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141134712050508494	Powers of the United States Congress	Powers of the United States Congress - wikipedia Powers of the United States Congress Jump to : navigation , search This is a subarticle of United States Congress Congress meets in the United States Capitol . Powers of the United States Congress are implemented by the United States Constitution , defined by rulings of the Supreme Court , and by its own efforts and by other factors such as history and custom . It is the chief legislative body of the United States . Some powers are explicitly defined by the Constitution and are called enumerated powers ; others have been assumed to exist and are called implied powers . Contents ( hide ) 1 General powers 2 Enumerated powers 3 Implied powers and the commerce clause 4 References 5 External links General powers ( edit ) Former US general George Washington presided over the signing of the United States Constitution which included Alexander Hamilton , Benjamin Franklin , and James Madison . Article I of the Constitution sets forth most of the powers of Congress , which include numerous explicit powers enumerated in Section 8 . Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers . Congress also has implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution . Congress has the power of the purse and it can tax citizens , spend money , and authorize the printing of currency such as this bill for $100,000 . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary matters , through the enumerated power to lay and collect taxes , duties , imposts and excises , to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States . The Sixteenth Amendment , ratified in 1913 , extended power of taxation to include income taxes . The Constitution also grants Congress exclusively the power to appropriate funds . This power of the purse is one of Congress ' primary checks on the executive branch . Other powers granted to Congress include the authority to borrow money on the credit of the United States , regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states , and coin money . Generally both Senate and House have equal legislative authority although only the House may originate revenue bills and , by tradition , appropriation bills . Congress authorizes defense spending to buy and maintain aircraft carriers such as the USS Bon Homme Richard . The name Richard is from a rough French language reference to Benjamin Franklin 's Poor Richard 's Almanac meaning Good man Richard . The Constitution also gives Congress an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war , to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military . Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress 's Constitutionally - defined task of declaring war . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get Congressional assent . Presidents have initiated war without Congressional war declarations ; Truman called the Korean War a `` police action '' and the Vietnam War lasted over a decade without a declaration of war . In 1970 , Time magazine noted : `` All told , it has been calculated , U.S. presidents have ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times '' before 1970 . In 1993 , one writer noted `` Congress 's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution , '' and that the `` real erosion ( of Congressional authority to declare war ) began after World War II . '' President George H.W. Bush claimed he could begin Operation Desert Storm and launch a `` deliberate , unhurried , post -- Cold War decision to start a war '' without Congressional approval . Critics charge that President George W. Bush largely initiated the Iraq War with little debate in Congress or consultation with Congress , despite a Congressional vote on military force authorization . Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation 's history . An enumerated congressional power is to establish post offices including this one in Athens , Georgia , pictured in 1942 . Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads , issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures , establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and `` To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union . One congressional power is oversight of other branches of the government . In the early 1970s , the Senate investigated the activities of President Richard Nixon regarding Watergate which led to the president 's resignation . One of the foremost non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate and to oversee the executive branch . Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress ' subpoena power . Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government . In the Valerie Plame Wilson episode sometimes known as the Plame affair , some critics , including Representative Henry A. Waxman , charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case . Other critics charge Congress was lax in its oversight duties regarding presidential actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of decisions by President George W. Bush involving such matters . Congress has the power to impeach officials including the president . In 1868 , this committee helped impeach president Andrew Johnson who was almost convicted ; Johnson stayed in office . Congress also has the exclusive impeachment power , allowing impeachment , trial , and removal of the President , federal judges and other federal officers . Enumerated powers ( edit ) Main article : Enumerated powers Among the powers specifically given to Congress in Article I Section 8 , are the following : 1.To lay and collect taxes , duties , imposts and excises , to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties , imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 2 . To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 3 . To regulate commerce with foreign nations , and among the several states , and with the Native American tribes ; 4 . To establish a uniform rule of naturalization , and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 5 . To coin money , regulate the value thereof , and of foreign coin , and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 6 . To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 7 . To establish post offices and post roads ; 8 . To promote the progress of science and useful arts , by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 9 . To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 10 . To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations ; 11 . To declare war , grant letters of marque and reprisal , and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 12 . To raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 13 . To provide and maintain a navy ; 14 . To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; 15 . To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; 16 . To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 17 . To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten miles ( 16 km ) square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States , and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be , for the erection of forts , magazines , arsenals , dockyards , and other needful buildings . One of many congressional powers is to `` define and punish piracies on the high seas '' . Other congressional powers have been granted , or confirmed , by constitutional amendments . The Thirteenth ( 1865 ) , Fourteenth ( 1868 ) , and Fifteenth Amendments ( 1870 ) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of all citizens regardless of race , including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law . Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments , not Congress . Implied powers and the commerce Clause ( edit ) Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio was a principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment . Congress also has implied powers , which derive from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution and permit Congress `` To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce , in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress ' legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ editorial staff ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Congress and the Dollar '' . New York Sun . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 ... Article One , Section Eight of the Constitution ... the founders of America delegated to the Congress the power to , among other things , `` coin money , regulate the value thereof , and of foreign coin , and fix the standard of weights and measures . '' Jump up ^ John V. Sullivan ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Unlike some other parliamentary bodies , both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative functions and powers with certain exceptions . For example , the Constitution provides that only the House of Representatives may originate revenue bills . By tradition , the House also originates appropriation bills . As both bodies have equal legislative powers , the designation of one as the upper House and the other as the lower House is not applicable . Jump up ^ KATE ZERNIKE ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . The Senate approved legislation this evening governing the interrogation and trials of terror suspects , establishing far - reaching new rules in the definition of who may be held and how they should be treated ... The legislation sets up rules for the military commissions ... Jump up ^ `` References about Congressional war declaring power '' . Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Steve Holland ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time Magazine . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time Magazine . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 ^ Jump up to : Michael Kinsley ( March 15 , 1993 ) . `` The Case for a Big Power Swap '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Time Essay : Where 's Congress ? '' . Time Magazine . May 22 , 1972 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time Magazine . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Did Richard Nixon `` usurp '' the constitutional powers of Congress when he unilaterally ordered troops into Cambodia ? Swarms of lawyers went to Washington last week to join an increasingly intense debate on the issue ( see THE NATION ) . Their most persuasive arguments raised fundamental questions that go far beyond Cambodia and the Indochina war . Many of the antiwar lawyers conceded that proving the Cambodian `` attacks '' unconstitutional may be difficult . Jump up ^ `` THE PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS. ; SENATE '' . The New York Times . June 28 , 1862 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Mr. SUMNER spoke in favor of the House bills , contending that they were entirely free from all constitutional objections . They were just as constitutional as the Constitution itself . They only form a part of the means for the suppression of the rebellion . The war powers of Congress are clearly derived from the Constitution , and Congress has a perfect right to exercise war powers . He protested earnestly against the absurd and tyrannical doctrine that all war powers were centred in the President , and against any attempt to foist such an unconstitutional doctrine into the Constitution , as showing the effrontery with which ignorance and conceit excused unconstitutional doctrines . He contended , at length , that confiscation and liberation were among the war powers of Congress , and he had more hope from liberation than from confiscation . Jump up ^ David S. Broder ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Oversight Offensive '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . A Congress under firm Republican control was somnolent when it came to oversight of the executive branch . No Republican committee chairman wanted to turn over rocks in a Republican administration . Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Democratic lawmakers on Wednesday subpoenaed Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to testify about a central and later refuted administration justification for the 2003 U.S. - led invasion of Iraq . But the administration said it might fight the subpoena , citing a legal doctrine that can shield a president and his aides from having to answer questions from Congress . `` Those matters are covered by executive privilege , '' said State Department spokesman Sean McCormack , moving toward a possible legal showdown with the Democratic - led Congress . Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea , legislative attorneys ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell and Glen Elsasser ( October 20 , 1991 ) . `` Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . The Constitution says judges have lifetime appointments ` ` during good behavior ` ` but , like other federal officers , they can be removed from office for ` ` treason , bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors ... It 's entirely in Congress ` determination what the limitations of the impeachment clause may be , ` ` said John Killian , senior specialist in American constitutional law for the Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ J. LESLIE KINCAID ( January 17 , 1916 ) . `` TO MAKE THE MILITIA A NATIONAL FORCE. ; The Power of Congress Under the Constitution `` for Organizing , Arming , and Disciplining '' the State Troops `` . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . From the many articles which have appeared in the public press the general idea seems to prevail that the militia is essentially a State force . To whatever extent this may be true , at the present time , it has resulted from the failure of Congress adequately to provide for the militia as a national force . Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Red State Anxiety and The Constitution '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . The Tenth states , `` The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' It does not say that laws derived under and consistent with the Articles of the Constitution can not be enacted over and above the original writing or that State 's retain a power to overrule federal law . The authority for doing so is based in implied powers and is among the earliest arguments in Constitutional law . Implied powers are derived from the general welfare and necessary and proper clauses . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . CBS News . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . McCulloch v. Maryland states that the Constitution grants implied powers to Congress , enabling it to carry out explicitly defined powers . The decision vastly augments Congress ' power to make laws . Jump up ^ RANDY E. BARNETT ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Case for a Federalism Amendment '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Finally , Section 5 authorizes judges to keep Congress within its limits by examining laws restricting the rightful exercise of liberty to ensure that they are a necessary and proper means to implement an enumerated power . This section also requires that the Constitution be interpreted according to its original meaning at the time of its enactment . But by expanding the powers of Congress to include regulating all interstate activity , the Amendment greatly relieves the political pressure on courts to adopt a strained reading of Congress 's enumerated powers . Monkeys External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powers_of_the_United_States_Congress&oldid=834105034 '' Categories : Legislative branch of the United States government Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 23 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are the implied powers of congress found in the constitution	[ "Article I of the Constitution sets forth most of the powers of Congress, which include numerous explicit powers enumerated in Section 8. Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution." ]	[ "Necessary and Proper Clause" ]
8942739618473834562	G.I. (military)	G.I. ( Military ) - wikipedia G.I. ( Military ) Jump to : navigation , search G.I.s from the 25th Infantry Division in the jungle of Vella Lavella during Operation Cartwheel ( 13 September 1943 ) . G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces and also for general items of their equipment . The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of `` Government Issue '' or `` General Issue '' , but it originally referred to `` galvanized iron '' , as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces . The letters `` G.I. '' were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron , such as metal trash cans , in U.S. Army inventories and supply records . During World War I , American soldiers sardonically referred to incoming German artillery shells as `` G.I. cans '' . Also during that war , `` G.I. '' started being interpreted as `` Government Issue '' or `` General Issue '' for the general items of equipment of soldiers and airmen . The term `` G.I. '' came into widespread use in the United States with the start of the Selective Service System ( `` the draft '' ) in 1940 , extending into 1941 . Next , the use of `` G.I. '' expanded from 1942 through 1945 . The American five - star General Dwight D. Eisenhower said in 1945 that `` the truly heroic figure of this war ( is ) G.I. Joe and his counterpart in the air , the navy , and the Merchant Marine of every one of the United Nations . '' `` G.I. '' was also used as an adjective for anything having to do with the US Army or Army Air Force . In British military parlance and in armed forces modelled on British military traditions , G.I. refers to a Gunnery Instructor ( generally an NCO responsible for inducting and training recruits ) . See also ( edit ) Digger ( soldier ) -- A similar term used in Australia Dogface ( military ) Doughboy Folk etymology G.I. Bill G.I. Blues ( film ) G.I. Generation G.I. Jane ( film ) G.I. Joe -- a line of action figures produced and owned by the toy company Hasbro . G.I. Joe disambiguation G - Man Tommy ( soldier ) -- British slang for a common soldier References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rawson , Hugh ( April -- May 2006 ) . `` Why do we say `` G.I. '' ? `` . American Heritage . Archived from the original on 29 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wilton , Dave ( 2 February 2009 ) . `` G.I. - Wordorigins.org '' . Wordorigins.org . Jump up ^ `` GI -- Definitions from Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House , Inc . Jump up ^ Eisenhower , Dwight D. ( 10 May 1945 ) . Funeral Pyres of Nazidom . Universal Newsreel . External links ( edit ) Look up GI in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.I._(military)&oldid=801465008 '' Categories : Initialisms Military terminology of the United States Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Simple English Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in military terms what does gi stand for	[ "G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces and also for general items of their equipment.[1] The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of \"Government Issue\" or \"General Issue\", but it originally referred to \"galvanized iron\", as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces.[2] The letters \"G.I.\" were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron, such as metal trash cans, in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.[2][3]", "G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces and also for general items of their equipment.[1] The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of \"Government Issue\" or \"General Issue\", but it originally referred to \"galvanized iron\", as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces.[2] The letters \"G.I.\" were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron, such as metal trash cans, in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.[2][3]", "G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces and also for general items of their equipment.[1] The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of \"Government Issue\" or \"General Issue\", but it originally referred to \"galvanized iron\", as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces.[2] The letters \"G.I.\" were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron, such as metal trash cans, in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.[2][3]", "G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces and also for general items of their equipment.[1] The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of \"Government Issue\" or \"General Issue\", but it originally referred to \"galvanized iron\", as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces.[2] The letters \"G.I.\" were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron, such as metal trash cans, in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.[2][3]", "G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces and also for general items of their equipment.[1] The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of \"Government Issue\" or \"General Issue\", but it originally referred to \"galvanized iron\", as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces.[2] The letters \"G.I.\" were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron, such as metal trash cans, in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.[2][3]", "G.I. is a noun used to describe the soldiers of the United States Army and airmen of the United States Army Air Forces and also for general items of their equipment.[1] The term G.I. has been used as an initialism of \"Government Issue\" or \"General Issue\", but it originally referred to \"galvanized iron\", as used by the logistics services of the United States Armed Forces.[2] The letters \"G.I.\" were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron, such as metal trash cans, in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.[2][3]" ]	[ "the soldiers of the United States Army", "airmen of the United States Army Air Forces", "general items of their equipment", "\"Government Issue\"", "\"General Issue\"", "\"galvanized iron\"" ]
-1986245258191974330	Supreme Court of the United States	Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` SCOTUS '' redirects here . For other uses , see SCOTUS ( disambiguation ) . Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Country United States Location Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W / 38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W / 38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9 , by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John G. Roberts Since September 29 , 2005 This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases . In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution , but it may act only within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions , and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government . According to federal statute , the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed after impeachment ( though no justice has ever been removed ) . In modern discourse , the justices are often categorized as having conservative , moderate , or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation . Each justice has one vote , and it is worth noting that while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously , decisions in cases of the highest profile have often come down to just one single vote , thereby exposing the justices ' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories . The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington , D.C. The Supreme Court is sometimes colloquially referred to as SCOTUS ( Supreme Court of the United States ) similar to and in line with other acronyms such as POTUS ( President of the United States ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2. 1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as Circuit Justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5. 1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 . Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress . Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice '' to its members , who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge '' , even though it is the term used in the Constitution . The Court first convened on February 2 , 1790 with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled . According to historian Fergus Bordewich , in its first session : `` ( T ) he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street , a few steps from Federal Hall . Symbolically , the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic , this birth of a new national institution whose future power , admittedly , still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans . Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office , Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen . Nothing did . They had no cases to consider . After a week of inactivity , they adjourned until September , and everyone went home . '' The sixth member , James Iredell , was not confirmed until May 12 , 1790 . Because the full Court had only six members , every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two - thirds ( voting four to two ) . However , Congress has always allowed less than the Court 's full membership to make decisions , starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789 . Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles : Jay Court , Rutledge Court , Ellsworth Court , and Marshall Court Under Chief Justices Jay , Rutledge , and Ellsworth ( 1789 -- 1801 ) , the Court heard few cases ; its first decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ) , a case involving a procedural issue . The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige , a situation not helped by the highest - profile case of the era , Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) , which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment . Chief Justice Marshall The Court 's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ) . Under Marshall , the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress , including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states ( prominently , Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ) . The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim , a remnant of British tradition , and instead issuing a single majority opinion . Also during Marshall 's tenure , although beyond the Court 's control , the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 -- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence . From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles : Taney Court , Chase Court , Waite Court , Fuller Court , White Court , and Taft Court The Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) made several important rulings , such as Sheldon v. Sill , which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear , it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects . Nevertheless , it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which helped precipitate the Civil War . In the Reconstruction era , the Chase , Waite , and Fuller Courts ( 1864 -- 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ) . Under the White and Taft Courts ( 1910 -- 30 ) , the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ) , grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ) , upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ) . The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles : Hughes Court , Stone Court , and Vinson Court During the Hughes , Stone , and Vinson Courts ( 1930 -- 53 ) , the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution , giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , Wickard v. Filburn , United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ) . During World War II , the Court continued to favor government power , upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ) . Nevertheless , Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ) , and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend . Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles : Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties . It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd . ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ) . It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) , limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States -- prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ) , -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ) ; At the same time , however , the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories . The Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) marked a conservative shift . It also expanded Griswold 's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ) , but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ) , and dithered on the death penalty , ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ) , then that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ) . Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles : Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005 The Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism , emphasizing the limits of the Constitution 's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida , City of Boerne v. Flores ) . It struck down single - sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ) , laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ) , and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ) , but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe 's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ) . The Court 's decision in Bush v. Gore , which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000 , was especially controversial . The Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court . Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ) , civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ) , abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ) , climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ) , same - sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights , notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ) , Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ) . Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges '' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy , an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act , legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred . As the nation 's boundaries grew , Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 . In 1866 , at the behest of Chief Justice Chase , Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced , which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . In 1869 , however , the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine , where it has since remained . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 . His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement , up to a maximum bench of 15 justices . The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges , but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack '' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt 's New Deal . The plan , usually called the `` court - packing plan '' , failed in Congress . Nevertheless , the Court 's balance began to shift within months when Justice van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court ( April 2017 -- present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court . '' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views , although a justice 's decisions may end up being contrary to a president 's expectations . Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice , a president may nominate anyone to serve , subject to Senate confirmation . In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups , which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent . The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 , who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street , and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 . Once the committee reports out the nomination , the full Senate considers it . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees , most recently Robert Bork , nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 . Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination , prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 . The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November , 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , as previously noted , the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Once the Senate confirms a nomination , the president must prepare and sign a commission , to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed , before the new justice can take office . The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date , not the confirmation or swearing - in date . Before 1981 , the approval process of justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess , a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies . Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session ( less than two years ) . The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving ; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments , only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed . No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court , and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts . In 1960 , after Eisenhower had made three such appointments , the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate '' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances . '' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress 's views in the hope of guiding executive action . The 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments ( including appointments to the Supreme Court ) , ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session ( or in recess ) . Justice Breyer writing for the Court , stated , `` We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . '' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress , resign , or retire . Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase , March 1804 ) , but he was acquitted in the Senate ( March 1805 ) . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , in 1953 and again in 1970 ; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969 ) , but they did not reach a vote in the House . No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , but unable ( or unwilling ) to resign . Because justices have indefinite tenure , timing of vacancies can be unpredictable . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations , such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor ( though Roberts ' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died ) . Despite the variability , all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice . William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Likewise , Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office , but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Andrew Johnson , who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court . Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice . Somewhat similarly , presidents James Monroe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice , but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office . No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment . Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century . Andrew Jackson , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Membership ( edit ) See also : List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court is currently filled with nine Justices . The most recent justice to join to the court was Neil Gorsuch , who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31 , 2017 , and confirmed on April 7 , 2017 , by the U.S. Senate . Name Birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded Roberts , John John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) 000000001955 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1955 Buffalo , New York Bush , George W. George W. Bush 78 -- 22 50 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 12 years , 3 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ; Principal Deputy Solicitor General ( 1989 -- 1993 ) ; Associate Counsel to the President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist Kennedy , Anthony Anthony Kennedy 000000001936 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1936 Sacramento , California Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 97 -- 0 51 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 29 years , 11 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) ; Private practice ( 1963 -- 1975 ) Lewis Powell Thomas , Clarence Clarence Thomas 000000001948 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1948 Pin Point , Georgia Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 52 -- 48 43 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 26 years , 3 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; Chairman , Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1982 -- 1990 ) ; Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Thurgood Marshall Ginsburg , Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 000000001933 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1933 Brooklyn , New York Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 96 -- 3 60 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 24 years , 5 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; General Counsel , American Civil Liberties Union ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Byron White Breyer , Stephen Stephen Breyer 000000001938 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1938 San Francisco , California 87 -- 9 55 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 23 years , 5 months Chief Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ; Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Harry Blackmun Alito , Samuel Samuel Alito 000000001950 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1950 Trenton , New Jersey George W. Bush 58 -- 42 55 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 11 years , 11 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) ; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ; Deputy Assistant Attorney General ( 1985 -- 1987 ) ; Assistant to the Solicitor General ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Sandra Day O'Connor Sotomayor , Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 000000001954 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1954 The Bronx , New York Obama , Barack Barack Obama 68 -- 31 55 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 8 years , 5 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ; District Judge , District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1992 -- 1998 ) David Souter Kagan , Elena Elena Kagan 000000001960 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1960 Manhattan , New York 63 -- 37 50 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 7 years , 5 months Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ; Dean of Harvard Law School ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ; Associate White House Counsel ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; John Paul Stevens Gorsuch , Neil Neil Gorsuch 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1967 Denver , Colorado Trump , Donald Donald Trump 54 -- 45 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 9 months and 13 days Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) ; Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ; Antonin Scalia Court demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has six male and three female justices . Among the nine justices , there is one African - American ( Justice Thomas ) and one Hispanic ( Justice Sotomayor ) . Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent : Justice Alito 's parents were born in Italy , and Justice Ginsburg 's father was born in Russia . At least five justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish ; it is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . The average age is 67 years and 4 months . Every current justice has an Ivy League background . Four justices are from the state of New York , two from California , one from New Jersey , one from Georgia , and one from Colorado . In the 19th century , every justice was a man of European descent ( usually Northern European ) , and almost always Protestant . Concerns about diversity focused on geography , to represent all regions of the country , rather than religious , ethnic , or gender diversity . Most justices have been Protestants , including 36 Episcopalians , 19 Presbyterians , 10 Unitarians , 5 Methodists , and 3 Baptists . The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836 , and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice , Louis Brandeis . Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed , and in recent years the situation has reversed . The Court currently has at least five Catholic justices . Racial , ethnic , and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century . Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967 . Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981 . Marshall was succeeded by African - American Clarence Thomas in 1991 . O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 . After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor , the first Hispanic and Latina justice ; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan , for a total of four female justices in the Court 's history . There have been six foreign - born justices in the Court 's history : James Wilson ( 1789 -- 1798 ) , born in Caskardy , Scotland ; James Iredell ( 1790 -- 1799 ) , born in Lewes , England ; William Paterson ( 1793 -- 1806 ) , born in County Antrim , Ireland ; David Brewer ( 1889 -- 1910 ) , born in Smyrna , Turkey ; George Sutherland ( 1922 -- 1939 ) , born in Buckinghamshire , England ; and Felix Frankfurter ( 1939 -- 1962 ) , born in Vienna , Austria . Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States : John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O'Connor and David Souter . As retired justices , they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court , but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts , usually the United States Courts of Appeals . Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice , on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice . In recent years , Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country , and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit , the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court . The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status , and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status ( rather than simply resign from the bench ) is governed by the same age and service criteria . In recent times , justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal , institutional , ideological , partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role . The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down . The desire to maximize the Court 's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time , when the Court is in recess , and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health . Finally , especially in recent decades , many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office , to ensure that a like - minded successor would be appointed . Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of service John Paul Stevens 000000001920 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98 -- 0 55 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 December 19 , 1975 June 29 , 2010 34 years , 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor 000000001930 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1930 El Paso , Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99 -- 0 51 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 September 25 , 1981 January 31 , 2006 24 years , 4 months and 6 days David Souter 000000001939 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1939 Melrose , Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90 -- 9 51 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 June 29 , 2009 18 years , 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices ; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court , regardless of the length of his or her service . The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service . The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions , the justices sit according to seniority , with the Chief Justice in the center , and the Associate Justices on alternating sides , with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice 's immediate right , and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice . Therefore , the current court sits as follows from left to right , from the perspective of those facing the Court : Kagan , Alito , Ginsburg , Kennedy ( most senior Associate Justice ) , Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Thomas , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Gorsuch . In the official yearly Court photograph , justices are arranged similarly , with the five most senior members sitting in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( The most recent photograph includes Ginsburg , Kennedy , Roberts , Thomas , Breyer ) , and the four most junior justices standing behind them , again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( Kagan , Alito , Sotomayor , Gorsuch ) . In the justices ' private conferences , current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice . The most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone , such as answering the door of their conference room , serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk . Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice , from February 3 , 1812 , to September 1 , 1823 , for a total of 4,228 days . Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind serving from August 3 , 1994 , to January 31 , 2006 , for a total of 4,199 days . Justice Elena Kagan comes in at a distant third serving from August 6 , 2010 , to April 10 , 2017 , for a total of 2439 days . Salary ( edit ) Main article : Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2017 , associate justices are paid $251,800 and the chief justice $263,300 . Article III , Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices . Once a justice meets age and service requirements , the justice may retire . Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees , but a justice 's pension , as with other federal courts judges , can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement . Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also : Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices Although justices are nominated by the president in power , justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties , as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches . Jurists are , however , informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives , moderates , or liberals . Such leanings , however , generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one . The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice . Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017 , the Court consists of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents . It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas and Alito ( appointed by Republican presidents ) comprise the Court 's conservative wing . Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ( appointed by Democratic presidents ) comprise the Court 's liberal wing . Justice Kennedy ( appointed by President Reagan ) is generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals '' , and up until Justice Scalia 's death , he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings . Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit . Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010 , that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions . '' He pointed out that in the 2009 term , almost half the cases were decided unanimously , and only about 20 % were decided by a 5 - to - 4 vote . Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal / conservative divide ( fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included ) . He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court . Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal - defendant summary dismissals ( usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument ) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological . Likewise , Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress , show inadequate deference to the political process , and be disrespectful of precedent , also lacked merit : Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent ( even if long standing ) that he views as having been wrongly decided , and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation . According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog , in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011 , an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues ( 22 % ) were decided by a 5 -- 4 vote , with an average of 70 % of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines ( about 15 % of all opinions issued ) . Over that period , the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62 % of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines , which represents about 44 % of all the 5 -- 4 decisions . In the October 2010 term , the Court decided 86 cases , including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals ( where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case ) . Four were decided with unsigned opinions , two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court , and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted . Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General . Of the 80 cases , 38 ( about 48 % , the highest percentage since the October 2005 term ) were decided unanimously ( 9 -- 0 or 8 -- 0 ) , and 16 decisions were made by a 5 -- 4 vote ( about 20 % , compared to 18 % in the October 2009 term , and 29 % in the October 2008 term ) . However , in fourteen of the sixteen 5 -- 4 decisions , the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines ( with Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Kagan on the liberal side , and Roberts , Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on the conservative , and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote '' ) . This represents 87 % of those 16 cases , the highest rate in the past 10 years . The conservative bloc , joined by Kennedy , formed the majority in 63 % of the 5 -- 4 decisions , the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts court . In the October 2011 term , the Court decided 75 cases . Of these , 33 ( 44 % ) were decided unanimously , and 15 ( 20 % , the same percentage as in the previous term ) were decided by a vote of 5 -- 4 . Of the latter 15 , the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices ( Roberts , Scalia , Thomas and Alito ) five times and with the liberal justices ( Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ) five times . In the October 2012 term , the Court decided 78 cases . Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions . 38 out of the 78 decisions ( representing 49 % of the decisions ) were unanimous in judgement , with 24 decisions being completely unanimous ( a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it ) . This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years , since the October 2002 term ( when 51 % of the decisions handed down were unanimous ) . The Court split 5 -- 4 in 23 cases ( 29 % of the total ) ; of these , 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines , with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on one side , Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan on the other , and Justice Kennedy holding the balance . Of these 16 cases , Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases , and with the liberals on 6 . Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices , with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy , Thomas , Breyer and Alito in the majority , with Justices Scalia , Ginsburg , Sotomayor , and Kagan in the minority . The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan , who agreed on 72 of the 75 ( 96 % ) cases , in which both voted ; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito , who agreed only on 45 out of 77 ( 54 % ) cases , in which they both participated . Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5 -- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 ( 83 % ) cases , and in 71 of 78 ( 91 % ) cases during the term , in line with his position as the `` swing vote '' of the Court . Facilities ( edit ) The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s , the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol . Main article : United States Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met on February 1 , 1790 , at the Merchants ' Exchange Building in New York City . When Philadelphia became the capital , the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800 . After the government moved to Washington , D.C. , the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935 , when it moved into its own purpose - built home . The four - story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress , and is clad in marble . The building includes the courtroom , justices ' chambers , an extensive law library , various meeting spaces , and auxiliary services including a gymnasium . The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol , but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police . Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue , the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4 : 30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays . Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied . There is a cafeteria , a gift shop , exhibits , and a half - hour informational film . When the Court is not in session , lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9 : 30 am to 3 : 30 pm and reservations are not necessary . When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments , which are held twice each morning ( and sometimes afternoons ) on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays in two - week intervals from October through late April , with breaks during December and February . Visitors are seated on a first - come first - served basis . One estimate is there are about 250 seats available . The number of open seats varies from case to case ; for important cases , some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night . From mid-May until the end of June , the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am , and these 15 to 30 - minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis . Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states , but may decline to hear such cases . It also possesses original , but not exclusive , jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors , other public ministers , consuls , or vice consuls of foreign states are parties ; all controversies between the United States and a State ; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens . '' In 1906 , the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp . The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court 's history . The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga , Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal . Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob -- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded -- and hung from a bridge , after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson 's body reading : `` To Justice Harlan . Come get your nigger now . '' The local sheriff , John Shipp , cited the Supreme Court 's intervention as the rationale for the lynching . The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices , who found nine individuals guilty of contempt , sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail . In all other cases , however , the Court has only appellate jurisdiction , including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts . It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely ; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal . In practice , the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal ( through certiorari , certiorari before judgment , and certified questions ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands ( through certiorari ) , the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ( through certiorari ) , and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had '' ( through certiorari ) . In the last case , an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state 's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal . For example , a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if ( a ) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari , e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F. , or ( b ) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court 's decision without discussing the merits of the case , since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions . The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts , rather than just federal courts , was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court 's history , by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions , although there are several devices that permit so - called `` collateral review '' of state cases . It has to be noted that this `` collateral review '' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system . Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases '' or `` controversies '' , the Supreme Court can not decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions , as the supreme courts of some states may do . For example , in DeFunis v. Odegaard , 416 U.S. 312 ( 1974 ) , the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit , and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered . However , the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot . If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review '' , the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result . In Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , and other abortion cases , the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court . Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct , in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff 's need for relief . Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals , each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice '' from the Supreme Court . Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic , its meaning has changed through time . Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , each justice was required to `` ride circuit '' , or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges . This practice encountered opposition from many justices , who cited the difficulty of travel . Moreover , there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit . Circuit riding was abolished in 1891 . Today , the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that , under the Court 's rules , may be addressed by a single justice . These include applications for emergency stays ( including stays of execution in death - penalty cases ) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit , as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time . In the past , circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases , writs of habeas corpus , and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal . Ordinarily , a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted '' or `` denied '' or entering a standard form of order . However , the justice may elect to write an opinion -- referred to as an in - chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes . A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit , but over the past hundred years , this has rarely occurred . A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit . The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit , the Fourth Circuit ( which includes Maryland and Virginia , the states surrounding the District of Columbia ) , and since it was established , the Federal Circuit . Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits . As of June 27 , 2017 , the allotment of the justices among the circuits is : Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Justice Kennedy Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Four of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges : Chief Justice Roberts ( D.C. Circuit ) , Justice Breyer ( First Circuit ) , Justice Alito ( Third Circuit ) , and Justice Kennedy ( Ninth Circuit ) . Process ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari , commonly referred to as `` cert '' . The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case . '' Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had '' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law . The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent . All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent , regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court . For example , criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual , as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda . If the defendant is convicted , and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court , when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona . There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction , such as when two states have a dispute against each other , or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state . In such instances , a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference . A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves ; the public and the Justices ' clerks are excluded . The rule of four permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari . If it is granted , the case proceeds to the briefing stage ; otherwise , the case ends . Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent , the respondent may , but is not required to , file a response to the cert petition . The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons '' , spelled out in the court 's Rule 10 . Such reasons include : Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law , or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court . When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals , lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split . '' If the court votes to deny a cert petition , as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it , it does so typically without comment . A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case , and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case . To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year ( of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year , it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer ) , the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool . '' Currently , all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool . Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition , the case is set for oral argument . Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case , as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition . With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court , amici curiae , or `` friends of the court '' , may also file briefs . The Court holds two - week oral argument sessions each month from October through April . Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument ( the Court may choose to give more time , though this is rare ) , and during that time , the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions . The petitioner gives the first presentation , and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded . Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees . The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case . Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court , an attorney must first be admitted to the court 's bar . Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year . The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members . In reality , pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys . The rest join for a one - time fee of $200 , earning the court about $750,000 annually . Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups . The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court , wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys . Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume . They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument . Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library . Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument , the case is submitted for decision . Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices . It is the Court 's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term . Within that Term , however , the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument . At the conclusion of oral argument , the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied , and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court 's opinion to a Justice on his or her side . Drafts of the Court 's opinion , as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions , circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case . Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building , the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns . It is possible that , through recusals or vacancies , the Court divides evenly on a case . If that occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but does not establish binding precedent . In effect , it results in a return to the status quo ante . For a case to be heard , there must be a quorum of at least six justices . If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case can not be heard and determined in the next term , then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided . For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court , the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there . This has only occurred once in U.S. history , in the case of United States v. Alcoa ( 1945 ) . Published opinions ( edit ) The Court 's opinions are published in three stages . First , a slip opinion is made available on the Court 's web site and through other outlets . Next , several opinions and lists of the court 's orders are bound together in paperback form , called a preliminary print of United States Reports , the official series of books in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears . About a year after the preliminary prints are issued , a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued . The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports -- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations -- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily . As of the beginning of October Term 2016 , there are : 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports , covering cases through the end of October Term 2010 , which ended on September 28 , 2011 . 16 volumes ' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form ( volumes 565 -- 580 ) As of March 2012 , the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions , covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012 . This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up , as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion ( see , for example , Parents v. Seattle , where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion ; by a similar logic , Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases : Vignera v. New York , Westover v. United States , and California v. Stewart ) . A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases , which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports . Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial , parallel reporters : Supreme Court Reporter , published by West ( now a part of Thomson Reuters ) , and United States Supreme Court Reports , Lawyers ' Edition ( simply known as Lawyers ' Edition ) , published by LexisNexis . In court documents , legal periodicals and other legal media , case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters ; for example , citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n , 585 U.S. 50 , 130 S. Ct. 876 , 175 L. Ed . 2d 753 ( 2010 ) , with `` S. Ct . '' representing the Supreme Court Reporter , and `` L. Ed . '' representing the Lawyers ' Edition . Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article : Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases , in the form `` vol U.S. page , pin ( year ) '' , where vol is the volume number , page is the page number on which the opinion begins , and year is the year in which the case was decided . Optionally , pin is used to `` pinpoint '' to a specific page number within the opinion . For instance , the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports . For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print , the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___ '' . Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution . The power of judicial review , in fact , is nowhere mentioned in it . Over the ensuing years , the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way . Nevertheless , the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well - established precedent . Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review ; in Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote : `` A Constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute . '' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , consummating the American system of checks and balances . In explaining the power of judicial review , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts , part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements , but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary , as well as the other branches of government , to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution . Since the founding of the republic , there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism , self - government , self - determination and freedom of conscience . At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government . '' Indeed , federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior '' , and their pay may `` not be diminished '' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ) . Though subject to the process of impeachment , only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office . At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch , with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government . The Supreme Court , it is noted , can not directly enforce its rulings ; instead , it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments . One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832 , when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court 's decision in Worcester v. Georgia . President Andrew Jackson , who sided with the Georgia courts , is supposed to have remarked , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' ; however , this alleged quotation has been disputed . Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education . More recently , many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court 's order in United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) to surrender the Watergate tapes . Nixon , however , ultimately complied with the Supreme Court 's ruling . Supreme Court decisions can be ( and have been ) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment , which has happened on five occasions : Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) and the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) Minor v. Happersett ( 1875 ) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) -- overturned by the Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution , simple legislative action can reverse the decisions ( for example , in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act , superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007 ) . Also , the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration : lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations , as do law enforcement officials . In addition , the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms . Congress can increase the number of justices , giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments ( as in Roosevelt 's Court Packing Plan discussed above ) . Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases : this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three , where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . '' The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle ( 1869 ) , though it rejected Congress ' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein ( 1871 ) . On the other hand , through its power of judicial review , the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government ; for example , in United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. ( 1936 ) , Dames & Moore v. Regan ( 1981 ) , and notably in Goldwater v. Carter ( 1979 ) , ( where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate ) . The Court 's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority , as in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States ( 1935 ) , the Steel Seizure Case ( 1952 ) , and United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) . Law clerks ( edit ) See also : Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari , research them , prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions . Associate justices are allowed four clerks . The chief justice is allowed five clerks , but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year , and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four . Generally , law clerks serve a term of one to two years . The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882 . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks , rather than hiring a `` stenographer - secretary '' . Most law clerks are recent law school graduates . The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen , hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas . The first African - American , William T. Coleman , Jr. , was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter . A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools , especially Harvard , Yale , the University of Chicago , Columbia , and Stanford . From 1882 to 1940 , 62 % of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School . Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board . By the mid-1970s , clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice . Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices : Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson , John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge , William H. Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson , Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg , John G. Roberts , Jr. for William H. Rehnquist , Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy . Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked . Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals : John G. Roberts , Jr. for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft . `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s '' , according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School . `` As law has moved closer to mere politics , political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts '' , former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said . David J. Garrow , professor of history at the University of Cambridge , stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government . `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives '' , Professor Garrow said . `` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists . '' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study , this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law . '' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44 % of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing . Three - quarters said justices ' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views . Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues . Among them : Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism , rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint . Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology . An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York , which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers , including Robert Bork , Justice Antonin Scalia , and Chief Justice John Roberts , and which was reversed in the 1930s . An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy '' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment , a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous . Legal scholars , justices , and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision . The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater . More recently , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) that the First Amendment applies to corporations . Lincoln warned , referring to the Dred Scott decision , that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court ... the people will have ceased to be their own rulers . '' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up . '' During different historical periods , the Court has leaned in different directions . Critics from both sides complain that activist - judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead . Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano , Phyllis Schlafly , Mark R. Levin , Mark I. Sutherland , and James MacGregor Burns . Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism , including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote : `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état , -- slow - moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . '' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism , `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like . '' One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects `` certainly a legislative body . '' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights : the Dred Scott ( 1857 ) decision upheld slavery ; Plessy v Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) was criticized by prominent politicians , including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine , as undermining property rights . Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters '' by siding with Indiana 's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver 's licenses , especially poor and minority voters '' , according to one report . Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights . '' However , others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights , particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention . For example , Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule , and Justice Scalia criticized the Court 's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees , on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited '' to sovereign territory . Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism . George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance . '' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009 . A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy '' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review '' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch . Warren E. Burger , before becoming Chief Justice , argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power '' it is likely to `` self - indulge itself '' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis '' . Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts , especially the Supreme Court . '' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts ( and specifically the Supreme Court ) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches ; he argues that because the courts must wait , sometimes for years , for cases to navigate their way through the system , their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened . In contrast , the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example , can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request . Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power . While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then - proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments , others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers ' wishes . The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority . One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce , but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce ; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce . For example , the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act , thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin , Texas , despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines ; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005 . Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress 's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations , other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad . '' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today . Advocates of states ' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court , saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority . Justice Brandeis , in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference , suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy . One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state , not federal , law . '' However , others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level . '' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view . According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover , like a closed ' cartel ' , only revealing itself through ' public events and printed releases , with nothing about its inner workings . ' The reviewer writes : `` few ( reporters ) dig deeply into court affairs . It all works very neatly ; the only ones hurt are the American people , who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives . '' Larry Sabato complains about the Court 's `` insularity . '' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61 % of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy '' , and 50 % of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised . In recent years , many justices have appeared on television , written books and made public statements to journalists . In a 2009 interview on C - SPAN , journalists Joan Biskupic ( of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston ( of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open '' institution with only the justices ' private conferences inaccessible to others . In October 2010 , the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur . Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena , and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government . The Bush v. Gore decision , in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore , has been criticized extensively , particularly by liberals . Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr , the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions ; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent '' argued against the court wading into so - called political questions . Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases '' . On the other hand , although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court , he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case , nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards . He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s , at least in part , to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts . Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote : `` The insularity of lifetime tenure , combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench , produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day . '' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity . James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag , with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times . '' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices , as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein , among others . However , others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits , such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office . '' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel . All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts . In 2012 , Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday . Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors . Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications . Stephen Spaulding , the legal director at Common Cause , said : `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial . '' See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Segal -- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions ( selection ) Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 , judicial review ) McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 , implied powers ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 , interstate commerce ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 , slavery ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 , separate but equal treatment of races ) Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 , school segregation of races ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 , state - sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 , Bible readings and recitation of the Lord 's prayer in U.S. public schools ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 , right to an attorney ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 , privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 , rights of those detained by police ) In re Gault ( 1967 , rights of juvenile suspects ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 , interracial marriage ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 , religious activities in public schools ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 , freedom of the press ) Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972 , privacy for unmarried people ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 , abortion ) Miller v. California ( 1973 , obscenity ) United States v. Nixon ( 1974 , executive privilege ) Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 , campaign finance ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 , sodomy ) Bush v. Gore ( 2000 , presidential election ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 , sodomy , privacy ) District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 , gun rights ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 , campaign finance ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 , same - sex marriage ) Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013 , voting rights ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 , same - sex marriage ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William , `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS , '' New York Times , October 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Barnabas . Almanac of the Federal Judiciary , p. 25 ( Aspen Law & Business , 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus ( 2016 ) . The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . Simon & Schuster . p. 195 . ISBN 1451691939 . Jump up ^ Shugerman , Jed . `` A Six - Three Rule : Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court '' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 37 , p. 893 ( 2002 -- 03 ) . Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court , p. 101 ( Penguin 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Anne ( August 2006 ) . `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments , United States Reports volumes 2 -- 107 ( 1791 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ) . Library , Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber ( editor ) ( 1998 ) . `` Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall '' . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 3 ) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2004 ) . `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts '' . Yale Law Journal . 113 ( 8 ) : 1663 -- 1750 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135780 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Do n't Do It , Justices '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's prestige has been hard - won . In the early 1800s , Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton , ( 1796 ) , wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` Black Robe Politics '' ( book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . From the beginning , Burns continues , the Court has established its `` supremacy '' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall 's `` brilliant political coup '' in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) : asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . With his decision in Marbury v. Madison , Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review , an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances '' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful ... A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void . Jump up ^ Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( February 21 , 2009 ) . `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . More than 200 years after the high court ruled , the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law : Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 27 , 1893 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision ... in Martin vs. Hunter 's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question , in the highest court of a State , and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute ... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court ... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg , Stevens , Souter , Breyer ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court ... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court 's Fairfax 's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject 's successor in interest . That refusal led to the Court 's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 1 Wheat . 304 ( 1816 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 3 , 1901 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter 's lessee , in which the court asserted its authority to overrule , within certain limits , the decisions of the highest State courts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Supreme Quiz '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Marshall 's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice . Since the mid-1940s , however , there 's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring '' and `` dissenting '' opinions . Jump up ^ Slater , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty : A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The first Chief Justice , John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions -- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case . ( You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions ) . Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History Of Impeachment '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Congress tried the process again in 1804 , when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct . As a judge , Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair ... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job . The Senate acquitted him on every count . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 10 , 1996 ) . `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings , Defending Judicial Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase , who had been impeached by the House of Representatives ... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III '' of the Constitution , Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes ; with Randall K. Miller ( 1989 ) . `` The Court vs. Congress : Prayer , Busing , and Abortion '' . Duke University Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 115 ) ... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts ' jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ifill , Sherrilyn A. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor 's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race , Gender Nonsense '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment . Justice Taney 's coldly self - fulfilling statement in Dred Scott , that blacks had `` no rights which the white man ( was ) bound to respect '' , has ensured his place in history -- not as a brilliant jurist , but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons , Peter ( 2006 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court : The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution . United States : Penguin Books . pp. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303738 - 2 . The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision , as we know , later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War ( p. 176 ) ... his opinion ( Taney 's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue ... ( p. 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract ? '' . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts . October 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The term `` substantive due process '' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner -- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In the 1960s , long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases , substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy , the right to maintain intimate family relationships . Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161 '' . Cornell University Law School . 1908 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . No. 293 Argued : October 29 , 30 , 1907 -- - Decided : January 27 , 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 1993 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35159 - 3. ... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine , ' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection . Jump up ^ White , Edward Douglass . `` Opinion for the Court , Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366 '' . Finally , as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation , as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people , can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment , we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement . Jump up ^ Siegan , Bernard H. ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court 's Constitution . Transaction Publishers . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 671 - 8 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children 's Hospital , the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment . At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia . ( p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Court gets makeover '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935 . Jump up ^ Justice Roberts ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts , Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins . Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Subsidize '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s , when subsidies were brought in for farmers . With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow -- even , Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case , Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , wheat grown on his modest farm . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` What 's New in the Legal World ? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Some prominent states ' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn , a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress 's power to legislate in the public interest . Supporters of states ' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong federal action ... Jump up ^ United Press International ( September 25 , 1971 ) . `` Justice Black Dies at 85 ; Served on Court 34 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Justice Black developed his controversial theory , first stated in a lengthy , scholarly dissent in 1947 , that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states . Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . May 17 , 1954 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . On May 17 , 1954 , U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas . State - sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional . This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal '' ... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement ... Jump up ^ `` Essay : In defense of privacy '' . Time . July 15 , 1966 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year 's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut , which overthrew the state 's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy , and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy '' to be derived from the Constitution itself . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( December 9 , 1991 ) . `` America 's Holy War '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale , the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools . `` It is no part of the business of government '' , ruled the court , `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite . '' Jump up ^ Mattox , William R. , Jr ; Trinko , Katrina ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Teach the Bible ? Of course '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed , must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book ... In Abington School District v. Schempp , decided in 1963 , the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion , when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education '' , was permissible under the First Amendment . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The Retroactivity Riddle '' . Time Magazine . June 18 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Last week , in a 7 to 2 decision , the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision -- Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : Now Comes the Sixth Amendment '' . Time . April 16 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Sixth Amendment 's right to counsel ( Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 ). ... the court said flatly in 1904 : ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts . '' But in the light of Gideon ... ruled Black , statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law . ' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese '' . The New York Times . January 31 , 1987 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision . That 's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer , and waived it . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , The Coming of the Nixon Court : The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law ( University Press of Kansas ; 2016 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Karen ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Roe v. Wade : On Anniversary , Abortion Is out of the Spotlight '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The shocker , however , came in 1973 , when the Court , by a vote of 7 to 2 , relied on Griswold 's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional , invalidating the laws of most states . Relying on a woman 's right to privacy ... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins , Quotas Lose '' . Time . July 10 , 1978 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Split almost exactly down the middle , the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise . It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden , but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities . It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action ' ... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1998 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 ... Buckley v. Valeo . The nation 's political system has suffered ever since from that decision , which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech . The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 29 , 1972 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist 's Key Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Furman v. Georgia ... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional . Jump up ^ History of the Court , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( eds ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Thirty - two years ago , Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind '' ruling by the Supreme Court . Gregg v. Georgia , in 1976 , overturned Furman v. Georgia , which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Chief Justice on the Spot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` William H. Rehnquist , Chief Justice of Supreme Court , Is Dead at 80 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher . The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law , the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 , that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States ' Rights Legacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress 's reach under the Commerce Clause , Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5 - to - 4 majority in United States v. Morrison . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . His ( Rehnquist 's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision , City of Boerne v. Flores , in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law , the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , exceeded Congress 's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states . Jump up ^ Amar , Vikram David ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Casing John Roberts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA ( 1996 ) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts , Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress 's will and protect state prerogatives , even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The argument in this case , Alden v. Maine , No. 98 - 436 , proceeded on several levels simultaneously . On the surface ... On a deeper level , the argument was a continuation of the Court 's struggle over an even more basic issue : the Government 's substantive authority over the states . Jump up ^ Lindenberger , Michael A . `` The Court 's Gay Rights Legacy '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men , whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex . And for the first time in their lives , thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals . Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule ' -- The ' Roe ' recital '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe . That is the precedent of the court and settled , in terms of the holding of the court . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary ( July 4 , 2001 ) . `` Against the Law '' . Salon . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 ... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem . By stopping the recount , the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes , as defined by established Florida law , their constitutional right to have their votes counted. ... It can not be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. ... Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( December 18 , 2000 ) . `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore ? '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Re-enter the Rehnquist court . Amid the chaos , somebody had to play Daddy. ... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks -- and stayed its willfulness . By , mind you , ... Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ; Baker , Peter ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States , enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come , even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine - member court . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` In Steps Big and Small , Supreme Court Moved Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared ... This was a more conservative court , sometimes muscularly so , sometimes more tentatively , its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Respecting Precedent , or Settled Law , Unless It 's Not Settled '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late - term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion '' -- to be settled law . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia 's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self - defense . But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case , Baze v. Rees , was likewise low key and undramatic . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child , a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday ... The 5 - to - 4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states . Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act ( 1789 ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Medium . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist -- for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Schallhorn , Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch '' . TheBlaze . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society , '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . The New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4 . If two justices are commissioned on the same date , then the oldest one has precedence . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Appendix Two '' . Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 965 -- 971 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Evans v. Stephens , 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) , which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor . Concurring in denial of certiorari , Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century '' 544 U.S. 942 ( 2005 ) ( Stevens , J. , concurring in denial of cert ) ( internal quotation marks deleted ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines ; Democrats supported the resolution 48 -- 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 -- 0 . Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al '' ( PDF ) . pp. 34 , 35 . In the opinion for the Court , Breyer states `` In our view , however , the pro forma sessions count as sessions , not as periods of recess . We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . The Senate met that standard here . '' Later , the opinion states : `` For these reasons , we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate 's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session . But our deference to the Senate can not be absolute . When the Senate is without the capacity to act , under its own rules , it is not in session even if it so declares . '' Jump up ^ `` Obama Wo n't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week '' . NPR . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized : Can a federal judge be fired ? '' . Federal Judicial Center . fjc.gov . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary : Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali , Ambreen ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` How Presidents Influence the Court '' . Congress.org . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walthr , Matthew ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Alito : A Civil Man '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved 15 June 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Megan ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up Italian in Jersey : Alito reflects on ethnic heritage '' . The Times . Trenton , New Jersey . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , Malvina ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Jewish Women : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic , but attends an Episcopalian church . It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant . Burke , Daniel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` What is Neil Gorsuch 's religion ? It 's complicated '' . CNN . Springer said she does n't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian , and likewise no evidence that he does not . '' Gorsuch 's younger brother , J.J. , said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form . He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent , but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years . '' Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman , and 112th Justice , on the Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sherman , Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity ? ( May 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2003 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 6th ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court '' . adherents.com . January 31 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey A. ; Spaeth , Harold J. ( 2002 ) . The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78971 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Alvin . `` Roger B. Taney '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Supreme Court legacy '' . CNN . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Four Justices '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson , Leaving the Bench ( University Press of Kansas 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0946 - 6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` An Invisible Chief Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Had ( O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term , she told me after his death , she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies . ( ... ) Her reason for leaving was that her husband , suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , needed her care at home . Jump up ^ Ward , Artemus ( 2003 ) . Deciding to Leave : The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court . SUNY Press . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5651 - 4 . One byproduct of the increased ( retirement benefit ) provisions ( in 1954 ) , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president . The most recent departures have been partisan , some more blatantly than others , and have bolstered arguments to reform the process . A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. ( 1 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg , Ross M. ; Lindgren , James ( May 2010 ) . `` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices '' . Demography. 47 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 298 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0100 . PMC 3000028 . PMID 20608097 . If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court , and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four - year presidential term , then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met . Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor : How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice , by Joan Biskupic , Harper Collins , 2005 , p. 105 . Also Rookie on the Bench : The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman , Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no . 3 ( 2008 ) , pp. 282 -- 296 . Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . United States Courts . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court 's Middle '' . The Washington Post . If , as many expect , Alito forms a four - vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights , the death penalty and abortion -- as the court 's least predictable member . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` End - of - Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog ( SCOTUSblog ) . June 30 , 2012 . Justice Kennedy is , for the fourth consecutive Term , the Justice most likely to appear in the majority . Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog 's Stat Pack : Bhatia , Kedar ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo '' . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch 's judicial record '' . Fox News . A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid , predictable conservative philosophy , something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat . The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia 's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Tom ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong ( except here , maybe ) '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were : Dolan v. United States , which interpreted judges ' prerogatives broadly , typically a `` conservative '' result . The majority consisted of the five junior Justices : Thomas , Ginsburg , Breyer , Alito , and Sotomayor . Magwood v. Patterson , which expanded habeas corpus petitions , a `` liberal '' result , in an opinion by Thomas , joined by Stevens , Scalia , Breyer , and Sotomayor . Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co. , which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts , Stevens , Thomas , and Sotomayor . Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term , the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito , and not the commonly perceived `` arch - conservatives '' Scalia and Thomas . ^ Jump up to : `` October 2011 Term , Five to Four Decisions '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available '' . