 100,790 0.2 % Peruvian 91,511 0.2 % Cuban 88,607 0.2 % Honduran 72,795 0.1 % Argentinean 44,410 0.1 % Ecuadorian 35,750 0.09 % Chilean 24,006 0.06 % Costa Rican 22,469 0.06 % Panamanian 17,768 0.04 % Bolivian 13,351 0.03 % Dominican 11,455 0.03 % Venezuelan 11,100 0.02 % Uruguayan 4,110 0.01 % Paraguayan 1,228 0.003 % Asian 5,556,592 14.9 % Filipino 1,474,707 3.9 % Chinese ( except Taiwanese ) 1,349,111 3.6 % Vietnamese 647,589 1.7 % Indian 590,445 1.5 % Korean 505,225 1.3 % Japanese 428,014 1.1 % Okinawan 1,377 0.003 % Taiwanese 109,928 0.2 % Cambodian 102,317 0.2 % Hmong 91,224 0.2 % Laotian 69,303 0.2 % Thai 67,707 0.1 % Pakistani 53,474 0.1 % Indonesian 39,506 0.1 % Sri Lankan 11,929 0.03 % Bangladeshi 10,494 0.02 % Nepalese 6,231 0.01 % Malaysian 5,595 0.01 % Mongolian 4,993 0.01 % Singaporean 1,513 0.004 % Black or African American 2,683,914 7.2 % Multiracial ( two or more races ) 1,815,384 4.8 % American Indian and Alaska Native 723,225 1.9 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 286,145 0.7 % Polynesian 157,104 0.4 % Native Hawaiian 74,932 0.2 % Samoan 60,876 0.1 % Tongan ) 22,893 0.06 % Micronesian 49,197 0.1 % Guamanian or Chamorro 44,425 0.1 % Melanesian 24,203 0.06 % Fijian 24,059 0.06 % Total 37,253,956 100 % Population of California according to racial / ethnic group 1960 -- 2010 Racial / ethnic group Census 1960 Census 1970 Census 1980 Census 1990 Census 2000 Census 2010 Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Non-Hispanic Whites 14,455,230 92.0 17,761,032 89.0 15,763,992 66.6 17,029,126 57.2 15,816,790 46.7 14,938,836 40.1 Hispanics 4,541,300 19.2 7,687,938 25.8 10,966,556 32.4 14,007,487 37.6 Blacks 883,861 5.6 1,400,143 7.0 1,819,281 7.7 2,208,801 7.4 2,181,926 6.4 2,309,745 6.2 Asians 318,376 2.0 552,364 2.8 1,819,281 5.3 2,845,659 9.6 3,697,513 10.9 4,843,014 13.0 American Indians and Alaska Natives 39,014 0.2 91,018 0.5 201,369 0.9 242,164 0.8 333,346 1.0 372,539 1.0 Birth Data ( edit ) Note : Births in table do not add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Ethnicity of Mother Ethnicity 2013 2014 2015 Hispanic 238,496 ( 48.2 % ) 237,539 ( 47.2 % ) 234,237 ( 47.6 % ) White 143,531 ( 29.0 % ) 144,318 ( 28.7 % ) 141,592 ( 28.8 % ) Asian 76,424 ( 15.4 % ) 84,224 ( 16.7 % ) 80,269 ( 16.3 % ) African 31,977 ( 6.5 % ) 31,654 ( 6.3 % ) 30,546 ( 6.2 % ) Native 3,590 ( 0.7 % ) 3,509 ( 0.7 % ) 3,510 ( 0.7 % ) Total California 494,705 ( 100 % ) 502,879 ( 100 % ) 491,748 ( 100 % ) Languages ( edit ) Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in California ( as of 2010 ) Language Percentage of population Spanish 28.46 % Chinese ( including Cantonese and Mandarin ) 2.80 % Tagalog 2.20 % Vietnamese 1.43 % Korean 1.08 % Armenian and Persian ( tied ) 0.52 % Japanese 0.43 % Russian 0.42 % Hindi and Arabic ( tied ) 0.38 % French 0.36 % As of 2010 , 20,379,282 of California residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 10,672,610 spoke Spanish , 1,231,425 Chinese ( which includes Cantonese and Mandarin ) , 796,451 Tagalog , 559,932 Vietnamese , 367,523 Korean , 192,980 Armenian , and Persian was spoken as a main language by 203,770 of the population over the age of five . In total , 14,644,136 of California 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Comparatively , according to the 2007 American Community Survey , 42.6 percent of California 's population older than five spoke a language other than English at home , with 73 percent of those also speaking English well or very well , while 9.8 did not speak English at all . California had the highest concentration of Vietnamese or Chinese speakers in the United States , second highest concentration of Korean or Spanish speakers in the United States , and third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers in the United States . California was historically one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world , and is home to more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families . A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages of Mexico that are spoken among California farmworkers . Over 200 languages are known to be spoken and read in California , with Spanish used as the state 's `` alternative '' language . California has more than 100 indigenous languages , making California one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world . All of California 's indigenous languages are endangered , although there are now efforts toward language revitalization . The official language of California has been English since the passage of Proposition 63 in 1986 . However , many state , city , and local government agencies still continue to print official public documents in numerous languages . For example , the California Department of Motor Vehicles offers the written exam for the standard C Class driver 's license in 31 languages along with English , and the audio exam in 11 languages . The politics of language is a major political issue in the state , especially in regard to language policy controlling the teaching and official use of immigrant languages . As a result of the state 