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five - to - Four cases '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term , Cases by votes split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term , Strength of the Majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Kedar ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` October Term 2012 summary memo '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Trip ( quote :) `` In mid-May , after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded , the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions . '' `` . US Senator John McCain . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting the Court '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting - Capitol - Hill '' . docstoc . October 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp , 203 U.S. 563 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1906 ) . ^ Jump up to : Curriden , Mark ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Supreme Case of Contempt '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . On May 28 , ( U.S. Attorney General William ) Moody did something unprecedented , then and now . He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp , six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court . The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter ... May 24 , 1909 , stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court . On that day , the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history . ^ Jump up to : Hindley , Meredith ( November 2014 ) . `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court : The Strange Case of Ed Johnson '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly . It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas . `` United States v. Shipp ( U.S. Supreme Court , 1909 ) '' . Famous Trials . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to : 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock , Steven ; Weinzierl , Sarah ( 2003 ) . `` Confronting a PCA : Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall '' ( PDF ) . Stetson Law Review . XXXII : 368 -- 369 , 387 -- 390 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Gutman , Jeffrey . `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys : 3.3 Mootness '' . Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys . Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For example , the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours , covering several issues ; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long ; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours ; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two - hour argument . Christy , Andrew ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Obamacare ' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever '' . NPR . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . The longest modern - day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona , in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962 . Bobic , Igor ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Eric M. ; Zachary , Michael ( February 1997 ) . `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Volume LXXI , No. 2 . Florida Bar Journal . p. 63 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gresko , Jessica ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` For lawyers , the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 2A . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ; Library Support '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See generally , Tushnet , Mark , ed. ( 2008 ) I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , Malaysia : Beacon Press , pp. 256 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Benny . `` The 2016 Running of the Interns '' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall , Lynne ; Richards , Daniel L. ; Norman , George ( 1999 ) . Industrial Organization : Contemporary Theory and Practice . Cincinnati : South - Western College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Reports . Washington D.C. : Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . 564 . October 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sliplists '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . law.georgetown.edu . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases : U.S. Supreme Court Decisions '' . lib.guides.umd.edu . University of Maryland University Libraries . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Wallace ( 1992 ) . `` Separation of Powers '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 775 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley ( 1873 ) , p. 106 ; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson ( 2001 ) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 1992 ) . `` Court curbing '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peppers , Todd C. ( 2006 ) . Courtiers of the Marble Palace : The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 , 1 , 20 , 22 , and 22 -- 24 respectively . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5382 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weiden , David ; Ward , Artemus ( 2006 ) . Sorcerers ' Apprentices : 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2007 ) . Acheson : The Secretary of State Who Created the American World . New York City : Simon & Schuster ( published 1998 ) . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80843 - 7 . Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices ' Clerks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson ; Harvey Rishikof ; I. Scott Messinger ; Michael Jo ( November 2009 ) . `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship : Its Rise , Fall , and Reincarnation ? '' ( PDF ) . Vanderbilt Law Review . p. 1749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki , The New York Times , June 7 , 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44 % in New Poll ^ Jump up to : See for example `` Judicial activism '' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , edited by Kermit Hall ; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root , Damon W. ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Lochner and Liberty '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David . Only One Place of Redress : African Americans , Labor Regulations , and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal , p. 100 ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) : `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours . ' '' Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael and Morrison , Trevor . Constitutional Law , p. 18 ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Patrick , John . The Supreme Court of the United States : A Student Companion , p. 362 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Steinfels , Peter ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change ' : Dogma '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( September 19 , 2002 ) . `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008 : The Issues : Abortion '' . The New York Times . 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Pat ( July 6 , 2005 ) . `` The judges war : an issue of power '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Brown decision of 1954 , desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia , awakened the nation to the court 's new claim to power . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Barry Goldwater , Conservative and Individualist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey R. ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Law Review . University of Illinois . 2012 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham ( March 4 , 1861 ) . `` First Inaugural Address '' . National Center . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . At the same time , the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court , the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers , having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review , summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . London : Penguin , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` To Nudge , Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Every judge who 's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell ... in 1971 ... has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ( April 5 , 2005 ) . `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political ' Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era 's Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` No Defense '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( September 5 , 2005 ) . `` Again , Right Voices Concern About Gonzales '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` Conservative 's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland ; Dave Meyer ; William J. Federer ; Alan Keyes ; Ed Meese ; Phyllis Schlafly ; Howard Phillips ; Alan E. Sears ; Ben DuPre ; Rev. Rick Scarborough ; David C. Gibbs III ; Mathew D. Staver ; Don Feder ; Herbert W. Titus ( 2005 ) . Judicial Tyranny : The New Kings of America . St. Louis , Missouri : Amerisearch Inc. p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 9753455 - 6 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Appointees Who Really Govern America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Supreme Court on Trial : James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench '' . Slate . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan , November 1988 , at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr . ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Reagan Points to a Critic , Who Points Out It Is n't So '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` Judge Bork : Judicial Activism Is Going Global '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . ^ Jump up to : Naftali Bendavid ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Franken : ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazard , Geoffrey C. Jr. ( 1978 -- 79 ) . `` Supreme Court as a Legislature '' . 64 . Cornell L. Rev. : 1 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William Safire ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dog Whistle '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` In Long Branch , No Olive Branches '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal : Abandoning the Rights of Voters '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects ... protects people who are captured ... at Guantanamo ... Wrong , Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent . He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Speaking Ruth to Power '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob ; Scott Armstrong ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . United States of America : Simon & Schuster . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to : Larry Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority ... or not enough ? '' . Literary Review of Canada . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` In Defence of the Political Constitution '' . United Kingdom : 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157 . Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1789 ) . `` The Federalist Papers / No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered '' . Wikisource . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . the States will retain , under the proposed Constitution , a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( aka Publius ) ( 1789 ) . `` Federalist No. 28 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Power being almost always the rival of power ; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government ; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 25 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist '' . Independent Journal ( 44 ( quote : 8th para ) ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports , and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( February 16 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 56 ( quote : 6th para ) '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . In every State there have been made , and must continue to be made , regulations on this subject which will , in many cases , leave little more to be done by the federal legislature , than to review the different laws , and reduce them in one general act . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( December 14 , 1787 ) . `` The Federalist No. 22 ( quote : 4th para ) '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States , contrary to the true spirit of the Union , have , in different instances , given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others , and it is to be feared that examples of this nature , if not restrained by a national control , would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 22 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Papers '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation , which render the provision obscure and contradictory . The power is there restrained to Indians , not members of any of the States , and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 1998 ) . `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights , and federal officials -- especially federal courts -- as the special guardians of those rights . Jump up ^ Scott Gold ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Justices Swat Down Texans ' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Purcell filed a $60 - million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999 , arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines . ' I 'm disappointed , ' Purcell said . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Reich ( September 13 , 1987 ) . `` The Commerce Clause ; The Expanding Economic Vista '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . I do n't think there 's any question at this point in our history that Congress ' power under the commerce clause is quite broad , and I think that reflects a number of things , including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 7 , 2003 ) . `` Editorial Observer ; Brandeis 's Views on States ' Rights , and Ice - Making , Have New Relevance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . But Brandeis 's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law : that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia , Lino ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court 's activist tendencies '' . University of Texas School of Law . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornberger , Jacob C. ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Fourteenth Amendment . Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government . Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty . I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The nine - member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally wo n't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Supremes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court 's involvement in that case , its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half - baked and strained decision that resulted . Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy '' . PublicMind.fdu.edu . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Supreme Court Week '' . CSPAN . October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle '' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly . ' Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Two - and - a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore '' . University of Chicago Law Review . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( Senator Kohl ) ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Key Excerpt : Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute '' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( Opinion section ) ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden , With His Mind on Bush v. Gore '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Bush v. Gore majority , made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives , interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before , and have not since . And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances , ' words that suggest a raw exercise of power , not legal analysis . Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara ( letter to the editor ) ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 ... Baker v. Carr , the reapportionment case . We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that ... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices should n't serve life terms '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman , `` Reining in the Supreme Court : Are Term Limits the Answer ? '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Richard Epstein , `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin , Models of Judicial Tenure : Reconsidering Life Limits , Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges , Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35 : 627 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( June 14 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 78 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office , this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution , and , in a great measure , as the citadel of the public justice and the public security . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Reity ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Obscured : Supreme court justices earn quarter - million in cash on the side '' . Center for Public Integrity . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Eric ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ; Markon , Jerry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort '' . The Washington Post . Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , 5 vols. , Detroit ( etc . ) : Macmillan Reference USA , 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States ( 2013 ed . ) ( PDF ) . Biskupic , Joan and Elder Witt. ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 130 - 5 Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Harvard Law Review Assn. , ( 2000 ) . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , 17th ed. ( 18th ed. , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 600 - 01 - 4329 - 9 ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Rehnquist , William . ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40943 - 2 . Skifos , Catherine Hetos. ( 1976 ). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home '' , Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. ( in 1990 , renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History ( ISSN 1059 - 4329 ) ) Warren , Charles . ( 1924 ) . The Supreme Court in United States History . ( 3 volumes ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . Woodward , Bob and Armstrong , Scott . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court ( 1979 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Beard , Charles A. ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . New York : Macmillan Company . Reprinted Dover Publications , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 44779 - 0 . Corley , Pamela C. ; Steigerwalt , Amy ; Ward , Artemus. ( 2013 ) . The Puzzle of Unanimity : Consensus on the United States Supreme Court . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8472 - 6 . Cushman , Barry . ( 1998 ) . Rethinking the New Deal Court . Oxford University Press . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Garner , Bryan A. ( 2004 ) . Black 's Law Dictionary . Deluxe 8th ed . Thomson West . ISBN 0 - 314 - 15199 - 0 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford , Jan. ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . McCloskey , Robert G. ( 2005 ) . The American Supreme Court . 4th ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 55682 - 4 . O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Spaeth , Harold J. ( 1979 ) . Supreme Court Policy Making : Explanation and Prediction ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1012 - 7 . Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin and Finkelman , Paul . ( 2001 ) . A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512637 - 8 & ISBN 0 - 19 - 512635 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Supreme Court of the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Supreme Court of the United States Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Supreme Court of the United States '' dated 2006 - 08 - 05 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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About Wikipedia	where is the supreme court of the united states located	[ "\n\nSupreme Court of the United States\n\n\n\n\n\nEstablished\nMarch 4, 1789\n(228 years ago) (1789-03-04)[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLocation\nWashington, D.C., United States\n\n\nCoordinates\n38°53′26″N 77°00′16″W / 38.89056°N 77.00444°W / 38.89056; -77.00444Coordinates: 38°53′26″N 77°00′16″W / 38.89056°N 77.00444°W / 38.89056; -77.00444\n\n\nComposition method\nPresidential nomination with Senate confirmation\n\n\nAuthorized by\nUnited States Constitution\n\n\nJudge term length\nLife tenure\n\n\nNo. of positions\n9, by statute\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.supremecourt.gov\n\n\nChief Justice of the United States\n\n\nCurrently\nJohn G. Roberts\n\n\nSince\nSeptember 29, 2005\n\n" ]	[ "Washington, D.C." ]
-185497462120044762	List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes	List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes - wikipedia List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes Jump to : navigation , search Igor near peak intensity as a strong Category 4 hurricane on September 13 , 2010 Category 4 hurricanes are tropical cyclones that reach Category 4 intensity on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . Category 4 hurricanes that later attained Category 5 strength are not included in this list . The Atlantic basin includes the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean , the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico . Category 4 is the second - highest hurricane classification category on the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale , and storms that are of this intensity maintain maximum sustained winds of 113 -- 136 knots ( 130 -- 156 mph , 209 -- 251 km / h ) . Based on the Atlantic hurricane database , 94 hurricanes have attained Category 4 hurricane status since 1851 , the start of modern meteorological record keeping . Category 4 storms are considered extreme hurricanes . Hurricane Ike , which was a Category 4 storm , brought on a 24 ft storm surge , the third greatest storm surge ever recorded ( after Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Camille , respectively ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Statistics 2 Meteorological measurements 3 Climatology 4 List of Category 4 hurricanes 4.1 Listed in chronological order 4.1. 1 1851 -- 1900 4.1. 2 1901 -- 1950 4.1. 3 1951 -- 1975 4.1. 4 1976 -- 2000 4.1. 5 2001 -- present 5 Listed by month 6 Landfalls 7 See also 8 References Statistics ( edit ) Category 4 hurricanes have maximum sustained winds of 113 -- 136 knots ( 130 -- 156 mph , 209 -- 251 km / h ) . `` Sustained winds '' refers to the average wind speed observed over one minute at a height of 10 meters ( 33 ft ) above ground . Gust can be 30 % higher than the sustained winds . Mobile homes and other buildings without fixed structures can be completely destroyed , and the lower floors of sturdier structures usually sustain major damage . In addition to the winds , the cyclones generally produce a storm surge of 13 -- 18 feet ( 4 -- 5.5 m ) above normal , potentially causing major beach erosion . Heavy , irreparable damage and / or near complete destruction of gas station canopies and other wide span overhang type structures are also very common , and mobile and manufactured homes are often completely destroyed . Low - level terrain may be flooded well inland , as well . In addition , Category 4 hurricanes are very often Cape Verde type hurricanes . Cape Verde hurricanes are usually the strongest , and their track sometimes points them towards the United States , or other land . Studies have shown that the number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes nearly doubled in occurrence in from 1970 to 2004 . Also , due to growing population in major coastal cities , many areas have become more vulnerable to strong hurricanes , especially categories 4 and 5 . Meteorological measurements ( edit ) All of the storms listed in this analysis are listed in chronological order , but they also list the minimum central pressure and maximum sustained winds . Each of these meteorological readings are taken using a specific meteorological instrument . For modern storms , the minimum pressure measurements are taken by Reconnaissance Aircraft using dropsondes , or by determining it from satellite imagery using the Dvorak technique . For older storms , pressures are often incomplete , typically being provided by ship - reports or land - observations . None of these methods can provide constant pressure measurements ; thus it is possible the only measurement occurred when the cyclone was at a lesser strength . Sustained winds are taken using an Anemometer at 10 meters ( 33 ft ) above the ground . Climatology ( edit ) A total of 95 hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean Basin , including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean , have reached Category 4 status as their peak intensity . ( Note that Category 4 storms that intensified later to Category 5 status are not included in this analysis . ) Most Category 4 hurricanes occur during September , with 51 storms occurring in that month . This coincides with the average peak of the Atlantic hurricane season , which occurs on September 10 . Most Category 4 hurricanes develop in the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea . Several Category 4 hurricanes are Cape Verde - type hurricanes . There have been no Category 4 hurricanes to form in either May or December , or in any other month outside the traditional bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season . List of Category 4 hurricanes ( edit ) Listed in chronological order ( edit ) All data listed is provided by the NHC best track , unless otherwise noted . Also , some pressure readings for the older storms may have been taken at a time other than the storm 's peak intensity . Thus , some pressure readings might not be the minimum pressure . Some pressure readings are unavailable due to scarce information . Hurricane frequency Period Number Number per year 1851 -- 1900 13 0.26 1901 -- 1950 29 0.58 1951 -- 1975 22 0.88 1976 -- 2000 24 0.96 2001 -- present 24 1.4 1851 -- 1900 ( edit ) See also : Atlantic hurricane reanalysis Homes in Galveston were reduced to timbers by the hurricane winds and floods caused by the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 . In the years between 1851 and 1900 , thirteen Category 4 storms are known to have occurred in the Atlantic Ocean . These numbers are limited by the observation techniques used prior to the use of satellite imagery in the 1960s . Name Season Month Max . sustained winds Minimum pressure ( Knots ) ( km / h ) ( mph ) ( mbar ) Hurricane # 3 1853 August , September 130 240 150 924 `` 1856 Last Island Hurricane '' 1856 August 130 240 150 934 Hurricane # 6 1866 September , October 120 220 140 938 Hurricane # 7 1878 September , October 120 220 140 938 Hurricane # 2 1880 August 130 240 150 931 Hurricane # 8 1880 September , October 120 220 140 928 Hurricane # 6 1882 October 120 220 140 975 Indianola Hurricane of 1886 1886 August 135 250 155 925 Hurricane # 10 1893 September , October 115 215 130 948 Hurricane # 6 1894 October 115 215 130 931 Hurricane # 7 1898 September , October 115 215 130 930 Hurricane # 3 1899 August , September 130 240 150 930 Galveston Hurricane of 1900 1900 August , September 125 230 145 936 Sources : Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851 -- 2012 . 1901 -- 1950 ( edit ) Destruction after the 1930 Dominican Republic Hurricane Between 1901 and 1950 , 29 Category 4 hurricanes formed in the Atlantic Basin . Name Season Months Max . sustained winds Minimum pressure ( Knots ) ( km / h ) ( mph ) ( mbar ) Hurricane # 4 1906 August , September 115 215 130 950 1910 Cuba hurricane 1910 October 130 240 150 924 1915 Galveston hurricane 1915 August 125 230 145 940 1915 New Orleans hurricane 1915 September , October 125 230 145 931 1916 Texas hurricane 1916 August 115 215 130 932 1917 Nueva Gerona hurricane 1917 September 130 240 150 928 1919 Florida Keys hurricane 1919 September 130 240 150 927 1921 Tampa Bay hurricane 1921 October 120 220 140 941 1926 Nassau hurricane 1926 July , August 120 220 140 ≤ 967 Hurricane # 4 1926 September 120 220 140 ≤ 957 1926 Miami hurricane 1926 September 130 240 150 930 1926 Havana -- Bermuda hurricane 1926 October 130 240 150 934 1929 Bahamas hurricane 1929 September , October 135 250 155 924 1930 Dominican Republic hurricane 1930 August , September 135 250 155 933 1931 Belize hurricane 1931 September 115 215 130 ≤ 952 1932 Freeport hurricane 1932 August 130 240 150 935 1932 San Ciprian hurricane 1932 September 125 230 145 943 1933 Chesapeake -- Potomac hurricane 1933 August 120 220 140 ≤ 940 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane 1933 August , September 120 220 140 945 1933 Outer Banks hurricane 1933 September 120 220 140 ≤ 947 Hurricane # 2 1935 August 115 215 130 ≤ 955 1935 Cuba hurricane 1935 September , October 120 220 140 ≤ 945 Hurricane # 5 1939 October 120 220 140 ≤ 941 Hurricane # 4 1941 September 115 215 130 ≤ 957 Hurricane # 3 1943 August 120 220 140 -- 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane 1944 September 125 230 145 ≤ 933 1944 Cuba -- Florida hurricane 1944 October 125 230 145 937 1945 Homestead hurricane 1945 September 115 215 130 949 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane 1947 September 125 230 145 938 1948 Bermuda -- Newfoundland hurricane 1948 September 115 215 130 940 September 1948 Florida hurricane 1948 September 115 215 130 940 1949 Florida hurricane 1949 August 130 240 150 954 Hurricane Dog 1950 September 125 230 145 943 Hurricane Fox 1950 September 120 220 140 946 Hurricane King 1950 October 115 215 130 955 Sources : Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851 -- 2012 1951 -- 1975 ( edit ) Flooding in the Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans after Betsy . In the years between 1951 and 1975 , there were 23 Category 4 hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean . Name Season Month Max . sustained winds Minimum pressure ( Knots ) ( km / h ) ( mph ) ( mbar ) Hurricane Charlie 1951 August 115 215 130 958 Hurricane Easy 1951 September 130 240 150 937 Hurricane Fox 1952 October 125 230 145 934 Hurricane Hazel 1954 October 115 215 130 937 Hurricane Connie 1955 August 120 220 140 944 Hurricane Ione 1955 September 120 220 140 938 Hurricane Carrie 1957 September 135 250 155 945 Hurricane Cleo 1958 August 120 220 140 947 Hurricane Daisy 1958 August 115 215 130 948 Hurricane Helene 1958 September 115 215 130 934 Hurricane Gracie 1959 September 120 220 140 950 Hurricane Donna 1960 September 125 230 145 930 Hurricane Betsy 1961 September 120 220 140 945 Hurricane Esther 1961 September 125 230 145 927 Hurricane Flora 1963 September , October 126 230 145 940 Hurricane Cleo 1964 August , September 135 250 155 950 Hurricane Dora 1964 August , September 115 215 130 942 Hurricane Gladys 1964 September 126 230 145 945 Hurricane Hilda 1964 September , October 130 240 150 941 Hurricane Betsy 1965 August , September 135 250 155 941 Hurricane Inez 1966 September , October 130 240 150 929 Hurricane Carmen August , September 130 240 150 928 Hurricane Gladys September , October 120 220 140 939 Sources : Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851 -- 2012 1976 -- 2000 ( edit ) Damage after Hurricane Frederic in Gulf Shores , Alabama . In the years between 1976 and 2000 , 24 Category 4 hurricanes formed in the basin : Name Season Month Max . sustained winds Minimum pressure ( Knots ) ( km / h ) ( mph ) ( mbar ) Hurricane Ella 1978 August , September 120 220 140 956 Hurricane Greta 1978 September 115 215 130 947 Hurricane Frederic 1979 August , September 115 215 130 943 Hurricane Harvey 1981 September 115 215 130 946 Hurricane Debby 1982 September 115 215 130 950 Hurricane Diana 1984 September 115 215 130 949 Hurricane Gloria 1985 September , October 125 230 145 919 Hurricane Helene 1988 September 125 230 145 938 Hurricane Joan 1988 October , November 125 230 145 932 Hurricane Gabrielle August , September 125 230 145 935 Hurricane Claudette 1991 September 115 215 130 943 Hurricane Felix 1995 August 120 220 140 929 Hurricane Luis 1995 August , September 120 220 140 935 Hurricane Opal 1995 September , October 130 240 150 916 Hurricane Edouard August , September 125 230 145 933 Hurricane Hortense September 120 220 140 935 Hurricane Georges 1998 September , October 135 250 155 937 Hurricane Bret 1999 August 125 230 145 944 Hurricane Cindy 1999 August 120 220 140 942 Hurricane Floyd 1999 September 135 250 155 921 Hurricane Gert 1999 September 130 240 150 930 Hurricane Lenny 1999 November 135 250 155 933 Hurricane Isaac 2000 September , October 120 220 140 943 Hurricane Keith 2000 September , October 120 220 140 939 Sources : Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851 -- 2012 2001 -- present ( edit ) A beachfront home in Navarre Beach , Florida largely destroyed by Hurricane Dennis in 2005 . In the years between 2001 and the present time , 24 Category 4 hurricanes formed within the confines of the Atlantic Ocean . A dagger ( ) denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time . List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes from 2001 -- present Storm name Track Season Dates as a Category 4 Maximum sustained winds Minimum pressure Notes Hurricane Iris 2001 1008 ! October 8 -- 9 125 ! 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) 948 ! 948 mbar ( hPa ; 27.99 inHg ) Hurricane Michelle 2001 1103 ! November 3 -- 4 120 ! 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) 933 ! 933 mbar ( hPa ; 27.55 inHg ) Hurricane Lili 2002 1002 ! October 2 -- 3 125 ! 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) 938 ! 938 mbar ( hPa ; 27.70 inHg ) Hurricane Fabian 2003 0831 ! August 31 -- September 5 125 ! 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) 939 ! 939 mbar ( hPa ; 27.73 inHg ) Hurricane Charley 0813 ! August 13 130 ! 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) 941 ! 941 mbar ( hPa ; 27.79 inHg ) Hurricane Frances 0828 ! August 28 -- September 2 125 ! 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) 935 ! 935 mbar ( hPa ; 27.61 inHg ) Hurricane Karl 0920 ! September 20 -- 21 125 ! 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) 938 ! 938 mbar ( hPa ; 27.70 inHg ) Hurricane Dennis 2005 0708 ! July 8 -- 10 130 ! 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) 930 ! 930 mbar ( hPa ; 27.46 inHg ) Hurricane Gustav 2008 0831 ! August 30 -- 31 135 ! 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) 941 ! 941 mbar ( hPa ; 27.79 inHg ) Hurricane Ike 2008 0904 ! September 4 -- 8 125 ! 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) 935 ! 935 mbar ( hPa ; 27.61 inHg ) Hurricane Omar 2008 1016 ! October 16 115 ! 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) 958 ! 958 mbar ( hPa ; 28.29 inHg ) Hurricane Paloma 2008 1108 ! November 8 125 ! 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) 944 ! 944 mbar ( hPa ; 27.88 inHg ) Hurricane Bill 2009 0819 ! August 19 -- 20 115 ! 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) 943 ! 943 mbar ( hPa ; 27.85 inHg ) Hurricane Danielle 0827 ! August 27 115 ! 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) 942 ! 942 mbar ( hPa ; 27.82 inHg ) Hurricane Earl 0830 ! August 30 -- September 2 125 ! 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) 927 ! 927 mbar ( hPa ; 27.37 inHg ) Hurricane Igor 0912 ! September 12 -- 17 135 ! 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) 924 ! 924 mbar ( hPa ; 27.29 inHg ) Hurricane Julia 0915 ! September 15 120 ! 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) 948 ! 948 mbar ( hPa ; 27.99 inHg ) Hurricane Katia 2011 0906 ! September 6 120 ! 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) 942 ! 942 mbar ( hPa ; 27.82 inHg ) Hurricane Ophelia 2011 1002 ! October 2 120 ! 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) 940 ! 940 mbar ( hPa ; 27.76 inHg ) Hurricane Gonzalo 2014 1015 ! October 15 -- 17 125 ! 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) 940 ! 940 mbar ( hPa ; 27.76 inHg ) Hurricane Joaquin 2015 1015 ! October 1 -- 3 135 ! 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) 931 ! 931 mbar ( hPa ; 27.64 inHg ) Hurricane Nicole 2016 1012 ! October 12 -- 13 120 ! 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) 950 ! 950 mbar ( hPa ; 28.05 inHg ) Hurricane Harvey 2017 0817 ! August 25 -- 26 115 ! 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) 938 ! 938 mbar ( hPa ; 27.70 inHg ) Hurricane Jose 2017 0917 ! September 8 -- 10 130 ! 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) 942 ! 938 mbar ( hPa ; 27.70 inHg ) Sources : Atlantic Hurricane Best Track File 1851 -- 2012 Listed by month ( edit ) Month Number of recorded storms reaching Category 4 strength July August 37 September 52 October 48 November 5 Landfalls ( edit ) The following hurricanes made landfall at some location at any strength . Due to inaccuracies in data , tropical depression landfalls are not included . Several of these storms weakened slightly after attaining Category 4 status as they approached land ; this is usually a result of dry air , shallower water due to shelving , cooler waters , or interaction with land . Name Year Category 4 Category 3 Category 2 Category 1 Tropical storm `` Last Island '' 1856 Louisiana `` Unnamed '' 1866 Bahamas `` Unnamed '' 1878 Haiti & Turks and Caicos Islands `` Unnamed '' 1880 Texas Quintana Roo Guadeloupe `` Unnamed '' 1882 Cuba Florida Indianola 1886 Texas Dominican Republic & Cuba Cheniere Caminada 1893 Louisiana Quintana Roo & Mississippi Unnamed 1894 Saint Lucia Unnamed 1898 Georgia San Ciriaco 1899 Guadeloupe & Puerto Rico Bahamas & North Carolina Galveston ( 1900 ) 1900 Texas Antigua , Nevis , Dominican Republic & Cuba Unnamed 1910 Cuba Florida Galveston ( 1915 ) 1915 Texas Jamaica Guadeloupe New Orleans 1915 Louisiana Florida Keys 1919 Bahamas & Texas Puerto Rico Tampa Bay 1921 Florida Nassau 1926 Bahamas Florida Miami 1926 Bahamas & Florida Alabama Unnamed 1926 Cuba Bermuda Unnamed 1929 Bahamas Florida Florida San Zenón 1930 Dominican Republic Guadeloupe Cuba & Florida Unnamed 1932 Texas San Ciprian 1932 Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Belize Chesapeake -- Potomac 1933 North Carolina Treasure Coast 1933 Bahamas Florida Outer Banks 1933 North Carolina Nova Scotia Great Atlantic Hurricane 1944 New York & Rhode Island Unnamed 1945 Florida Bahamas South Carolina Unnamed 1948 Florida Cuba Unnamed 1949 Florida Bahamas Charlie 1951 Quintana Roo Tamaulipas Jamaica Dominica Fox 1952 Cuba Bahamas Bahamas Hazel 1954 North Carolina Haiti & Turks and Caicos Islands Connie 1955 North Carolina Carrie 1957 Azores Helene 1958 North Carolina Newfoundland Gracie 1959 South Carolina Donna 1960 Florida Barbuda , Anguilla , & Bahamas North Carolina , New York & Connecticut Esther 1961 Massachusetts & Maine Flora 1963 Haiti Tobago & Cuba Cuba Cleo 1964 Guadeloupe & Haiti Florida Cuba Georgia Dora 1964 Florida Hilda 1964 Louisiana Betsy 1965 Louisiana Bahamas & Florida Inez 1966 Dominican Republic Guadeloupe , Cuba & Tamaulipas Cuba Carmen Quintana Roo Louisiana Greta 1978 Honduras Belize Frederic 1979 Alabama Puerto Rico , Dominican Republic & Cuba Diana 1984 North Carolina Gloria 1985 North Carolina New York & Connecticut Joan 1988 Nicaragua Grenada , Colombia & Venezuela Luis 1995 Barbuda Newfoundland Opal 1995 Florida Yucatán Peninsula Hortense Puerto Rico & Nova Scotia Guadeloupe Georges 1998 Antigua , Saint Kitts , Puerto Rico & Dominican Republic Florida & Mississippi Cuba Bret 1999 Texas Floyd 1999 Bahamas Bahamas North Carolina Maryland , New Jersey , New York & Connecticut Lenny 1999 Saint Martin Anguilla Saint Barthélemy Antigua Keith 2000 Belize & Tamaulipas Iris 2001 Belize Michelle 2001 Cuba Bahamas Lili 2002 Cuba Cayman Islands & Louisiana Charley Florida Cuba South Carolina Frances Bahamas Bahamas & Florida Florida Dennis 2005 Cuba Florida Gustav 2008 Cuba ( 2x ) Louisiana Haiti Jamaica Ike 2008 Cuba Bahamas Texas Cuba Paloma 2008 Cuba Bill 2009 Newfoundland Earl Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Igor Newfoundland Gonzalo 2014 Bermuda Antigua , Saint Martin & Anguilla Joaquin 2015 Bahamas Bahamas ( 2x ) Harvey 2017 Texas Barbados & Louisiana See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal Weather portal List of Atlantic hurricanes List of Atlantic hurricane seasons List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( 2007 ) . `` Saffir - Simpson Scale '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea ( 2006 ) . `` FAQ subject D4 '' . HURDAT . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( June 22 , 2006 ) . `` Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale Information '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea ( 2006 ) . `` FAQ subject A2 '' . HURDAT . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ NSF ( 2005 ) . `` severe Hurricanes doubled in the past 35 years '' . NSF . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ weather.com - Vulnerable Cities : Index Jump up ^ Terry Hock ( 2007 ) . `` GPS dropsondes '' . NCAR . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency ( 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Glossary of Terms '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 24 . Accessed through the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center ( 2007 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Climatology '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . Miami , FL : National Hurricane Center . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Category_4_Atlantic_hurricanes&oldid=811515358 '' Categories : Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes Lists of tropical cyclones Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 03 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	last cat 4 hurricane to hit puerto rico	[ "\n\nName\nYear\n\nCategory 4\n\n\nCategory 3\n\n\nCategory 2\n\n\nCategory 1\n\n\nTropical storm\n\n\n\n\"Last Island\"\n1856\nLouisiana\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Unnamed\"\n1866\nBahamas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Unnamed\"\n1878\n\n\n\nHaiti & Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n\n\"Unnamed\"\n1880\nTexas\n\nQuintana Roo\n\nGuadeloupe\n\n\n\"Unnamed\"\n1882\nCuba\n\n\nFlorida\n\n\n\nIndianola\n1886\nTexas\n\nDominican Republic & Cuba\n\n\n\n\nCheniere Caminada\n1893\nLouisiana\n\nQuintana Roo & Mississippi\n\n\n\n\nUnnamed\n1894\n\n\nSaint Lucia\n\n\n\n\nUnnamed\n1898\nGeorgia\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSan Ciriaco\n1899\nGuadeloupe & Puerto Rico\nBahamas & North Carolina\n\n\n\n\n\nGalveston (1900)\n1900\nTexas\n\n\n\nAntigua, Nevis, Dominican Republic & Cuba\n\n\nUnnamed\n1910\n\nCuba\nFlorida\n\n\n\n\nGalveston (1915)\n1915\nTexas\nJamaica\n\nGuadeloupe\n\n\n\nNew Orleans\n1915\n\nLouisiana\n\n\n\n\n\nFlorida Keys\n1919\n\nBahamas & Texas\n\n\nPuerto Rico\n\n\nTampa Bay\n1921\n\nFlorida\n\n\n\n\n\nNassau\n1926\nBahamas\n\nFlorida\n\n\n\n\nMiami\n1926\nBahamas & Florida\nAlabama\n\n\n\n\n\nUnnamed\n1926\nCuba\nBermuda\n\n\n\n\n\nUnnamed\n1929\nBahamas\n\nFlorida\n\nFlorida\n\n\nSan Zenón\n1930\nDominican Republic\n\n\nGuadeloupe\nCuba & Florida\n\n\nUnnamed\n1932\nTexas\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSan Ciprian\n1932\nPuerto Rico\n\nDominican Republic\n\nBelize\n\n\nChesapeake–Potomac\n1933\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n\n\n\n\nTreasure Coast\n1933\nBahamas\nFlorida\n\n\n\n\n\nOuter Banks\n1933\n\n\nNorth Carolina\nNova Scotia\n\n\n\nGreat Atlantic Hurricane\n1944\n\n\n\nNew York & Rhode Island\n\n\n\nUnnamed\n1945\nFlorida\nBahamas\n\n\nSouth Carolina\n\n\nUnnamed\n1948\nFlorida\nCuba\n\n\n\n\n\nUnnamed\n1949\nFlorida\nBahamas\n\n\n\n\n\nCharlie\n1951\nQuintana Roo\nTamaulipas\nJamaica\n\nDominica\n\n\nFox\n1952\nCuba\n\n\nBahamas\nBahamas\n\n\nHazel\n1954\nNorth Carolina\n\nHaiti & Turks and Caicos Islands\n\n\n\n\nConnie\n1955\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n\n\n\n\nCarrie\n1957\n\n\n\nAzores\n\n\n\nHelene\n1958\n\nNorth Carolina\n\nNewfoundland\n\n\n\nGracie\n1959\nSouth Carolina\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDonna\n1960\nFlorida\nBarbuda, Anguilla, & Bahamas\nNorth Carolina, New York & Connecticut\n\n\n\n\nEsther\n1961\n\n\n\n\nMassachusetts & Maine\n\n\nFlora\n1963\nHaiti\nTobago & Cuba\n\nCuba\n\n\n\nCleo\n1964\nGuadeloupe & Haiti\n\nFlorida\nCuba\nGeorgia\n\n\nDora\n1964\n\nFlorida\n\n\n\n\n\nHilda\n1964\n\nLouisiana\n\n\n\n\n\nBetsy\n1965\nLouisiana\nBahamas & Florida\n\n\n\n\n\nInez\n1966\nDominican Republic\nGuadeloupe, Cuba & Tamaulipas\n\nCuba\n\n\n\nCarmen\n1974\nQuintana Roo\nLouisiana\n\n\n\n\n\nGreta\n1978\nHonduras\n\nBelize\n\n\n\n\nFrederic\n1979\nAlabama\n\n\n\nPuerto Rico, Dominican Republic & Cuba\n\n\nDiana\n1984\n\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n\n\n\nGloria\n1985\n\n\nNorth Carolina\nNew York & Connecticut\n\n\n\nJoan\n1988\nNicaragua\n\n\n\nGrenada, Colombia & Venezuela\n\n\nLuis\n1995\nBarbuda\n\n\nNewfoundland\n\n\n\nOpal\n1995\n\nFlorida\n\n\nYucatán Peninsula\n\n\nHortense\n1996\n\n\n\nPuerto Rico & Nova Scotia\nGuadeloupe\n\n\nGeorges\n1998\n\nAntigua, Saint Kitts, Puerto Rico & Dominican Republic\nFlorida & Mississippi\nCuba\n\n\n\nBret\n1999\n\nTexas\n\n\n\n\n\nFloyd\n1999\nBahamas\nBahamas\nNorth Carolina\n\nMaryland, New Jersey, New York & Connecticut\n\n\nLenny\n1999\n\nSaint Martin\nAnguilla\nSaint Barthélemy\nAntigua\n\n\nKeith\n2000\n\n\n\nBelize & Tamaulipas\n\n\n\nIris\n2001\nBelize\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMichelle\n2001\nCuba\n\n\nBahamas\n\n\n\nLili\n2002\n\n\nCuba\nCayman Islands & Louisiana\n\n\n\nCharley\n2004\nFlorida\nCuba\n\nSouth Carolina\n\n\n\nFrances\n2004\n\nBahamas\nBahamas & Florida\n\nFlorida\n\n\nDennis\n2005\nCuba\nFlorida\n\n\n\n\n\nGustav\n2008\nCuba (2x)\n\nLouisiana\nHaiti\nJamaica\n\n\nIke\n2008\nCuba\nBahamas\nTexas\nCuba\n\n\n\nPaloma\n2008\n\n\nCuba\n\n\n\n\nBill\n2009\n\n\n\n\nNewfoundland\n\n\nEarl\n2010\n\n\n\nNova Scotia\nPrince Edward Island\n\n\nIgor\n2010\n\n\n\nNewfoundland\n\n\n\nGonzalo\n2014\n\n\nBermuda\nAntigua, Saint Martin & Anguilla\n\n\n\nJoaquin\n2015\nBahamas\nBahamas (2x)\n\n\n\n\n\nHarvey\n2017\nTexas\n\n\n\nBarbados & Louisiana\n\n" ]	[ "1932" ]
2786888963624595931	Sahel	Sahel - wikipedia Sahel Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sahel ( disambiguation ) . The Sahel region in Africa : a belt up to 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) wide that spans the 5,400 km ( 3,360 mi ) from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea The Sahel ( / səˈhɛl / ) is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna ( historically known as the Sudan region ) to the south . Having a semi-arid climate , it stretches across the south - central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea . The name is derived from the Arabic word sāḥil ( ساحل , Arabic pronunciation : ( ˈsaːħil ) ) meaning `` coast '' or `` shore '' in a figurative sense ( in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara ) , while the name Swahili means `` coastal ( dweller ) '' in a literal sense . The Sahel part of Africa includes ( from west to east ) parts of northern Senegal , southern Mauritania , central Mali , northern Burkina Faso , the extreme south of Algeria , Niger , the extreme north of Nigeria , central Chad , central and southern Sudan , the extreme north of South Sudan , Eritrea , Cameroon , Central African Republic and extreme north of Ethiopia . Historically , the western part of the Sahel was sometimes known as the Sudan region . This belt was roughly located between the Sahara and the coastal areas of West Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Flora and fauna 3 Climate 4 Culture 5 History 5.1 Early agriculture 5.2 Sahelian kingdoms 5.3 Colonial period 6 Recent droughts 6.1 2010 drought 7 Desertification and soil loss 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Geography ( edit ) Camels trample the soil in the semiarid Sahel as they move to water holes , such as this one in Chad . The lush green of the rainy season Sahelian forest , along the Bamako - Kayes Road in Mali . The trees in the foreground are acacia . Note the large baobab tree . Sahel people with livestock and azawakh dogs The Sahel spans 5,400 km ( 3,360 mi ) from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east , in a belt that varies from several hundred to a thousand kilometers ( c. 600 miles ) in width , covering an area of 3,053,200 square kilometers ( 1,178,850 sq mi ) . It is a transitional ecoregion of semi-arid grasslands , savannas , steppes , and thorn shrublands lying between the wooded Sudanian Savanna to the south and the Sahara to the north . The topography of the Sahel is mainly flat ; most of the region lies between 200 and 400 meters ( 660 and 1,310 ft ) in elevation . Several isolated plateaus and mountain ranges rise from the Sahel , but are designated as separate ecoregions because their flora and fauna are distinct from the surrounding lowlands . Annual rainfall varies from around 100 -- 200 mm ( 4 -- 8 in ) in the north of the Sahel to around 600 mm ( 24 in ) in the south . Flora and fauna ( edit ) The Sahel is mostly covered in grassland and savanna , with areas of woodland and shrubland . Grass cover is fairly continuous across the region , dominated by annual grass species such as Cenchrus biflorus , Schoenefeldia gracilis and Aristida stipoides . Species of acacia are the dominant trees , with Acacia tortilis the most chicken , along with Acacia senegal and Acacia laeta . Other tree species include Commiphora africana , Balanites aegyptiaca , Faidherbia albida , and Boscia senegalensis . In the northern part of the Sahel , areas of desert shrub , including Panicum turgidum and Aristida sieberana , alternate with areas of grassland and savanna . During the long dry season , many trees lose their leaves and the predominantly annual grasses die . The Sahel was formerly home to large populations of grazing mammals , including the scimitar - horned oryx ( Oryx dammah ) , dama gazelle ( Gazella dama ) , Dorcas gazelle ( Gazella dorcas ) , red - fronted gazelle ( Gazella rufifrons ) , the giant prehistoric buffalo ( Pelorovis ) and Bubal hartebeest ( Alcelaphus busephalus buselaphus ) , along with large predators like the African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus ) , the Northwest African cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus hecki ) , the Northeast African cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii ) , the West African lion ( Panthera leo senegalensis ) and the East African lion ( Panthera leo melanochaita ) . The larger species have been greatly reduced in number by over-hunting and competition with livestock , and several species are vulnerable ( Dorcas gazelle , cheetah , lion and red - fronted gazelle ) , endangered ( Dama gazelle and African wild dog ) , or extinct ( the Scimitar - horned oryx is probably extinct in the wild , and both Pelorovis and the Bubal hartebeest are now extinct ) . The seasonal wetlands of the Sahel are important for migratory birds moving within Africa and on the African - Eurasian flyways . Climate ( edit ) The Sahel has a tropical , hot steppe climate ( Köppen climate classification BSh ) . The climate is typically hot , sunny , dry and somewhat windy all year long . The Sahel 's climate is similar to , but less extreme than , the climate of the Sahara desert located just to the north . The Sahel mainly receives a low to a very low amount of precipitation annually . The steppe has a very long , prevailing dry season and a short rainy season . The precipitation is also extremely irregular , and varies considerably from season to season . Most of the rain usually falls during only one or two months , while the other months may remain absolutely dry . The entire Sahel region generally receives between 100 mm and 600 mm of rain yearly . A system of subdivisions often adopted for the Sahelian climate based on annual rainfall is as follows : the Saharan - Sahelian climate , with mean annual precipitation between around 100 and 200 mm ( such as Khartoum , Sudan ) , the strict Sahelian climate , with mean annual precipitation between around 200 and 600 mm ( such as Kiffa , Mauritania ) and the Sahelian - Sudanese climate , with mean annual precipitation between around 200 and 400 mm ( such as Niamey , Niger ) . The relative humidity in the steppe is low to very low , often between 10 % and 25 % during the dry season and between 25 % and 75 % during the rainy season . The least humid places have a relative humidity under 35 % . The Sahel is characterized by constant , intense heat , with an unvarying temperature . The Sahel rarely experiences cold temperatures . During the hottest period , the average high temperatures are generally between 36 and 42 ° C ( 97 and 108 ° F ) ( and even more in the hottest regions ) , often for more than three months , while the average low temperatures are around 25 to 31 ° C ( 77 to 88 ° F ) . During the `` coldest period '' , the average high temperatures are between 27 and 33 ° C ( 81 and 91 ° F ) and the average low temperature are between 15 and 21 ° C ( 59 and 70 ° F ) . Everywhere in the Sahel , the average mean temperature is over 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) due to the tropical climate . The Sahel has a high to very high sunshine duration year - round , between 2,700 hours ( about 61 % of the daylight hours ) and 3,500 hours ( more than 79 % of the daylight hours ) . The sunshine duration in the Sahel approaches desert levels , and is comparable to that in the Arabian Desert , for example , even though the Sahel is only a steppe and not a desert . The cloud cover is low to very low . For example , Niamey , Niger has 3,082 hours of bright sunshine ; Gao , Mali has near 3,385 hours of sunshine ; Timbuktu , Mali has 3,409 sunny hours , and N'Djamena , Chad has 3,205 hours of sunlight . Culture ( edit ) Traditionally , most of the people in the Sahel have been semi-nomads , farming and raising livestock in a system of transhumance , which is probably the most sustainable way of utilizing the Sahel . The difference between the dry North with higher levels of soil nutrients and the wetter South with more vegetation , is utilized by having the herds graze on high quality feed in the North during the wet season , and trek several hundred kilometers to the South to graze on more abundant , but less nutritious feed during the dry period . In Western Sahel , polygamy and child marriage are common . Female genital mutilation is also practiced across the Sahel . History ( edit ) Early agriculture ( edit ) Around 4000 BC , the climate of the Sahara and the Sahel started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace . This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink rather significantly and caused increasing desertification . This , in turn , decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and caused migrations of farming communities to the more humid climate of West Africa . Sahelian kingdoms ( edit ) Main article : Sahelian kingdoms Further information : Trans - Saharan trade and Islamization of the Sudan region The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of monarchies centered in the Sahel between the 9th and 18th centuries . The wealth of the states came from controlling the trans - Saharan trade routes across the desert , especially the slave trade with the Islamic world . Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle . All of these empires were quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy . The first large Sahelian kingdoms emerged after AD 750 and supported several large trading cities in the Niger Bend region , including Timbuktu , Gao , and Djenné . The Sahel states were hindered from expanding south into the forest zone of the Ashanti and Yoruba peoples as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the heat and diseases of the region . Colonial period ( edit ) The Western Sahel fell to France in the late 19th century as part of French West Africa . Chad was added in 1900 as part of French Equatorial Africa . The French territories were decolonized in 1960 . The Eastern Sahel ( the part in what is now Sudan ) did not fall to the European powers but was annexed by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1820 . It came under British administration as part of the Sultanate of Egypt in 1914 . The Sudanese Sahel became part of independent Sudan in 1956 , and South Sudan in turn achieved its independence from Sudan proper in 2011 . Recent droughts ( edit ) Further information : Sahel drought For hundreds of years , the Sahel region has experienced regular droughts and megadroughts . One megadrought , from 1450 to 1700 , lasted 250 years . There was a major drought in the Sahel in 1914 caused by annual rains far below average , leading to large - scale famine . From 1951 to 2004 , the Sahel experienced some of the most consistent and severe droughts in Africa . The 1960s saw a large increase in rainfall in the region , making the northern drier region more accessible . There was a push , supported by governments , for people to move northwards . When the long drought period from 1968 through 1974 began , grazing quickly became unsustainable and large - scale denuding of the terrain followed . Like the drought in 1914 , this led to a large - scale famine , but this time somewhat tempered by international visibility and an outpouring of aid . This catastrophe led to the founding of the International Fund for Agricultural Development . 2010 drought ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Sahel drought In June to August 2010 famine struck the Sahel . Niger 's crops failed to mature in the heat , 350,000 faced starvation , and 1,200,000 were at risk of famine . In Chad the temperature reached 47.6 ° C ( 117.7 ° F ) on 22 June in Faya - Largeau , breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location . Niger tied its highest temperature record set in 1998 , also on 22 June , at 47.1 ° C in Bilma . That record was broken the next day , when Bilma hit 48.2 ° C ( 118.8 ° F ) . The hottest temperature recorded in Sudan was reached on 25 June , at 49.6 ° C ( 121.3 ° F ) in Dongola , breaking a record set in 1987 . Niger reported on 14 July that diarrhea , starvation , gastroenteritis , malnutrition , and respiratory diseases had sickened or killed many children . The new military junta appealed for international food aid and took serious steps to call on overseas help . On 26 July , the heat reached near - record levels over Chad and Niger , and in northern Niger about 20 people reportedly died of dehydration by 27 July . Desertification and soil loss ( edit ) Over-farming , over-grazing , over-population of marginal lands , and natural soil erosion , have caused serious desertification of the region . This has had an impact on shelter construction , making it necessary to change the used materials . The Woodless Construction project was introduced in Sahel in 1980 by the Development Workshop , achieving since then a high social impact in the region . Major dust storms are a frequent occurrence as well . During November 2004 , a number of major dust storms hit Chad , originating in the Bodélé Depression . This is a common area for dust storms ( occurring , on average , 100 days every year ) . On 23 March 2010 , a major sandstorm hit Mauritania , Senegal , Gambia , Guinea - Bissau , Guinea , and inland Sierra Leone . Another struck in southern Algeria , inland Mauritania , Mali , and northern Ivory Coast at the same time . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Community of Sahel - Saharan States Epidemiology of Meningitis Green Sahara 2010 Sahel famine 2012 Sahel drought Sahel drought Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Pan Sahel Initiative Sahara Conservation Fund Semi-arid climate Trans - Sahelian Highway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition grid different of Sahel ( British and World English ) '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ A System of Modern Geography . E. Huntington & Co. 1834 . p. 287 . Jump up ^ http://www.yourdictionary.com/sahel Jump up ^ `` Sahel : $1.6 billion appeal to address widespread humanitarian crisis '' . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ The `` Sudan region '' encompasses not just the history of the Republic of Sudan ( whose borders are those of Anglo - Egyptian Sudan , drawn in 1899 ) but of the wider Sahel , in Arabic known as bilad as - sudan , `` the land of the blacks '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sahelian Acacia savanna '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Niamey Climate Niamey Temperature - Niamey.Climatemps.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Timbuktu Climate Timbuktu Temperature - Timbuktu.Climatemps.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Gao Climate Gao Temperature - Gao.Climatemps.com '' . Jump up ^ `` N'Djamena Climate N'Djamena Temperature - N-Djamena.Climatemps.com '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF WCARO - Overview - Violence against children '' . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Patrick K. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Oxford Atlas of World History . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Brahic , Catherine . `` Africa trapped in mega-drought cycle '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Scholl , Adam . `` Map Room : Hidden Waters '' . World Policy Journal . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Drought threatens African humanitarian crisis - Channel 4 News '' . Channel4.com. 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Foy , Henry ( 2010 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Millions face starvation in west Africa , warn aid agencies '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Masters , Jeff . `` NOAA : June 2010 the globe 's 4th consecutive warmest month on record '' . Weather Underground . Jeff Masters ' WonderBlog . Archived from the original on 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Niger : famine on the horizon ? '' . France 24 . 2010 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` wonder Blog : Weather Underground '' . Wonder-ground.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Causes and Effects of Desertification '' . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Laurie J. ( 18 May 2001 ) . `` From the Dust Bowl to the Sahel '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Training and employment of locals . ( Social Impact ) . WConstruction . The promotion of Woodless Construction in West Africa ( 1980 - 2017 ) '' . SIOR , Social Impact Open Repository . Jump up ^ `` Dust Storm in the Bodele Depression '' . NASA . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Earth Snapshot Sand Storm '' . Sources ( edit ) Azam ( ed . ) , Conflict and Growth in Africa : The Sahel , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( 1999 ) , ISBN 92 - 64 - 17101 - 0 . ( in French ) Lagha CHEGROUCHE , `` L'arc géopolitique de l'énergie : le croissant énergétique , in Le Soir d'Algérie , 19 / 12 / 2010 hi Further reading ( edit ) Dai , A. ; Lamb , P.J. ; Trenberth , K.E. ; Hulme , M. ; Jones , P.D. ; Xie , P. ( 2004 ) . `` The recent Sahel drought is real '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Climatology. 24 ( 11 ) : 1323 -- 1331 . doi : 10.1002 / joc. 1083 . Ellis , William S. ( August 1987 ) . `` The Stricken Land '' . National Geographic . Vol. 172 no . 2 . pp. 140 -- 179 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . The Growing Crisis in Africa 's Sahel Region : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa , Global Health , Global Human Rights , and International Organizations and the Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa and the Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation and Trade of the Committee in Foreign Affairs , House of Representatives , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , First Session , May 21 , 2013 Moseley , W.G. 2008 . `` Strengthening Livelihoods in Sahelian West Africa : The Geography of Development and Underdevelopment in a Peripheral Region . '' Geographische Rundschau International Edition , 4 ( 4 ) : 44 - 50 . http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1069&context=william_moseley Simon , L. , A. Mattelaer and A. Hadfield ( 2012 ) `` A Coherent EU Strategy for the Sahel '' . Brussels : European Parliament ( DG for External Policies ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sahel . `` Sahelian Acacia savanna '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . World Wildlife Fund ( 2001 ) . `` Sahelian Acacia savanna '' . WildWorld Ecoregion Profile . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 08 . rain4sahara.org : Rain for the Sahel and Sahara VIAF : 234147245 GND : 4076953 - 7 BNE : XX451354 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahel&oldid=825109818 '' Categories : Sahel Regions of Africa Afrotropic ecozone Ecoregions of Africa Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands Ecoregions of the Central African Republic Ecoregions of Chad Ecoregions of Mali Ecoregions of Mauritania Ecoregions of Niger Ecoregions of Senegal Ecoregions of Sudan Flora of North Africa Afrotropic ecoregions Grasslands of Africa Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with French - language external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 15 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the grasslands south of egypt called	[ "The Sahel (/səˈhɛl/)[1] is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna (historically known as the Sudan region) to the south. Having a semi-arid climate, it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea. The name is derived from the Arabic word sāḥil (ساحل, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈsaːħil]) meaning \"coast\" or \"shore\" in a figurative sense (in reference to the southern edge of the vast Sahara),[2][3] while the name Swahili means \"coastal [dweller]\" in a literal sense." ]	[ "Sahel" ]
4536708205995755137	Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park	Los Angeles stadium at Hollywood Park - Wikipedia Los Angeles stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park LASED Location Inglewood , California Coordinates 33 ° 57 ′ 12 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W / 33.95345 ° N 118.3392 ° W / 33.95345 ; - 118.3392 Coordinates : 33 ° 57 ′ 12 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W / 33.95345 ° N 118.3392 ° W / 33.95345 ; - 118.3392 Public transit Downtown Inglewood Station Owner Kroenke Sports & Entertainment Hollywood Park Land Company , LLC . ( A joint venture of The Flesher Group and Stockbridge Capital ) City of Inglewood Executive suites 69 Capacity 70,240 ( expandable to 100,240 ) for Super Bowls , Final Fours , FIFA World Cups , Summer Olympics and other major events . Acreage 298 acres ( 121 ha ) Surface Artificial turf Construction Broke ground November 17 , 2016 Construction cost $ 4.963 billion ( estimated , including development ) Architect HKS , Inc . Project manager Legends Global Planning Structural engineer Walter P Moore Engineers and Consultants Services engineer Henderson Engineers , Inc . General contractor Turner / Hunt JV Tenants Los Angeles Rams ( NFL ) ( 2020 -- ; planned ) Los Angeles Chargers ( NFL ) ( 2020 -- ; planned ) Inglewood Location in the United States Inglewood Location in L.A. metro area The Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , or LASED for short , also referred to as City of Champions Stadium , is an open - air stadium and entertainment complex district under construction in Inglewood , California , United States . Formerly the site of Hollywood Park Racetrack , it is approximately three miles ( 5 km ) from Los Angeles International Airport , and is located immediately south of The Forum . Planned to open in 2020 , the stadium will serve as the home to the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . It is also scheduled to host Super Bowl LVI in February 2022 and the College Football Playoff National Championship in January 2023 . During the 2028 Summer Olympics , the stadium is expected to host the opening ceremony and soccer . Archery will be held on the grounds outside the stadium . Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park will be the third stadium since the AFL -- NFL merger to be shared by two NFL teams . MetLife Stadium , in East Rutherford , New Jersey , is home to the New York Giants and New York Jets , as was its predecessor , Giants Stadium . It will be the fourth facility in the Los Angeles area to host multiple teams from the same league as Staples Center is home to both of the city 's National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams , the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers , StubHub Center for a time hosted both the Los Angeles Galaxy and now - defunct Chivas USA of Major League Soccer , and Dodger Stadium hosted the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Angels from 1962 to 1965 . The stadium is a component of the City of Champions Revitalization Initiative , the working title of the development on the site of the former Hollywood Park Racetrack . Hollywood Park Casino opened on the lot in 2016 , becoming the first establishment to open on the property on October 21 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Hollywood Park Racetrack 1.2 2014 : Location discussions 1.3 2015 1.4 Construction and design 1.5 2016 1.6 2017 1.7 2018 2 Funding 3 Tenants and events 3.1 2026 FIFA World Cup 3.2 2028 Summer Olympics 3.3 Other events 4 Entertainment district 4.1 NFL Media Campus 5 Defeated rival proposals 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Hollywood Park Racetrack ( edit ) Main article : Hollywood Park Racetrack The stadium site was previously home to Hollywood Park , later sold and referred to as Betfair Hollywood Park , which was a thoroughbred race course from 1938 until it was shut down for racing and training in December 2013 . The casino remained open , containing a poker card room . Most of the complex was demolished in 2014 to make way for new construction with the rest demolished in late 2016 after the new Hollywood Park Casino was opened . The current stadium project was not the first stadium proposed for the site . The site was almost home to a NFL stadium two decades earlier . In May 1995 after the departure of the Rams for St. Louis , the National Football League teams approved by a 27 - 1 vote with two abstentions , a resolution supporting a plan to build a $200 million , privately financed stadium on property owned by Hollywood Park for the Los Angeles Raiders . Al Davis , who was then the Raiders owner balked and refused the deal over a stipulation that he would have had to accept a second team at the stadium . 2014 : location discussions ( edit ) On January 31 , 2014 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Stan Kroenke , owner of the St. Louis Rams , purchased a 60 - acre parcel of land just north of the Hollywood Park site in an area that had been studied by the National Football League in the past and at one point attempted to purchase . This set off immediate speculation as to what Kroenke 's intentions were for the site : it was originally planned to be a Walmart Supercenter ; however , in 2014 , most of the speculation centered around the site as a possible stadium site or training facility for the Rams . NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell represented that Kroenke informed the league of the purchase . As an NFL owner , any purchase of land in which a potential stadium could be built must be disclosed to the league . Speculation about the Rams ' returning to their home of nearly fifty years had already been discussed when Kroenke was one of the finalists in bidding for ownership in the Los Angeles Dodgers , but speculation increased when the news broke that the Rams owner had a possible stadium site in hand . 2015 ( edit ) 2015 aerial view of former racetrack and complex site , with the Downtown Los Angeles skyline in background . Nearly a year went by without a word from Kroenke about his intentions for the land , as he failed to ever address the St. Louis media , or the Hollywood Land Company , about what the site may be used for . There was , however , speculation about the future of the Rams franchise until it was reported that the National Football League would not be allowing any franchise relocation for the 2015 season . Construction and design ( edit ) On January 5 , 2015 , Stokbridge Capital , the owners of the Hollywood Park Land Company , announced that it had partnered with Kroenke Sports & Entertainment to add the northern 60 - acre parcel to the rest of the development project and build a multi-purpose 70,240 - seat stadium designed for the NFL . The project will include the stadium of up to 100,240 seats ( including standing room - only seats ) and a performance entertainment venue of up to 6,000 seats while reconfiguring the previously approved Hollywood Park plan for up to 900,000 square feet of retail , 800,000 square feet of office space , 2,500 new residential and condo units , a luxury 300 - room hotel and 25 acres of public parks , playgrounds , open space , a lake and pedestrian , bicycle and mass - transit access . The stadium would be ready by 2019 . On February 24 , 2015 , the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium plan and the initiative with construction on the stadium planned to begin in December 2015 . On February 24 , 2015 , the Inglewood City Council approved plans with a 5 -- 0 unanimous vote to combine the 60 - acre plot of land with the larger Hollywood Park development and rezone the area to include sports and entertainment capabilities . This essentially cleared the way for developers to begin construction on the venue as planned in December 2015 . It was also reported , in early February 2015 , that `` earth was being moved '' and the site was being graded to be prepared for the construction that would begin later in the year . 2016 ( edit ) 2016 aerial view of the stadium construction site , adjacent to The Forum . The new Hollywood Park Casino is in the foreground . The NFL approved the Inglewood proposal and the Rams ' relocation back to Los Angeles , 30 -- 2 , on January 12 , 2016 . On July 14 , 2016 , it was announced that Turner Construction and AECOM would oversee construction of the stadium . On October 19 , 2016 , the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) determined that a 110 - foot - tall LB 44 rotary drill rig would not pose a hazard to air navigation , so it approved the first of several pieces of heavy equipment to be used during construction . The stadium design had been under review by the FAA for more than a year because of concerns about how the structure would interact with radar at nearby Los Angeles International Airport . On December 16 , 2016 , it was reported in Sports Business Journal that the FAA had declined to issue permits for cranes needed to build the structure . `` We 're not going to evaluate any crane applications until our concerns with the overall project are resolved , '' said FAA spokesman Ian Gregor . The FAA had previously recommended building the stadium at another site due to the risks posed to LAX -- echoing concerns raised by former United States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge . The Rams held the groundbreaking construction ceremony at the future Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park site on November 17 , 2016 . The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell and Rams ' owner Stan Kroenke . On December 23 , 2016 , the FAA approved the large cranes to build the stadium . 2017 ( edit ) September 2017 aerial view of the construction site It was announced on May 18 , 2017 , that due to record rainfall in the area leading to construction holdups , the stadium completion and opening will be delayed until the 2020 NFL season . On August 8 , 2017 , the LA Stadium Premiere Center in Playa Vista , California opened as a place for suite buyers and season ticket holders to be able to preview the stadium . The center contains a massive replica model of the stadium which will include : ribbon - like LED high definition jumbotron and LED ribbon boards that go from the field to the ceiling , giving potential buyers a preview of what they can expect when the stadium opens . 2018 ( edit ) The NFL announced that NFL Media will add 200,000 square feet of space to the LA Stadium campus and move in around 2021 from Culver City . In addition to office and studio space , the new facility also will feature NFL Media 's first outdoor studio and studio space to host live audiences . Funding ( edit ) The stadium is being built privately , but the developer is seeking significant tax breaks from Inglewood . The cost of the stadium project was originally estimated to be approximately $2.66 billion upon the commencement of construction . However , internal league documents produced by the NFL in March 2018 indicated a need to raise the debt ceiling for the facility to a total of $4.963 billion , making it one of the most expensive venues ever built . Team owners were expected to vote and approve this new debt ceiling at a meeting that same month . Tenants and events ( edit ) The Los Angeles Rams have committed to moving to the stadium , as NFL approval for their relocation was obtained on January 12 , 2016 . The approval also gave the San Diego Chargers the first option to relocate to Los Angeles and share the stadium with the Rams , conditioned on a negotiated lease agreement between the two teams . The option would have expired on January 15 , 2017 , at which time the Oakland Raiders would have acquired the same option . On January 29 , 2016 , the Rams and Chargers came to an agreement in principle to share the stadium . The Chargers would contribute a $200 million stadium loan from the NFL and personal seat license fees to the construction costs and would pay $1 per year in rent to the Rams . The same day , Chargers chairman - CEO Dean Spanos announced the team would remain in San Diego for the 2016 NFL season , while continuing to work with local government on a new stadium . Measure C ( the Chargers stadium proposal ) did not receive the requisite number of votes required for passage . On January 12 , 2017 , the Chargers exercised their option and announced plans to relocate to Los Angeles for the 2017 season , making the Chargers the second tenant at the stadium and returning them to the market where they played their inaugural season in 1960 . When the Rams and Chargers move into the stadium , projected for August 2020 , it will mark the return of major professional sports to Inglewood for the first time since the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings left The Forum for Staples Center in May 1999 . 2026 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) A local host city bid organized of private business led by AEG and included the Los Angeles Sports and Entertainment District Commission ( LA Stadium ) , LA Galaxy , LAFC , Rose Bowl Stadium among others submitted a bid for LA to be named as a host city during the 2026 tournament . LA city approved the bid to be a host city after the private business showed support and offered to pay costs . The LA stadium was not selected as a bidding venue stadium for the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 FIFA World Cup bid organizing committee left the stadium out of the bid book as unbuilt stadiums in the bidding process are deduction 's in the bid evaluations . The United Bid committee stated they would re-evaluate the stadium selection process and re-visit LA Stadium as their main option stadium in the Los Angeles Metro area in June 2020 . The American bid to host the World Cup was awarded on June 13th , 2018 . 2028 Summer Olympics ( edit ) The Hollywood Park stadium is expected to host soccer matches during the 2028 Summer Olympics . Los Angeles organizers had also proposed that the stadium co-host the Games ' ceremonies with Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum with a dual - venue format . Other events ( edit ) In addition to Rams and Chargers games , the stadium will host Super Bowl LVI in 2022 . It was initially to host Super Bowl LV in 2021 , but construction delays mentioned above have pushed back the Super Bowl hosting duties by one year ( NFL owners voted to move Super Bowl LV to Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida ) . The stadium also allows other potential NFL opportunities on the complex such as an NFL retail store , an NFL Network studio , the NFL Honors ceremony , NFL Films premieres , other NFL - themed events , a West Coast wing of the Pro Football Hall of Fame , and NFL - themed hotels . On November 1 , 2017 , it was announced that the stadium will host the 2023 College Football Playoff National Championship . Entertainment district ( edit ) The surrounding development around the stadium will include a new entertainment center with 8.5 million square feet ( 790,000 m ) for business parks and condominiums , it will also include a 6,000 - seat music and theatre venue , ballrooms , indoor and outdoor room , a multiplex movie theater , a lake with a waterfall fountain , luxury hotels , high - scale restaurants and an open - air shopping center . There will also be team stores for the Chargers and Rams . The first new establishment to open service on the site was the new and modern Hollywood Park Casino , which opened on October 21 , 2016 . NFL Media campus ( edit ) The campus will become the new home of NFL Media which is currently based in Culver City , CA . The NFL will develop a 200,000 square foot space to house operations for hundreds of employees that work for NFL.com , the NFL app and NFL RedZone . It will also be the new site for the NFL Network headquarters . In addition to office and studio space , the facility also will feature NFL Media 's first outdoor studio and space to host studio audiences . The new NFL Media studio campus is expected to open by the summer of 2021 . Defeated rival proposals ( edit ) Main article : Proposed Los Angeles NFL stadiums The Hollywood Park stadium project plan competed directly with a rival proposal . On February 19 , 2015 , the Oakland Raiders and the San Diego Chargers announced plans for a privately financed $1.85 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson , California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . On April 21 , 2015 , Carson City Council bypassed the option to put the stadium to a public vote and approved the plan 3 -- 0 . The NFL approved the Rams ' relocation on January 12 , 2016 , with 30 of the 32 owners voting their approval to relocate , effectively ending the Carson proposal . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal Los Angeles portal History of the Los Angeles Rams History of the Los Angeles Chargers History of the National Football League in Los Angeles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ; Farmer , Sam ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Los Angeles Rams Break Ground on $2.6 - billion Inglewood Stadium , ' New Era ' of NFL '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's most expensive stadium coming to LA '' . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Rams stadium breaks ground in Inglewood , California - Archpaper.com '' . archpaper.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kroenke Sports & Entertainment Breaks Ground on HKS - Designed L.A. Stadium '' . HKS , Inc . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Vincent ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Los Angeles Rams Stadium to Cost Nearly $5 billion Dollars '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rams owner takes over London 's Arsenal soccer club '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Muret , Don ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rams Tab Legends Global Planning As Owner 's Rep For Stadium '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Slade '' . SportsBusiness Journal . April 18 , 2016 . p. 22 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busta , Hallie ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` LEDs Shed New Light on Sports '' . Architectural Lighting Reports . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muret , Don ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Turner , Hunt Construction Win Bid To Build Rams ' $2.5 B L.A. Stadium '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Renderings of Rams ' City of Champions Stadium that will host Super Bowl LVI '' . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` City of Champions Stadium renderings - STADIAWORLD '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Park Casino 's Grand Opening Oct. 21 - Poker News '' . CardPlayer.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` The day Al Davis walked away '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wagoner , Nick ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` St. Louis Rams owner Stan Kroenke buys 60 acres of land in Los Angeles '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reed , Scott M. ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Will Stan Kroenke bring the Rams west ? '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Kroenke 's Bid For Dodgers Implies Rams Are Headed To L.A. '' Forbes . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` A return of L.A. Rams ? Owner is said to buy possible stadium site '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` No NFL team moving to Los Angeles for 2015 , report says '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Robert ( 2015 ) . `` Text of the Measure - City of Champions Revitalization Project '' . Champions Initiative . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piper , Brandie ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Rams owner bought 60 acres of land in Calif '' . KSDK . St. Louis . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Michael ; Schwartz , Gadi ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Inglewood Council Rams Through NFL Stadium Proposal '' . KNBC . Los Angeles . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Curtis ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Inglewood unanimously approves stadium plan at Hollywood Park '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ; Jennings , Angel ; Fenno , Nathan ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Inglewood council approves NFL stadium plan amid big community support '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( February 8 , 2015 ) . `` Inglewood stadium construction begins , sort of '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michaud , Stephanie ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Stadium Contractors '' . MyNewsLA . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Excavation for the Rams ' stadium could begin in just weeks '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` FAA Declines to Allow Cranes at Inglewood Construction Site '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bott , Michael ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` LAX INGL UPDATE '' . KNTV . San Francisco . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ; Farmer , Sam ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to Break Ground on Inglewood Stadium Next Week , Source Says '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to Break Ground on $2.6 Billion Inglewood Stadium Thursday '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` FAA Approves First Cranes for New Rams Stadium '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ; Farmer , Sam ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Inglewood football stadium 's opening will be delayed a year because of record rainfall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Opening of Inglewood stadium delayed until 2020 '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron . `` Take a virtual tour of the Rams ' $2.6 billion stadium '' . MSN . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lago , Kristen ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` L.A. Stadium Premiere Center Opens in Playa Vista '' . Los Angeles Rams . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elwood , Hayley ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Bolts Buzz : First Look Inside L.A. Stadium '' . Los Angeles Chargers . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emery , Debbie ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NFL Media Set to Move to New LA Rams , Chargers Stadium in 2021 '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gross , Benjamin ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` High Public Cost of the Proposed Inglewood NFL Stadium '' . Curbed . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` NFL Reportedly Raising Debt Limit on Rams Stadium after L.A. Project nears $5 B Price Tag '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin ; Garrick , David ; Wilkens , John ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Chargers here for a year -- then what ? '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Chargers announce they will stay in San Diego for 2016 '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ; Fenno , Nathan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` NFL will return to Los Angeles for 2016 season '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Los Angeles Moves Closer to Being Selected as an Official Host City of 2026 FIFA World Cup TM '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Bid Committee Moves to Next Stage of Bid Process for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' ( Press release ) . United States Soccer Federation . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin . `` Los Angeles moves one step closer to hosting some 2026 World Cup games '' . latimes.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` L.A. Organizers Propose Linked , Simultaneous Olympic Ceremonies for Coliseum , Inglewood Stadium '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schrotenboer , Brent ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` With NFL back in Los Angeles , Super Bowl becomes a hot topic '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gantt , Darin ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Rams ' L.A. proposal includes offer to host Pro Bowl , Combine '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Charlotte ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` College Football Playoff Announces Sites for 2021 - 2024 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Nick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Could a new light rail line connect Torrance with the NFL stadium in Inglewood ? '' . Daily Breeze . Los Angeles . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders will jointly pursue an NFL stadium in Carson '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ; Fenno , Nathan ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Carson City Council gives unanimous approval to NFL stadium '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ; Fenno , Nathan ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` NFL will return to Los Angeles for 2016 season '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park . Official website Hollywood Park Land Company stadium website Webcam of LA Stadium Construction page for stadium from Turner / Hunt Stadium presentation from HKS Preceded by Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Home of the Los Angeles Rams 2020 -- beyond Succeeded by none Preceded by StubHub Center Home of the Los Angeles Chargers 2020 -- beyond Succeeded by none Preceded by Raymond James Stadium Host of the Super Bowl LVI 2022 Succeeded by TBD Preceded by Stade de France Paris Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony ( Olympic Stadium ) 2028 Succeeded by TBD Links to related articles Los Angeles Rams Founded in 1936 Played in Cleveland ( 1936 -- 1945 ) and St. Louis ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Headquartered in Agoura Hills , California Franchise Franchise History in Cleveland in St. Louis Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Statistics Broadcasters Awards Stadiums Cleveland Stadium League Park Shaw Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Anaheim Stadium Busch Stadium Edward Jones Dome Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Dan Reeves Carroll Rosenbloom Rampage Cheerleaders Heaven Can Wait ( film ) Melonheads John Ramsey Big A Sign `` I Love L.A. '' `` My Squad '' Lore The Greatest Show on Turf Bull Elephant backfield Fearsome Foursome `` The Tackle '' Rivalries San Francisco 49ers Kansas City Chiefs Retired numbers 7 28 29 74 75 78 80 85 Media Broadcasters KCBS - FM Radio network J.B. Long D'Marco Farr Dick Enberg Wild card berths ( 8 ) 1980 1984 1986 1988 1989 2000 Division championships ( 16 ) 1945 1949 1967 1969 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1985 1999 2001 2003 2017 Conference championships ( 6 ) 1950 1951 1955 1979 1999 2001 League championships ( 3 ) 1945 1951 1999 ( XXXIV ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1937 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1936 ) Seasons ( 82 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Los Angeles Chargers Founded in 1960 Played in San Diego ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Based in Carson , California Headquartered in Costa Mesa , California Franchise Franchise History in San Diego Seasons Retired numbers Hall of Fame Anniversary teams 40th 50th First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches History Broadcasters Stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Balboa Stadium Qualcomm Stadium San Diego stadium proposals StubHub Center Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Fearsome Foursome Air Coryell `` San Diego Super Chargers '' Bruise Brothers Marty Ball San Diego sports curse Los Angeles Charger Girls Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Lore Holy Roller Epic in Miami Freezer Bowl Wild card berths ( 2 ) 1995 2013 Division championships ( 15 ) 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1979 1980 1981 1992 1994 2006 2007 2008 2009 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1994 League championships ( 1 ) 1963 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Summer Olympic stadiums Panathenaic Stadium ( Athens 1896 ) Vélodrome de Vincennes ( Paris 1900 ) Francis Field ( St Louis 1904 ) White City Stadium ( London 1908 ) Stockholm Olympic Stadium ( Stockholm 1912 ) Olympisch Stadion ( Antwerp 1920 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( Paris 1924 ) Olympic Stadium ( Amsterdam 1928 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles 1932 ) Olympiastadion ( Berlin 1936 ) Wembley Stadium ( London 1948 ) Helsinki Olympic Stadium ( Helsinki 1952 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground ( Melbourne 1956 ) Stadio Olimpico ( Rome 1960 ) National Stadium ( Tokyo 1964 ) Estadio Olímpico Universitario ( Mexico City 1968 ) Olympiastadion ( Munich 1972 ) Olympic Stadium ( Montreal 1976 ) Grand Arena , Lenin Stadium ( Moscow 1980 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles 1984 ) Seoul Olympic Stadium ( Seoul 1988 ) Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys ( Barcelona 1992 ) Centennial Olympic Stadium ( Atlanta 1996 ) Sydney Olympic Stadium ( Sydney 2000 ) Olympic Stadium ( Athens 2004 ) Beijing National Stadium ( Beijing 2008 ) Olympic Stadium ( London 2012 ) Maracanã Stadium ( Rio de Janeiro 2016 ) New National Olympic Stadium ( Tokyo 2020 ) Stade de France ( Paris 2024 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum / Los Angeles Stadium ( Los Angeles 2028 ) Super Bowl stadiums 1960s Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( I ) Miami Orange Bowl ( II ) Miami Orange Bowl ( III ) 1970s Tulane Stadium ( IV ) Miami Orange Bowl ( V ) Tulane Stadium ( VI ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( VII ) Rice Stadium ( VIII ) Tulane Stadium ( IX ) Miami Orange Bowl ( X ) Rose Bowl ( XI ) Louisiana Superdome ( XII ) Miami Orange Bowl ( XIII ) Rose Bowl ( XIV ) 1980s Louisiana Superdome ( XV ) Pontiac Silverdome ( XVI ) Rose Bowl ( XVII ) Tampa Stadium ( XVIII ) Stanford Stadium ( XIX ) Louisiana Superdome ( XX ) Rose Bowl ( XXI ) San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium ( XXII ) Joe Robbie Stadium ( XXIII ) 1990s Louisiana Superdome ( XXIV ) Tampa Stadium ( XXV ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( XXVI ) Rose Bowl ( XXVII ) Georgia Dome ( XXVIII ) Joe Robbie Stadium ( XXIX ) Sun Devil Stadium ( XXX ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXII ) Pro Player Stadium ( XXXIII ) 2000s Georgia Dome ( XXXIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( XXXV ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXVI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXVII ) Reliant Stadium ( XXXVIII ) Alltel Stadium ( XXXIX ) Ford Field ( XL ) Dolphin Stadium ( XLI ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLII ) Raymond James Stadium ( XLIII ) 2010s Sun Life Stadium ( XLIV ) Cowboys Stadium ( XLV ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( XLVI ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( XLVII ) MetLife Stadium ( XLVIII ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLIX ) Levi 's Stadium ( 50 ) NRG Stadium ( LI ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( LII ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( LIII ) 2020s Hard Rock Stadium ( LIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( LV ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( LVI ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( LVII ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( LVIII ) Inglewood , California Government Agencies Inglewood Police Department Geography Neighborhoods Morningside Park Downtown Inglewood Century Heights La Tijera Village Education Primary and secondary schools Inglewood Unified School District Inglewood High School Morningside High School City Honors High School Los Angeles Unified School District Ánimo Inglewood Charter High School Ánimo Leadership Charter High School St. Mary 's Academy Former schools Good Shepherd Lutheran School ( closed ) Other Landmarks The Forum Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Inglewood City Hall Inglewood Park Cemetery Edward Vincent Jr . Park Veterans Memorial Building Randy 's Donuts Hollywood Park Casino Centinela Hospital Medical Center Centinela Adobe ( physically in Westchester , Los Angeles ) ) Former Landmarks Centinela Freeman Regional Medical Center , Centinela Campus ( demolished ) Centinela Freeman Regional Medical Center , Memorial Campus ( demolished ) Hollywood Park Racetrack ( demolished ) Transportation Fairview Heights Metro station ( under construction ) Downtown Inglewood Metro station ( under construction ) Westchester / Veterans Metro station ( under construction ) Inglewood Transit Center Olympic venues in association football 1900 Vélodrome de Vincennes 1904 Francis Field 1908 White City Stadium 1912 Råsunda IP , Stockholm Olympic Stadium ( final ) , Tranebergs Idrottsplats 1920 Jules Ottenstadion , Olympisch Stadion ( final ) , Stade Joseph Marien , Stadion Broodstraat 1924 Stade Bergeyre , Stade de Colombes ( final ) , Stade de Paris , Stade Pershing 1928 Monnikenhuize , Olympic Stadium ( final ) , Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel 1936 Hertha - BSC Field , Mommsenstadion , Olympiastadion ( final ) , Poststadion 1948 Arsenal Stadium , Champion Hill , Craven Cottage , Empire Stadium ( medal matches ) , Fratton Park , Goldstone Ground , Green Pond Road , Griffin Park , Lynn Road , Selhurst Park , White Hart Lane 1952 Helsinki Football Grounds , Kotka , Lahti , Olympic Stadium ( final ) , Tampere , Turku 1956 Melbourne Cricket Ground ( final ) , Olympic Park Stadium 1960 Florence Communal Stadium , Grosseto Communal Stadium , L'Aquila Communal Stadium , Livorno Ardenza Stadium , Naples Saint Paul 's Stadium , Pescara Adriatic Stadium , Stadio Flaminio ( final ) 1964 Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium , Mitsuzawa Football Field , Nagai Stadium , Tokyo National Stadium ( final ) , Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium , Ōmiya Football Field , Prince Chichibu Memorial Football Field 1968 Estadio Azteca ( final ) , Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Estadio Nou Camp , Jalisco Stadium 1972 Dreiflüssestadion , ESV - Stadion , Jahnstadion , Olympiastadion ( final ) , Rosenaustadion , Urban Stadium 1976 Lansdowne Park , Olympic Stadium ( final ) , Sherbrooke Stadium , Varsity Stadium 1980 Dinamo Stadium , Dynamo Central Stadium , Grand Arena , Grand Arena ( final ) , Kirov Stadium , Republican Stadium 1984 Harvard Stadium , Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium , Rose Bowl ( final ) , Stanford Stadium 1988 Busan Stadium , Daegu Stadium , Daejeon Stadium , Dongdaemun Stadium , Olympic Stadium ( final ) 1992 Estadi de la Nova Creu Alta , Camp Nou ( final ) , Estadio Luís Casanova , La Romareda , Sarrià Stadium Florida Citrus Bowl , Legion Field , Orange Bowl , RFK Memorial Stadium , Sanford Stadium ( both finals ) 2000 Stadium Australia , Brisbane Cricket Ground , Bruce Stadium , Hindmarsh Stadium , Melbourne Cricket Ground , Olympic Stadium ( men 's final ) , Sydney Football Stadium ( women 's final ) Kaftanzoglio Stadium , Karaiskakis Stadium ( women 's final ) , Olympic Stadium ( men 's final ) , Pampeloponnisiako Stadium , Pankritio Stadium , Panthessaliko Stadium 2008 Beijing National Stadium ( men 's final ) , Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium , Shanghai Stadium , Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium , Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium , Workers ' Stadium ( women 's final ) 2012 City of Coventry Stadium , Hampden Park , Millennium Stadium , St James ' Park , Old Trafford , Wembley Stadium ( both finals ) 2016 Estádio Nacional de Brasília , Arena Fonte Nova , Mineirão , Arena Corinthians , Arena da Amazônia , Estádio Olímpico João Havelange , Maracanã ( both finals ) 2020 International Stadium Yokohama , Kashima Soccer Stadium , Miyagi Stadium , National Stadium , Saitama Stadium , Sapporo Dome , Tokyo Stadium 2024 Parc des Princes ( both finals ) , Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Stade de la Beaujoire , Stade de Nice , Stade Geoffroy - Guichard , Stade Matmut Atlantique , Stadium Municipal , Stade Pierre - Mauroy , Stade Vélodrome 2028 Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , Banc of California Stadium , Rose Bowl , Levi 's Stadium , Avaya Stadium , Stanford Stadium , California Memorial Stadium Olympic venues in archery 1900 : Bois de Vincennes 1904 : Francis Field 1908 : White City Stadium 1920 : Nachtegalen Park 1972 : Bogenschießlage 1976 : Olympic Archery Field , Joliette 1980 : Krylatskoye Sports Complex Archery Field 1984 : El Dorado Park 1988 : Hwarang Archery Field 1992 : Olympic Archery Field 1996 : Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome 2000 : Sydney International Archery Park 2004 : Panathenaic Stadium 2008 : Olympic Green Archery Field 2012 : Lord 's 2016 : Sambódromo 2020 : Dream Island Archery Field 2024 : Les Invalides 2028 : Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Kroenke Sports & Entertainment Founded in 1999 Teams Los Angeles Rams ( NFL ) ( 1999 -- present ) Denver Nuggets ( NBA ) ( 2000 -- present ) Colorado Avalanche ( NHL ) ( 2000 -- present ) Colorado Mammoth ( NLL ) ( 2004 -- present ) Colorado Rapids ( MLS ) ( 2004 -- present ) Arsenal F.C. ( Premier League ) ( 2011 -- present ) Los Angeles Gladiators ( Overwatch League ) ( 2017 - present ) Venues Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Pepsi Center Dick 's Sporting Goods Park Paramount Theatre 1stBank Center ( operator ) People Stan Kroenke Ann Walton Kroenke Josh Kroenke Media Television Altitude Sports and Entertainment Outdoor Sportsman Group Sportsman Channel Outdoor Channel MyOutdoorTV.com World Fishing Network US Canada ( JV ) Radio KSE Radio Ventures , LLC KKSE KXKL - FM KIMN KWOF Magazines Outdoor Sportsman Group Bowhunter Bass Fan Firearms News Florida Sportsman Fly Fisherman Game & Fish Guns & Ammo Gun Dog Guns & Ammo : Handguns In - Fisherman North American Whitetail Petersen 's Bowhunting Petersen 's Hunting Rifle Shooter Shallow Water Angler Shooting Times Shotgun News Walleye In - Sider Wildfowl Miscellaneous Skycam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Stadium_at_Hollywood_Park&oldid=856572342 '' Categories : Kroenke Sports & Entertainment American football venues in California Music venues in Los Angeles Los Angeles Rams stadiums Los Angeles Chargers stadiums Hollywood Park National Football League venues in Los Angeles Stadiums under construction in the United States Sports venues in Inglewood , California Indoor arenas in California 2028 Summer Olympic venues Olympic stadiums Olympic football venues Olympic archery venues Inglewood , California Hidden categories : Use American English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox venue with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 05 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the new chargers stadium being built	[ "Los Angeles Stadiumat Hollywood Park\nLASED\n\nLocation\nInglewood, CaliforniaCoordinates\n33°57′12″N 118°20′21″W / 33.95345°N 118.3392°W / 33.95345; -118.3392Coordinates: 33°57′12″N 118°20′21″W / 33.95345°N 118.3392°W / 33.95345; -118.3392Public transit\n Downtown Inglewood Station Owner\nKroenke Sports & EntertainmentHollywood Park Land Company, LLC. (A joint venture of The Flesher Group and Stockbridge Capital)City of InglewoodExecutive suites\n69Capacity\n70,240[1] (expandable to 100,240)[2][3] for Super Bowls, Final Fours, FIFA World Cups, Summer Olympics and other major events.[4]Acreage\n298 acres (121 ha)Surface\nArtificial turfConstructionBroke ground\nNovember 17, 2016Construction cost\n$4.963 billion (estimated, including development)[5][6]Architect\nHKS, Inc.Project manager\nLegends Global Planning[7]Structural engineer\nWalter P Moore Engineers and Consultants[8]Services engineer\nHenderson Engineers, Inc.[9]General contractor\nTurner/Hunt JV[10]Tenants\nLos Angeles Rams (NFL) (2020–; planned)Los Angeles Chargers (NFL) (2020–; planned)" ]	[ "Inglewood, California" ]
8137629396742672809	This Is Us (TV series)	This Is Us ( TV series ) - Wikipedia This Is Us ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This Is Us Genre Comedy - drama Family drama Created by Dan Fogelman Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Parker Bates Eris Baker Faithe Herman Composer ( s ) Siddhartha Khosla Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 21 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Fogelman Jess Rosenthal Donald Todd Ken Olin Charlie Gogolak John Requa Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Rhode Island Ave . Productions Zaftig Films 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network NBC Original release September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) -- present External links Website www.nbc.com/this-is-us This Is Us is an American television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20 , 2016 . The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Eris Baker , and Faithe Herman . It is about the family lives and connections of several people who all share the same birthday and the ways in which they are similar and different . The series has received positive reviews since its premiere , receiving nominations for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Awards , as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute . The cast has received accolades , with Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz receiving Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress , and Sterling K. Brown receiving a SAG nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series . In 2017 , the series received ten Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . On September 27 , 2016 , NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . In January 2017 , NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each . The second season premiered on September 26 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Series overview ( edit ) The series follows siblings Kate , Kevin and Randall as their lives intertwine . Kate and Kevin were originally part of a triplet pregnancy , conceived in the bathroom of Froggy 's , a bar , during Super Bowl XIV . Their due date was October 12 , 1980 , but they were born six weeks early on August 31 ; their biological brother was stillborn . Their parents , Jack and Rebecca , having expected to bring home three babies , decide to adopt another newborn : Randall , a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station . Episodes weave through the stories of the past and present of the characters , with most scenes taking place in 1980 , 1989 -- 1995 , and the present day ( 2016 -- 2017 ) . Flashback scenes take place in Pittsburgh , while current scenes are typically split between Los Angeles , New Jersey , and New York City . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 6 14.70 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) TBA TBA TBA Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main cast members ( L -- R ) Jones , Watson , Brown , Ventimiglia , Moore , Hartley , Metz , and Sullivan at PaleyFest 2017 Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson : Rebecca 's husband , and Kate , Kevin , & Randall 's father . Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson ( née Malone ) : Jack 's wife , and Kate , Kevin , & Randall 's mother . Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson : Jack & Rebecca 's son , and Kate & Kevin 's brother . Also played by Niles Fitch ( age 15 ) and Lonnie Chavis ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson : Jack & Rebecca 's daughter , and Kevin & Randall 's sister . Also played by Hannah Zeile ( age 15 ) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson : Jack & Rebecca 's son , and Kate & Randall 's brother . Also played by Logan Shroyer ( age 15 ) and Parker Bates ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson : Randall 's wife , and mother of Tess and Annie . Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon : Kate 's fiancé . Ron Cephas Jones as William H. Hill ( aka Shakespeare ) : Randall 's biological father . Also played by Jermel Nakia as a youth . Jon Huertas as Miguel : Jack 's best friend and Rebecca 's second husband . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie : Kate 's childhood best friend as well as Kevin 's childhood love and ex-wife . Also played by Amanda Leighton ( age 15 ) and Sophia Coto ( age 10 ) . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Eris Baker as Tess Pearson : Randall and Beth 's older daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson : Randall and Beth 's younger daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Recurring ( edit ) Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) : An elderly widower , who delivers Kate and Kevin . Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine : Kevin 's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg : Kevin 's stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette : A family friend of the Pearsons . Denis O'Hare as Jesse : William 's friend and former romantic partner . Adam Bartley as Duke : The stable worker at the weight - loss camp Kate attends . Jill Johnson as Laurie : A member of Toby and Kate 's weight - loss support group . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 1AZC01 10.07 `` The Big Three '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 1AZC02 8.75 `` Kyle '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1AZC03 9.87 `` The Pool '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 1AZC04 9.71 5 5 `` The Game Plan '' George Tillman Joe Lawson October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 1AZC05 8.68 6 6 `` Career Days '' Craig Zisk Bekah Brunstetter November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1AZC06 8.48 7 7 `` The Best Washing Machine in the World '' Silas Howard K.J. Steinberg November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 1AZC07 9.50 8 8 `` Pilgrim Rick '' Sarah Pia Anderson Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 1AZC08 9.00 9 9 `` The Trip '' Uta Briesewitz Vera Herbert November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 1AZC09 10.53 10 10 `` Last Christmas '' Helen Hunt Donald Todd December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 1AZC10 10.95 11 11 `` The Right Thing to Do '' Timothy Busfield Aurin Squire January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 1AZC11 10.48 12 12 `` The Big Day '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 1AZC12 9.59 13 13 `` Three Sentences '' Chris Koch Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 1AZC13 9.63 14 14 `` I Call Marriage '' George Tillman Jr . Kay Oyegun February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 1AZC14 9.57 15 15 `` Jack Pearson 's Son '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 1AZC15 9.03 16 16 `` Memphis '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 1AZC16 9.35 17 17 `` What Now ? '' Wendey Stanzler K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 1AZC17 11.15 18 18 `` Moonshadow '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1AZC18 12.84 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 21 `` Déjà Vu '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 22 `` Still There '' TBA TBA October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 TBD 23 5 `` Brothers '' TBA TBA October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2AZC05 TBD 24 6 `` Tess '' Regina King TBA October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2AZC06 TBD Release ( edit ) Home Media ( edit ) In May 2017 , Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu , in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 89 % approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 56 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring full - tilt heartstring - tugging family drama , This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Season 2 received a 92 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes . Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B , calling it `` a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness '' . Moreover , they praised all the actors , specifically Sterling K. Brown , for being able to navigate `` his scenes with such intelligence , authenticity , and charisma '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 2 , 11 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 3 -- 10 , 12 -- 18 ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 10.07 March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 12.84 2016 -- 17 6 14.70 4.6 / 16 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 12.94 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 African - American Critics Association Awards Top Ten TV Show This Is Us Won American Film Institute Awards TV Program of the Year This Is Us Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Most Exciting New Series This Is Us Won 2017 ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television David L. Bertman ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Mandy Moore Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Mandy Moore Nominated Show of the Year This Is Us Nominated Tearjerker Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis ( Jack and Randall at Karate ) Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Peabody Awards Entertainment and Children 's programs This Is Us Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New TV Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Mandy Moore Nominated Favorite New TV Drama This Is Us Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Star Chrissy Metz Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Choice TV Show : Drama This Is Us Nominated Television Critics Association Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama This Is Us Nominated Outstanding New Program This Is Us Won Program of the Year This Is Us Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Episodic Drama Vera Herbert ( for `` The Trip '' ) Won New Series This Is Us Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Ron Cephas Jones Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Brian Tyree Henry Nominated Gerald McRaney Won Denis O'Hare Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Zoe Hay , Heather Plott , Elizabeth Hoel - Chang , Judith Lynn Staats , John Damiani Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Grand Prize This Is Us Won Best Director Dan Fogelman Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2017 , Hala Bahmet , Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie . The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode `` Moonshadow '' was primarily set in the 1970s , violating the TV Academy 's rule that `` more than 50 percent '' of the episode must be contemporary ( within 25 years of the air date ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) , `` Review : ' This is Us ' is heartfelt ( if sweet - toothed ) family drama '' , USA Today , archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Gets Full - Season Order At NBC For Total Of 18 Episodes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Game Plan '' . This is Us . Season 1 . Episode 5 . October 25 , 2016 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The Big Day '' . This is Us . Season 1 . Episode 12 . January 17 , 2017 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . This is Us . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 20 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire , ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' Chicago Fire , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' The Wall , ' ' This Is Us , ' FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' Tough Mudder ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' NCIS , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 204 ) `` Still There '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 205 ) `` Brothers '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us Season 2 Episode Guide '' . Screener . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Regina King to Direct ' This Is Us ' Episode ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : Hulu acquires streaming rights to all episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 2 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` This Is Us : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2016 - Honorees '' . American Film Institute . December 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . Indie Wire . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : People v. O.J. , Night Manager , This Is Us , black - ish Lead Early TV Nominees '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations List -- ' This Is Us , ' ' Stranger Things ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Dan ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Peabody Awards Pretty Much Nailed Their List Of TV Nominees '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Manchester by the Sea ' leads film SAG Award nominations '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aiello , McKenna ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Primetime Emmys Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Emmys : ' This Is Us ' Nomination Revoked ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' This is Us ' Wins Grand Prize at Seoul Int'l Drama Awards '' . KBS World . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website This Is Us on IMDb This Is Us at Rotten Tomatoes This Is Us at Metacritic NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. 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Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Us_(TV_series)&oldid=804766955 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series 2010s American drama television series American comedy - drama television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs NBC network shows Nonlinear narrative television series Serial drama television series Television series about families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series set in the 1980s Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows set in New Jersey Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in Pittsburgh This Is Us ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 01 : 00 . 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About Wikipedia	when does the new episode of this is us air	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n19\n1\n\"A Father's Advice\"\nKen Olin\nDan Fogelman\nSeptember 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)\n2AZC01\n12.94[27]\n\n\n20\n2\n\"A Manny-Splendored Thing\"\nJohn Fortenberry\nDan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter\nOctober 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)\n2AZC02\n11.06[28]\n\n\n21\n3\n\"Déjà Vu\"\nJohn Requa & Glenn Ficarra\nIsaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger\nOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)\n2AZC03\n11.02[29]\n\n\n22\n4\n\"Still There\"[30]\nTBA\nTBA\nOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)\n2AZC04\nTBD\n\n\n23\n5\n\"Brothers\"[31]\nTBA\nTBA\nOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)\n2AZC05\nTBD\n\n\n24\n6\n\"Tess\"[32]\nRegina King[33]\nTBA\nOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)\n2AZC06\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "October 24, 2017" ]
-7208679361317058404	NBA regular season records	NBA Regular season records - wikipedia NBA Regular season records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Note : the post-season record is 17 by Stephen Curry Most points in a triple - double 60 by James Harden , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) on January 30 , 2018 Quickest to reach a triple - double 14 minutes and 33 seconds by Nikola Jokić , Denver Nuggets ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on February 15 , 2018 . Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Note : the post-season record is 30 by Bob Cousy Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 24 by Ben Simmons , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs Washington Wizards ) on November 29 , 2017 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Note : the post-season record is 19 by Bill Russell Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 ; 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists , 2017 -- 18 . Only player to average a triple - double in consecutive seasons Russell Westbrook averaged 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists in 2016 -- 17 and 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists in 2017 -- 18 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 873 by LeBron James from January 6 , 2007 -- present Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most seasons leading league in 3 - point percentage 4 by Kyle Korver Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 362 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant was the youngest player to start a game at 18 years , 158 days against the Dallas Mavericks on January 28 , 1997 . Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey was the oldest player to play a game at 45 years , 363 days against the New York Knicks on January 28 , 1948 . Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish was the oldest player to start a game at 43 years , 118 days against the Atlanta Hawks on December 26 , 1996 . Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double Markelle Fultz is the youngest , doing so on April 11 , 2018 for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 19 years , 317 days . He had 13 points , 10 rebounds and 10 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 21 points for the Sacramento Kings against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 2 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Jerry West is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Seattle Supersonics at the age of 35 years , 193 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record every point milestone from 1,000 to 30,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 33 years , 24 days ) on January 23 , 2018 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Note : Other than the longest game and disqualifications in a game , all records in this section are since the 24 - second shot clock was instituted for 1954 -- 55 season onward . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 40 -- The Minnesota Timberwolves ( 19 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 21 ) on February 7 , 2018 ( OT ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 94 -- The Houston Rockets ( 57 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 37 ) on March 27 , 2018 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 12 - 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2018 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.2 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,114 -- 1,282 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.7 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 925 -- 1,405 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 316 -- 94 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 94 -- 29 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,132 games : Phoenix Suns ( March 29 , 2004 -- Present ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 to 2016 -- 2017 ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Most Franchises Played For 12 by Chucky Brown ( Cleveland Cavaliers 1989 -- 1991 ; 2001 ) , ( Los Angeles Lakers 1991 -- 1992 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1992 -- 1993 ) , ( Dallas Mavericks 1993 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1995 -- 1996 ) , ( Phoenix Suns 1996 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 1996 -- 1997 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1999 ; 2000 -- 2001 ) , ( San Antonio Spurs 1999 -- 2000 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 2001 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2002 ) 12 by Jim Jackson ( Dallas Mavericks 1992 - 1997 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1997 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1997 - 1998 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1998 ) , ( Portland Trail Blazers 1999 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 1999 - 2000 ) , ( Cleveland Cavaliers 2001 ) , ( Miami Heat 2001 - 2002 ) , ( Sacramento Kings 2002 - 2003 ) , ( Houston Rockets 2003 - 2004 ) , Phoenix Suns ( 2005 - 2006 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2006 ) 12 by Tony Massenburg ( San Antonio Spurs 1990 - 1991 ; 2004 - 2005 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1991 - 1992 ) , ( Boston Celtics 1992 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1992 ) , ( Los Angeles Clippers 1994 - 1995 ) , ( Toronto Raptors 1995 - 1996 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1996 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1996 - 1997 ) , ( Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies 1997 - 1999 ; 1999 - 2002 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1999 ) , ( Utah Jazz 2002 - 2003 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2003 - 2004 ) 12 by Joe Smith ( Golden State Warriors 1995 - 1998 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1998 ; 2006 - 2007 ) , ( Minnesota Timberwolves 1999 - 2000 ; 2001 - 2003 ) , ( Detroit Pistons 2000 - 2001 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 2003 - 2006 ) , ( Denver Nuggets 2006 ) , ( Chicago Bulls 2007 - 2008 ) , ( Cleveland Cavaliers 2008 ; 2009 ) , ( Oklahoma City Thunder 2008 - 2009 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 2009 - 2010 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 2010 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2010 - 2011 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons sets NBA free - throw record after Wizards go full ' Hack - a-Shaq ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron joins 30K club as Cavs ' slide continues '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/tstreak.cgi?request=1&lg_id=NBA&is_playoffs=N&c3stat=fg3&c3comp=ge&c3val=1&m1math=s&m1comp=ge Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived April 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=836068958 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 14 : 15 . About Wikipedia	most assists in an nba game by a team	[ "\n\n\n53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26, 1978[49]\n\n\n" ]	[ "53" ]
-8780038270704926801	Red Dead Redemption 2	Red Dead Redemption 2 - Wikipedia Red Dead Redemption 2 Jump to : navigation , search Red Dead Redemption 2 Promotional cover art Developer ( s ) Rockstar Studios Publisher ( s ) Rockstar Games Series Red Dead Engine RAGE Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release WW : October 26 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Red Dead Redemption 2 is an upcoming Western - themed action - adventure video game developed and published by Rockstar Games . It is scheduled to be released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on October 26 , 2018 . The game is a prequel to the 2010 title Red Dead Redemption and will be the third entry in the Red Dead series . It follows the story of outlaw Arthur Morgan , a member of the Dutch van der Linde gang . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Sales 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption 2 is a Western - themed action - adventure game set in an open world environment . The player controls Arthur Morgan , an outlaw and a member of the Van der Linde gang , from a third - person perspective . The game features both single - player and online multiplayer components . Development ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption 2 is being developed by Rockstar Studios , using Rockstar Advanced Game Engine ( RAGE ) . Release ( edit ) Rockstar Games announced the game in October 2016 . In the two days prior , the company had used various social media platforms as well as their own website to release two teaser images in the color and theme of Red Dead Redemption . The teaser images led to considerable attention and raised the stock price of its parent company Take - Two Interactive by nearly six percent . On the day of its announcement for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , some fans started petitioning Rockstar Games for the game to be made available on Microsoft Windows as well . Per an exclusivity agreement with Sony Interactive Entertainment , certain online game content will be timed exclusives for the PlayStation 4 . Originally due for release in the second half of 2017 , the game has been delayed twice : first to Q1 / Q2 2018 , and later to October 26 , 2018 . The game 's debut trailer was released on October 20 , 2016 , depicting the open world environment . The second trailer was released on September 28 , 2017 , and introduced the game 's characters . Reception ( edit ) Sales ( edit ) Since the previous installment in the series was one of the best selling games of the seventh generation of video game consoles , many analysts believe Red Dead Redemption 2 will be one of the highest selling games of 2018 and have a great impact on other game sales during the fourth quarter . When discussing the delay until October 2018 , a writer from Forbes said `` A huge arrival for RDR2 could be a crater that dampens sales of all competitors in that window , so I have to imagine this shockwave is being felt pretty hard right now around the industry '' . Awards ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2016 The Game Awards 2016 Most Anticipated Game Nominated 2017 Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Nominated 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Most Anticipated Game Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koller , John ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 : PlayStation and Rockstar Games Announce Partnership '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 Is a Prequel - Story Details , New Protagonist Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Red Dead Redemption 2 ' Confirmed for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Dead Redemption : Official Trailer # 2 '' . Rockstar Games . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption 2 '' . Rockstar Games . Take - Two Interactive . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linneman , John ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 's state - of - the - art technology analysed '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 officially revealed for PS4 and Xbox One , out 2017 '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crecente , Brian ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 is official '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 Seemingly Teased With First Image '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoggins , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 teaser - Rockstar unveil new Magnificent Seven inspired artwork as they prepare to announce Wild West sequel '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 is happening : Rockstar posts Western image '' . The Independent . Independent Print . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` The folks behind ' Grand Theft Auto ' are teasing a new ' Red Dead Redemption ' game '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Grand Theft Auto maker announces first game in five years '' . CNBC . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto ' is so influential , the company 's stock just exploded after teasing a new game '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Matt ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Of course there 's already a petition to bring Red Dead Redemption 2 to PC '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 will have something exclusive for PS4 players '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 's New Release Window Narrowed Further '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption 2 delayed to October '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Dead Redemption 2 ' Delayed Again , Terrifying Every Other Game Coming Out This Fall '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stark , Chelsea ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Game Awards : Here 's the full winners list '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ London , Andrew ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Voting is now open for the Golden Joystick awards '' . TechRadar . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here are your 2017 Golden Joystick Award winners '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards crowns The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild best game of 2017 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Red Dead series Red Dead Revolver Red Dead Redemption Undead Nightmare Development Music Red Dead Redemption 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Dead_Redemption_2&oldid=834447185 '' Categories : Action - adventure games Multiplayer and single - player video games Open world video games PlayStation 4 games Red Dead Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Advanced Game Engine games Rockstar Games Take - Two Interactive games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 Western ( genre ) video games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use American English from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano مصرى Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is red dead redemption 2 coming out	[ "Red Dead Redemption 2 is an upcoming Western-themed action-adventure video game developed and published by Rockstar Games. It is scheduled to be released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on October 26, 2018. The game is a prequel to the 2010 title Red Dead Redemption and will be the third entry in the Red Dead series. It follows the story of outlaw Arthur Morgan, a member of the Dutch van der Linde gang." ]	[ "October 26, 2018." ]
178097630653295544	List of The Flash episodes	List of the Flash episodes - wikipedia List of the Flash episodes For the episodes from the 1990 series , see The Flash ( 1990 TV series ) § Episodes . The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin - off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Barry Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . As of May 22 , 2018 , 92 episodes of The Flash have aired , concluding the fourth season . On April 2 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season by the CW , which is set to premiere on October 9 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.5 Season 5 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 23 October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 118 4.62 23 October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 112 4.25 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 120 3.50 23 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 151 3.04 5 22 October 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 09 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 296648 4.83 Barry Allen , a forensic crime scene assistant for Central City Police Department , is struck by lightning during a storm that is created after a particle accelerator from S.T.A.R. Labs explodes . In a coma for nine months , Barry awakens in S.T.A.R. Labs , having been placed in the care of Dr. Harrison Wells and his assistants Dr. Caitlin Snow and Cisco Ramon . Barry learns that he can move at extraordinary speeds , and that there were other `` metahumans '' created from the explosion . One of them , Clyde Mardon , is robbing banks with his ability to control the weather . In order to stop Mardon , Barry is outfitted with a suit , designed by Cisco , that can withstand his high speed . He tracks down Mardon and with Detective Joe West , who learns of Barry 's abilities , Barry is able to stop Mardon , who is killed by Joe . With his new powers , Barry vows to exonerate his father , Henry , who is incarcerated for the accusation of murdering his wife , Nora , whom Barry witnessed being killed by another metahuman . He chooses the alias `` Flash '' for his alter ego . Wells , secretly revealed to be neither paraplegic nor needing glasses , reads a newspaper from 2024 stating the missing status of the Flash . `` Fastest Man Alive '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5352 4.27 In flashbacks , it is revealed that Joe became Barry 's legal guardian but did not let him visit Henry in prison at the latter 's request . Barry begins using his abilities to stop minor crimes and help citizens across the city while starting to develop debilitating side effects . While guiding Iris West , who seeks his help to do her school assignment , Barry witnesses a robbery by a crew of men , but passes out while trying to stop them . The S.T.A.R. Labs team determines that Barry becomes hypoglycemic from the use of his abilities due to a sped - up metabolism and needs to ingest more calories to maintain his energy level . The team eventually learns that there is actually one robber , Danton Black , who has the ability to create clones of himself . Black intends to kill his former employer Simon Stagg , who stole Black 's cloning research . With encouragement from Joe , Barry goes after Black and successfully stops him . However , Black commits suicide . Afterward , Barry accepts Joe 's help in the investigation of Nora 's murder . Later , Wells visits Stagg , who has already become obsessed with the Flash and plans to exploit them as he did to Black . Wells then kills Stagg . `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' Jesse Warn Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5353 3.59 As the police investigate the murder of one of the city 's crime families , Barry suspects that the killer may be a metahuman who can control poison gases . As Barry and Joe work to discover the killer 's identity , Wells and his team work to retrofit the particle accelerator into a prison for metahumans where they can begin to find a way of reversing their mutations . This brings up difficult feelings and memories for Snow , whose fiancé , Ronnie Raymond , was killed by the explosion . The team identifies the killer as Kyle Nimbus , discovering that Nimbus does not control gases , but transforms his body into them . The team learns that Joe , the lead detective in the original case , is Nimbus ' next target . Barry races to Iron Heights Prison to save Joe 's life , forcing Nimbus to overexert himself so that he can apprehend him . The team locks Nimbus into a cell they have made . In a flashback to when the accelerator explodes , Wells is seen going into his hidden room and viewing a surveillance video of Barry getting struck by lightning in his lab . `` Going Rogue '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns & Kai Yu Wu October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5354 3.53 Wells begins testing Barry 's powers by having him perform multiple tasks at superspeed . In the middle of the tests , a group of men attempt to hijack an armored truck carrying a diamond . Barry races over and stops the crime , as well as identifying Leonard Snart from a set of police mugshots . Felicity Smoak arrives to check on Barry , after learning that he woke from his coma . Barry introduces her to his friends at S.T.A.R. Labs . To combat the Flash , also known as the `` Streak '' , Snart acquires stolen tech from S.T.A.R. Labs , which includes a cryonic gun . Cisco reveals to Barry that he created the gun as a fail - safe against Barry should he become a villain like the other metahumans they have encountered . Felicity helps the team locate Snart , who sets a trap for Barry . Cisco , Caitlin , and Felicity arrive in time to save Barry , and Snart is able to escape . Joe finally accepts Iris 's relationship with Eddie Thawne , his partner . Wells demands Cisco not to build another fail - safe against Barry again . Barry kisses Felicity goodbye . Later , Snart tracks down his former partner , who has an affinity for fire , and offers him a place by Snart 's side taking back Central City from the Flash . 5 5 `` Plastique '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing & Brooke Eikmeier November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5355 3.46 Bette Sans Souci , a metahuman with the ability to turn anything she touches into an explosive , appears in Central City . She is being hunted by General Wade Eiling , and is a former military explosives expert . Barry brings her to S.T.A.R. Labs where the team explains to her that she was changed by the particle accelerator , which bonded bomb shrapnel to her body on a cellular level ; and they can not reverse the process . Secretly , Wells convinces Bette to kill Eiling . Barry races to stop her , and Eiling shoots her , who dies after mentioning Wells ' name . Her body turns into a bomb . Barry speeds off with the body and drops it in the river to save the city from the massive explosion . Eiling visits Wells , demanding that they work together once again , this time to collect metahumans . Wells refuses and warns Eiling to never return to S.T.A.R. Labs . Meanwhile , Barry ends his friendship with Iris after she refuses his advice not to write about the `` Streak '' . In a flashback set five years previously , Wells tells Eiling he is ending their experiments . After Eiling leaves , Wells walks to a cage and tells Gorilla Grodd that he has plans for him . 6 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' Millicent Shelton Jaime Paglia & Chris Rafferty November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5356 3.73 Barry speeds off to stop a car thief ; but the thief 's skin turns to steel and Barry breaks his hand while punching . He runs back to the lab before he can be hurt further . The thief is identified as Tony Woodward , Barry 's childhood bully . Back at the lab , Cisco determines that if Barry can hit Woodward with a specific velocity at right angle , then he can create enough force to compromise Woodward 's metal structure . Woodward kidnaps Iris and demands that she write about him . Barry arrives and manages to temporarily disable Woodward 's abilities . Afterward , Woodward is locked away at S.T.A.R. Labs and finds out that Barry is the Flash , the name Iris also uses in her blog on the advice of Barry , who reconciles with her . Meanwhile , Joe continues investigating Nora 's murder and gets suspicious of Wells , who opened S.T.A.R. Labs one month after Nora 's murder ; but Wells states that he came to Central City because of his wife 's death . Joe , convinced that Wells is not involved , is visited by the metahuman that killed Nora , stealing the case file and threatening Iris 's life if Joe does not drop his investigation . 7 7 `` Power Outage '' Larry Shaw Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 3J5357 3.47 Wells returns to his secret room , where it is revealed that he has been documenting Barry 's abilities , and using his artificial intelligence , Gideon , to look at events in the future . Barry arrives at a crime scene where the victim was murdered via electrocution , and charred beyond recognition , suggesting a metahuman was involved . While investigating the victim 's identity , the team identifies a power drain in the city . When Barry arrives , he is attacked by Farooq Gibran , a man who has the ability to siphon electrical energy . The attack drains Barry of his speed , and Gideon reveals to Wells that there are currently no references to the Flash in the future . Wells realizes that Barry 's problem is psychological . Gibran attacks S.T.A.R. Labs , kills Woodward and Wells ' life gets in danger , forcing Barry to overcome his fear , connect to his speed and kill Gibran . Meanwhile , Tockman starts a hostage crisis at a police station and critically shoots Eddie ; but Iris manages to stop him and he is rearrested . Later , Wells sees that the timeline is safe , and takes a sample of Gibran 's blood to determine how he was able to drain Barry 's abilities . 8 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brooke Eikmeier December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5358 4.34 Eddie proposes a task force to hunt down the Flash . A new metahuman , Roy Bivolo , shows up with the ability to send people into an uncontrollable rage , and uses his ability to rob a bank . Oliver Queen informs Barry that he and his team are tracking a killer who uses lethal boomerangs . Barry and Oliver agree to team - up and catch each other 's targets . Barry decides to go after Bivolo by himself . Bivolo uses his abilities on Barry ; but because of Barry 's powers it makes the effects last longer . Oliver tries to stop Barry , and the two engage in a fight until Wells and Joe use colored strobe light to reset Barry 's emotional state . Afterward , Barry and Oliver capture Bivolo and place him in the prison at S.T.A.R. Labs . Eddie 's task force is established after he was beaten by an enraged Flash . Barry confirms Oliver 's belief that he has a lot to learn . Oliver advises him to stay away from Iris , whom Barry is in love with . Iris decides to end her support of the Flash . Oliver asks Barry 's team to keep his alter ego a secret . A new metahuman able to manipulate fire appears in Central City . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 3 episode 8 . 9 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' Ralph Hemecker Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5359 4.66 The yellow - suited speedster who killed Nora Allen returns , in search of Mercury Lab 's tachyon particle technology . Barry encounters the `` Reverse - Flash '' and engages him but is swiftly defeated , with the villain insinuating that he and Barry have been lifelong enemies . Ronnie is revealed as the flame - controlling metahuman , suffering from memory - loss after having survived the explosion . Per Henry 's advice , Barry confesses his love for Iris before the tachyon particle technology is used as bait to lure the Reverse - Flash into a trap . The villain manages to escape , however , and proceeds to attack Wells and the police , mysteriously sparing Eddie before engaging in Barry again . Ronnie appears and fends off the Reverse - Flash before they both flee the scene . Joe tells Eddie about metahumans and asks him to keep it a secret . Cisco realizes that there were two speedsters in Barry 's house the night Nora died . Later , Wells enters his secret room and reveals the Reverse - Flash suit in a hidden chamber . Wells places the stolen tachyon device on it , and speaks in the villainous speedster 's distorted voice , revealing himself to be the Reverse - Flash . 10 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' Nick Copus Kai Yu Wu & Geoff Johns January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5360 3.87 As Barry works on improving his speed through various training exercises , Leonard Snart returns to Central City with the cold gun and a new partner , Mick Rory , to set a trap for the Flash . Barry discovers his plan , and agrees with Wells not to engage Snart in the hope that he goes away and no one gets hurt like the last time . Snart and Rory , who now has a gun that can emit absolute hot temperatures , kidnap Caitlin to force Barry out of hiding . Cisco and Barry find a way to defeat Snart and Rory . The Flash faces the duo in the city for a showdown , exposing himself to the public . Barry eventually gets them to cross their streams with Eddie 's help , successfully damaging the weapons and disabling the pair , who are arrested and the guns delivered to S.T.A.R. Labs . While in transport to Iron Heights , Snart and Rory are broken out by Snart 's sister . Meanwhile , Caitlin investigates the cause of Ronnie 's transformation and finds out that the Army is covering up the incident . After Iris moves in with Eddie , Barry decides to move back in with Joe . 11 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' John F. Showalter Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5361 4.08 While home , Wells receives a threatening call from an unidentified person before using his super speed to save his life from an attempt . Wells informs Barry and the team that the caller was Hartley Rathaway , a former protégé . Rathaway begins attacking his family 's business with sonic blasts , and after Barry stops him , Rathaway reveals that he knows a secret of Wells ' , who states that Rathaway warned him that the particle accelerator could explode , but Wells chose to risk it for the rewards . Cisco discovers that Rathaway intentionally got caught so he could steal information from S.T.A.R. Labs that would allow him to identify the frequency of Barry 's molecules so he can kill him . A trap set by Rathaway starts shredding Barry 's organs . Wells manages to disable Rathaway 's weapons . Later , Joe has Eddie start an investigation into Wells . Rathaway , imprisoned back in the particle accelerator , reveals to Cisco that he knows where Ronnie is and how to save him . In his secret room , Wells uses the tachyon technology to temporarily recharge his speed force energy . Meanwhile , Iris starts working as a journalist and realizes that she is hired to write about the Flash . 12 12 `` Crazy for You '' Rob Hardy Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5362 3.60 A woman with the ability to teleport to any location she can see breaks into Iron Heights and frees her boyfriend , Clay Parker . The S.T.A.R. Labs team identifies the woman as Shawna Baez . To help Barry , Henry tracks down leads in Iron Heights and finds out that Parker owed money to a local crime boss and is planning a heist to pay it back . Barry learns the location of the heist , finding Baez and Parker and is able to capture her after removing all the lights in a tunnel , effectively making her unable to teleport without being able to see . Parker manages to escape . Meanwhile , Cisco brings Rathaway out of his cell so that the latter can show the truth about Ronnie ; Rathaway reveals that Doctor Martin Stein , who developed research into a F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project focused on transmuting elements , was at S.T.A.R. Labs the day of the explosion . Rathaway reveals that during the explosion Ronnie and Stein merged , before he escapes Cisco 's custody . Barry starts dating Iris 's colleague , Linda Park . Henry insinuates to Barry that he knows Barry 's alter ego . Elsewhere , two city workers are attacked by Grodd . 13 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' Glen Winter Andrew Kreisberg & Katherine Walczak February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5363 3.66 The team attempts to track Stein 's whereabouts after he attacks a scientist . They convince Stein into coming back to S.T.A.R. Labs for testing . Wells discovers that Ronnie and Stein 's atoms are in conflict , and if it continues they will become nuclear . Stein leaves for a secluded location to safely explode without casualties . Barry and Caitlin arrive and use a device Wells made from the tachyon to separate the bodies , but it apparently does not work , and the duo escapes the explosion , which alerts Eiling , who orders a team to recover `` Firestorm '' . Meanwhile , Joe enlists Cisco 's help to identify Nora 's murderer . The duo searches the house and finds blood from two people behind some new wallpaper . Joe asks Cisco to compare the blood to Wells ' . Cisco runs the blood and informs Joe that while neither is from Wells , one is from an adult Barry . In the meantime Linda believes Barry to be still in love with Iris , but he proves to Linda that he now loves her not Iris . 14 14 `` Fallout '' Steve Surjik Keto Shimizu & Ben Sokolowski February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5364 4.01 Barry and Caitlin find Ronnie and Stein alive and separated , which Eiling also finds out . Joe reveals his findings to Barry . Ronnie and Stein realize that their minds are partially connected . Wells visits Eiling , who reveals that he knows Barry 's alter ego and demands the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project . Wells gives up Stein , who is tortured by Eiling until Barry and Ronnie save him . Ronnie and Stein reunite by the tachyon piece to survive the military onslaught . The duo gains enough control to be able to merge and separate on command . They decide to leave Central City to stay ahead of Eiling and learn more about their new powers . As the Reverse - Flash , Wells kidnaps Eiling and brings him to the sewers . He reveals himself to Eiling , and allows Grodd , who is displaying psychic abilities , to drag Eiling deeper into the sewer . Meanwhile , Iris 's colleague , Mason Bridge tells her his belief that Wells deliberately caused the S.T.A.R. Labs explosion . Iris suspects Caitlin 's activities and decides to help Mason with his investigation . Barry tells Joe that he will travel back in time again to save Nora , but intends to succeed by learning the mistakes in his previous attempt . 15 15 `` Out of Time '' Thor Freudenthal Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3J5365 3.69 Mark Mardon , Clyde 's brother , returns to Central City to avenge Clyde 's death . Eddie and Linda get jealous of the intimacy between Barry and Iris . Mason shares his knowledge that Wells killed Stagg with Iris and Barry , who tells Caitlin and Cisco , who begins to believe Joe was right about Wells , so he rechecks the containment field that failed to hold the Reverse - Flash . Wells arrives and reveals himself to be Eobard Thawne , a relative of Eddie 's and a man from the future who came back in time to kill Barry , and has since been stranded in the present day . Thawne also explains that he is pushing Barry to get stronger so that he can use Barry 's powers to return to his time , and he murders Cisco to protect his secret . Mardon kidnaps Joe and forces him to watch as Mardon creates a tsunami in order to kill Iris . Barry reveals his secret identity to Iris , just after they admit to romantic feelings for each other , in order to save the city . Barry runs back and forth across the coastline to create a barrier against the tsunami , but he runs so fast that he travels back in time to the day before . 16 16 `` Rogue Time '' John Behring Story by : Grainne Godfree Teleplay by : Brooke Eikmeier & Kai Yu Wu March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3J5366 3.33 Thawne warns Barry not to change any event for fear that he will create a bigger problem . Barry does not listen and instead captures Mardon and puts him in the particle accelerator . Snart and Rory return to Central City . Snart sends his sister , Lisa after Cisco , whom they force to rebuild the cold and heat guns , and a third gun shooting gold for Lisa , by threatening to kill Cisco 's brother . Iris rejects Barry 's romantic approach and later Eddie punches him . Barry realizes that Thawne was right about not to manipulate the timeline . Cisco returns and reveals that Snart forced him to reveal the Flash 's true identity . Barry goes after Snart , and the two come to a truce : Snart will not reveal Barry 's identity , will no longer kill innocent people , and stay away from Barry 's loved ones in exchange for Barry not locking him away in the particle accelerator . Caitlin tells Eddie and Iris that Barry is suffering from psychosis as a result of the lightning , making the duo reconcile with him and settling the tension . The Reverse - Flash kills Mason and destroys the evidence linking Thawne to Stagg 's death . Mason 's vanishing causes Barry to accept Joe was right about `` Wells '' . 17 17 `` Tricksters '' Ralph Hemecker Andrew Kreisberg March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5367 3.67 Barry and Joe go after terrorist Axel Walker , under the alias Trickster . Walker sets a diversion for the Flash and breaks James Jesse , the original Trickster from 20 years prior , out of prison . Jesse and Walker attempt to extort patrons of fundraiser by poisoning them and ransoming the antidote . When the Flash arrives , Jesse and Walker fit him with a bomb that will detonate if he stops moving . Thawne coaches Barry on how to vibrate his molecules so that he can phase through objects , which removes the bomb . Afterward , Barry provides an antidote to all the patrons before capturing Jasse and Walker . The Flash reveals his identity to Eddie and convinces him to keep Iris from investigating Mason 's disappearance . Barry tells Eddie and Joe that `` Wells '' is the Reverse - Flash . In flashbacks , after failing to kill Barry , the Reverse - Flash escapes only to lose his speed . Gideon informs him that travelling through time has drained his powers . Thawne kills Harrison Wells and steals his appearance and identity so he can develop the particle accelerator sooner and return to his timeline . 18 18 `` All Star Team Up '' Kevin Tancharoen Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5368 3.67 As Barry works in conjunction with Joe and Eddie to stop crimes across the city , an engineering professor is killed by a swarm of bees at a university . While the team searches for a metahuman that can control bees , Felicity arrives with Ray Palmer , looking for assistance to improve his A.T.O.M. suit . The team tracks another bee attack , but Barry is too late and is attacked by the swarm . The team captures one of the bees , which turns out to be a robot and their suspect just a scientist from Mercury Labs named Brie Larvan , who is targeting other former employees . During the next bee attack , Barry goes after Larvan while Ray attempts to stop the bees from killing Dr. Tina McGee . Felicity disables the robots , and Barry captures Larvan . Tina tells Barry that `` Wells '' personality changed after his wife 's demise . Iris threatens Eddie to break up if he does not share his secret . Barry informs Caitlin and Cisco about `` Wells '' . She does not want believe it , but Cisco does , revealing that he has been having `` dreams '' , which show his final moments with Thawne in the alternate timeline . 19 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' Wendey Stanzler Ray Utarnachitt & Cortney Norris April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5369 3.75 Barry and Eddie track a metahuman named Hannibal Bates , who can shape - shift into anyone he touches . Bates takes Eddie 's shape and frames him for murder . Later , Bates knocks Barry unconscious and assumes his form , but Thawne realizes the truth and prevents Bates from killing Caitlin and Iris . Bates manages to escape . Caitlin develops a serum to suppress Bates ' power , allowing Barry to defeat him and clear Eddie 's name . Iris reconciles with Eddie , who reveals his cooperation with the Flash . Bates is locked in the particle accelerator . Meanwhile , Joe and Cisco decide to investigate the car accident scene in Starling City where Dr. Wells ' wife died . With the help of Captain Quentin Lance , Cisco and Joe locate a buried corpse near the crash site . Cisco also modifies a sonic device for Laurel . Joe advises Quentin to reconcile with her . After a series of tests confirm the corpse is the real Dr. Wells , Barry , Caitlin and Cisco locate Thawne 's secret room at S.T.A.R. Labs . They find both the Reverse - Flash 's costume and the newspaper article from 2024 . 20 20 `` The Trap '' Steve Shill Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5370 3.93 Barry talks to Gideon and learns about his battle with the Reverse - Flash in the future , as well as key moments in his life that include marrying Iris , a promotion at the CCPD , and that he created Gideon in the future . With high - tech goggles , the team reawakens Cisco 's memories of his alternate - timeline death and the secrets Wells confessed . The team regroups at Joe 's house , where Barry reveals his recent time travel and explains his plan to lure Thawne to confess to killing Nora . To trap Thawne , Cisco reverses the polarity of his containment field to protect himself from Thawne , while Caitlin films the interaction to capture Thawne 's confession . The trap fails , but Joe shoots Thawne before he can kill Cisco . As Thawne dies , his body transforms , revealing himself to be Bates . Thawne himself calls the team , revealing that he was always aware of their actions because he had them under surveillance . Reverse - Flash goes after Iris and Eddie , but Barry arrives , forcing Thawne to kidnap Eddie instead . Iris finds out about the Flash 's identity . Thawne reveals his relation to Eddie . Flashbacks reveal the aftermath of Barry being struck by lightning , and Thawne convincing Joe to let him save Barry 's life , and promising to a comatose Barry that he will die . 21 21 `` Grodd Lives '' Dermott Downs Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5371 3.62 While looking for Eddie and Eobard , Barry heads to stop a robbery at the gold reserve . When Barry confronts the would - be thief , they are both disoriented by an unknown psychological attack . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Iris confronts Barry about being the Flash . He is able to stop the thief , who turns out to be Eiling , whose mind is revealed to be controlled by Grodd . With a lead from Iris , Barry , Joe and Cisco head into the sewers to look for Grodd . The trio realize that Grodd is getting smarter and larger , and during an attack , Joe is kidnapped by Grodd . Cisco and Caitlin build Barry a device that will prevent Grodd 's effect . It works , but the device gets damaged in a fight . Barry is able to fight off Grodd 's psychic attack and trick him into jumping in front of an on - coming train . Eiling is freed . Iris reveals her feelings for Barry , but states her choice to be with Eddie . Grodd is revealed to be safe and roaming the streets . Meanwhile , Thawne works on a device that will allow him to return to his own time . He reveals to Eddie , Iris and Barry 's marriage in the future . Later Thawne completes the device and is revealed to be hiding in a secret chamber inside S.T.A.R. Labs . 22 22 `` Rogue Air '' Doug Aarniokoski Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5372 3.65 Cisco discovers that Eobard has been supercharging his speed through his wheelchair , which is why he is so much faster than Barry . The particle accelerator is activated by Eobard , who has managed to repair it . The team is able to find and rescue Eddie , who ends his relationship with Iris . Worried that the metahumans imprisoned inside the particle accelerator will be killed when it reaches full power , the team plans to relocate them to Oliver 's prison on Lian Yu . In order to set up a safe transport , Barry requests Leonard 's help . Leonard agrees but only after Barry erases all of Leonard 's criminal record . Leonard and Lisa sabotage the transport and allow the metahumans to escape , killing Simmons however . Eobard arrives back at the lab just as the accelerator fully charges . Barry , Firestorm and Oliver all meet outside to fight Reverse - Flash . They coordinate their efforts ; Oliver stops him with a nanite injection that disables Eobard 's speed and knocks him out . Oliver leaves after informing Barry of an upcoming help request . 23 23 `` Fast Enough '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Gabrielle Stanton & Andrew Kreisberg May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5373 3.87 Barry visits Thawne in the particle accelerator prison , where Thawne reveals he killed Nora because of hating the Flash , whose future self saved him . Eobard requests Barry to help create a wormhole where Thawne can return to his time , while also allowing Barry to save Nora . Caitlin and Ronnie get married . Eobard tells Cisco that the latter 's ability to recall events of alternate timelines was acquired from the particle accelerator explosion . Barry decides to go through with Thawne 's offer . The latter states that Barry will have only a short time , or else the wormhole will become a black hole . Barry travels back in time , but his future self signals him not to save Nora . The present Barry returns and stops Thawne from returning to his time . The two fight , while the team shuts down the wormhole . Thawne eventually prevails , but before he can kill Barry , Eddie shoots himself , causing Thawne 's existence to cease . The wormhole reappears , and the team is unable to prevent it from becoming a black hole . As the black hole begins to tear the city apart , pulling Eddie inside , Barry speeds into it in an effort to stop it . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Gabrielle Stanton October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5651 3.58 Ronnie and Stein turn into Firestorm and destroy the singularity , but at the cost of Ronnie 's life . Six months later , while using his speed to repair Central City , Barry operates alone , being the hero and savior of the public and the local government ; Cisco works in the police department alongside Joe , and Caitlin works at Mercury Labs . Barry evaluates a crime scene with a victim named Al Rothstein . At a ceremony , the Flash is attacked by Atom - Smasher , whose strength and size manipulation prove too much for Barry , but manages to force his mask off . Underneath the mask Atom - Smasher is revealed to look exactly like Rothstein . Barry is convinced by Joe and the others that he needs help in taking down certain metahumans and Rothstein is defeated by over absorbing radiation . As he dies , Rothstein tells Barry that he was sent to kill him by a person called Zoom . Barry receives a flash memory from Thawne 's lawyer containing Thawne 's confession to killing Nora . Henry is exonerated and released from prison , and leaves Central City so that Barry can focus on being the Flash . A man arrives at S.T.A.R. Labs and , introducing himself as Jay Garrick , tells the team their world is in danger . 25 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5652 3.49 Jay explains to everyone that he is the Flash on a parallel Earth and that he was in a battle with a demonic speedster named Zoom when the singularity brought him to this Earth without his powers . Stein confirms the claim , describing their world as `` Earth - 1 '' and Jay 's as `` Earth - 2 '' . Zoom brings another metahuman from Earth - 2 called Sand Demon , later identified as Eddie Slick , to kill the Flash . Cisco analyzes the `` sand '' left behind and has a vision of the previous fight , frightening him . After Slick kidnaps Officer Patty Spivot , Jay teaches Barry how to hurl lightning . Cisco uses his power to find Patty 's location . Barry uses the lightning blast to turn Sand Demon 's particles to glass , killing him . Patty reveals to Joe that Mark Mardon killed her father . She joins Joe 's metahuman task force . Cisco divulges his ability to Stein , and convinces him not to tell anyone . Stein and Cisco are able to locate 52 breaches with the Earth - 2 , with the largest one being within S.T.A.R. Labs itself . Joe 's estranged wife , Francine , pays him a visit . Stein collapses while talking . On Earth - 2 it 's revealed that the Harrison Wells of that world is alive and in charge of S.T.A.R. Labs . 26 `` Family of Rogues '' John F. Showalter Julian Meiojas & Katherine Walczak October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5653 3.47 Jay creates a device that stabilizes the singularity and will allow him to return home , but he opts to stay to help Barry stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Lisa Snart shows up asking for Flash 's help in rescuing Snart , whom she believes was kidnapped . Barry tracks down Snart , who is revealed not to be kidnapped but is working with his father , Lewis . Lisa states that Snart would never work with Lewis willingly , because the latter was abusive toward her when she was a child . Eventually , the team determines that Lewis placed a bomb inside of Lisa and threatened to kill her if Snart did not help him with his theft . Barry infiltrates Lewis ' crew with assistance from Snart . Cisco successfully removes the bomb from Lisa , so Snart uses his cold gun to kill his father in retaliation . Snart is incarcerated in Iron Heights and Lisa leaves . Joe reveals to Iris that Francine is alive and a former addict . Stein turns into Firestorm , but with blue flames . Earth - 2 's Wells arrives at the lab through the breach . 27 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' Stefan Pleszczynski Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5654 3.43 The team is able to temporarily stabilize Stein . Caitlin states that he needs to merge with a new person in order to survive . She identifies two potential candidates : a scientist named Henry Hewitt and a former high school football star named Jefferson Jackson . Hewitt is excited to merge with Stein , but the attempt fails and Hewitt leaves angrily , not knowing that his own metahuman powers have been activated . Jefferson initially refuses , but agrees when Hewitt goes on rampage . After the successful merger , the new Firestorm joins Barry in helping to take down Hewitt , who is incarcerated . Before departing with Jefferson , Stein encourages Cisco to tell the others about his powers . Meanwhile , Francine reveals that she is suffering from a terminal illness and only has months to live . Iris later confronts her for hiding the existence of the former 's brother . In the meantime , Wells breaks into Mercury Labs and steals an unknown device . Later , Barry is attacked by a humanoid shark monster sent by Zoom , but is saved by Wells . 28 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' Steve Shill Ben Sokolowski & Grainne Godfree November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5655 3.87 Wells , who Cisco nicknames `` Harry '' to distinguish him from Thawne , reveals that he is responsible for the creation of the metahumans and Zoom on Earth - 2 . He states that he plans to help Barry 's team stop Zoom and other metahumans . At the same time , a metahuman from Earth - 2 called Doctor Light arrives and starts robbing banks . Barry recognizes her as the Earth - 2 version of Linda . Later , Light attempts to kill Linda and take over her identity , but accidentally kills Linda 's boss and is stopped by Barry 's team in the process . Harry reveals Cisco 's powers to the team , which Cisco uses to locate Light . Barry defeats her with the help of Harry . After locking Light up , they plan to use her to lure Zoom out and defeat him for good . Jay , who dislikes Harry and vice versa , thinks it is too dangerous and leaves the team . Meanwhile , Barry starts dating Patty while Cisco starts a date with a barista named Kendra Saunders . Cisco picks the nickname `` Vibe '' for himself . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that Zoom has Harry 's daughter captive . 29 6 `` Enter Zoom '' JJ Makaro Gabrielle Stanton & Brooke Eikmeier November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5656 3.63 As the team works to find a way to stop Zoom , Doctor Light escapes from her containment cell . Instead , the Earth - 1 Linda agrees to help the team by impersonating Doctor Light . Barry reveals his alter ego to Linda . Harry creates a speed dampening serum and the team stages a fight at one of the breaches in order to trick Zoom through . The attempt fails , as Zoom knew the plan . Instead , he goes after Linda , before fighting Barry . Zoom is much faster and easily overpowers Barry , showing him defeated with his unconscious body to the local news and the police station before ultimately returning to S.T.A.R. Labs . Zoom stabs Barry with his hand , but Cisco shoots him with the serum , which hurts Zoom , but still leaves him with enough speed to escape . Later , Harry reveals that Zoom has his daughter , Jesse , and that he came to Earth - 1 to stop Zoom . Barry wakes from his injuries and discovers that he can no longer feel his legs . 30 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5657 3.46 Barry manages to recover from the paralysis , but is unable to use his powers due to the psychological trauma of Zoom exposing Barry 's defeat to the city . Iris reaches out to Henry , who returns to help Barry overcome his fears . Wells formulates a plan to close all of the breaches , except one , through which Zoom can enter into the trap set for him . Cisco touches Kendra , but leaves after seeing a winged person in a vibe . Grodd returns , using scientists to steal various chemicals in the hopes of creating more gorillas with his level of intelligence . He later kidnaps Caitlin to help him with his plan . Harry dresses up as the Reverse - Flash in order to trick Grodd into thinking that his `` father '' is still alive . The plan works long enough for Harry to rescue Caitlin before they both escape . After Barry is fully recovered , they lure Grodd to one of the dimensional breaches and send him to a jungle sanctuary for gorillas that have been experimented on in Earth - 2 . Later , Cisco meets Kendra again , this time vibing and seeing her as the winged figure . 31 8 `` Legends of Today '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3J5658 3.94 Vandal Savage arrives in Central City , seeking to kill Kendra . Barry goes to Star City and enlists the help of Oliver and his team to protect her . The team is visited by Malcolm who informs them that Savage is an immortal . Later , Kendra is kidnapped by Hawkman , but Barry and Oliver rescue her and capture Hawkman , who introducing himself as Carter Hall , tells them he and Kendra are soulmates who have been connected for millennia . The pair are destined to die , be reborn , and find each other in each lifetime . Carter also reveals that Savage has killed the pair several times , each time growing stronger . Savage acquires the Staff of Horus , a deadly weapon . Kendra unlocks her abilities and the team decides to regroup in Central City , where Oliver witnesses Samantha Clayton with her son , who is also his . Meanwhile , Caitlin and Harry create a serum that will temporarily increase Barry 's speed so that he can defeat Zoom . Jay initially refuses to test the serum , but changes his mind to save Harry when the latter is shot by an unaware Patty , whom Joe later informs about the truth . However , Jay advises against using the serum on Barry . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 4 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 32 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' Kevin Tancharoen Andrew Kreisberg December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5659 3.55 Mardon breaks James Jesse and Snart out of Iron Heights in an effort to team up to kill the Flash . Snart declines and alerts Barry . Jesse and Mardon place bombs hidden in Christmas gifts throughout the city , threatening to set them off in family homes if Barry does not sacrifice himself . Wells , Cisco , and Jay find one of the bombs and alter its magnetic polarity ; they send it into one of the dimensional breaches , which causes it to attract the remaining bombs , removing them from the city . With them gone , Barry subdues Mardon and Jesse , dissuading Patty from killing Mardon . Meanwhile , Iris and Barry tell Joe about the latter 's son named Wally , who later shows up at Joe 's . Caitlin and Jay start a romantic relationship . Elsewhere , Zoom is revealed to be sending metahumans in order to help Barry get faster so that Zoom can take the latter 's speed force , which Harry reluctantly agrees to help Zoom with because of his daughter , Jesse . 33 10 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Hardy Bryan Q. Miller January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5660 3.41 Cisco presents a new idea to slow Zoom down , telling the team about a metahuman , whom he has dubbed the `` Turtle '' , who has the ability to stop the kinetic energy around him and slow everyone to a halt . After Barry fails to stop the Turtle , identified as Russell Glosson , at a diamond unveiling , the team sets a trap at an art exhibit . Barry invites Patty with the intention of telling her his secret , but Glosson is aware of the trap and almost kills Patty before escaping . Later , Glosson kidnaps Patty . The team tracks him down and Barry is able to generate enough speed to move through the kinetic waves to knock him unconscious and save Patty . Patty tells Barry that she is leaving Central City and Harry kills Glosson by extracting a portion of his brain matter . Meanwhile , Joe struggles to develop a relationship with Wally , who has been street racing in an attempt to earn enough money for Francine 's medical bills . Caitlin discovers that Jay is dying of an illness caused by Zoom stealing his speed . They vow to stop Zoom to get Jay 's speed back in order to cure Jay . 34 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' Michael A. Allowitz Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5661 3.71 The team discovers Turtle 's death and Jay suspects Harry . Cisco asks Harry for help in controlling his vibing abilities . The latter determines they are connected to Cisco 's fear response and triggers a vibe which alerts the team that Eobard Thawne is back . Harry surmises that this version of Thawne is from a point in the future before he went back in time to kill Nora and was protected from being erased . Cisco has a vibe of the future , and the team learns that Thawne is planning to use tachyons to return to his time . Barry arrives and destroys the machine . After a race around the city , Barry stops Thawne and imprisons him at the particle accelerator . However , his capture causes a rupture in the timeline that threatens to kill Cisco , so Barry sends Thawne back to the future to save his friend . Meanwhile , Patty discovers Barry is the Flash but , when he refuses to acknowledge it , she chooses to leave the city . Iris learns that Francine 's death is imminent and reconciles with her . Wally takes her advice to do the same . 35 12 `` Fast Lane '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Brooke Eikmeier Teleplay by : Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5662 3.66 Right before the particle accelerator explosion , Joey Monteleone was thrown into a tar pit and left for dead . Sealed away , he is freed two years later with the ability to turn his body into molten tar . He sets out to get revenge on those who attempted to kill him . Harry creates a device to siphon Barry 's speed energy and attaches it to his suit . It steals a portion of Barry 's speed . Wells gives the energy to Zoom , who demands the rest . Meanwhile , Wells and Barry also successfully find a way to close the breaches . While going after Joey , Iris is injured when Barry is too slow to save her . Wells tells the team about the device , asking to be returned to Earth - 2 and have Barry seal the breaches so Zoom can not re-enter . After stopping Joey , Barry informs Wells that the team will help the latter to save Jesse . In the meantime , Wally continues racing even after Francine 's death . 36 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Katherine Walczak February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5663 3.96 Before heading to Earth - 2 , Barry closes all but one of the breaches , which is at S.T.A.R. Labs . Using the last breach , Barry , Cisco , and Harry travel to Earth - 2 , but an energy surge destabilizes the breach and the trio get stuck on Earth - 2 . Barry decides to impersonate his doppelgänger to get more information on Zoom . He later meets the Iris and Joe of Earth - 2 and learns that Iris , who is his doppelgänger 's wife , works for the CCPD while Joe is a singer . Barry is attacked by Earth - 2 's Caitlin and Ronnie , known as Killer Frost and Deathstorm respectively . Joe is killed in the attack . Cisco attempts to help the police stop the pair , but is confronted by his own evil doppelgänger , known as `` Reverb '' and revealed to have greater powers , including control over nervous systems and manipulation of vibrations . Barry arrives and is stopped by Reverb and Deathstorm . Zoom arrives , kills Reverb and Deathstorm for harming the Flash , and then imprisons Barry . Meanwhile , a new metahuman named Adam Fells appears in Earth - 1 Central City . Jay tells Caitlin that he invented Velocity - 6 , which is the real reason why he lost his speed . Caitlin develops Velocity - 7 , which Jay uses to engage Fells , who escapes . 37 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' JJ Makaro Story by : Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing Teleplay by : David Kob February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5664 3.90 On Earth - 2 , Zoom issues a demand to Central City to turn in Wells and attacks S.T.A.R. Labs to find Wells and Cisco ; but the two escape with Barry - 2 . The trio updates Iris - 2 on what happened with Barry - 1 . They decide to convince Caitlin - 2 to help . After a fight , Caitlin - 2 agrees to take the team to Zoom . They arrive and rescue Barry - 1 and Jesse , but Zoom shows up too . They are able to escape by the help of Caitlin - 2 , who keeps Zoom frozen and unable to move , but a third unidentified prisoner , who tries to reveal something about Jay , is left behind . Barry - 2 and Iris - 2 leave Central City to hide from Zoom . Meanwhile on Earth - 1 , Caitlin - 1 creates `` Velocity 9 '' , which Jay uses to stop Adam , who gets incarcerated in Iron Heights . Caitlin - 1 discovers that Velocity 9 can cure Jay . The latter , Caitlin , Iris and Joe stabilize the breach and allow Barry - 1 , Cisco , Harry , and Jesse to return , but Zoom stabs his arm through Jay and pulls him back through the closing breach to Earth - 2 . 38 15 `` King Shark '' Hanelle Culpepper Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3J5665 3.80 While everyone tries to move on , the humanoid shark - monster that Harry stopped , known as `` King Shark , '' escapes A.R.G.U.S. custody and heads for Central City to kill the Flash . John Diggle and Lyla Michaels , the new director , arrive to warn Barry . King Shark , later identified as Shay Lamden , shows up at Barry 's home looking for the Flash , tracking Barry 's electrical field . A.R.G.U.S. arrives and forces Shay to retreat . Later , Barry forces King Shark to chase him out on the water , where Barry creates an electrified underwater cyclone that subdues the latter , and allows A.R.G.U.S. to imprison him again , with Lyla planning to find a cure . Barry vows to open a breach back to Earth - 2 to stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Barry and Wally find it hard to develop a relationship . After Caitlin becomes cold due to Jay 's death , Cisco becomes scared that she will become Killer Frost ; but she assures him that she is only dealing with her grief . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that , underneath his mask , Zoom looks exactly like Jay . 39 16 `` Trajectory '' Glen Winter Lauren Certo & Lilah Vandenburgh March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 3J5666 3.00 Barry starts training to get faster so that he can stop Zoom . While out with friends at a club for downtime , Barry and the other club patrons are robbed by an unknown speedster , who then escapes . The speedster turns out to be Eliza Harmon , a Mercury Labs employee who developed Velocity - 9 from samples Caitlin gave her to help with Jay 's illness . Operating under the alias `` Trajectory '' , Harmon invades S.T.A.R. Labs , imprisons Barry , and demands more V - 9 . After she threatens Jesse 's life , Wells and Caitlin make more of the drug for Harmon , who then speeds off to wreak havoc on the city . Barry manages to stop her before she injects more V - 9 into her system . Barry watches as Harmon 's speed becomes so intense that her lightning turns blue and she disintegrates . Jesse decides to leave the city to experience the world on her own and stop Wells from doing harmful things just to protect her . Based on what Barry saw from the overuse of V - 9 , the similarities between Zoom 's speed and Jay 's sickness , and Cisco 's `` vibe '' , the team concludes that Jay is Zoom . 40 17 `` Flash Back '' Alice Troughton Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 3J5667 3.39 Barry travels back in time to when Hartley Rathaway attacked the team , and switches places with his past self , in order to have Thawne help him solve the speed force equation . However , after a Time Wraith follows Barry to the past , Thawne deduces Barry 's deception . Barry is able to convince Eobard to help him become faster . The wraith comes to the lab , where Caitlin and Cisco are forced to accept help from Hartley to deter the wraith . Afterward , the Barry from the current time arrives , forcing an explanation of the time travel event . Thawne provides the future Barry with the information about the tachyon technology , so that he can return to his time . As Barry prepares to make the jump through time , the Wraith arrives , forcing the past timeline 's Barry to intervene , so that his future self can return . Back in his time , Barry is confronted by the Wraith , but a reformed Hartley arrives with his sonic gauntlets and defeats the wraith . Barry gives Iris a footage of Eddie recorded in the alternate timeline , advising her to move on with her life . 41 18 `` Versus Zoom '' Stefan Pleszczynski Joe Peracchio & David Kob April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 3J5668 3.03 Years earlier on Earth - 2 , a young Hunter Zolomon watches as his father murders his mother and is subsequently sent to an orphanage . In the present day , Barry tests the tachyon accelerator ( during which he enters and exits a breach to Earth - 38 where he meets and befriends one of the heroes of that Earth , Supergirl ( as seen in `` Worlds Finest '' ) , and is able to enhance his speed four times greater than normal . Barry decides to re-open a breach back to Earth - 2 , and he believes that Cisco 's powers are the key to opening the portals . Meanwhile Caitlin reveals that Jay 's Earth - 1 doppelgänger is Zolomon and Wells , shocked to hear this , reveals that Earth - 2 Zolomon was a convicted serial killer . Zolomon was receiving electroconvulsive therapy during the explosion , and was one of the many affected . With this revelation , the team confirms that `` Jay '' is Hunter . Cisco opens a breach , and Zoom immediately appears , chasing Barry back to S.T.A.R. Labs . There , Barry uses images of Zolomon 's parents as a distraction to trap him , but Hunter escapes , claiming to be `` the darkness '' . Zolomon kidnaps Wally and demands Barry 's speed in exchange for Wally 's life . Barry agrees , so Wells siphons all of his speed force , leaving Barry powerless . Zolomon injects the speed force into himself , and he kidnaps Caitlin with his enhanced speed before escaping . 42 19 `` Back to Normal '' John F. Showalter Brooke Roberts & Katherine Walczak April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 3J5669 3.39 As Barry adjusts to life without his powers , Wells decides to leave the lab to look for Jesse . Shortly after speaking with her , Wells is attacked and kidnapped by Griffin Grey , believing him to be Thawne , who demands that Wells find a cure for his metahuman abilities . Grey has superhuman strength , but is also aging rapidly . Barry discovers that , when Grey uses his super strength , he accelerates the aging process . Barry , Joe , Cisco and Jesse manipulate Grey into exerting his powers until he ages and dies as a weak , old man ; his body then reverts back to its 18 - year - old self . To fight Zoom , Wells offers to recreate the circumstances that gave Barry his speed . Meanwhile on Earth - 2 , Zolomon tells Caitlin that he kidnapped her because he is in love with her . Caitlin encounters her doppelgänger , Killer Frost , who was captured by Zolomon as a reminder of Caitlin . Killer Frost convinces Caitlin to help her escape , but then attempts to kill her . Zoom arrives and kills Killer Frost , then warns Caitlin not to free the man in the iron mask . Later , Hunter decides to conquer the other Earths in the multiverse and takes Caitlin with him back to Earth - 1 . 43 20 `` Rupture '' Armen V. Kevorkian Kai Yu Wu & Lauren Certo May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 3J5670 3.34 While Barry keeps declining Harrison 's offer , the team rigs a hologram of the Flash to stop crime around the city so that no one will know the truth . Henry returns to Central City and joins the team . He argues with Wells on the safety of another explosion . Hunter and Caitlin arrive back on Earth - 1 with Hunter declaring the city under his control . Iris confesses her feelings to Barry . The Earth - 2 version of Dante Ramon , called `` Rupture '' , arrives on Earth - 1 looking to kill Cisco , believing that Cisco killed his Earth - 2 brother . Zolomon sends Rupture after the police to send the city a message . Barry and the police stop Rupture , but Zolomon arrives and kills the officers himself , as well as Rupture for failing . He then publicly announces the Flash 's disappearance . Cisco and Dante - 1 become closer . Barry finally agrees to Harrison 's plan . During the process , Barry is seemingly vaporized , while Jesse and Wally are caught in the blast . 44 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' Kevin Smith Zack Stentz May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 3J5671 3.52 Wally regains consciousness , but Jesse remains in a coma . Cisco has a vibe of Barry and realizes that he is still alive and in the speed force . Barry meets physical manifestations of the speed force in the form of faces familiar to him . The speed force informs Barry that he can not leave unless he catches a mysterious moving figure , thus gaining his speed back . Cisco and Wells create a path into the speed force so Barry can escape , but the latter chooses to remain so he can earn his powers back . The speed force tells Barry that he can not become the Flash again until he finally accepts Nora 's death . Barry shares a moment with the physical manifestation of Nora , which allows him to finally catch the moving figure himself . With his powers restored and help from Cisco and Iris , Barry returns to S.T.A.R. Labs in time to save the team from the reanimated corpse of Tony Woodward . Afterwards , Barry uses a bit of speed force energy to bring Jesse out of her coma . Across town , Zolomon has assembled an army of metahumans from Earth - 2 , planning to unleash them on Central City . 45 22 `` Invincible '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3J5672 3.37 Caitlin returns to the team , but not without emotional trauma from being kidnapped . Zoom 's army wreaks havoc across the city . Barry puts out several fires and takes out some of the metahumans to help the police . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Barry displays a level of confidence in stopping Zoom that concerns the team and each of them attempts to convince him to be more cautious . Among the attackers is Laurel Lance 's doppelgänger , `` Black Siren '' , who attacks various buildings around Central City using sonic blasts . Wally begins taking on metahumans trying to repay the Flash for saving him . The team creates a sonic amplifier tuned to the frequency of Earth - 2 . They discharge it and render all Earth - 2 natives unconscious , allowing Barry to apprehend them all at once , although Zoom survives by escaping to Earth - 2 . Meanwhile , Cisco begins having vibes of a future Earth - 2 being destroyed . Barry convinces Joe to let Wally be a hero . Later , Zoom returns and kidnaps Henry in front of the team . Barry races after them , revealing his identity to Wally , and is forced to watch Zoom kill Henry . 46 23 `` The Race of His Life '' Antonio Negret Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J5673 3.35 Zolomon manages to escape Barry by creating a time remnant . After Henry 's funeral , Hunter challenges Barry to a race to determine who is faster , threatening to kill everyone Barry loves if he refuses . Harrison discovers Hunter is in possession of a magnetar , a device that will destroy every planet in the Multiverse except Earth - 1 which requires both their speeds to power . When an enraged and vengeful Barry refuses to back out , the team locks him in the Pipeline and force Zolomon back to Earth - 2 themselves ; but Hunter abducts Joe in the process . Wally discovers this and frees Barry , who agrees to Zolomon 's race . As Barry races Zolomon around the magnetar , he creates a time remnant of himself who frees Joe and destroys the machine , but at the cost of his life . The `` prime '' Barry defeats Zolomon , who is then taken away by Time Wraiths for his crimes against the timeline . Barry rescues the man in the iron mask , who is revealed to be the real Jay Garrick , Henry 's Earth - 3 doppelgänger . Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 2 with Jay , who plans to return to Earth - 3 from there . Barry , still feeling broken and defeated , travels back in time and stops Thawne from killing Nora . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Flashpoint '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) T27. 13101 3.17 After preventing the murder of Nora Allen , Barry returns with Eobard Thawne to the present and imprisons him in a cage that dampens his speed . In the new timeline , which Thawne dubs `` Flashpoint '' , both of Barry 's parents are alive ; Joe has a poor relationship with Wally and Iris and is chronically in trouble at work ; Cisco is a billionaire tech magnate ; and Caitlin is a pediatric ophthalmologist . There is also a new Flash in Central City called Kid Flash struggling with his own nemesis , Edward Clariss , known as `` The Rival '' . Barry begins losing his memories of the original timeline due to the new timeline becoming permanent . After discovering Kid Flash is Wally , Barry teams up with him and stops Clariss , but Wally is critically injured in the process . Realizing that the new timeline is worse for those closest to him , Barry is forced to let Thawne return to the past and kill Nora , resetting the timeline and restoring Barry 's memories . Back in the present , Barry learns to his horror that the timeline did not reset exactly and Joe and Iris do not talk to each other anymore . Meanwhile , Clariss is confronted by a mysterious voice and finds the message `` Alchemy '' being scratched into his mirror by an invisible force . 48 `` Paradox '' Ralph Hemecker Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) T27. 13102 2.80 Barry learns of multiple changes to the timeline : Iris has not forgiven Joe for concealing that her mother was alive , Cisco is angry with him for not altering the timeline to save his brother Dante from being killed , and he has a new CSI partner , Julian Albert , who does not like or trust him . Barry decides to travel back to fix the damage , but he is intercepted by Jay Garrick . Jay tells Barry that the timeline never resets exactly and he has to learn to live with his mistakes . Meanwhile , Clariss has visions of `` Flashpoint '' and locates the person responsible , Alchemy , who restores Clariss ' powers and full `` Flashpoint '' memories . Barry tells the team about the timeline 's alterations before confronting Clariss at an abandoned warehouse . Alchemy is there as well , saying that he is preparing for a future event . Cisco arrives and helps Barry defeat Clariss , who is then incarcerated in Iron Heights . The team determines Alchemy is creating other metahumans from `` Flashpoint '' whom they need to track down . Cisco and Barry reconcile , as do Iris and Joe . Caitlin is secretly revealed to have gained cryokinetic powers . Barry and Iris begin dating , while Clariss is confronted by the voice of Alchemy for his failure before being killed inside his cell by an unidentified metallic being . 49 `` Magenta '' Armen V. Kevorkian Judalina Neira & David Kob October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) T27. 13103 2.67 Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 1 , where she reveals she has gained super speed from the second dark matter blast . Wells hopes everyone will dissuade her from using her powers . Elsewhere , foster child Frankie Kane develops metahuman magnetic powers that manifest as an alternate personality , Magenta , who attacks her abusive foster father . Julian confronts Frankie at the station and is nearly killed by Magenta . Barry learns from Magenta that she got her powers from Alchemy . She escapes and later goes to the Central City Hospital to kill her foster father by dropping an oil tanker on the building . Barry creates a vortex to hold the tanker in place , but is unable to confront Magenta simultaneously . Wells sends Jesse to help . She takes over the vortex while Barry talks Kane into gaining control over Magenta . Wally , grappling with disappointment over having no speed , realizes he is having the same dreams from `` Flashpoint '' that Kane describes . Wells tells Jesse that he will support her decision and presents her with her own speedster costume . Joe later shows Barry and Julian footage of Clariss being killed in his cell by an unseen force , manifesting only as a flying ball of white light . 50 `` The New Rogues '' Stefan Pleszczynski Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) T27. 13104 2.80 Three years ago , Sam Scudder and Rosalind Dillon , former cohorts of Leonard Snart , were caught in the original particle accelerator explosion . In the present , Barry begins training Jesse on how to use her powers . Wells suggests the team locate a doppelgänger of his from another Earth to replace him on the team once he and Jesse leave . Scudder returns from being trapped in a mirror - like dimension with the ability to transport himself and others through reflective surfaces . He reunites with Dillon , who now has vertigo - inducing powers , and they go on a crime spree . Barry and Jesse ( as `` Jesse Quick '' ) confront them , but are defeated after Barry ends up trapped inside a mirror by Scudder . Caitlin secretly uses her emerging ice powers to help Barry free himself from his predicament . He and Jesse then successfully capture Scudder and Dillon . After evaluating the candidates , the team recruits the friendly and eccentric Wells of Earth - 19 , despite the Earth - 2 Wells ' misgivings . Jesse and her father then return to Earth - 2 , but not before Wells apprises Cisco of Barry 's suspicious escape . That night , Caitlin accidentally freezes the water in her shower and her appearance begins showing signs of her Earth - 2 doppelgänger , Killer Frost . 51 5 `` Monster '' C. Kim Miles Zack Stentz November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) T27. 13105 2.77 Without informing the others , Caitlin visits her estranged mother , Carla , at her medical research company to have her powers examined , but leaves after viciously attacking another scientist who intended to exploit her condition . Meanwhile , a gigantic creature repeatedly appears and disappears on the streets of Central City . Cisco grows suspicious of the newly - recruited `` H.R. '' Wells when he does not provide much help in battling the monster . The monster is revealed to be simply a hologram operated by a bullied 15 - year - old boy wanting to create fear in others . Barry exposes the deception in time to keep police snipers from harming civilians and prevents Julian from shooting the boy , whom he mistakes for a metahuman . H.R. is revealed to have no technical knowledge at all . He admits that he is only an `` idea man '' for his tech company on Earth - 19 and that he came to Earth - 1 primarily to get material for a novel . The team decides to give him a chance to prove his worth as an assistant . A badly shaken Julian reconciles his differences with Barry . Carla informs Caitlin that her powers are increasing and that she needs to stop using them or her condition will become irreversible . 52 6 `` Shade '' JJ Makaro Emily Silver & David Kob November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) T27. 13106 3.01 When Wally relates his recent dreams of being Kid Flash , Barry reveals what happened to him during `` Flashpoint . '' A metahuman H.R. nicknames `` Shade '' appears and murders a stockbroker . Caitlin reveals her powers to Cisco and has him `` vibe '' her to learn her future . Cisco sees himself fighting Killer Frost , causing Caitlin to contemplate leaving for good . Alchemy summons Wally to him , so the team locks Wally in the particle accelerator for his own safety . Meanwhile , Barry and the others stop Shade 's next attack and capture him . Cisco tells everyone the truth about Caitlin and Barry privately confesses to her that her powers are a result of `` Flashpoint . '' Wally volunteers to lead the team to Alchemy to capture the villain and stop the memories , which are causing him pain . Barry , Joe , and a S.W.A.T. team locate Alchemy and his followers and surround them . The metallic being that killed Clariss appears and attacks them , revealing himself to be a speedster that only Barry can see . As Barry fights their attacker , Alchemy entices Wally to pick up his fallen energy weapon , which encases Wally in a crystal cocoon . Calling himself `` Savitar '' , the speedster overpowers Barry and prepares to stab him with a blade from his arm . 53 7 `` Killer Frost '' Kevin Smith Story by : Judalina Neira Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) T27. 13107 2.95 Savitar opts to drag Barry across the city , while battering him to demonstrate his superiority . Cisco and Caitlin arrive to rescue Barry and Savitar flees . Caitlin , with her Killer Frost persona having taken over , violently interrogates one of Alchemy 's followers at CCPD headquarters . When Julian catches her , she coerces him to find the other acolytes so they can lead her to Alchemy , who can presumably remove her powers . Barry and Cisco track her down and imprison her , but the team is fractured after she reveals Barry 's role in Dante 's death by creating `` Flashpoint . '' Greatly concerned and disregarding the consequences , Joe breaks Wally out of the cocoon . Wally emerges with unmanageable speed powers and he races away in a confused state . Barry offers his life to Caitlin for her freedom in a successful attempt to restore her sanity and gain her help in treating Wally . Joe and Barry locate Wally , stabilizing his condition with Caitlin 's serum , and Wally soon embraces his new abilities . Julian agrees to protect Caitlin from the police , but forces Barry to resign from the CCPD in exchange , believing him morally unfit for wanting Caitlin shielded . Julian is later revealed to be Alchemy and working for Savitar . 54 8 `` Invasion ! '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) T27. 13108 4.15 Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge . Lyla tells the team that the `` Dominators '' landed previously in the 1950s , but then mysteriously departed . Needing help , Barry assembles the original Team Arrow , Thea , the Legends , and Supergirl . The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility , sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens . Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry 's future self , which exposes Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members . Oliver , Supergirl , Felicity , Martin , and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry . The Dominators abduct the President . Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort , but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device . The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs . While Oliver holds them off , Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it , freeing everyone . The team decides to trust Barry again . Suddenly , Sara , Ray , Diggle , Thea , and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 55 9 `` The Present '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Lauren Certo December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) T27. 13109 3.14 Barry asks Jay Garrick for help against Savitar . The two heroes locate and defeat Alchemy and return his weapon to its box , causing Savitar to disappear before he can kill Jay . Discovering Julian to be Alchemy , Barry reveals his own identity to him to get further information . Julian relates how he located the Philosopher 's Stone following a vision of his dead sister and that he has been having blackouts ever since . Savitar manifests through Cisco using visions of Dante and fights Barry and Wally , but Caitlin manages to convince Cisco to close the box again . The team communicates with Savitar through Julian , who claims that Barry , in the future , will imprison him . He also says that one teammate will betray them , one will fall , and a third will suffer a fate worse than death . Trying to end Savitar 's threat , Barry and Jay throw the box into the speed force but , in the process , Barry is thrown five months into the future and witnesses Savitar killing Iris . Jay tells Barry that the future is not fixed . Wally is given his own `` Kid Flash '' costume , Julian gets Barry 's job back for him , and Barry rents a new apartment for himself and Iris . 56 10 `` Borrowing Problems from the Future '' Millicent Shelton Grainne Godfree & David Kob January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T27. 13110 2.72 Barry has been having nightmares about Iris 's murder . Jared Morillo attempts a robbery , but is confronted by Barry , who recalls a news report during his visit in the future when Barry captures Plunder . The distraction allows Morillo to overpower Barry and escape . H.R. launches the museum , but no one visits it . In a second confrontation , Wally intervenes and captures Morillo , gaining praise by everyone except Barry . He eventually reveals the future he saw to everyone but Joe . The team decides to change the course of other events in order to prevent Iris 's death . Using Cisco , Barry accesses the future memory , in which the news reveal that the S.T.A.R. Labs museum will close and Caitlin will become Killer Frost . Morillo escapes , and Barry decides to change the first event by letting Wally capture him . Cisco relaunches the museum , starting with an exhibition for elementary school students . Julian is persuaded by Caitlin to join the team . A mysterious woman from another Earth arrives , searching for H.R. 57 11 `` Dead or Alive '' Harry Jierjian Story by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes Teleplay by : Zack Stentz January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T27. 13111 3.06 An Earth - 19 bounty hunter named Gypsy , possessing powers similar to Cisco 's , arrives on Earth - 1 intending to take H.R. back to Earth - 19 for trial and execution , as inter-dimensional travel is forbidden there . Cisco demands a trial by combat for H.R. 's life , which she accepts . As the duel is to the death , Barry and H.R. try to ambush Gypsy to save Cisco , but she easily defeats them . Meanwhile , determined to leave a legacy , Iris persuades Wally to help her bust an arms dealer . While he is out scouting , she confronts the dealer , seemingly unafraid of death . Wally manages to save her . Julian discovers a flaw in Gypsy 's fighting style . Cisco exploits this weakness during their battle , which allows him to defeat her . Cisco spares Gypsy 's life , but she makes it clear that H.R. can never return to Earth - 19 , since she will state that she killed him . Joe gets angry with Iris and is suspicious of her lack of fear . Barry plots to have Wally increase his speed so that Wally can save Iris from Savitar . 58 12 `` Untouchable '' Rob Hardy Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T27. 13112 2.91 Barry and Wally continue their training in order to save Iris from Savitar . They race against each other , and Barry wins by phasing through a building . Julian finds a decayed corpse that was murdered just eight hours ago . He informs Joe that this is surely the work of a metahuman . The body is taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for investigation , where Caitlin and Julian observe it turning to ash . Iris confesses to Barry that she is afraid of her future . The meta responsible for the disintegrated corpse attacks Joe and is revealed to be targeting the police who arrested him in Flashpoint . The metahuman tries to disintegrate a bridge on the train Joe is on , forcing Barry to phase the train through the wreckage of the bridge . Barry teaches Wally how to phase , which Wally uses to expose the meta to his blood and strip him of his powers . Joe insists that everyone be honest with him from now on after learning of Iris 's future death . While practicing phasing , Wally is shocked to see Jesse coming through a portal . Jesse says her father has been abducted by Grodd and taken to Gorilla City . 59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & David Kob February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T27. 13113 2.78 Earth - 2 Wells is captured while running through the woods . Jesse explains that he was leading an expedition to Gorilla City that was ambushed and killed while Wells disappeared . Barry recalls that in the future Central City will be attacked by gorillas . He , Julian , Cisco , and Caitlin go to rescue him but are captured by Grodd . Speaking through Wells , Grodd asks Barry to help him usurp his master Solovar . Barry agrees to fight Solovar in the arena for the lives of the others and wins , but refuses to kill him . Grodd seizes control of Gorilla City and prepares an invasion of Earth - 1 . The team asks Caitlin to kill Cisco so Grodd can not open a portal , but she refuses . Barry fakes his death and Grodd removes him from his cage . He resuscitates himself and frees the others , and they return to Earth - 1 . Jesse and her father reunite and Wally and Jesse recommit to their relationship . Julian asks Caitlin out on a date . Grodd assembles his army with a brainwashed Gypsy at his side . 60 14 `` Attack on Central City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) T27. 13114 2.87 Harry and H.R. clash over their different personalities . Jesse informs her father that she intends to stay on Earth - 1 with Wally , which Harry initially tries to prevent . Harry subdues Gypsy when she ambushes Cisco and Barry , and the team realizes that Grodd and his forces have reached Central City . Using his powers , Cisco determines that the gorillas will attack the center of town . This turns out to be a distraction for Grodd to abduct a visiting Army general . Barry contemplates killing Grodd as the only way to permanently stop him and also change the future , but Harry encourages him to find another way . Taking control of the general , Grodd attempts a nuclear missile strike on the city . Barry prevents the attack , so Grodd and his gorilla army invade the city themselves . Cisco travels to Earth - 19 to ask Gypsy for help . The speedsters distract the soldiers while Cisco and Gypsy bring Solovar to Earth - 1 , who defeats Grodd and assumes leadership once again . All the gorillas return to Earth - 2 , with the exception of Grodd , who is turned over to A.R.G.U.S. Gypsy kisses Cisco before telling him he could not handle her , then returns to Earth - 19 . Barry proposes to Iris . While going out to pick up dinner for Jesse , Wally is confronted by Savitar . 61 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' Alexandra La Roche Andrew Kreisberg & Andrew Wilder March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T27. 13115 2.52 Wally continues having visions of Savitar and , after a physical altercation with him , finally admits this to the team . The team attempts to question Savitar via Julian , who again acts as a conduit . Savitar casts doubt on whether the Philosopher 's Stone is truly lost to the speed force . Caitlin confesses that she kept part of the Philosopher 's Stone , hoping to use it to remove her powers . Barry and the team figure out that Savitar is trapped inside the speed force but Wally is at home with Jesse when they realize this . Wally , after being confronted by Savitar who appears as a vision of his mother , steals the stone fragment from the lab , creates a portal , and launches the fragment into the speed force , believing this will exile Savitar for good . Barry arrives just as the portal draws Wally into it , trapping him in the speed force . Savitar , having successfully manipulated Wally , emerges from the speed force and fights Barry , taunting him by boasting he will not kill him before Barry watches Iris die before his eyes . Barry breaks off Savitar 's arm blade using his vibrating hand , causing Savitar to retreat . 62 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' Gregory Smith Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T27. 13116 2.39 Feeling responsible for everything bad that is happening , and that Wally is suffering inside the speed force , Barry decides to rescue him . Cisco vibes Barry into the speed force , where he encounters manifestations of friends and foes who had previously sacrificed their lives . Less accommodating than before , they push Barry to understand true sacrifice and that he must be the one to save Iris in the future . Barry is also confronted by his former enemy , Hunter Zolomon , and defeats him . Jay Garrick , having been contacted by Cisco , joins Barry inside the speed force and voluntarily takes Wally 's place so Barry and Wally can escape . Meanwhile , Jesse uses the armor shard to locate and face Savitar by herself , managing to wound the villain with it before he escapes . Later , Jesse decides to go to Earth - 3 to protect it until the team can free Jay from the speed force . Barry admits to Iris that even though he does love her , he proposed for the wrong reasons and suggests they take some time apart from one another . 63 17 `` Duet '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T27. 13117 2.71 J'onn J'onzz and Mon - El arrive on Earth - 1 with a comatose Kara . The Music Meister attacks and places Barry in a similar coma . He wakes up in a musical world and finds Kara . Meister tells them that if they follow the script , they will return to the real world . Barry and Kara are forced to work as singers in a nightclub run by Malcolm , with Winn working as a piano player , Cisco as a waiter and Stein and Joe as two gangsters opposing Malcolm . Barry and Kara find Malcolm 's son , Mon - El , and Stein 's and Joe 's daughter , Iris , in a forbidden relationship . Kara and Barry convince the pair to reveal their love , also helping Barry and Kara to realize their own mistakes . Malcolm , Stein and Joe subsequently decide to go to war . Barry and Kara are shot in the crossfire , but the real Cisco , Mon - El and Iris vibe into their world to save them , allowing Barry and Kara to admit their loves for Iris and Mon - El . They wake up in S.T.A.R. Labs , and Meister reveals that he just wanted them to realize their love . Kara 's team returns to Earth - 38 , and Barry and Iris move back in together . Barry re-proposes to Iris , who accepts . This episode is a crossover with Supergirl . 64 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T27. 13118 2.39 Abra Kadabra , a criminal from the 64th century , comes to Central City , stealing from numerous tech companies and killing two guards . Gypsy returns , in pursuit of Kadabra , to avenge her partner . Kadabra offers the team the identity of Savitar in exchange for his freedom . Against Gypsy 's wishes , a desperate Joe releases Kadabra , who escapes to Thawne 's time vault after Gypsy fails to stop him and retrieves a power source . Kadabra also triggers an explosion that critically injures Caitlin . Refusing to take off the necklace suppressing her powers , even though doing so could save her life , Caitlin asks Julian to perform surgery with her guidance instead . Kadabra attempts to return to his own time , having used the stolen technology to build his own time machine , but he is foiled by the team with Gypsy 's help . Barry decides that the only way to save Iris ' life is by traveling to the future . Later , a still - recovering Caitlin loses consciousness and begins convulsing , before her vital signs flatline . A distraught Julian rips the necklace from her neck and her vital signs return to normal , as her injuries heal rapidly . She awakens , but in the guise of Killer Frost , and starts attacking the group with her ice powers . 65 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' Tom Cavanagh Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) T27. 13119 2.67 Killer Frost destroys the necklace . Barry travels to 2024 , when he learns that Cisco lost his powers after Killer Frost shattered his hands and forced him to use mechanical prosthetics , H.R. has become a successful novelist , Julian works at Iron Heights tending to Killer Frost , Wally is catatonic with a shattered spine , Joe is depressed , and future Barry is a recluse hiding at S.T.A.R. Labs . In his absence , Top and Mirror Master have taken over Central City . Barry fails to learn Savitar 's identity . Cisco secretly uses a device to prevent Barry from returning to the past , hoping he will put things right . Barry rounds up Julian , Joe , and H.R. , reuniting Team Flash . Top and Mirror Master overwhelm Barry with their powers but , after overhearing him , future Barry uses Cisco 's device to negate the villains ' abilities , helping to defeat them . Future Barry gives Barry information and tells him to find a physicist named Tracy Brand , who developed a speed force - based trap years after Iris ' death . In the present , Killer Frost meets with Savitar . She is reluctant to trust him , but changes her mind when Savitar 's armor opens up and he steps out , revealing his identity to her . 66 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' Hanelle Culpepper Bronwen Clark & Joshua V. Gilbert May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) T27. 13120 2.69 Barry , Cisco , and H.R. visit Tracy to seek her help in making a trap for Savitar ; they are interrupted by Killer Frost , who attempts to kill Tracy , but is defeated before she escapes . Tracy goes to S.T.A.R. Labs with Team Flash and is shown her future . Killer Frost later decides to kidnap Joe 's girlfriend , Cecile , and demand Tracy in exchange . Killer Frost 's plan fails , leading to a battle between her and Cisco . Defeated , she is whisked away by Savitar , but not before Cisco draws some of her blood in order to potentially make a cure for her powers . Meanwhile , Joe admits his love to Cecile and tells her about Barry and Wally 's alter egos . H.R. develops feelings for Tracy . Later , Tracy , inspired by the events , plans to build a trap for Savitar , while Barry has a revelation regarding Savitar 's identity , given how much Savitar knows about everyone , and confronts him outside the city . Savitar confirms Barry 's new assumption and reveals himself to be a future version of Barry Allen . 67 21 `` Cause and Effect '' David McWhirter Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) T27. 13121 2.71 Future Barry explains to his younger self that he is a time remnant , created by his future self while fighting Savitar . After being shunned by Team Flash , future Barry became depressed and ran back in time to ultimately become Savitar . He explains that he needs to kill Iris so that Barry will be forced to create him in the future . Cisco proposes they stop Savitar from remembering any of their strategies by stopping Barry from creating new memories , but miscalculations cause Barry to lose his memory . Savitar also loses all of his memories , resulting in Wally 's powers disappearing , since Savitar never gave them to him . A pyromaniac named Lucious Coolidge gets released because of Barry 's inability to testify correctly . Killer Frost helps Cisco and Julian develop a way for Barry to regain his memories so that Savitar can , as well . When Coolidge starts a fire , Iris helps Barry regain his memories in time to stop the fire with assistance from Wally . Tracy and H.R. develop a romance . She then shows the team the completed speed force trap , which requires a high amount of energy . The final scene cuts to a room that has an alien power source , as well as King Shark . 68 22 `` Infantino Street '' Michael Allowitz Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Grainne Godfree May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) T27. 13122 2.48 With 24 hours left before Iris dies , Team Flash learns that there is only one energy source that can power the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' in the form of a salvaged Dominator technology held at an A.R.G.U.S. facility . Barry and Cisco ask Lyla for it , but she refuses because of her mistrust of Barry due to his creation of Flashpoint . Barry then visits Snart in 1892 , when he was travelling with the Legends , and recruits him to help Barry break into A.R.G.U.S. and steal the device . In the process , A.R.G.U.S. agents eventually capture Barry and Snart , but Lyla , seeing the kindness in Barry 's actions , allows Barry to take the device . Snart advises Barry to use the goodness in him to defeat Savitar . Tracy decides to join the team . Cisco vibes about his battle with Killer Frost and leaves to fight her . Joe tries to hide Iris from Savitar on Earth - 2 with Harry but future Barry tricks H.R. into revealing up her location by pretending to be his younger self , breaks Wally 's leg and kidnaps Iris in front of a horrified Joe . Flash uses the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' on Savitar , but it fails when Savitar counteracts it with the Philosopher 's Stone , which is made out of calcified speed force energy . Savitar then stabs Iris in the back in front of Flash seemingly killing her as he escapes . 69 23 `` Finish Line '' David McWhirter Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) T27. 13123 3.04 H.R. reveals he swapped places with Iris and dies from his injuries . Realizing Iris is not dead , Savitar kidnaps Cisco and forces him to modify the Bazooka into an `` inter-dimensional quantum splicer '' . This will allow Savitar to disperse himself throughout time and protect him from the paradox that threatens to erase him . Barry meets with Savitar , believing he can be redeemed and they go to S.T.A.R. Labs . Although Barry and Iris try to get through to him , Savitar wrecks the lab and orders Caitlin to kill Cisco , but Gypsy saves him . Savitar and Killer Frost open a portal into the Speed Force . The Black Flash intervenes , but is frozen by Caitlin . Savitar then attempts to execute his plan . However , Cisco modified the Bazooka into a ' skeleton key ' which frees Jay from the Speed Force prison . Barry , Wally and Jay engage Savitar , while Cisco , with Gypsy 's help , convinces Caitlin to abandon Savitar . Barry phases through and destroys Savitar 's armor before Savitar is erased from existence . As Team Flash mourns H.R. , Caitlin decides not to use Julian 's cure , leaving the team so she may find her own purpose . Later on , an energy storm appears over Central City , caused by the Speed Force prison being empty . Barry explains that he needs to atone for creating Flashpoint and enters the prison , entrusting Central City to Iris and the team . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Main article : The Flash ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27. 13411 2.12 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T27. 13414 2.12 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T27. 13415 2.04 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T27. 13416 2.09 86 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T27. 13417 1.82 87 18 `` Lose Yourself '' Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T27. 13418 1.88 88 19 `` Fury Rogue '' Rachel Talalay Joshua V. Gilbert & Jeff Hersh April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13419 1.90 89 20 `` Therefore She Is '' Rob J. Greenlea Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13420 1.70 90 21 `` Harry and the Harrisons '' Kevin Mock Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13421 1.74 91 22 `` Think Fast '' Viet Nguyen Sam Chalsen & Kristen Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13422 1.93 92 23 `` We Are the Flash '' David McWhirter Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13423 2.16 Season 5 Main article : The Flash ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 TBA David McWhirter TBA October 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 09 ) TBA TBD Ratings Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 7 , 2014 1.9 / 6 4.83 0.7 2.00 2.6 6.83 `` Fastest Man Alive '' October 14 , 2014 1.7 / 5 4.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' October 21 , 2014 1.5 / 4 3.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Going Rogue '' October 28 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.53 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 5 `` Plastique '' November 11 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.46 1.0 N / A 2.4 N / A 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' November 18 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.73 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 7 `` Power Outage '' November 25 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.47 0.9 2.41 2.3 5.88 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' December 2 , 2014 1.6 / 5 4.34 1.0 2.31 2.6 6.65 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' December 9 , 2014 1.5 / 5 4.66 0.9 2.06 2.4 6.72 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' January 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.41 2.4 6.27 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' January 27 , 2015 1.3 / 4 4.08 1.0 2.20 2.3 6.28 12 `` Crazy for You '' February 3 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.60 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' February 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Fallout '' February 17 , 2015 1.5 / 4 4.01 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 15 `` Out of Time '' March 17 , 2015 1.3 / 5 3.69 1.0 2.34 2.3 6.09 16 `` Rogue Time '' March 24 , 2015 1.2 / 4 3.33 1.0 2.37 2.2 5.69 17 `` Tricksters '' March 31 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.67 1.0 2.43 2.3 6.10 18 `` All Star Team Up '' April 14 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.67 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.72 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' April 21 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.75 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 20 `` The Trap '' April 28 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.93 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 21 `` Grodd Lives '' May 5 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.62 0.9 2.27 2.4 5.97 22 `` Rogue Air '' May 12 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.65 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 23 `` Fast Enough '' May 19 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.38 2.5 6.25 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' October 6 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.58 1.0 2.35 2.4 5.93 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' October 13 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.49 0.8 2.06 2.2 5.52 `` Family of Rogues '' October 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.47 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.60 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' October 27 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.43 0.9 2.04 2.3 5.46 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' November 3 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 0.8 1.68 2.3 5.55 6 `` Enter Zoom '' November 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.63 0.9 2.05 2.4 5.68 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' November 17 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.46 0.8 1.92 2.2 5.38 8 `` Legends of Today '' December 1 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.94 0.9 2.12 2.3 6.07 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' December 8 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.55 0.9 2.01 2.2 5.56 10 `` Potential Energy '' January 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.41 1.0 2.06 2.3 5.48 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' January 26 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.71 1.0 2.02 2.4 5.73 12 `` Fast Lane '' February 2 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.66 0.8 1.86 2.2 5.53 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' February 9 , 2016 1.6 / 5 3.96 0.9 2.02 2.5 5.98 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' February 16 , 2016 1.5 / 5 3.90 0.8 1.77 2.3 5.67 15 `` King Shark '' February 23 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.80 0.9 1.96 2.3 5.77 16 `` Trajectory '' March 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.00 0.9 1.96 2.0 4.96 17 `` Flash Back '' March 29 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.9 1.92 2.2 5.31 18 `` Versus Zoom '' April 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.03 0.8 2.03 2.0 5.07 19 `` Back to Normal '' April 26 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.8 1.86 2.1 5.26 20 `` Rupture '' May 3 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.34 0.8 1.92 2.1 5.25 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' May 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.52 0.8 1.82 2.1 5.34 22 `` Invincible '' May 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.37 0.9 2.08 2.2 5.45 23 `` The Race of His Life '' May 24 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.35 0.6 1.49 1.9 4.85 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Flashpoint '' October 4 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.17 0.8 1.89 2.1 5.06 `` Paradox '' October 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.80 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.72 `` Magenta '' October 18 , 2016 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 2.00 1.9 4.67 `` The New Rogues '' October 25 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.80 0.9 1.91 1.9 4.71 5 `` Monster '' November 1 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.77 0.9 2.01 1.9 4.78 6 `` Shade '' November 15 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.01 0.9 2.06 2.1 5.07 7 `` Killer Frost '' November 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.95 0.8 1.99 1.9 4.93 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 4.15 0.9 2.17 2.4 6.31 9 `` The Present '' December 6 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.14 0.8 1.80 2.0 4.94 10 `` Borrowing Problems From the Future '' January 24 , 2017 1.0 / 3 2.72 0.8 1.92 1.8 4.64 11 `` Dead or Alive '' January 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.64 1.8 4.71 12 `` Untouchable '' February 7 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.91 0.7 1.68 1.8 4.59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' February 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.78 0.9 1.96 1.9 4.75 14 `` Attack on Central City '' February 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.87 0.8 1.81 1.9 4.68 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' March 7 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.7 1.71 1.6 4.23 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' March 14 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.70 1.6 4.10 17 `` Duet '' March 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.8 1.88 1.8 4.59 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' March 28 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.67 1.6 4.06 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' April 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 1.90 1.9 4.57 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' May 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.69 0.8 1.77 1.8 4.46 21 `` Cause and Effect '' May 9 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.9 1.92 1.9 4.63 22 `` Infantino Street '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.48 0.9 1.94 1.8 4.42 23 `` Finish Line '' May 23 , 2017 1.1 / 5 3.04 0.8 1.82 1.9 4.86 Home media Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 References Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including Sunday Lineup & Three Series Debuts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` How Many Episodes of Your Fave Shows Were Ordered for Next Season ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Tuesday , October 7 Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' MasterChef Junior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef Jr . ' & ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Muppets ' , ' NCIS ' and ' Scream Queens ' Adjusted Up ; ' Flash ' and ' iZombie ' Hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Limitless ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Wicked City ' stays under 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Best Time Ever ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down , ' NCIS ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Chicago Med ' premiere holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gustin , Grant ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Just wrapped of episode 501 ( that 's season 5 ep 1 ) with my dude David McWhirter . Always have fun with David . I think this may be my favorite first episode of a season since the pilot . Starting 502 today and then it 's off to San Diego tomorrow for some Comic - Con . # TheLionIsHungry ( Zlatan shirt ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2018 . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Premiere Sets CW Record in Final DVR Ratings '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 -- 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 35 Ending May 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Trump Address Registers Nearly One - Tenth Less Audience Than Obama 's in 2009 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Great News ' Debuts On - Par with ' Trial & Error ' Launch on NBC '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 1 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash on DVD '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flash , The -- Season 2 '' . JB HiFi . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash -- Warner Press Release Announces ' The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 7 `` Pilot '' `` League of Assassins '' `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' `` State v. Queen '' `` The Scientist `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters The Flash Episodes Season 4 Season 5 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Cast and characters Cast members John Constantine Alex Danvers John Diggle Sara Lance Oliver Queen Thea Queen Harrison Wells Joe West Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Related Constantine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Flash_episodes&oldid=854381764 '' Categories : The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 22 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in season 5 of the flash	[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedNielsen ratingsFirst airedLast airedRankAverage viewership(in millions)123October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07)May 19, 2015 (2015-05-19)1184.62[3]223October 6, 2015 (2015-10-06)May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)1124.25[4]323October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)1203.50[5]423October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)1513.04[6]522[7]October 9, 2018 (2018-10-09)[2]TBATBATBA" ]	[ "22" ]