's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe , linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken English in California since the late 20th Century . This dialect , known as California English , has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from the dialects used in other regions of the country . Religion ( edit ) Religion in California ( 2014 ) Religion Percent Protestant 32 % Roman Catholic 28 % No religion 27 % Judaism 3.2 % Buddhism 2 % Hinduism 2 % Islam 1 % Mormons 1 % Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in San Jose Mission San Diego de Alcalá Hsi Lai Temple in Los Angeles County Malibu Hindu Temple California has the most Roman Catholics in the United States , ahead of New York State , as well as large Protestant , non-religious , Jewish , and Muslim populations . It also has the largest Mormon population outside of Utah . The state also has a large American Jewish community , the largest in the western U.S. , mainly concentrated in Los Angeles , Beverly Hills , San Francisco , Oakland , Sacramento and Palm Springs . It also has large Muslim communities in west Los Angeles , San Diego , Beverly Hills , Orange County , Santa Clara County , and the Modesto area . Religions indigenous to California includes LaVeyan Satanism . Most Roman Catholics in California are of Mexican , other Hispanic , Irish , Italian and Filipino ancestry . The population of Catholic Californians is rapidly growing due to the influx of Latin American and Filipino immigrants . In the state , Roman Catholicism is highly represented among non-Hispanic European - Americans , but less represented among non-Hispanic African - Americans . Protestantism is the majority Christian denomination in non-Hispanic black and white groups . The largest Christian denominations in California in 2000 were the Roman Catholic Church with 10,079,310 ; the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints with 529,575 ; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 471,119 . Jewish congregations had 994,000 adherents , or 3 % of the Californian population . Hinduism , Buddhism , Shintō , Sikhism , and Taoism were introduced in part by Asian immigrants . As the twentieth century came to a close , forty percent of all Buddhists in America resided in Southern California . The Los Angeles metropolitan area has become unique in the Buddhist world as the only place where representative organizations of every major school of Buddhism can be found in a single urban center . The City of Ten Thousand Buddhas in Northern California and Hsi Lai Temple in Southern California are two of the largest Buddhist temples in the Western Hemisphere . California has the highest Hindu population in the United States , most of them Indian Americans . Many of the prominent Hindu temples including the Malibu Hindu Temple are located in California . With almost one million Jews , California has the highest number of Jews of any state except New York . Many of these Jews live in the West Los Angeles and San Fernando Valley regions of Los Angeles . At the present time , one of California 's Senators , Dianne Feinstein , is Jewish . Historic synagogues include Beth Jacob Congregation ( Beverly Hills , California ) , Congregation B'nai Israel ( Sacramento , California ) , and Temple Israel ( Stockton , California ) . Chabad , The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute , and Aish HaTorah are active in California . California also has the largest Muslim community in the United States , an estimated one percent of the population , mostly residing in Southern California . Approximately 100,000 Muslims reside in San Diego . California has more members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints and Temples than any state except Utah . Latter - day Saints ( Mormons ) have played important roles in the settlement of California throughout the state 's history . For example , a group of a few hundred Mormon converts from the Northeastern United States and Europe arrived at what would become San Francisco in the 1840s aboard the ship Brooklyn , more than doubling the population of the small town . A group of Mormons also established the city of San Bernardino in Southern California in 1851 . According to the LDS Church 2014 statistics , 780,200 Mormons reside in the state of California , attending almost 1400 congregations statewide . The Seventh - day Adventist Church is headquartered in Loma Linda in San Bernardino county 60 miles east of Los Angeles , where the church members form the majority of the town 's population . The SDA church there has a university , a free hospital and a TV station ( 3ABN or the 3 Angels Broadcasting Network ) . Seventh - day Adventists are vegetarians , so you would notice there are no fast food restaurants within the town limits . The town is known for a large number of centenarians who live over 100 years of age . A Pew Research Center survey revealed , however , that California is less religious than the rest of the United States : 62 % of Californians say they are `` absolutely certain '' of the belief `` in God or a universal spirit '' , while in the nation 71 % say so . The survey also revealed that 48 % of Californians say religion is `` very important '' , while the figure for the U.S. in general is 56 % . The state 's non-religious , which consists of atheists , agnostics , and non-affiliated theists , is one of the fastest - growing groups in the state . See also ( edit ) California portal California locations by race California statistical areas Media related to Demographics of California at Wikimedia Commons Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The following are a list of the indigenous languages : Root languages of California : Athabaskan Family : Hupa , Mattole , Lassik , Wailaki , Sinkyone , Cahto , Tolowa , Nongatl , Wiyot , Chilula ; Hokan Family : Pomo , Shasta , Karok , Chimiriko ; Algonquian Family : Whilkut , Yurok ; Yukian Family : Wappo ; Penutian Family : Modok , Wintu , Nomlaki , Konkow , Maidu , Patwin , Nisenan , Miwok , Coast Miwok , Lake Miwok , Ohlone , Northern Valley Yokuts , Southern Valley Yokuts , Foothill Yokuts ; Hokan Family : Esselen , Salinan , Chumash , Ipai , Tipai , Yuma , Halchichoma , Mohave ; Uto - Aztecan Family : Mono Paiute , Monache , Owens Valley Paiute , Tubatulabal , Panamint Shoshone , Kawaisu , Kitanemuk , Tataviam , Gabrielino , Juaneno , Luiseno , Cuipeno , Cahuilla , Serrano , Chemehuevi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` California Population 2017 ( Demographics , Maps , Graphs ) '' . Worldpopulationreview.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data - 2010 Census '' . Census.gov . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Thompson ( 20 December 2007 ) . `` California 's population ahead of Canada , behind Poland at 37.8 million '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Abstract of the United States '' . Census.gov . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Edmund G. `` Pat '' Brown of California `` . California State Library . November 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California 's population growth is slowing dramatically in the 21st century , study finds '' . Los Angeles Times . 2012 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Erin Treadwell ( 9 December 2010 ) . `` California County Population Shows Little Growt '' . csas.counties.org . California State Association of Counties . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifying Urban Areas for the 2010 Census '' . Federal Register . United States Government . 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cdc.gov '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Population and Population Centers by State : 2010 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 43 % in state speak other than English at home '' . Articles.sfgate.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Undocumented Immigrants in California - Public Policy Institute of California '' . Ppic.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment by Ethnicity for 2011 -- 12 : Statewide Enrollment by Ethnicity ( with county data ) '' . California Department of Education . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , California '' . Census.gov . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census.gov '' . Census.gov . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California - ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : 2006 - 2008 '' . American Fact Finder . US Census Bureau . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United States - ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : 2006 - 2008 '' . American Fact Finder . US Census Bureau . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` California QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau - Race and Hispanic Origin '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ US Census Bureau ( 2016 ) . `` 2012 - 2016 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Reese , Phillip ; Magagnini , Stephen ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Census : Hispanics overtake whites to become California 's largest ethnic group '' . Sacbee.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 -- via Sacramento Bee . Jump up ^ `` the Swedish American Patriotic league '' . Web.archive.org . May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Ross , California '' . Fortross.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A California Amish Community '' . amishamerica.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES , AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS '' . 2010 Census . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Karen R. Humes ; Nicholas A. Jones ; Roberto R. Ramirez ( March 2011 ) . `` Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` DP - 1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 ( 2010 Census Summary File 2 ) '' . 2010 Census . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Dan Walters ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` California has by far nation 's largest Asian - American population '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Archibold , Randal C. ( 20 August 1993 ) . `` Political Awakening : Filipino - Americans Start to Reach for Reins of Power '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodel Rodis ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` Telltale Signs : `` Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the US ? '' `` . Asian Week . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Montagne , Renee ( 2006 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Living in Tehrangeles : L.A. 's Iranian Community '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chaldean Chamber of Commerce '' . chaldeanchamber.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARMENIAN PONTIFF BEGINS VISIT TO SOUTHLAND WITH ENCINO STOP . '' Los Angeles Daily News . June 17 , 1988 . Article ID 8801240266 . `` About 500000 Armenians live in California - more than half of them in the Los Angeles area . '' Jump up ^ Capitol Alert ( Dec 23 , 2013 ) . `` Capitol Alert : California has nation 's largest Native American population '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newkirk , Barrett ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` New tribal land tax law causing alarm in Palm Springs '' . The Desert Sun . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Total Ancestry Reported '' . 2009 -- 2013 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates . United States Census Bureau . 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Total Population '' . 2010 Census , United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . January 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin , for All Ages and for 18 Years and Over , for California : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Census.gov . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` California '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hyon B. Shin ; Robert A. Kominski ( April 2010 ) . `` Language Use in the United States : 2007 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Native Tribes , Groups , Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 ( Map ) ( 1966 ed . ) . Coyote Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Indians Root Languages and Tribal Groups ( Map ) ( 1994 ed . ) . California State Parks . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indigenous Farmworker Study -- Indigenous Mexicans in California Agriculture . Section V. Language and Culture '' ( PDF ) . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wesson , Herb ( July 17 , 2001 ) . `` AB 800 Assembly Bill -- Bill Analysis '' . California State Assembly . p. 3 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . In 1986 , California voters amended the state constitution to provide that the : The ( sic ) Legislature and officials of the State of California shall take all steps necessary to insure that the role of English as the common language of the State of California is preserved and enhanced . The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California . '' Jump up ^ Hull , Dana ( May 20 , 2006 ) . `` English already is `` official '' in California `` . San Jose Mercury News . San Jose , California : MediaNews Group . English has been the `` official '' language of California since 1986 , when voters passed Proposition 63 . You 'd barely know it . The Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters prints ballots in English , Spanish , Vietnamese , Chinese and Tagalog . California drivers can take the written license exam in 31 languages , from Amharic , which is spoken in Ethiopia , to Thai . You can view the state 's online Megan 's Law database of registered sex offenders in Portuguese or Punjabi . ( ... ) Proposition 63 , which received 73 percent of the vote in 1986 , was largely symbolic , sending a message to immigrants that they should learn to speak English if they expected to live in California . The measure directed the state to `` preserve , protect and strengthen the English language , '' but did not call for any specific action or enforcement . Twenty - six other states have official - English laws on the books . Jump up ^ `` What other languages is the written or audio test available in ? / / Driver License and Identification ( ID ) Card Information '' . California Department of Motor Vehicles . Jump up ^ Bucholtz , Mary ; et all ( December 2007 ) . `` Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal ? : The Perceptual Dialectology of California '' . Journal of English Linguistics. 35 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 352 . doi : 10.1177 / 0075424207307780 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Landscape Study '' . Pewforum.org . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA - California - LDS Newsroom : '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewis , James R. `` Diabolical Authority : Anton LaVey , The Satanic Bible and the Satanist '' Tradition `` . '' Marburg Journal of Religion 7.1 ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` State Membership Report 2000 '' . The Association of Religious Data Archives . 