2971877118172015268	List of Family Guy episodes	List of Family Guy episodes - wikipedia List of Family Guy episodes Jump to : navigation , search Seth MacFarlane , shown here in 2012 , created Family Guy , which premiered on January 31 , 1999 . Family Guy is an American animated television sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company . The series centers on the dysfunctional Griffin family , which consists of father Peter ( MacFarlane ) , mother Lois ( Alex Borstein ) , daughter Meg ( Lacey Chabert in episodes 1 -- 9 , then Mila Kunis in `` Da Boom '' onwards ) , son Chris ( Seth Green ) , baby Stewie ( MacFarlane ) and Brian ( MacFarlane ) , the family dog . The show is set in the fictional town of Quahog , Rhode Island , and lampoons American culture , often in the form of cutaway gags , and tangential vignettes . The concept of Family Guy was conceived by MacFarlane in 1995 while studying animation at the Rhode Island School of Design . He created two shorts entitled The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve , both of which played a key role in Fox executives ' decision to pick up the series in 1998 . After two seasons , Fox decided to cancel the show . Despite the cancellation , a third season was produced , after which the series was officially cancelled at the end of 2003 . Reruns on Cartoon Network 's block Adult Swim drove up interest , and a letter - writing campaign , along with impressive DVD sales , encouraged Fox to bring the show back permanently . Family Guy and its cast have been nominated for twenty - three Primetime Emmy Awards , winning six . MacFarlane won the Outstanding Voice - Over Performance award for his performance as Stewie , MacFarlane and Walter Murphy won the Outstanding Music and Lyrics award for the song `` You Got a Lot to See '' from the episode `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' , Steven Fonti won the Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation award for his storyboard work in the episode `` No Chris Left Behind '' , Greg Colton won the Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation award for his storyboard work in the episode `` Road to the Multiverse '' , Patrick S. Clark and Jim Fitzpatrick won the Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half - Hour ) and Animation award for their sound mixing work on the episode `` Road to the North Pole '' , and MacFarlane won the Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance award for his performances on the episode `` Pilling Them Softly '' . The show was nominated for twelve Annies , and won three times , twice in 2006 and once in 2008 . In 2009 , it was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series , becoming the first animated program to be nominated in this category since The Flintstones in 1961 . As of May 21 , 2017 , 289 episodes of Family Guy have aired , concluding the fifteenth season . The series remains Fox 's second - longest - running program , behind The Simpsons . It was renewed for a sixteenth season in May 2017 . The season is scheduled to premiere on October 1 , 2017 , and will also contain the series ' 300th episode . Seasons : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Unscheduled episodes Specials Home media References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 7 January 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 31 ) May 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 16 ) 33 12.80 21 September 23 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 23 ) August 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 01 ) 114 6.32 22 July 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 11 ) November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) 125 4.50 30 May 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 01 ) May 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 21 ) 68 7.90 5 18 September 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 10 ) May 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) 71 7.20 6 12 September 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 23 ) May 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 04 ) 84 7.94 7 16 September 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) 69 7.56 8 21 September 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 27 ) June 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 20 ) 53 7.73 9 18 September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 56 7.66 10 23 September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 63 7.30 11 22 September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 62 6.94 12 21 September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 78 6.11 13 18 September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 94 5.86 14 20 September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 111 4.28 15 20 September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 116 3.93 16 TBA October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Death Has a Shadow '' Peter Shin Seth MacFarlane January 31 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 31 ) 1ACX01 `` I Never Met the Dead Man '' Michael Dante DiMartino Chris Sheridan April 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 11 ) 1ACX02 `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' Dominic Polcino Danny Smith April 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 18 ) 1ACX04 `` Mind Over Murder '' Roy Allen Smith Neil Goldman & Garrett Donovan April 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 25 ) 1ACX03 5 5 `` A Hero Sits Next Door '' Monte Young Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman May 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 02 ) 1ACX05 6 6 `` The Son Also Draws '' Neil Affleck Ricky Blitt May 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 09 ) 1ACX06 7 7 `` Brian : Portrait of a Dog '' Michael Dante DiMartino Gary Janetti May 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 16 ) 1ACX07 Season 2 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 8 `` Peter , Peter , Caviar Eater '' Jeff Myers Chris Sheridan September 23 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 23 ) 1ACX08 9 `` Holy Crap '' Neil Affleck Danny Smith September 30 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 30 ) 1ACX11 10 `` Da Boom '' Bob Jaques Neil Goldman & Garrett Donovan December 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 26 ) 2ACX06 11 `` Brian in Love '' Jack Dyer Gary Janetti March 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 07 ) 2ACX01 12 5 `` Love Thy Trophy '' Jack Dyer Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman March 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 14 ) 1ACX13 13 6 `` Death Is a Bitch '' Michael Dante DiMartino Ricky Blitt March 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 21 ) 1ACX14 14 7 `` The King Is Dead '' Monte Young Craig Hoffman March 28 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 28 ) 1ACX15 15 8 `` I Am Peter , Hear Me Roar '' Monte Young Chris Sheridan March 28 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 28 ) 2ACX02 16 9 `` If I 'm Dyin ' , I 'm Lyin ' '' Swinton Scott III Chris Sheridan April 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 04 ) 1ACX12 17 10 `` Running Mates '' John Holmquist Garrett Donovan & Neil Goldman April 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 11 ) 1ACX09 18 11 `` A Picture Is Worth a 1,000 Bucks '' Gavin Dell Craig Hoffman April 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 18 ) 2ACX07 19 12 `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' Scott Wood Steve Callaghan April 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 25 ) 2ACX08 20 13 `` Road to Rhode Island '' Dan Povenmire Gary Janetti May 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 30 ) 2ACX12 21 14 `` Let 's Go to the Hop '' Glen Hill Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman June 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 06 ) 2ACX04 22 15 `` Dammit Janet '' Bert Ring Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman June 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 13 ) 2ACX09 23 16 `` There 's Something About Paulie '' Monte Young Ricky Blitt June 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 27 ) 1ACX10 24 17 `` He 's Too Sexy for His Fat '' Glen Hill Chris Sheridan June 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 27 ) 2ACX10 25 18 `` E. Peterbus Unum '' Rob Renzetti Neil Goldman & Garrett Donovan July 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 12 ) 2ACX13 26 19 `` The Story on Page One '' Gavin Dell Craig Hoffman July 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 18 ) 2ACX14 27 20 `` Wasted Talent '' Bert Ring Story by : Dave Collard & Ken Goin Teleplay by : Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman July 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 25 ) 2ACX15 28 21 `` Fore , Father '' Scott Wood Bobby Bowman August 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 01 ) 2ACX16 Season 3 ( 2001 -- 03 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 29 `` The Thin White Line '' Glen Hill Steve Callaghan July 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 11 ) 2ACX17 30 `` Brian Does Hollywood '' Gavin Dell Gary Janetti July 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 18 ) 2ACX20 31 `` Mr. Griffin Goes to Washington '' Brian Hogan Ricky Blitt July 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 25 ) 2ACX11 32 `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' Dan Povenmire Jim Bernstein & Michael Shipley August 1 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 01 ) 2ACX19 33 5 `` And the Wiener Is ... '' Bert Ring Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman August 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 08 ) 2ACX22 34 6 `` Death Lives '' Rob Renzetti Mike Henry August 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 15 ) 2ACX21 35 7 `` Lethal Weapons '' Brian Hogan Chris Sheridan August 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 22 ) 2ACX18 36 8 `` The Kiss Seen Around the World '' Pete Michels Mark Hentemann August 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 29 ) 3ACX02 37 9 `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' Michael Dante DiMartino Steve Callaghan September 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 05 ) 3ACX04 38 10 `` A Fish Out of Water '' Bert Ring Alex Borstein & Mike Henry September 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 19 ) 3ACX05 39 11 `` Emission Impossible '' Peter Shin Dave Collard & Ken Goin November 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 08 ) 3ACX01 40 12 `` To Love and Die in Dixie '' Dan Povenmire Steve Callaghan November 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 15 ) 3ACX09 41 13 `` Screwed the Pooch '' Pete Michels Dave Collard & Ken Goin November 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 29 ) 3ACX08 42 14 `` Peter Griffin : Husband , Father ... Brother ? '' Scott Wood Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman December 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 06 ) 3ACX06 43 15 `` Ready , Willing , and Disabled '' Andi Klein Alex Barnow & Marc Firek December 20 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 20 ) 3ACX07 44 16 `` A Very Special Family Guy Freakin ' Christmas '' Brian Hogan Danny Smith December 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 21 ) 2ACX03 45 17 `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' Dan Povenmire Allison Adler January 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 17 ) 3ACX03 46 18 `` From Method to Madness '' Bert Ring Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman January 24 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 24 ) 3ACX11 47 19 `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' Michael Dante DiMartino Mark Hentemann January 31 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 31 ) 3ACX10 48 20 `` Road to Europe '' Dan Povenmire Daniel Palladino February 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 07 ) 3ACX13 49 21 `` Family Guy Viewer Mail # 1 '' Pete Michels Scott Wood Michael Dante DiMartino Gene Laufenberg Seth MacFarlane Michael Shipley & Jim Bernstein February 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 14 ) 3ACX12 50 22 `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' Dan Povenmire Ricky Blitt November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) ( on Adult Swim ) December 10 , 2004 ( on Fox ) 2ACX05 Season 4 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` North by North Quahog '' Peter Shin Seth MacFarlane May 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 01 ) 4ACX01 11.85 52 `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' Pete Michels Ken Goin May 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 08 ) 4ACX02 9.71 53 `` Blind Ambition '' Chuck Klein Steve Callaghan May 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 15 ) 4ACX04 9.21 54 `` Do n't Make Me Over '' Sarah Frost Gene Laufenberg June 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 05 ) 4ACX03 7.23 55 5 `` The Cleveland -- Loretta Quagmire '' James Purdum Mike Henry & Patrick Henry June 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 12 ) 4ACX08 8.35 56 6 `` Petarded '' Seth Kearsley Alec Sulkin & Wellesley Wild June 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 19 ) 4ACX09 7.23 57 7 `` Brian the Bachelor '' Dan Povenmire Mark Hentemann June 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 26 ) 4ACX10 7.29 58 8 `` 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter '' Greg Colton Patrick Meighan July 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 10 ) 4ACX11 6.1 59 9 `` Breaking Out Is Hard to Do '' Kurt Dumas Tom Devanney July 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 17 ) 4ACX12 5.75 60 10 `` Model Misbehavior '' Sarah Frost Steve Callaghan July 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 24 ) 4ACX13 6.73 61 11 `` Peter 's Got Woods '' Chuck Klein & Zac Moncrief Danny Smith September 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 11 ) 4ACX14 9.22 62 12 `` Perfect Castaway '' James Purdum John Viener September 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 18 ) 4ACX15 8.68 63 13 `` Jungle Love '' Seth Kearsley Mark Hentemann September 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 25 ) 4ACX16 8.56 64 14 `` PTV '' Dan Povenmire Alec Sulkin & Wellesley Wild November 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 06 ) 4ACX17 7.98 65 15 `` Brian Goes Back to College '' Greg Colton Matt Fleckenstein November 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 13 ) 4ACX18 9.20 66 16 `` The Courtship of Stewie 's Father '' Kurt Dumas Kirker Butler November 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 4ACX19 9.08 67 17 `` The Fat Guy Strangler '' Sarah Frost Chris Sheridan November 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 27 ) 4ACX20 9.85 68 18 `` The Father , the Son , and the Holy Fonz '' James Purdum Danny Smith December 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 18 ) 4ACX22 8.26 69 19 `` Brian Sings and Swings '' Chuck Klein & Zac Moncrief Michael Rowe January 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 08 ) 4ACX21 8.10 70 20 `` Patriot Games '' Cyndi Tang Mike Henry January 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 29 ) 4ACX25 9.08 71 21 `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' Seth Kearsley Tom Maxwell & Don Woodard and Steve Callaghan March 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) 4ACX23 8.06 72 22 `` Sibling Rivalry '' Dan Povenmire Cherry Chevapravatdumrong March 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 26 ) 4ACX24 7.95 73 23 `` Deep Throats '' Greg Colton Alex Borstein April 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 09 ) 4ACX26 7.88 74 24 `` Peterotica '' Kurt Dumas Patrick Meighan April 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 23 ) 4ACX27 7.82 75 25 `` You May Now Kiss the ... Uh ... Guy Who Receives '' Dominic Polcino David A. Goodman April 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 30 ) 4ACX28 7.82 76 26 `` Petergeist '' Sarah Frost Alec Sulkin & Wellesley Wild May 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 07 ) 4ACX29 7.85 77 27 `` The Griffin Family History '' Zac Moncrief John Viener May 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 14 ) 4ACX30 7.87 78 28 `` Stewie B. Goode '' Pete Michels Gary Janetti & Chris Sheridan May 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 21 ) 4ACX05 7.88 79 29 `` Bango Was His Name , Oh ! '' Pete Michels Alex Borstein May 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 21 ) 4ACX06 7.88 80 30 `` Stu and Stewie 's Excellent Adventure '' Pete Michels Steve Callaghan May 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 21 ) 4ACX07 7.88 ^ Jump up to : `` Stewie B. Goode '' , `` Bango Was His Name , Oh ! '' and `` Stu and Stewie 's Excellent Adventure '' make up the direct - to - DVD movie Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story . Season 5 ( 2006 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 81 `` Stewie Loves Lois '' Mike Kim Mark Hentemann September 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 10 ) 4ACX32 9.93 82 `` Mother Tucker '' James Purdum Tom Devanney September 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) 4ACX31 9.23 83 `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' Dan Povenmire Kirker Butler September 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 24 ) 4ACX33 9.66 84 `` Saving Private Brian '' Cyndi Tang Cherry Chevapravatdumrong November 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 05 ) 4ACX34 8.45 85 5 `` Whistle While Your Wife Works '' Greg Colton Steve Callaghan November 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) 4ACX35 9.04 86 6 `` Prick Up Your Ears '' James Purdum Cherry Chevapravatdumrong November 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 19 ) 5ACX01 9.3 87 7 `` Chick Cancer '' Pete Michels Alec Sulkin & Wellesley Wild November 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 26 ) 5ACX02 9.49 88 8 `` Barely Legal '' Zac Moncrief Kirker Butler December 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 17 ) 5ACX03 8.48 89 9 `` Road to Rupert '' Dan Povenmire Patrick Meighan January 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 28 ) 5ACX04 8.8 90 10 `` Peter 's Two Dads '' Cyndi Tang Danny Smith February 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 11 ) 5ACX05 7.97 91 11 `` The Tan Aquatic with Steve Zissou '' Julius Wu Mark Hentemann February 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) 5ACX06 8.53 92 12 `` Airport ' 07 '' John Holmquist Tom Devanney March 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 04 ) 5ACX08 8.59 93 13 `` Bill & Peter 's Bogus Journey '' Dominic Polcino Steve Callaghan March 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 11 ) 5ACX07 8.05 94 14 `` No Meals on Wheels '' Greg Colton Mike Henry March 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 25 ) 5ACX09 7.97 95 15 `` Boys Do Cry '' Brian Iles Cherry Chevapravatdumrong April 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 29 ) 5ACX10 8.13 96 16 `` No Chris Left Behind '' Pete Michels Patrick Meighan May 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 06 ) 5ACX11 7.95 97 17 `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' Zac Moncrief a.bo May 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 13 ) 5ACX12 7.21 98 18 `` Meet the Quagmires '' Dan Povenmire & Chris Robertson Mark Hentemann May 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) 5ACX13 9.15 Jump up ^ `` a.bo '' is a pseudonym for Alex Borstein . Season 6 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 99 `` Blue Harvest '' Dominic Polcino Alec Sulkin September 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 23 ) 5ACX16 5ACX22 10.86 100 `` Movin ' Out ( Brian 's Song ) '' Cyndi Tang John Viener September 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 30 ) 5ACX14 7.95 101 `` Believe It or Not , Joe 's Walking on Air '' Julius Wu Andrew Goldberg October 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 07 ) 5ACX15 8.39 Special TBA `` 100th Episode Special '' TBA Tom Devanney & Alec Sulkin & John Viener & Wellesley Wild November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) 6ACX45 10.48 102 `` Stewie Kills Lois '' ( Part 1 ) John Holmquist David A. Goodman November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) 5ACX17 10.50 103 5 `` Lois Kills Stewie '' ( Part 2 ) Greg Colton Steve Callaghan November 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 11 ) 5ACX18 10.42 104 6 `` Padre de Familia '' Pete Michels Kirker Butler November 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) 5ACX20 10.53 105 7 `` Peter 's Daughter '' Zac Moncrief Chris Sheridan November 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 25 ) 5ACX21 9.60 106 8 `` McStroke '' Brian Iles Wellesley Wild January 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 13 ) 5ACX19 11.50 107 9 `` Back to the Woods '' Brian Iles Tom Devanney February 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) 6ACX02 7.23 108 10 `` Play It Again , Brian '' John Holmquist Danny Smith March 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 02 ) 6ACX01 7.80 109 11 `` The Former Life of Brian '' Pete Michels Steve Callaghan April 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) 6ACX04 8.49 110 12 `` Long John Peter '' Dominic Polcino Wellesley Wild May 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 04 ) 6ACX06 7.68 Season 7 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 111 `` Love , Blactually '' Cyndi Tang Mike Henry September 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 28 ) 6ACX03 9.20 112 `` I Dream of Jesus '' Mike Kim Brian Scully October 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 05 ) 6ACX05 8.42 113 `` Road to Germany '' Greg Colton Patrick Meighan October 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 19 ) 6ACX08 9.07 114 `` Baby Not on Board '' Julius Wu Mark Hentemann November 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 02 ) 6ACX07 9.97 115 5 `` The Man with Two Brians '' Dominic Bianchi John Viener November 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) 6ACX09 8.60 116 6 `` Tales of a Third Grade Nothing '' Jerry Langford Alex Carter November 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) 6ACX10 8.52 117 7 `` Ocean 's Three and a Half '' John Holmquist Cherry Chevapravatdumrong February 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 15 ) 6ACX11 7.33 118 8 `` Family Gay '' Brian Iles Richard Appel March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) 6ACX12 7.18 119 9 `` The Juice Is Loose '' Cyndi Tang Andrew Goldberg March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) 6ACX13 7.21 120 10 `` Fox - y Lady '' Pete Michels Matt Fleckenstein March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) 6ACX14 7.45 121 11 `` Not All Dogs Go to Heaven '' Greg Colton Danny Smith March 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) 6ACX17 8.20 122 12 `` 420 '' Julius Wu Patrick Meighan April 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) 6ACX16 7.40 123 13 `` Stew - Roids '' Jerry Langford Alec Sulkin April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) 6ACX18 6.80 124 14 `` We Love You , Conrad '' John Holmquist Cherry Chevapravatdumrong May 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 03 ) 6ACX19 6.67 125 15 `` Three Kings '' Dominic Bianchi Alec Sulkin May 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 10 ) 6ACX15 6.47 126 16 `` Peter 's Progress '' Brian Iles Wellesley Wild May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) 6ACX20 7.33 Season 8 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 127 `` Road to the Multiverse '' Greg Colton Wellesley Wild September 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 27 ) 7ACX06 10.17 128 `` Family Goy '' James Purdum Mark Hentemann October 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 04 ) 7ACX01 9.66 129 `` Spies Reminiscent of Us '' Cyndi Tang Alec Sulkin October 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 11 ) 7ACX03 8.88 130 `` Brian 's Got a Brand New Bag '' Pete Michels Tom Devanney November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) 7ACX02 7.38 Special TBA `` Family Guy Presents : Seth & Alex 's Almost Live Comedy Show '' Jackson Douglas Louis J. Horvitz Aaron Blitzstein Alex Borstein Cherry Chevapravatdumrong Andrew Goldberg Dave Ihlenfeld Artie Johann Seth MacFarlane Patrick Meighan Danny Smith Alec Sulkin John Viener Wellesley Wild November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) 1ARX01 6.63 131 5 `` Hannah Banana '' John Holmquist Cherry Chevapravatdumrong November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) 7ACX05 7.73 132 6 `` Quagmire 's Baby '' Jerry Langford Patrick Meighan November 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 7ACX04 8.28 133 7 `` Jerome Is the New Black '' Brian Iles John Viener November 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 22 ) 7ACX08 7.38 134 8 `` Dog Gone '' Julius Wu Steve Callaghan November 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 29 ) 7ACX07 8.48 135 9 `` Business Guy '' Pete Michels Andrew Goldberg & Alex Carter December 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 13 ) 7ACX11 7.67 136 10 `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' Dominic Bianchi Brian Scully January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) 7ACX09 8.10 137 11 `` Dial Meg for Murder '' Cyndi Tang Alex Carter & Andrew Goldberg January 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) 7ACX12 6.21 138 12 `` Extra Large Medium '' John Holmquist Steve Callaghan February 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 14 ) 7ACX14 6.42 139 13 `` Go , Stewie , Go ! '' Greg Colton Gary Janetti March 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 14 ) 7ACX15 6.72 140 14 `` Peter - assment '' Julius Wu Chris Sheridan March 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 21 ) 7ACX16 6.65 141 15 `` Brian Griffin 's House of Payne '' Jerry Langford Spencer Porter March 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 28 ) 7ACX13 7.27 142 16 `` April in Quahog '' Joseph Lee John Viener April 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 11 ) 7ACX18 6.93 143 17 `` Brian & Stewie '' Dominic Bianchi Gary Janetti May 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 02 ) 7ACX20 7.68 144 18 `` Quagmire 's Dad '' Pete Michels Tom Devanney May 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 09 ) 7ACX19 7.22 145 19 `` The Splendid Source '' Brian Iles Based on a short story by : Richard Matheson Written by : Mark Hentemann May 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 16 ) 7ACX17 7.59 146 20 `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' Dominic Polcino Kirker Butler May 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 23 ) 6ACX21 6ACX22 6.13 147 21 `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' Joseph Lee Danny Smith June 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 20 ) ( on BBC Three ) 7ACX10 N / A Season 9 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 9 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 148 `` And Then There Were Fewer '' Dominic Polcino Cherry Chevapravatdumrong September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 8ACX01 8ACX02 9.41 149 `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' John Holmquist Patrick Meighan October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 8ACX03 7.94 150 `` Welcome Back , Carter '' Cyndi Tang Wellesley Wild October 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 8ACX04 7.02 151 `` Halloween on Spooner Street '' Jerry Langford Andrew Goldberg November 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 8ACX06 7.97 152 5 `` Baby , You Knock Me Out '' Julius Wu Alex Carter November 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 8ACX05 7.00 153 6 `` Brian Writes a Bestseller '' Joseph Lee Gary Janetti November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) 8ACX07 6.59 154 7 `` Road to the North Pole '' Greg Colton Chris Sheridan & Danny Smith December 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 12 ) 8ACX08 8ACX09 8.03 155 8 `` New Kidney in Town '' Pete Michels Matt Harrigan & Dave Willis January 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 09 ) 8ACX10 9.29 156 9 `` And I 'm Joyce Kinney '' Dominic Bianchi Alec Sulkin January 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) 8ACX12 7.08 157 10 `` Friends of Peter G . '' John Holmquist Brian Scully February 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) 8ACX13 5.99 158 11 `` German Guy '' Cyndi Tang Patrick Meighan February 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) 8ACX14 6.56 159 12 `` The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair '' Brian Iles Tom Devanney March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) 8ACX11 6.32 160 13 `` Trading Places '' Joseph Lee Steve Callaghan March 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 20 ) 8ACX17 6.55 161 14 `` Tiegs for Two '' Jerry Langford John Viener April 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 10 ) 8ACX16 6.61 162 15 `` Brothers & Sisters '' Julius Wu Alex Carter April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 8ACX15 6.04 163 16 `` The Big Bang Theory '' Dominic Polcino David A. Goodman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 8ACX18 6.52 164 17 `` Foreign Affairs '' Pete Michels Anthony Blasucci & Mike Desilets May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 8ACX19 6.55 165 18 `` It 's a Trap ! '' Peter Shin Cherry Chevapravatdumrong & David A. Goodman May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 7ACX21 7ACX22 5.83 Season 10 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 10 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 166 `` Lottery Fever '' Greg Colton Andrew Goldberg September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 9ACX01 7.69 167 `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' Brian Iles Wellesley Wild October 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) 8ACX20 6.99 168 `` Screams of Silence : The Story of Brenda Q '' Dominic Bianchi Alec Sulkin October 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 8ACX21 5.96 169 `` Stewie Goes for a Drive '' Julius Wu Gary Janetti November 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) 9ACX02 5.82 170 5 `` Back to the Pilot '' Dominic Bianchi Mark Hentemann November 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 9ACX08 6.01 171 6 `` Thanksgiving '' Jerry Langford Patrick Meighan November 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) 9ACX04 6.02 172 7 `` Amish Guy '' John Holmquist Mark Hentemann November 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) 8ACX22 5.50 173 8 `` Cool Hand Peter '' Brian Iles Artie Johann & Shawn Ries December 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 04 ) 9ACX05 7.14 174 9 `` Grumpy Old Man '' John Holmquist Dave Ihlenfeld & David Wright December 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 11 ) 9ACX07 6.10 175 10 `` Meg and Quagmire '' Joseph Lee Tom Devanney January 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 08 ) 9ACX03 6.23 176 11 `` The Blind Side '' Bob Bowen Cherry Chevapravatdumrong January 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 15 ) 9ACX06 8.31 177 12 `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' Pete Michels Danny Smith January 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 29 ) 9ACX09 5.92 178 13 `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' Greg Colton Alex Carter February 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) 9ACX10 5.03 179 14 `` Be Careful What You Fish For '' Julius Wu Steve Callaghan February 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 19 ) 9ACX11 5.39 180 15 `` Burning Down the Bayit '' Jerry Langford Chris Sheridan March 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 04 ) 9ACX13 5.33 181 16 `` Killer Queen '' Joseph Lee Spencer Porter March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) 9ACX12 5.74 182 17 `` Forget - Me - Not '' Brian Iles David A. Goodman March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) 9ACX14 5.61 183 18 `` You Ca n't Do That on Television , Peter '' Bob Bowen Julius Sharpe April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 9ACX15 5.05 184 19 `` Mr. and Mrs. Stewie '' Joe Vaux Gary Janetti April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 9ACX17 5.63 185 20 `` Leggo My Meg - O '' John Holmquist Brian Scully May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 9ACX16 5.64 186 21 `` Tea Peter '' Pete Michels Patrick Meighan May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 9ACX18 4.94 187 22 `` Family Guy Viewer Mail # 2 '' Greg Colton Tom Devanney & Alec Sulkin & Deepak Sethi May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 9ACX19 5.35 188 23 `` Internal Affairs '' Julius Wu Wellesley Wild May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 9ACX20 5.35 Season 11 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 11 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 189 `` Into Fat Air '' Joseph Lee Alec Sulkin September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 9ACX21 6.55 190 `` Ratings Guy '' James Purdum Dave Ihlenfeld & David Wright October 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 07 ) AACX01 6.70 191 `` The Old Man and the Big ' C ' '' Brian Iles Mike Desilets & Anthony Blasucci November 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 9ACX22 5.11 192 `` Yug Ylimaf '' John Holmquist Mark Hentemann November 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) AACX04 5.57 Special TBA `` 200 Episodes Later '' Brad Lachman Michael O'Rourke November 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) AACX45 5.06 193 5 `` Joe 's Revenge '' Bob Bowen Julius Sharpe November 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 18 ) AACX03 5.14 194 6 `` Lois Comes Out of Her Shell '' Joe Vaux Danny Smith November 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 25 ) AACX05 5.77 195 7 `` Friends Without Benefits '' Jerry Langford Cherry Chevapravatdumrong December 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) AACX02 5.64 196 8 `` Jesus , Mary and Joseph ! '' Julius Wu Tom Devanney December 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 23 ) AACX07 5.49 197 9 `` Space Cadet '' Pete Michels Alex Carter January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) AACX06 7.21 198 10 `` Brian 's Play '' Joseph Lee Gary Janetti January 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) AACX08 6.01 199 11 `` The Giggity Wife '' Brian Iles Andrew Goldberg January 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 27 ) AACX09 5.63 200 12 `` Valentine 's Day in Quahog '' Bob Bowen Daniel Palladino February 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 10 ) AACX11 4.71 201 13 `` Chris Cross '' Jerry Langford Anthony Blasucci & Mike Desilets February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) AACX10 4.87 202 14 `` Call Girl '' John Holmquist Wellesley Wild March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) AACX12 5.27 203 15 `` Turban Cowboy '' Joe Vaux Artie Johann & Shawn Ries March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) AACX13 4.92 204 16 `` 12 and a Half Angry Men '' Pete Michels Ted Jessup March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) AACX14 5.16 205 17 `` Bigfat '' Julius Wu Brian Scully April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) AACX15 5.02 206 18 `` Total Recall '' Joseph Lee Kristin Long April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) AACX16 4.89 207 19 `` Save the Clam '' Brian Iles Chris Sheridan May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) AACX18 4.79 208 20 `` Farmer Guy '' Mike Kim Patrick Meighan May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) AACX19 4.82 209 21 `` Roads to Vegas '' Greg Colton Steve Callaghan May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) AACX20 5.28 210 22 `` No Country Club for Old Men '' Jerry Langford Teresa Hsiao May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) AACX21 5.16 Season 12 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 12 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 211 `` Finders Keepers '' John Holmquist Mike Desilets & Anthony Blasucci September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) BACX01 5.23 212 `` Vestigial Peter '' Julius Wu Brian Scully October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) BACX02 5.20 213 `` Quagmire 's Quagmire '' Pete Michels Cherry Chevapravatdumrong November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) BACX03 4.87 214 `` A Fistful of Meg '' Joe Vaux Dominic Bianchi & Joe Vaux November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) AACX22 4.18 215 5 `` Boopa - dee Bappa - dee '' Mike Kim Wellesley Wild November 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) BACX04 4.46 216 6 `` Life of Brian '' Joseph Lee Alex Carter November 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 24 ) BACX05 4.58 217 7 `` Into Harmony 's Way '' Brian Iles Julius Sharpe December 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) BACX06 5.36 218 8 `` Christmas Guy '' Greg Colton Patrick Meighan December 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 15 ) BACX07 6.37 219 9 `` Peter Problems '' Bob Bowen Teresa Hsiao January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) BACX08 5.76 220 10 `` Grimm Job '' Joe Vaux Alec Sulkin January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) BACX09 5.22 221 11 `` Brian 's a Bad Father '' Jerry Langford Chris Sheridan January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) BACX10 4.11 222 12 `` Mom 's the Word '' John Holmquist Ted Jessup March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) BACX11 4.56 223 13 `` 3 Acts of God '' Bob Bowen Alec Sulkin March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) AACX17 4.62 224 14 `` Fresh Heir '' Mike Kim Steve Callaghan March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) BACX13 4.38 225 15 `` Secondhand Spoke '' Julius Wu Dave Ihlenfeld & David Wright March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) BACX12 4.17 226 16 `` Herpe the Love Sore '' Greg Colton Andrew Goldberg April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) BACX16 4.77 227 17 `` The Most Interesting Man in the World '' Joseph Lee Tom Devanney April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) BACX14 4.39 228 18 `` Baby Got Black '' Brian Iles Kevin Biggins & Travis Bowe April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) BACX15 4.02 229 19 `` Meg Stinks ! '' Bob Bowen Danny Smith May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) BACX17 4.40 230 20 `` He 's Bla - ack ! '' Steve Robertson Julius Sharpe May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) BACX19 4.16 231 21 `` Chap Stewie '' Joe Vaux Artie Johann & Shawn Ries May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) BACX18 3.88 Season 13 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 13 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 232 `` The Simpsons Guy '' Peter Shin Patrick Meighan September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) BACX22 BACX23 8.45 233 `` The Book of Joe '' Mike Kim Mike Desilets October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) CACX01 3.63 234 `` Baking Bad '' Jerry Langford Mark Hentemann October 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) BACX20 4.74 235 `` Brian the Closer '' John Holmquist Steve Marmel November 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) BACX21 3.63 236 5 `` Turkey Guys '' Julius Wu Cherry Chevapravatdumrong November 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) CACX02 4.46 237 6 `` The 2000 - Year - Old Virgin '' Joseph Lee Ted Jessup December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) CACX03 4.44 238 7 `` Stewie , Chris , & Brian 's Excellent Adventure '' Joe Vaux Alex Carter January 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 04 ) CACX04 5.53 239 8 `` Our Idiot Brian '' John Holmquist Aaron Lee January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) CACX05 4.12 240 9 `` This Little Piggy '' Brian Iles Kristin Long January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) CACX06 3.19 241 10 `` Quagmire 's Mom '' Greg Colton Tom Devanney February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) CACX07 2.81 242 11 `` Encyclopedia Griffin '' Jerry Langford Lew Morton February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) CACX08 2.51 243 12 `` Stewie Is Enceinte '' Steve Robertson Gary Janetti March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) CACX09 3.98 244 13 `` Dr. C and the Women '' Mike Kim Travis Bowe March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) CACX10 3.45 245 14 `` # JOLO '' Julius Wu Artie Johann & Shawn Ries April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) CACX11 3.11 246 15 `` Once Bitten '' Joseph Lee Anthony Blasucci April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) CACX12 3.30 247 16 `` Roasted Guy '' Joe Vaux Andrew Goldberg April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) CACX13 3.17 248 17 `` Fighting Irish '' Brian Iles Jaydi Samuels May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) CACX15 3.68 249 18 `` Take My Wife '' John Holmquist Kevin Biggins May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) CACX14 2.85 Season 14 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 14 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 250 `` Pilling Them Softly '' Jerry Langford Hayes Davenport September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) CACX17 2.87 251 `` Papa Has a Rollin ' Son '' Steve Robertson Danny Smith October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) CACX18 3.56 252 `` Guy , Robot '' Mike Kim Chris Regan October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) DACX02 2.79 253 `` Peternormal Activity '' Greg Colton Chris Sheridan October 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) CACX16 3.85 254 5 `` Peter , Chris , & Brian '' Joe Vaux Patrick Meighan November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) DACX03 2.58 255 6 `` Peter 's Sister '' John Holmquist Tom Devanney November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) DACX04 2.91 256 7 `` Hot Pocket - Dial '' Steve Robertson Aaron Lee November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) DACX06 3.37 257 8 `` Brokeback Swanson '' Julius Wu Ted Jessup December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) DACX07 3.63 258 9 `` A Shot in the Dark '' Brian Iles Mike Desilets December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) DACX05 3.74 259 10 `` Candy , Quahog Marshmallow '' Joseph Lee Cherry Chevapravatdumrong January 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 03 ) DACX01 3.26 260 11 `` The Peanut Butter Kid '' Greg Colton Artie Johann January 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) DACX08 3.92 261 12 `` Scammed Yankees '' Jerry Langford Ray James January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) DACX09 3.40 262 13 `` An App a Day '' Mike Kim Anthony Blasucci February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) DACX12 2.57 263 14 `` Underage Peter '' Joseph Lee Shawn Ries February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) DACX13 2.72 264 15 `` A Lot Going on Upstairs '' Joe Vaux Steve Callaghan March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) DACX11 2.74 265 16 `` The Heartbreak Dog '' Brian Iles Lew Morton March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) DACX14 2.98 266 17 `` Take a Letter '' John Holmquist Kevin Biggins April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) DACX15 2.93 267 18 `` The New Adventures of Old Tom '' Steve Robertson Travis Bowe May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) DACX16 2.76 268 19 `` Run , Chris , Run '' Julius Wu Damien Fahey May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) DACX17 2.65 269 20 `` Road to India '' Greg Colton Danny Smith May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) DACX18 2.59 Season 15 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 15 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 270 `` The Boys in the Band '' Joseph Lee Chris Regan September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) EACX01 2.80 271 `` Bookie of the Year '' Jerry Langford Daniel Peck October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) DACX10 3.47 272 `` American Gigg - olo '' Mike Kim Chris Sheridan October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) DACX19 3.68 273 `` Inside Family Guy '' Joe Vaux Andrew Goldberg October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) DACX20 2.49 274 5 `` Chris Has Got a Date , Date , Date , Date , Date '' Brian Iles Artie Johann November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) EACX02 2.60 275 6 `` Hot Shots '' John Holmquist David A. Goodman November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) EACX03 3.58 276 7 `` High School English '' Steve Robertson Ted Jessup November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) EACX04 2.74 277 8 `` Carter and Tricia '' Mike Kim Patrick Meighan December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) EACX05 3.45 278 9 `` How the Griffin Stole Christmas '' Julius Wu Aaron Lee December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) EACX06 3.05 279 10 `` Passenger Fatty - Seven '' Greg Colton Alex Carter January 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 08 ) EACX07 4.00 280 11 `` Gronkowsbees '' Jerry Langford Cherry Chevapravatdumrong January 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) EACX08 3.55 281 12 `` Peter 's Def Jam '' Joe Vaux Anthony Blasucci February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) EACX09 1.86 282 13 `` The Finer Strings '' Joseph Lee Shawn Ries February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) EACX10 2.26 283 14 `` The Dating Game '' Brian Iles Tom Devanney March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) EACX11 2.48 284 15 `` Cop and a Half - wit '' John Holmquist Ray James March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) EACX12 2.51 285 16 `` Saturated Fat Guy '' Steve Robertson Damien Fahey March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) EACX13 2.34 286 17 `` Peter 's Lost Youth '' Julius Wu Danny Smith March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) EACX14 2.17 287 18 `` The Peter Principal '' Greg Colton Steve Callaghan April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) EACX16 2.42 288 19 `` Dearly Deported '' Jerry Langford Mike Desilets May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) EACX17 2.14 289 20 `` A House Full of Peters '' Joseph Lee Chris Sheridan May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) EACX19 2.14 Season 16 ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy ( season 16 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 290 `` Emmy - Winning Episode '' TBA TBA October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) FACX06 TBD 291 `` Foxx in the Men House '' TBA TBA October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) EACX20 TBD Unscheduled episodes ( edit ) Production code Title Reference EACX18 `` Three Directors '' FACX01 `` Dog Bites Bear '' FACX02 `` Nanny Goats '' FACX03 `` The D in Apartment 23 '' FACX04 `` Petey IV '' FACX07 `` Do n't Be a Dickens at Christmas '' FACX10 `` Send in Stewie , Please '' FACX15 `` HTTPete '' ? ACX ? ? `` Doc Brown '' ? ACX ? ? `` Follow the Money '' ? ACX ? ? `` Crimes and Meg 's Demeanor '' ? ACX ? ? `` V is for Mystery '' ? ACX ? ? `` Brian Dates a Bitch '' ? ACX ? ? `` Veteran Guy '' ? ACX ? ? `` Family Guy Through the Years '' ? ACX ? ? `` The Woof of Wall Street '' Specials ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date Ratings / Share `` 100th Episode Special '' TBA Tom Devanney & Alec Sulkin & John Viener & Wellesley Wild November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) 10.48 Seth MacFarlane hosts a special looking back at the most memorable episodes from the past 100 episodes of Family Guy . `` Family Guy Presents : Seth & Alex 's Almost Live Comedy Show '' Jackson Douglas & Louis J. Horvitz Aaron Blitzstein & Alex Borstein & Cherry Chevapravatdumrong & Andrew Goldberg & Dave Ihlenfeld & Artie Johann & Seth MacFarlane & Patrick Meighan & Danny Smith & Alec Sulkin & John Viener & Wellesley Wild November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) 6.63 Seth MacFarlane and Alex Borstein host a half - hour variety special . `` 200 Episodes Later '' Brad Lachman Michael O'Rourke November 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 5.06 Fans get a look behind the scenes at the most outrageous moments on Family Guy . Home Media ( edit ) See also : List of Family Guy home video releases Season Episodes DVD volume / season / special ( Region 1 ) DVD season / special ( Region 2 / 4 ) DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Discs 7 April 15 , 2003 November 12 , 2001 October 20 , 2003 21 January 27 , 2003 August 2 , 2004 22 September 9 , 2003 July 21 , 2003 May 2 , 2005 30 November 29 , 2005 April 24 , 2006 May 29 , 2006 5 November 14 , 2006 October 30 , 2006 November 1 , 2006 Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story September 27 , 2005 October 24 , 2005 January 25 , 2006 5 18 5 6 September 18 , 2007 October 15 , 2007 October 17 , 2007 6 12 6 7 October 21 , 2008 November 10 , 2008 December 10 , 2008 `` Blue Harvest '' `` Blue Harvest '' January 15 , 2008 January 21 , 2008 February 5 , 2008 7 16 7 8 June 16 , 2009 November 2 , 2009 September 29 , 2009 8 21 8 9 June 15 , 2010 November 1 , 2010 August 17 , 2010 `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' December 22 , 2009 December 26 , 2009 December 23 , 2009 9 18 9 10 December 13 , 2011 May 9 , 2011 June 15 , 2011 10 11 September 25 , 2012 November 7 , 2011 February 29 , 2012 `` It 's a Trap ! '' `` It 's a Trap ! '' December 21 , 2010 December 27 , 2010 December 22 , 2010 10 23 11 12 September 24 , 2013 November 4 , 2013 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 11 22 12 13 December 17 , 2013 June 9 , 2014 May 14 , 2014 12 21 12 14 December 9 , 2014 November 10 , 2014 December 10 , 2014 13 18 13 15 December 8 , 2015 November 16 , 2015 December 2 , 2015 14 20 14 16 December 6 , 2016 November 7 , 2016 November 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ From Season 12 onwards , Region 1 releases were listed as seasons . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Plenty of Changes at Fox , UPN , Fox Tinkers With its Prime - Time Lineup on 6 Nights , UPN on 3 '' . Beacon Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ARTS & TV in Brief ; ' Family Guy , ' ' SportsNight ' may move to new networks '' . Boston Herald . Herald Media Inc . April 25 , 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( 2005 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Canceled and Resurrected , on the Air and Onstage '' . The New York Times . 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The series has been renewed through the 2016 - 2017 television season . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Renwed for season 16 '' . fox.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . FOX silently renewed Family Guy for new season . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/the-simpsons/news/a831444/fox-us-premiere-dates-confirmed-simpsons-gotham-lucifer/ Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2017/06/27/comic-con-2017-schedule-tv-show-panels-dates/ Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 1999 Television Season Top Rated Shows '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 1999 -- 2000 '' . Fbibler.chez.com. 2002 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . 2002 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . 2006 - 05 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . 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( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Sunday , September 23 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario T. ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Sunday , October 7 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario T. ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Sunday , November 4 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( November 12 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Sunday , November 11 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( November 19 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Sunday , November 18 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( November 28 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Sunday , November 25 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : Desperate Housewives , 60 Minutes Win , CCrashes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( October 20 , 2008 ) . `` Sunday : Desperate Housewives Tops Night , But Fox Animation Draws Youth '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Updated Sunday Ratings : Best Numbers for The Simpsons Since January 2004 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` Football Wins for CBS and NBC , Family Guy for Fox '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : CBS Wins with NFL and Obama , NBC with Romo , Fox with Family Guy '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : Desperate Housewives leads a slow Sunday '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : Low - ish Desperate Housewives wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : Kings Premiere Beheaded , Desperate Housewives Keeps Crown '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : NCAA Tourney , Obama Give CBS 18 -- 49 Win , Fox Grabs 18 -- 34 Demo '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : NCAA Tourney Lifts CBS To Victory , Fox Captures Youth Demo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Housewives Keys ABC Win ; Sit Down , Shut Up Premieres Mixed '' . TV by the Numbers12. April 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : ABC Wins ; Sit Down , Shut Up Drags Down Fox '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : Desperate Housewives win delayed Sunday ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : ABC Wins , But Desperate Housewives Hits Series Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Sunday Ratings : ABC Wins ; Desperate Housewives , Survivor Finales Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Cleveland Show Large ; Housewives Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Three Rivers Runs Dry '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) . `` TV Ratings : Of Course , NBC & Football Win ; Three Rivers Ratings Flatline '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Cowboys Point NBC To Win ; Housewives , Brothers & Sisters Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Cowboys Point NBC To Win ; Housewives , Brothers & Sisters Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Cowboys Point NBC To Win ; Housewives , Brothers & Sisters Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Football Wins For NBC ; Housewives , Three Rivers , Cold Case All Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 11 - 23 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : American Music Awards Rivals Football ; Cold Case No Better At 9pm '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Of Course Football Wins ; Fox Animation Bounces Back ; ABC Slumps '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Football Wins , Oprah 's Christmas Rates Below Brothers & Sisters '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Finishes On Top ; Simpsons , Housewives Return Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Grammy Awards Drown Out The Competition '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Olympics Take Night , But Undercover Boss Strong in Second Outing '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ) . `` TV Ratings : Undercover Boss Beats Trump 's Apprentice ; Sons Of Tucson Orphaned '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) . `` TV Ratings : NCAA Overrun Boosts CBS ; Amazing Race , Undercover Boss Strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 03 - 29 ) . `` TV Ratings : Basketball Elevates CBS ; Undercover Boss Still In Charge '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 04 - 12 ) . `` TV Ratings : Undercover Boss Still Calling The Shots As CBS Wins '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 05 - 03 ) . `` TV Ratings : Conan Boosts 60 Minutes A Little ; While ABC Wins A Slow Sunday '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 05 - 10 ) . `` TV Ratings : ABC Wins Another Slow Sunday ; Amazing Race Lowest Finale Ever ; Celebrity Apprentice Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` TV Ratings : Survivor Finale Tops ABC 's Finale Sunday , Celebrity Apprentice Ties Series Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) . `` TV Ratings : Lost Finale Ratings Season High , But Not Epic , Celebrity Apprentice Finale Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Simpsons , Cleveland Show , Family Guy , Makeover , Housewives All Down vs. Last Season 's Premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Simpsons , Desperate Housewives , Sunday Night Football Rise ; CSI : Miami Premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Against Sunday Night Football & Baseball ; Simpsons , Cleveland , Family Guy , American Dad , Housewives Dive '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Desperate Housewives , Brothers & Sisters , Simpsons , Cleveland , Family Guy , American Dad Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : NBC Wins with Football ; Football Fuels Fox ; ' Desperate Housewives ' Drops '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings Including Amazing Race , Undercover Boss , and CSI : Miami '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Desperate Housewives , ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons , ' Down ; Plus ' Amazing Race , ' ' Undercover Boss , ' and ' CSI : Miami ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : With Help from NFL Fox Animations Surge , ' Bob 's Burgers ' Strong ; ' The Cape ' Premieres OK '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Golden Globes ' Down A Fraction ; ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' Brothers & Sisters ' At Series Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Grammy Awards ' Rise ; ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' Brothers & Sisters , ' ' Makeover ' Hit Lows ; ' American Dad , ' ' Simpsons , ' ' Bob 's Burger 's , ' ' Family Guy ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 21 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Blame NBA All - Stars ? ' Amazing Race ' Off to Slow Start ; ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' Brothers & Sisters ' & Fox Animations Rise , But . '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Secret Millionaire ' Money for ABC ; Restaurant Not So Great , ' Celebrity Apprentice ' Down ; ' Housewives Up ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Secret Millionaire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Family Guy , ' ' Cleveland ' Adjusted Down + CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Cleveland Show ' Up ; ' Family Guy ' Stable ; As ' Brothers & Sisters , ' ' Celebrity Apprentice , ' ' Secret Millionaire , ' ' Simpsons , ' ' American Dad , ' Others Fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' Brothers & Sisters , ' ' CSI : Miami , ' ' Celebrity Apprentice ' All Down ; ' Undercover Boss ' Tumbles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' Amazing Race , ' ' American Dad , ' ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Brothers & Sisters ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Survivor ' Finale Trumps ' Desperate Housewives ' Finale , Trump and Everything Else '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Billboard Music Awards ' Rises , Leads ABC Win ; ' Celebrity Apprentice , ' ' Family Guy , ' ' American Dad ' Finales Down vs. Last Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2011 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' CSI : Miami , ' ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Desperate Housewives , ' ' Pan Am ' Adjusted Up + Unscrambled ' Amazing Race , ' ' The Good Wife ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Cleveland Show ' Adjusted Up ; ' Pan Am ' Adjusted Down + Unscrambled CBS Shows & ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2011 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Pan Am ' Down + CBS & ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons , ' ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + Final CBS & ' Sunday Night Football ' Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' CSI : Miami , ' ' Amazing Race , ' ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2011 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Big Adjustment Up for ' Amazing Race ' ; No Adjustment for ' Once Upon a Time ' + Steelers - Chiefs '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Pan Am , ' ' CSI : Miami , ' ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' Once Upon A Time ' + Giants / Cowboys & Unscrambled CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Cleveland , ' ' Family Guy , ' ' American Dad ' Adjusted Up + Unscrambled ' The Good Wife , ' ' CSI : Miami ' & ' 60 Minutes ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' Pan Am ' Adjusted Down + Giants / Packers , Unscrambled Fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time , ' ' Family Guy , ' ' CSI : Miami ' Adjusted Up ; NFL ' Pro Bowl ' Down vs. Last Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Napoleon Dynamite , ' ' American Dad ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + ' Grammy Awards ' Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siedman , Robert . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Once Upon a Time ' Steady ; ABC & Fox Recover A Bit + ' Celebrity Apprentice , ' ' Amazing Race ' Premiere '' . Zap2it . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife , ' ' CSI Miami ' Adjusted Up + ' Cleveland ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' , ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Amazing Race ' & ' Desperate Housewives ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Harry 's Law ' Adjusted Down to Series Lows ; ' Desperate Housewives ' Adjusted Up + Unscrambled CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time , ' ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sarah ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Amazing Race , ' ' Celebrity Apprentice , ' ' Cleveland ' Adjusted Up ; ' Harry 's Law , ' ' GCB ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Simpsons ' , ' Amazing Race ' Finale , ' Harry 's Law ' Adjusted Up ; ' Desperate Housewives ' , ' NYC 22 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sarah ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , Family guy ' , ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor : Reunion ' , ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 666 Park Avenue ' , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' 666 Park Ave ' & ' American Dad ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Revenge ' , ' The Mentalist ' & ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 666 Park Avenue ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' , ' Amazing Race ' , ' American Dad ' and ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up ; ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Family Guy ' & ' The Cleveland Show ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Good Wife ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' American Dad ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 27 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' American Dad ' Adjusted Up Plus Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' , ' The Cleveland Show ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down + Final Golden Globes Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Mentalist ' , ' Family Guy ' & ' American Dad ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' The Cleveland Show ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' Revenge for Real ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Amazing Race ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Good Wife ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Celebrity Apprentice ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Red Widow ' Adjusted Down '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Amazing Race ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' The Cleveland Show , ' The Simpsons , ' Bob 's Burgers ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up + Unscrambled CBS '' . TVbythenumbers.zap2it.com . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Cleveland Show ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Amazing Race ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Celebrity Apprentice ' & ' American Dad ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + Final Golf Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' The Amazing Race ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Celebrity Apprentice ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Red Widow ' Adjusted Down + Final FOX Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up - Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' The Cleveland Show ' Adjusted Up , ' The Billboard Music Awards ' , ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up + Final NFL Ratings & Unscrambled CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down + Final NFL Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Revenge ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down , Plus Unscrambled CBS & Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbedrs . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Once Upon a Time ' or ' Almost Human ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' The Amazing Race ' , ' American Dad ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Betrayal ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' Revenge ' or ' Survivor ' '' . Tvbythenumbers . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' The Best of Jimmy Fallon ' & ' Betrayal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Mentalist ' , ' American Dad ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' & ' Bachelor Special Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + ' Golden Globe ' Finals '' . Tvbythenumbers . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' & ' The Bachelor : Sean and Catherine 's Wedding ' Adjusted Down + Final Pro Bowl & Grammy Awards Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Resurrection ' , ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' Cosmos ' , ' American Dad ' & ' Believe ' Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dad ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Resurrection ' , ' Crisis ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dream Builders ' , ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' The Amazing Race ' , ' Cosmos ' , ' The Mentalist ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up ; ' Believe ' , ' 60 Minutes ' , ' Dateline ' & ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' Dateline ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dad ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' , ' Cosmos ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers. 2014 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers. 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . September 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons & ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mulaney ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Amanda ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' Madam Secretary ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' , ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for ' The Golden Globes ' & NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' Galavant ' , ' Revenge ' or ' CSI ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Grammy Awards Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' or ' Bob 's Burgers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' Saturday Night Live - 40th Anniversary ' , ' The Bachelor ' or ' CSI ' Finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , ' Battle Creek ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' , ' The Good Wife ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , & ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' Adjusted Up ; ' ACM Awards ' , & ' American Odyssey ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments to ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' Secrets and Lies ' Adjusted Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Blood & Oil ' , ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' and ' Last Man on Earth ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' The Good Wife ' and ' Last Man on Earth ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Family Guy ' and ' Once Upon a Time ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts up , ' CSI : Cyber ' rises vs. last week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : AMA 's and scripted shows steady , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjust down , ' Quantico ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Blood & Oil ' finale adjusts up ( not that it matters ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Undercover Boss ' adjusts up , premieres stay low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Simpsons ' still at a season high after adjustment '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' and ' Family Guy ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' special and ' Cooper Barrett ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts up , ' Carmichael Show ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' The Good Wife ' adjust up ; ' Little Big Shots ' and ' Crowded ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Good Wife ' finale adjusts up , ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' Carmichael Show ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' finale , everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Billboard Awards , ' Simpsons ' finale , ' Undercover Boss ' adjust up ; ' AFV ' and ' Bordertown ' finales adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' adjusts up , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts up , ' The Simpsons ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Elementary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Simpsons , ' ' Son of Zorn , ' ' Last Man on Earth ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' and FOX adjust down , still above average : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons , ' many others adjust down , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Final Grammy numbers , plus ' AFV ' and ' Dateline ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons , ' ' The Good Fight , ' all others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Time After Time ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Crime ' premieres low , ' Chicago Justice ' fairly steady : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' and ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Justice , ' ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Family Guy ' finales adjust up , ' AFV ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listings - FAMILY GUY on FOX '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' The Gifted ' & ' Orville ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Foxx in the Men House ' '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003814965 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003816253 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003816262 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003816258 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003816260 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003846477 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003851061 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram. 2016 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003803650 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003813734 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003844797 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003848125 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003848227 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003852729 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003852731 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Reg . # PAu003852736 at U.S. Copyright Records database . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Cowboys Point NBC To Win ; Housewives , Brothers & Sisters Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 14 . 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Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Presents -- Limited Collectors Edition '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Buy Family Guy ; It 's A Trap Voices ; Seth Macfarlane , Animated , DVD '' . Sanity.com.au . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Family Guy -- Fox Home Entertainment Schedules a Release Date for ' Volume 11 ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy -- Season 12 ( UK Only Cover ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy : Season 12 '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Family Guy -- Fox Announces ' Volume 12 ' : Street Date , Pricing , Bonus Material '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy -- Season 13 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy : Season 13 -- Volume 12 ( DVD ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . 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-799306723714112913	Standard deviation	Standard deviation - wikipedia Standard deviation Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Standard deviation ( disambiguation ) . A plot of normal distribution ( or bell - shaped curve ) where each band has a width of 1 standard deviation -- See also : 68 -- 95 -- 99.7 rule Cumulative probability of a normal distribution with expected value 0 and standard deviation 1 . In statistics , the standard deviation ( SD , also represented by the Greek letter sigma σ or the Latin letter s ) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values . A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean ( also called the expected value ) of the set , while a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values . The standard deviation of a random variable , statistical population , data set , or probability distribution is the square root of its variance . It is algebraically simpler , though in practice less robust , than the average absolute deviation . A useful property of the standard deviation is that , unlike the variance , it is expressed in the same units as the data . There are also other measures of deviation from the norm , including average absolute deviation , which provide different mathematical properties from standard deviation . In addition to expressing the variability of a population , the standard deviation is commonly used to measure confidence in statistical conclusions . For example , the margin of error in polling data is determined by calculating the expected standard deviation in the results if the same poll were to be conducted multiple times . This derivation of a standard deviation is often called the `` standard error '' of the estimate or `` standard error of the mean '' when referring to a mean . It is computed as the standard deviation of all the means that would be computed from that population if an infinite number of samples were drawn and a mean for each sample were computed . It is very important to note that the standard deviation of a population and the standard error of a statistic derived from that population ( such as the mean ) are quite different but related ( related by the inverse of the square root of the number of observations ) . The reported margin of error of a poll is computed from the standard error of the mean ( or alternatively from the product of the standard deviation of the population and the inverse of the square root of the sample size , which is the same thing ) and is typically about twice the standard deviation -- the half - width of a 95 percent confidence interval . In science , many researchers report the standard deviation of experimental data , and only effects that fall much farther than two standard deviations away from what would have been expected are considered statistically significant -- normal random error or variation in the measurements is in this way distinguished from likely genuine effects or associations . The standard deviation is also important in finance , where the standard deviation on the rate of return on an investment is a measure of the volatility of the investment . When only a sample of data from a population is available , the term standard deviation of the sample or sample standard deviation can refer to either the above - mentioned quantity as applied to those data or to a modified quantity that is an unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation ( the standard deviation of the entire population ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic examples 1.1 Sample standard deviation of metabolic rate of Northern Fulmars 1.2 Population standard deviation of grades of eight students 1.3 Standard deviation of average height for adult men 2 Definition of population values 2.1 Discrete random variable 2.2 Continuous random variable 3 Estimation 3.1 Uncorrected sample standard deviation 3.2 Corrected sample standard deviation 3.3 Unbiased sample standard deviation 3.4 Confidence interval of a sampled standard deviation 4 Identities and mathematical properties 5 Interpretation and application 5.1 Application examples 5.1. 1 Experiment , industrial and hypothesis testing 5.1. 2 Weather 5.1. 3 Finance 5.2 Geometric interpretation 5.3 Chebyshev 's inequality 5.4 Rules for normally distributed data 6 Relationship between standard deviation and mean 6.1 Standard deviation of the mean 7 Rapid calculation methods 7.1 Weighted calculation 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Basic examples ( edit ) Sample standard deviation of metabolic rate of Northern fulmars ( edit ) Logan gives the following example . Furness and Bryant measured the resting metabolic rate for 8 male and 6 female breeding Northern fulmars . The table shows the furness data set . The graph shows the metabolic rate for males and females . By visual inspection , it appears that the variability of the metabolic rate is greater for males than for females . The sample standard deviation of the metabolic rate for the female fulmars is calculated as follows . The formula for the sample standard deviation is s = ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 N − 1 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) . ) where ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x N ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( N ) \ ) ) are the observed values of the sample items , x _̄ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) is the mean value of these observations , and N is the number of observations in the sample . In the sample standard deviation formula , for this example , the numerator is the sum of the squared deviation of each individual animal 's metabolic rate from the mean metabolic rate . The table below shows the calculation of this sum of squared deviations for the female fulmars . For females , the sum of squared deviations is 886047.09 , as shown in the table . The denominator in the sample standard deviation formula is N -- 1 , where N is the number of animals . In this example , there are N = 6 females , so the denominator is 6 -- 1 = 5 . The sample standard deviation for the female fulmars is therefore s = ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 N − 1 = 886047.09 5 = 420.96 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 886047.09 ) ( 5 ) ) ) = 420.96 . ) For the male fulmars , a similar calculation gives a sample standard deviation of 894.37 , approximately twice as large as the standard deviation for the females . The graph shows the metabolic rate data , the means ( red dots ) , and the standard deviations ( red lines ) for females and males . Use of the sample standard deviation implies that these 14 fulmars are a sample from a larger population of fulmars . If these 14 fulmars comprised the entire population ( perhaps the last 14 surviving fulmars ) , then instead of the sample standard deviation , the calculation would use the population standard deviation . In the population standard deviation formula , the denominator is N instead of N - 1 . It is rare that measurements can be taken for an entire population , so , by default , statistical software packages calculate the sample standard deviation . Similarly , journal articles report the sample standard deviation unless otherwise specified . Population standard deviation of grades of eight students ( edit ) Suppose that the entire population of interest was eight students in a particular class . For a finite set of numbers , the population standard deviation is found by taking the square root of the average of the squared deviations of the values from their average value . The marks of a class of eight students ( that is , a statistical population ) are the following eight values : 2 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 9 . ( \ displaystyle 2 , \ 4 , \ 4 , \ 4 , \ 5 , \ 5 , \ 7 , \ 9 . ) These eight data points have the mean ( average ) of 5 : 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9 8 = 5 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9 ) ( 8 ) ) = 5 . ) First , calculate the deviations of each data point from the mean , and square the result of each : ( 2 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 3 ) 2 = 9 ( 5 − 5 ) 2 = 0 2 = 0 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 5 − 5 ) 2 = 0 2 = 0 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 7 − 5 ) 2 = 2 2 = 4 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 9 − 5 ) 2 = 4 2 = 16 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( array ) ( lll ) ( 2 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 3 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 9&& ( 5 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0 ^ ( 2 ) = 0 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 5 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0 ^ ( 2 ) = 0 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 7 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 2 ^ ( 2 ) = 4 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 9 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 4 ^ ( 2 ) = 16. \ \ \ end ( array ) ) ) The variance is the mean of these values : 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 8 = 4 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 ) ( 8 ) ) = 4 . ) and the population standard deviation is equal to the square root of the variance : 4 = 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 4 ) ) = 2 . ) This formula is valid only if the eight values with which we began form the complete population . If the values instead were a random sample drawn from some large parent population ( for example , they were 8 marks randomly and independently chosen from a class of 2 million ) , then one often divides by 7 ( which is n − 1 ) instead of 8 ( which is n ) in the denominator of the last formula . In that case the result of the original formula would be called the sample standard deviation . Dividing by n − 1 rather than by n gives an unbiased estimate of the variance of the larger parent population . This is known as Bessel 's correction . Standard deviation of average height for adult men ( edit ) If the population of interest is approximately normally distributed , the standard deviation provides information on the proportion of observations above or below certain values . For example , the average height for adult men in the United States is about 70 inches ( 177.8 cm ) , with a standard deviation of around 3 inches ( 7.62 cm ) . This means that most men ( about 68 % , assuming a normal distribution ) have a height within 3 inches ( 7.62 cm ) of the mean ( 67 -- 73 inches ( 170.18 -- 185.42 cm ) ) -- one standard deviation -- and almost all men ( about 95 % ) have a height within 6 inches ( 15.24 cm ) of the mean ( 64 -- 76 inches ( 162.56 -- 193.04 cm ) ) -- two standard deviations . If the standard deviation were zero , then all men would be exactly 70 inches ( 177.8 cm ) tall . If the standard deviation were 20 inches ( 50.8 cm ) , then men would have much more variable heights , with a typical range of about 50 -- 90 inches ( 127 -- 228.6 cm ) . Three standard deviations account for 99.7 % of the sample population being studied , assuming the distribution is normal ( bell - shaped ) . ( See the 68 - 95 - 99.7 rule , or the empirical rule , for more information . ) Definition of population values ( edit ) Let X be a random variable with mean value μ : E ⁡ ( X ) = μ . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) = \ mu . \ , \ ! ) Here the operator E denotes the average or expected value of X . Then the standard deviation of X is the quantity σ = E ⁡ ( ( X − μ ) 2 ) = E ⁡ ( X 2 ) + E ⁡ ( − 2 μ X ) + E ⁡ ( μ 2 ) = E ⁡ ( X 2 ) − 2 μ E ⁡ ( X ) + μ 2 = E ⁡ ( X 2 ) − 2 μ 2 + μ 2 = E ⁡ ( X 2 ) − μ 2 = E ⁡ ( X 2 ) − ( E ⁡ ( X ) ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sigma & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( ( X - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) + \ operatorname ( E ) ( - 2 \ mu X ) + \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mu \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) + \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mu ^ ( 2 ) + \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) ( derived using the properties of expected value ) . In other words , the standard deviation σ ( sigma ) is the square root of the variance of X ; i.e. , it is the square root of the average value of ( X − μ ) . The standard deviation of a ( univariate ) probability distribution is the same as that of a random variable having that distribution . Not all random variables have a standard deviation , since these expected values need not exist . For example , the standard deviation of a random variable that follows a Cauchy distribution is undefined because its expected value μ is undefined . Discrete random variable ( edit ) In the case where X takes random values from a finite data set x , x , ... , x , with each value having the same probability , the standard deviation is σ = 1 N ( ( x 1 − μ ) 2 + ( x 2 − μ ) 2 + ⋯ + ( x N − μ ) 2 ) , w h e r e μ = 1 N ( x 1 + ⋯ + x N ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ left ( ( x_ ( 1 ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( x_ ( 2 ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + ( x_ ( N ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) ( x_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + x_ ( N ) ) , ) or , using summation notation , σ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − μ ) 2 , w h e r e μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) . ) If , instead of having equal probabilities , the values have different probabilities , let x have probability p , x have probability p , ... , x have probability p . In this case , the standard deviation will be σ = ∑ i = 1 N p i ( x i − μ ) 2 , w h e r e μ = ∑ i = 1 N p i x i . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) p_ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) p_ ( i ) x_ ( i ) . ) Continuous random variable ( edit ) The standard deviation of a continuous real - valued random variable X with probability density function p ( x ) is σ = ∫ X ( x − μ ) 2 p ( x ) d x , w h e r e μ = ∫ X x p ( x ) d x , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) ( x - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , p ( x ) \ , ( \ rm ( d ) ) x ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) x \ , p ( x ) \ , ( \ rm ( d ) ) x , ) and where the integrals are definite integrals taken for x ranging over the set of possible values of the random variable X . In the case of a parametric family of distributions , the standard deviation can be expressed in terms of the parameters . For example , in the case of the log - normal distribution with parameters μ and σ , the standard deviation is ( ( exp ( σ ) − 1 ) exp ( 2μ + σ ) ) . Estimation ( edit ) See also : Sample variance Main article : Unbiased estimation of standard deviation One can find the standard deviation of an entire population in cases ( such as standardized testing ) where every member of a population is sampled . In cases where that can not be done , the standard deviation σ is estimated by examining a random sample taken from the population and computing a statistic of the sample , which is used as an estimate of the population standard deviation . Such a statistic is called an estimator , and the estimator ( or the value of the estimator , namely the estimate ) is called a sample standard deviation , and is denoted by s ( possibly with modifiers ) . However , unlike in the case of estimating the population mean , for which the sample mean is a simple estimator with many desirable properties ( unbiased , efficient , maximum likelihood ) , there is no single estimator for the standard deviation with all these properties , and unbiased estimation of standard deviation is a very technically involved problem . Most often , the standard deviation is estimated using the corrected sample standard deviation ( using N − 1 ) , defined below , and this is often referred to as the `` sample standard deviation '' , without qualifiers . However , other estimators are better in other respects : the uncorrected estimator ( using N ) yields lower mean squared error , while using N − 1.5 ( for the normal distribution ) almost completely eliminates bias . Uncorrected sample standard deviation ( edit ) The formula for the population standard deviation ( of a finite population ) can be applied to the sample , using the size of the sample as the size of the population ( though the actual population size from which the sample is drawn may be much larger ) . This estimator , denoted by s , is known as the uncorrected sample standard deviation , or sometimes the standard deviation of the sample ( considered as the entire population ) , and is defined as follows : s N = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( N ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) where ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x N ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( N ) \ ) ) are the observed values of the sample items and x _̄ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) is the mean value of these observations , while the denominator N stands for the size of the sample : this is the square root of the sample variance , which is the average of the squared deviations about the sample mean . This is a consistent estimator ( it converges in probability to the population value as the number of samples goes to infinity ) , and is the maximum - likelihood estimate when the population is normally distributed . However , this is a biased estimator , as the estimates are generally too low . The bias decreases as sample size grows , dropping off as 1 / N , and thus is most significant for small or moderate sample sizes ; for N > 75 ( \ displaystyle N > 75 ) the bias is below 1 % . Thus for very large sample sizes , the uncorrected sample standard deviation is generally acceptable . This estimator also has a uniformly smaller mean squared error than the corrected sample standard deviation . Corrected sample standard deviation ( edit ) If the biased sample variance ( the second central moment of the sample , which is a downward - biased estimate of the population variance ) is used to compute an estimate of the population 's standard deviation , the result is s N = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s_ ( N ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Here taking the square root introduces further downward bias , by Jensen 's inequality , due to the square root being a concave function . The bias in the variance is easily corrected , but the bias from the square root is more difficult to correct , and depends on the distribution in question . An unbiased estimator for the variance is given by applying Bessel 's correction , using N − 1 instead of N to yield the unbiased sample variance , denoted s : s 2 = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) This estimator is unbiased if the variance exists and the sample values are drawn independently with replacement . N − 1 corresponds to the number of degrees of freedom in the vector of deviations from the mean , ( x 1 − x _̄ , ... , x n − x _̄ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( x_ ( 1 ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) , \ ; \ dots , \ ; x_ ( n ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) . ) Taking square roots reintroduces bias ( because the square root is a nonlinear function , which does not commute with the expectation ) , yielding the corrected sample standard deviation , denoted by s : s = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) As explained above , while s is an unbiased estimator for the population variance , s is still a biased estimator for the population standard deviation , though markedly less biased than the uncorrected sample standard deviation . This estimator is commonly used and generally known simply as the `` sample standard deviation '' . The bias may still be large for small samples ( N less than 10 ) . As sample size increases , the amount of bias decreases . We obtain more information and the difference between 1 N ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) ) and 1 N − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) becomes smaller . Unbiased sample standard deviation ( edit ) For unbiased estimation of standard deviation , there is no formula that works across all distributions , unlike for mean and variance . Instead , s is used as a basis , and is scaled by a correction factor to produce an unbiased estimate . For the normal distribution , an unbiased estimator is given by s / c , where the correction factor ( which depends on N ) is given in terms of the Gamma function , and equals : c 4 ( N ) = 2 N − 1 Γ ( N 2 ) Γ ( N − 1 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle c_ ( 4 ) ( N ) \ , = \ , ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) \ , \ , \ , ( \ frac ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( N ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( N - 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ) . ) This arises because the sampling distribution of the sample standard deviation follows a ( scaled ) chi distribution , and the correction factor is the mean of the chi distribution . An approximation can be given by replacing N − 1 with N − 1.5 , yielding : σ ^ = 1 N − 1.5 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1.5 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) The error in this approximation decays quadratically ( as 1 / N ) , and it is suited for all but the smallest samples or highest precision : for n = 3 the bias is equal to 1.3 % , and for n = 9 the bias is already less than 0.1 % . For other distributions , the correct formula depends on the distribution , but a rule of thumb is to use the further refinement of the approximation : σ ^ = 1 N − 1.5 − 1 4 γ 2 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1.5 - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) where γ denotes the population excess kurtosis . The excess kurtosis may be either known beforehand for certain distributions , or estimated from the data . Confidence interval of a sampled standard deviation ( edit ) See also : Margin of error , Variance § Distribution of the sample variance , and Student's_t - distribution § Robust_parametric_modeling The standard deviation we obtain by sampling a distribution is itself not absolutely accurate , both for mathematical reasons ( explained here by the confidence interval ) and for practical reasons of measurement ( measurement error ) . The mathematical effect can be described by the confidence interval or CI . To show how a larger sample will make the confidence interval narrower , consider the following examples : A small population of N = 2 has only 1 degree of freedom for estimating the standard deviation . The result is that a 95 % CI of the SD runs from 0.45 × SD to 31.9 × SD ; the factors here are as follows : Pr ( q α / 2 < k s 2 σ 2 < q 1 − α / 2 ) = 1 − α , ( \ displaystyle \ Pr \ left ( q_ ( \ alpha / 2 ) < k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) ) < q_ ( 1 - \ alpha / 2 ) \ right ) = 1 - \ alpha , ) where q p ( \ displaystyle q_ ( p ) ) is the p - th quantile of the chi - square distribution with k degrees of freedom , and 1 − α ( \ displaystyle 1 - \ alpha ) is the confidence level . This is equivalent to the following : Pr ( k s 2 q 1 − α / 2 < σ 2 < k s 2 q α / 2 ) = 1 − α . ( \ displaystyle \ Pr \ left ( k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 - \ alpha / 2 ) ) ) < \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) < k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( q_ ( \ alpha / 2 ) ) ) \ right ) = 1 - \ alpha . ) With k = 1 , q 0.025 = 0.000982 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( 0.025 ) = 0.000982 ) and q 0.975 = 5.024 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( 0.975 ) = 5.024 ) . The reciprocals of the square roots of these two numbers give us the factors 0.45 and 31.9 given above . A larger population of N = 10 has 9 degrees of freedom for estimating the standard deviation . The same computations as above give us in this case a 95 % CI running from 0.69 * SD to 1.83 * SD . So even with a sample population of 10 , the actual SD can still be almost a factor 2 higher than the sampled SD . For a sample population N = 100 , this is down to 0.88 * SD to 1.16 * SD . To be more certain that the sampled SD is close to the actual SD we need to sample a large number of points . These same formulae can be used to obtain confidence intervals on the variance of residuals from a least squares fit under standard normal theory , where k is now the number of degrees of freedom for error . Identities and mathematical properties ( edit ) The standard deviation is invariant under changes in location , and scales directly with the scale of the random variable . Thus , for a constant c and random variables X and Y : σ ( c ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( c ) = 0 \ , ) σ ( X + c ) = σ ( X ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X + c ) = \ sigma ( X ) , \ , ) σ ( c X ) = c σ ( X ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( cX ) = c \ sigma ( X ). \ , ) The standard deviation of the sum of two random variables can be related to their individual standard deviations and the covariance between them : σ ( X + Y ) = var ⁡ ( X ) + var ⁡ ( Y ) + 2 cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X + Y ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) + \ operatorname ( var ) ( Y ) + 2 \ , \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) ) ). \ , ) where var = σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ operatorname ( var ) \ , = \ , \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) and cov ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ) stand for variance and covariance , respectively . The calculation of the sum of squared deviations can be related to moments calculated directly from the data . In the following formula , the letter E is interpreted to mean expected value , i.e. , mean . σ ( X ) = E ( ( X − E ( X ) ) 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) − ( E ( X ) ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X ) = ( \ sqrt ( E ( ( X-E ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( E ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( E ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The sample standard deviation can be computed as : s ( X ) = N N − 1 E ( ( X − E ( X ) ) 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle s ( X ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( N ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( E ( ( X-E ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) For a finite population with equal probabilities at all points , we have 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 = 1 N ( ∑ i = 1 N x i 2 ) − x _̄ 2 = ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i 2 ) − ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) - \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This means that the standard deviation is equal to the square root of the difference between the average of the squares of the values and the square of the average value . See computational formula for the variance for proof , and for an analogous result for the sample standard deviation . Interpretation and application ( edit ) Further information : Prediction interval and Confidence interval Example of samples from two populations with the same mean but different standard deviations . Red population has mean 100 and SD 10 ; blue population has mean 100 and SD 50 . A large standard deviation indicates that the data points can spread far from the mean and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean . For example , each of the three populations ( 0 , 0 , 14 , 14 ) , ( 0 , 6 , 8 , 14 ) and ( 6 , 6 , 8 , 8 ) has a mean of 7 . Their standard deviations are 7 , 5 , and 1 , respectively . The third population has a much smaller standard deviation than the other two because its values are all close to 7 . It will have the same units as the data points themselves . If , for instance , the data set ( 0 , 6 , 8 , 14 ) represents the ages of a population of four siblings in years , the standard deviation is 5 years . As another example , the population ( 1000 , 1006 , 1008 , 1014 ) may represent the distances traveled by four athletes , measured in meters . It has a mean of 1007 meters , and a standard deviation of 5 meters . Standard deviation may serve as a measure of uncertainty . In physical science , for example , the reported standard deviation of a group of repeated measurements gives the precision of those measurements . When deciding whether measurements agree with a theoretical prediction , the standard deviation of those measurements is of crucial importance : if the mean of the measurements is too far away from the prediction ( with the distance measured in standard deviations ) , then the theory being tested probably needs to be revised . This makes sense since they fall outside the range of values that could reasonably be expected to occur , if the prediction were correct and the standard deviation appropriately quantified . See prediction interval . While the standard deviation does measure how far typical values tend to be from the mean , other measures are available . An example is the mean absolute deviation , which might be considered a more direct measure of average distance , compared to the root mean square distance inherent in the standard deviation . Application examples ( edit ) The practical value of understanding the standard deviation of a set of values is in appreciating how much variation there is from the average ( mean ) . Experiment , industrial and hypothesis testing ( edit ) Standard deviation is often used to compare real - world data against a model to test the model . For example , in industrial applications the weight of products coming off a production line may need to comply with a legally required value . By weighing some fraction of the products an average weight can be found , which will always be slightly different to the long - term average . By using standard deviations , a minimum and maximum value can be calculated that the averaged weight will be within some very high percentage of the time ( 99.9 % or more ) . If it falls outside the range then the production process may need to be corrected . Statistical tests such as these are particularly important when the testing is relatively expensive . For example , if the product needs to be opened and drained and weighed , or if the product was otherwise used up by the test . In experimental science , a theoretical model of reality is used . Particle physics conventionally uses a standard of `` 5 sigma '' for the declaration of a discovery . A five - sigma level translates to one chance in 3.5 million that a random fluctuation would yield the result . This level of certainty was required in order to assert that a particle consistent with the Higgs boson had been discovered in two independent experiments at CERN , and this was also the significance level leading to the declaration of the first detection of gravitational waves . Weather ( edit ) As a simple example , consider the average daily maximum temperatures for two cities , one inland and one on the coast . It is helpful to understand that the range of daily maximum temperatures for cities near the coast is smaller than for cities inland . Thus , while these two cities may each have the same average maximum temperature , the standard deviation of the daily maximum temperature for the coastal city will be less than that of the inland city as , on any particular day , the actual maximum temperature is more likely to be farther from the average maximum temperature for the inland city than for the coastal one . Finance ( edit ) In finance , standard deviation is often used as a measure of the risk associated with price - fluctuations of a given asset ( stocks , bonds , property , etc . ) , or the risk of a portfolio of assets ( actively managed mutual funds , index mutual funds , or ETFs ) . Risk is an important factor in determining how to efficiently manage a portfolio of investments because it determines the variation in returns on the asset and / or portfolio and gives investors a mathematical basis for investment decisions ( known as mean - variance optimization ) . The fundamental concept of risk is that as it increases , the expected return on an investment should increase as well , an increase known as the risk premium . In other words , investors should expect a higher return on an investment when that investment carries a higher level of risk or uncertainty . When evaluating investments , investors should estimate both the expected return and the uncertainty of future returns . Standard deviation provides a quantified estimate of the uncertainty of future returns . For example , assume an investor had to choose between two stocks . Stock A over the past 20 years had an average return of 10 percent , with a standard deviation of 20 percentage points ( pp ) and Stock B , over the same period , had average returns of 12 percent but a higher standard deviation of 30 pp. On the basis of risk and return , an investor may decide that Stock A is the safer choice , because Stock B 's additional two percentage points of return is not worth the additional 10 pp standard deviation ( greater risk or uncertainty of the expected return ) . Stock B is likely to fall short of the initial investment ( but also to exceed the initial investment ) more often than Stock A under the same circumstances , and is estimated to return only two percent more on average . In this example , Stock A is expected to earn about 10 percent , plus or minus 20 pp ( a range of 30 percent to − 10 percent ) , about two - thirds of the future year returns . When considering more extreme possible returns or outcomes in future , an investor should expect results of as much as 10 percent plus or minus 60 pp , or a range from 70 percent to − 50 percent , which includes outcomes for three standard deviations from the average return ( about 99.7 percent of probable returns ) . Calculating the average ( or arithmetic mean ) of the return of a security over a given period will generate the expected return of the asset . For each period , subtracting the expected return from the actual return results in the difference from the mean . Squaring the difference in each period and taking the average gives the overall variance of the return of the asset . The larger the variance , the greater risk the security carries . Finding the square root of this variance will give the standard deviation of the investment tool in question . Population standard deviation is used to set the width of Bollinger Bands , a widely adopted technical analysis tool . For example , the upper Bollinger Band is given as x + nσ . The most commonly used value for n is 2 ; there is about a five percent chance of going outside , assuming a normal distribution of returns . Financial time series are known to be non-stationary series , whereas the statistical calculations above , such as standard deviation , apply only to stationary series . To apply the above statistical tools to non-stationary series , the series first must be transformed to a stationary series , enabling use of statistical tools that now have a valid basis from which to work . Geometric interpretation ( edit ) To gain some geometric insights and clarification , we will start with a population of three values , x , x , x . This defines a point P = ( x , x , x ) in R. Consider the line L = ( ( r , r , r ) : r ∈ R ) . This is the `` main diagonal '' going through the origin . If our three given values were all equal , then the standard deviation would be zero and P would lie on L. So it is not unreasonable to assume that the standard deviation is related to the distance of P to L. That is indeed the case . To move orthogonally from L to the point P , one begins at the point : M = ( x _̄ , x _̄ , x _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ) whose coordinates are the mean of the values we started out with . ( show ) Derivation of M = ( x _̄ , x _̄ , x _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ) M ( \ displaystyle M ) is on L ( \ displaystyle L ) therefore M = ( l , l , l ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( l , l , l ) ) with l ∈ R ( \ displaystyle l \ in ( \ textbf ( R ) ) ) The line L ( \ displaystyle L ) is to be orthogonal to the vector from M ( \ displaystyle M ) to P ( \ displaystyle P ) . Therefore : L ⋅ ( P − M ) = 0 ( r , r , r ) ⋅ ( x 1 − l , x 2 − l , x 3 − l ) = 0 r ∗ ( x 1 − l + x 2 − l + x 3 − l ) = 0 r ∗ ( ∑ i x i − 3 l ) = 0 ∑ i x i − 3 l = 0 1 3 ∑ i x i = l x _̄ = l ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) L \ cdot ( P-M ) & = 0 \ \ ( r , r , r ) \ cdot ( x_ ( 1 ) - l , x_ ( 2 ) - l , x_ ( 3 ) - l ) & = 0 \ \ r * ( x_ ( 1 ) - l + x_ ( 2 ) - l + x_ ( 3 ) - l ) & = 0 \ \ r * ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) - 3l ) & = 0 \ \ \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) - 3l& = 0 \ \ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) & = l \ \ ( \ overline ( x ) ) & = l \ end ( aligned ) ) ) A little algebra shows that the distance between P and M ( which is the same as the orthogonal distance between P and the line L ) ∑ i ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) is equal to the standard deviation of the vector x , x , x , multiplied by the square root of the number of dimensions of the vector ( 3 in this case . ) Chebyshev 's inequality ( edit ) Main article : Chebyshev 's inequality An observation is rarely more than a few standard deviations away from the mean . Chebyshev 's inequality ensures that , for all distributions for which the standard deviation is defined , the amount of data within a number of standard deviations of the mean is at least as much as given in the following table . Distance from mean Minimum population 2 σ ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ , \ sigma ) 50 % 2σ 75 % 3σ 89 % 4σ 94 % 5σ 96 % 6σ 97 % k σ ( \ displaystyle k \ sigma ) 1 − 1 k 2 ( \ displaystyle 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) 1 1 − l σ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - \ ell ) ) ) \ , \ sigma ) l ( \ displaystyle \ ell ) Rules for normally distributed data ( edit ) Dark blue is one standard deviation on either side of the mean . For the normal distribution , this accounts for 68.27 percent of the set ; while two standard deviations from the mean ( medium and dark blue ) account for 95.45 percent ; three standard deviations ( light , medium , and dark blue ) account for 99.73 percent ; and four standard deviations account for 99.994 percent . The two points of the curve that are one standard deviation from the mean are also the inflection points . The central limit theorem states that the distribution of an average of many independent , identically distributed random variables tends toward the famous bell - shaped normal distribution with a probability density function of f ( x ; μ , σ 2 ) = 1 σ 2 π e − 1 2 ( x − μ σ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ; \ mu , \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ) e ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( x - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) where μ is the expected value of the random variables , σ equals their distribution 's standard deviation divided by n , and n is the number of random variables . The standard deviation therefore is simply a scaling variable that adjusts how broad the curve will be , though it also appears in the normalizing constant . If a data distribution is approximately normal , then the proportion of data values within z standard deviations of the mean is defined by : Proportion = erf ⁡ ( z 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Proportion ) ) = \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) where erf ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ operatorname ( erf ) ) is the error function . The proportion that is less than or equal to a number , x , is given by the cumulative distribution function : Proportion ≤ x = 1 2 ( 1 + erf ⁡ ( x − μ σ 2 ) ) = 1 2 ( 1 + erf ⁡ ( z 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Proportion ) ) \ leq x = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 + \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( x - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 + \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) . If a data distribution is approximately normal then about 68 percent of the data values are within one standard deviation of the mean ( mathematically , μ ± σ , where μ is the arithmetic mean ) , about 95 percent are within two standard deviations ( μ ± 2σ ) , and about 99.7 percent lie within three standard deviations ( μ ± 3σ ) . This is known as the 68 - 95 - 99.7 rule , or the empirical rule . For various values of z , the percentage of values expected to lie in and outside the symmetric interval , CI = ( − zσ , zσ ) , are as follows : Percentage within ( z ) z ( Percentage within ) Confidence interval Proportion within Proportion without Percentage Percentage Fraction 6999674490000000000 ♠ 0.674 490 σ 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 % 1 / 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 6999994458000000000 ♠ 0.994 458 σ 68 % 32 % 1 / 3.125 1σ 7001682689492000000 ♠ 68.268 9492 % 7001317310508000000 ♠ 31.731 0508 % 1 / 7000315148720000000 ♠ 3.151 4872 7000128155200000000 ♠ 1.281 552 σ 80 % 20 % 1 / 5 7000164485400000000 ♠ 1.644 854 σ 90 % 10 % 1 / 10 7000195996400000000 ♠ 1.959 964 σ 95 % 5 % 1 / 20 2σ 7001954499736000000 ♠ 95.449 9736 % 7000455002640000000 ♠ 4.550 0264 % 1 / 7001219778950000000 ♠ 21.977 895 7000257582900000000 ♠ 2.575 829 σ 99 % 1 % 1 / 100 3σ 7001997300204000000 ♠ 99.730 0204 % 6999269979600000000 ♠ 0.269 9796 % 1 / 370.398 7000329052700000000 ♠ 3.290 527 σ 99.9 % 0.1 % 1 / 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 7000389059200000000 ♠ 3.890 592 σ 99.99 % 0.01 % 1 / 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 4σ 7001999936660000000 ♠ 99.993 666 % 6997633400000000000 ♠ 0.006 334 % 1 / 7004157870000000000 ♠ 15 787 7000441717300000000 ♠ 4.417 173 σ 99.999 % 0.001 % 1 / 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 σ 99.999 320 465 3751 % 0.000 679 534 6249 % 3.4 / 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 ( on each side of mean ) 7000489163800000000 ♠ 4.891 638 σ 7001999999000000000 ♠ 99.9999 % 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.0001 % 1 / 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 5σ 7001999999426697000 ♠ 99.999 942 6697 % 6995573303000000000 ♠ 0.000 057 3303 % 1 / 7006174427800000000 ♠ 1744278 7000532672399999999 ♠ 5.326 724 σ 7001999999900000000 ♠ 99.999 99 % 6995100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 01 % 1 / 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 7000573072900000000 ♠ 5.730 729 σ 7001999999990000000 ♠ 99.999 999 % 6994100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 001 % 1 / 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 000 6σ 7001999999998027000 ♠ 99.999 999 8027 % 6993197300000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 1973 % 1 / 7008506797346000000 ♠ 506 797 346 7000610941000000000 ♠ 6.109 410 σ 7001999999999000000 ♠ 99.999 9999 % 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 0001 % 1 / 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000 7000646695100000000 ♠ 6.466 951 σ 7001999999999900000 ♠ 99.999 999 99 % 6992100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 01 % 1 / 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 000 7000680650200000000 ♠ 6.806 502 σ 7001999999999990000 ♠ 99.999 999 999 % 6991100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 001 % 1 / 7011100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 000 000 7σ 99.999 999 999 7440 % 6990256000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 256 % 1 / 7011390682215445000 ♠ 390 682 215 445 Relationship between standard deviation and mean ( edit ) The mean and the standard deviation of a set of data are descriptive statistics usually reported together . In a certain sense , the standard deviation is a `` natural '' measure of statistical dispersion if the center of the data is measured about the mean . This is because the standard deviation from the mean is smaller than from any other point . The precise statement is the following : suppose x , ... , x are real numbers and define the function : σ ( r ) = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − r ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( r ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Using calculus or by completing the square , it is possible to show that σ ( r ) has a unique minimum at the mean : r = x _̄ . ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ overline ( x ) ). \ , ) Variability can also be measured by the coefficient of variation , which is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean . It is a dimensionless number . Standard deviation of the mean ( edit ) Main article : Standard error of the mean Often , we want some information about the precision of the mean we obtained . We can obtain this by determining the standard deviation of the sampled mean . Assuming statistical independence of the values in the sample , the standard deviation of the mean is related to the standard deviation of the distribution by : σ mean = 1 N σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) \ sigma ) where N is the number of observations in the sample used to estimate the mean . This can easily be proven with ( see basic properties of the variance ) : var ⁡ ( X ) ≡ σ X 2 var ⁡ ( X 1 + X 2 ) ≡ var ⁡ ( X 1 ) + var ⁡ ( X 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) & \ equiv \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) + X_ ( 2 ) ) & \ equiv \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) ) + \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) ( Statistical Independence is assumed . ) var ⁡ ( c X 1 ) ≡ c 2 var ⁡ ( X 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( cX_ ( 1 ) ) & \ equiv c ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) hence var ⁡ ( mean ) = var ⁡ ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N X i ) = 1 N 2 var ⁡ ( ∑ i = 1 N X i ) = 1 N 2 ∑ i = 1 N var ⁡ ( X i ) = N N 2 var ⁡ ( X ) = 1 N var ⁡ ( X ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( ( \ text ( mean ) ) ) & = \ operatorname ( var ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) X_ ( i ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) X_ ( i ) \ right ) \ \ & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( i ) ) = ( \ frac ( N ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Resulting in : σ mean = σ N . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sigma ) ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) . ) It should be emphasized that in order to estimate the standard deviation of the mean σ mean ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) ) it is necessary to know the standard deviation of the entire population σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) beforehand . However , in most applications this parameter is unknown . For example , if a series of 10 measurements of a previously unknown quantity is performed in a laboratory , it is possible to calculate the resulting sample mean and sample standard deviation , but it is impossible to calculate the standard deviation of the mean . Rapid calculation methods ( edit ) See also : Algorithms for calculating variance The following two formulas can represent a running ( repeatedly updated ) standard deviation . A set of two power sums s and s are computed over a set of N values of x , denoted as x , ... , x : s j = ∑ k = 1 N x k j . ( \ displaystyle \ s_ ( j ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( k ) ^ ( j ) ) . ) Given the results of these running summations , the values N , s , s can be used at any time to compute the current value of the running standard deviation : σ = N s 2 − s 1 2 N ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( Ns_ ( 2 ) - s_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( N ) ) ) Where N , as mentioned above , is the size of the set of values ( or can also be regarded as s ) . Similarly for sample standard deviation , s = N s 2 − s 1 2 N ( N − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( Ns_ ( 2 ) - s_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N ( N - 1 ) ) ) ) . ) In a computer implementation , as the three s sums become large , we need to consider round - off error , arithmetic overflow , and arithmetic underflow . The method below calculates the running sums method with reduced rounding errors . This is a `` one pass '' algorithm for calculating variance of n samples without the need to store prior data during the calculation . Applying this method to a time series will result in successive values of standard deviation corresponding to n data points as n grows larger with each new sample , rather than a constant - width sliding window calculation . For k = 1 , ... , n : A 0 = 0 A k = A k − 1 + x k − A k − 1 k ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ A_ ( k ) & = A_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( k ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where A is the mean value . Q 0 = 0 Q k = Q k − 1 + k − 1 k ( x k − A k − 1 ) 2 = Q k − 1 + ( x k − A k − 1 ) ( x k − A k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) Q_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ Q_ ( k ) & = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( k - 1 ) ( k ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Note : Q 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( 1 ) = 0 ) since k − 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle k - 1 = 0 ) or x 1 = A 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) = A_ ( 1 ) ) Sample variance : s n 2 = Q n n − 1 ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) ) Population variance : σ n 2 = Q n n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( n ) ) ) Weighted calculation ( edit ) When the values x are weighted with unequal weights w , the power sums s , s , s are each computed as : s j = ∑ k = 1 N w k x k j . ( \ displaystyle \ s_ ( j ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( w_ ( k ) x_ ( k ) ^ ( j ) ). \ , ) And the standard deviation equations remain unchanged . Note that s is now the sum of the weights and not the number of samples N . The incremental method with reduced rounding errors can also be applied , with some additional complexity . A running sum of weights must be computed for each k from 1 to n : W 0 = 0 W k = W k − 1 + w k ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) W_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ W_ ( k ) & = W_ ( k - 1 ) + w_ ( k ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) and places where 1 / n is used above must be replaced by w / W : A 0 = 0 A k = A k − 1 + w k W k ( x k − A k − 1 ) Q 0 = 0 Q k = Q k − 1 + w k W k − 1 W k ( x k − A k − 1 ) 2 = Q k − 1 + w k ( x k − A k − 1 ) ( x k − A k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ A_ ( k ) & = A_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( w_ ( k ) ) ( W_ ( k ) ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) \ \ Q_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ Q_ ( k ) & = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( w_ ( k ) W_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( W_ ( k ) ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + w_ ( k ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) In the final division , σ n 2 = Q n W n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( W_ ( n ) ) ) \ , ) and s n 2 = Q n W n − 1 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( W_ ( n ) - 1 ) ) , ) or s n 2 = n ′ n ′ − 1 σ n 2 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( n ' ) ( n ' - 1 ) ) \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) , ) where n is the total number of elements , and n ' is the number of elements with non-zero weights . The above formulas become equal to the simpler formulas given above if weights are taken as equal to one . History ( edit ) The term standard deviation was first used in writing by Karl Pearson in 1894 , following his use of it in lectures . This was as a replacement for earlier alternative names for the same idea : for example , Gauss used mean error . See also ( edit ) Statistics portal 68 -- 95 -- 99.7 rule Accuracy and precision Chebyshev 's inequality An inequality on location and scale parameters Cumulant Deviation ( statistics ) Distance correlation Distance standard deviation Error bar Geometric standard deviation Mahalanobis distance generalizing number of standard deviations to the mean Mean absolute error Pooled standard deviation Propagation of uncertainty Percentile Raw score Relative standard deviation Robust standard deviation Root mean square Sample size Samuelson 's inequality Six Sigma Standard error Standard score Volatility ( finance ) Yamartino method for calculating standard deviation of wind direction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bland , J.M. ; Altman , D.G. ( 1996 ) . `` Statistics notes : measurement error '' . BMJ. 312 ( 7047 ) : 1654 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 312.7047. 1654 . PMC 2351401 . PMID 8664723 . Jump up ^ Gauss , Carl Friedrich ( 1816 ) . `` Bestimmung der Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen '' . Zeitschrift für Astronomie und verwandte Wissenschaften. 1 : 187 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Walker , Helen ( 1931 ) . Studies in the History of the Statistical Method . Baltimore , MD : Williams & Wilkins Co. pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Gorard , Stephen . Revisiting a 90 - year - old debate : the advantages of the mean deviation . Department of Educational Studies , University of York Jump up ^ Logan , Murray ( 2010 ) , Biostatistical Design and Analysis Using R ( First ed . ) , Wiley - Blackwell Jump up ^ Furness , R.W. ; Bryant , D.M. ( 1996 ) . `` Effect of wind on field metabolic rates of breeding Northern fulmars '' . Ecology. 77 : 1181 -- 1188 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Bessel 's Correction '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ `` CERN Accelerating science '' . Public.web.cern.ch . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long - sought Higgs boson CERN press office '' . Press.web.cern.ch. 2012 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ LIGO Scientific Collaboration , Virgo Collaboration ( 2016 ) , `` Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger '' , Physical Review Letters , 116 ( 6 ) : 061102 , arXiv : 1602.03837 , Bibcode : 2016PhRvL. 116f1102A , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 116.061102 , PMID 26918975 Jump up ^ `` What is Standard Deviation '' . Pristine . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ghahramani , Saeed ( 2000 ) . Fundamentals of Probability ( 2nd Edition ) . Prentice Hall : New Jersey . p. 438 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein . `` Distribution Function '' . MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welford , BP ( August 1962 ) . `` Note on a Method for Calculating Corrected Sums of Squares and Products '' ( PDF ) . Technometrics. 4 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 420 . doi : 10.1080 / 00401706.1962. 10490022 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Yadolah ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920613 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Karl ( 1894 ) . `` On the dissection of asymmetrical frequency curves '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 185 : 71 -- 110 . Bibcode : 1894RSPTA. 185 ... 71P . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1894.0003 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jeff . `` Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics '' . External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Quadratic deviation '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 A simple way to understand Standard Deviation Standard Deviation -- an explanation without maths The concept of Standard Deviation is shown in this 8 - foot - tall ( 2.4 m ) Probability Machine ( named Sir Francis ) comparing stock market returns to the randomness of the beans dropping through the quincunx pattern . on YouTube from Index Funds Advisors IFA.com ( hide ) Statistics Outline Index ( hide ) Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - 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-3781041417211685049	List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters	List of a series of Unfortunate Events characters - wikipedia List of a series of Unfortunate Events characters This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The children 's novel series A Series of Unfortunate Events features a large cast of characters created by Daniel Handler by the pen - name of Lemony Snicket . The series follows the turbulent lives of the Baudelaire orphans after their parents , Bertrand and Beatrice , are killed in an arsonous structure fire and their multiple escapes from their murderous relative Count Olaf , who is after their family fortune . The author of the series is Lemony Snicket ( the nom de plume of Daniel Handler ) , who plays a major role in the plot himself . Although the series is given no distinct location , other real people appear in the narrative , including the series ' illustrator , Brett Helquist , and Daniel Handler himself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Count Olaf 1.2 Violet Baudelaire 1.3 Klaus Baudelaire 1.4 Sunny Baudelaire 1.5 Arthur Poe 1.6 Lemony Snicket 2 Supporting characters 2.1 Baudelaire family members 2.1. 1 Bertrand Baudelaire 2.1. 2 Beatrice Baudelaire 2.1. 3 Beatrice Baudelaire II 2.1. 4 Montgomery Montgomery 2.1. 5 Josephine Anwhistle 2.2 Count Olaf 's acting troupe 2.2. 1 The Hook - Handed Man 2.2. 2 The Bald Man With the Long Nose 2.2. 3 The Person of Indeterminate Gender 2.2. 4 The White - Faced Women 2.2. 5 The Wart - Faced Man 2.2. 6 Esmé Squalor 2.2. 7 Carmelita Spats 2.2. 8 Caligari Carnival freaks 2.2. 8.1 Hugo 2.2. 8.2 Colette 2.2. 8.3 Kevin 2.2. 9 The Man with a Beard But No Hair 2.2. 10 The Woman with Hair But No Beard 2.2. 11 Unseen associates 2.3 Quagmire triplets 2.3. 1 Duncan and Isadora Quagmire 2.3. 2 Quigley Quagmire 2.4 Baudelaire children guardians 2.4. 1 Sir 2.4. 1.1 Charles 2.4. 2 Vice-Principal Nero 2.4. 3 Jerome Squalor 2.4. 4 Hector 2.4. 5 Hal 2.4. 6 Olivia Caliban 2.4. 7 Bruce 2.4. 8 Captain Widdershins 2.4. 9 Dewey Denouement 2.4. 9.1 Frank and Ernest Denouement 3 Other characters 3.1 Edgar and Albert Poe 3.2 Eleanora Poe 3.3 Polly Poe 3.4 Justice Strauss 3.5 Gustav Sebald 3.6 Larry 3.7 Phil 3.8 Dr. Georgina Orwell 3.9 Mr. Remora 3.10 Mrs. Bass 3.11 Ms. Tench 3.12 Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire 3.13 Council of Elders 3.14 Mrs. Morrow 3.15 Mr. Lesko 3.16 Jacques Snicket 3.17 Geraldine Julienne 3.18 Babs 3.19 The Man with Pimples On His Chin 3.20 The Woman With Dyed Hair 3.21 Fiona 3.22 Kit Snicket 3.23 Castaways 3.23. 1 Ishmael 3.23. 2 Friday Caliban 3.23. 3 Minor castaways 4 Animals 4.1 Incredibly Deadly Viper 4.2 Mamba du Mal 4.3 Lachrymose Leech 4.4 V.F.D. Crows 4.5 Volunteer Feline Detectives 4.6 Snow Gnats 4.7 V.F.D. Eagles 5 See also 6 References Main characters ( edit ) Count Olaf ( edit ) Count Olaf is the main antagonist and one of the primary characters of the series , making an appearance in each installment with the Baudelaire children . Olaf is an eccentric criminal and a member of the Volunteer Fire Department that became a massive secret organization prior to the events of the first book in the series . Olaf is repeatedly described as an extremely tall and thin person with a monobrow , wheezy voice , gleaming eyes , extremely poor hygiene , and a tattoo of an eye on his left ankle . Following the death of their parents , the Baudelaire orphans are placed under his care , and he proves to be a horrible guardian who is only interested in the Baudelaire fortune left behind by their mom and dad . It is implied that he gained his dislike of the Baudelaire and Snicket families after the Baudelaire children 's parents , perhaps with the help of Kit and Lemony Snicket , killed his parents , orphaning him at a seemingly young age . After Olaf loses his guardianship over the children , he begins a series of attempts to steal the fortune by wearing various disguises and murdering Gustav Sebald , Montgomery Montgomery , Josephine Anwhistle , Jacques Snicket , and Olivia Calliban as well as attempting to murder Charles and countless other characters . Count Olaf 's aliases have included : Al Funcoot - Al Funcoot is an anagram of `` Count Olaf '' that he uses it as his nom de plume when writing The Marvellous Marriage , The Most Handsome Man in the World , its sequel , Why , I Believe I 've Become Even More Handsome ! , and One Last Warning to Those Who Try to Stand in My Way , as referenced in The Unauthorised Autobiography . Stephano / ˈstɛfənoʊ / STEF - ə - noh - An assistant herpetologist with a long beard , a shaved head , and no eyebrows . He used special makeup to cover his ankle tattoo . In the TV series , he wears thick cartoonish glasses and speaks in a nasally accent . Captain Julio Sham - A sea captain with an eye - patch and a wooden leg who uses a t obacco pipe for smoking . Count Olaf murdered the real Julio Sham , who was the captain of the Prospero . Shirley T. Sinoit - Pécer - Dr. Georgina Orwell 's feminine receptionist that wears stockings with eyes on them to cover his ankle tattoo . T. Sinoit - Pécer is `` receptionist '' spelled backwards . The alias was renamed Shirley St. Ives in the TV series . Coach Genghis - A sweatsuit - wearing gym teacher with a turban that he claims to wear for religious reasons covering his one eyebrow , and expensive looking running shoes covering his eye tattoo . In the TV series , Coach Genghis speaks in a southern American accent . Gunther ( / ˈɡuːntər / GOON - tər ) - A pinstripe suit - wearing auctioneer . He pretends to come from a foreign country so that people will believe that he does n't speak fluent English . Gunther constantly says `` please '' after and in the middle of every sentence in this disguise . He wears horse riding boots to cover up his tattoo and a monocle to distort his eyebrow . In the TV series , Gunther wears glasses . Detective Dupin - A `` famous '' detective obsessed with cool things , including ridiculous sunglasses which cover up his eyebrow and green plastic shoes with yellow lightning bolts on them to cover his tattoo . The alias name is a reference to C. Auguste Dupin . In the TV series , Detective Dupin is obsessed with scat singing and resorts to finding ways to get out of answering some questions . Mattathias / ˌmætəˈθaɪ. əs / MAT - ə - THY - əs - Heimlich Hospital 's new Human Resources director . The only sign of his presence is his voice over Heimlich Hospital 's intercom . In the TV series , Mattathias is a doctor and has the full name of Mattathias Medicalschool who plans to do a `` Crainioectomy '' on `` Laura V. Bleediotie . '' Kit Snicket - Olaf used this disguise in The End , but failed to fool anyone on the Island . The disguise consists of seaweed hair , Esme Squalor 's dress which she wore in The Slippery Slope , and a diving helmet with the Medusoid Mycelium to make it look like Olaf is pregnant . Yessica Haircut - Exclusive to the Netflix TV series , Count Olaf used this improvisational disguise to convince Mr. Poe ( who had a haircut scheduled ) that the Baudelaire children should be given to Count Olaf prior the events of The Bad Beginning . While the Baudelaire children are always able to see through his disguises and intentions , the adults around them remain completely oblivious to the villain and fail to aid the children , forcing the Baudelaires to unmask Count Olaf and his various schemes numerous times throughout the series . With the death of Jacques , who is mistakenly identified as the count by The Daily Punctilio , the target of the police manhunt for Olaf shifts to the Baudelaires , who are framed for the murder of Jacques . Olaf uses his newfound immunity to burn Heimlich Hospital and Caligari Carnival without repercussions . When he and the Baudelaires burn the Hotel Denouement down , they are forced to flee the authorities by escaping to sea , where they are shipwrecked on the island on the coastal shelf . In an attempt to take control of the island , Olaf threatens to release the airborne pathogens of Medusoid Mycelium on the colonists , but is harpooned by Ishmael . Olaf lives long enough to help Kit Snicket safely deliver her child , then he softly kisses her on the lips , which the Baudelaires refer to as the `` one good thing '' in his life . In the 2004 film , Count Olaf is portrayed by Jim Carrey while the video game adaption had Count Olaf 's additional dialogue provided by Robin Atkin Downes . Due to Carrey 's comedic manner , Olaf 's sinister nature was toned down and his occupation as an actor was increased , with him being comically bad at performing , but exceptional at improvising . His disguises for Stephano and Sham are slightly altered . Stephano now had thinning hair , prescription glasses , and a thin mustache that is `` a tad askew '' which Olaf claims was due to an incident involving a moray eel . He also spoke with a thick Italian American accent similar to comedian Ray Romano . His Sham disguise still kept the pegleg , but he had no eye patch ( though the DVD extras reveal that at one point the filmmakers considered having him wear a strap around his head in place of a typical patch ) . After his plot was exposed and Count Olaf was arrested by the constable as the crowd converged on him , Lemony Snicket stated that the judge had decreed that Count Olaf be made to suffer every hardship he caused on the Baudelaire children before serving a life sentence . However , Lemony Snicket later stated that Count Olaf `` vanished '' after a jury of his peers overturned his sentence . In the video game , after being exposed , someone turned off the lights , enabling Count Olaf to escape as he vows to get his hands on the fortune . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris . Much like Carrey 's portrayal of the character , Harris ' portrayal was lighthearted , but still sinister in some fashion . The show dives into his acting persona with him being capable of thinking up a plan and disguise on the spot . In addition , he assumes the alias of an unrelated Count Olaf who works as the Caligari Carnival 's ringmaster in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after Count Olaf 's apparent death . Violet Baudelaire ( edit ) Violet Baudelaire is one of the three protagonists of the series ; she appears in all thirteen novels . In the TV series she is played by Malina Weissman . Violet helps her twelve - year - old brother Klaus and her baby sister Sunny solve problems with her inventing skills . As the eldest , she is the natural leader of the group . Violet is the eldest Baudelaire : she is fourteen at the beginning of the series and turns fifteen in The Grim Grotto . Brett Helquist 's drawings indicate she has long , dark brown hair , and though her eye colour is never specified , it is implied that her eyes are a different colour than Klaus 's . When thinking and concentrating on new inventions , Violet ties her hair in a purple ribbon to keep it out of her face . Violet is a brilliant inventor , inventing various items such as : A grappling hook that gets her up Count Olaf 's tower in The Bad Beginning . A lock pick that enables her to open Count Olaf 's suitcase in The Reptile Room . A signaling device in The Wide Window . A staple - making device in The Austere Academy using a small crab , a potato , metal rods , creamed spinach , and a fork . A mobile designed to brighten up the Orphan Shack while keeping the crab infestation at bay in the TV adaptation of The Austere Academy . A climbing device made from ties , curtains , and extension cords in The Ersatz Elevator . 3 welding devices made of fire tongs in The Ersatz Elevator . An invention created from bread and water that frees the three siblings from the Village of Fowl Devotees ' uptown jail in The Vile Village before two of them are to be burned alive . A rubber band ladder to escape the burning Heimlich Hospital in The Hostile Hospital . A cart as an escape vehicle made from vines , roller coaster parts , and a piece of rubber in The Carnivorous Carnival . Fork - assisted climbing shoes that help her and Quigley Quagmire climb the frozen waterfall of Mount Fraught in The Slippery Slope . When Violet and her siblings were accused of killing `` Count Olaf , '' they use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf 's group . Violet 's disguises include : In The Hostile Hospital , Count Olaf disguises her as a patient named Laura V. Bleediotie when he plans to perform a `` Crainioectomy '' surgery that will serve as a cover - up for Count Olaf 's plot to behead her . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Violet and Klaus do a shared disguise of Beverly and Elliot where they disguise themselves as a two - headed person . In The Slippery Slope , Violet poses as a Snow Scout and a volunteer when saving Sunny from Count Olaf . In The Grim Grotto , Violet dresses as a scuba diver . In The Penultimate Peril , she and her siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf . Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not . However , the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard . Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped , but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded . Following Olaf , Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl . Using three clues , they break in , but find that the sugar bowl is not there . Angered , Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get the Medusoid Mycelium which he will spread through the hotel , kill everyone , and escape by jumping off the roof in a boat . Violet , realizing his plan is foolish , agrees to help . Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route , and going with Olaf may be the only way . Then , Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel , and Olaf agrees . On the roof , Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room . Here , Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit , Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting . As Sunny says `` the last safe place is safe no more '' . Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building , and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars . Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat , but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go . The boat floats safely down to the ocean , and the Baudelaires are left `` in the same boat '' as Count Olaf . Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement and Count Olaf gets away yet again . In The End , the boat carries Violet , Klaus , Sunny and Olaf away from the burning hotel . After surviving a storm , they find themselves on a coastal shelf of an island inhabited by a mysterious group of people . They are first greeted by a little girl named Friday Caliban . Count Olaf , who had previously proclaimed himself king of Olaf - Land , threatens the girl with a harpoon gun . Friday is unfazed ; she refuses Olaf permission to land on the island , but invites the Baudelaires onto the island . Along the way , she describes what the islanders do with their time -- all year long , they build an outrigger on the coastal shelf , and once a year the water rises high enough to submerge the shelf and launch the outrigger . This is known as Decision Day , when anyone who wishes can board the ship , bite a bitter apple , spit it back out , and sail away . The island facilitator , Ishmael , introduces the Baudelaires to the strange island customs and has the islanders introduce themselves to the Baudelaires . After Count Olaf and Kit Snicket die , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny adopt Kit 's baby daughter Beatrice as they leave their island . Not much was known about the Baudelaires since then . In the 2004 film and its video game adaption , Violet is portrayed by Emily Browning . In the 2017 TV series , she is portrayed by Malina Weissman . She is much more kind to her siblings as she does n't fight with Klaus like she does in The Wide Window episodes . Klaus Baudelaire ( edit ) Klaus Baudelaire is one of the three orphans of the series who appears in all thirteen novels . Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans ; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny . His sister , Violet , is the family inventor , Sunny is the family biter , and he is the researcher . He is twelve years old at the beginning of the series and is fourteen by the end of the series . Klaus is the `` bookworm '' of the family , and his love of books has often helped him save himself and his sisters from Count Olaf . He tries to research their way out of the Marvellous Marriage in The Bad Beginning , helped prove that Stephano was really Count Olaf in disguise in The Reptile Room , and decoded Aunt Josephene 's note , leading him and his siblings to Curdled Cave . In The Ersatz Elevator , Klaus helped Violet and Sunny find out what V.F.D means . He also found his book knowledge important when he and his siblings were accused of killing `` Count Olaf . '' From The Vile Village onwards , the Baudelaire orphans use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf 's group . Klaus ' disguises include : In The Hostile Hospital , Klaus disguises himself as a doctor with Sunny . In the TV series , this disguise was named Dr. Faustus . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Klaus and Violet dress as a two - headed freak named Beverly and Elliot with Klaus as Elliot and Violet as Beverly . In The Slippery Slope , Klaus poses as a Snow Scout and a volunteer when saving Sunny from Count Olaf . In The Grim Grotto , Klaus wears a diving suit with a picture of Herman Melville on the front . When it came to The Penultimate Peril , Klaus and his siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf . Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not . However , the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard . Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped , but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded . Following Olaf , Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl . Using three clues , they break in , but find that the sugar bowl is not there . Angered , Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get the Medusoid Mycelium , which he will spread through the hotel , kill everyone , and escape , by jumping off the roof in a boat . Violet , realizing his plan is foolish , agrees to help . Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route , and going with Olaf may be the only way . Then , Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel , and Olaf agrees . On the roof , Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room . Here , Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit , Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting . As Sunny says , `` the last safe place is safe no more '' . Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building , and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars . Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat , but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go . The boat floats safely down to the ocean , and the Baudelaires are left `` in the same boat '' as Count Olaf . Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement , and Count Olaf gets away yet again . In The End , the boat carries Violet , Klaus , Sunny and Olaf away from the burning hotel . After surviving a storm , they find themselves on a coastal shelf of an island inhabited by a mysterious group of people . They are first greeted by a little girl , Friday Caliban . Count Olaf , who had previously proclaimed himself king of Olaf - Land , threatens the girl with a harpoon gun . Friday is unfazed ; she refuses Olaf permission to land on the island , but invites the Baudelaires onto the island . Along the way , she describes what the islanders do with their time -- all year long , they build an outrigger on the coastal shelf , and once a year the water rises high enough to submerge the shelf and launch the outrigger . This is known as Decision Day , when anyone who wishes can board the ship , bite a bitter apple , spit it back out , and sail away . The island facilitator , Ishmael , introduces the Baudelaires to the strange island customs and has the islanders introduce themselves to the Baudelaires . After Count Olaf and Kit Snicket die , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny adopt Kit 's baby daughter Beatrice as they leave the island . Not much was known about the Baudelaires since then . In the 2004 film as well as its video game adaption , Klaus is portrayed by Liam Aiken . He does n't have glasses unlike his book counterpart . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by Louis Hynes . Sunny Baudelaire ( edit ) Sunny Baudelaire is one of the three protagonists of Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events series who appears in all thirteen novels . Sunny is the youngest of the three Baudelaire orphans and is described as an infant through much of the series . Although Sunny can not walk until the end of the seventh book and speaks in idiosyncratic baby talk , she repeatedly demonstrates advanced problem solving skills , motor dexterity , comprehension , moral reasoning , and intelligence . Early in the series , Sunny is frequently noted for the size and strength of her teeth . While Klaus and Violet often use their respective talents of reading and inventing to solve their problems , Sunny is required on multiple occasions to use her sharp teeth . As the books progress and Sunny grows out of infancy , she develops a love for cooking . When Sunny and her siblings were accused of killing `` Count Olaf , '' they use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf 's group . Sunny 's disguises include : A surgeon in The Hostile Hospital . Chabo the Wolf Baby in The Carnivorous Carnival . Sunny uses Count Olaf 's fake beard to make her look hairy . A scuba diver in The Grim Grotto . She is curled up in a diving helmet In The Penultimate Peril , Sunny and her siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf . Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not . However , the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard . Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped , but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded as the two villains state for everyone not to take their blindfolds off . Following Olaf , Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl . Using three clues , they break in , only to find that the sugar bowl is not there . Angered , Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get Medusoid Mycelium which he will spread through the hotel , kill everyone , and escape by jumping off the roof in a boat . Violet , realizing his plan is foolish , agrees to help . Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route , and going with Olaf may be the only way . Then , Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel , and Olaf agrees . On the roof , Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room . Here , Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit , Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting . As Sunny says , `` the last safe place is safe no more '' . Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building , and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars . Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat , but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go . The boat floats safely down to the ocean , and the Baudelaires are left `` in the same boat '' as Count Olaf . Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement , and Count Olaf gets away yet again . In The End , the boat carries Violet , Klaus , Sunny and Olaf away from the burning hotel . After surviving a storm , they find themselves on a coastal shelf of an island inhabited by a mysterious group of people . They are first greeted by a little girl , Friday Caliban . Count Olaf , who had previously proclaimed himself king of Olaf - Land , threatens the girl with a harpoon gun . Friday is unfazed ; she refuses Olaf permission to land on the island , but invites the Baudelaires onto the island . Along the way , she describes what the islanders do with their time -- all year long , they build an outrigger on the coastal shelf , and once a year the water rises high enough to submerge the shelf and launch the outrigger . This is known as Decision Day , when anyone who wishes can board the ship , bite a bitter apple , spit it back out , and sail away . The island facilitator , Ishmael , introduces the Baudelaires to the strange island customs . Also , Ishmael has the islanders ( most named after famous literary or historical castaways ) introduce themselves to the Baudelaires . After Count Olaf and Kit Snicket die , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny adopt Kit 's baby daughter Beatrice as they leave their island . Not much was known about the Baudelaires since then . In the 2004 film , Sunny is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman . In the video game adaption , her vocal effects are provided by Karis Campbell . In the 2017 TV series , Sunny is portrayed by Presley Smith and her vocal effects are provided by Tara Strong . Arthur Poe ( edit ) Arthur Poe is a banker in charge of the Baudelaire and Quagmire fortunes and the Baudelaire orphans ' guardianship . He is distinguished by a congenital cough , purblind demeanour , and general inefficacy in caring for the Baudelaire and Quagmire children . Poe is the first to bring the news of Bertrand and Beatrice 's death to the Baudelaire children who were at Briny Beach . As executor of the Baudelaire estate , he interprets the will 's instructions that the children `` be raised in the most convenient way possible '' , meaning they should remain within the city limits , and arranges for their distant relative Count Olaf to take custody . When the Baudelaires contact Poe at his bank , Mulctuary Money Management , to report Olaf 's abuse , the banker points out that Olaf is acting in loco parentis , and can raise them as he sees fit . However , when Olaf traps Sunny in a birdcage and attempts to force Violet to marry him during the play while exposing his plot , Poe invokes citizen 's arrest just prior to Count Olaf 's escape . Since then , Arthur Poe tries to find a suitable guardian to watch over the kids . He is not a very big help to the Baudelaire orphans . The Baudelaires are unable to contact him after the events of The Vile Village . He offers to help the Baudelaires prove their innocence only for them to get into a taxi that Kit Snicket was in . In The Penultimate Peril , Arthur Poe was staying at the Hotel Denouement . He came out of his hotel room during Count Olaf 's confrontation with Dewey Denouement . Count Olaf being surprised by Arthur Poe 's appearance resulted in the accident where Dewey Denouement was killed by the harpoon gun . During the trial of the Baudelaires and Count Olaf , Mr. Poe submitted some financial records as evidence . When Mrs. Bass claimed that the Baudelaires robbed banks , Mr. Poe quoted `` Who said that ? '' When the hotel was burned down , Mr. Poe was last seen on the third floor . Lemony Snicket says `` it was n't Mr. Poe 's destiny to be killed by a harpoon gun , at least not this evening in particular . '' This means that Mr. Poe may be killed on another occasion by a Harpoon Gun and may suggest that he survived the Hotel Denouement fire . In the 2004 film , Arthur Poe is portrayed by Timothy Spall . Unlike the books , Arthur Poe repossesses the children from Count Olaf after he `` let Sunny drive . '' This led Arthur Poe to take the Baudelaire children to relative after relative . Following the incident in Lake Lachrymose , Arthur Poe and the constable saw that Count Olaf had `` redeemed himself '' by rescuing the Baudelaire children from the Lachrymose Leeches . When Count Olaf 's plot had been exposed , he and the crowd converged on him . After Count Olaf `` vanished '' after a jury of his peers overturned his sentence , Arthur Poe allowed the Baudelaire children to visit their old home before being taken to their next guardian . In the video game adaption , he is voiced by Daniel Hagen . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by K. Todd Freeman . In `` The Wide Window '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe loses the Baudelaire children during the confusion when Count Olaf was exposed . In `` The Miserable Mill , '' Eleanora assists Mr. Poe into finding the Baudelaires and were able to locate them at Lucky Smells Lumbermill following Count Olaf 's escape . In `` The Vile Village '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe hears about the Baudelaire 's `` murder '' of `` Count Olaf . '' As he is unable to believe the Baudelaires ' claim that the man that was killed was n't Count Olaf , Mr. Poe is unable to help them and prepares to say his goodbyes to them before they are burned at the stake . Mr. Poe was surprised that Eleanora showed up to get a story and stated that they should 've carpooled . After a crow is accidentally injured by Esmé during the Baudelaire 's escape , Mr. Poe tells the villagers that they got to take the crow to the veterinarian . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' Mr. Poe goes to Heimlich Hospital thinking that he contracted swine flu during his time at the Village of Fowl Devotees when he speaks to Hal about it . When he receives a ticket to the `` crainoectomy '' held by Count Olaf under the alias of Mattathias Medicalschool , Klaus and Sunny 's disguises come undone as Mr. Poe is displeased that Klaus and Sunny were partaking in an operation where they did n't have a medical license . After Heimlich Hospital is set on fire , Mr. Poe gets out and comforts Babs . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe attends the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . He was there after getting an anonymous tip that the Baudelaire children were sighted in the area . After the Caligari Carnival was burned to the ground , Mr. Poe was driving home as he plans to give Mrs. Bass a tour of his bank first . Lemony Snicket ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket Lemony Snicket is the author of the book series who has chronicled the lives to the Baudelaire children . He dedicates his books to his long lost girlfriend , Beatrice Baudelaire . In the 2004 film , Lemony Snicket is portrayed by Jude Law where he is shown writing the story on a typewriter inside a clock tower . In the video game adaptation and the audiobooks , he is voiced by Tim Curry . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by Patrick Warburton who appears as the onscreen narrator that is shown in different outfits to go with specific scenes . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , a flashback showed Lemony Snicket with Jacques at a party at the V.F.D. headquarters . He gets a root beer message stating `` Olaf knows '' as he rushes to get to Beatrice before Count Olaf can make an attempt on her life . In the present , the Baudelaire children notice him on the film reel they find at the Caligari Carnival about the V.F.D. and claim that he looks like Jacques Snicket . Supporting characters ( edit ) Baudelaire family members ( edit ) Bertrand Baudelaire ( edit ) Bertrand Baudelaire is the father of Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire , the husband of Beatrice , and a V.F.D. member . Throughout the series , the children remember anecdotes about their father , such as him cooking at a dinner party . He was a childhood friend of Beatrice and a good friend of Dewey Denouement . As a member of the V.F.D. , Bertrand helped train the V.F.D. lions to become the Volunteer Feline Detectives . Count Olaf implies that Bertrand and Beatrice murdered Olaf 's parents . At the beginning of the series , Bertrand died in the fire that destroyed the Baudelaire Mansion . In the TV series , Bertrand is portrayed an unnamed extra . Beatrice Baudelaire ( edit ) Lemony Snicket was in love with Beatrice Baudelaire and they could not get married but Beatrice cancelled the marriage and married Bertrand instead because she believed that Lemony was dead after his obituary appeared in The Daily Punctilio newspaper . Various hints are dispensed throughout the series as to why she called off the marriage . According to Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , Snicket is mistakenly reported by the notoriously inaccurate Punctilio as dead . In The Grim Grotto , Lemony makes reference to Captain Widdershins 's having convinced Beatrice that a story in a newspaper was true , which could be the report of his death . The other evidence for her belief was that she had planned to name Violet ' Lemony ' had she been a boy , in accordance with the family custom of naming a child after a dead friend . We can assume that Beatrice at one time believed that Snicket was dead . When Lemony was revealed to be alive , she had already married Bertrand and she could not marry him . However , in The Beatrice Letters the reader is told that Beatrice returned Lemony 's engagement ring and sent him a 200 - page book explaining why the two could not wed , something she could not have done had she believed Snicket to be dead ; although this may have been after he was revealed to be alive . This may contradict Ishmael 's statement from The End that the ring was given to Beatrice then back to Lemony to Kit to Bertrand then back to Beatrice . Also , the newspaper article mentions Lemony 's work as the biographer of the Baudelaires , so this particular article could not have been published until after Beatrice 's death , so this puts a damper on the idea that she read that particular article . She could , of course , have believed a completely different article about him ( perhaps one accusing him of crimes he did not commit -- Snicket makes frequent references to such articles and false information ) , sent him the book and the letter , then later when she had married Bertrand , discovered the truth and also believed him ( for a time at least ) to be dead for some reason -- though again , it could not be the obituary that appears in the Daily Punctilio that convinces her of this as that must appear after her death . When Kit Snicket nears death , she informs the Baudelaire children that `` their families have always been close , even if they had to stay apart from one another '' . In the 2004 film , Beatrice is portrayed in an uncredited cameo by Helena Bonham Carter . In the TV series , Beatrice is portrayed an unnamed extra . A flashback in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' had Lemony running to warn Beatrice that Count Olaf is after her . Count Olaf 's attempt on Beatrice 's life is revealed to have failed . Beatrice Baudelaire II ( edit ) `` The End '' `` Chapter Fourteen '' Beatrice Baudelaire II is the daughter of Kit Snicket , who dies after giving birth . The infant Beatrice is adopted by the Baudelaire orphans , hence the use of the surname Baudelaire . At age one , `` she looks very much like her mother , '' according to Chapter Fourteen . The younger Beatrice was named for the Baudelaires ' mother Beatrice , at Kit 's request and in keeping with the tradition of naming children after deceased friends . In The Beatrice Letters , which is set ten years after the main series , she is the second Beatrice Baudelaire . She is searching for her uncle Lemony Snicket and for the Baudelaire orphans , who have apparently disappeared . She follows her uncle and writes him six letters . However , he constantly refuses to see her and actively runs from her . She writes that she attends a `` secretarial school that is n't really a secretarial school '' , implying that she has found a V.F.D. training school . Her sixth letter is signed `` Beatrice Baudelaire , Baticeer Extraordinaire . '' Montgomery Montgomery ( edit ) `` The Reptile Room '' Dr. Montgomery Montgomery or `` Uncle Monty '' ( introduced and killed in The Reptile Room ) is Bertrand Baudelaire 's cousin 's brother - in - law and Violet , Klaus , and Sunny 's second guardian , but he prefers to be called Uncle Monty . His sole appearance is in The Reptile Room . It is thought that his name is inspired by Monty Python , as he is a herpetologist ( one who studies snakes ) whose first name is Monty . Uncle Monty is a `` fat , short , chubby man with a round red face . '' He discovered the Incredibly Deadly Viper ( which is in fact not deadly at all ) . When the Baudelaires first meet him , he gives them homemade coconut cream cake , and the Baudelaires instantly warm to him . He plans to take them to Peru with his assistant Gustav Sebald , but receives Gustav 's apparent letter of resignation the day before ( it is later revealed that Gustav was actually killed by Count Olaf ) , so Uncle Monty hires `` Stephano '' ( Count Olaf in disguise ) in his place . The Baudelaires quickly recognize Stephano as Olaf . Uncle Monty , on the other hand , thinks that Stephano is a jealous spy from the herpetology society , there to steal the Incredibly Deadly Viper , which he has not yet revealed to the society . When the Baudelaires tried to tell Uncle Monty Stephano 's true identity , he misunderstood them , thinking that they were saying that Stephano 's `` plan to steal the Incredibly Deadly Viper '' was as despicable as Olaf , rather than Stephano actually being Olaf . Olaf murders Uncle Monty ( using snake venom ) , then blames it on the Mamba Du Mal ( the Incredibly Deadly Viper in the movie ) , another snake owned by Uncle Monty . The Baudelaires escape Olaf upon his hand in Monty 's death being exposed , but they never again find a nicer or more caring guardian than Uncle Monty . Uncle Monty also had some connection to the Quagmire family because there is a tunnel connecting the two houses . Snicket 's autobiography indicates that Uncle Monty 's death may be partly attributable to his failure to learn Sebald Code , with which a message intended for him was hidden in the movie Zombies in the Snow , which he had taken the children to see . In the book , Monty dearly wishes to have a family , but never found the right woman ( the movie revealed that Monty had a wife and children , but they were killed by yet another arson attack presumably at the hands of Count Olaf ) . On the book cover , Monty 's hair is red while other media adaptions have it in different colors . In the book Who Could That Be at This Hour ? , Monty is mentioned by Hector in the final chapter . In the film adaptation , Montgomery Montgomery is portrayed by Billy Connolly . Klaus sees Uncle Monty with a spyglass similar to the one he found in his father 's desk drawer , and later finds one that belongs to Aunt Josephine . Klaus also found a picture with his parents , Aunt Josephine , Uncle Monty , and other presumably V.F.D. members , all holding spyglasses . He is older and one of the more sympathetic characters in the movie . He gives the children a wonderful home , but faces the same fate as the other sympathetic guardians . In the video game adaption , he is voiced by Bob Joles . In the 2017 Netflix television series , Montgomery Montgomery is portrayed by Aasif Mandvi . Monty is also shown to have a ticket seller ally who spliced the film footage so that Monty can copy down the remaining message . In addition , he fought off the two White - Faced Women 's attempt to capture him while thinking that they were helping Stefano to steal his research for the herpetology society . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Montgomery made an appearance in a flashback at a celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters on the day when Count Olaf failed to murder Beatrice . He was seen talking with the ticket seller about a Mamba du Mal code that he was working on . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Josephine Anwhistle ( edit ) Josephine Anwhistle or Aunt Josephine is Violet , Klaus and Sunny 's second cousin 's sister - in - law , and becomes their guardian in The Wide Window . Aunt Josephine thinks that grammar is the greatest joy in life . She keeps many books about Lake Lachrymose under her bed . These books include The Tides of Lake Lachrymose , The Bottom of Lake Lachrymose , Lachrymose Trout , The History of the Damocles Dock Region , Ivan Lachrymose - Lake Explorer , How Water Is Made and A Lachrymose Atlas . Ever since her husband Isaac ( Ike for short ) was devoured by Lachrymose Leeches due to not waiting an entire hour after eating something , she has developed numerous fears including irrational concerns about doorknobs , radiators , telephones , and ovens . In Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , several events Josephine was irrationally afraid of occur when her home falls into the lake including a fridge nearly falling on Klaus and a radiator exploding . In the end , Josephine pleads with Count Olaf ( in his disguise of Captain Sham ) to let her live by offering the Baudelaire children and their fortune in exchange for her own safety , but he pushes her overboard from a small sailboat after she corrected the grammar of her own death sentence , literally . It is heavily implied that she meets the same fate as her husband . Josephine is surrounded by leeches and her tattered life jackets are found later by fishermen at the time the orphans were in Prufrock Preparatory School , two books later , but it is not conclusively established if she survived or not . The Grim Grotto implies that she might still be alive . She and Esmé Squalor are the only female guardians the Baudelaires have in the series . In the film adaptation , Aunt Josephine is portrayed by Meryl Streep . Unlike the books , Josephine was more courageous before Ike 's death . Also , Count Olaf did n't use his Captain Sham disguise when he did away with Josephine . In the video game adaption , she is voiced by Donna Bullock . In the 2017 Netflix television series , Aunt Josephine is portrayed by Alfre Woodard . Just like the book , Josephine was more courageous before Ike 's death . She had her first encounter with Count Olaf 's Captain Sham alias where his theater troupe posed as random civilians talking about him . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' Josephine made an appearance in a flashback at a celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters on the day when Count Olaf failed to murder Beatrice . She was seen with Ike back when he was still alive where she wanted to do some thrill - seeking activities and made a brief silent reaction when Ike wanted to have kids . In the present , she appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Count Olaf 's acting troupe ( edit ) Count Olaf 's acting troupe is a troupe of actors who are the followers of Count Olaf . They follow Count Olaf in his plans to obtain the Baudelaire fortune . Among the members are : The Hook - Handed Man ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Ersatz Elevator The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto Fernald , commonly known as the Hook - Handed Man , is an assistant of Count Olaf who has hooks instead of hands . He wears fake hands on his hooks and / or other outfits that would hide his hooks when posing as different people . First appearing in The Bad Beginning as part of his theatre troupe , he was sent to Justice Strauss ' house to retrieve the Baudelaires where he even claimed to them that Count Olaf has n't ripped them limb from limb yet because he does n't have the Baudelaire fortune yet . The Hook - Handed Man was the one who catches Violet when she climbs up the side of Count Olaf 's tower in an attempt to rescue Sunny and informs Count Olaf about it . When Count Olaf 's true nature is exposed , the Hook - Handed Man is among the members of Count Olaf 's theater troupe that escape in the blackout . In The Reptile Room , the Hook - Handed Man poses as a doctor named Dr. O. Lucafont to examine the supposed bite marks that the Mamba Du Mal supposedly left on Montgomery Montgomery . When Stefano was exposed as Count Olaf , Sunny bites off the Dr. O. Lucafont 's fake hands exposing him as well . Both men managed to get away . In The Ersatz Elevator , the Hook - Handed Man poses as a doorman at 667 Dark Avenue . He wore a long coat that had long sleeves that hid his hooks . He appears in The Hostile Hospital , posing as a doctor at Heimlich Hospital where he assisted Olaf 's surgical attempt to murder Violet . In The Carnivorous Carnival , the Hook - Handed Man helped to dig the pit for the lions that will be used for the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . While he has told the Man with Pimples On His Chin that he is not a freak , the Hook - Handed Man was advised to get some realistic hands . In addition , the Hook - Handed Man was equipped with a giant noodle to whip any disobeying freaks . In The Slippery Slope , the Hook - Handed Man is taken to The Carmelita with the Snow Scouts . In The Grim Grotto , Fiona meets him and it is revealed that they are siblings where Captain Widdershins is his stepfather . He joined Olaf and left Captain Widdershins after burning down Anwhistle Aquatics and killing Gregor Anwhistle . He also joined Count Olaf because Captain Widdershins always said `` Aye ! '' which annoyed him . Fiona convinces him to steal Olaf 's submarine which is successful as mentioned in The Penultimate Peril where Count Olaf claimed to the Baudelaires , Dewey Denouement , Justice Strauss , and Jerome Squalor that Fernald and Fiona double - crossed him . Their fate is unknown as Kit Snicket reports in The End that she abandoned them in the face of the `` Great Unknown . '' It is also revealed that when he had to wait , he played a card game he made up named Fernald 's Folly . In the film , the Hook - Handed Man is portrayed by Jamie Harris . He is British and as revealed in the deleted scenes , is obsessed with pirates which is something that annoys Count Olaf . The Hook - Handed Man seems to relish in his use of his hook hands . In the video game adaption , the Hook - Handed Man is voiced by Jay Gordon . In the Netflix series , he is portrayed by Usman Ally . He has scars on his face , is bald - headed , and his hook hands have claws . He has the most interaction with the Baudelaires and despite making constant threats , is relatively mild - mannered and not entirely unfriendly to them , to the point that he even concerns himself with their well - being . Interestingly , he understands Sunny 's speech as clearly as her siblings , as opposed to almost every other adult in the series , and on occasion even responds directly to her . As a nod to the books , he likes to play cards and does so with Sunny while he is guarding her . However , just like the Bald Man , the Hook - Handed Man too appears to be comically unintelligent . In addition , his Lucafont alias is used by the Person of Indeterminate Gender instead while the Hook - Handed Man joined the rest of the troupe in posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the Bald Man later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose , speaking highly of Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets him . In `` The Miserable Mill , '' the Hook - Handed Man was the one who posed as Foreman Flacutano . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the Hook - Handed Man assists the Bald Man in posing as the dead horse mascot . He is the one who catches Duncan and Isadora Quigley . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the Hook - Handed Man posed as a doorman , a worker at the Herring Houdini restaurant , and a staff member of Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the Hook - Handed Man posed as a villager that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' the Hook - Handed Man poses as a doctor associate of Mattathias Medicalschool where he introduces himself as Dr. Flacutano . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' , Madame Lulu mentions that the Hook - Handed Man 's sister relies on him , shocking him , and he is later seen wondering if he should call her and dreading his stepfather picking up . This presumably is a hint at Fiona and Captain Widdershins . In addition , he is the one who plays the calliope at the Caligari Carnival . The Bald Man with the long Nose ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Miserable Mill The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Bald Man With the Long Nose is one of Olaf 's henchmen , he is described as a bald man with a hooked nose who always wears a black robe . At the time when Count Olaf 's true nature is exposed , the Bald Man is among the members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe that escape during the blackout . In The Miserable Mill , the Bald Man disguises himself as Foreman Flacutono at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . In The Hostile Hospital , the Bald Man disguises himself as the head doctor at Heimlich Hospital while using a surgical mask to cover his face both times . In The Carnivorous Carnival , the Bald Man helped to dig the pit for the lions that will be used in the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . He and Olivia Caliban fell into the lion pit during the crowd chaos and are devoured by the lions . In the film , the Bald Man is portrayed by Luis Guzmán . He is shown to be the least sinister with no long nose but a short one , and for that matter least intelligent of the troupe . The deleted scenes reveal that he wishes to have a prominent role in The Marvelous Marriage , but Count Olaf makes him the effects man instead . In the video game adaption , the Bald Man is voiced by S. Scott Bullock . In the Netflix series , the Bald Man is portrayed by John DeSantis . He is shown to be rather large and intimidating with a short nose instead of a long one . In addition , the Bald Man has a deep bellowing voice . Despite this , he is shown to be just as unintelligent as his movie counterpart . As seen in the second part of `` The Bad Beginning , '' he catches Mr. Poe 's secretary Jacquelyn eying Count Olaf 's car at the time when he was posing as `` Yessica Haircut '' causing the Bald Man to tie her to a tree to keep her from interfering . In addition , he was the one who caused the blackout that enabled Count Olaf and his theatre troupe to get away . In `` The Reptile Room , '' the Bald Man joined his fellow troupe members into posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the Bald Man later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose talking good about Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets him . In `` The Miserable Mill , '' his Foreman Flacutono alias was used by the Hook - Handed Man instead . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the Bald Man assists the Hook - Handed Man in posing as the dead horse mascot . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the Bald Man posed as a worker at the Herring Houdini restaurant and a security guard at the entrance of Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the Bald Man posed as a villager that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' the Bald Man poses as a doctor associate of Mattathias Medicalschool named Dr. Tocuna . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' the Bald Man worked as a vendor at the Caligari Carnival . Unlike the books , he did not fall into the lion pit . The Person of Indeterminate Gender ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Wide Window The Hostile Hospital The Person of Undetermined Gender is one of Olaf 's henchpeople who appears in The Bad Beginning , The Wide Window , and Hostile Hospital . Described as a gigantic , overweight individual , with pure white eyes and an androgynous appearance . The Person is immensely strong and never speaks , except in bellows and roars . As the Person 's gender is said to not look like a man nor a woman , even Count Olaf does n't know what the Person 's gender is . At the time when Count Olaf 's true nature is exposed , the Person is among the members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe that escape during the blackout . In The Wide Window , the Person posed as a security guard at `` Captain Sham 's Sailboat Rentals . '' In The Hostile Hospital , the Person poses as a hospital security guard . The Person is last seen trapped in a fire at Heimlich Hospital trying to catch the Baudelaires . Its fate is unknown . In the film , the Person is portrayed by Craig Ferguson . Most of the Person 's dialogue is cut from the film , the Person possess a Scottish accent and surprisingly they too are unsure of their gender , though Count Olaf calls the Person ' Eliza ' even after referring to the Person as ' he . ' In the Netflix series , the Person is portrayed by Matty Cardarople . The Person is the youngest member of the troupe and unlike the books , actually talks a lot . However , the Person 's speaking is prone to mumbling and mostly consists of rather educated observations that tend to agree with the Baudelaires ' arguments much to the annoyance of Count Olaf and their fellow troupe members . In the episodes adapted from `` The Reptile Room , '' the Person poses as Nurse Lucafont while their fellow troupe members pose as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the Person later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose talking good about Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets them . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender poses as a teacher who teaches indeterminate gender studies . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender posed as a worker at the Herring Houdini restaurant and an attendant of the In Auction at Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender posed as a villager that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital '' Pt. 2 , the Person once again poses as Nurse Lucafont who is an associate of Mattathias Medicalschool . Unlike the books , the Person survives the Heimlich Hospital fire and continues assisting Count Olaf in the following escapades . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender posed as a popcorn vendor at the Caligari Carnival . The White - Faced Women ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Austere Academy The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The two White - Faced Women are two members of Olaf 's theater troupe who always cover their faces in white powder . They are apparently twins . They disguise themselves as cafeteria workers in The Austere Academy where they succeed in abducting the Quagmire Children . In The Hostile Hospital , the White - Faced Women posed as Heimlich Hospital 's workers Dr. Tocuna and Nurse Flo . In The Carnivorous Carnival , the White - Faced Women helped to dig the pit for the lions that will be used for the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . The White - Faced Women abandon Count Olaf in The Slippery Slope after accusing him of starting a fire that killed their third sibling and when they refused to kill Sunny . Their fates have been speculated by Lemony Snicket to either have them singing sad songs in some of the gloomiest music halls in the city , living together in the Hinterlands attempting to grow rhubarb in the dry and barren ground , or never making it out of the Mortmain Mountains where their bones can be found in one of the mountain range 's many caves . In the film , the White - Faced Women are portrayed by Jennifer Coolidge and Jane Adams . They are both rather vain and seem to have a slight attraction to Count Olaf . As revealed in the deleted scenes , they seem to be slightly reciprocated . In the video game adaption , the White - Faced Women are voiced by Jocelyn Blue and Kari Wahlgren . The White - Faced Women in the video game adaption are named White - Faced Jen and White - Faced Jane after the actress that portrayed them in the film . In the Netflix series , the White - Faced Women are portrayed by Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins . They are twins , they both wear glasses , and are both elderly . They admire Count Olaf and are always finishing each other 's sentences . The first part of `` The Reptile Room '' episode had them attempting to capture Uncle Montgomery only for him to thwart their plan . The second part had them posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . Later on , the White - Faced Women join their fellow troupe members into posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the White - Faced Women later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose where talking good about Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets him . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the White - Faced Women assist Count Olaf in throwing Larry into the walk - in freezer and later pose as cheerleaders . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the White - Faced Women posed as workers at the Herring Houdini restaurant and presenters of the items at the In Auction held that is held at Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the White - Faced Women posed as villagers that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' the White - Faced Women pose as nurses who are associates of Mattathias Medicalschool . While the Dr. Tocuna alias was used by the Bald Man , the aliases they use are Nurse Flo and Nurse Glo . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' the White - Faced Women operated the lights at the Caligari Carnival . The Wart - Faced Man ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Wart - Faced Man is a man with warts on his face who is a minor member of Count Olaf 's theater troupe where he works on Count Olaf 's play that would have him actually marrying Violet . Lemony Snicket described him as being important - looking . Upon Count Olaf 's true nature being exposed during the play , the Wart - Faced Man causes a blackout that enables himself , Count Olaf , the Hook - Handed Man , the Bald Man with the Long Nose , the Person of Indeterminate Gender , and the two White - Faced Women to escape . The Wart - Faced Man is n't seen again after that . Esmé Squalor ( edit ) The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril Esmé Gigi Genevieve Squalor is Count Olaf 's girlfriend and the ex-wife of Jerome Squalor . Her name is likely a reference to the short story For Esmé -- with Love and Squalor by J.D. Salinger . Prior to the events of the series , she was a professional stage actress and member of V.F.D. Esmé is distinguished by her very tall height and her obsession with high fashion . She often wears ridiculous outfits that she considers stylish . Lemony Snicket mentions that Esmé and Beatrice Baudelaire met for the first time at a Thursday tea party . While the Baudelaires are living with the Squalors in The Ersatz Elevator , Esmé conspires with Count Olaf while he is still in disguise as the auctioneer Gunther . After the `` In Auction '' , during which Olaf in the disguise of Gunther completes a complicated scheme to `` launder '' the kidnapping of the remaining Quagmire triplets , he drives away with her in his truck . Although the Baudelaires attempt to warn her of Gunther 's true identity , she reveals that she not only knew all along , but that Olaf was her acting teacher . Later while staying in the Village of Fowl Devotees in The Vile Village , the Baudelaires hear that the two of them are dating . Besides being Olaf 's girlfriend , Esmé acts as one of his henchmen , although always within the limits of what is `` in '' . During this time , Esmé Squalor poses as a police officer named Officer Luciana . When Esmé accidentally harms one of the V.F.D. crows in violation of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' # 1 rule of not harming crows as well as the use of a mechanical device like a harpoon gun , she and Count Olaf ( acting as Detective Dupin ) are forced to flee the villagers . In The Hostile Hospital , Esmé poses as a doctor is sent to destroy the Snicket File , one of the last remaining pieces of evidence that could send Count Olaf to jail . The file is kept in the Library of Records at the hospital , where the Baudelaires have been working in the hope of discovering more about V.F.D. Esmé uses her sharp stilettos ( the heels being real stiletto knives ) to attempt to harm the orphans . Esmé is unable to claim the file as not only had the authorities had removed it beforehand , but also Klaus has retrieved the thirteenth page and hidden it in his pocket . She attempts to murder the orphans by crushing them with book shelves and later burns down the Library of Records . Esmé captures Violet , but fails to keep her captive . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Esmé wears different outfits while at the Caligari Carnival and has a rivalry with Madame Lulu as Madame Lulu had a certain affection for Count Olaf . Esmé constantly gives her angry glances and has the original idea of tossing Lulu to the lions for the upcoming lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . In The Slippery Slope , Esmé was present when the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Hair show up to discuss some plans with Count Olaf . The Baudelaires and Quigley Quagmire consider taking Esmé hostage in a plan to rescue Sunny Baudelaire , but cancel the plan because it was `` too villainous '' . In The Grim Grotto , Esmé dresses up as an octopus and uses a giant noodle to slap the captive children who are being used to power The Carmelita . In The Penultimate Peril , Olaf and Esmé break up after fighting during the dramatic `` harpoon gun '' incident in The Vile Village . She wears a `` lettuce bikini '' with silver sandals and silver lipstick , and has her name carved into her fingernails at the time when she and Carmelita Spats were staying at the Hotel Denouement and sighted at its rooftop sunbathing salon . The different guests talked about a cocktail party held by her boyfriend with the initials `` J.S. '' on Thursday . Jerome tried to get back together with Esmé during the confrontation , an idea which Esmé spurned instantly as she is not on his side . After Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed , Esmé claims that the Baudelaires are guilty as sin as she has her fingers on Carmelita . During the trial of the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf , Esmé submitted a blank testimony to Justice Strauss and the two judges who were actually the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard . At the end , it is not known whether Esmé escaped the fire at Hotel Denouement with Carmelita Spats , but the narrative suggests that if she did , she never again met the Baudelaire children . She was on the 2nd floor when the Baudelaires last saw her . In the Netflix TV series , Esmé is portrayed by Lucy Punch . She is said to be the original owner of the mysterious sugar bowl which was stolen from her by Lemony Snicket and Beatrice Baudelaire . Unlike the books , Esmé is shown to be strong enough to carry an unconscious Jerome back to her apartment . After she and Count Olaf fight in `` The Vile Village '' , Esmé begins to be much more interested in recovering this bowl than assisting Count Olaf in kidnapping the Baudelaires until he leads her to believe the Baudelaires have the bowl . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' Esmé poses as a nurse where she says that her name is Nurse Cassandra Ursula Terrific Elliandra - before the rest of the name is cut off by Count Olaf in his alias of Mattathias Medicalschool . Carmelita Spats ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril Carmelita Spats is a pupil of Prufock Preparatory School and a Snow Scout , appearing in The Austere Academy , The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril . She dislikes the Baudelaires , taunting them for being orphans and calling them `` cakesniffers . '' Carmelita is liked by Vice-Principal Nero and disliked by Mrs. Bass . Her uncle Bruce is the leader of the Snow Scouts as seen in The Slippery Slope . She hikes up the Mortmain Mountain every year with the group , which celebrates the False Spring by crowning her queen . One year later , she meets Olaf and Esmé at the peak of the mountain and they unofficially adopt her . In The Grim Grotto , she claims to be a `` tap - dancing ballerina fairy princess veterinarian '' and performs a recital . Esmé finds this adorable while Olaf is annoyed by it . In The Penultimate Peril , she dresses as a `` ballplaying cowboy superhero soldier pirate '' and has a pool and a ship brought to the rooftop sunbathing salon of the Hotel Denouement . In the Netflix TV series , Carmelita Spats is portrayed by Kitana Turnbull . Unlike the books , Carmelita was the one who snuck Count Olaf and his troupe into Prufrock Preparatory School upon Count Olaf making a deal with her through the bleachers . In addition , she also helped Count Olaf and the White - Faced Women trap Larry in the walk - in freezer . The series also comically depicts her literally sniffing cakes which she does in secret in the middle of the night when nobody is looking . Caligari Carnival freaks ( edit ) The Caligari Carnival freaks are members of a freak show that reside in the Caligari Carnival 's House of Freaks . They later side with Count Olaf . Hugo ( edit ) The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril Hugo is a hunchback who is one of the Caligari Carnival freaks . He has a hunched back that makes him look slightly awkward . He is good - natured and always flexible towards the present circumstances . Hugo lives with the Baudelaire children for a small period of time in The Carnivorous Carnival and appears to bond with Sunny Baudelaire when they make soup together . He later became one of Count Olaf 's henchmen when Esmé gives him the large coat that was a part of the Hook - Handed Man 's doorman disguise that would hide his hunchback . After discovering that the Baudelaire siblings are n't actually freaks , Hugo appears specially bitter towards them at The Slippery Slope . In The Penultimate Peril , which marks his final appearance in the series , he and the freaks are present at the Hotel Denouement where Hugo poses as a worker at the hotel 's rooftop sunbathing salon . When Dewey Denouement is killed during the confrontation with Count Olaf which awakens all the hotel patrons , he agrees with Mrs. Bass when she claims that the Baudelaire children are criminals and he says that they are too freakish to be allowed to move around freely . During the blindfolded trial presided over by Justice Strauss , Hugo presents some carnival posters as evidence . When Hotel Denouement catches fire , Hugo , Colette , and Kevin are last seen holding the bird paper that Klaus hung on the outside of the sauna . Hugo asks if the plan for the hors - d'oeuvres is still in operation . It is left uncertain whether Hugo survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . In the TV series , Hugo is portrayed by Kevin Cahoon . Colette ( edit ) The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril Colette is a contortionist who is one of the Caligari Carnival freaks . She considers her trait to be an abnormality rather than an ability . In The Carnivrous Carnival , Esmé swayed her to Count Olaf 's side by giving her a large robe that would allow her to contort her body into any shape she wanted without people being aware . In The Slippery Slope , Colette wondered why the White - Faced Women disliked their paleness since they used makeup and powder in front of her . In The Penultimate Peril , Colette was present at the Hotel Denouement where she posed as a chemist in a long white coat and surgical mask staying at the Hotel Denouement that is outside of the sauna when Frank or Ernest Denouement suggests that she takes Sir and Charles to room 547 where Organic Chemistry is . During the blindfolded trial , Colette submitted some drawings as evidence . When Hotel Denouement was starting to catch on fire , Hugo , Colette , and Kevin were last seen holding the bird paper that Klaus hung on the outside of the sauna . Colette talks about plucking the feathers off some crows . It is left uncertain if Colette survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . In the TV series , Colette is portrayed by real - life contortionist Bonnie Morgan . Kevin ( edit ) The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril Kevin is an ambidextrous man with a wrinkly face who is one of the Caligari Carnival freaks . Though his trait is considered advantageous by many people , he views it as a disability . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Esmé swayed Kevin to Count Olaf 's side by giving him a rope that would enable him to tie one hand behind his back so that he can look normal . In The Penultimate Peril , Kevin was present at the Hotel Denouement where he poses as a washerwoman in the Hotel Denouement 's laundry room . During the blindfolded trial , Kevin submitted books as evidence with both his hands . When Hotel Denouement was starting to catch on fire , Hugo , Colette , and Kevin were last seen holding the bird paper that Klaus hung on the outside of the sauna . Kevin wonders if he should hold the bird paper with his left hand or his right hand . It is left uncertain if Kevin survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . In the TV series , Kevin is portrayed by Robbie Amell . The Man with a Beard but No Hair ( edit ) The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril The Man with a Beard But No Hair is a high - voiced man who has no background history , but is said to be villainous to the point that even Count Olaf fears him . He is the latest member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . He and the Woman with Hair But No Beard first appear in The Slippery Slope where they congratulate Count Olaf for setting fire to the Caligari Carnival and gave him the coveted Snicket File when they meet him at the Mortmain Mountains . After some eagles are summoned to abduct the Snow Scouts , the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard escape on some of them telling Count Olaf that they will see them at the Hotel Denouement . In The Penultimate Peril , the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard served as judges alongside Justice Strauss at the trial of the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , the Man with a Beard But No Hair was last seen on the first floor with his hand on Jerome Squalor as he secretly praises Count Olaf for starting the fire . It is left uncertain if the Man with a Beard But No Hair survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . The Woman with Hair but No Beard ( edit ) The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril The Woman with Hair But No Beard is a low deep - voiced associate of the Man with a Beard But No Hair where they are the latest members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Her `` aura of menace '' even frightens Count Olaf and Lemony Snicket states that he refused to write down her real name . She and the Man with a Beard But No Hair first appeared in The Slippery Slope where they congratulate Count Olaf for setting fire to the Caligari Carnival and gave him the coveted Snicket File when they meet him at the Mortmain Mountains . After some eagles are summoned to abduct the Snow Scouts , the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard escape on some of them telling Count Olaf that they will see them at the Hotel Denouement . In The Penultimate Peril , the Woman with Hair But No Beard and the Man with a Beard But No Hair served as judges alongside Justice Strauss at the trial of the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , the Woman with Hair But No Beard was last seen on the first floor where she directs the blindfolded Frank and Ernest to the elevator . It is left uncertain if the Woman with Hair But No Beard survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . Unseen associates ( edit ) In The Bad Beginning , it was mentioned that there were at least seven other members of Count Olaf 's troupe that attended Count Olaf 's dinner party . While the Baudelaires did n't get a good look at them , they can tell that they are frightening like the rest of the troupe members . Chapter 10 of Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography mentioned the tallying of 17 total members of Count Olaf 's acting troupe in Lemony 's commonplace book that was sent to Valorous Farms Dairy . These unseen associates were mentioned here . Quagmire triplets ( edit ) Duncan , Isadora , and Quigley Quagmire are triplets who help the Baudelaires on some of their adventures . Duncan and Isadora Quagmire ( edit ) Duncan and Isadora Quagmire are students at Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy . They are named after Isadora Duncan , a dancer who was strangled to death when her scarf became caught in the wheel of her car . They become friends with the Baudelaires : both families lost their parents in a fire and will inherit a large fortune upon turning 18 . The Quagmires attempt to help the Baudelaires work out Count Olaf 's plan , but end up being kidnapped by him . They return in The Ersatz Elevator and The Vile Village and the Baudelaires try to help them escape Olaf 's clutches . In the latter , they end up escaping in a hot - air balloon house with Hector . In The End , Kit Snicket tells the Baudelaires that she briefly met up with them , but does not know what happened to them as she abandoned them when threatened by the Great Unknown . In the TV series , Duncan and Isadora are portrayed by Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake , respectively . The TV series portrays a romantic relationship between Duncan and Violet Baudelaire that is not seen in the books and was originally depicted there with Quigley . Quigley Quagmire ( edit ) Quigley Quagmire is the brother of Duncan and Isadora Quagmire , who supposedly died in the fire which killed his parents . He actually escaped and eventually managed to find the Baudelaires in The Slippery Slope , where he helped Violet and Klaus rescue their sister and later falls in love with Violet . He was then separated from the Baudelaires . Though he managed to meet up with his siblings according to Kit Snicket in The End , she does not know what happened to him after abandoning him to the Great Unknown . In the TV series , Quigley is portrayed by Dylan Kingwell . Baudelaire children guardians ( edit ) Violet Baudelaire , Klaus Baudelaire , and Sunny Baudelaire live with various guardians following the death of Mr. and Mrs. Baudelaire . After a brief stay with Mr. Poe , the children are shuffled from one legal guardian to another until The Vile Village when they run away from the Village of Fowl Devotees and become fugitives for the `` murder '' of Count Olaf . From this point on , there is always someone ( or in some cases several someones ) who takes care of them . Besides Count Olaf , Uncle Montgomery , and Aunt Josephine , among the known guardians in order of appearance are : Sir ( edit ) Sir A Series of Unfortunate Events character First appearance The Miserable Mill Last appearance The Penultimate Peril Portrayed by Don Johnson ( TV series ) Occupation Owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill In The Miserable Mill , Sir is the proprietor of the Lucky Smells Lumbermill , located in Paltryville . His real name is not known , although it has been described as being hard to pronounce . Mr. Poe has attempted to pronounce the first syllable of the name , using a radically different syllable every time ( Wuz , Qui , Bek , Duy , Sho , Gek , etc . ) . Klaus may have been able to pronounce it , but he is shot down by Mr. Poe stating it 's too complicated for an adult . Equally obscure is Sir 's appearance . Sir 's entire head is hidden by the thick smoke of his ever - burning cigar ; Lemony Snicket also stated that neither the Baudelaires , the reader , or himself would ever see Sir 's face . He shows little or no concern for either the Baudelaire orphans or his employees , whom he pays in coupons and provides with an unsatisfying meal of chewing gum . His partner Charles mentions that he has had a terrible childhood . Following Count Olaf being exposed , the death of Dr. Georgina Orwell , and Count Olaf 's escape with the Bald Man with the Big Nose , Sir fires the Baudelaire children , thinking that they would bring misery to Lucky Smells Lumbermill much to Charles ' objection . He later appears in The Penultimate Peril where he and Charles were at Hotel Denouement and staying in room 674 which was reserved for people in the lumbermill industry . Klaus takes them to the sauna down the hall . Charles explains to Sir that he wants to apologize to the Baudelaires for their treatment . While in the sauna , the two of them talk about a party on Thursday held by a person with the initials J.S. as well as Charles addressing to Sir about fires being used in the lumber industry . In addition , Sir mentions that lumber from Lucky Smells Lumbermill was used to build Hotel Denouement . Frank or Ernest Denouement appears and states to Sir and Charles that the sauna has to be cleared out . To satisfy Sir 's claim of liking the burning wood smell , Frank or Ernest has Colette posing as a chemist waiting outside to take them to room 547 where Organic Chemistry is . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Sir claimed the Baudelaires caused accidents at the Lucky Smells Lumbermills where Charles stated that Count Olaf was responsible for them . During the blindfolded trial , Sir submitted employment papers as evidence . When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Sir was last seen holding hands with Charles on one of the floors arguing about the use of fires in the lumbermill industry . In the 2017 Netflix series , he is portrayed by Don Johnson . Unlike the novel , his face is completely shown . As he never encountered Mr. Poe , he met the Baudelaire children when they were brought to him by Charles who found them near the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Upon the Baudelaire children breaking Georgina Orwell 's hypnosis on the workers , Sir flees during the employee chaos . Charles ( edit ) The Miserable Mill The Penultimate Peril Charles is Sir 's partner at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill in The Miserable Mill . Charles is kind to the Baudelaires but not very helpful ; he organizes a library to be set up at the mill but it only contained three books . He was nearly killed by a hypnotized Klaus before being broken free from Dr. Georgina Orwell 's hypnosis by Violet . When Sir fires the Baudelaire children thinking that they will bring more misery to the lumbermill , Charles objected to Sir 's action . Charles makes an appearance in The Penultimate Peril , staying with Sir in the Hotel Denouement where they are seen in room 674 with other people in the lumbermill industry . He explains to Sir that he wants to apologize to the Baudelaires for their treatment and he is sent a letter by J.S. , which assists him in his search . Both of them are taken by Klaus to the sauna that 's down the hall where they both talk about a party on Thursday held by someone with the initials J.S. Although it is not stated in the book , Charles may be on the firefighting side of V.F.D. due to a mentioning by Kit Snicket where he sent her some blueprints . Charles voices his concerns about fires being used in the lumber business to Sir . Frank or Ernest Denouement appears and states to Sir and Charles that the sauna has to be cleared off . To satisfy Sir 's claim of liking the burning wood smell , Frank or Ernest has Colette posing as a chemist waiting outside to take them to room 547 where Organic Chemistry is . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Charles objects to Sir 's claims that the Baudelaires caused accidents at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill and states that Count Olaf was responsible . During the blindfolded trial , Sir submitted some environmental studies as evidence . When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Charles was last seen holding hands with Sir one one of the floors where they argue about the use of fire in the lumbermill industry . In the 2017 Netflix TV series , Charles is portrayed by Rhys Darby . It is strongly implied that Charles is Sir 's domestic partner , something that was only vaguely implied in The Penultimate Peril . In this show , Charles was the one who found the Baudelaires near the property and brought them to Sir . Charles mentions that he does things for Sir like ironing his clothes , cooking his omelets , and making him milkshakes . Before leaving to find Sir after he fled during the employee chaos , Charles shows the Baudelaires the truth about their parents actually fighting the fire in Paltryville . Vice-Principal Nero ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Penultimate Peril Vice-Principal Nero is the childish , narcissistic , and delusional vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy . His name is seemingly an allusion to the Roman Emperor Nero , who is often said to have `` fiddled while Rome burned . '' Vice Principal Nero plays the violin , and he expects all the students to attend his daily six - hour violin performances . Nero dresses in a brown suit with a necktie patterned with pictures of snails . In The Austere Academy , his hair is tied into four pigtails , but by The Penultimate Peril , they have grown into four long braids that dangle behind him . Nero often mimics what others have just said in a high , mocking tone and has numerous strict and unusual punishments for his students , especially if they miss his violin performances . He is a vain egotist . In his first appearance , he gives Mr. Poe the approval to let the Baudelaires live at his boarding school where his security system will detect Count Olaf if he came near the school . Vice-Principal Nero had them in the Orphans Shack with the Quagmire Children and had Sunny work as his administrative assistant . While he has adorded the student Carmelita Spats , he unknowingly hired Count Olaf in the form of Coach Genghis to be the new gym teacher . When the Baudelaires were caught `` cheating '' in the S.O.R.E. exams , Nero gleefully expels the Baudelaires much to the objection of Mrs. Bass and Mr. Remora . Even after Count Olaf was exposed as Coach Genghis and gets away , Nero still would n't have the Baudelaires living with him which he argued with Mr. Poe on . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , it was mentioned that Kit Snicket went to Prufrock Preparatory School where she operated under the alias of Ms. K following Mr. Remora 's retirement . This lasted until Vice-Principal Nero fired her upon Carmelita Spats ' parents tipping him off that Ms. K had given her students books that were n't on the approved reading list . Upon Nero firing her , she ran off and took two orphaned students with her . Nero re-appears in The Penultimate Peril when he , along with Mr. Remora and Mrs. Bass staying in room 371 at the Hotel Denouement and are invited to a cocktail party hosted by `` J.S. '' and Esmé Squalor . When being taken by a disguised Sunny to the Hotel Denouement 's Indian restaurant run by Hal , Nero expresses interest to perform his violin at the cocktail party so that his musical genius can be recognized and he can resign as vice-principal . When Nero hears from Hal that they do n't serve candy in his restaurant , Nero comments that he wo n't have anything . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Nero mimics what Mr. Remora claimed about the Baudelaire children and claims that Violet and Klaus failed all the tests and were n't good students while Sunny was the worst administrative assistant . During the blindfolded trial , Nero submitted administrative records as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Nero and Mr. Remora were last seen wandering the seventh story as Nero starts to worry about his violin case . In the Netflix TV series , Vice-Principal Nero is portrayed by Roger Bart . In this show , his full name is Nero Feint where he is less cruel and more sympathetic as well as being financially poor . He is also shown to be extremely out of the loop , wondering why Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart does not reply to his letters and thinks Voltaire is probably some French kid he expelled for smoking . When Sunny was working as Nero 's administrative assistant , he had her write letters to certain people in the music community to ask them about the reasons behind the restraining orders they sent him . In addition , Nero is also shown to not like Olivia Caliban . Nero later assists Mr. Remora and Mrs. Bass into giving an exam to the Baudelaires where he had Sunny organize the list of students who owe him candy by the color of the candy in question . Sunny passes this test as Nero is inspired to keep improving his musical ways . He was shown to have been surprised when Count Olaf was exposed . Unlike the books , Nero does n't expel the Baudelaires . Instead , Mr. Poe takes them away to their next guardian following Count Olaf 's escape . Though it was mentioned that Nero put Olivia on an unpaid leave in `` The Ersatz Elevator '' Pt. 1 . Jerome Squalor ( edit ) Jerome Squalor A Series of Unfortunate Events character First appearance The Ersatz Elevator Last appearance The Penultimate Peril Family Esmé Squalor ( wife ) the Baudelaire siblings ( briefly ) Jerome Squalor first appears in The Ersatz Elevator as the husband of Esme Squalor . Together , Esmé and Jerome briefly adopted the Baudelaires . Jerome is kind to the Baudelaires , but completely submissive to Esmé and other characters due to his distaste for arguing . He is less of a follower of fashion than Esmé . Jerome is rich and successful as is his wife . At the end of the novel , Esmé leaves Jerome to become a member of Count Olaf 's troupe and Count Olaf 's girlfriend . The Baudelaires leave Jerome behind as he does not wish to help them rescue the Quagmires . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , there are two letters concerning Jerome . One letter Lemony got from Jerome had him mentioning that the food at `` The Anxious Clown '' was terrible . Jerome returns in The Penultimate Peril . Feeling guilty at his desertion of the Baudelaires , he has been researching their case and writing a book about injustice entitled Odious Lusting After Finance ( a backronym of `` Olaf '' ) . He arrives with Justice Strauss to meet up with the Baudelaires and Dewey Denouement which led to them being confronted by Count Olaf . Jerome also meets his wife Esmé at the Hotel Denouement . When she dumps Count Olaf publicly , Jerome urges Esmé to rejoin his side . Esmé refuses his offer . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Jerome states that the Baudelaires are n't murderers . He gives his book to Justice Strauss to be used as evidence against Count Olaf at Count Olaf and the Baudelaires 's trial which was met with a mix of cheers and hisses . His book was later used for kindling when Count Olaf started the fire at the Hotel Denouement . As the fire starts , Jerome is last seen on the first floor with the Man with a Beard But No Hair 's hand on him . In the Netflix TV series , Jerome Squalor is portrayed by Tony Hale . Hector ( edit ) The Vile Village Hector is the handyman in the Village of Fowl Devotees appearing in the seventh book The Vile Village . He is the last official guardian of the Baudelaire children . He was given the task of taking care of the Baudelaires under the Council of Elders ' direction because nobody else wanted the job . Hector is known to be skittish and always looks down and never speaks when in front of the Council of Elders , even when the Baudelaires needed his help in proving their innocence of Jacques Snicket 's murder at the time when Jacques was mistaken for Count Olaf . He later escapes with the Quagmire triplets on his self - sustaining hot air mobile home , after finally standing up to the Council of Elders . Notably , Hector is the only one of the Baudelaires ' guardians who immediately believes them when they say that Count Olaf is present in disguise . He is also the only guardian who actively tries to help them discover more about V.F.D. , and the only non-villain who wanted them to stay with him under any circumstances ( not including the guardians of the Baudelaires that had died ) . In the TV series , Hector is portrayed by Ithamar Enriquez . He is shown to have fainting spells when he is addressed by the Council of Elders which challenges his courage . Hector mentioned to the Baudelaires that his mother was busted for violating the rule where you ca n't wear white after Yom Kippur . He mentioned that his mom had to pay a fine and she later moved to the City where she opened a gallery . Hal ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital The Penultimate Peril Hal is a near - sighted man in small glasses that first appears in the eighth novel The Hostile Hospital . Working as a bookkeeper at the Library of Records in the Heimlich Hospital , he is one of the oldest men that the Baudelaires have ever met . When the Library of Records is burned down with the hospital by Count Olaf , Hal is quick to believe that the Baudelaires are responsible and so turns against them . He eventually forgives the Baudelaires and apologizes for believing Geraldine Julienne 's stories in The Daily Punctilio . In The Penultimate Peril , he reappears as the owner of an Indian restaurant at the Hotel Denouement in room 954 after he was approached by Dewey Denouement . He waited on Vice-Principal Nero , Mr. Remora , and Mrs. Bass when they were brought to his restaurant by a disguised Sunny . Although he owns the Indian restaurant and is seen wearing a turban , Hal is a terrible cook as mentioned when somebody 's voice was heard in one of the windows claiming that he or she could n't sleep because of the Indian food that he made . It is hinted that Hal may be a V.F.D. member as he says the code `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion '' to Mr. Remora who failed to understand it as Mr. Remora quotes that `` it will be a sad occasion if you do n't feed us . '' When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Hal firmly says that the Baudelaires are n't criminals . During the blindfolded trial , Hal submitted some paperwork . In the TV series , Hal is portrayed by David Alan Grier . In this show , he wears normal - sized glasses have magnifying lenses that are on both sides of his glasses . After Esmé destroys the Library of Records , Hal is depressed and operates the front desk when Mr. Poe arrives . Hal has him fill out the paperwork to get him checked out for his hay fever . When Klaus and Sunny in their alias of Dr. Faustus are exposed by Esmé , Hal comes in feeling deceived by the Baudelaires as the Baudelaires try to explain themselves . As Count Olaf in the alias of Mattathias Medicalschool starts a fire at the Heimlich Hospital and blames the Baudelaires for starting it , Hal joins the Person of Indeterminate Gender and some members of the Volunteers Fighting Disease into pursuing them . Before the fire can get worse , Hal managed to make it out alive feeling depressed at the loss of the Library of Records as he walks passed Lemony Snicket during his narration . Olivia Caliban ( edit ) Olivia Caliban ( a.k.a. Madame Lulu ) appears solely in The Carnivorous Carnival . She is technically the ninth guardian of the Baudelaire orphans due to the fact that the Baudelaires go to work for her . She is a fraudulent fortune - teller . Her lightning device ( operated by reflecting beams of the sunrise ) tricks guests into believing in magical lightning . After instructing them to close their eyes , she seeks out the answers from the archival library under her table . Madame Lulu says she just likes giving people what they want . It is implied , but not explicitly stated , that she is a member of V.F.D. The Grim Grotto reveals that she once knew Captain Widdershins . It is strongly implied that she is in love with Count Olaf , earning her the enmity of Olaf 's then - girlfriend Esmé Squalor . She speaks in broken English with a thick fake accent , saying `` please '' in the middle or the end of her sentences . Lulu promised the Baudelaires that she would n't tell Count Olaf where they were if they took her to the Mortmain Mountains . This place was marked on her map , but Klaus found that it was a coffee stain , but he later said that it might be there to refer to as a secret place , such as the headquarters of V.F.D. Esmé Squalor convinces the `` freaks '' in the Caligari Carnival to murder her by pushing Madame Lulu into the lion pit in exchange for being hired by Count Olaf . She met a sticky end when she fell into the lions ' pit along with the Bald Man With the Long Nose during the crowd chaos . After that , at the performance `` Madame Lulu was to throw `` Beverly and Eliot '' into the pit . She was uncertain , which led everyone into a frenzy , rushing to throw them in . In all the commotion Madame Lulu fell into the pit . Later Count Olaf reveals that Madame Lulu told him about the Baudelaires ' disguises . She has been implied to be a fortune - teller mentioned in a much earlier book who cursed Lemony Snicket when a policeman tripped Mr. Snicket , causing him to break the crystal ball he was holding . She also states in the book that Olaf promised to give her the Snicket Fortune for the times she helped Olaf . When Olivia removes her turban , Snicket states she has blond hair but in illustrations , she is shown with black hair . If this is simply a mistake or not is unknown . A later book mentions an `` Olivia Caliban '' , who may be Olivia and who thus may be the sister of Friday 's father Thursday Caliban . In the TV series , Olivia Caliban is portrayed by Sara Rue . Her role is expanded where she first appears as a school librarian at Prufrock Preporatory School that is often disliked by Vice-Principal Nero . After the Hook - Handed Man makes off with Duncan and Isadora Quagmire , Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations . After Olivia visits Mr. Poe and attempts to show him the book in `` The Ersatz Elevator '' while also mentioning that Vice-Principal Nero put her on an unpaid leave , Jacquelyn enlists Jacques Snicket to bring Olivia into the organization . While Larry keeps Esmé busy at Café Salmonella , Olivia accompanies Jacques into searching the Squalors ' building for Duncan and Isadora . Olivia and Jacques later attend an auction presided over by Count Olaf 's Gunther alias . In `` The Vile Village '' after Count Olaf 's Detective Dupin alias tricks the Village of Fowl Devotees into thinking that Jacques Snicket is Count Olaf , Olivia negotiates with Esmé in exchange for the information about the Sugar Bowl that she is looking for . Jacques later directs Olivia to `` Madame Lulu '' so that she can find the Sugar Bowl before Count Olaf does . Madame Lulu turns out to be a title for the V.F.D. member stationed at the Caligari Carnival and the current Madame Lulu heads to Heimlich Hospital to recover the Sugar Bowl while Olivia takes the Madame Lulu mantle . When Count Olaf and his troop arrive at the carnival in hopes of finding out whether or not one of the Baudelaires ' parents survived the fire as seen in `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' Olivia attempts to stall them until the other Madame Lulu arrives . She later encounters the Baudelaires , disguised as freaks , and gives them some of the information she has gained as a member of V.F.D. , but also reveals that she has no idea whether or not one of their parents survived . However , she promises to take them to the old V.F.D. headquarters , where their parent may be if they are , in fact , alive . Before they can leave , unfortunately , Count Olaf begins the performance where one of the freaks will be thrown into the lion 's pit , picking Klaus and Violet 's two - headed disguise . Klaus and Violet attempt to trick Count Olaf out onto the platform by telling him to come push them in to make it more dramatic , plotting to push him in instead , but he sends Olivia to push them in in his place . Olivia manages to push them over the pit to safety . Before she can take out Count Olaf , he cuts the rope on the platform and drops her into the pit where she is devoured by the lions offscreen , much to the horror of the crowd . Bruce ( edit ) Bruce is briefly a guardian of the Baudelaires . He first appears at the end of The Reptile Room in which he moves Uncle Monty 's reptiles . In The Slippery Slope , Bruce appears again as the leader of the Snow Scouts . The Baudelaires learn that he is the uncle of Carmelita Spats , a member of the Snow Scouts . Count Olaf cheated him out of Uncle Monty 's reptile collection ( except for one reptile , most likely the Incredibly Deadly Viper ) . This was confirmed in Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , in which Lemony receives the letter from the owners of the Prospero ) . Bruce is kidnapped by the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard , along with all the Snow Scouts , save for Carmelita , at the end of the book . At Hotel Denouement shortly after Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed , a man 's voice is heard from one of the windows calling for a man named Bruce to come back to bed . Later as the hotel starts to burn , the Baudelaires hear the same man calling out for this Bruce while a woman calls out for her mother . It has n't been confirmed if this is the same Bruce or a different Bruce . Captain Widdershins ( edit ) Captain Widdershins is the captain of the Queequeg submarine . He is the stepfather of Fiona and Fernald . In The Grim Grotto , he finds Klaus , Violet , and Sunny Baudelaire at sea while he is looking for the sugar bowl and takes them aboard the Queequeg . He is extremely emphatic , with almost all of his sentences being exclamations , and permeates his speech with the word `` Aye ! '' His personal philosophy is `` He who hesitates is lost '' , which the Baudelaires find to be unreasonable . Captain Widdershins is considered the eleventh guardian of the Baudelaires . He seems aware that Fiona takes a fancy to Klaus ( he accuses them of flirting when Fiona is proud Klaus knows what a mycologist is ) , stating that if Klaus finds the sugar bowl , he will `` allow ( Klaus ) to marry Fiona . '' After sending the Baudelaires and Fiona into the Gorgonian Grotto , he and Phil appear to desert the Queequeg . The reason may have to do with a woman who approached the Queequeg to tell Captain Widdershins something involving him being required to leave the submarine . In The Penultimate Peril , Kit Snicket says that she intends to meet Captain Widdershins and is later mentioned water - skiing towards and , soon after , away from him . Kit had contacted all three of The Quagmire Triplets as well as their Guardian Hector and had met with them and the crew of the Queequeg when their self - sustaining mobile home crashed into it . This reunion was short - lived , however , as all of the crew as well as the triplets were picked up by the mysterious ' ? ' Shape ( dubbed by Kit Snicket as ' The Great Unknown ' ) . Another note to make is that though he himself stated that The Great Unknown was `` something worse than Olaf himself '' , he seemed to insist to take his chances with it , as mentioned by Kit Snicket in The End . It is possible that Captain Widdershins also has , or had , a fortune because when Count Olaf is talking about all the fortunes he will obtain , he says `` the Widdershins fortune . '' Widdershins says that Fiona 's mother died in a manatee accident . Dewey Denouement ( edit ) Dewey Denouement is the hotel manager of the Hotel Denouement and the brother of Frank and Ernest , but far fewer people are aware he exists . In addition to Dewey being an old friend of Bertrand Baudelaire , Count Olaf describes Dewey as a `` legendary figure . '' He calls himself a `` sub-sub - librarian '' and has spent his life cataloging evidence hidden beneath the pond near the Hotel Denouement . Dewey was four when the Schism began and later began a relationship with Kit Snicket . Also , his parents house was burned down which killed his parents . At Hotel Denouement , Dewey was also responsible for winding up the clock that is built into the ceiling there . He made himself known to the Baudelaires where he revealed his library at the bottom of the nearby pond . Dewey and the Baudelaires meet up with the arriving Justice Strauss and Jerome Squalor where all six of them are confronted in the lobby by Count Olaf and his remaining associates . When he refuses to tell Count Olaf the passwords to unlock a door ( which supposedly led to a room containing the sugar bowl ) upon being confronted by him , Count Olaf threatens to shoot him with a harpoon gun . The Baudelaires try to save Dewey , but Count Olaf drops the gun when Mr. Poe shows up and it goes off killing Dewey whose body falls into the pond which then sinks . He even quoted `` Kit '' as his final word . The harpoon gun going off also woke up the other patrons . As for Dewey 's secret library , Lemony Snicket stated that it was unharmed when Hotel Denouement was set on fire . In The End , Dewey is mentioned by Kit to be the father of her child . Frank and Ernest Denouement ( edit ) Frank Denouement and Ernest Denouement are identical brothers of Dewey and are managers of the Hotel Denouement who oversee the maintenance of the hotel and the needs of the guests . Frank is a `` volunteer '' while Ernest is a `` villain '' who used to be part of Count Olaf 's theater troupe . The Baudelaires work in the hotel as concierges and meet the managers on several occasions , but fail to tell Frank and Ernest apart . When their brother is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Frank and Ernest were charged by Justice Strauss to put the Baudelaires in room 121 and Count Olaf in room 165 until her fellow judges arrive . As both of them are blindfolded for the trial as well , it was not known which one brought the Baudelaires to where the blindfolded trial is . During the trial , Frank and Ernest submitted a commonplace book as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Frank and Ernest were last seen on the first floor as the Woman With Hair But No Beard directs them to the elevator where the Baudelaires , Count Olaf , and Justice Strauss are . When Violet asks for them to call the fire department , Frank and Ernest ask `` which one '' as the elevator closes on them . Their names are a reference to the phrase `` You be frank and I 'll be earnest . '' Other characters ( edit ) Edgar and Albert Poe ( edit ) The Bad Beginning Edgar and Albert are Mr. Poe 's two sons . They are only seen in The Bad Beginning when the Baudelaires stay with Mr. Poe following their parents ' death . The two brothers are unwelcoming to the Baudelaire orphans . Their names are apparent allusions to Edgar Allan Poe , though they may also be derived from Edgar Albert Guest ( who is mentioned in The Grim Grotto ) . In the TV series , Edgar and Albert are played by Kaniel Jacob - Cross and Jack Forrester , respectively . Their unwelcoming attitude goes so far to the point that they both think the Baudelaires caused the fire themselves . Lemony Snicket reveals that later in life one became a banker like their father while the other lives in a cave , but that both think that `` the other has it better . '' Eleanora Poe ( edit ) Eleanora Poe is the sister of Mr. Arthur Poe , who is in charge of the Baudelaire orphans ' affairs . Eleanora is the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio . She is first mentioned as `` a tiresome woman named Eleanora '' who was in an elevator at the Hotel Preludio with the Baudelaire family one day when Bertrand played a prank that forced her to stop at every floor on the way to her hotel room . It is implied that Eleanora and Arthur are not part of the V.F.D. organization because at The Anxious Clown , Larry the Waiter uses a code for V.F.D. members , and neither Eleanora nor Arthur seem to understand it or decide to ignore it . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Biography , she once fired Lemony Snicket for giving a `` bad '' review about Al Funcoot 's play titled `` One Last Warning to Those Who Stand in My Way '' and Esmé Squalor . Eleanora was eventually locked in the basement of the newspaper building by her `` star reporter '' Geraldine Julienne on the orders of Esmé . She tried to telegram her brother only for an imposter to tell Mr. Poe to ignore all incoming telegrams . This was likely to secure the influence of the newspaper for the villainous side of V.F.D. In the TV series , her character is changed to be Mr. Poe 's wife upon being amalgamated with Polly Poe and she is portrayed by Cleo King . She is shown to be more concerned with the Baudelaires ' fame in the papers than their actual living conditions . In addition , she has used the `` Wait until the readers of the Daily Punctilio see that ! '' catchphrase that Geraldine uses . In `` The Vile Village , '' Eleanora arrives at the Village of Fowl Devotees to get the news on the Baudelaires having `` murdered '' Count Olaf . Arthur was surprised by her appearance and stated that they should 've carpooled . She even joins in the villagers pursuing of them and the Quagmires in order to get an interview from them . Her story about Count Olaf 's `` death '' makes the front page of the Daily Punctilio . Polly Poe ( edit ) Polly Poe is Arthur Poe 's wife . She is mentioned in The Bad Beginning when the Baudelaires stay with the Poe family . While the Baudelaires stay at the Poes ' house , she buys a lot of itchy and ugly clothing . She later appears at the theater for Count Olaf 's performance of The Marvelous Marriage and was there when Count Olaf 's plot was exposed . In The Ersatz Elevator , Mr. Poe says that he will tell his wife that dark is in , indicating that she is interested in fashion . In the film , she is played by Deborah Theaker . In the television series , her character is combined with Eleanora Poe who is portrayed by Cleo King . Justice Strauss ( edit ) Justice Strauss A Series of Unfortunate Events character First appearance The Bad Beginning Last appearance The Penultimate Peril Portrayed by Catherine O'Hara ( film ) Joan Cusack ( TV series ) Occupation Judge Justice Strauss is a judge who lives next door to Count Olaf . The Baudelaires initially take a liking to her as soon as they meet in The Bad Beginning and her library also comes in handy in the foiling of Count Olaf 's plot to get the Baudelaire fortune . At the purported mock wedding that Olaf sets up at the theater , she plays the judge and unwittingly almost marries Violet to Olaf , legally . At the end of the book following Count Olaf and his troupe getting away , she offers to look after the Baudelaires only for it to not be possible due to legal obligations on the part of Mr. Poe . Strauss reappears in The Penultimate Peril . She has been researching the Baudelaire case and attempts to bring Count Olaf to justice . Justice Strauss and Jerome Squalor meet up with Dewey Denouement and the Baudelaires at Hotel Denouement where they are confronted in the lobby by Count Olaf and his remaining associates . After Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed , Justice Strauss breaks up the commotion between the guests . She informs everyone present that the authorities have been summoned and that they will have a trial on the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf . Justice Strauss has the Baudelaires placed in room 121 while Count Olaf is placed in room 165 . When it came to the trial , she had issued an order beforehand to have the Baudelaires , Count Olaf , Frank and Ernest Denouement , and those attending the trial wear blindfolds to go with the `` Justice is blind '' saying . Though she did had to direct them to where the respectful benches are . In addition , Justice Strauss states that anyone who peaks will be found guilty of contempt of court . As the trial progressed where the judges were given their evidence against the Baudelaires and Count Olaf , it turns out that her two fellow High Court judges are actually Olaf 's associates the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard . Olaf kidnaps Justice Strauss and the Baudelaires follow the two . They end up ascending the roof of the Hotel Denouement after setting fire to the building as part of the Baudelaire children 's plan to leave a signal in the sky to warn those of the firefighting side of the V.F.D. that the upcoming meeting is cancelled and that Hotel Denouement is no longer safe for them . Justice Strauss attempts to prevent the escape of Count Olaf , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny , but they leave her behind . It is unknown if she got out of the burning hotel or not . In the film , Justice Strauss is portrayed by Catherine O'Hara . When Count Olaf 's plot during the play was exposed , Justice Strauss was shocked that she was duped and ran off stating that she did n't know . In the video game adaption , she is voiced by April Stewart . In the Netflix series , she is portrayed by Joan Cusack . Justice Strauss ' library is shown to have a book on secret societies . At the end of the second part of `` The Bad Beginning , '' she pushes the book on secret societies that was partially pulled out back in sometime after the Baudelaire children were transferred to Uncle Monty . Gustav Sebald ( edit ) Gustav Sebald is a film director and member of the V.F.D. who invented the Sebald Code which was used by V.F.D. members in their correspondence . Gustav 's films contained crucial messages to the V.F.D. In The Reptile Room , Gustav was mentioned to be the assistant of Montgomery Montgomery . When Count Olaf arrived at his house in the disguise of Stephano , Montgomery was informed that Gustav has suddenly and suspiciously resigned . Gustav 's movie `` Zombies in the Snow '' was seen at the local theater by the Baudelaire children , Montgomery , and Stephano . The coded message that Montgomery could n't understand was `` Attention ! Hidden in the snowman is a survivor of the fire . Meet us in the town where this film takes place . Bring the three children . Your new assistant is not one of us . Beware ! '' Following Gustav 's death , his sister Sally is managing his estate . In the film , Gustav Sebald is portrayed by John Dexter . He was briefly seen having been strapped to the front of a train by Count Olaf . In the TV series , Gustav Sebald is portrayed by Luke Camilleri . He first appeared in `` The Bad Beginning '' Pt. 2 where he met Jacquelyn underground after she escaped from the Bald Man 's trap and informed him what happened . When Count Olaf 's plot to get the Baudelaire fortune is exposed , Jacquelyn and Gustav made themselves known as they revealed that Montgomery Montgomery was supposed to get the Baudelaire children and not Count Olaf . Before Count Olaf can be apprehended , the lights go off enabling Count Olaf and his associates to get away . When outside Montgomery 's house to make sure the Baudelaire children arrived safely , he is hit by a tranquilizer dart fired by an offscreen Count Olaf where his body sinks into a pond in Swarthy Swamp . Gustav 's death enabled Count Olaf to begin his next plot as Stephano . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Gustav made an appearance in a flashback at a celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters on the day when Count Olaf failed at murdering Beatrice . He was seen being hypnotized by Georgina Orwell into kissing her which Orwell covered up in front of Jacquelyn . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. where he talked about his movie codes and showed the different disguises . Larry ( edit ) Larry is a waiter who works at the `` Anxious Clown '' restaurant in The Wide Window who is implied to be a member of V.F.D. as he uses the coded phrase `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion . '' He also has a history with Josephine Anwhistle . He first appears where he serves food to the Baudelaire children , Mr. Poe , and Count Olaf in his alias of Captain Sham . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , a letter Lemony received from Jacques advised him to visit The Anxious Clown and look for a waiter who quoted `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion . '' In the Netflix TV series , Larry is portrayed by Patrick Breen . He was first seen in `` The Wide Window '' sweeping outside his restaurant when Count Olaf appears . Count Olaf manages to overpower Larry as the rest of his troupe swarms over him . While Count Olaf in the disguise of Captain Sham has dinner at the Anxious Restaurant with Mr. Poe and the Baudelaire children , Larry serves them food as Count Olaf 's theater troupe makes sure that he sticks to the script . While struggling to get untied , he does managed to answer a call from Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire . When the Hook - Handed Man grabbed the phone , Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire hung up knowing that the Anxious Clown has been compromised . In `` The Austere Academy , '' Larry appears as a cafeteria worker at Prufrock Preporatory school where he misplaced a book about secret societies that Jacquelyn gave him . He gets locked in the walk - in refrigerator by Count Olaf and is later freed by Jacques Snicket . In `` The Ersatz Elevator '' Pt. 1 , Larry appears as a waiter at Café Salmonella where he stalls Esmé while Jacques and Olivia sneak into their building to find Duncan and Isadora Quagmire . In `` The Vile Village '' Pt. 2 , Larry hears about Jacques ' death assists Jacquelyn into distracting the Village of Fowl Devotees ' inhabitants in order to give the Baudelaires time to get away from them . He was shown to have a history with Mrs. Morrow and Mr. Lesko . Though they are tied up by Count Olaf 's troupe , Larry and Jacquelyn are pleased that the Baudelaire children and the Quagmire children successfully got away in their own ways . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Larry was seen in a flashback at a party at V.F.D. HQ where he has a message passed along to Lemony Snicket that tells him `` Olaf knows '' as Lemony runs out in an attempt to thwart Count Olaf 's attempt on Beatrice Baudelaire 's life . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. as he talks about the different coded phrases . While in the tunnels , he is on the phone with someone about the survivor of the Baudelaire fire being sighted at the Mortmain Mountains when he starts to smell smoke . Phil ( edit ) The Miserable Mill The Grim Grotto Phil worked at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill in The Miserable Mill . Phil was one of the friendlier mill workers , and helped the Baudelaires adjust to their new home . During the Baudelaires ' stay at the lumbermill , Phil was injured by a mill machine , operated by Klaus , who was hypnotized at the time . On the bright side , Phil is an eternally optimistic character who is not upset about the accident , by saying things such as `` at least no one would ask whether I 'm right - handed or left - handed . '' In The Grim Grotto , Phil worked as a cook at a submarine manned by Captain Widdershins ( who calls him Cookie ) and his stepdaughter Fiona although all he can make are damp casseroles . Klaus believes that Phil is still being affected by the stamping machine accident , but Phil claims it to be a shark bite . He , along with Captain Widdershins , abandons the Baudelaires and Fiona during the middle of the novel for unknown reasons , ( or had been captured ) , and does not appear in The Penultimate Peril or The End . It is suspected that Phil may have left his work at Lucky Smells Lumbermill due to a lack of sufficient pay ; in The Miserable Mill he states that he has read law books and learned that being paid with coupons is illegal . Despite bringing this up with Sir , it is stated in The Penultimate Peril the workers at the mill are still being paid in coupons . In the TV series , he is portrayed by Chris Gauthier . Dr. Georgina Orwell ( edit ) The Miserable Mill Dr. Georgina Orwell is an optometrist and an accomplice to Count Olaf in his attempts to steal the Baudelaire fortune in The Miserable Mill by hypnotizing Klaus after the Bald Man with the Big Nose posing as Foreman Flacutano breaks his glasses . Her name is an allusion to George Orwell . She is killed when she falls into a gigantic lumber saw while battling Sunny , sword vs. teeth . In the TV series , she is portrayed by Catherine O'Hara ( who previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the film adaptation ) . Instead of being killed by the gigantic lumber saw , she falls into the furnace where all that was left of her was her glasses . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' Georgina made an appearance in a flashback at the celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters the day when Count Olaf failed at murdering Beatrice . She hypnotized Gustav into kissing her and had to cover up this act in front of Jacquelyn . In the present , she appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Mr. Remora ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Penultimate Peril Mr. Remora is a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy teaching Violet Baudelaire . He loves bananas and is constantly seen eating one , smearing banana pulp on his moustache . In his class , students are forced to listen to tiresome and extremely short stories he dictates after which he gives examinations on various objective aspects of the stories . He thinks that the Baudelaires are good students and even objected to Vice-Principal Nero expelling them . Lemony Snicket reveals in Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography that Mr. Remora later retired from his teaching job because he choked on a banana and was briefly replaced by Kit Snicket under the alias of Miss K . Whether retired or not depending on when the banana - choking incident happened , Mr. Remora reappears in The Penultimate Peril staying in room 371 with Vice-Principal Nero and Mrs. Bass , having been invited to a cocktail party at the Hotel Denouement by `` J.S. '' and makes a brief reference to running from the law ( possibly a reference to Mrs. Bass 's bank robbery ) . Hal also tries to communicate with him using a V.F.D. coded phrase `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion . '' However , Mr. Remora fails to understand , meaning that he is probably not part of V.F.D. , and commented to Hal `` it will be a sad occasion if you do n't feed us . '' When making his order , Mr. Remora goes with a dish that has bananas in them . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Mr. Remora chose the side of the Baudelaire children where he mentioned good things about them which Vice-Principal Nero mimicked . During the blindfolded trial , Mr. Remora submits the gradebooks as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mr. Remora was last seen wandering the seventh story with Nero while wondering about fried bananas . In the TV series , Mr. Remora is portrayed by Malcolm Stewart . During the pep rally , he and Mrs. Bass shoot down Duncan and Isadora 's attempts to warn the Baudelaires that Count Olaf is in the school . He later assists Vice-Principal Nero and Mrs. Bass in giving the Baudelaires their exam . Unlike the books , Mr. Remora made an appearance in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mrs. Bass where they watched the lion - feeding event . He mentions that he has a skin condition when someone mistakes him for a freak . Mrs. Bass ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Penultimate Peril Mrs. Bass is Klaus Baudelaire 's teacher in The Austere Academy , obsessed with measuring in metric and all of her lessons are on measuring certain items . Mrs. Bass is described to having long messy hair that vaguely made her resemble a gorilla . She and Mr. Remora only agree that Violet and Klaus are good students after their final examination that would determine their expulsion from Prufrock Preparatory . Prior to this however , they were under the impression that Violet and Klaus were the two worst students in the history of the school . Mrs. Bass at this occasion states that she dislikes Carmelita Spats . She reappears in The Penultimate Peril where she is staying at Hotel Denouement in room 371 with Vice-Principal Nero and Mr. Remora . Mrs. Bass was wearing a thin black mask and a small white wig as a disguise . It is implied , as foreshadowed in The Austere Academy and Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , that she has robbed a bank , having in her possession several bags of money marked with name of Mulctuary Money Management . It is also implied that the money she stole is from the Spats Fortune . She makes no attempt to conceal her crime from Vice Principal Nero and Mr. Remora and they in turn do not judge her , seeming to look on her robbery as an everyday occurrence . She also reveals that her invitation to the cocktail party hosted by `` J.S. '' which asked her to bring all her valuables and since she did not earn enough as a teacher to have valuables she was forced to turn to a life of crime . When being served by Hal at the Hotel Denouement 's Indian restaurant , Mrs. Bass states that she is so hungry that she can eat a whole decagram of rice . Despite her defense of the Baudelaires in The Austere Academy when their own identities are revealed at the Hotel Denouement following the death of Dewey Denouement , she claims that they are criminals that should be punished which Hugo agreed with her on . During the blindfolded trial , Mrs. Bass submits the blueprints for banks and later claims that the Baudelaires robbed a bank to which Mr. Poe quoted `` Who said that ? '' When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mrs. Bass was last seen on the third story muttering something about a getaway car . It is assumed that she survives the fire because it is mentioned in The Austere Academy that she was arrested for bank robbery at Mulctuary Money Management by Lemony Snicket which is one of the reasons why Prufrock Preparatory School closed down . In the TV series , Mrs. Bass is portrayed by BJ Harrison . This version is an African - American woman and does n't have messy hair . During the pep rally , she and Mr. Remora shoot down Duncan and Isadora 's attempts to warn the Baudelaires that Count Olaf is in the school . She later assists Vice-Principal Nero and Mr. Remora into giving the Baudelaires their exam . Like the books , she starts to become a bank robber . Unlike the books , Mrs. Bass appeared in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mr. Remora where they watched the lion - feeding event . She is shown to have a bag of money in her hands which she passes off as quiz papers . While the Caligari Carnival was burning down , she hitches a ride with Mr. Poe where she wants him to give her a `` tour '' of Mulctuary Money Management . Ms. Tench ( edit ) Ms. Tench is the gym teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School . She was mentioned in The Austere Academy where Vice-Principal Nero stated that Ms. Tench `` fell out of a third story window a few days ago . '' Though it was n't mentioned if she is dead or injured . Either way , she was replaced by Count Olaf posing as Coach Genghis . In the TV series , Miss Tench is portrayed by Bronwen Smith . While riding a bus with the pep squad and sports team , the bus is hijacked by Count Olaf . While it was mentioned that Count Olaf and his troupe left Ms. Tench , the pep squad and sports team , and the bus driver on the side of the road , Count Olaf 's disguise as Coach Genghis seems to include her stolen tracksuit . Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire ( edit ) Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire are the parents of Duncan , Isadora , and Quigley Quagmire who are on the fire - fighting side of the V.F.D. They perished in the fire at their home after getting their children to safety . In the TV series , Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire are portrayed by Will Arnett and Cobie Smulders . Their subplot throughout the first season had them captured by the fire - starting side of the V.F.D. and their escape as they make their way back to their kids . During a flight over Lake Lachrymose , the two of them managed to secretly help the Baudelaires set off a signal light at the time when they are being attacked by the Lachrymose Leeches . Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire were able to reunite with their children . Later that night , an unseen person starts to set fire to their mansion from a distance causing Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire to perish offscreen . Council of Elders ( edit ) The Council of Elders are the governing force behind the Village of Fowl Devotees . It consists of the village 's 25 elders . Each of the members of the Council of Elders worship the crows and wear hats that have fake crows on top of their hats . They sit on a long bench in the Village of Fowl Devotees ' City Hall to discuss some things . The youngest member of the Council of Elders was The Woman Who Was About Eighty - One . In The Vile Village , the Council of Elders meet the Baudelaire children during an assembly and ask who would watch over them . They got Hector to watch over them because nobody else wanted the job . In the TV series , the Council of Elders only has three members . They are named Anabelle , Jemma , and Sam and are portrayed by Mindy Sterling , Carol Mansell , and Ken Jenkins respectively . Anabelle is the one who quotes `` silence '' when someone breaks the rule that states `` No one may talk while on the platform '' even when asked a question that is rephrased to the other villagers . Though she would overlook it if the person on the platform is a police officer or a bank consultant . Carol is the soft - spoken of the Council of Elders while Sam has a gruff voice . Mrs. Morrow ( edit ) The Vile Village The Penultimate Peril Mrs. Morrow is a citizen from the Village of Fowl Devotees in The Vile Village . She is seen at Town Hall wearing a pink bathrobe when the Baudelaires arrive . She is one of the people who does not want the Baudelaires living with her . Mrs. Morrow makes them trim her hedges and later complains about their poor job . Mrs. Morrow delivers the news about Jacques Snicket 's mysterious death whom she , like the other villagers , thought was Count Olaf . Mrs. Morrow is one of the villagers most determined to burn the Baudelaires ( and any other person in violation of the many thousands of village rules ) at the stake . She was with the villagers when Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana accidentally injured a crow with her harpoon gun and was among the villagers that retaliated at this rule violation . She reappears in The Penultimate Peril as a guest at Hotel Denouement alongside Mr. Lesko . Mrs. Morrow is seen sleeping in the lobby after being woken up by a shot from the harpoon gun that killed Dewey Denouement . When Charles states to Sir that Count Olaf caused accidents at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill and not the Baudelaire children , Mrs. Morrow stated that `` Count Olaf '' was murdered by the Baudelaire children in her village . She submits constitutions to be used as evidence at the blindfolded trial for the Baudelaires and Count Olaf . When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mrs. Morrow was last seen on one of the floors arguing with Mr. Lesko . In the TV series , Mrs. Morrow is portrayed by Lossen Chambers . While helping Jacquelyn buy the Baudelaires and the Quagmire 's time to get away , Larry mentioned to Mrs. Morrow that he remembered her and her mother from book club . Mrs. Morrow stated that it 's now a magazine club and she hates magazines . Unlike the books , Mrs. Morrow appears in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mr. Lesko and some of their fellow villagers where they watched the lion - feeding event . Mr. Lesko ( edit ) The Vile Village The Penultimate Peril Mr. Lesko is a citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees from The Vile Village . The Baudelaires first meet him at a meeting in Town Hall where he is shown wearing plaid pants . He and several other citizens do not want the Baudelaires to live with him and describes them as `` noisy '' children . Mr. Lesko is very mean to them and makes them and Hector clean the windows of his house . He is the one who suggests the Baudelaires be burned at the stake because he thinks they killed Count Olaf ( who was actually Jacques Snicket ) . Mr. Lesko was with the villagers when Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana accidentally injured a crow with her harpoon gun and was among the villagers that retaliated at this rule violation . He returns in The Penultimate Peril as one of the hotel guests in the lobby where he was seen with Mrs. Morrow . He is woken up when Dewey Denouement is killed . When Mrs. Morrow claims that `` Count Olaf '' was killed by the Baudelaire children in her village , Mr. Lesko claims that he thought the man that was killed was named `` Count Omar . '' At the Baudelaires and Count Olaf 's blindfolded trial , he hands in rule books for evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mr. Lesko was last seen on one of the floors arguing with Mrs. Morrow . In the TV series , Mr. Lesko is portrayed by Kevin Chamberlin and is first referred to as `` The Man in Plaid Pants '' by the Council of Elders . While helping Jacquelyn buy the Baudelaires and the Quagmire 's time to get away , Larry asked Mr. Morrow how his retirement was . He did n't get an answer out of him . Unlike the books , Mr. Lesko appears in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mrs. Morrow and some of their fellow villagers where they watched the lion - feeding event . Jacques Snicket ( edit ) The Vile Village Jacques Snicket is the older brother of Lemony Snicket and the twin brother of Kit Snicket as well as a member of the V.F.D. At some point during his work , he lost contact with Lemony and remained close to Kit . Jacques was first seen in The Vile Village where the villagers of the Village of Fowl Devotees mistook him for Count Olaf . He was to be burned at the stake only to be killed by the real Count Olaf ( who was disguised as Detective Dupin at the time ) who framed the Baudelaire siblings for his death . Before he died , he tried to mention to the Baudelaire children that he worked for the V.F.D. In the Netflix TV series , Jacques Snicket is portrayed by Nathan Fillion . He is first seen in `` The Austere Academy '' where he frees Larry from the walk - in refrigerator that Count Olaf trapped him in . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' Jacquelyn enlists Jacques Snicket to bring Olivia Caliban into their organization . While Esmé is kept busy by Larry at Café Salmonella , Jacques and Olivia sneak into the Squalors ' building to find Duncan and Isadora Quagmire . When Count Olaf in the form of Gunther holds an auction , Jacques and Olivia attend it . In `` The Vile Village , '' Jacques and Olivia arrive in the Village of Fowl Devotees in order to detain Count Olaf . Unfortunately , Count Olaf poses as Detective Dupin where he fools the villagers into thinking that Jacques Snicket is actually Olaf and the Council of Elders sentence Jacques to death . While Jacques still had the V.F.D. tattoo , Count Olaf put a fake extension between his eyebrows to make it look like one eyebrow . He did silently introduce himself to the Baudelaires and explain the tattoo description to them while Detective Dupin and the Council of Elders were talking . After Olivia negotiates with Esmé in the disguise of Officer Luciana for their freedom in exchange for the information about the Sugar Bowl that Count Olaf seeks , Jacques sends Olivia to find `` Madame Lulu . '' When Jacques confronts Count Olaf and Esmé , they managed to incapacitate him as Count Olaf struck him with a crowbar offscreen . The next day , the Baudelaires are informed that `` Count Olaf '' was murdered . Olaf as Detective Dupin pins the blame of his death on the Baudelaires . In `` The Hostile Hospital '' Pt. 1 and 2 , Jacques Snicket appeared on a film reel that is in Heimlich Hospital 's Library of records . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Jacques Snicket was seen in a flashback at a party at the V.F.D. Headquarters with Lemony . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Geraldine Julienne ( edit ) The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Penultimate Peril Geraldine Julienne is the star reporter for the Daily Punctilo . She is depicted as always carrying a microphone and incorrectly reports on events throughout the series . In addition , Geraldine is a devoted fan of Esmé Squalor . Her catchphrase upon coming across a headline is `` Wait until the readers of the Daily Punctilio see that ! '' She was first mentioned in The Vile Village where she wrote the inaccurate article about the Baudelaire children murdering Count Olaf . What really happened is that Count Olaf framed them at the time when Jacques Snicket was mistaken for Count Olaf . In The Hostile Hospital , Geraldine is present at Violet Baudelaire 's surgery . In The Carnivous Carnival , Geraldine appears at the Caligari Carnival reporting on the lion show there . In The Penultimate Peril , Geraldine is seen at the Hotel Denouement . She was seen in the rooftop sunbathing salon with Esmé Squalor and Carmelita Spats . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Geraldine quotes that the Baudelaires are no ordinary murderers . When Justice Strauss proposes a blindfolded trial , she did not want Geraldine to do any premature news stories . During the blindfolded trial , Geraldine submitted some newspaper articles as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Geraldine was last seen on one of the floors using her microphone as a cane while squealing about the headlines . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , Esmé orders Geraldine to lock Eleanora Poe in the basement of the Daily Punctilo . In the TV series , Geraldine Julienne had written different articles in the series like the loss of the Baudelaire children 's parents , them being raised by Count Olaf , and the accident at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Babs ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital Babs first appears in The Hostile Hospital . She is the head of Heimilich Hospital 's Human Resources Department . She is never seen but is heard over an intercom , which distorts her voice and makes it sound ' scratchy ' . She seems to believe that the Baudelaires should be `` seen and not heard '' which is ironic since she ca n't see them anyway . Count Olaf , disguised as Mattathias , later stole her position to take control of the hospital and hinted that he pushed her off the roof of the hospital as he said she had `` decided to pursue a career as a stuntwoman ' and had ' started jumping off buildings immediately . '' This means that Olaf probably pushed her off a roof or forced her to jump off one . Either way , Babs was killed . In the TV series , Babs is portrayed by Kerri Kenney - Silver . She is actually seen in this version and is easily stressed , carrying a paper bag around to breathe into when she begins to hyperventilate . Babs is also obsessed with paperwork . Despite them not being on her list , she allows Count Olaf , disguised as Dr. Mattathias Medicalschool , and his troupe into the hospital . Later , they capture her and Count Olaf replaces her as the head of the Human Resources Department . When Violet is also captured , she attempts to escape with Babs , but Babs 's nervous laughter and loud speech results in them being captured by Count Olaf again and separated . Despite Count Olaf threatening to kill her at this point , Babs survives and is later seen escaping Heimlich Hospital during the fire and mourning the loss of her clipboard and paperwork . Mr. Poe attempts to comfort her as he chases after the Baudelaires . The Man with Pimples on his Chin ( edit ) The Man with Pimples On His Chin is a middle - aged man and a resident of the Hinterlands several large pimples on his chin and a skin condition that cause people to mistake him for a freak . In addition , he has a mother who also has pimples on her . The Man with Pimples On His Chin first appears in The Carnivorous Carnival where he mistakes the Hook - Handed Man as a freak to which the Hook - Handed Man states that he is n't one . The Man with Pimples On His Chin apologizes and advises the Hook - Handed Man to get some fake hands . During the show , he joins the Hook - Handed Man into heckling Hugo . Violet and Klaus in the alias of the two - headed person Beverly and Elliot encountered the Man With Pimples On His Chin before the lion - feeding event where he asks them why one of them does n't wear a bag over their head . Sunny in the alias of Chabo the Wolf Baby grows at them as Violet tells him to leave them alone as Chabo is protective of them . The Man With Pimples On His Chin states that Chabo wo n't be a match for the lions which his mother agrees on . During the lion - feeding show , The Man with Pimples On His Chin tells Beverly and Elliot to jump into the lion pit . During the commotion where nobody would push Beverly and Elliot into the lion pit , The Man with Pimples On His Chin was accidentally slapped by an audience member as he begins to argue with him and his wife where the worsening commotion caused Madame Lulu and the Bald Man with the Big Nose to be accidentally knocked into the lion pit where they are devoured . When the Caligari Carnival was set on fire , The Man with Pimples On His Chin and his mother are n't seen again after that . In the TV series , his role is filled by an exclusive character named Mr. Willums who is portrayed by David Burtka where the character also speaks the lines that are also said by The Woman With Dyed Hair . He has a wife named Mrs. Williams ( portrayed by Jill Morrison ) and children Skip and Trixie Willums ( portrayed by Gideon Burtka - Harris and Harper Burtka - Harris ) where they attend the Caligari Carnival . During the `` House of Freaks '' show , he is the only one who applauds . During the lion - feeding event , Mr. Willums starts to get more excited about the selected freak being fed to the lions . Though he and his son annoy Count Olaf when Mr. Willums asks why he gets to pick which freak gets devoured by lions and his son asking if it is legal . Mr. Willums is among those horrified when Madame Lulu is thrown to the lions as his kids sadly state that they want to go home . When the Caligari Carnival is burned down , Mr. Willums and his family are n't seen again after that . The Woman with Dyed Hair ( edit ) The Woman With Dyed Hair is a woman whose hair has been dyed . She is seen in The Carnivorous Carnival as a spectator of the Caligari Carnival where she mocks the freaks . Fiona ( edit ) The Grim Grotto Fiona is a very bright mycologist and is the stepdaughter of Captain Widdershins and the sister of Fernald ( the Hook - Handed Man ) . She is also the love interest of Klaus Baudelaire . Fiona first appears in The Grim Grotto , when Violet , Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire enter the Queequeg . Though she is not part of the Queequeg 's `` Crew of Two '' , she is the ship 's head engineer . Fiona is the first non-Baudelaire that can actually understand some of Sunny 's utterances . Later , Fiona goes with the Baudelaires into the Gorgonian Grotto to look for the sugar bowl , but when the four children come back , empty - handed , they find the Queequeg deserted ; Captain Widdershins and Phil had been convinced by an unnamed woman to abandon the ship . Count Olaf then captures the submarine with his own , the Carmelita , and takes the Baudelaires and Fiona to the brig to be tortured by the Hook - Handed Man , who turns out to be Fiona 's long - lost brother Fernald . The Baudelaires and Fiona persuade Fernald to join them and help them escape . The Baudelaires escape , but Fiona and Fernald are caught and tell Esmé Squalor that they support Count Olaf . At this point , Esmé begins to call Fiona `` Triangle - Eyes '' , due to the triangular shape of her glasses . Later , Fernald persuades Fiona to really be part of Count Olaf 's troupe . Fiona , knowing that she is wrong , allows the Baudelaires free access to the Queequeg to escape . But she can not go with them , out of loyalty to her brother , but before she rejoins Olaf , however , she kisses Klaus . Fiona did not appear in The Penultimate Peril , but Count Olaf says that she and Fernald stole the Carmelita . In The End , it was revealed that both returned to the Fire - Fighting Side of V.F.D. , but they may have been sucked into The Great Unknown . Kit Snicket ( edit ) The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Kit Snicket is the sister of Lemony and Jacques Snicket , the lover of Dewey Denouement , and the mother of Beatrice II . She was four years old when the Schism began and became a member of the fire - fighting side of the V.F.D. In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , Kit Snicket went to Prufrock Preparatory to work as a teacher under the alias of Mrs. K following Mr. Remora 's retirement . When Carmelita Spats ' parents informed Vice-Principal Nero that Mrs. K was having the students read books that are not on the recommended list , Vice-Principal Nero fired her as Kit made off with two orphans that were attending Prufrock Preparatory . In The Grim Grotto ' , Kit Snicket was mentioned to have helped Captain Widdershin in constructing the Queequg . She also warned Gregor Anwhistle about the use of the Medusoid Mycelium . By the end of the book , she meets the Baudelaires at Briny Beach and takes them away in her taxicab . In The Penultimate Peril , Kit Snicket brings the Baudelaires to Hotel Denouement where she provides them with concierge disguises , mentions that she is pregnant and informs them about Frank and Ernest Denouement . Lemony Snicket mentioned that Kit rode a jet ski in order to meet up with Captain Widdershin . In The End , Kit Snicket and the Incredible Deadly Viper wash up on the coastal shelf of the island on a raft of books where her legs are injured . After regaining conscious , she tells the Baudelaires about how Hector 's mobile home crashed into the Queequeg and she got injured when the telegram device fell on her legs . Kit also mentions that she does n't know what happened to Hector , the Quagmires , Captain Widdershin , Fernald , and Fiona when the Great Unknown neared the wreckage . Later on , Kit is among those who are poisoned by the Medusoi Mycelium and refuses the hybrid horseradish apple that counters it due to the side effects it has on unborn children . As Kit goes into labour , Count Olaf performs his only act of kindness by carrying her to a place to give birth as he helps to deliver her child . After Kit dies giving birth , Count Olaf dies from his injuries . Both of them are buried next to each other as the Baudelaires take Beatrice Baudelaire II into their custody . Castaways ( edit ) The Castaways are a group of people that live on an island that Count Olaf tried to christen as Olaf Land . Among the known castaways are : Ishmael ( edit ) The End Ishmael appears in The End . Ishmael is the facilitator of a small colony of island inhabitants and former member of V.F.D. He blames Count Olaf for the fire that destroyed his home to which Count Olaf claimed was n't caused by him . Ishmael uses peer pressure and the sedative of fermented coconut cordial to influence the islanders . While claiming to be unable to walk , he often sneaks off to the island 's arboretum writing diary entries and organizing shipwrecked objects . The Baudelaires , when on this island , discover that he used to know their parents and forced them off the island when their mother was pregnant with Violet . When they ask him why he keeps so many secrets from the islanders , he says that he is trying to keep them safe . He is last seen on a boat leaving the island , surrounded by poisoned islanders , although he previously consumed an antidote . Friday Caliban ( edit ) The End Friday Caliban is a young island girl who quickly befriends the Baudelaires , giving Sunny a whisk as a gift , and making enemies with Count Olaf by abandoning him . She is the daughter of Thursday and Miranda Caliban . Her mother told her that her father was eaten by a manatee in the storm which shipwrecked her on the island , but the truth is that Miranda and Thursday were separated by the schism and Miranda did not want her daughter to know this . Friday was forced to leave the island on a boat with the other islanders , all of them infected by the Medusoid Mycelium , leaving the Baudelaires behind . Minor castaways ( edit ) The following castaways do n't play a big part in the series : Alonso - Not much is known about Alonso except for the fact that prior to living on the island , he was involved in a dreadful political scandal . He is named after a character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Ariel - Prior to arriving on the island , Ariel spent time in prison where she was disguised as a man for years before escaping . She is named after a character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Brewster - He is named after Maud Brewster , a character in Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf . Byam - He is named after Roger Byam , a fictional character in the novel Mutiny on the Bounty . Calypso - She is named after the sea nymph Calypso from Greek mythology . Dr. Kurtz - He is named after a character in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . Erewhon - A former inhabitant of an island far away from the castaway 's island . Erewhon was the one responsible for orchestrating the mutiny on Ishmael . She is named after the utopia in Samuel Butler 's book of the same name . It is also an anagram of Nowhere . Finn - A young girl who assisted Omeros in picking the wild onions . Finn once found a typewriter in one of the shipwrecks . She is named after Mark Twain 's Huckleberry Finn . Jonah and Sadie Bellamy - Two siblings who brought the boat containing the Baudelaires in while storm scavenging . They are named after named after the biblical Jonah ; a character in The Adventures of Sadie , aka Our Girl Friday , a 1953 film about a shipwrecked girl ; and Samuel `` Black Sam '' Bellamy , an 18th - century pirate who was shipwrecked off Cape Cod . The surname may also refer to Edward Bellamy , author of the utopian novel Looking Backward . Larsen - The island 's residential fisherman . He is named after Wolf Larsen , a character in Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf . Madame Nordoff - She is named after Charles Nordhoff , co-author of Mutiny on the Bounty . Miranda Caliban - The mother of Friday and the husband of Thursday . Miranda covered up the fact to her daughter that her father left the island by stating that he was killed in a manatee accident . Though Miranda stated that it was better that she and Friday remained on the island . She is named after a character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Mr. Pitcairn - He is named after the Pitcairn Islands where the Bounty mutineers eventually settled . Ms. Marlow - She is named after a character in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . Omeros - He is possibly named after the Greek epic poet Homer , whose Iliad and Odyssey deal extensively with sea voyages and shipwrecks ; another possibility is the 1990 poem of the same name by Derek Walcott , which is partly a retelling of the Odyssey set in the Caribbean . Professor Fletcher - He is named after Bounty mutineer Fletcher Christian . Rabbi Bligh - The castaways ' residential rabbi . He is named after Bounty captain William Bligh . Robinson - He is named after the title character in Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe . Sherman - He is named after General William Tecumseh Sherman , who survived two shipwrecks ; or from William Pène du Bois 's The Twenty - One Balloons . Thursday - The father of Friday Caliban and the husband of Miranda Caliban . He was an islander for a short time before the events of book . Miranda covered up the fact to her daughter that her father left the island by stating that he was killed in a manatee accident . Weyden - A red - haired woman who first arrived at the island on a raft . She is named after Humphrey Van Weyden , a character in Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf . Willa - She is possibly named after writer Willa Cather who refers to a shipwreck in a notable quotation . Animals ( edit ) There are different animals that appear in this franchise and are listed in order of appearance : Incredibly Deadly Viper ( edit ) The Incredible Deadly Viper ( also known as Ink and Inky ) is a snake that was discovered by Montgomery Montgomery . In The Reptile Room , Inky was presented to the Baudelaire children as Montgomery 's latest discovery '' where it bonded with Sunny . When Count Olaf posed as Stephano and killed Montgomery while framing Inky , the Baudelaire children were able to prove its innocence and expose Stephano as Count Olaf . After Count Olaf and the Hook - Handed Man got away , Inky was among the reptiles that were packed up by Bruce to be sent to the Herpetology Society . In The End , Inky arrived on the island with a pregnant Kit Snicket who revealed that Inky lived on the island before being `` discovered '' by Montgomery . Following Count Olaf and Kit Snicket 's deaths , Inky rounded up the type of apples that were mixed with normal apples and horseradishes in order to give them to the departed castaways following their infection of the Medusoid Mycelium . In the film , Count Olaf as Stephano pinned the blame of Montgomery 's death on the Incredibly Deadly Viper to Mr. Poe and the Constable . This plot was foiled when Sunny plays with it causing Count Olaf to secretly get away while shedding his disguise on the way out . In the TV series , Count Olaf as Stephano pinned the blame of Montgomery 's death on the Incredibly Deadly Viper to Mr. Poe with the help of the Person of Indeterminate Gender posing as Nurse Lucafont while the rest of Count Olaf 's troupe posed as members of the Sheriff Department . Just like the book , Violet finds the vial containing the Mamba du Mal poison in Stephano 's briefcase . Mamba du Mal ( edit ) The Mamba du Mal is a snake in Montgomery Montgomery 's collection which is `` one of the deadliest snakes in the hemisphere '' that kills its victims by strangling them . In The Reptile Room , Count Olaf in his alias of Stephano used its venom to kill Montgomery and frame the Incredibly Dangerous Viper for the death . After Count Olaf was exposed and the Incredibly Deadly Viper was innocent , the Mamba du Mal is among the reptiles that are packed up by Bruce in order to take them to the Herpetology Society . While the Mamba du Mal does not appear in the film , its venom was used in the TV series during the final parts of `` The Reptile Room '' Pt. 1 . When Stephano talks about the Mamba du Mal in the second part , it shifts to a snake that might by the Mamba du Mal . Either way , it alongside the other creatures in Montgomery 's collection are claimed by the Herpetology Society in light of Montgomery 's death . Lachrymose Leech ( edit ) The Lachrymose Leech is a type of leech that lives in the waters of Lake Lachrymose where they have six rows of sharp teeth , a sharp pointed nose , and a smell of food . As they are blind , the Lachrymose Leeches can attack any human who has just eaten something as well as their usual food of small fish and crabs . Anyone traveling on the lake must wait one hour after eating before entering it for any reason . In The Wide Window , Josephine Anwhistle mentioned that she lost her husband Ike to the Lachrymose Leeches when he waited 45 minutes before going swimming . When the Baudelaire children and Josephine were leaving Curdling Cave by water , the Baudelaires did not know that Josephine ate a banana which started to attract the Lachrymose Leeches . As their boat is attacked by the Lachrymose Leeches , Violet invents a signal light that attracts a passing boat . However , the boat is operated by Count Olaf in the alias of Captain Sham . When Josephine begs for Captain Sham to spare her , he got irritated with Josephine and pushed her into the water where the Lachrymose Leeches are . In The Beatrice Letters , there was a Lachrymose Leech paperweight that Ike Anwhistle gave Lemony Snicket as a graduation present . In the film , the Baudelaires were rescued from the Lachrymose Leeches by Count Olaf who left Josephine to her fate . In the TV series , the Baudelaires were rescued from the Lachrymose Leeches by Captain Sham and the disguised members of Count Olaf 's troupe . V.F.D. Crows ( edit ) The V.F.D. Crows are a type of crows that are worshiped by the Village of Fowl Devotees and have the same migratory pattern every day . The # 1 rule in the Village of Fowl Devotees is to never harm a crow . In The Vile Village , Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana accidentally harmed a crow when she fired a harpoon gun at the books that the Quagmire children were throwing to the Baudelaire children . This incited the wrath of the villagers causing Count Olaf and Esmé to flee . Volunteer Feline Detectives ( edit ) The Volunteer Feline Detectives are a group of lions that lived in the caves of the Mortmain Mountains . They were trained by the V.F.D. to smell out smoke . At some point following the Schism , the fire - starting side of the V.F.D. gained possession of the lions . On a related note , one of Gustav Sebald 's movies was called Lions in the Mountains which references these lions and their habitat in the Mortmain Mountains . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Count Olaf whipped and abused them enough for them to have scars where the Baudelaire children noticed that as they can see the ribs of one of them due to them being lethargic and malnourished . When Count Olaf put on a show at the Caligari Carnival , he held an event where one of its freaks would be fed to the lions . During the crowd chaos , Olivia Caliban and the Bald Man with the Big Nose were knocked into the lion pit and devoured by the lions . When the Caligari Carnival is burned by Count Olaf , the lions perished in the fire as Count Olaf neglected to get them out of the pit . Lemony Snicket stated that the lions ' bodies were blackened when he found them . It was n't mentioned what happened to the remaining lions in the Volunteer Feline Detectives . In the TV series , a group of starving lions lurk in the haunts near the Caligari Carnival . Two of the lions were captured by Count Olaf for his lion - feeding event . Just like the book , the lions perished in the Caligari Carnival 's fire . Snow Gnats ( edit ) The Snow Gnats are small flying insects that inhabit the Mortmain Mountains . Similar to red ants , they enjoy stinging people for no reason . There are two ways to prevent Snow Gnats from stinging people . One is to create smoke by starting a fire since Snow Gnats hate smoke . Another way is to cover the entire body so that they wo n't attack . In The Slippery Slope , the Snow Gnats are first seen attacking Violet and Klaus . They managed to find shelter in a cave where Bruce , Carmelita Spats , and the Snow Scouts are taking refuge in . V.F.D. Eagles ( edit ) The V.F.D. Eagles are a type of eagle that are used by the fire - starting side of the V.F.D. They bend to their whim upon hearing their whistles . In The Slippery Slope , the V.F.D. Eagles are summoned by Count Olaf to carry off Bruce and the Snow Scouts . The Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard escaped on some of them . In The End , it was mentioned that the V.F.D. Eagles have attacked Hector 's self - sustaining hot - air mobile home causing it to crash into the Queequeg . This was foreshadowed by Kit Snicket in The Penultimate Peril where Quigley Quagmire used a homemade net to save his fellow siblings . See also ( edit ) Lemony Snicket portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LS to BB # 5 , Dewey is killed in book 13 The End . When Violet accidentally drops a harpoon gun causing Dewey to be shot . The Beatrice Letters Jump up ^ The Bad Beginning : Rare Edition Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2006 ) . The End . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 441016 - 1 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2006 ) . The Beatrice Letters . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 058658 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Unauthorized Autobiography , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : UPI ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion , Tony Hale Book Roles on ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . TV Insider . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' ^ Jump up to : https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Melody Joy Kramer ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Literary Allusions '' . NPR . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Maureen ; Overturf , Brenda ( November 7 , 2012 ) . The Common Core : Teaching K - 5 Students to Meet the Reading Standards . International Reading Assoc . p. 92 . ISBN 0872078159 . clearly a reference to the Roman Emperor Nero , who allegedly fiddled while Rome burned Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ p. 163 of The Carnivorous Carnival calls Madame Lulu `` the fake name of the woman '' . Jump up ^ French , Emma ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Best librarian characters in fantasy fiction '' . OUPblog . Oxford University Press . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony . `` Lemony Snicket : The Unauthroized Autobiography '' . HarperCollins , 2002 , p. 140 - 141 . hide Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? Other works The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_characters&oldid=850578119 '' Categories : A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Lists of literary characters Lists of minor fictional characters Fictional members of secret societies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the villain in a series of unfortunate events	[ "The children's novel series A Series of Unfortunate Events features a large cast of characters created by Daniel Handler by the pen-name of Lemony Snicket. The series follows the turbulent lives of the Baudelaire orphans after their parents, Bertrand and Beatrice, are killed in an arsonous structure fire and their multiple escapes from their murderous relative Count Olaf, who is after their family fortune.\n" ]	[ "Count Olaf" ]
2211844202748328793	List of Super Bowl champions	List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pasadena , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Pasadena , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium Santa Clara , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Pasadena , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Pasadena , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Glendale , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! ALLTEL Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Glendale , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W ! 4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W ! 1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . The following eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl , but not since 1995 , meaning their droughts are longer than Jacksonville 's and Houston 's . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . Qualcomm Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium and San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 - The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . 1969 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . 1979 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . 1982 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( 2007 - 01 - 28 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most nfl super bowls	[ "The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5-4), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972–74. The Denver Broncos (3–5) have lost a record five Super Bowls. The New England Patriots (5–4), the Minnesota Vikings (0–4), and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the 1966–67 Green Bay Packers, the 1972–73 Miami Dolphins, the 1974–75 and 1978–79 Pittsburgh Steelers (the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the 1988–89 San Francisco 49ers, the 1992–93 Dallas Cowboys, the 1997–98 Denver Broncos, and the 2003–04 New England Patriots. Among those, Dallas (1992–93; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003–04) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl." ]	[ "Pittsburgh Steelers" ]
-261230425969281726	England national football team manager	England national Football team manager - wikipedia England national Football team manager Gareth Southgate , the current England national football team manager The role of an England national football team manager was first established in 1946 with the appointment of Walter Winterbottom . Before this , the England team was selected by the `` International Selection Committee '' , a process in which the Football Association ( FA ) would select coaches and trainers from the league to prepare the side for single games , but where all decisions ultimately remained under the control of the committee . A 1 -- 0 defeat by Switzerland prompted FA secretary Stanley Rous to raise Winterbottom from `` National Director of coaching '' to `` Manager '' . Eighteen men have occupied the post since its inception ; four of those were in short - term caretaker manager roles : Joe Mercer ( seven games in charge ) , Howard Wilkinson ( two games , a year apart from one another ) , Peter Taylor ( one game ) and Stuart Pearce ( one game ) . In comparison , Winterbottom held the position for the longest to date ; a tenure of 16 years , comprising four World Cups and a total of 139 matches . Alf Ramsey is the only manager to have won a major tournament , winning the 1966 World Cup with his `` Wingless Wonders '' . No other manager has progressed beyond the semi-finals of a major competition before or since , with only three managers achieving a semi-final appearance : Bobby Robson at the 1990 World Cup , Terry Venables at Euro 1996 , and Gareth Southgate at the 2018 World Cup . Swedish coach Sven - Göran Eriksson became the first foreign manager of the team in January 2001 amid much acrimony ; he helped the team to three successive quarter - finals in major championships . Italian manager Fabio Capello replaced Steve McClaren in December 2007 , after England failed to qualify for Euro 2008 . Capello 's side endured a lacklustre performance during the 2010 World Cup , but the FA confirmed that he would remain in the role . However , Capello resigned in February 2012 , following a disagreement with the FA over their removal of John Terry 's captaincy . He was replaced , on a caretaker basis , by Stuart Pearce , before Roy Hodgson was named as Capello 's permanent replacement in May 2012 . Hodgson 's contract finished on 27 June 2016 as England were knocked out of UEFA Euro 2016 by Iceland in the round of 16 . Sam Allardyce was announced as his successor a month later , but subsequently left the role after just one competitive match . He was replaced on a caretaker basis by England under - 21 coach and former England international defender Gareth Southgate , whose position was made permanent after four matches . The England manager 's job is subject to intense press scrutiny , often including revelations about the incumbent 's private life . Due to the high level of expectation of both the public and media the role has been described as `` the impossible job '' or compared in importance in national culture to that of the British Prime Minister . Contents 1 Position 1.1 Role 1.2 Appointment 1.3 National significance 2 History 2.1 Full - time era begins ( 1946 -- 62 ) 2.2 World Cup success ( 1962 -- 74 ) 2.3 Turbulent times ( 1974 -- 82 ) 2.4 Robson and `` The Hand of God '' ( 1982 -- 90 ) 2.5 Controversial times ( 1990 -- 2002 ) 2.6 Foreign management ( 2002 -- 12 ) 2.7 Return to English appointees ( 2012 -- ) 3 Media reaction 3.1 Personal attacks 3.2 Issues - based 3.3 Private life 3.4 Campaigns 4 Statistical summary 5 Statistical summary for British Home championships 6 Notes 7 References Position ( edit ) Role ( edit ) Former England manager Fabio Capello appointed only one Englishman on his coaching staff . The England manager 's role means he has sole responsibility for all on - the - field elements of the England team . Among other activities , this includes selecting the national team squad , the starting team , captain , tactics , substitutes and penalty - takers . Before 1946 , the `` Select Committee '' ( as appointed by the FA ) would manage all issues barring the actual match day team selection , formation and tactics which was left to the head coach for the event . However interference was common , and not only from the FA . After the Second World War , with the relaunch of competitive international calendar , the manager 's role expanded to take in all elements : from the selection of hotel and training camp venues , through to food and travel arrangements . The manager is given a free hand in selecting his coaching ( `` back room '' ) staff . For example , in 2008 Fabio Capello appointed four Italians ( Franco Baldini as general manager , Italo Galbiati as assistant coach , Franco Tancredi as goalkeeping coach and Massimo Neri as fitness coach ) ; he then appointed Englishman Stuart Pearce , the England under - 21s coach , as an England coach , with Capello stating `` From the start I made it clear that I wanted an English coach as part of my coaching team . '' The England manager may also involve himself in wider issues beyond the on - the - field team issues . The England manager is expected to advise the FA on how to approach the complex bidding system that surrounds the arrangement of fixtures for a qualifying campaign . On a more tactical level , a host of other details can be influenced ; Capello is even believed to have instructed the Wembley Stadium ball boys to return balls at speed when they go out of play . Appointment ( edit ) The process of appointing a new England manager is undertaken by an FA committee , comprising board members and other high - ranking FA officials . For example , the members of the selection panel which appointed Sven - Göran Eriksson in 2001 were : chief executive Adam Crozier , chairman Geoff Thompson , vice-chairman Dave Richards , club chairmen and FA board members David Dein and Peter Ridsdale , and technical director Howard Wilkinson . National significance ( edit ) The England manager 's job has been compared in importance to that of the Prime Minister . Passion for football as England 's national sport is coupled with patriotism and Wembley Stadium as the `` home '' of football . The dismissal or appointment of an England manager is front - page news and the subject of intense interest . Large sums are wagered on England winning , and during tournaments the country is festooned in Saint George 's flags ; during the 2006 World Cup , 27 % of English adults bought a flag in one month alone . Shops and offices will be deserted as vast numbers of people watch the game . The England manager 's job is made more complex by his dependence on the co-operation of clubs and their managers in releasing players for friendlies , and `` club versus country '' conflict is said to have happened when permission is refused , given reluctantly , or negotiated . There are also repeated comments that the length of the English season ( the top flight plays 38 league matches ) is unhelpful for preparing tired players for major tournaments , but the self - interest of the Premier League makes a reduction in the number of games unlikely , particularly in light of the 2008 proposal for Game 39 , a match played between Premier League clubs outside the country . This combination of factors , coupled with England 's mediocre record in major championships has led to the England manager 's job being described as the `` impossible job '' . History ( edit ) Full - time era begins ( 1946 -- 62 ) ( edit ) Before 1946 , the England national football team had been under the leadership of a Football Association ( FA ) official and a trainer , usually from a London club . Appointed in 1946 , initially as chief coach , Walter Winterbottom had been a member of the FA `` International Selection Committee '' . The England squad was selected by an FA committee during his tenure , with Winterbottom 's role restricted to selecting the starting team together with the coaching and tactics . In his first game as manager , he led England to a 7 -- 2 victory over Ireland at Windsor Park , Belfast in the 1946 -- 47 British Home Championship . Success in the Home Championship in 1950 resulted in England 's qualification to the 1950 World Cup in Brazil . During the tournament , England suffered a shock defeat against the United States , and went out of the tournament with another 1 -- 0 defeat , this time to Spain . England experienced another surprise upset under Winterbottom 's guidance in 1953 when Hungary defeated England 6 -- 3 at Wembley Stadium . Winterbottom said afterwards , `` ... The press tended to think we would win easily , but I tried to point out that the Hungarians were actually a great side . '' He guided England to first place in the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship , which qualified the team for the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland , but saw his side knocked out in the quarter - finals , going down 4 -- 2 against Uruguay . Three wins and a draw from four matches enabled England 's qualification for the 1958 World Cup , only for Winterbottom 's side to fail in the group play - off stage , losing 1 -- 0 to the Soviet Union . England lost to Brazil in the quarter - final of the 1962 World Cup in Chile and , under attack from the British press , Winterbottom resigned five months later . He remains the longest serving manager of England . World Cup success ( 1962 -- 74 ) ( edit ) Alf Ramsey managed the England team that won the 1966 World Cup . Alf Ramsey took control of the team in 1962 , but unlike Winterbottom , Ramsey had been a club manager , winning the League championship with Ipswich Town . Upon his appointment , he declared England would win the 1966 World Cup . His first match in charge resulted in a 5 -- 2 loss at Parc des Princes against France . England automatically qualified for the 1966 World Cup as hosts and , after a goalless draw in the first match against Uruguay , four consecutive victories saw England through to the final against West Germany . A 4 -- 2 victory , after extra time , won England the World Cup for the only time . As a result of his and England 's achievements , Ramsey was awarded a knighthood in 1967 . The following year England finished third at Euro 1968 in Rome , but Ramsey reflected `` We are world champions . Third place is not our real position . '' Automatic qualification for the 1970 World Cup was secured as world champions so Ramsey led England on a pre-tournament tour of South America . The effects of altitude on the team led Ramsey to appoint the first full - time team doctor , Neil Phillips , who helped prepare the squad for the forthcoming tournament in Mexico . England were defeated in the quarter - final by West Germany ; with a 2 -- 0 lead with 25 minutes of the match remaining , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton and goalscorer Martin Peters , but West Germany went on to win 3 -- 2 after extra time . Ramsey was heavily criticised in the British press for the substitutions . Losing out to West Germany again , this time in a two - legged qualifying play - off for Euro 1972 , Ramsey prepared England for qualification for the 1974 World Cup . Needing a win against Poland , Ramsey 's tactical use of substitutions was again called into question as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . England had failed to qualify for the World Cup , and Ramsey was dismissed the following May . Turbulent Times ( 1974 -- 82 ) ( edit ) Joe Mercer took control of the team on a caretaker basis for seven matches , before the FA appointed Don Revie on a five - year contract . It was a year before Revie 's England suffered a defeat but despite this , he changed his starting line - up for every game . His relationship with the FA had broken down and his team - building exercises , including carpet bowls and indoor golf , led to disconsolation in the squad . A 2 -- 0 defeat to the Netherlands at Wembley Stadium turned the press against him ; some commentators compared the loss to the 6 -- 3 defeat by Hungary in 1953 . Convinced he was to be replaced by Bobby Robson , he announced he was to become manager of the United Arab Emirates team . Selling his story to the Daily Mail , he subsequently resigned on 11 July 1977 . Revie was charged with bringing the game into disrepute and was banned by the FA in a `` kangaroo court '' for ten years . On appeal to the High Court , the ban was overturned but the judge ordered Revie to pay two - thirds of the costs . Brian Clough applied for the position in 1977 , but the FA rejected him and Ron Greenwood was appointed , initially as a temporary replacement for Revie , but later in 1977 on a permanent basis . Bobby Moore described him as `` the encyclopaedia of football '' , and he guided England to Euro 1980 without a defeat during qualification . The team exited the tournament at the group stage and Greenwood turned his attention to qualification for the 1982 World Cup in Spain . Defeats in Switzerland and Romania led Greenwood to consider resignation , but a victory over Hungary convinced him to stay . A 2 -- 1 defeat in Oslo , which led to commentator Bjørge Lillelien 's famous outburst concluding with `` Your boys took a hell of a beating ! '' , meant England required at least a point in their final qualifying game against Hungary . A Paul Mariner goal secured victory and qualification for the team . Wins over France , Czechoslovakia and Kuwait allowed England into the second round group but two 0 -- 0 draws ended in England going out of the tournament , without having lost a game . Greenwood retired immediately after the World Cup and on 7 July 1982 , two days after England were knocked out of the 1982 World Cup , Bobby Robson was appointed England manager , selecting former West Bromwich Albion teammate Don Howe as his chief coach . Robson and `` the hand of God '' ( 1982 -- 90 ) ( edit ) Bobby Robson managed England from 1982 to 1990 . Robson 's tenure included 28 qualifying matches , of which only one , against Denmark in 1983 , resulted in a defeat . This contributed to England 's failure to qualify for Euro 1984 , and Robson offered his resignation . It was rejected by the FA chairman , Bert Millichip , and Robson went on to lead the England team to qualify for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico . England were defeated in the quarter - final by Argentina with a brace of goals from Diego Maradona ; the infamous `` Hand of God '' goal , and the `` Goal of the Century '' he scored five minutes later . Robson 's England dropped only one point in qualifying for Euro 1988 , which included an 8 -- 0 win over Turkey . However , this was followed by failure at the tournament itself , held in West Germany , where England were knocked out in the group stage . They finished bottom of their group , succumbing to defeats against the Republic of Ireland , the Netherlands and the Soviet Union . Robson was vilified by the British press , and after a draw in a friendly with Saudi Arabia , one newspaper demanded : `` In the name of Allah , go '' . Robson led England without conceding a goal through qualification for the 1990 World Cup . As in the 1986 World Cup , Robson was denied the service of his captain , Bryan Robson , who suffered an achilles tendon injury which prevented him playing in the latter stages of the tournament . England topped their group , accumulating four points from their three games . However their progress was not without controversy . England changed formation from their traditional 4 -- 4 -- 2 to incorporate a sweeper , with some sources suggesting this was due to player revolt after the 1 -- 1 draw in the first match with the Republic of Ireland . Robson denies this claim in his autobiography . This was followed by victories over Belgium and Cameroon in the knock - out stages , to set up a semi-final with West Germany . England lost the match on a penalty shoot - out , after the score had been level at 1 -- 1 following extra time . Robson 's last public appearance before his death from cancer was at the Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match in July 2009 , played between veterans from that 1990 semi-final as a tribute to his life and in aid of his cancer charity . Controversial Times ( 1990 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Robson had announced before the tournament that he would step down from the post after the finals and Graham Taylor was appointed , having been approached in April 1990 by the FA . Failure to proceed past the group stage of Euro 1992 with a 2 -- 1 defeat against Sweden led to newspaper headlines such as `` Swedes 2 Turnips 1 '' and Taylor 's nickname of `` Turnip Head '' . Following defeat to the Netherlands in the penultimate qualifying match for the 1994 World Cup , for only the third time in its history , England had failed to qualify for the World Cup . The qualifying campaign was recorded in a television documentary , and Taylor 's remark `` Do I not like that '' soon after entered popular culture . Glenn Hoddle managed England from 1996 to 1998 . Failure in the qualification resulted in Taylor resigning , and Terry Venables took over the helm in 1994 . As England were hosts for Euro 1996 , he did not manage the team in a competitive match for over two years . In January 1996 , he announced that he would resign after the tournament as a result of several court cases , but led England to the semi-finals , where they were defeated by Germany on penalties . He was replaced by Glenn Hoddle , whose unorthodox off - the - field approach in bringing in faith healer Eileen Drewery to help the team drew significant criticism . Hoddle suggested she was `` more of an agony aunt '' but during the 1998 World Cup , the press suggested Drewery had influenced Hoddle in squad selection . England were knocked out of the tournament in the second round , once again on penalties , this time against Argentina . Hoddle 's diary portraying his version of events at the World Cup was subsequently published , drawing further criticism . An interview with Matt Dickinson , a reporter from The Times , suggested that Hoddle had a `` controversial belief that the disabled , and others , are being punished for sins in a former life . '' Hoddle 's comments were criticised by several notable politicians , including Sports Minister Tony Banks and Prime Minister Tony Blair . Hoddle stated that he was not prepared to resign and claimed his words were misinterpreted and pointed out his contributions and commitment to organisations helping the disabled . The FA terminated Hoddle 's contract soon afterwards , which was welcomed by representatives of disabled groups . Howard Wilkinson was caretaker manager for two games , before the appointment of Kevin Keegan in February 1999 . Initially combining the job with a role at Fulham , Keegan was made full - time coach in May . He led England to qualification for Euro 2000 following success in a two - legged play - off against Scotland . Two 3 -- 2 losses resulted in England leaving the tournament at the group stage . A loss to Germany in the last international match at the old Wembley Stadium in the first 2002 World Cup qualifying match led to Keegan 's resignation . Keegan resigned an hour after the team was booed off by England fans ; he told the FA officials that he felt `` a little short at this level '' . Wilkinson again returned as caretaker for one more match , followed by Peter Taylor who presided over a friendly loss to Italy . Foreign management ( 2002 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Sven - Göran Eriksson , from Sweden , became England 's first foreign manager . Eriksson led England to the quarter - finals of the 2002 World Cup . The FA then took the unprecedented , and widely criticised step of appointing the first non-Englishman as coach , in the form of Swede Sven - Göran Eriksson . Eriksson had a good record in European domestic football , with success in Portugal and Italy , and had led clubs to win the UEFA Cup on two occasions . He led England to qualify for the 2002 World Cup with David Beckham scoring the vital equaliser against Greece , deep into injury time . England were knocked out by Brazil in the quarter - finals and Eriksson came under fire for his `` ice - cool '' appearance on the touchline failing to inspire his team , senior player Gareth Southgate remarking after the tournament that `` we needed Winston Churchill but we got Iain Duncan Smith '' . Eriksson led England to qualification for Euro 2004 but once more the team fell at the quarter - final stage , again losing on penalties , this time to Portugal . Losing 1 -- 0 to Northern Ireland in Belfast during the qualification for the 2006 World Cup led to fans chanting `` Sack the Swede '' , frustrated again at the lack of obvious emotion in Eriksson while his coach , Steve McClaren , was much more animated . In January 2006 , the FA announced that Eriksson would stand down after the World Cup . With the team losing in the quarter - final again to Portugal and again on penalties , Eriksson duly left the post in July . The search for Eriksson 's replacement was controversial . It became clear that the FA wanted to appoint Luiz Felipe Scolari , but the approach was botched , and Scolari turned down the offer . Ultimately , Eriksson was replaced by the man who had coached the side under him , Steve McClaren . Qualification for Euro 2008 proved too much , England losing the final qualifier against Croatia 3 -- 2 in November 2007 , when a draw would have been enough to take England to the finals . The British press turned on McClaren , former Scottish international Alan Hansen stating that `` ... what McClaren should be held accountable for is that with a squad of this quality he failed to qualify from what seemed a reasonably straightforward group ... '' . McClaren was dismissed the day following the defeat to Croatia , and was replaced in December 2007 by Italian Fabio Capello . The defeat to Croatia is remembered in the sports press for the infamous moniker `` Wally with the Brolly '' . A reference to McLaren 's pitchside prescence under an umbrella in a match played in heavy rain . Capello led England to qualification for the 2010 World Cup , winning nine of the team 's ten qualifying matches . However , the team 's performance in the tournament proper was less impressive . Two lacklustre draws in the group stage against the United States and Algeria were followed by an ignominious 4 -- 1 defeat by traditional rivals Germany in the Round of 16 . The team 's performance was at least partly attributed to selection and tactical errors by Capello and led to calls for his dismissal . However , on 2 July , the FA confirmed that he would remain in the role until 2012 , with Capello himself confirming his intention to step down and retire after Euro 2012 . Conflicting reports came out of the FA as to whether the next manager would be English . On 15 August 2010 , the FA 's Adrian Bevington stated to the BBC that `` we should have an English manager after ( Euro 2012 ) '' , but on 22 September , the FA 's Director of Football Development , Trevor Brooking , stated that `` We would like to go English ( but ) we 've got to see what English people are available '' . Two weeks later , Capello 's England qualified for Euro 2012 with a 2 -- 2 draw away against Montenegro . In February 2012 , Capello resigned following the FA 's decision to remove the captaincy of the national side from John Terry , with Englishman Stuart Pearce taking over the role on a caretaker basis . Return to English appointees ( 2012 -- ) ( edit ) Roy Hodgson , England manager from 2012 to 2016 Following a 3 -- 2 defeat at Wembley Stadium by the Netherlands in March , Pearce was replaced on 1 May 2012 by West Bromwich Albion manager Roy Hodgson on a four - year contract . Despite being based in Kraków in Poland , England 's first fixture in Euro 2012 was in Donetsk against France , which ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . Subsequent victories over Sweden and tournament co-hosts Ukraine resulted in a quarter - final match against Italy . The game ended goalless after extra time , sending the game to a penalty shoot - out which Italy won 4 -- 2 . Hodgson claimed that England 's exit from major tournaments had become a `` national obsession '' . With a 2 -- 0 victory over Poland in October 2013 , Hodgson led England to qualification for the 2014 World Cup . However , in the 2014 World Cup , England lost two consecutive group matches , against Italy and Uruguay , by 2 -- 1 on each occasion . This was the first time England had lost two group matches since the 1950 World Cup ( when they lost against the United States and Spain ) and the first time England had been eliminated at the group stage since the 1958 World Cup . This was also the first time that England had not won a match at the tournament since 1958 , and England 's points total of one from three matches was its worst ever in the World Cup . England qualified for UEFA Euro 2016 in September 2015 , following a 6 -- 0 win over San Marino . On 27 June 2016 , almost immediately after England were knocked out 2 -- 1 by Iceland in the round of 16 , Hodgson resigned as manager . On 22 July , Sam Allardyce was appointed England manager on a two - year contract . After only 67 days in the job , a video published by The Daily Telegraph showed Allardyce making insulting statements against former manager Roy Hodgson , and explaining how to circumvent regulations of The FA on third party ownership of players . He subsequently left the role as manager of England later that day . Former England international defender and England under - 21 coach Gareth Southgate was given the senior role on a caretaker basis for four matches while the FA considered their options . Two wins , including a 3 -- 0 victory over Scotland , and a draw in qualifying matches for the 2018 World Cup and a 2 -- 2 draw with Spain in a friendly followed under Southgate 's temporary management , before he was formally appointed to the position full - time on 30 November 2016 on a four - year deal . Media reaction ( edit ) The reaction of the British media to the England national team manager reflects the changing nature of the British media generally . In recent times , managers have been attacked personally , for their personal beliefs , or private lives . Personal attacks ( edit ) The Sun front page , reporting Graham Taylor 's resignation The press had long campaigned for changes in management style and / or replacement of the manager himself , but a watershed was reached under the tenure of Graham Taylor , whose unsuccessful reign led to the manager being pilloried in the tabloids . Most notably , The Sun newspaper reacted to a damaging defeat by Sweden at Euro 1992 , by the accompaniment of the headline `` Swedes 2 Turnips 1 '' with a photographic montage of a turnip superimposed on Taylor 's head . Taylor was thereafter often referred to in the media as `` Graham Turnip '' or `` Turnip Taylor '' . Subsequent footballing ignominies were then followed by other depictions of Taylor as a vegetable ; England 's first game after Euro 92 ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat to Spain , and The Sun pictured Taylor as a `` Spanish onion '' . When he resigned , following the loss of the 1994 World Cup spot to Norway , they reverted to the turnip image , accompanying the front - page headline , `` That 's yer allotment '' . Following Roy Hodgson 's appointment , The Sun mocked his rhotacism manner of speech with a `` Bwing on the Euwos ! '' front - page headline . The FA called the headline `` unacceptable '' and more than 100 people complained to the Press Complaints Commission . Issues - based ( edit ) Glenn Hoddle attracted the media spotlight for two key issues unrelated to on - the - pitch affairs . In the first , his reliance upon purported faith healer Eileen Drewery was questioned . Drewery became part of the official England staff , and players were pressured to see her , even though many of them were sceptical . However , far more opprobrium was caused by Hoddle 's comments about disabled people : `` You and I have been physically given two hands and two legs and half - decent brains . Some people have not been born like that for a reason . The karma is working from another lifetime . I have nothing to hide about that . It is not only people with disabilities . What you sow , you have to reap . '' Public opinion , based upon the immediate media furore resulted in ( according to one BBC poll ) 90 % of respondents believing Hoddle should not continue as English coach . However , the BBC survey showed that while many considered his comments insensitive to the disabled , others defended his right to express his religious beliefs by claiming that to dismiss him would constitute religious discrimination . Private life ( edit ) Eriksson 's private life came under scrutiny , with a number of well - publicised accusations of trysts with women including Ulrika Jonsson , and FA secretary Faria Alam , despite his on - going relationship with Nancy Dell'Olio . Though Eriksson maintained in press conferences that his personal life was a private matter , his relationships with Jonsson in 2002 and Alam in 2004 were subject to tabloid headlines for several weeks . Campaigns ( edit ) The media , both broadsheet and tabloid , have sometimes campaigned for a manager to be dismissed , appointed or retained . Campaigns for managers to be dismissed have been front - page news , with eye - catching headlines including `` The final ron - devouz '' , `` In the Name of Allah Go '' , `` Norse Manure '' , `` Blair Gives Hoddle The Red Card '' for ( respectively ) Greenwood , Robson , Taylor and Hoddle . Eriksson survived several scandals whilst in office , but his tenure was eventually ended when he was one of a series of celebrities targeted by a tabloid ' sting ' , orchestrated by The Fake Sheikh , Mazher Mahmood . Eriksson 's indiscretions revealed by the newspaper `` ... proved the final straw for the FA '' , although Eriksson was permitted to stay on in the role until the end of the 2006 World Cup . These campaigns have also sometimes backfired . Former FA chief executive , Graham Kelly recalled a campaign , orchestrated by The Sun against Bobby Robson , that began in 1984 ( six years before his resignation ) : `` The Sun was handing over `` Robson Out '' badges at England games as early as 1984 but the FA 's then chief executive , Graham Kelly , recalled that with every press attack , his backing increased . `` The irony was that just before the 1990 World Cup , the chairman , Bert Millichip , finally lost patience , let his tongue run away with him , and said that Robson either had to win the World Cup or go , and Bobby reacted by approaching PSV Eindhoven . Had this not happened , he would have served another four years , believe me . '' '' Sections of the media have often campaigned for a particular person to be appointed England manager . At various times , but particularly during the tenure of Bobby Robson , the media campaigned for the appointment of Brian Clough . Robson once told FA chairman Bert Millichip `` I 'm having a rough time and everybody wants Brian -- give the job to him . If he 's successful , everybody 's happy . If he fails , that 's the end of the clamour for Brian Clough to be England manager . '' Robson added , `` He would have ruffled a few feathers and disturbed the corridors of power but I think he would have been a good England manager . He had good judgement , knew how to design a team and was a great motivator . '' Terry Venables was also the subject of a media campaign for dismissal during his time as manager but was then supported by the press to return to the role in 2000 . Steve McClaren received media criticism , and , as failure to qualify for Euro 2008 looked increasingly likely , the headlines became more visceral . In January 2008 , football magazine When Saturday Comes described the newspaper coverage of his final month as `` relentless and remorseless '' . Both tabloids and broadsheets published critical pieces , with The Times headlining an editorial `` Fail and McClaren has to go '' . The media have also parodied this genre of campaigns for recruitment , dismissal or retention of managers . In October 2000 , The Sun launched a campaign promoting a donkey as the new England manager . Statistical summary ( edit ) The following table provides a summary of the complete record of each England manager including their progress in both the World Cup and the European Championship . Statistics correct as of 14 July 2018 Manager England career Win % Competitions Walter Winterbottom 1946 -- 1962 7002139000000000000 ♠ 139 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 07001561000000000000 ♠ 56.1 1950 World Cup -- group stage 1954 World Cup -- quarter - final 1958 World Cup -- group play - off 1962 World Cup -- quarter - final Alf Ramsey 1963 -- 1974 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 07001611000000000000 ♠ 61.1 1964 European Nations ' Cup -- failed to qualify 1966 World Cup -- champions Euro 1968 -- third place 1970 World Cup -- quarter - final Euro 1972 -- failed to qualify 1974 World Cup -- failed to qualify Joe Mercer ( caretaker ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 07001429000000000000 ♠ 42.9 -- Don Revie 1974 -- 1977 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 07001483000000000000 ♠ 48.3 Euro 1976 -- failed to qualify Ron Greenwood 1977 -- 1982 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.0 1978 World Cup -- failed to qualify Euro 1980 -- group stage 1982 World Cup -- second round Bobby Robson 1982 -- 1990 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 07001495000000000000 ♠ 49.5 Euro 1984 -- failed to qualify 1986 World Cup -- quarter - final Euro 1988 -- group stage 1990 World Cup -- fourth place Graham Taylor 1990 -- 1993 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 07001474000000000000 ♠ 47.4 Euro 1992 -- group stage 1994 World Cup -- failed to qualify Terry Venables 1994 -- 1996 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 07001478000000000000 ♠ 47.8 Euro 1996 -- semi-final Glenn Hoddle 1996 -- 1999 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001607000000000000 ♠ 60.7 1998 World Cup -- second round Howard Wilkinson ( caretaker ) 1999 , 2000 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 -- Kevin Keegan 1999 -- 2000 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 07001389000000000000 ♠ 38.9 Euro 2000 -- group stage Peter Taylor ( caretaker ) 2000 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 -- Sven - Göran Eriksson 2001 -- 2006 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 07001597000000000000 ♠ 59.7 2002 World Cup -- quarter - final Euro 2004 -- quarter - final 2006 World Cup -- quarter - final Steve McClaren 2006 -- 2007 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.0 Euro 2008 -- failed to qualify Fabio Capello 2008 -- 2012 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 07001667000000000000 ♠ 66.7 2010 World Cup -- second round Stuart Pearce ( caretaker ) 2012 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 -- Roy Hodgson 2012 -- 2016 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 07001589000000000000 ♠ 58.9 Euro 2012 -- quarter - final 2014 World Cup -- group stage Euro 2016 -- Round of 16 Sam Allardyce 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 -- Gareth Southgate 2016 -- 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001520000000000000 ♠ 52.0 2018 World Cup - Fourth Place Key : P -- games played , W -- games won , D -- games drawn ; L -- games lost , % -- win percentage Statistical summary for British Home championships ( edit ) The following table provides a summary of results for each England manager in the British Home Championship , held annually until the 1983 -- 84 season . Manager England career % Titles Notes Walter Winterbottom 1946 -- 1962 16 7 7 41 1946 -- 47 , 1947 -- 48 , 1949 -- 50 , 1952 -- 53 , 1953 -- 54 , 1956 -- 57 , 1960 -- 61 Alf Ramsey 1963 -- 1974 10 6 60 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , 1970 -- 71 , 1972 -- 73 Joe Mercer 0 0 -- -- Don Revie 1974 -- 1977 0 33 1974 -- 75 -- Ron Greenwood 1977 -- 1982 0 75 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1981 -- 82 Bobby Robson 1982 -- 1990 0 50 1982 -- 83 Key : P -- Number of complete tournaments played , W -- Number of tournaments won , S -- Number of tournaments shared , % -- outright win percentage Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics for Terry Venables exclude the abandoned match against the Republic of Ireland on 15 February 1995 Jump up ^ Howard Wilkinson took control of the team on two separate occasions , both times as caretaker - manager Jump up ^ Peter Taylor managed the team on a one - off basis as caretaker - manager Jump up ^ Stuart Pearce managed the team on a one - off basis as caretaker - manager Jump up ^ Gareth Southgate took over as caretaker - manager , for four games , until he was formally appointed full - time on 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Winterbottom resigned before the completion of the 1962 -- 63 British Home Championship Jump up ^ Ramsey took over midway through the 1962 -- 63 British Home Championship Jump up ^ The 1980 -- 81 British Home Championship was abandoned due to civil unrest in Northern Ireland Jump up ^ The last British Home Championship was played in 1984 Jump up ^ Only British Home Championships managed entirely by each manager are included References ( edit ) General England : The Official F.A History , Niall Edworthy , Virgin Publishers , 1997 , ISBN 1 - 85227 - 699 - 1 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Nawrat , Chris ; Hutchings , Steve ( 1996 ) . The Sunday Times Illustrated History of Football . Hamlyn . p. 71 . ISBN 1 - 85613 - 341 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` England Hall of Fame '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The impossible job '' . BBC News . 5 February 1999 . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Beard , Matthew ( 21 December 2002 ) . `` Party faces rough ride from former ' Sun ' editor MacKenzie '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 24 August 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Edworthy , p 151 . Jump up ^ `` The Sun : the Wapping years '' . The Guardian . London . 25 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA criticise ' unacceptable ' Sun front page on Roy Hodgson 's England job '' . The Guardian . London . 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Robbie ; Maddock , David ( 2005 ) . Fowler : My Autobiography . Macmillan . p. 223 . ISBN 1 - 4050 - 5132 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Hoddle fulfils destiny '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2002 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Matt ( 30 January 1999 ) . `` Hoddle puts his faith in God and England '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` You said Hoddle should go '' . BBC News . 1 February 1999 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World press dumbfounded '' . BBC News . 3 February 1999 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sven and Ulrika keep quiet '' . BBC News . 17 October 2003 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eriksson ' not quizzed ' over Faria '' . BBC News . 26 July 2005 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tim ( 26 February 2006 ) . `` In a league of her own '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , VII -- XV and 341 -- 353 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , Tim ( 30 July 2004 ) . `` Why Eriksson staying in charge is England 's nightmare scenario '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eriksson caught in tabloid sting '' . BBC Sport. 15 January 2006 . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Majendie , Matt ( 1 July 2006 ) . `` Final whistle sounds for Eriksson '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Players lead Clough tribute '' . BBC Sport. 26 September 2004 . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writers ( January 2008 ) . `` Putting The Boot In '' . When Saturday Comes ( 251 ) : 8 . Jump up ^ Hey , Stan ( 15 October 2000 ) . `` Slow and painful death from quick fix '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 's Coaches / Managers by chronological order '' . England Football Online . 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ; Morrison , Neil ( 1 October 1999 ) . `` British Home Championship Overview '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . England national football team -- managers Winterbottom ( 1946 -- 62 ) Ramsey ( 1963 -- 74 ) Mercer ( 1974 ) Revie ( 1974 -- 77 ) Greenwood ( 1977 -- 82 ) Robson ( 1982 -- 90 ) G. Taylor ( 1990 -- 93 ) Venables ( 1994 -- 96 ) Hoddle ( 1996 -- 99 ) Wilkinson ( 1999 ) Keegan ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wilkinson ( 2000 ) P. Taylor ( 2000 ) Eriksson ( 2001 -- 06 ) McClaren ( 2006 -- 07 ) Capello ( 2008 -- 12 ) Pearce ( 2012 ) Hodgson ( 2012 -- 16 ) Allardyce ( 2016 ) Southgate ( 2016 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men 's team Olympic women 's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British League Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo - Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry British clubs tours to South America England National team The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League English Football League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_national_football_team_manager&oldid=850978374 '' Categories : 1946 establishments in England Lists of association football managers England national football team managers England national football team lists History of the England national football team Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2016 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Featured articles Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 07 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the england manager when they won the world cup	[ "Eighteen men have occupied the post since its inception; four of those were in short-term caretaker manager roles: Joe Mercer (seven games in charge), Howard Wilkinson (two games, a year apart from one another), Peter Taylor (one game) and Stuart Pearce (one game). In comparison, Winterbottom held the position for the longest to date; a tenure of 16 years, comprising four World Cups and a total of 139 matches. Alf Ramsey is the only manager to have won a major tournament, winning the 1966 World Cup with his \"Wingless Wonders\".[5] No other manager has progressed beyond the semi-finals of a major competition before or since, with only three managers achieving a semi-final appearance: Bobby Robson at the 1990 World Cup, Terry Venables at Euro 1996, and Gareth Southgate at the 2018 World Cup.\n" ]	[ "Alf Ramsey" ]