2002 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon , ed . ( December 2002 ) . `` Eastern Family Part II : Buddhism , Shintoism , Japanese New Religions '' . Encyclopedia of American Religions ( Seventh ed . ) . Detroit : Gale Cengage . pp. 201 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 6384 - 1 . OCLC 51255717 . Jump up ^ Mark Davis ( 9 June 2014 ) . Lone Star America : How Texas Can Save Our Country . Regnery Publishing , Incorporated , An Eagle Publishing Company . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 231 - 2 . `` SCR - 32 Hindu American Awareness and Appreciation Month '' . California Legislative Information . State of California . 29 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacob Neusner ( 2009 ) . World Religions in America : An Introduction . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 180 -- 181 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61164 - 047 - 2 . Jump up ^ BECERRA , HECTOR ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` Repair work set to begin at neglected Jewish cemetery '' . Los Angeles Times . Rabbi Moshe Greenwald , co-director of Chabad of Downtown Los Angeles -- which has led the effort to restore Mount Zion -- said he hopes $700,000 can be raised to properly repair the cemetery , though there would be other ongoing costs after that . Greenwald said several people came forward to help , including businesspeople and real estate developers who gave donations . He said he even got a call from the L.A. Archdiocese , and that he hopes to speak to local church leaders to get the word out about the problem of vandalism . Jump up ^ Posner , Menachem. `` 300 Rabbinical Students Heading Out for Summer Sojourns '' . Lubavitch World Headquarters . Chabad.org is a division of the Chabad - Lubavitch Media Center . Zarchi was followed by Rabbi Efraim Mintz , who served as a Roving Rabbi in California in 1990 . Mintz , who directs the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute , shared tips and advice on honing a Torah `` elevator pitch , '' as well as ideas about presenting more advanced Torah thoughts on a variety of subjects to share with others during the course of their travels . Fishkoff , Sue ( March 3 , 2006 ) . `` That 's Growth ! '' . SAN RAFAEL , California : JTA . Shturem.net . Leading the class was Chabad Rabbi Yisrael Rice ... Rice , chairman of the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute 's editorial board , asks members of the group why they 're there . Fishkoff , Sue ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Chabad institute keeps on growing '' . SAN RAFAEL , California . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Rice , chairman of the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute 's editorial board , asks members of the group why they 're there . `` I 'm trying to put some things together , '' one man says . `` I 'm trying to fix a broken link , '' the women next to him says . `` Where am I going ? God willing , I 'm going closer , '' the next woman says . Billed as a mystical approach to the concepts of time and the Jewish calendar , The Kabbalah of Time is the 14th course in adult Jewish literacy offered by JLI , a seven - year - old project of the Chabad - Lubavitch movement . Jump up ^ `` Largest Latter - day Saint Communities '' . Adherents.com. April 12 , 2005 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MacVean , Mary ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Why Loma Linda residents live longer than the rest of us : They treat the body like a temple '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religion and Politics 2011 : California '' . U.S. Religious Landscape Study . The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . 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Demographics of the United States by city Allentown , Pennsylvania Atlanta , Georgia Chicago , Illinois Dallas , Texas Erie , Pennsylvania Houston , Texas Los Angeles , California Metro Detroit , Michigan Minneapolis , Minnesota New York City , New York ( The Bronx / Brooklyn / Manhattan / Queens / Staten Island ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Seattle , Washington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_California&oldid=835652292 '' Categories : Demographics of the United States Demographics of California Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Nederlands 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what percentage of the country lives in california	[ "As of 2006, California had an estimated population of 37,172,015, more than 12 percent of the U.S. population. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 1,557,112 people (that is 2,781,539 births minus 1,224,427 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 751,419 people. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 1,415,879 people, and migration from within the U.S. produced a net decrease of 564,100 people. California is the 13th fastest-growing state. As of 2008, the total fertility rate was 2.15.[9] The most recent census reports the population of California is 39,144,818." ]	[ "more than 12 percent" ]

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