881397702296438239	Oxbow lake	Oxbow lake - wikipedia Oxbow lake Jump to : navigation , search This picture of the Nowitna River , Alaska shows two oxbow lakes -- a short one at the bottom of the picture and a longer , more curved one at the middle - right . Furthermore , it can be clearly seen how a third oxbow lake is in the making . The isthmus or bank in the centre of the most prominent meander is very narrow - much narrower than the width of the river . Eventually the two sections of river on either side of the isthmus will break through and create a new , straighter course . A new river bank then starts to accumulate , sealing off the meander and leaving another oxbow lake . An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake that forms when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off , creating a free - standing body of water . This landform is so named for its distinctive curved shape , resembling the bow pin of an oxbow . In Australia , an oxbow lake is known as a billabong , from the indigenous Wiradjuri language . In south Texas , oxbows left by the Rio Grande are called resacas . ' The word `` oxbow '' can also refer to a U-shaped bend in a river or stream , whether or not it is cut off from the main stream . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Artificial oxbow lakes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geology ( edit ) An oxbow lake forms when a river creates a meander , due to the river 's eroding the bank . After a long period of time , the meander becomes very curved , and eventually the neck of the meander becomes narrower and the river cuts through the neck during a flood , cutting off the meander and forming an oxbow lake . The swirls and curves of the previous courses of the Songhua River in northeast China can easily be seen in this satellite photo When a river reaches a low - lying plain , often in its final course to the sea or a lake , it meanders widely . In the vicinity of a river bend , deposition occurs on the convex bank ( the bank with the smaller radius ) . In contrast , both lateral erosion and undercutting occur on the cut bank or concave bank ( the bank with the greater radius . ) Continuous deposition on the convex bank and erosion of the concave bank of a meandering river cause the formation of a very pronounced meander with two concave banks getting closer . The narrow neck of land between the two neighboring concave banks is finally cut through , either by lateral erosion of the two concave banks or by the strong currents of a flood . When this happens , a new straighter river channel is created and an abandoned meander loop , called a cutoff , is formed . When deposition finally seals off the cutoff from the river channel , an oxbow lake is formed . This process can occur over a time scale from a few years to several decades and may sometimes become essentially static . Gathering of erosion products near the concave bank and transporting them to the convex bank is the work of the secondary flow across the floor of the river in the vicinity of a river bend . The process of deposition of silt , sand and gravel on the convex bank is clearly illustrated in point bars . River flood plains that contain rivers with a highly sinuous platform are populated by longer oxbow lakes than those with low sinuosity . This is because rivers with high sinuosity have larger meanders , and greater opportunity for longer lakes to form . Rivers with lower sinuosity are characterized by fewer cutoffs and shorter oxbow lakes due to the shorter distance of their meanders . The effect of the secondary flow can be demonstrated using a circular bowl . Partly fill the bowl with water and sprinkle dense particles such as sand or rice into the bowl . Set the water into circular motion with one hand or a spoon . The dense particles quickly sweep into a neat pile in the center of the bowl . This is the mechanism that leads to the formation of point bars and contributes to the formation of oxbow lakes . The primary flow of water in the bowl is circular and the streamlines are concentric with the side of the bowl . However , the secondary flow of the boundary layer across the floor of the bowl is inward toward the center . The primary flow might be expected to fling the dense particles to the perimeter of the bowl , but instead the secondary flow sweeps the particles toward the center . The curved path of a river around a bend makes the water 's surface slightly higher on the outside of the bend than on the inside . As a result , at any elevation within the river , water pressure is slightly greater near the outside of the bend than on the inside . A pressure gradient toward the convex bank provides the centripetal force necessary for each parcel of water to follow its curved path . The boundary layer that flows along the river floor does not move fast enough to balance the pressure gradient laterally across the river . It responds to this pressure gradient , and its velocity is partly downstream and partly across the river toward the convex bank . As it flows along the floor of the river , it sweeps loose material toward the convex bank . This flow of the boundary layer is significantly different from the speed and direction of the primary flow of the river , and is part of the river 's secondary flow . Early stages of formation of coastal plain oxbow lake in the Gower Peninsula of southwest Wales A Horseshoe or oxbow lake near Hughes , Arkansas . The bulges in the border reflect changes in the course of the river ; when the river shifted its course and cut off the former channel , the border remained unchanged . When a fluid follows a curved path , such as around a circular bowl , around a bend in a river or in a tropical cyclone , the flow is described as vortex flow : the fastest speed occurs where the radius is smallest , and the slowest speed occurs where the radius is greatest . The higher fluid pressure and slower speed where the radius is greater , and the lower pressure and faster speed where the radius is smaller , are all consistent with Bernoulli 's principle . Notable examples Bole and Burton Round in West Burton , Nottinghamshire , England are a good example of previous lakes in a close proximity to one another . Carter Lake , Iowa was created after severe flooding in 1877 led to the river shifting approximately 1.25 mi to the southeast . Cuckmere Haven in Sussex , England contains a widely meandering river with many oxbow lakes , often referred to in physical geography textbooks . Half Moon Lake in downtown Eau Claire , Wisconsin was formed due to a shift in the course of the Chippewa River , which now flows immediately to the south . Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary , India contains rare and endangered migratory birds and is one of Asia 's largest oxbow lakes . The Oxbow , on the Connecticut River , Thomas Cole The Oxbow , a 2.5 - mile ( 4.0 km ) bend in the Connecticut River , is disconnected at one end . There are many oxbow lakes alongside the Mississippi River and its tributaries . The largest oxbow lake in North America , Lake Chicot ( located near Lake Village , Arkansas ) , was originally part of the Mississippi River , as was Horseshoe Lake , the namesake for the town of Horseshoe Lake , Arkansas . Reelfoot Lake in west Tennessee is another notable oxbow lake ; it was formed when the Mississippi River took a new channel following the 1811 -- 12 New Madrid earthquakes . Artificial oxbow lakes ( edit ) Oxbow lakes may be formed when a river channel is straightened artificially to improve navigation or for flood alleviation . This occurred notably on the upper Rhine in Germany in the nineteenth century . An example of an entirely artificial waterway with oxbows is the Oxford Canal in England . When originally constructed , it had a very meandering course , following the contours of the land , but the northern part of the canal was straightened out between 1829 and 1834 , reducing its length from approximately 91 to 77.5 miles ( 146 to 125 km ) and creating a number of oxbow - shaped sections isolated from the new course . See also ( edit ) Wetlands portal Billabong , Australian term for an oxbow lake Anabranch Bayou Fallacy regarding formation of point bars Resaca ( channel ) Secondary flow around river bends References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Oxbow '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Oxbow '' . Merriam -- Webster . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Hickin , Edward J ( 2002 ) . `` Meandering Channels '' . In Middleton , Gerard V. Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks . New York : Springer . p. 432 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0872 - 4 . Jump up ^ Constantine , J.A. ; Dunne , T. ( 2008 ) . `` Meander cutoff and the controls on the production of oxbow lakes '' . Geology. 36 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 26 . doi : 10.1130 / G24130A. 1 . Jump up ^ Bowker , Kent A. ( 1988 ) . `` Albert Einstein and Meandering Rivers '' . Earth Science History . 1 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chant , R.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature : Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 107 ( C9 ) : 14 -- 1 -- 14 -- 11 . doi : 10.1029 / 2001JC001082 . Jump up ^ Zinke , Alexander ( December 17 , 2000 ) . `` The New Management of Rivers and Wetlands in Central Europe '' . Zinke Environmental Consulting . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Boughey , Joseph ( 1994 ) . Hadfield 's British Canals . Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1840 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxbow lakes . NASA Remote Sensing Tutorial : Fluvial / Deltaic / Coastal Landforms Ox Bow Lake Formation , As Seen By the Google Earth Time Machine River morphology Large - scale features Drainage basin Drainage system ( geomorphology ) Estuary Strahler number ( stream order ) River valley River delta River sinuosity Alluvial rivers Anabranch Avulsion ( river ) Bar ( river morphology ) Braided river Channel pattern Cut bank Floodplain Meander Meander cutoff Mouth bar Oxbow lake Point bar Riffle Rapids Riparian zone River bifurcation River channel migration River mouth Slip - off slope Stream pool Thalweg Bedrock river Canyon Knickpoint Plunge pool Bedforms Ait Antidune Dune Current ripple Regional processes Aggradation Base level Degradation ( geology ) Erosion and tectonics River rejuvenation Mechanics Deposition ( geology ) Water erosion Exner equation Hack 's law Helicoidal flow Playfair 's law Sediment transport Portal Wetlands Acrotelm A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia Aquatic ecosystem Aquatic plants Atchafalaya Basin Backswamp Bayou Beach meadow Blackwater river Blanket bog Bog Bog garden Brackish marsh Callows Carr Cataract bog Ciénega Clean Water Act Clearwater river Coastal bog Coniferous swamp Constructed wetland Delta Waterfowl Foundation Dambo Drainage basin Ducks Unlimited Estuary Fen Flark Flood - meadow Flooded grasslands and savannas Freshwater marsh Freshwater swamp forest Grass valley Guelta Halosere Hydrosere Igapó Ings Interdunal wetland Intertidal wetland Karst Kermi bog Kettle Lagg Mangrove Marsh Marsh gas Mere Mire Misse Moorland Muck Mudflat Muskeg Oasis Palsa bog Paludification Palustrine wetland Plateau bog Pocosin Polygonal bog Pond Peat swamp forest Poor fen Pothole Ramsar Convention Raised bog Reed bed Rich fen Riparian zone River delta Salt marsh Salt pannes and pools Shrub swamp Slough String bog Swamp Telmatology Tidal marsh Upland bog Wet meadow Wetlands International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Will - o ' - the - wisp Várzea forest Vernal pool Whitewater river Yaéré Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxbow_lake&oldid=832687195 '' Categories : Fluvial landforms Lakes by type Oxbow lakes Rivers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Žemaitėška 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 12 : 53 . About Wikipedia	in which course of the river are oxbow lakes formed	[ "An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake that forms when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water. This landform is so named for its distinctive curved shape, resembling the bow pin of an oxbow. In Australia, an oxbow lake is known as a billabong, from the indigenous Wiradjuri language. In south Texas, oxbows left by the Rio Grande are called resacas.'" ]	[ "a wide meander from the main stem of a river" ]
5899627721104625793	Iron ore	Iron ore - wikipedia Iron ore Hematite : the main iron ore in Brazilian mines This stockpile of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production . Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted . The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey , bright yellow , or deep purple to rusty red . The iron itself is usually found in the form of magnetite ( Fe O , 72.4 % Fe ) , hematite ( Fe O , 69.9 % Fe ) , goethite ( FeO ( OH ) , 62.9 % Fe ) , limonite ( FeO ( OH ) n ( H O ) , 55 % Fe ) or siderite ( FeCO , 48.2 % Fe ) . Ores containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite ( greater than about 60 % iron ) are known as `` natural ore '' or `` direct shipping ore '' , meaning they can be fed directly into iron - making blast furnaces . Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron , which is one of the main raw materials to make steel -- 98 % of the mined iron ore is used to make steel . Indeed , it has been argued that iron ore is `` more integral to the global economy than any other commodity , except perhaps oil '' . Contents 1 Sources 1.1 Banded iron formations 1.2 Magnetite ores 1.3 Direct - shipping ( hematite ) ores 1.4 Magmatic magnetite ore deposits 2 Beneficiation 2.1 Magnetite 2.2 Hematite 3 Production and consumption 3.1 Iron ore market 4 Available iron ore resources 4.1 Available world iron ore resources 4.2 Australia 4.2. 1 Pilbara deposit 5 Smelting 5.1 Trace elements 5.1. 1 Silicon 5.1. 2 Phosphorus 5.1. 3 Aluminium 5.1. 4 Sulfur 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Sources ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Metallic iron is virtually unknown on the surface of the Earth except as iron - nickel alloys from meteorites and very rare forms of deep mantle xenoliths . Although iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , comprising about 5 % , the vast majority is bound in silicate or more rarely carbonate minerals . The thermodynamic barriers to separating pure iron from these minerals are formidable and energy intensive , therefore all sources of iron used by human industry exploit comparatively rarer iron oxide minerals , primarily hematite . Prior to the industrial revolution , most iron was obtained from widely available goethite or bog ore , for example during the American Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars . Prehistoric societies used laterite as a source of iron ore . Historically , much of the iron ore utilized by industrialized societies has been mined from predominantly hematite deposits with grades of around 70 % Fe . These deposits are commonly referred to as `` direct shipping ores '' or `` natural ores '' . Increasing iron ore demand , coupled with the depletion of high - grade hematite ores in the United States , after World War II led to development of lower - grade iron ore sources , principally the utilization of magnetite and taconite . Iron - ore mining methods vary by the type of ore being mined . There are four main types of iron - ore deposits worked currently , depending on the mineralogy and geology of the ore deposits . These are magnetite , titanomagnetite , massive hematite and pisolitic ironstone deposits . Banded iron formations ( edit ) Main article : Banded iron formation 2.1 billion year old rock showing banded iron formation . Processed taconite pellets with reddish surface oxidation as used in the steelmaking industry , with a US Quarter ( diameter : 24 mm ( 0.96 in ) ) shown for scale . Banded iron formations ( BIFs ) are sedimentary rocks containing more than 15 % iron composed predominantly of thinly bedded iron minerals and silica ( as quartz ) . Banded iron formations occur exclusively in Precambrian rocks , and are commonly weakly to intensely metamorphosed . Banded iron formations may contain iron in carbonates ( siderite or ankerite ) or silicates ( minnesotaite , greenalite , or grunerite ) , but in those mined as iron ores , oxides ( magnetite or hematite ) are the principal iron mineral . Banded iron formations are known as taconite within North America . The mining involves moving tremendous amounts of ore and waste . The waste comes in two forms , non-ore bedrock in the mine ( overburden or interburden locally known as mullock ) , and unwanted minerals which are an intrinsic part of the ore rock itself ( gangue ) . The mullock is mined and piled in waste dumps , and the gangue is separated during the beneficiation process and is removed as tailings . Taconite tailings are mostly the mineral quartz , which is chemically inert . This material is stored in large , regulated water settling ponds . Magnetite ores ( edit ) The key economic parameters for magnetite ore being economic are the crystallinity of the magnetite , the grade of the iron within the banded iron formation host rock , and the contaminant elements which exist within the magnetite concentrate . The size and strip ratio of most magnetite resources is irrelevant as a banded iron formation can be hundreds of meters thick , extend hundreds of kilometers along strike , and can easily come to more than three billion or more tonnes of contained ore . The typical grade of iron at which a magnetite - bearing banded iron formation becomes economic is roughly 25 % iron , which can generally yield a 33 % to 40 % recovery of magnetite by weight , to produce a concentrate grading in excess of 64 % iron by weight . The typical magnetite iron - ore concentrate has less than 0.1 % phosphorus , 3 -- 7 % silica and less than 3 % aluminium . Currently magnetite iron ore is mined in Minnesota and Michigan in the U.S. , Eastern Canada and Northern Sweden . Magnetite bearing banded iron formation is currently mined extensively in Brazil , which exports significant quantities to Asia , and there is a nascent and large magnetite iron - ore industry in Australia . Direct - shipping ( hematite ) ores ( edit ) Direct - shipping iron - ore ( DSO ) deposits ( typically composed of hematite ) are currently exploited on all continents except Antarctica , with the largest intensity in South America , Australia and Asia . Most large hematite iron - ore deposits are sourced from altered banded iron formations and rarely igneous accumulations . DSO deposits are typically rarer than the magnetite - bearing BIF or other rocks which form its main source or protolith rock , but are considerably cheaper to mine and process as they require less beneficiation due to the higher iron content . However , DSO ores can contain significantly higher concentrations of penalty elements , typically being higher in phosphorus , water content ( especially pisolite sedimentary accumulations ) and aluminum ( clays within pisolites ) . Export grade DSO ores are generally in the 62 -- 64 % Fe range . Magmatic magnetite ore deposits ( edit ) Occasionally granite and ultrapotassic igneous rocks segregate magnetite crystals and form masses of magnetite suitable for economic concentration . A few iron ore deposits , notably in Chile , are formed from volcanic flows containing significant accumulations of magnetite phenocrysts . Chilean magnetite iron ore deposits within the Atacama Desert have also formed alluvial accumulations of magnetite in streams leading from these volcanic formations . Some magnetite skarn and hydrothermal deposits have been worked in the past as high - grade iron ore deposits requiring little beneficiation . There are several granite - associated deposits of this nature in Malaysia and Indonesia . Other sources of magnetite iron ore include metamorphic accumulations of massive magnetite ore such as at Savage River , Tasmania , formed by shearing of ophiolite ultramafics . Another , minor , source of iron ores are magmatic accumulations in layered intrusions which contain a typically titanium - bearing magnetite often with vanadium . These ores form a niche market , with specialty smelters used to recover the iron , titanium and vanadium . These ores are beneficiated essentially similar to banded iron formation ores , but usually are more easily upgraded via crushing and screening . The typical titanomagnetite concentrate grades 57 % Fe , 12 % Ti and 0.5 % V O . Beneficiation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Mineral processing See also : Environmental impact of iron ore mining The Lower - grade sources of iron ore generally require beneficiation , using techniques like crushing , milling , gravity or heavy media separation , screening , and silica froth flotation to improve the concentration of the ore and remove impurities . The results , high quality fine ore powders , are known as fines . Magnetite ( edit ) Magnetite is magnetic , and hence easily separated from the gangue minerals and capable of producing a high - grade concentrate with very low levels of impurities . The grain size of the magnetite and its degree of commingling with the silica groundmass determine the grind size to which the rock must be comminuted to enable efficient magnetic separation to provide a high purity magnetite concentrate . This determines the energy inputs required to run a milling operation . Mining of banded iron formations involves coarse crushing and screening , followed by rough crushing and fine grinding to comminute the ore to the point where the crystallized magnetite and quartz are fine enough that the quartz is left behind when the resultant powder is passed under a magnetic separator . Generally most magnetite banded iron formation deposits must be ground to between 32 and 45 micrometers in order to produce a low - silica magnetite concentrate . Magnetite concentrate grades are generally in excess of 70 % iron by weight and usually are low phosphorus , low aluminium , low titanium and low silica and demand a premium price . Hematite ( edit ) Due to the high density of hematite relative to associated silicate gangue , hematite beneficiation usually involves a combination of beneficiation techniques . One method relies on passing the finely crushed ore over a slurry containing magnetite or other agent such as ferrosilicon which increases its density . When the density of the slurry is properly calibrated , the hematite will sink and the silicate mineral fragments will float and can be removed . Production and consumption ( edit ) Evolution of the extracted iron ore grade in different countries ( Canada , China , Australia , Brazil , United States , Sweden , USSR - Russia , world ) . The recent drop in world ore grade is due to the big consumption of low grade Chinese ores . The American ore is upgraded between 61 % to 64 % before being sold . For a more comprehensive list , see list of countries by iron ore production . Usable iron ore production in million metric tons for 2015 The mine production estimates for China are estimated from the National Bureau of Statistics China 's crude ore statistics , rather than usable ore as reported for the other countries . Country Production Australia 817 Brazil 397 China 375 * India 156 Russia 101 South Africa 73 Ukraine 67 United States 46 Canada 46 Iran 27 Sweden 25 Kazakhstan 21 Other countries 132 Total world 2,280 Iron is the world 's most commonly used metal - steel , of which iron ore is the key ingredient , representing almost 95 % of all metal used per year . It is used primarily in structural engineering applications and in maritime purposes , automobiles , and general industrial applications ( machinery ) . Iron - rich rocks are common worldwide , but ore - grade commercial mining operations are dominated by the countries listed in the table aside . The major constraint to economics for iron ore deposits is not necessarily the grade or size of the deposits , because it is not particularly hard to geologically prove enough tonnage of the rocks exist . The main constraint is the position of the iron ore relative to market , the cost of rail infrastructure to get it to market and the energy cost required to do so . Mining iron ore is a high volume low margin business , as the value of iron is significantly lower than base metals . It is highly capital intensive , and requires significant investment in infrastructure such as rail in order to transport the ore from the mine to a freight ship . For these reasons , iron ore production is concentrated in the hands of a few major players . World production averages two billion metric tons of raw ore annually . The world 's largest producer of iron ore is the Brazilian mining corporation Vale , followed by Anglo - Australian companies Rio Tinto Group and then BHP Billiton . A further Australian supplier , Fortescue Metals Group Ltd , has helped bring Australia 's production to first in the world . The seaborne trade in iron ore , that is , iron ore to be shipped to other countries , was 849m tonnes in 2004 . Australia and Brazil dominate the seaborne trade , with 72 % of the market . BHP , Rio and Vale control 66 % of this market between them . In Australia iron ore is won from three main sources : pisolite `` channel iron deposit '' ore derived by mechanical erosion of primary banded - iron formations and accumulated in alluvial channels such as at Pannawonica , Western Australia ; and the dominant metasomatically - altered banded iron formation related ores such as at Newman , the Chichester Range , the Hamersley Range and Koolyanobbing , Western Australia . Other types of ore are coming to the fore recently , such as oxidised ferruginous hardcaps , for instance laterite iron ore deposits near Lake Argyle in Western Australia . The total recoverable reserves of iron ore in India are about 9,602 million tonnes of hematite and 3,408 million tonnes of magnetite . Chhattisgarh , Madhya Pradesh , Karnataka , Jharkhand , Odisha , Goa , Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Kerala , Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu are the principal Indian producers of iron ore . World consumption of iron ore grows 10 % per annum on average with the main consumers being China , Japan , Korea , the United States and the European Union . China is currently the largest consumer of iron ore , which translates to be the world 's largest steel producing country . It is also the largest importer , buying 52 % of the seaborne trade in iron ore in 2004 . China is followed by Japan and Korea , which consume a significant amount of raw iron ore and metallurgical coal . In 2006 , China produced 588 million tons of iron ore , with an annual growth of 38 % . Iron ore market ( edit ) Over the last 40 years , iron ore prices have been decided in closed - door negotiations between the small handful of miners and steelmakers which dominate both spot and contract markets . Traditionally , the first deal reached between these two groups sets a benchmark to be followed by the rest of the industry . In recent years , however , this benchmark system has begun to break down , with participants along both demand and supply chains calling for a shift to short term pricing . Given that most other commodities already have a mature market - based pricing system , it is natural for iron ore to follow suit . To answer increasing market demands for more transparent pricing , a number of financial exchanges and / or clearing houses around the world have offered iron ore swaps clearing . The CME group , SGX ( Singapore Exchange ) , London Clearing House ( LCH. Clearnet ) , NOS Group and ICEX ( Indian Commodities Exchange ) all offer cleared swaps based on The Steel Index 's ( TSI ) iron ore transaction data . The CME also offers a Platts - based swap , in addition to their TSI swap clearing . The ICE ( Intercontinental Exchange ) offers a Platts - based swap clearing service also . The swaps market has grown quickly , with liquidity clustering around TSI 's pricing . By April 2011 , over US $5.5 billion worth of iron ore swaps have been cleared basis TSI prices . By August 2012 , in excess of one million tonnes of swaps trading per day was taking place regularly , basis TSI . A relatively new development has also been the introduction of iron ore options , in addition to swaps . The CME group has been the venue most utilised for clearing of options written against TSI , with open interest at over 12,000 lots in August 2012 . Singapore Mercantile Exchange ( SMX ) has launched the world first global iron ore futures contract , based on the Metal Bulletin Iron Ore Index ( MBIOI ) which utilizes daily price data from a broad spectrum of industry participants and independent Chinese steel consultancy and data provider Shanghai Steelhome 's widespread contact base of steel producers and iron ore traders across China . The futures contract has seen monthly volumes over 1.5 million tonnes after eight months of trading . This move follows a switch to index - based quarterly pricing by the world 's three largest iron ore miners - Vale , Rio Tinto and BHP - in early 2010 , breaking a 40 - year tradition of benchmark annual pricing . Available iron ore resources ( edit ) Available world iron ore resources ( edit ) The iron ore reserves at present seem quite vast , but some are starting to suggest that the math of continual exponential increase in consumption can even make this resource seem quite finite . For instance , Lester Brown of the Worldwatch Institute has suggested iron ore could run out within 64 years based on an extremely conservative extrapolation of 2 % growth per year . Australia ( edit ) Geoscience Australia calculates that the country 's `` economic demonstrated resources '' of iron currently amount to 24 gigatonnes , or 24 billion tonnes . The current production rate from the Pilbara region of Western Australia is approximately 430 million tonnes a year and rising . Gavin Mudd ( Monash University ) and Jonathon Law ( CSIRO ) expect it to be gone within 30 to 50 years ( Mudd ) and 56 years ( Law ) . These estimates require on - going review to take into account shifting demand for lower grade iron ore and improving mining and recovery techniques ( allowing deeper mining below the groundwater table ) . Pilbara deposit ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2011 , leading Pilbara - based iron ore miners -- Rio Tinto , BHP Billiton and Fortescue Metals Group ( FMG ) -- all announced significant capital investment in the development of existing and new mines and associated infrastructure ( rail and port ) . Collectively this would amount to the production of 1,000 million tonnes per year ( Mt / y ) by 2020 . Practically that would require a doubling of production capacity from a current production level of 470 Mt / y to 1,000 Mt / y ( an increase of 530 Mt / y ) . These figures are based on the current production rates of Rio 300 Mt / y , BHP 240 Mt / y , FMG 55 Mt / y and Other 15 Mt / y increasing to Rio 360 Mt / y , BHP 356 Mt / y , FMG 155 Mt / y and Other 140 Mt / y ( the latter 140 Mt / y is based on planned production from recent industry entrants Hancock , Atlas and Brockman through Port Hedland and API and others through the proposed Port of Anketell ) . In March 2014 , Fortescue officially opened its 40 million - tonne per annum ( mtpa ) Kings Valley project , marking the completion of a US $9.2 billion expansion that increased its production capacity to 155 mtpa . The expansion included the construction of the greenfields Solomon Hub in the Hamersley Ranges , one of the world 's largest iron ore developments comprising Kings Valley and the nearby 20 mtpa Firetail mine ; an expansion of the Christmas Creek mine to 50 mtpa ; and major extensions of Fortescue 's world - class port and rail facilities . A production rate of 1,000 Mt / y would require a significant increase in production from existing mines and the opening of a significant number of new mines . Further , a significant increase in the capacity of rail and port infrastructure would also be required . For example , Rio would be required to expand its port operations at Dampier and Cape Lambert by 140 Mt / y ( from 220 Mt / y to 360 Mt / y ) . BHP would be required to expand its Port Hedland port operations by 180 Mt / y ( from 180 Mt / y to 360 Mt / y ) . FMG would be required to expand its port operations at Port Hedland by 100 Mt / y ( from 55 Mt / y to 155 Mt / y ) . That is an increase of 420 Mt / y in port capacity by the three majors Rio , BHP and FMG and about at least 110 Mt / y from the non-major producers . Based on the rule - of - thumb of 50 Mt / y per car dumper , reclaimer and ship - loader the new production would require approximately 10 new car dumpers , reclaimers and ship - loaders . New rail capacity would also be required . Based on the rule - of - thumb of 100 Mt / y per rail line , increasing production by approximately 500 Mt / y would require five new single rail lines . One scenario is an extra rail line for all the majors : BHP ( from double to triple track ) , Rio ( double to triple track ) , FMG ( single to double track ) and at least two new lines . Hancock Prospecting has recently started production from its Roy Hill Iron Ore Mine located north of Newman . This project included the development of the Roy Hill deposit , the construction of a 344 km railway and a port facility with an annual throughput of 55 Mt and QR National to service non-major producers , as of December 2015 due to the falling iron ore price these plans have been suspended indefinitely . A 1,000 Mt / y production rate needs to be further considered by proponents and government . Areas of further consideration include new port space at Anketell to service the West Pilbara mines , growth at Port Hedland ( BHP has announced the development of an outer harbour at Port Hedland ) , rail rationalisation and the regulatory approval requirements for opening and maintaining a ground disturbance footprint that supports 1,000 Mt / y of production including , amongst other things , native title , aboriginal heritage and environmental protection outcomes . Smelting ( edit ) Main articles : blast furnace and bloomery Iron ores consist of oxygen and iron atoms bonded together into molecules . To convert it to metallic iron it must be smelted or sent through a direct reduction process to remove the oxygen . Oxygen - iron bonds are strong , and to remove the iron from the oxygen , a stronger elemental bond must be presented to attach to the oxygen . Carbon is used because the strength of a carbon - oxygen bond is greater than that of the iron - oxygen bond , at high temperatures . Thus , the iron ore must be powdered and mixed with coke , to be burnt in the smelting process . However , it is not entirely as simple as that . Carbon monoxide is the primary ingredient of chemically stripping oxygen from iron . Thus , the iron and carbon smelting must be kept at an oxygen deficient ( reducing ) state to promote burning of carbon to produce CO not CO . Air blast and charcoal ( coke ) : 2 C + O → 2 CO Carbon monoxide ( CO ) is the principal reduction agent . Stage One : 3 Fe O + CO → 2 Fe O + CO Stage Two : Fe O + CO → 3 FeO + CO Stage Three : FeO + CO → Fe + CO Limestone calcining : CaCO → CaO + CO Lime acting as flux : CaO + SiO → CaSiO Trace elements ( edit ) The inclusion of even small amounts of some elements can have profound effects on the behavioral characteristics of a batch of iron or the operation of a smelter . These effects can be both good and bad , some catastrophically bad . Some chemicals are deliberately added such as flux which makes a blast furnace more efficient . Others are added because they make the iron more fluid , harder , or give it some other desirable quality . The choice of ore , fuel , and flux determine how the slag behaves and the operational characteristics of the iron produced . Ideally iron ore contains only iron and oxygen . In reality this is rarely the case . Typically , iron ore contains a host of elements which are often unwanted in modern steel . Silicon ( edit ) Silica ( SiO ) is almost always present in iron ore . Most of it is slagged off during the smelting process . At temperatures above 1300 ° C some will be reduced and form an alloy with the iron . The hotter the furnace , the more silicon will be present in the iron . It is not uncommon to find up to 1.5 % Si in European cast iron from the 16th to 18th centuries . The major effect of silicon is to promote the formation of grey iron . Grey iron is less brittle and easier to finish than white iron . It is preferred for casting purposes for this reason . Turner ( 1900 , pp. 192 -- 197 ) reported that silicon also reduces shrinkage and the formation of blowholes , lowering the number of bad castings . Phosphorus ( edit ) Phosphorus ( P ) has four major effects on iron : increased hardness and strength , lower solidus temperature , increased fluidity , and cold shortness . Depending on the use intended for the iron , these effects are either good or bad . Bog ore often has a high phosphorus content ( Gordon 1996 , p. 57 ) . The strength and hardness of iron increases with the concentration of phosphorus . 0.05 % phosphorus in wrought iron makes it as hard as medium carbon steel . High phosphorus iron can also be hardened by cold hammering . The hardening effect is true for any concentration of phosphorus . The more phosphorus , the harder the iron becomes and the more it can be hardened by hammering . Modern steel makers can increase hardness by as much as 30 % , without sacrificing shock resistance by maintaining phosphorus levels between 0.07 and 0.12 % . It also increases the depth of hardening due to quenching , but at the same time also decreases the solubility of carbon in iron at high temperatures . This would decrease its usefulness in making blister steel ( cementation ) , where the speed and amount of carbon absorption is the overriding consideration . The addition of phosphorus has a down side . At concentrations higher than 0.2 % iron becomes increasingly cold short , or brittle at low temperatures . Cold short is especially important for bar iron . Although bar iron is usually worked hot , its uses often require it to be tough , bendable , and resistant to shock at room temperature . A nail that shattered when hit with a hammer or a carriage wheel that broke when it hit a rock would not sell well . High enough concentrations of phosphorus render any iron unusable ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 22 ) . The effects of cold shortness are magnified by temperature . Thus , a piece of iron that is perfectly serviceable in summer , might become extremely brittle in winter . There is some evidence that during the Middle Ages the very wealthy may have had a high phosphorus sword for summer and a low phosphorus sword for winter ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 22 ) . Careful control of phosphorus can be of great benefit in casting operations . Phosphorus depresses the liquidus temperature , allowing the iron to remain molten for longer and increases fluidity . The addition of 1 % can double the distance molten iron will flow ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 22 ) . The maximum effect , about 500 ° C , is achieved at a concentration of 10.2 % ( Rostocker & Bronson 1990 , p. 194 ) . For foundry work Turner felt the ideal iron had 0.2 -- 0.55 % phosphorus . The resulting iron filled molds with fewer voids and also shrank less . In the 19th century some producers of decorative cast iron used iron with up to 5 % phosphorus . The extreme fluidity allowed them to make very complex and delicate castings . But , they could not be weight bearing , as they had no strength ( Turner 1900 , pp. 202 -- 204 ) . There are two remedies for high phosphorus iron . The oldest , and easiest , is avoidance . If the iron that the ore produced was cold short , one would search for a new source of iron ore . The second method involves oxidizing the phosphorus during the fining process by adding iron oxide . This technique is usually associated with puddling in the 19th century , and may not have been understood earlier . For instance Isaac Zane , the owner of Marlboro Iron Works did not appear to know about it in 1772 . Given Zane 's reputation for keeping abreast of the latest developments , the technique was probably unknown to the ironmasters of Virginia and Pennsylvania . Phosphorus is a deleterious contaminant because it makes steel brittle , even at concentrations of as little as 0.6 % . Phosphorus can not be easily removed by fluxing or smelting , and so iron ores must generally be low in phosphorus to begin with . Aluminium ( edit ) Small amounts of aluminium ( Al ) are present in many ores including iron ore , sand and some limestones . The former can be removed by washing the ore prior to smelting . Until the introduction of brick lined furnaces , the amount of aluminum contamination was small enough that it did not have an effect on either the iron or slag . However , when brick began to be used for hearths and the interior of blast furnaces , the amount of aluminium contamination increased dramatically . This was due to the erosion of the furnace lining by the liquid slag . Aluminium is difficult to reduce . As a result , aluminium contamination of the iron is not a problem . However , it does increase the viscosity of the slag ( Kato & Minowa 1969 , p. 37 and Rosenqvist 1983 , p. 311 ) . This will have a number of adverse effects on furnace operation . The thicker slag will slow the descent of the charge , prolonging the process . High aluminium will also make it more difficult to tap off the liquid slag . At the extreme this could lead to a frozen furnace . There are a number of solutions to a high aluminium slag . The first is avoidance ; do n't use ore or a lime source with a high aluminium content . Increasing the ratio of lime flux will decrease the viscosity ( Rosenqvist 1983 , p. 311 ) . Sulfur ( edit ) Sulfur ( S ) is a frequent contaminant in coal . It is also present in small quantities in many ores , but can be removed by calcining . Sulfur dissolves readily in both liquid and solid iron at the temperatures present in iron smelting . The effects of even small amounts of sulfur are immediate and serious . They were one of the first worked out by iron makers . Sulfur causes iron to be red or hot short ( Gordon 1996 , p. 7 ) . Hot short iron is brittle when hot . This was a serious problem as most iron used during the 17th and 18th century was bar or wrought iron . Wrought iron is shaped by repeated blows with a hammer while hot . A piece of hot short iron will crack if worked with a hammer . When a piece of hot iron or steel cracks the exposed surface immediately oxidizes . This layer of oxide prevents the mending of the crack by welding . Large cracks cause the iron or steel to break up . Smaller cracks can cause the object to fail during use . The degree of hot shortness is in direct proportion to the amount of sulfur present . Today iron with over 0.03 % sulfur is avoided . Hot short iron can be worked , but it has to be worked at low temperatures . Working at lower temperatures requires more physical effort from the smith or forgeman . The metal must be struck more often and harder to achieve the same result . A mildly sulfur contaminated bar can be worked , but it requires a great deal more time and effort . In cast iron sulfur promotes the formation of white iron . As little as 0.5 % can counteract the effects of slow cooling and a high silicon content ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 21 ) . White cast iron is more brittle , but also harder . It is generally avoided , because it is difficult to work , except in China where high sulfur cast iron , some as high as 0.57 % , made with coal and coke , was used to make bells and chimes ( Rostoker , Bronson & Dvorak 1984 , p. 760 ) . According to Turner ( 1900 , pp. 200 ) , good foundry iron should have less than 0.15 % sulfur . In the rest of the world a high sulfur cast iron can be used for making castings , but will make poor wrought iron . There are a number of remedies for sulfur contamination . The first , and the one most used in historic and prehistoric operations , is avoidance . Coal was not used in Europe ( unlike China ) as a fuel for smelting because it contains sulfur and therefore causes hot short iron . If an ore resulted in hot short metal , ironmasters looked for another ore . When mineral coal was first used in European blast furnaces in 1709 ( or perhaps earlier ) , it was coked . Only with the introduction of hot blast from 1829 was raw coal used . Sulfur can be removed from ores by roasting and washing . Roasting oxidizes sulfur to form sulfur dioxide which either escapes into the atmosphere or can be washed out . In warm climates it is possible to leave pyritic ore out in the rain . The combined action of rain , bacteria , and heat oxidize the sulfides to sulfuric acid and sulfates , which are water - soluble and leached out ( Turner 1900 , pp. 77 ) . However , historically ( at least ) , iron sulfide ( iron pyrite FeS ) , though a common iron mineral , has not been used as an ore for the production of iron metal . Natural weathering was also used in Sweden . The same process , at geological speed , results in the gossan limonite ores . The importance attached to low sulfur iron is demonstrated by the consistently higher prices paid for the iron of Sweden , Russia , and Spain from the 16th to 18th centuries . Today sulfur is no longer a problem . The modern remedy is the addition of manganese . But , the operator must know how much sulfur is in the iron because at least five times as much manganese must be added to neutralize it . Some historic irons display manganese levels , but most are well below the level needed to neutralize sulfur ( Rostoker & Bronson 1990 , p. 21 ) . Sulfide inclusion as manganese sulfide ( MnS ) can also be the cause of severe pitting corrosion problems in low - grade stainless steel such as AISI 304 steel . Under oxidizing conditions and in the presence of moisture , when sulfide oxidizes it produces thiosulfate anions as intermediate species and because thiosulfate anion has a higher equivalent electromobility than chloride anion due to its double negative electrical charge , it promotes the pit growth . Indeed , the positive electrical charges born by Fe cations released in solution by Fe oxidation on the anodic zone inside the pit must be quickly compensated / neutralised by negative charges brought by the electrokinetic migration of anions in the capillary pit . Some of the electrochemical processes occurring in a capillary pit are the same than these encountered in capillary electrophoresis . Higher the anion electrokinetic migration rate , higher the rate of pitting corrosion . Electrokinetic transport of ions inside the pit can be the rate limiting step in the pit growth rate . See also ( edit ) Mining portal Iron ore in Africa Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ramanaidou and Wells , 2014 Jump up ^ `` IRON ORE - Hematite , Magnetite & Taconite '' . Mineral Information Institute . Archived from the original on 17 April 2006 . Retrieved 7 April 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Iron ore pricing emerges from stone age , Financial Times , October 26 , 2009 Archived 2011 - 03 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harry Klemic , Harold L. James , and G. Donald Eberlein , ( 1973 ) `` Iron , '' in United States Mineral Resources , US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 820 , p. 298 - 299 . Jump up ^ Guijón , R. , Henríquez , F. and Naranjo , J.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Geological , Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes , Central Andes , Northern Chile '' . Geoheritage. 3 : 99 -- 315 . doi : 10.1007 / s12371 - 011 - 0045 - x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gaudin , A.M , Principles of Mineral Dressing , 1937 Jump up ^ Graphic from The `` Limits to Growth '' and ' Finite ' Mineral Resources , p. 5 , Gavin M. Mudd Jump up ^ `` Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Global iron ore production data ; Clarification of reporting from the USGS '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Iron ore pricing war , Financial Times , October 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ Qazi , Shabir Ahmad ; Qazi , Navaid Shabir ( 1 January 2008 ) . `` Natural Resource Conservation and Environment Management '' . APH Publishing . Retrieved 12 November 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The Steel Index > News & Events > Press Studio > 2 February 2011 : Record volume of iron ore swaps cleared in January '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SMX to list world 's first index based iron ore futures '' . 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICE Futures Singapore - Futures Exchange '' . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ mbironoreindex Jump up ^ Brown , Lester Plan B 2.0 , New York : W.W. Norton , 2006 . p. 109 Jump up ^ Pincock , Stephen ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Iron Ore Country '' . ABC Science . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Fortescue opens Kings Valley project and celebrates completion of 155 MTPA expansion '' ( PDF ) . FMG . March 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` QR National evaluates independent rail line for Pilbara '' . QR National . April 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stockwell , Stephen ( November 22 , 2012 ) . `` QR 's Pilbara rail plan on track '' . ABC Rural News . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stewart , J. ; Williams , D.E. ( 1992 ) . `` The initiation of pitting corrosion on austenitic stainless steel : on the role and importance of sulphide inclusions '' . Corrosion Science . 33 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 474 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 938X ( 92 ) 90074 - D. ISSN 0010 - 938X . Jump up ^ Williams , David E. ; Kilburn , Matt R. ; Cliff , John ; Waterhouse , Geoffrey I.N. ( 2010 ) . `` Composition changes around sulphide inclusions in stainless steels , and implications for the initiation of pitting corrosion '' . Corrosion Science . 52 ( 11 ) : 3702 -- 3716 . doi : 10.1016 / j. corsci. 2010.07. 021 . ISSN 0010 - 938X . Jump up ^ Newman , R.C. ; Isaacs , H.S. ; Alman , B. ( 1982 ) . `` Effects of sulfur compounds on the pitting behavior of type 304 stainless steel in near - neutral chloride solutions '' . Corrosion. 38 ( 5 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.5006 / 1.3577348 . ISSN 0010 - 9312 . References ( edit ) Gordon , Robert B. ( 1996 ) , American Iron 1607 - 1900 , The Johns Hopkins University Press Kato , Makoto and Susumu Minowa ( 1969 ) , `` Viscosity Measurement of Molten Slag - Properties of Slag at Elevated Temperature ( Part 1 ) '' , Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan , Tokyo : Nihon Tekko Kyokai , 9 , pp. 31 -- 38 Ramanaidou , E.R. and Wells , M.A. ( 2014 ) . 13.13 - Sedimentary Hosted Iron Ores . In : Holland , H.D. and Turekian , K.K. Eds. , Treatise on Geochemistry ( Second Edition ) . Oxford : Elsevier . 313 - 355 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 08 - 095975 - 7.01115 - 3 Rosenqvist , Terkel ( 1983 ) , Principles of Extractive Metallurgy , McGraw - Hill Book Company Rostoker , William ; Bronson , Bennet ( 1990 ) , Pre-Industrial Iron : Its Technology and Ethnology , Archeomaterials Monograph No. 1 Rostoker , William ; Bronson , Bennet ; Dvorak , James ( 1984 ) , `` The Cast - Iron Bells of China '' , Technology and Culture , The Society for the History of Technology , 25 ( 4 ) , pp. 750 -- 767 , doi : 10.2307 / 3104621 , JSTOR 3104621 Turner , Thomas ( 1900 ) , The Metallurgy of Iron ( 2nd ed . ) , Charles Griffin & Company , Limited External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron ores . History of the Iron Ore Trade on the Great Lakes `` Pioneers of the Cleveland iron trade '' by J.S. Jeans 1875 Iron Ore Price and Historical Chart Iron Mines of NY / NJ Iron ore capacity by major world producer GND : 4014063 - 5 NARA : 10647271 NDL : 00572806 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_ore&oldid=849774267 '' Categories : Economic geology Iron ores Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська 粵語中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 07 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of iron ore are found in india	[ "The total recoverable reserves of iron ore in India are about 9,602 million tonnes of hematite and 3,408 million tonnes of magnetite.[11] Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Odisha, Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu are the principal Indian producers of iron ore. World consumption of iron ore grows 10% per annum[citation needed] on average with the main consumers being China, Japan, Korea, the United States and the European Union.\n", "The total recoverable reserves of iron ore in India are about 9,602 million tonnes of hematite and 3,408 million tonnes of magnetite.[11] Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Odisha, Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu are the principal Indian producers of iron ore. World consumption of iron ore grows 10% per annum[citation needed] on average with the main consumers being China, Japan, Korea, the United States and the European Union.\n" ]	[ "hematite", "magnetite" ]
-3020623865292793424	Battles of Lexington and Concord	Battles of Lexington and Concord - wikipedia Battles of Lexington and Concord Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Lexington '' redirects here . For the American Civil War battles , see Battle of Lexington ( disambiguation ) . Battles of Lexington and Concord Part of the American Revolutionary War Romanticized 19th - century depiction of Battle of Lexington Date April 19 , 1775 ; 242 years ago ( 1775 - 04 - 19 ) Location Middlesex County , Massachusetts Lexington : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Coordinates : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Concord : 42 ° 28 ′ 08.54 '' N 71 ° 21 ′ 02.08 '' W / 42.4690389 ° N 71.3505778 ° W / 42.4690389 ; - 71.3505778 ( Concord ) Result Strategic American victory British forces succeed in destroying cannon and supplies in Concord Militia successfully drive British back to Boston Start of the American Revolutionary War Belligerents Massachusetts Bay Great Britain Commanders and leaders John Parker James Barrett John Buttrick John Robinson William Heath Joseph Warren Isaac Davis † Francis Smith John Pitcairn ( WIA ) Hugh Percy Strength Lexington : 77 Concord : 400 End of Battle : 3,960 Departing Boston : 700 Lexington : 400 Concord : 100 End of Battle : 1,500 Casualties and losses 49 killed 39 wounded 5 missing 73 killed 174 wounded 53 missing ( hide ) Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War . The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present - day Arlington ) , and Cambridge . They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America . In late 1774 , Colonial leaders adopted the Suffolk Resolves in resistance to the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British - controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . On the night before the battle , warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders , including Paul Revere and Samuel Prescott , with information about British plans . The initial mode of the Army 's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charlestown using lanterns to communicate `` one if by land , two if by sea '' . The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington . Eight militiamen were killed , including Ensign Robert Munroe , their ranking officer . The British suffered only one casualty . The militia were outnumbered and fell back , and the regulars proceeded on to Concord , where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies . At the North Bridge in Concord , approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am , resulting in casualties on both sides . The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord . The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies , and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns . Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston . Upon returning to Lexington , Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy , a future duke of Northumberland known as Earl Percy . The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown . The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston , starting the Siege of Boston . Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his `` Concord Hymn '' as the `` shot heard round the world '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British government preparations 1.2 American preparations 1.3 Militia forces assemble 1.4 British forces advance 2 The Battles 2.1 Lexington 2.1. 1 First shot 2.2 Concord 2.2. 1 The search for militia supplies 2.2. 2 The North Bridge 2.2. 3 After the fight 2.3 Return march 2.3. 1 Concord to Lexington 2.3. 2 Percy 's rescue 2.3. 3 Lexington to Menotomy 2.3. 4 Menotomy to Charlestown 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Commemorations 5.1 Centennial commemoration 5.2 Sesquicentennial commemoration 5.3 Bicentennial commemoration 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background Further information : Boston campaign Thomas Gage The British Army 's infantry was nicknamed `` redcoats '' and sometimes `` devils '' by the colonists . They had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts , which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance . General Thomas Gage was the military governor of Massachusetts and commander - in - chief of the roughly 3,000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston . He had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston , however , where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro-British Tory minority . Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small , secret , and rapid strikes . This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several Patriot successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms . Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as governor of the colony and as general of an occupying force . Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament , `` An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery . '' The colonists had been forming militias since the very beginnings of Colonial settlement for the purpose of defense against Indian attacks . These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars . Under the laws of each New England colony , all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ) , and to ensure that the members were properly armed . The Massachusetts militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government , but militia companies throughout New England elected their own officers . Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act , and these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain . British government preparations A February 1775 address to King George III , by both houses of Parliament , declared that a state of rebellion existed : We ... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects , in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay , have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature , that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see , with the utmost concern , that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies , to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow - subjects , resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions ... We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament . On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers . Francis Smith , commander of the military expedition , in a 1763 portrait On the morning of April 18 , Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback . This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past , staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of Samuel Adams and John Hancock . This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness . The Lexington militia in particular began to muster early that evening , hours before receiving any word from Boston . A well - known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer , Josiah Nelson , mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them , `` Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out ? '' upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword . However , the story of this incident was not published until over a century later , which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth . Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway . He was to proceed from Boston `` with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord , where you will seize and destroy ... all Military stores ... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property . '' Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders , as he feared doing so might spark an uprising . American preparations Margaret Kemble Gage may have given military intelligence to the rebels . On March 30 , 1775 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress issued the following resolution : Whenever the army under command of General Gage , or any part thereof to the number of five hundred , shall march out of the town of Boston , with artillery and baggage , it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament , the attempting of which , by the resolve of the late honourable Continental Congress , ought to be opposed ; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled , and an army of observation immediately formed , to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self - preservation . The rebellion 's leaders -- with the exception of Paul Revere and Joseph Warren -- had all left Boston by April 8 . They had received word of Dartmouth 's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself . Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to the home of one of Hancock 's relatives in Lexington , where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest . The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons , powder , and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester . An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated . After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30 , The Pennsylvania Journal , a newspaper in Philadelphia , reported , `` It was supposed they were going to Concord , where the Provincial Congress is now sitting . A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there ... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon . '' On April 18 , Paul Revere began the `` midnight ride '' to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition . The ride was finished by Samuel Prescott . Upon hearing Prescott 's news , the townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby . The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition , despite Gage 's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission . There is reasonable speculation , although not proven , that the confidential source of this intelligence was Margaret Gage , General Gage 's New Jersey - born wife , who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren . Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18 , 1775 , Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord . Warren 's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars ' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock . They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord , since the supplies at Concord were safe , but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night . Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns . Militia forces assemble Further information : Minutemen Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington . Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston 's Old North Church . He then traveled the northern water route , crossing the mouth of the Charles River by rowboat , slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor . Crossings were banned at that hour , but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington , warning almost every house along the route . Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown . Silversmith Paul Revere and several other messengers on horseback sounded the alarm that the regulars were leaving Boston . After they arrived in Lexington , Revere , Dawes , Hancock , and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there . They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target . The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns , and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by Samuel Prescott . In Lincoln , they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell . Revere was captured , Dawes was thrown from his horse , and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord . Additional riders were sent out from Concord . The ride of Revere , Dawes , and Prescott triggered a flexible system of `` alarm and muster '' that had been carefully developed months before , in reaction to the colonists ' impotent response to the Powder Alarm . This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency . The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony , before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War . In addition to other express riders delivering messages , bells , drums , alarm guns , bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town , notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston . This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Boston were aware of the army 's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge . These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day . Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety , first to what is now Burlington and later to Billerica . A National Park Service map showing the routes of the initial Patriot messengers and of the British expedition British forces advance Around dusk , General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House . He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived , ordering him to take action against the colonials . He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments , Lieutenant Colonel Smith , would command , with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer . The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm , after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common . According to one account , the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town . When Percy questioned one man further , the man replied , `` Well , the regulars will miss their aim . '' `` What aim ? '' asked Percy . `` Why , the cannon at Concord '' was the reply . Upon hearing this , Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage . Stunned , Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston , but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving . 1775 map of the battles and of the Siege of Boston The British regulars , around 700 infantry , were drawn from 11 of Gage 's 13 occupying infantry regiments . Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite light infantry companies , and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 grenadier companies , under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith . Of the troops assigned to the expedition , 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the 4th ( King 's Own ) , 5th , 10th , 18th ( Royal Irish ) , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot , and the 1st Battalion of His Majesty 's Marine Forces . Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 light infantry from the 4th , 5th , 10th , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd , and 59th Regiments , and the 1st Battalion of the Marines . Each company had its own lieutenant , but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute , drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston . This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle . The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water 's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm . Colonel Smith was late in arriving , and there was no organized boat - loading operation , resulting in confusion at the staging area . The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down . When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge , it was into waist - deep water at midnight . After a lengthy halt to unload their gear , the regulars began their 17 miles ( 27 km ) march to Concord at about 2 am . During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition , cold salt pork , and hard sea biscuits . They did not carry knapsacks , since they would not be encamped . They carried their haversacks ( food bags ) , canteens , muskets , and accoutrements , and marched off in wet , muddy shoes and soggy uniforms . As they marched through Menotomy , sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise . At about 3 am , Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord . At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements . The Battles Lexington BEP engraved vignette Battle of Lexington which appeared on the $20 National Bank Note Battle of Lexington , April 19 , 1775 , New York Public Library Though often styled a battle , in reality the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish . As the regulars ' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19 , 1775 , about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them , and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road . Their leader was Captain John Parker , a veteran of the French and Indian War , who was suffering from tuberculosis and was at times difficult to hear . Of the militiamen who lined up , nine had the surname Harrington , seven Munroe ( including the company 's orderly sergeant , William Munroe ) , four Parker , three Tidd , three Locke , and three Reed ; fully one quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way . This group of militiamen was part of Lexington 's `` training band '' , a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans , and not what was styled a minuteman company . After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops ( and wondering if Paul Revere 's warning was true ) , at about 4 : 15 a.m. , Parker got his confirmation . Thaddeus Bowman , the last scout that Parker had sent out , rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming , but coming in force and they were close . Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose . He knew that most of the colonists ' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden . No war had been declared . ( The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future . ) He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts , found nothing , and marched back to Boston . Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again . The Regulars would march to Concord , find nothing , and return to Boston , tired but empty - handed . He positioned his company carefully . He placed them in parade - ground formation , on Lexington Common . They were in plain sight ( not hiding behind walls ) , but not blocking the road to Concord . They made a show of political and military determination , but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars . Many years later , one of the participants recalled Parker 's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle : `` Stand your ground ; do n't fire unless fired upon , but if they mean to have a war , let it begin here . '' According to Parker 's sworn deposition taken after the battle : I ... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do , and concluded not to be discovered , nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops ( if they should approach ) unless they should insult or molest us ; and , upon their sudden Approach , I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse , and not to fire : -- Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously , fired upon , and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us . -- John Parker Rather than turn left towards Concord , Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair , at the head of the advance guard , decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself , in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia . Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them . The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston . First shot A British officer ( probably Pitcairn , but accounts are uncertain , as it may also have been Lieutenant William Sutherland ) then rode forward , waving his sword , and called out for the assembled militia to disperse , and may also have ordered them to `` lay down your arms , you damned rebels ! '' Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home , but , because of the confusion , the yelling all around , and due to the raspiness of Parker 's tubercular voice , some did not hear him , some left very slowly , and none laid down their arms . Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire , but a shot was fired from an unknown source . The first of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 . Doolittle visited the battle sites and interviewed soldiers and witnesses . Contains controversial elements , possibly inaccuracies . Fire from the militia may have occurred but is not depicted . ( A ) t 5 o'clock we arrived ( in Lexington ) , and saw a number of people , I believe between 200 and 300 , formed in a common in the middle of town ; we still continued advancing , keeping prepared against an attack though without intending to attack them ; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots , upon which our men without any orders , rushed upon them , fired and put them to flight ; several of them were killed , we could not tell how many , because they were behind walls and into the woods . We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded , nobody else was hurt . We then formed on the Common , but with some difficulty , the men were so wild they could hear no orders ; we waited a considerable time there , and at length proceeded our way to Concord . -- Lieutenant John Barker , 4th Regiment of Foot According to one member of Parker 's militia , none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops . The British did suffer one casualty , a slight wound , the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe . Munroe stated that : After the first fire of the regulars , I thought , and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left , that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing , Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder , for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now , said he , to use his own words , ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun . ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces . Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern . Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first . Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other . Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall , but this has been discredited . Some witnesses ( on each side ) claimed that someone on the other side fired first ; however , many more witnesses claimed to not know . Yet another theory is that the first shot was one fired by the British , that killed Asahel Porter , their prisoner who was running away ( he had been told to walk away and he would be let go , though he panicked and began to run ) . Historian David Hackett Fischer has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near - simultaneous shots . Historian Mark Urban claims the British surged forward with bayonets ready in an undisciplined way , provoking a few scattered shots from the militia . In response the British troops , without orders , fired a devastating volley . This lack of discipline among the British troops had a key role in the escalation of violence . Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so . A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball , but when they realized the truth , few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire . The rest ran for their lives . We Nathaniel Mulliken , Philip Russell , ( and 32 other men ... ) do testify and declare , that on the nineteenth in the morning , being informed that ... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord ... About five o'clock in the morning , hearing our drum beat , we proceeded towards the parade , and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us , some of our company were coming to the parade , and others had reached it , at which time , the company began to disperse , whilst our backs were turned on the troops , we were fired on by them , and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded , not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us , and continued firing until we had all made our escape . The regulars then charged forward with bayonets . Captain Parker 's cousin Jonas was run through . Eight Lexington men were killed , and ten were wounded . The only British casualty was a soldier who was wounded in the thigh . The eight colonists killed were John Brown , Samuel Hadley , Caleb Harrington , Jonathon Harrington , Robert Munroe , Isaac Muzzey , Asahel Porter , and Jonas Parker . Jonathon Harrington , fatally wounded by a British musket ball , managed to crawl back to his home , and died on his own doorstep . One wounded man , Prince Estabrook , was a black slave who was serving in the militia . The companies under Pitcairn 's command got beyond their officers ' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day 's mission . They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes . Colonel Smith , who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars , heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action . He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly . The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter , and once order was restored among the soldiers , the light infantry were permitted to fire a victory volley , after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord . Concord The second of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the British entering Concord In response to the raised alarm , the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord . They received reports of firing at Lexington , and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby , or to stay and defend the town , or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain . A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British , traveling about 1.5 miles ( 2 km ) until they met the approaching column of regulars . As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250 , the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord , preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards ( 457 m ) . The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town , and their officers discussed what to do next . Caution prevailed , and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town , where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town . This step proved fortuitous , as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there . The search for militia supplies When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord , Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage 's orders . The 10th Regiment 's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole , while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons , numbering about 100 , secured the North Bridge , where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies . Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th , 23rd , 38th and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) beyond the North Bridge to search Barrett 's Farm , where intelligence indicated supplies would be found . Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route , and one company from the 43rd remained guarding the bridge itself . These companies , which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie , were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400 - plus militiamen . The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements . Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies , the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies . When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern , by the jail on the South Bridge road , they found the door barred shut , and Jones refused them entry . According to reports provided by local Loyalists , Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property . Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried . These turned out to be three massive pieces , firing 24 - pound shot , that were much too heavy to use defensively , but very effective against fortifications , with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland . The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted . They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse , and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself , local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building . Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond , as were 550 pounds of musket balls . Of the damage done , only that done to the cannon was significant . All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left . During the search , the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals , including paying for food and drink consumed . This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals , who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies . Barrett 's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before , but few weapons remained now , and according to family legend , these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted . The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence . The North bridge The reconstructed North Bridge in Minute Man National Historical Park , Concord Colonel Barrett 's troops , upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages , and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them , decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower , closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge . As the militia advanced , the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men . Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from Acton , Concord , Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in , totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie 's light infantry companies , a force totaling 90 -- 95 men . Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge , and then he called for another consultation . While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill , Barrett , Lt. Col. John Robinson of Westford and the other Captains discussed possible courses of action . Captain Isaac Davis of Acton , whose troops had arrived late , declared his willingness to defend a town not their own by saying , `` I 'm not afraid to go , and I have n't a man that 's afraid to go . '' Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon , and then ordered them to advance . Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it . One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance , but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge . The Minutemen and militia from Concord , Acton and a handful of Westford Minutemen , advanced in column formation , two by two , led by Major Buttrick , Lt. Col. Robinson , then Capt . Davis , on the light infantry , keeping to the road , since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the Concord River . The third of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the engagement at the North Bridge Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision . Since his summons for help had not produced any results , he ordered his men to form positions for `` street firing '' behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river . This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city , but not for an open path behind a bridge . Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street - firing position of the other troops . Lieutenant Sutherland , who was in the rear of the formation , saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out . But as he was from a company different from the men under his command , only three soldiers obeyed him . The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer . A shot rang out . It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked , exhausted British soldier from the 43rd , according to Captain Laurie 's report to his commander after the fight . Two other regulars then fired immediately after that , shots splashing in the river , and then the narrow group up front , possibly thinking the order to fire had been given , fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them . Two of the Acton Minutemen , Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis , who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge , were hit and killed instantly . Rev. Dr. Ripley recalled : The Americans commenced their march in double file ... In a minute or two , the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge , a single gun was fired by a British soldier , which marked the way , passing under Col. Robinson 's arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard , a fifer , in the Acton Company . Four more men were wounded . Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia , `` Fire , for God 's sake , fellow soldiers , fire ! '' At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge , and were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart . The few front rows of colonists , bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire , managed to fire over each other 's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge . Four of the eight British officers and sergeants , who were leading from the front of their troops , were wounded by the volley of musket fire . At least three privates ( Thomas Smith , Patrick Gray , and James Hall , all from the 4th ) were killed or mortally wounded , and nine were wounded . In 1824 , Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote : I was an eyewitness to the following facts . The people of Westford and Acton , some few of Concord , were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge . The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge ; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington , we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord ; it was proposed to advance to the bridge ; on this Colonel Robinson , of Westford , together with Major Buttrick , took the lead ; strict orders were given not to fire , unless the British fired first ; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun , a second , a third , and then the whole body ; they killed Colonel Davis , of Acton , and a Mr. Hosmer . Our people then fired over one another 's heads , being in a long column , two and two ; they killed two and wounded eleven . Lieutenant Hawkstone , said to be the greatest beauty of the British army , had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much , of which he bitterly complained . On this , the British fled , and assembled on the hill , the north side of Concord , and dressed their wounded , and then began their retreat . As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued ; Colonel Bridge , with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford , came up , and killed several men . The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered . Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy , with their spirit broken , and likely not having experienced combat before , they abandoned their wounded , and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center , isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett 's Farm . After the fight Statue memorializing the battle at the North Bridge , inscribed with verse from Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' The colonists were stunned by their success . No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other . Some advanced ; many more retreated ; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families . Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control . He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards ( 274 m ) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall . Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie . He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself . As these troops marched , they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them . Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's , since their route to town was now unprotected . When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall , he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look . One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed , `` If we had fired , I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front , but we had no orders to fire and there was n't a gun fired . '' During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes , a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider . At this point , the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett 's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area . They passed through the now mostly - deserted battlefield , and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge . There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped , which angered and shocked the British soldiers . They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11 : 30 a.m. , under the watchful eyes of the colonists , who continued to maintain defensive positions . The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town , ate lunch , reassembled for marching , and left Concord after noon . This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston . Return march Concord to Lexington A National Park Service map showing the retreat from Concord and Percy 's rescue Lieutenant Colonel Smith , concerned about the safety of his men , sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord . This ridge ended near Meriam 's Corner , a crossroads about a mile ( 2 km ) outside the village of Concord , where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream . To cross the narrow bridge , the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast . Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point , and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars . The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night : the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston . As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge , the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen , who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range . The colonists returned fire , this time with deadly effect . Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded , with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge . On Brooks Hill ( also known as Hardy 's Hill ) about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) past Meriam 's Corner , nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road , awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below . Smith 's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off , but the colonists did not withdraw , inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill , and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln , at Brooks Tavern , where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road . This statue known as The Lexington Minuteman is commonly believed to depict Captain John Parker . It is by Henry Hudson Kitson and stands at the town green of Lexington , Massachusetts . The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the `` Bloody Angle '' where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly - wooded area . At this place , the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky , lightly - wooded field . Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam 's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road , catching the British in a crossfire , while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack . Some 500 yards ( 460 m ) further along , the road took another sharp curve , this time to the right , and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides . In passing through these two sharp curves , the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded , and four colonial militia were also killed , including Captain Jonathan Wilson of Bedford , Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica , Lt. John Bacon of Natick , and Daniel Thompson of Woburn . The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot , a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain . Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear . As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive , the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men . The road now straightened to the east , with cleared fields and orchards along the sides . Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again , who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties . British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long - range fire from the militiamen , and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition . When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington , it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road , set by Captain John Parker 's Lexington militiamen , including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day . At this point , Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse . Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces . The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east -- `` The Bluff '' and `` Fiske Hill '' -- and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle . In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers , Major Pitcairn 's horse bolted in fright , throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm . Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed , and their men were tired , thirsty , and exhausting their ammunition . A few surrendered or were captured ; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington . In the words of one British officer , `` we began to run rather than retreat in order ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep , but to no purpose , the confusion increased rather than lessened ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets , and told the men if they advanced they should die . Upon this , they began to form up under heavy fire . '' Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approach Lexington Center . He understood the column 's perilous situation : `` There were very few men had any ammunition left , and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out , so that we must soon have laid down our arms , or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure -- nearer to -- and we were not able to keep them off . '' He then heard cheering further ahead . A full brigade , about 1,000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy , had arrived to rescue them . It was about 2 : 30 p.m. , and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o'clock in the morning . Westford Minuteman , Rev. Joseph Thaxter , wrote of his account : We pursued them and killed some ; when they got to Lexington , they were so close pursued and fatigued , that they must have soon surrendered , had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field - pieces . They fired them , but the balls went high over our heads . But no cannon ever did more execution , such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops , that from this time more wont back than pursed . We pursued to Charlestown Common , and then retired to Cambridge . When the army collected at Cambridge , Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men , and John Robinson , his Lieutenant Colonel , were prompt at being at their post . In their accounts afterward , British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls , rather than confronting them in large , linear formations in the style of European warfare . This image of the individual colonial farmer , musket in hand and fighting under his own command , has also been fostered in American myth : `` Chasing the red - coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road , / And only pausing to fire and load . '' To the contrary , beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat , the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies , even when dispersed to take advantage of cover . Reflecting on the British experience that day , Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics : During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance & resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself much mistaken . They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about , having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians , & this country being much covered with wood , and hilly , is very advantageous for their method of fighting . Percy 's rescue The fourth of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , showing Percy 's rescue in Lexington General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition might require reinforcement , so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 a.m. But in his obsession for secrecy , Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade , whose servant then left the envelope on a table . Also at about 4 a.m. , the British column was within three miles of Lexington , and Lt. Col. Smith now had clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside . So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements . At about 5 a.m. , the rider reached Boston , and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble : the line infantry companies of the 4th , 23rd , and 47th Regiments , and a battalion of Royal Marines , under the command of Earl Percy . Unfortunately for the British , once again only one copy of the orders were sent to each commander , and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn , who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith 's column at that hour . After these delays , Percy 's brigade , about 1,000 strong , left Boston at about 8 : 45 a.m. , headed toward Lexington . Along the way , the story is told , they marched to the tune of `` Yankee Doodle '' to taunt the inhabitants of the area . By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later , the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces . Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge , which some quick - thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British . His men then came upon an absent - minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington . The Harvard man , apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him , showed him the proper road without thinking . ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy . ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town . Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them . Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range , dispersing the colonial militiamen. Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines . Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance , Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them , thinking the extra wagons would slow him down . Each man in Percy 's brigade had only 36 rounds , and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side - boxes . After Percy had left the city , Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow . This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older , veteran militiamen still on the `` alarm list , '' who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age . These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons , but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on . The old men opened fire , shot the lead horses , killed two sergeants , and wounded the officer . The British survivors ran , and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered . Lexington to Menotomy Percy 's return to Charlestown ( detail from 1775 map of the battle ) Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1,700 men and let them rest , eat , drink , and have their wounds tended at field headquarters ( Munroe Tavern ) before resuming the march . They set out from Lexington at about 3 : 30 p.m. , in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column . Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia . Percy 's men were often surrounded , but they had the tactical advantage of interior lines . Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed , while the colonial militia were required to move around the outside of his formation . Percy placed Smith 's men in the middle of the column , while the 23rd Regiment 's line companies made up the column 's rear guard . Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking , Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so , to allow some of his troops to rest briefly . Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road , and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead . During the respite at Lexington , Brigadier General William Heath arrived and took command of the militia . Earlier in the day , he had traveled first to Watertown to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren , who had left Boston that morning , and other members of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety . Heath and Warren reacted to Percy 's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire . Instead , they surrounded Percy 's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk . A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount , fire muskets at the approaching regulars , then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic . Unmounted militia would often fire from long range , in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving , since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards ( 46 m ) . Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column . When it moved out of range , those units would move around and forward to re-engage the column further down the road . Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units , directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars . Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia . Heath and Warren did lead skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves , but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics . Percy wrote of the colonial tactics , `` The rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance and resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself very much mistaken . '' The Jason Russell House in Arlington The fighting grew more intense as Percy 's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy . Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance , and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property . Some homes were also used as sniper positions , turning the situation into a soldier 's nightmare : house - to - house fighting . Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying , `` An Englishman 's home is his castle . '' He stayed and was killed in his doorway . His friends , depending on which account is to be believed , either hid in the cellar , or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in . The Jason Russell House still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight . A militia unit that attempted an ambush from Russell 's orchard was caught by flankers , and eleven men were killed , some allegedly after they had surrendered . Percy lost control of his men , and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant , often unseen enemy . Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command , Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls , trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column . He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places . Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted , enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings . For example , two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day 's events . Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value ( and to get financial compensation from the colonial government ) , it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops , who in some cases became drunk themselves . One church 's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston . Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead . ( He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98 . ) All told , far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day . The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there , and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded , with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties . Each was about half the day 's fatalities . Menotomy to Charlestown The British troops crossed the Menotomy River ( today known as Alewife Brook ) into Cambridge , and the fight grew more intense . Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation , and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called Watson 's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them . Earlier in the day , Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled . Percy 's brigade was about to approach the broken - down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track ( now Beech Street , near present - day Porter Square ) and onto the road to Charlestown . The militia ( now numbering about 4,000 ) were unprepared for this movement , and the circle of fire was broken . An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill ( in modern - day Somerville ) , which dominated the road , but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition . A large militia force arrived from Salem and Marblehead . They might have cut off Percy 's route to Charlestown , but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape . Some accused the commander of this force , Colonel Timothy Pickering , of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars . Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath 's orders , but Heath denied this . It was nearly dark when Pitcairn 's Marines defended a final attack on Percy 's rear as they entered Charlestown . The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown . Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles ( 64 km ) in 21 hours , eight hours of which had been spent under fire . But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS Somerset . Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments -- the 10th and 64th -- to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications . Although they were begun , the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill . General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge . Aftermath The Siege of Boston 1775 -- 1776 In the morning , Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army , numbering over 15,000 , which had marched from throughout New England . Unlike the Powder Alarm , the rumors of spilled blood were true , and the Revolutionary War had begun . Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward , who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath , they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea , around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown , to Roxbury , effectively surrounding Boston on three sides . In the days immediately following , the size of the colonial forces grew , as militias from New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut arrived on the scene . The Second Continental Congress adopted these men into the beginnings of the Continental Army . Even now , after open warfare had started , Gage still refused to impose martial law in Boston . He persuaded the town 's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town . The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties . However , in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms , the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent , and because few weapons were actually seized . The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion . Within four days of the battle , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners . When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London , the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions , signed by over 100 participants in the events , on a faster ship . The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage 's report arrived . Gage 's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone 's opinion . George Germain , no friend of the colonists , wrote , `` the Bostonians are in the right to make the King 's troops the aggressors and claim a victory . '' Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions . The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord . The day after the battle , John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields . He became convinced that `` the Die was cast , the Rubicon crossed . '' Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as `` a kind of law - suit '' , but after news of the battle reached him , he `` rejected the hardened , sullen - tempered Pharaoh of England forever . '' George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend , `` the once - happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves . Sad alternative ! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice ? '' A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June . It eventually became the city of Lexington , Kentucky . Legacy Gravemarkers along Battle Road in Lexington are maintained with Britain 's 1775 version of the Union Flag . It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war . The history of Patriot preparations , intelligence , warning signals , and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades . The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge , hors de combat , struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet , the purported `` scalping '' , was strongly suppressed . Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants ( this notably happened to Paul Revere ) . Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter . The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century . For example , older participants ' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775 . All now said the British fired first at Lexington , whereas fifty or so years before , they were n't sure . All now said they fired back , but in 1775 , they said few were able to . The `` Battle '' took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness . Legend became more important than truth . A complete shift occurred , and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause , rather than as suffering innocents . Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance . Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 `` Concord Hymn '' . The `` Concord Hymn '' became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution , and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution , helping to forge the identity of the nation . After 1860 , several generations of schoolchildren memorized Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . Historically it is inaccurate ( for example , Paul Revere never made it to Concord ) , but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history . By the rude bridge that arched the flood Their flag to April 's breeze unfurled Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world . -- First verse of Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' In the 20th century , popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day , often reflecting the political mood of the time . Isolationist anti-war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia . Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle . During World War I , a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain . During the Cold War , Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol , but also as a capitalist one . In 1961 , novelist Howard Fast published April Morning , an account of the battle from a fictional 15 - year - old 's perspective , and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools . A film version was produced for television in 1987 , starring Chad Lowe and Tommy Lee Jones . In the 1990s , parallels were drawn between American tactics in the Vietnam War and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord . The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the Lexington Battle Green , has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is a National Historic Landmark . Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there . The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord , as well as approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam 's Corner and western Lexington are part of Minuteman National Historical Park . There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road , and the Park Service often has personnel ( usually dressed in period dress ) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day . A bronze bas relief of Major Buttrick , designed by Daniel Chester French and executed by Edmond Thomas Quinn in 1915 , is in the park , along with French 's Minute Man statue. The Civil War Trust , its members and partners have saved one acre of the battlefield at the site of Parker 's Revenge through the organization 's `` Campaign 1776 '' project to acquire and preserve battleground land of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 . Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units ( 181st Infantry , 182nd Infantry , 101st Engineer Battalion , and 125th Quartermaster Company ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots . Several ships of the United States Navy , including two World War II aircraft carriers , were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington . Commemorations Daniel Chester French 's Minute Man Patriots ' Day is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts , Maine , and by the Wisconsin public schools , on the third Monday in April . Re-enactments of Paul Revere 's ride are staged , as are the battle on the Lexington Green , and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge . Centennial commemoration On April 19 , 1875 , President Ulysses S. Grant and members of his cabinet joined 50,000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles . The sculpture by Daniel Chester French , The Minute Man , located at the North Bridge , was unveiled on that day . A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord . Sesquicentennial commemoration In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord . The Lexington -- Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America 's War of Independence . The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington , D.C. and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story : Lexington , Concord , Boston , Cambridge , and Concord Junction ( as West Concord was then known ) . This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles . Washington at Cambridge Shot heard round the World Birth of Liberty , by Henry Sandham The Minute Man by Daniel Chester French Issues of 1925 Bicentennial commemoration 1970 Franklin Mint medallion commemorating Lexington and Concord 1775 The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government , the military , the diplomatic corps , the arts , sciences , and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles . On April 19 , 1975 , as a crowd estimated at 110,000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord , President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge , which was televised to the nation . Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the Declaration of Independence flourished in our land . These principles , when enunciated 200 years ago , were a dream , not a reality . Today , they are real . Equality has matured in America . Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred . There is no government in our land without consent of the governed . Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics . It is these principles , freely taken and freely shared , that have revolutionized the world . The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago , ' the shot heard round the world ' , still echoes today on this anniversary . -- President Gerald R. Ford President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham , the British Ambassador to the United States , laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle . A citizen of Acton and Members of the Acton Fife and Drum Corps march to Concord on the Isaac Davis Trail during the 2016 annual Patriots ' Day celebration . See also American Revolutionary War portal Philadelphia portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes ^ Jump up to : The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate . Coburn , p. 165 -- 67 , identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter , but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress . Fischer , pp. 400 , 183 , cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia , but notes that Sylvanus Wood , in an account taken 50 years later , recalled only counting 38 militia . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 29 , estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge . Coburn , pp. 80 -- 81 , counts about 300 specifically , plus several uncounted companies . Jump up ^ The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain . Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown , but some also dropped out and returned home . Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day , listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all . But there are no tallies for six of these companies , and some units known to be present during the day ( such as the Lincoln militia company ) are not included at all . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 6 . This is the total size of Smith 's force . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 64 . This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 77 and other sources indicate `` three companies '' . Chidsey , p. 28 gives a company size `` nominally of 28 '' . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 114 gives the size of Percy 's force at 1,000 . This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength , less casualties . ^ Jump up to : Chidsey , p. 47 , cites all casualty figures except missing - in - action . Coburn , pp. 156 -- 59 , cites by town and name the American losses , and by company the British losses , including missing - in - action ( from Gage 's report ) . Chidsey , Coburn , and Fischer disagree on some American counts : Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded , Coburn says 42 . Fischer , pp. 320 -- 21 , also records 50 American killed - in - action , in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn 's 49 . Jump up ^ French , pp. 2 , 272 - 273 . A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10 , 1774 in what is now West Virginia was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War , and a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such . However , few historians subscribe to this interpretation , even in West Virginia. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Emerson 's Concord Hymn Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 30 Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , A People 's Army , and John Shy , `` A New Look at Colonial Militias , '' pp. 29 -- 41 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 51 Jump up ^ Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 , February 6 , 1775 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ French , pp. 23 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 89 Jump up ^ Hafner discusses this incident in detail , noting how the story can be reconciled with other established facts . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 85 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 51 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 71 -- 72 ( colonists have intelligence in late March ) & p. 87 ( Gage receives instructions April 16 ) Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 70 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 80 -- 85 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 96 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 , and Paul Revere , Deposition , April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 97 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 . Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Deposition of April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 138 -- 145 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 60 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 70 , 121 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 109 -- 115 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 400 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 153 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tourtellot , A pp. 116 - 126 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 43 , 75 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Galvin , pp. 120 - 124 . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Isaiah Thomas deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 123 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Deposition of Elijah Sanderson , April 25 , 1775 : `` I heard one of the Regulars , whom I took to be an officer , say ' damn them , we will have them ; ' and immediately the Regulars shouted aloud , run , and fired on the Lexington Company , which did not fire a gun before the Regulars discharged on them . '' Deposition of Thomas Price Willard , April 23 , 1775 : `` Directly after this an officer rode before the Regulars to the other side of the body , and hallooed after the militia of said Lexington , and said ' Lay down your arms , damn you ; why do n't you lay down your arms ? ' '' Deposition of John Robbins , April 25 , 1775 : `` ... I being in the front rank , there suddenly appeared a number of the King 's troops ... at a distance of about sixty or seventy yards from us , huzzaing and on a quick pace toward us , with three officers in their front on horseback , and on full gallop towards us ; the foremost of which cried , ' Throw down you arms , ye villains , ye rebels ; ' upon which said ( Lexington ) Company dispersing , the foremost of the three officers ordered their men , saying ' Fire , by God , fire ; ' at which moment we received a very heavy and close fire from them ; '' Journals of the Continental Congress , May 11 , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 190 -- 191 Jump up ^ John Barker 's Diary , p. 32 Jump up ^ Chronology06 . Motherbedford.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 193 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 402 Jump up ^ Fischer discusses the shot on pp. 193 -- 194 , with detailed footnotes on pp. 399 -- 403 , in which he discusses some of the testimony in detail . Jump up ^ Urban , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Benjamin Quarles , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 152 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 154 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 67 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 215 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 207 Jump up ^ Martha Moulton deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 155 -- 158 . In his orders to Lt. Col. Smith for the expedition , General Gage had explicitly instructed that `` you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants , or hurt private property . '' Jump up ^ French , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 208 Jump up ^ Robinson arrived earlier with several Westford Minutemen after he was alerted by rider at his home in Westford - David Hackett Fischer , Paul Revere 's Ride , Oxford , page 146 . George E. Downey , A History of the First Parish of Westford , Town of Westford , 1975 , page 27 . Allen French , Historic Concord , Cambria , 1942 , pages 66 and 68 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 209 Jump up ^ A. Doolittle print of the Battle indicates this after interviews with eyewtiness accounts one month after the Battle Jump up ^ Rev. Joseph Thaxter from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264. , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ( Letter by Minuteman at the Battle ) , Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 209 -- 212 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 212 Jump up ^ French , General Gage 's Informers , p. 97 . Laurie reported , `` I imagine myself that a man of my Company ( afterwards killed ) did first fire his piece , tho ' Mr. ( Lt . ) Sutherland has since assured me that the Country people fired first . '' Jump up ^ Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 , French , Allen . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown , 1925 . ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Rev. Joseph Thaxter Letter and news article from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264 ( Rev. Thaxter served as a Minuteman under Lt. Col. Robinson on the Concord Bridge , April 19 , 1775 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 214 -- 215 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 216 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 166 -- 168 Jump up ^ Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn , pp. 7 - 35 . However , as Coburn notes , these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present , because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives . Jump up ^ Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth - bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80 - 100 yards ( 75 - 90 m ) , although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance , if it happened by chance to hit a person . There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer - range , more accurate rifles . Dr. Benjamin Church , a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety , informed General Gage in March , 1775 , that the colonial militiamen `` from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods . '' Even if Church meant yards rather than rods ( 600 feet versus 3300 feet ) , it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket , was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage ( as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy ) , or was ridiculing the American militiamen . See Philbrick , p. 92 , and French , p. 57 - 58 . On whether Church was a spy , see French , Chapter V . Jump up ^ French , p. 219 , and Lister , Concord Fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 408 -- 409 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point , and the number of militiamen . Jump up ^ Fischer notes on p. 409 , `` This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle , an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic . It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service . '' The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission , submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park , asserted that : `` Fittingly , this curving section of the road was soon to be named ' The Bloody Angle . ' '' ( p. 47 ; emphasis added ) . However , there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19 , 1775 , nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century . See Boston National Historic Sites Commission , The Lexington - Concord Battle Road : Interim Report , June 16 , 1958 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . According to one British officer , ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of `` too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war . Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action , and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing . This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence , as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much ( firing ) , they suffered but little from it . '' Lt. Frederick Mackenzie , 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers , Diary of Frederick Mackenzie , in Allen French , editor , A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston , Cambridge , 1926 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 410 -- 411 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush -- now sometimes referred to as `` Parker 's Revenge '' -- took place , whether within Lincoln or Lexington . Jump up ^ Coburn , pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Ensign Henry De Berniere , `` Report to General Gage on April 19 , 1775 , '' quoted in Fischer , pp. 231 - 232 Jump up ^ Lt. John Barker , The King 's Own Regiment , `` Diary of a British Soldier , '' Atlantic Monthly , April 1877 , vol. 39 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . Jump up ^ A remark in Lt. Col. Smith 's report to General Gage , dated April 22 , 1775 , is typical : `` Notwithstanding the enemy 's numbers , they did not make one gallant attempt during so long an action , though our men were so very fatigued , but ( instead ) kept under cover . '' Henry S. Commager , editor . Documents of American History , New York , 1948 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , ' ' Paul Revere 's Ride , ' ' 1861 . Jump up ^ Lord Percy to General Harvey , April 20 , 1775 , in Charles Knowles Bolton , editor , Letters of Hugh Earl Percy , Boston , 1902 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ French , p. 228 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 178 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 185 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ There are several versions of this story . See French , p. 230 , and Samuel Abbot Smith , pp. 27 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 245 -- 246 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 250 -- 251 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 256 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 258 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 257 Jump up ^ Hurd , p. 181 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 96 Jump up ^ McCullough , p. 35 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 265 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress , pp. 26 - 44 . Images of the original depositions can be found at http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/ Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 263 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 279 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 280 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 327 - 328 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 329 Jump up ^ Napierkowski Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 331 -- 333 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 336 -- 338 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 340 -- 342 Jump up ^ Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do Jump up ^ `` John Buttrick Memorial '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Civil War Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed Jan. 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company Archived 2012 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Maine Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Wisconsin School Observance Days Jump up ^ Concord Centennial Celebration Report Jump up ^ Scott 's United States Stamp Catalog : First Day Covers Jump up ^ Time Magazine , April 25 , 1974 Jump up ^ New York Times on Ford 's appearance Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project . References Anderson , Fred ( 1984 ) . A People 's Army : Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4576 - 9 . Bradford , Charles H ( 1996 ) . The Battle Road : Expedition to Lexington and Concord . Eastern National . ISBN 1 - 888213 - 01 - 9 . Burke , Edmund ( 1775 ) . Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies , March 22 , 1775 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston : An on - the - scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution . New York : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Coburn , Frank Warren ( 1922 ) . The Battle of April 19 , 1775 : In Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Arlington , Cambridge , Somerville , and Charlestown , Massachusetts : Second Edition Revised and with Additions . The Lexington historical society . OCLC 2494350 . Dana , Elizabeth Ellery ( 1924 ) . The British in Boston : Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King 's Own Regiment from November 15 , 1774 to May 31 , 1776 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . OCLC 3235993 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 2009 ) . America 's Hidden History . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 111819 - 2 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ( 1837 ) . `` Emerson 's Concord Hymn '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ; Curtis , George William ( 1875 ) . Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight , April 19 , 1875 . Town of Concord . OCLC 4363293 . Evelyn , W. Glanville ( 1879 ) . Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn . Oxford : James Parker and Co . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) . Paul Revere 's Ride . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508847 - 6 . This book is extensively footnoted , and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events . Ford , Gerald R. ( April 19 , 1975 ) . `` Remarks at the Old North Bridge , Concord , Massachusetts '' . The American Presidency Project . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . French , Allen ( 1926 ) . A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston . Harvard University Press . French , Allen ( 1925 ) . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . French , Allen ( 1932 ) . General Gage 's Informers . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1903 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill . Little and Brown . OCLC 221368703 . Galvin , Gen. John R . The Minute Men : The First Fight : Myths & Realities of the American Revolution , Pergamon - Brassey 's , Washington , D.C. , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 036733 - X . This book provides a military perspective on the battle and its leaders . Hafner , Donald L. ( 2006 ) . `` The First Blood Shed in the Revolution '' . Boston College . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31 . Hurd , Duane Hamilton ( 1890 ) . History of Middlesex County , Massachusetts , Volume 1 : With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men . J.W. Lewis & co . OCLC 2155461 . Journals of the Continental Congress , Vol. II , May 10 - September 20 , 1775 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . 1905 . Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 . 1775 . Kifner , John ( 20 April 1975 ) . `` 160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles ; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford '' . The New York Times . Lister , Jeremy ( 1931 ) . Concord fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April , 1775 , and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . Massachusetts Provincial Congress ( 1775 ) . A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King 's Troops . Worcester : Isaiah Thomas . Moore , Frank ( 1876 ) . The Diary of the Revolution : A Centennial Volume . Hartford , CT : J.B. Burr Publishing . Morrissey , Brendan ( 1995 ) . Boston 1775 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 362 - 1 . Moulton , Martha . `` Martha Moulton 's testimony and reward , 4 Feb 1776 '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Napierkowski , Marie Rose ; Ruby , Mary K ( 1998 ) . Poetry for Students : Presenting Analysis , Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Poetry . Gale Research . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 2724 - 9 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2013 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02544 - 2 . Quarles , Benjamin ( 1996 ) . The Negro in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4603 - 1 . Raphael , Ray and Marie Raphael ( 2015 ) . The Spirit of ' 74 : How the American Revolution Began . New York : New Press . Revere , Paul ( 1798 ) . Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January , 1798 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Revere , Paul ( 1775 ) . Deposition of April 1775 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Shy , John ( 1990 ) . A People Numerous & Armed . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06431 - 1 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Smith , Samuel Abbot ( 1874 ) . West Cambridge 1775 . Arlington , MA : Arlington Historical Society . Tourtellot , Arthur B ( 1959 ) . Lexington and Concord . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00194 - 6 . Urban , Mark ( 2007 ) . Fusiliers : Eight Years with the Red Coats in America . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22486 - 9 . OCLC 153556036 . `` Maine Legal Holidays '' . Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual . Maine Bureau of Human Resources . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Massachusetts Legal Holidays '' . Citizen Information Service . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Minute Man NHP Things To Do '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . `` NPS Museum Collections `` American Revolutionary War '' : Riflemen `` . Valley Forge National Historical Park . National Park Service Museum Collections . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 . `` Time Magazine , April 25 , 1975 '' . Time Magazine . 1975 - 04 - 25 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . `` Wisconsin Public School Observance Days '' . Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction . Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battles of Lexington and Concord . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Lexington and Concord . National Park Service site for Minute Man National Historical Park Buckman Tavern - Lexington Historical Society Why We Remember Lexington and Concord and the 19th of April Rescued cannon returns to Concord Battles of Lexington and Concord Articles about the Concord Fight in Concord Magazine Animated History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord Concord Massachusetts Merriam 's Corner `` Colonial towns , by the numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Facts and figures on Acton , Bedford , Concord and Lexington of the period , including the rosters of the towns ' Minute Men and Militia Statements of American combatants at Lexington and Concord contained in supplement `` Official Papers Concerning the Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord '' to The Military Journals of Private Soldiers , 1758 - 1775 , by Abraham Tomlinson for the Poughkeepsie , NY museum , 1855 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&oldid=832883084 '' Categories : 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Massachusetts in the American Revolution Concord , Massachusetts Lexington , Massachusetts Arlington , Massachusetts Lincoln , Massachusetts Cambridge , Massachusetts 1775 in Massachusetts Military history of New England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 14 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did battle of lexington and concord end	[ "The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.[9] The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America." ]	[ "April 19, 1775" ]
-6849332513794635977	Hieratic	Hieratic - Wikipedia Hieratic Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers . In particular , The term is very broad and can incorporate many different types , including `` cursive hieroglyphs '' . Please help us clarify the article . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hieratic Type Abjad with logographic elements Languages Egyptian language Time period Protodynastic Period -- 3rd century AD Parent systems Egyptian hieroglyphs Hieratic Child systems Demotic → Coptic → Meroitic Byblos syllabary Sister systems Cursive hieroglyphs Direction Right - to - left ISO 15924 Egyh , 060 Unicode range U + 13000 -- U + 1342F ( unified with Egyptian hieroglyphs ) This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Hieratic ( English : / haɪərˈrætɪk / ; Ancient Greek : ἱερατικά , translit . hieratika , lit . ' priestly ' ) is a cursive writing system used in the provenance of the pharaohs in Egypt . It developed alongside cursive hieroglyphs , to which it is distinctly related . It was primarily written in ink with a reed brush on papyrus , allowing scribes to write quickly without resorting to the time - consuming hieroglyphs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Development 3 Uses and materials 4 Characteristics 5 Influence 6 Unicode 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) In the 2nd century AD , the term hieratic was first used by Clement of Alexandria . It derives from the Greek phrase γράμματα ἱερατικά ( grammata hieratika ; literally `` priestly writing '' ) , as at that time , hieratic was used only for religious texts , as had been the case for the previous eight and a half centuries . Hieratic can also be an adjective meaning `` ( o ) f or associated with sacred persons or offices ; sacerdotal . '' Development ( edit ) In the Proto - Dynastic Period of Egypt , hieratic first appeared and developed alongside the more formal hieroglyphic script . It is an error to view hieratic as a derivative of hieroglyphic writing . Indeed , the earliest texts from Egypt are produced with ink and brush , with no indication their signs are descendants of hieroglyphs . True monumental hieroglyphs carved in stone did not appear until the 1st Dynasty , well after hieratic had been established as a scribal practice . The two writing systems , therefore , are related , parallel developments , rather than a single linear one . Hieratic was used throughout the pharaonic period and into the Graeco - Roman Period . Around 660 BC , the Demotic script ( and later Greek ) replaced hieratic in most secular writing , but hieratic continued to be used by the priestly class for several more centuries , at least into the 3rd century AD . Uses and materials ( edit ) One of four official letters to vizier Khay copied onto fragments of limestone ( an ostracon ) . Through most of its long history , hieratic was used for writing administrative documents , accounts , legal texts , and letters , as well as mathematical , medical , literary , and religious texts . During the Græco - Roman period , when Demotic ( and later Greek ) had become the chief administrative script , hieratic was limited primarily to religious texts . In general , hieratic was much more important than hieroglyphs throughout Egypt 's history , being the script used in daily life . It was also the writing system first taught to students , knowledge of hieroglyphs being limited to a small minority who were given additional training . In fact , it is often possible to detect errors in hieroglyphic texts that came about due to a misunderstanding of an original hieratic text . Most often , hieratic script was written in ink with a reed brush on papyrus , wood , stone or pottery ostraca . Thousands of limestone ostraca have been found at the site of Deir al - Madinah , revealing an intimate picture of the lives of common Egyptian workmen . Besides papyrus , stone , ceramic shards , and wood , there are hieratic texts on leather rolls , though few have survived . There are also hieratic texts written on cloth , especially on linen used in mummification . There are some hieratic texts inscribed on stone , a variety known as lapidary hieratic ; these are particularly common on stelae from the 22nd Dynasty . During the late 6th Dynasty , hieratic was sometimes incised into mud tablets with a stylus , similar to cuneiform . About five hundred of these tablets have been discovered in the governor 's palace at Ayn Asil ( Balat ) , and a single example was discovered from the site of Ayn al - Gazzarin , both in the Dakhla Oasis . At the time the tablets were made , Dakhla was located far from centers of papyrus production . These tablets record inventories , name lists , accounts , and approximately fifty letters . Of the letters , many are internal letters that were circulated within the palace and the local settlement , but others were sent from other villages in the oasis to the governor . Characteristics ( edit ) Exercise tablet with hieratic excerpt from The Instructions of Amenemhat . Dynasty XVIII , reign of Amenhotep I , c. 1514 -- 1493 BC . Text reads : `` Be on your guard against all who are subordinate to you ... Trust no brother , know no friend , make no intimates . '' Hieratic script ( unlike cursive hieroglyphs ) always reads from right to left . Initially , hieratic could be written in either columns or horizontal lines , but after the 12th Dynasty ( specifically during the reign of Amenemhat III ) , horizontal writing became the standard . Hieratic is noted for its cursive nature and use of ligatures for a number of characters . Hieratic script also uses a much more standardized orthography than hieroglyphs ; texts written in the latter often had to take into account extra-textual concerns , such as decorative uses and religious concerns that were not present in , say , a tax receipt . There are also some signs that are unique to hieratic , though Egyptologists have invented equivalent hieroglyphic forms for hieroglyphic transcriptions and typesetting . Several hieratic characters have diacritical additions so that similar signs could easily be distinguished . Particularly complicated signs could be written with a single stroke . Hieratic is often present in any given period in two forms , a highly ligatured , cursive script used for administrative documents , and a broad uncial bookhand used for literary , scientific , and religious texts . These two forms can often be significantly different from one another . Letters , in particular , used very cursive forms for quick writing , often with large numbers of abbreviations for formulaic phrases , similar to shorthand . A highly cursive form of hieratic known as `` Abnormal Hieratic '' was used in the Theban area from the second half of the 20th dynasty until the beginning of the 26th Dynasty . It derives from the script of Upper Egyptian administrative documents and was used primarily for legal texts , land leases , letters , and other texts . This type of writing was superseded by Demotic -- a Lower Egyptian scribal tradition -- during the 26th Dynasty , when Demotic was established as a standard administrative script throughout a re-unified Egypt . Influence ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2008 ) Hieratic has had influence on a number of other writing systems . The most obvious is that on Demotic , its direct descendant . Related to this are the Demotic signs of the Meroitic script and the borrowed Demotic characters used in the Coptic alphabet and Old Nubian . Outside of the Nile Valley , many of the signs used in the Byblos syllabary were apparently borrowed from Old Kingdom hieratic signs . It is also known that early Hebrew used hieratic numerals . Unicode ( edit ) The Unicode standard considers hieratic characters ' font variants of the Egyptian hieroglyphs , and the two scripts have been unified . Hieroglyphs themselves were added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2 . To date , there is no known Unicode font with hieratic . See also ( edit ) Coptic alphabet Egyptian numerals Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goedicke 1988 : vii -- viii . Jump up ^ McGregor , W.B. , Linguistics : An Introduction ( London : Bloomsbury Academic , 2015 ) , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Goedicke 1988 : vii ; Wente 2001 : 2006 . The reference is made in Clement 's Stromata 5 : 4 . Jump up ^ Definition of hieratic , Free Online Dictionary . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Baines 1983 : 583 . Jump up ^ During the Roman period reed pens ( calami ) were also used . Jump up ^ Soukiassian , Wuttman , Pantalacci 2002 . Jump up ^ Posener - Kriéger 1992 ; Pantalacci 1998 . Jump up ^ Scribes and craftsmen : the noble art of writing on clay . Feb 29 , 2012 ; UCL Institute of Archaeology Jump up ^ Parkinson and Quirke 1995 : 20 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 1929 . Jump up ^ Wente 2001 : 210 . See also Malinine ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Hoch 1990 . Jump up ^ Aharoni 1966 ; Goldwasser 1991 . Jump up ^ The Unicode Standard , Version 5.2. 0 , Chapter 14.17 , Egyptian Hieroglyphs ( 1 ) References ( edit ) Aharoni , Yohanan ( 1966 ) . `` The Use of Hieratic Numerals in Hebrew Ostraca and the Shekel Weights '' . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research . 184 ( 184 ) : 13 -- 19 . doi : 10.2307 / 1356200 . JSTOR 1356200 . Baines , John R. ( 1983 ) . `` Literacy and Ancient Egyptian Society '' . Man : A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science . 18 ( new series ) : 572 -- 599 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 09 . Betrò , Maria Carmela ( 1996 ) . Hieroglyphics : The Writings of Ancient Egypt . New York ; Milan : Abbeville Press ( English ) ; Arnoldo Mondadori ( Italian ) . pp. 34 -- 239 . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0232 - 8 . Gardiner , Alan H. ( 1929 ) . `` The Transcription of New Kingdom Hieratic '' . Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 15 ( 1 / 2 ) : 48 -- 55 . doi : 10.2307 / 3854012 . JSTOR 3854012 . Goedicke , Hans ( 1988 ) . Old Hieratic Paleography . Baltimore : Halgo , Inc . Goldwasser , Orly ( 1991 ) . `` An Egyptian Scribe from Lachish and the Hieratic Tradition of the Hebrew Kingdoms '' . Tel Aviv : Journal of the Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. 18 : 248 -- 253 . Janssen , Jacobus Johannes ( 2000 ) . `` Idiosyncrasies in Late Ramesside Hieratic Writing '' . Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 86 : 51 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 3822306 . JSTOR 3822306 . Malinine , Michel ( 1974 ) . `` Choix de textes juridiques en hiératique ' anormal ' et en démotique '' . Textes et langages de l'Égypte pharaonique : Cent cinquante années de recherches 1822 -- 1972 ; Hommage à Jean - François Champollion . Cairo : Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire . pp. 31 -- 35 . Vol. 1 . Hoch , James E. ( 1990 ) . `` The Byblos Syllabary : Bridging the Gap Between Egyptian Hieroglyphs and Semitic Alphabets '' . Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities. 20 : 115 -- 124 . Möller , Georg Christian Julius ( 1927 -- 1936 ) . Hieratische Paläographie : Die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit ( 2nd ed . ) . Leipzig : J.C. Hinrichs'schen Buchhandlungen. 4 vols . Möller , Georg Christian Julius ( ed . ) ( 1927 -- 1935 ) . Hieratische Lesestücke für den akademischen Gebrauch ( 2nd ed . ) . Leipzig : J.C. Hinrichs'schen Buchhandlungen . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) 3 vols . Pantalacci , Laure ( 1998 ) . `` La documentation épistolaire du palais des gouverneurs à Balat -- ʕAyn Asīl '' . Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 98 : 303 -- 315 . Parkinson , Richard B. ; Stephen G.J. Quirke ( 1995 ) . Papyrus . London : British Museum Press . Posener - Kriéger , Paule ( 1992 ) . `` Les tablettes en terre crue de Balat '' . In Élisabeth Lalou ( ed . ) . Les Tablettes à écrire de l'Antiquité à l'époque moderne . Turnhout : Brepols . pp. 41 -- 49 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Soukiassian , Georges ; Michel Wuttmann ; Laure Pantalacci ( 2002 ) . Le palais des gouverneurs de l'époque de Pépy II : Les sanctuaires de ka et leurs dépendances . Cairo : Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire . ISBN 2 - 7247 - 0313 - 8 . Verhoeven , Ursula ( 2001 ) . Untersuchungen zur späthieratischen Buchschrift . Leuven : Uitgeverij Peeters and Departement Oriëntalistiek . Wente , Edward Frank ( 2001 ) . `` Scripts : Hieratic '' . In Donald Redford ( ed . ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford , New York , and Cairo : Oxford University Press and The American University in Cairo Press . pp. 206 -- 210 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Vol. 3 . Wimmer , Stefan Jakob ( 1989 ) . Hieratische Paläographie der nicht - literarischen Ostraka der 19 . und 20 . Dynastie . Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz Verlag . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hieratic . Ancient Egyptian scripts -- hieratic The Hieratic Script Egyptian scripts Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Burial customs Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts ( hide ) Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - Hebrew Proto - Sinaitic Psalter Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic Abugidas Brahmic Northern Asamiya ( Ôxômiya ) Bānglā Bhaikshuki Bhujinmol Brāhmī Devanāgarī Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhī Kaithi Kalinga Khojki Khotanese Khudawadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Limbu Mahajani Meitei Mayek Modi Multani Nāgarī Nandinagari Odia ' Phags - pa Newar Ranjana Sharada Saurashtra Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagari Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tirhuta Tocharian Zanabazar Square Zhang - Zhung Drusha Marchen Marchung Pungs - chen Pungs - chung Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buhid Burmese Chakma Cham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunó'o Javanese Kadamba Kannada Kawi Khmer Kulitan Lanna Lao Leke Lontara Malayalam Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Thaana Mon Old Makassarese Old Sundanese Pallava Pyu Rejang Rencong Sinhala Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Telugu Thai Tigalari Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Visayan Others Boyd 's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Fox I Ge'ez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Jenticha Kayah Li Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Sorang Sompeng Pahawh Hmong Thomas Natural Shorthand Alphabets Linear Abkhaz Adlam Armenian Avestan Avoiuli Bassa Vah Borama Carian Caucasian Albanian Coorgi -- Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook writing Early Cyrillic Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Etruscan Evenki Fox II Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Garay Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek Greco - Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi IPA Kaddare Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Mandaic Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Runic Anglo - Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Sidetic Shavian Somali Tifinagh Vagindra Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms / Pictograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbol Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji IConji Isotype Kaidā Míkmaq Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec Logograms Chinese family of scripts Chinese Characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze Script Seal Script large small bird - worm Hanja Idu Kanji Chữ nôm Zhuang Chinese - influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logo - syllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto - Elamite Yi ( Classical ) Logo - consonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu - Arabic Abjad Attic ( Greek ) Muisca Roman Semi-syllabaries Full Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Redundant Espanca Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Zhuyin fuhao Somacheirograms ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe Notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Cherokee Cypriot Cypro - Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics Iban Japanese Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sogana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian Cuneiform Vai Woleai Yi ( Modern ) Yugtun Braille ⠃ ⠗ ⠁ ⠊ ⠇ ⠇ ⠑ Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scripts French - ordered scripts ( see for more ) Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bharati Devanagari ( Hindi / Marathi / Nepali ) Bengali Punjabi Sinhalese Tamil Urdu etc . Bulgarian Burmese Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese ( Mandarin , mainland ) Czech Dutch Dzongkha ( Bhutanese ) English ( Unified English ) Esperanto Estonian Faroese French Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guarani Hawaiian Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Inuktitut ( reassigned vowels ) Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Mongolian Māori Nigerian Northern Sami Persian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Samoan Scandinavian Slovak South African Spanish Tatar Taiwanese Mandarin ( largely reassigned ) Thai & Lao ( Japanese vowels ) Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Reordered scripts Algerian Braille ( obsolete ) Frequency - based scripts American Braille ( obsolete ) Independent scripts Japanese Korean Two - Cell Chinese Eight - dot scripts Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 ) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 / GS6 ) International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo Persons Louis Braille Charles Barbier Valentin Haüy Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hieratic&oldid=814191646 '' Categories : Scripts with ISO 15924 four - letter codes Ancient Egyptian language Egyptian languages Writing systems Writing systems of Africa Scripts not encoded in Unicode Egyptian inventions Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2014 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles to be expanded from May 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Malti Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 10 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kinds of writings were written in hieratic	[ "Through most of its long history, hieratic was used for writing administrative documents, accounts, legal texts, and letters, as well as mathematical, medical, literary, and religious texts. During the Græco-Roman period, when Demotic (and later Greek) had become the chief administrative script, hieratic was limited primarily to religious texts. In general, hieratic was much more important than hieroglyphs throughout Egypt's history, being the script used in daily life. It was also the writing system first taught to students, knowledge of hieroglyphs being limited to a small minority who were given additional training.[5] In fact, it is often possible to detect errors in hieroglyphic texts that came about due to a misunderstanding of an original hieratic text." ]	[ "administrative documents, accounts, legal texts, and letters, as well as mathematical, medical, literary, and religious texts" ]
9138981170241570254	List of CAF club competition winners	List of CAF club competition Winners - wikipedia List of CAF club competition Winners Jump to : navigation , search The Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) is the governing body for association football in Africa . It organizes three club competitions : the CAF Champions League ( formerly African Cup of Champions Clubs ) , the CAF Confederation Cup and the CAF Super Cup . CAF was also responsible for the African Cup Winners ' Cup and the CAF Cup , until their merging in 2004 when CAF Confederation Cup took their places . Together with Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) , it also organized the Afro - Asian Club Championship , which was last held in 1998 , before its replacement by FIFA 's Club World Cup . Egyptian side Al Ahly have won a record total of 20 titles in CAF competitions , nine more than his local rival Zamalek and eleven more than Mazembe ( Democratic Congo ) and ES Sahel ( Tunisia ) . There is no team have won every CAF club competition , only Espérance had a chance to do it if they won the CAF Confederation Cup . Espérance won the Champions League for the first time in 1994 , its first Cup Winners ' Cup in 1998 , its first CAF Cup in 1997 , its first caf super cup in 1995 , and the first Afro - Asian Club Championship Cup in 1995 . Egyptian clubs have won the most titles ( 35 ) , ahead of clubs from Tunisia ( 22 ) and Morocco ( 15 ) . Club World Cup is not included in this list because it 's a FIFA competition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 1.1 By club 1.2 By country 1.3 By region 2 See also 3 External links Winners ( edit ) By club ( edit ) The following table lists all the clubs that have won at least one CAF club competition . Al Ahly hold the record for the most overall titles ( 20 ) , with Zamalek coming in second with 11 titles . ES Sahel is the only team to have won all four of Caf 's main club competitions African Cup of Champions Clubs / CAF Champions League , African Cup Winners ' Cup , CAF Cup and CAF Confederation Cup . Espérance had a chance to be the only team to win all CAF competitions if they won the CAF Confederation Cup . Al Ahly have a record of 8 CAF Champions League titles , a record of 4 African Cup Winners ' Cup titles and a record of 6 CAF Super Cup titles . Kabylie have a record of 3 CAF Cup titles . Sfaxien have a record of 3 CAF Confederation Cup titles . Zamalek have a record of 2 Afro - Asian Club Championship titles . Key CL African Cup of Champions Clubs or CAF Champions League CWC African Cup Winners ' Cup CAF Cup CC CAF Confederation Cup SC CAF Super Cup AAC Afro - Asian Club Championship List of CAF club competition winners Club Country CL CWC CC SC AAC Total Al Ahly Egypt 8 0 6 20 Zamalek Egypt 5 0 0 11 Mazembe Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 0 0 10 ES Sahel Tunisia 0 9 Kabylie Algeria 0 0 0 6 Raja Morocco 0 0 6 Espérance Tunisia 0 6 Canon Yaoundé Cameroon 0 0 0 0 Sétif Algeria 0 0 0 Enyimba Nigeria 0 0 0 0 Sfaxien Tunisia 0 0 0 0 Hafia Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 El Mokawloon Egypt 0 0 0 0 0 Africa Sports Ivory Coast 0 0 0 0 Wydad Morocco 0 0 0 Hearts of Oak Ghana 0 0 0 Asante Kotoko Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 Union Douala Cameroon 0 0 0 0 Shooting Stars Nigeria 0 0 0 0 Africain Tunisia 0 0 0 0 FAR Rabat Morocco 0 0 0 0 Orlando Pirates South Africa 0 0 0 0 ASEC Mimosas Ivory Coast 0 0 0 0 MAS Fez Morocco 0 0 0 0 Oryx Douala Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 Stade d'Abidjan Ivory Coast 0 0 0 0 0 Ismaily Egypt 0 0 0 0 0 Vita Club Democratic Republic of the Congo 0 0 0 0 0 CARA Brazzaville Republic of the Congo 0 0 0 0 0 Tonnerre Yaoundé Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 MC Alger Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Enugu Rangers Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Horoya Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 Gor Mahia Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 Bizertin Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 Al - Merrikh Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 Lions Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Power Dynamos Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 Stella d'Adjamé Ivory Coast 0 0 0 0 0 Bendel Insurance Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Motema Pembe Democratic Republic of the Congo 0 0 0 0 0 Kawkab Marrakech Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Kaizer Chiefs South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 Stade Malien Mali 0 0 0 0 0 Fath Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Léopards Republic of Congo 0 0 0 0 0 By country ( edit ) The following table lists all the countries whose clubs have won at least one CAF competition . Egyptian clubs are the most successful , with a total of 35 titles . Egyptian clubs hold a record number of wins in the African Cup of Champions Clubs / CAF Champions League ( 14 ) , the African Cup Winners ' Cup ( 8 ) , the CAF Super Cup ( 9 ) and the Afro - Asian Club Championship ( 3 ) . while Tunisian clubs have the most victories in the CAF Cup ( 4 ) and the CAF Confederation Cup ( 5 ) . In third place overall , Moroccan clubs have secured 15 titles . Key CL African Cup of Champions Clubs or CAF Champions League CWC African Cup Winners ' Cup CAF Cup CC CAF Confederation Cup SC CAF Super Cup AAC Afro - Asian Club Championship List of CAF club competition winners by country Nationality CL CWC CC SC AAC Total Egypt 14 8 0 9 35 Tunisia 5 22 Morocco 5 15 Algeria 5 0 11 Democratic Republic of the Congo 6 0 0 0 11 Nigeria 0 0 9 Cameroon 5 0 0 0 0 8 Ivory Coast 0 0 7 Ghana 0 0 0 5 Guinea 0 0 0 0 South Africa 0 0 0 Republic of the Congo 0 0 0 0 Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 Mali 0 0 0 0 0 By region ( edit ) Key CL African Cup of Champions Clubs or CAF Champions League CWC African Cup Winners ' Cup CAF Cup CC CAF Confederation Cup SC CAF Super Cup AAC Afro - Asian Club Championship List of CAF club competition winners by region Federation ( Region ) CL CWC CC SC AAC Total UNAF ( North Africa ) 28 14 9 9 14 8 83 WAFU ( West Africa ) 10 6 5 0 26 UNIFFAC ( Central Africa ) 12 5 0 0 20 COSAFA ( Southern Africa ) 0 0 0 CECAFA ( East Africa ) 0 0 0 0 0 See also ( edit ) CAF Champions League African Cup Winners ' Cup CAF Cup CAF Confederation Cup CAF Super Cup Afro - Asian Club Championship External links ( edit ) CAF official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_CAF_club_competition_winners&oldid=806514729 '' Categories : Confederation of African Football club competitions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 14 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times did al ahly win caf	[ "Egyptian side Al Ahly have won a record total of 20 titles in CAF competitions, nine more than his local rival Zamalek and eleven more than Mazembe (Democratic Congo) and ES Sahel (Tunisia). There is no team have won every CAF club competition, only Espérance had a chance to do it if they won the CAF Confederation Cup. Espérance won the Champions League for the first time in 1994, its first Cup Winners' Cup in 1998, its first CAF Cup in 1997, its first caf super cup in 1995, and the first Afro-Asian Club Championship Cup in 1995." ]	[ "20" ]
-1287250438360938244	Georgian Bay	Georgian Bay - wikipedia Georgian Bay Jump to : navigation , search For the namesake township , see Georgian Bay , Ontario . Georgian Bay Georgian Bay at Cabot Head Coordinates 45 ° 30 ′ N 81 ° 00 ′ W / 45.5 ° N 81.0 ° W / 45.5 ; - 81.0 Coordinates : 45 ° 30 ′ N 81 ° 00 ′ W / 45.5 ° N 81.0 ° W / 45.5 ; - 81.0 Basin countries Canada Max. length 320 km ( 200 mi ) Max . width 80 km ( 50 mi ) Surface area 15,000 km ( 5,800 sq mi ) Average depth 150 feet ( 46 m ) near the shoreline of Cabot Head Islands 30,000 + Settlements Collingwood Owen Sound Meaford , Ontario Parry Sound Midland Penetanguishene Wasaga Beach Georgian Bay ( French : Baie Georgienne ) is a large bay of Lake Huron , located entirely within Ontario , Canada . The main body of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island . To its northwest is the North Channel . Georgian Bay is surrounded by ( listed clockwise ) the districts of Manitoulin , Sudbury , Parry Sound and Muskoka , as well as the more populous counties of Simcoe , Grey and Bruce . The Main Channel separates the Bruce Peninsula from Manitoulin Island and connects Georgian Bay to the rest of Lake Huron . The North Channel , located between Manitoulin Island and the Sudbury District , west of Killarney , was once a popular route for steamships and is now used by a variety of pleasure craft to travel to and from Georgian Bay . The shores and waterways of the Georgian Bay are the traditional domain of the Anishinaabeg First Nations peoples to the north and Huron - Petun ( Wyandot ) to the south . The bay was thus a major Algonquian - Huron trade route . Samuel de Champlain , the first European to explore and map the area in 1615 -- 1616 , called it `` La Mer douce '' ( the calm sea ) , also a reference to the bay 's freshwater . It was named `` Georgian Bay '' ( after King George IV ) by Lieutenant Henry Wolsey Bayfield of the Royal Navy in 1822 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 3 Legend of Kitchikewana 4 Settlements 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Main body of Georgian Bay highlighted on the map of the Great Lakes Georgian Bay is about 190 kilometres ( 120 mi ) long by 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) wide . It covers approximately 15,000 square kilometres ( 5,800 sq mi ) , making it nearly 80 % the size of Lake Ontario . If Georgian Bay were considered a lake in its own right , it would be the fourth largest lake located entirely within Canada after Great Bear Lake , Great Slave Lake and Lake Winnipeg . Eastern Georgian Bay is part of the southern edge of the Canadian Shield , granite bedrock exposed by the glaciers at the end of the last ice age , about 11,000 years ago . The granite rock formations and windswept eastern white pine are characteristic of the islands and much of the shoreline of the bay . The rugged beauty of the area inspired landscapes by artists of the Group of Seven . The western part of the bay , from Collingwood north , and including Manitoulin , Drummond , Cockburn and St. Joseph islands , borders the Niagara Escarpment . Because of its size and narrowness of the straits joining it with the rest of Lake Huron , which is analogous to if not as pronounced as the separation of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan , Georgian Bay is sometimes called the `` sixth Great Lake '' . There are tens of thousands of islands in Georgian Bay . Most of these islands are along the east side of the bay and are collectively known as the `` Thirty Thousand Islands '' , including the larger Parry Island . Manitoulin Island , lying along the northern side of the bay , is the world 's largest island in a freshwater lake . The Trent -- Severn Waterway connects Georgian Bay to Lake Ontario , running from Port Severn in the southeastern corner of Georgian Bay through Lake Simcoe into Lake Ontario near Trenton . Further north , Lake Nipissing drains into Georgian Bay through the French River . In October 2004 , the Georgian Bay Littoral was declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO . History ( edit ) Tom Thomson 's Pine Island , Georgian Bay Archeological records reveal an Aboriginal presence in the southern regions of the Canadian Shield dating from 11,000 years ago . Evidence of later Paleo - Indian settlements have been found on Manitoulin Island and near Killarney . At the time of European contact , the Ojibwe and Ottawa First Nations , both of whom call themselves Anishinaabe ( plural : Anishinaabeg ) , lived along the northern , eastern and western shores of Georgian Bay . The Huron ( or Wendat ) and Tionontati inhabited the lands along the southern coast , having migrated from the northern shores of Lake Ontario . Names of islands such as `` Manitoulin '' ( from Gitchi Manitou , the Great Spirit who left the bay as a source of life for the first people ) and `` Giant 's Tomb '' are indicative of the richness of the cultural history of the area . Aboriginal communities continue to live on their territories and practise their cultural traditions . The first European to visit this area was likely Étienne Brûlé , who at age less than 20 , in 1610 was sent to live as an interpreter trainee with the Onontchataronon , an Algonquian people of the Ottawa River . They travelled every winter to live with the Arendarhonon people of the Huron ( Wendat ) confederacy at the southern end of Georgian Bay , in the area now called `` Huronia '' . Brulé returned to the Arendarhonon the following year . At the same time another young interpreter trainee , a youth remembered only as Thomas , who was employed by the French surgeon and trader Daniel Boyer , also likely made it to Huronia , in the company of the Onontchataronon , another member of the confederacy . In 1615 , Brulé 's employer , the French explorer Samuel de Champlain , made his own visit to Georgian Bay and overwintered in Huronia . He was preceded that summer by a Récollet missionary , Joseph Le Caron , who would live among the Huron in 1615 -- 1616 and 1623 -- 1624 . Another Récollet missionary , Gabriel Sagard , lived there from 1623 -- 34 . The French Jesuit Jean de Brébeuf began a mission in Huronia in 1626 . In 1639 he oversaw the building of the mission fort of Sainte - Marie , Ontario 's first European settlement , at what is now the town of Midland . The reconstructed Jesuit mission , Sainte - Marie among the Hurons , is now a historic park operated by the province of Ontario . Also nearby is the Martyrs ' Shrine , a Catholic church dedicated to the Canadian Martyrs , Jesuits who were killed during Iroquois warfare against the Huron around Georgian Bay in the 17th century . Penetanguishene , an Ojibwe village located at the southern tip of the bay near present - day Midland , was developed as a naval base in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe , first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada . In 1814 , during the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States , one of the battles was fought in southern Georgian Bay . On August 17 , at the mouth of the Nottawasaga River near Wasaga Beach , the British schooner HMS Nancy was sunk by three American vessels . Several weeks later , Nancy was avenged when British boarding parties in the De Tour Passage surprised and captured two of the three American vessels . Georgian Bay was first charted in 1815 by Captain William Fitzwilliam Owen , who called it Lake Manitoulin . Captain Henry Bayfield , who made more detailed charts of the bay , renamed it in 1822 after King George IV . His charts are the basis for those in use today . The Canadian Hydrographic Service traces its history back to 1883 , when it was originally established as the Georgian Bay Survey , tasked with charting and improving knowledge of the bay after a steamship wrecked there the previous year , killing 150 of its passengers . Over the years , 32 lighthouses were built on Georgian Bay . Six of them were designed with limestone towers ; these were built in the 1850s and are known collectively as the Imperial Towers . Some of the 32 can be toured by the public , some can not , and some are accessible only by tour boats or private boat . Legend of Kitchikewana ( edit ) The waters between Finger Point and Thumb Point near Cedar Springs , Beausoleil Island Wyandot legend tells of a god called Kitchikewana , who was large enough to guard the whole of the Georgian Bay . Kitchikewana was known for his great temper , and his tribe decided the best way to calm him was with a wife . They held a grand celebration , and many women came . Kitchikewana met a woman named Wanakita here . He decided that this was the woman he wanted to marry , and started planning the wedding immediately after she left . But when she was invited back , she told Kitchikewana that she was already engaged . Enraged , Kitchikewana destroyed all the decorations , running to one end of Beausoleil Island and grabbing a large ball of earth . Running to the other end , he tossed it into the Great Lakes . Thus , the 30,000 Islands were created . The indentations left behind by his fingers form the five bays of Georgian Bay : Midland Bay , Penetang Bay , Hog Bay , Sturgeon Bay , and Matchedash Bay . He then lay down to sleep and sleeps there still as Giant 's Tomb Island . The town of Penetanguishene now has a large statue of Kitchikewana on its main street . There is a YMCA summer camp for youth located on Beausoleil Island , in southern Georgian Bay , named after Kitchikewana . YMCA Camp Kitchikewana , or Kitchi for short , has been located in Georgian Bay Islands National Park since 1919 . Originally operated by the Midland YMCA , it is now the residential camp for youth from the YMCA of Simcoe / Muskoka . Settlements ( edit ) Shoreline of Georgian Bay Sunset over Georgian Bay Owen Sound is the largest city on the bay , long having served as a shipping and rail depot for the Upper Great Lakes . The towns of Midland , Penetanguishene , Port Severn , and Honey Harbour are at the southeastern end of the bay and are popular sites for summer cottages , as are the many bays and islands on the eastern coast . Collingwood , Meaford , and Wasaga Beach are located at the southern end of the bay , around Nottawasaga Bay . Owen Sound , Wiarton , and Lion 's Head are located on the Bruce Peninsula along the southern and southwestern shores of the bay , while Tobermory is located at the northern tip of the Bruce Peninsula on the Main Channel . The passenger ferry MS Chi - Cheemaun travels from Tobermory across the Main Channel to South Baymouth on Manitoulin Island . Parry Sound , the world 's deepest freshwater port , is located on the eastern shore of the bay . There are communities of summer cottages on the north and east shore and on the adjacent 30,000 Islands . These include areas such as Cognashene , Wah Wah Taysee , Sans Souci , Pointe au Baril and Byng Inlet . Most of these cottages are accessible only by water . Reed 's dump beach on Georgian Bay near the campsite See also ( edit ) Canadian Shield Christian Island ( Ontario ) Royal eponyms in Canada True North II References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Matthews , Geoffrey J. ( 1987 ) . Harris , Cole R. , ed . Historical Atlas of Canada . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2495 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ketcheson , Graham . A Brief History of Georgian Bay . Jump up ^ Georgian Bay ( bay , Ontario , Canada ) - Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Georgian Bay - definition of Georgian Bay by the Free Online Dictionary , Thesaurus and Encyclopedia . Thefreedictionary.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly as large as Lake Ontario , it is one of the world 's great bodies of fresh water . '' Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes Sensitivity to Climatic Forcing : Hydrological Models . '' NOAA , 2006 . Jump up ^ Barry , James P. ( 1995 ) ( 1968 ) . Georgian Bay : The Sixth Great Lake . Boston Mills Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55046 - 172 - 5 . OCLC 37863060 . Jump up ^ `` Lighthouse Tour '' . Visit Georgian Bay . Georgian Bay Destination Development Partnership . 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The Ouendat ( Huron ) Indian Legend of Kitchikewana Jump up ^ `` Overnight Camp '' on the YMCA of Simcoe / Muskoka website Bibliography Historical Atlas of Canada , Volume I : From the Beginning to 1800 . Edited by R. Cole Harris . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2495 - 5 The Archaeology of Southern Ontario To 1650 . Edited by C. Ellis and N. Ferris . London Chapter , Ontario Archaeological Society , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 919350 - 13 - 5 Native Languages of the Americas `` Ojibwe History '' Shultzman , L. 2000 . First Nations Histories . Accessed : 2006 - 03 - 28 . Shaped by the West Wind : Nature and History in Georgian Bay . Claire Elizabeth Campbell . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 1098 - X External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georgian Bay . `` Georgian Bay '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . ( in English ) , ( in French ) Georgian Bay Islands National Park of Canada , on the Government of Canada Site Georgian Bay Association Georgian Bay Forever Georgian Bay Land Trust Georgian Bay Biosphere Reserve ( hide ) Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Potagannissing Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste . Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River Michigan ( state ) ( in Lake Huron , part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Bays of the Great Lakes Great Lakes region Great Lake ships Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Native American tribes ( US ) Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Settlements Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgian_Bay&oldid=800989841 '' Categories : Bays of Lake Huron Bays of Ontario Southwestern Ontario Biosphere reserves of Canada Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 00 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the georgian bay located on a map	[ "Georgian Bay (French: Baie Georgienne) is a large bay of Lake Huron, located entirely within Ontario, Canada. The main body of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. To its northwest is the North Channel." ]	[ "east of the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island" ]
4746635987667332127	Battle of the Bulge	Battle of the Bulge - Wikipedia Battle of the Bulge This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 August 2018 . For other uses , see Battle of the Bulge ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the 1940 German Army Group A Ardennes offensive in the Battle of France . Battle of the Bulge Part of the Western Front of World War II American soldiers of the 117th Infantry Regiment , Tennessee National Guard , part of the 30th Infantry Division , move past a destroyed American M5A1 `` Stuart '' tank on their march to recapture the town of St. Vith during the Battle of the Bulge , January 1945 . Date 16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945 Location The Ardennes : Belgium , Luxembourg , Germany Result Allied victory Western Allied offensive plans delayed by five or six weeks German offensive exhausts their resources on Western Front . German collapse opens way for Allies to ultimately break Siegfried Line Soviet offensive in Poland launched on 12 January 1945 , eight days earlier than originally intended . Belligerents United States United Kingdom France Canada Belgium Luxembourg Germany Commanders and leaders Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Supreme Allied Commander ) Bernard Montgomery 21st Army Group : Second Army First Army Ninth Army Omar Bradley 12th Army Group : Third Army Adolf Hitler ( Leader and Chancellor ) Walter Model ( Army Group B) Gerd von Rundstedt ( OB West ) Hasso von Manteuffel ( 5th Panzer Army ) Sepp Dietrich ( 6th Panzer Army ) Erich Brandenberger ( 7th Army ) Units involved 12th Army Group : Third Army 21st Army Group : Second Army First Army Ninth Army Army Group B : 5th Panzer Army 6th Panzer Army 7th Army Strength December 16 228,741 men 483 tanks 499 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,921 other Armoured fighting vehicles ( AFVs ) 971 anti-tank and artillery pieces 6 infantry divisions 2 armored divisions December 24 ~ 541,000 men 1,616 tanks 1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns 5,352 other AFVs 2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces 15 infantry divisions 6 armored divisions 1 armored brigade January 2 ~ 705,000 men 2,409 tanks 1,970 tank destroyers and assault guns 7,769 other AFVs 3,305 anti-tank and artillery pieces 22 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 2 armored brigades January 16 700,520 men 2,428 tanks 1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns 7,079 other AFVs 3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces 22 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 2 armored brigades December 16 406,342 men 557 tanks 667 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,261 other AFVs 4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces 13 infantry divisions 7 armored divisions 1 brigade : 1 brigade December 24 ~ 449,000 men 423 tanks 608 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,496 other AFVs 4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces 16 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 1 armored brigade 2 infantry brigades January 2 ~ 401,000 men 287 tanks 462 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,090 other AFVs 3,396 anti-tank and artillery pieces 15 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 1 armored brigade 2 infantry brigades January 16 383,016 men 216 tanks 414 tank destroyers and assault guns 907 other AFVs 3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces 16 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 2 infantry brigades Casualties and losses American c . 89,500 19,000 killed , 47,500 wounded , 23,000 captured or missing 733 tanks and tank destroyers lost ~ 1,000 aircraft lost , over 647 in December and 353 during Unternehmen Bodenplatte British 1,408 ( 200 killed , 969 wounded , and 239 missing ) German 63,222 -- 98,000 ( includes killed , wounded , missing , captured ) 554 tanks , tank destroyers and assault guns lost ~ 800 aircraft lost , at least 500 in December and 280 during Unternehmen Bodenplatte Approximately 3,000 civilians killed Battle of the Bulge Prelude Vianden Kesternich Wehlerscheid Initial German assault Losheim Gap Clervaux Lanzerath Ridge Malmedy Greif Allied defense and counteroffensive Elsenborn Ridge St. Vith Bastogne Bure German counterattack Bodenplatte Nordwind Background German forces Order of battle West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland German bombing of Rotterdam Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany Strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic Map showing the swelling of `` the Bulge '' as the German offensive progressed creating the nose - like salient during 16 -- 25 December 1944 . Front line , 16 December Front line , 20 December Front line , 25 December Allied movements German movements The Battle of the Bulge ( 16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945 ) was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II . It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in eastern Belgium , northeast France , and Luxembourg , towards the end of World War II . The furthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy - Nôtre - Dame , south east of Dinant , being stopped by the British 21st Army Group on 24 December 1944 . The German offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines , allowing the Germans to encircle and destroy four Allied armies and force the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers ' favor . Once that was accomplished , the German dictator Adolf Hitler believed he could fully concentrate on the Soviets on the Eastern Front . The surprise attack caught the Allied forces completely off guard . American forces bore the brunt of the attack and incurred their highest casualties of any operation during the war . The battle also severely depleted Germany 's armored forces , and they were largely unable to replace them . German personnel and , later , Luftwaffe aircraft ( in the concluding stages of the engagement ) also sustained heavy losses . The Germans officially referred to the offensive as Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ( `` Operation Watch on the Rhine '' ) , while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive . The phrase `` Battle of the Bulge '' was coined by contemporary press to describe the bulge in German front lines on wartime news maps , and it became the most widely used name for the battle . The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy , with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness . Intercepted German communications indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies . The Germans achieved total surprise on the morning of 16 December 1944 , due to a combination of Allied overconfidence , preoccupation with Allied offensive plans , and poor aerial reconnaissance . The Germans attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line , taking advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies ' overwhelmingly superior air forces . Fierce resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive , around Elsenborn Ridge , and in the south , around Bastogne , blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west that they counted on for success . Columns of armor and infantry that were supposed to advance along parallel routes found themselves on the same roads . This , and terrain that favored the defenders , threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops . Improved weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines , which sealed the failure of the offensive . In the wake of the defeat , many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment , as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line . The Germans ' initial attack involved 410,000 men ; just over 1,400 tanks , tank destroyers , and assault guns ; 2,600 artillery pieces ; 1,600 anti-tank guns ; and over 1,000 combat aircraft , as well as large numbers of other AFVs . These were reinforced a couple of weeks later , bringing the offensive 's total strength to around 450,000 troops , and 1,500 tanks and assault guns . Between 63,222 and 98,000 of their men were killed , missing , wounded in action , or captured . For the Americans , out of a peak of 610,000 troops , 89,000 became casualties out of which some 19,000 were killed . The `` Bulge '' was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by the United States in World War II . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Allied supply issues 1.2 German plans 1.3 Drafting the offensive 1.4 Operation names 1.5 Planning 2 Initial German assault 3 Attack on the northern shoulder 3.1 Best German divisions assigned 3.2 German forces held up 3.3 Malmedy massacre 3.4 Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast 3.5 Wereth 11 3.6 Germans advance west 3.7 German advance halted 3.8 Outcome 3.9 Operation Stösser 3.10 Chenogne massacre 4 Attack in the center 4.1 Battle for St. Vith 4.2 Meuse River bridges 4.3 Operation Greif and Operation Währung 5 Attack in the south 5.1 Siege of Bastogne 6 Allied counteroffensive 7 German counterattack 7.1 Allies prevail 8 Force comparisons by date 9 Strategy and leadership 9.1 Hitler 's chosen few 9.2 Allied high - command controversy 9.3 Montgomery 's actions 10 Casualties 11 Result 12 Media attention 13 Bletchley Park post-mortem 14 Battle credit 15 In popular culture 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 Further reading 21 External links Background ( edit ) After the breakout from Normandy at the end of July 1944 and the Allied landings in southern France on 15 August 1944 , the Allies advanced toward Germany more quickly than anticipated . The Allies were faced with several military logistics issues : troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat supply lines were stretched extremely thin supplies were dangerously depleted . General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( the Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front ) and his staff chose to hold the Ardennes region which was occupied by the U.S. First Army . The Allies chose to defend the Ardennes with as few troops as possible due to the favorable terrain ( a densely wooded highland with deep river valleys and a rather thin road network ) and limited Allied operational objectives in the area . They also had intelligence that the Wehrmacht was using the area across the German border as a rest - and - refit area for its troops . Allied supply issues ( edit ) The speed of the Allied advance coupled with an initial lack of deep - water ports presented the Allies with enormous supply problems . Over-the - beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas and direct landing LSTs on the beaches were unable to meet operational needs . The only deep - water port the Allies had captured was Cherbourg on the northern shore of the Cotentin peninsula and west of the original invasion beaches , but the Germans had thoroughly wrecked and mined the harbor before it could be taken . It took many months to rebuild its cargo - handling capability . The Allies captured the port of Antwerp intact in the first days of September , but it was not operational until 28 November . The estuary of the Schelde river ( also called Scheldt ) that controlled access to the port had to be cleared of both German troops and naval mines . The limitations led to differences between General Eisenhower and Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery , commander of the Anglo - Canadian 21st Army Group , over whether Montgomery or Lieutenant General Omar Bradley , commanding the U.S. 12th Army Group , in the south would get priority access to supplies . German forces remained in control of several major ports on the English Channel coast until May 1945 . The Allies ' efforts to destroy the French railway system prior to D - Day , successful in hampering German response to the invasion , proved equally restrictive to the Allies . It took time to repair the rail network 's tracks and bridges . A trucking system nicknamed the Red Ball Express brought supplies to front - line troops , but used up five times as much fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border as was delivered . By early October , the Allies had suspended major offensives to improve their supply lines and availability . Montgomery and Bradley both pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their respective armies so they could continue their individual lines of advance and maintain pressure on the Germans while Eisenhower preferred a broad - front strategy . He gave some priority to Montgomery 's northern forces . This had the short - term goal of opening the urgently needed port of Antwerp and the long - term goal of capturing the Ruhr area , the biggest industrial area of Germany . With the Allies stalled , German Generalfeldmarschall ( Field Marshal ) Gerd von Rundstedt was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a coherent defence . Field Marshal Montgomery 's Operation Market Garden achieved only some of its objectives , while its territorial gains left the Allied supply situation stretched further than before . In October , the First Canadian Army fought the Battle of the Scheldt , opening the port of Antwerp to shipping . As a result , by the end of October the supply situation had eased somewhat . German plans ( edit ) Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles , the German situation remained dire . While operations continued in the autumn , notably the Lorraine Campaign , the Battle of Aachen and fighting in the Hürtgen Forest , the strategic situation in the west had changed little . The Allies were slowly pushing towards Germany , but no decisive breakthrough was achieved . The Western Allies already had 96 divisions at or near the front , with an estimated ten more divisions en route from the United Kingdom . Additional Allied airborne units remained in England . The Germans could field a total of 55 understrength divisions . Adolf Hitler first officially outlined his surprise counter-offensive to his astonished generals on September 16 , 1944 . The assault 's ambitious goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with Army Group B ( Model ) by the end of the first day , get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day , reach the Meuse between Liège and Dinant by the third day , and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Scheldt estuary by the fourth day . Hitler initially promised his generals a total of 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions `` for planning purposes . '' The plan was to pull 13 infantry divisions , two parachute divisions and six panzer - type divisions from the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht combined German military strategic reserve . On the Eastern Front , the Soviets ' Operation Bagration during the summer had destroyed much of Germany 's Army Group Center ( Heeresgruppe Mitte ) . The extremely swift operation ended only when the advancing Soviet Red Army forces outran their supplies . By November , it was clear that Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive . Meanwhile , the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the Luftwaffe , leaving the German Army with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies . The converse was equally damaging ; daytime movement of German forces was rapidly noticed , and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the Romanian oil fields starved Germany of oil and gasoline . This fuel shortage intensified after the Soviets overran those fields in the course of their August 1944 Jassy - Kishinev Offensive . One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe . Their front lines in the west had been considerably shortened by the Allied offensive and were much closer to the German heartland . This drastically reduced their supply problems despite Allied control of the air . Additionally , their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications , which lessened the effectiveness of Allied Ultra intercepts . Nevertheless , some 40 -- 50 messages per day were decrypted by Ultra . They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces and a term used in an intercepted Luftwaffe message -- Jägeraufmarsch ( literally `` Hunter Deployment '' ) -- implied preparation for an offensive operation . Ultra also picked up communiqués regarding extensive rail and road movements in the region , as well as orders that movements should be made on time . Drafting the offensive ( edit ) Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to mount one major offensive . Although he realized nothing significant could be accomplished in the Eastern Front , he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies , whom he considered militarily inferior to the Red Army , would have some chances of success . Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and compel the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace , independent of the Soviet Union . Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons ( such as jet aircraft , new U-boat designs and super-heavy tanks ) and permit the concentration of forces in the east . After the war ended , this assessment was generally viewed as unrealistic , given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and their ability to continually disrupt German offensive operations . Given the reduced manpower of their land forces at the time , the Germans believed the best way to seize the initiative would be to attack in the West against the smaller Allied forces rather than against the vast Soviet armies . Even the encirclement and destruction of multiple Soviet armies , as in 1941 , would still have left the Soviets with a numerical superiority . Hitler 's plan called for a classic Blitzkrieg attack through the weakly defended Ardennes , mirroring the successful German offensive there during the Battle of France in 1940 -- aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S. -- British lines and capturing Antwerp . The plan banked on unfavorable weather , including heavy fog and low - lying clouds , which would minimize the Allied air advantage . Hitler originally set the offensive for late November , before the anticipated start of the Russian winter offensive . The disputes between Montgomery and Bradley were well known , and Hitler hoped he could exploit this disunity . If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp , four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines . Several senior German military officers , including Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model and Gerd von Rundstedt , expressed concern as to whether the goals of the offensive could be realized . Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious , given Germany 's scarce resources in late 1944 . At the same time , they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture ( as had been the case since Normandy ) would only delay defeat , not avert it . They thus developed alternative , less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the Meuse River ( in German and Dutch : Maas ) ; Model 's being Unternehmen Herbstnebel ( Operation Autumn Mist ) and von Rundstedt 's Fall Martin ( `` Plan Martin '' ) . The two field marshals combined their plans to present a joint `` small solution '' to Hitler . When they offered their alternative plans , Hitler would not listen . Rundstedt later testified that while he recognized the merit of Hitler 's operational plan , he saw from the very first that `` all , absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking . '' Model , commander of German Army Group B ( Heeresgruppe B ) , and von Rundstedt , overall commander of the German Army Command in the West ( OB West ) , were put in charge of carrying out the operation . In the west supply problems began significantly to impede Allied operations , even though the opening of the port of Antwerp in late November improved the situation somewhat . The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands . German planning for the counteroffensive rested on the premise that a successful strike against thinly manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front . Operation names ( edit ) The Wehrmacht 's code name for the offensive was Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ( `` Operation Watch on the Rhine '' ) , after the German patriotic hymn Die Wacht am Rhein , a name that deceptively implied the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture along the Western Front . The Germans also referred to it as `` Ardennenoffensive '' ( Ardennes Offensive ) and Rundstedt - Offensive , both names being generally used nowadays in modern Germany . The French ( and Belgian ) name for the operation is Bataille des Ardennes ( Battle of the Ardennes ) . The battle was militarily defined by the Allies as the Ardennes Counteroffensive , which included the German drive and the American effort to contain and later defeat it . The phrase Battle of the Bulge was coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps . While the Ardennes Counteroffensive is the correct term in Allied military language , the official Ardennes - Alsace campaign reached beyond the Ardennes battle region , and the most popular description in English speaking countries remains simply the Battle of the Bulge . Planning ( edit ) Main article : Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive See also : Battle of the Bulge order of battle Wikisource has original text related to this article : Planning the Counteroffensive Wikisource has original text related to this article : Troops and Terrain Wikisource has original text related to this article : Preparations The German plan . The OKW decided by mid-September , at Hitler 's insistence , that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes , as was done in 1940 . In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy , but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself . The main forces were to advance westward to the Meuse River , then turn northwest for Antwerp and Brussels . The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult , though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast . Four armies were selected for the operation . Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted . The lead role in the attack was given to 6th Panzer Army , commanded by SS - Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich . It included the most experienced formation of the Waffen - SS : the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler . It also contained the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend . They were given priority for supply and equipment and assigned the shortest route to the primary objective of the offensive , Antwerp , starting from the northernmost point on the intended battlefront , nearest the important road network hub of Monschau . The Fifth Panzer Army under General Hasso von Manteuffel was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels . The Seventh Army , under General Erich Brandenberger , was assigned to the southernmost sector , near the Luxembourgish city of Echternach , with the task of protecting the flank . This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions , with no large - scale armored formations to use as a spearhead unit . As a result , they made little progress throughout the battle . Also participating in a secondary role was the Fifteenth Army , under General Gustav - Adolf von Zangen . Recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden , it was located on the far north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place , with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions . For the offensive to be successful , four criteria were deemed critical : the attack had to be a complete surprise ; the weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied air superiority and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines ; the progress had to be rapid -- the Meuse River , halfway to Antwerp , had to be reached by day 4 ; and Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the combined Wehrmacht forces were short on fuel . The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one - third to one - half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions . The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions , including a dozen panzer and Panzergrenadier divisions forming the armored spearhead and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded . By this time the German Army suffered from an acute manpower shortage , and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions . Although it retained most of its armor , there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the East . These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army . Among them were Volksgrenadier ( `` People 's Grenadier '' ) units formed from a mix of battle - hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young , too old or too frail to fight . Training time , equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations . German fuel supplies were precarious -- those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse - drawn to conserve fuel , and the mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel . As a result , the start of the offensive was delayed from 27 November to 16 December . Before the offensive the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement . During the liberation of France , the extensive network of the French resistance had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions . Once they reached the German border , this source dried up . In France , orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the Enigma machine , and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied code - breakers headquartered at Bletchley Park , to give the intelligence known as Ultra . In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and teleprinter , and a special radio silence order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive . The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks . The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from correctly assessing the ground situation . German units assembling in the area were even issued charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers deducing a troop buildup was underway . For these reasons Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector , relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war . What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what the Germans wanted them to believe - -- that preparations were being carried out only for defensive , not offensive , operations . The Allies relied too much on Ultra , not human reconnaissance . In fact , because of the Germans ' efforts , the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around Düsseldorf in the northern Rhineland , possibly to defend against British attack . This was done by increasing the number of flak ( Flugabwehrkanonen , i.e. , anti-aircraft cannons ) in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area . The Allies at this point thought the information was of no importance . All of this meant that the attack , when it came , completely surprised the Allied forces . Remarkably , the U.S. Third Army intelligence chief , Colonel Oscar Koch , the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer Brigadier General Kenneth Strong all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U.S. VIII Corps area . These predictions were largely dismissed by the U.S. 12th Army Group . Strong had informed Bedell Smith in December of his suspicions . Bedell Smith sent Strong to warn Lieutenant General Omar Bradley , the commander of the 12th Army Group , of the danger . Bradley 's response was succinct : `` Let them come . '' Historian Patrick K. O'Donnell writes that on 8 December 1944 U.S. Rangers at great cost took Hill 400 during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest . The next day GIs who relieved the Rangers reported a considerable movement of German troops inside the Ardennes in the enemy 's rear , but that no one in the chain of command connected the dots . Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector , considerations of economy of force led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting . The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops ( such as the raw U.S. 99th and 106th `` Golden Lions '' Divisions ) , and battle - hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate ( the 28th Infantry Division ) . Two major special operations were planned for the offensive . By October it was decided that Otto Skorzeny , the German SS - commando who had rescued the former Italian dictator Benito Mussolini , was to lead a task force of English - speaking German soldiers in `` Operation Greif '' . These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear dog tags taken from corpses and prisoners of war . Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts , misdirect traffic , generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River . By late November another ambitious special operation was added : Col. Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a Fallschirmjäger - Kampfgruppe ( paratrooper combat group ) in Operation Stösser , a night - time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near Malmedy . German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the upcoming Soviet offensive , aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin . It was hoped that Soviet leader Stalin would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing . After the 20 July attempt on Hitler 's life , and the close advance of the Red Army which would seize the site on 27 January 1945 , Hitler and his staff had been forced to abandon the Wolfsschanze headquarters in East Prussia , in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front . After a brief visit to Berlin , Hitler travelled on his Führersonderzug ( `` Special Train of the Führer '' ( Leader ) ) to Giessen on 11 December , taking up residence in the Adlerhorst ( eyrie ) command complex , co-located with OB West 's base at Kransberg Castle . Believing in omens and the successes of his early war campaigns that had been planned at Kransberg , Hitler had chosen the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries . Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near Limburg , close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Adlerhorst on 11 December , travelling there in an SS - operated bus convoy . With the castle acting as overflow accommodation , the main party was settled into the Adlerhorst 's Haus 2 command bunker , including Gen. Alfred Jodl , Gen. Wilhelm Keitel , Gen. Blumentritt , von Manteuffel and SS Gen. Joseph ( `` Sepp '' ) Dietrich . In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walter Model and Friedrich von der Heydte , who was put in charge of Operation Stösser , von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10 % chance of succeeding . Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt : `` It must be done because this offensive is the last chance to conclude the war favorably . '' Initial German assault ( edit ) Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944 On 16 December 1944 at 05 : 30 , the Germans began the assault with a massive , 90 - minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces across a 130 - kilometre ( 80 mi ) front on the Allied troops facing the 6th Panzer Army . The Americans ' initial impression was that this was the anticipated , localized counterattack resulting from the Allies ' recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector to the north , where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent in the Siegfried Line . Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area . While having the effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded , the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their advance . Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units . In the center , von Manteuffel 's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards Bastogne and St. Vith , both road junctions of great strategic importance . In the south , Brandenberger 's Seventh Army pushed towards Luxembourg in its efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks . Only one month before , 250 members of the Waffen - SS had unsuccessfully tried to recapture the town of Vianden with its castle from the Luxembourgish resistance during the Battle of Vianden . Attack on the northern shoulder ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Sixth Panzer Army Attack Main article : Battle of Elsenborn Ridge While the Siege of Bastogne is often credited as the central point where the German offensive was stopped , the battle for Elsenborn Ridge was actually the decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge , stopping the advance of the best equipped armored units of the German army and forcing them to reroute their troops to unfavorable alternative routes that considerably slowed their advance . Best German divisions assigned ( edit ) The attack on Monschau , Höfen , Krinkelt - Rocherath , and then Elsenborn Ridge was led by the units personally selected by Adolf Hitler . The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and was assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive , Antwerp . The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen - SS , including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps . SS - Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper led Kampfgruppe Peiper , consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles , which was charged with leading the main effort . Its newest and most powerful tank , the Tiger II heavy tank , consumed 3.8 litres ( 1 gal ) of fuel to go 800 m (. 5 mi ) , and the Germans had less than half the fuel they needed to reach Antwerp . German forces held up ( edit ) Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route . The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army 's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions . Kampfgruppe Peiper , at the head of the Sepp Dietrich 's Sixth Panzer Army , had been designated to take the Losheim - Losheimergraben road , a key route through the Losheim Gap , but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses that German engineers failed to repair during the first day . Peiper 's forces were rerouted through Lanzerath . To preserve the quantity of armor available , the infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment , 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division , had been ordered to clear the village first . A single 18 - man Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon from the 99th Infantry Division along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset , about 16 : 00 , causing 92 casualties among the Germans . This created a bottleneck in the German advance . Kampfgruppe Peiper did not begin his advance until nearly 16 : 00 , more than 16 hours behind schedule and did n't reach Bucholz Station until the early morning of 17 December . Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath - Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge . Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper 's armored task force . German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment Malmedy massacre ( edit ) Main article : Malmedy massacre Scene of the Malmedy massacre At 12 : 30 on 17 December , Kampfgruppe Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez , on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville , when they encountered elements of the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion , U.S. 7th Armored Division . After a brief battle the lightly armed Americans surrendered . They were disarmed and , with some other Americans captured earlier ( approximately 150 men ) , sent to stand in a field near the crossroads under light guard . About fifteen minutes after Peiper 's advance guard passed through , the main body under the command of SS - Sturmbannführer Werner Pötschke arrived . Allegedly , the SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners . As soon as the firing began , the prisoners panicked . Most were shot where they stood , though some managed to flee . Accounts of the killing vary , but at least 84 of the POWs were murdered . A few survived , and news of the killings of prisoners of war spread through Allied lines . Following the end of the war , soldiers and officers of Kampfgruppe Peiper , including Joachim Peiper and SS general Sepp Dietrich , were tried for the incident at the Malmedy massacre trial . Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast ( edit ) Driving to the south - east of Elsenborn , Kampfgruppe Peiper entered Honsfeld , where they encountered one of the 99th Division 's rest centers , clogged with confused American troops . They quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the 394th Infantry Regiment . They destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles , and took several dozen prisoners who were subsequently murdered . Peiper also captured 50,000 US gallons ( 190,000 l ; 42,000 imp gal ) of fuel for his vehicles . Peiper advanced north - west towards Büllingen , keeping to the plan to move west , unaware that if he had turned north he had an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions . Instead , intent on driving west , Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen , choosing a route designated Rollbahn D as he had been given latitude to choose the best route west . To the north , the 277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the 2nd Infantry Divisions . The 12th SS Panzer Division , reinforced by additional infantry ( Panzergrenadier and Volksgrenadier ) divisions , took the key road junction at Losheimergraben just north of Lanzerath and attacked the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt . Wereth 11 ( edit ) Main article : 333rd Artillery Battalion ( United States ) Another , smaller massacre was committed in Wereth , Belgium , approximately 6.5 miles ( 10.5 km ) northeast of Saint - Vith on 17 December 1944 . Eleven black American soldiers were tortured after surrendering and then shot by men of the 1st SS Panzer Division belonging to Schnellgruppe Knittel . The perpetrators were never punished for this crime and recent research indicates that men from Third Company of the Reconnaissance Battalion were responsible . Germans advance west ( edit ) American soldiers of the 3rd Battalion 119th Infantry Regiment are taken prisoner by members of Kampfgruppe Peiper in Stoumont , Belgium on 19 December 1944 . By the evening the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and Kampfgruppe Peiper arrived in front of Stavelot . Peiper 's forces were already behind his timetable because of the stiff American resistance and because when the Americans fell back , their engineers blew up bridges and emptied fuel dumps . Peiper 's unit was delayed and his vehicles denied critically needed fuel . They took 36 hours to advance from the Eifel region to Stavelot , while the same advance required nine hours in 1940 . Kampfgruppe Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans evacuated a large fuel depot . Three tanks attempted to take the bridge , but the lead vehicle was disabled by a mine . Following this , 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by concentrated American defensive fire . After a fierce tank battle the next day , the Germans finally entered the town when U.S. engineers failed to blow the bridge . An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge Capitalizing on his success and not wanting to lose more time , Peiper rushed an advance group toward the vital bridge at Trois - Ponts , leaving the bulk of his strength in Stavelot . When they reached it at 11 : 30 on 18 December , retreating U.S. engineers blew it up . Peiper detoured north towards the villages of La Gleize and Cheneux . At Cheneux , the advance guard was attacked by American fighter - bombers , destroying two tanks and five halftracks , blocking the narrow road . The group began moving again at dusk at 16 : 00 and was able to return to its original route at around 18 : 00 . Of the two bridges remaining between Kampfgruppe Peiper and the Meuse , the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached . Peiper turned north and halted his forces in the woods between La Gleize and Stoumont . He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up strong reinforcements from Spa . To Peiper 's south , the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen had stalled . SS - Oberführer Mohnke ordered Schnellgruppe Knittel , which had been designated to follow Hansen , to instead move forward to support Peiper . SS - Sturmbannführer Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19 : 00 against American forces trying to retake the town . Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize , and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot . Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off . German advance halted ( edit ) M3 90mm gun - armed American M36 tank destroyers of the 703rd TD , attached to the 82nd Airborne Division , move forward during heavy fog to stem German spearhead near Werbomont , Belgium , 20 December 1944 . At dawn on 19 December , Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger to infiltrate their lines . He followed this with a Panzer attack , gaining the eastern edge of the town . An American tank battalion arrived but , after a two - hour tank battle , Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 10 : 30 . Knittel joined up with Peiper and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east . Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot . Assessing his own situation , he determined that his Kampfgruppe did not have sufficient fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont and continue his advance . He maintained his lines west of Stoumont for a while , until the evening of 19 December when he withdrew them to the village edge . On the same evening the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division under Maj. Gen. James Gavin arrived and deployed at La Gleize and along Peiper 's planned route of advance . German efforts to reinforce Peiper were unsuccessful . Kampfgruppe Hansen was still struggling against bad road conditions and stiff American resistance on the southern route . Schnellgruppe Knittel was forced to disengage from the heights around Stavelot . Kampfgruppe Sandig , which had been ordered to take Stavelot , launched another attack without success . Sixth Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich ordered Hermann Prieß , commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps , to increase its efforts to back Peiper 's battle group , but Prieß was unable to break through . Froidcourt castle near Stoumont in 2011 Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion , 119th Infantry Regiment , 30th Infantry Division , attacked the dispersed units of Kampfgruppe Peiper on the morning of 21 December . They failed and were forced to withdraw , and a number were captured , including battalion commander Maj . Hal McCown . Peiper learned that his reinforcements had been directed to gather in La Gleize to his east , and he withdrew , leaving wounded Americans and Germans in the Froidcourt Castle ( fr ) . As he withdrew from Cheneux , American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in fierce house - to - house fighting . The Americans shelled Kampfgruppe Peiper on 22 December , and although the Germans had run out of food and had virtually no fuel , they continued to fight . A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly when SS - Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke insisted the grid coordinates supplied by Peiper were wrong , parachuting supplies into American hands in Stoumont . In La Gleize , Peiper set up defenses waiting for German relief . When the relief force was unable to penetrate the Allied lines , he decided to break through the Allied lines and return to the German lines on 23 December . The men of the Kampfgruppe were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment , although most of the 800 remaining troops were able to escape . Outcome ( edit ) The US 99th Infantry Division , outnumbered five to one , inflicted casualties in the ratio of 18 to one . The division lost about 20 % of its effective strength , including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds , injuries , fatigue , or trench foot . German losses were much higher . In the northern sector opposite the 99th , this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of 60 tanks and big guns . Historian John S.D. Eisenhower wrote , `` ... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign . '' The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the Meuse River . After more than 10 days of intense battle , they pushed the Americans out of the villages , but were unable to dislodge them from the ridge , where elements of the V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west . Operation Stösser ( edit ) Main article : Operation Stösser Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the High Fens ( French : Hautes Fagnes ; German : Hohes Venn ; Dutch : Hoge Venen ) area . The objective was the `` Baraque Michel '' crossroads . It was led by Oberst Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte , considered by Germans to be a hero of the Battle of Crete . It was the German paratroopers ' only night time drop during World War II . Von der Heydte was given only eight days to prepare prior to the assault . He was not allowed to use his own regiment because their movement might alert the Allies to the impending counterattack . Instead , he was provided with a Kampfgruppe of 800 men . The II Parachute Corps was tasked with contributing 100 men from each of its regiments . In loyalty to their commander , 150 men from von der Heydte 's own unit , the 6th Parachute Regiment , went against orders and joined him . They had little time to establish any unit cohesion or train together . The parachute drop was a complete failure . Von der Heydte ended up with a total of around 300 troops . Too small and too weak to counter the Allies , they abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead converted the mission to reconnaissance . With only enough ammunition for a single fight , they withdrew towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines . Only about 100 of his weary men finally reached the German rear . Chenogne massacre ( edit ) Main article : Chenogne massacre Following the Malmedy massacre , on New Year 's Day 1945 , after having previously received orders to take no prisoners , American soldiers allegedly shot approximately sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of Chenogne ( 8 km from Bastogne ) . Attack in the center ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : St. Vith is lost Hasso von Manteuffel led Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route The Germans fared better in the center ( the 32 km ( 20 mi ) Schnee Eifel sector ) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions . The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength that had been deployed in the north , but still possessed a marked numerical and material superiority over the very thinly spread 28th and 106th divisions . They succeeded in surrounding two largely intact regiments ( 422nd and 423rd ) of the 106th Division in a pincer movement and forced their surrender , a tribute to the way Manteuffel 's new tactics had been applied . One of those wounded and captured was Lieutenant Donald Prell of the Anti-Tank Company of the 422nd Infantry , 106th Division . The official U.S. Army history states : `` At least seven thousand ( men ) were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand . The amount lost in arms and equipment , of course , was very substantial . The Schnee Eifel battle , therefore , represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944 -- 45 in the European theater . '' Battle for St. Vith ( edit ) Main article : Battle of St. Vith In the center , the town of St. Vith , a vital road junction , presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel 's and Dietrich 's forces . The defenders , led by the 7th Armored Division , included the remaining regiment of the 106th U.S. Infantry Division , with elements of the 9th Armored Division and 28th U.S. Infantry Division . These units , which operated under the command of Generals Robert W. Hasbrouck ( 7th Armored ) and Alan W. Jones ( 106th Infantry ) , successfully resisted the German attacks , significantly slowing the German advance . At Montgomery 's orders , St. Vith was evacuated on 21 December ; U.S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area , presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance . By 23 December , as the Germans shattered their flanks , the defenders ' position became untenable and U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the Salm River . Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18 : 00 on 17 December , the prolonged action in and around it dealt a major setback to their timetable . Meuse River bridges ( edit ) British Sherman `` Firefly '' tank in Namur on the Meuse River , December 1944 To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet , Dinant and Namur , Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges on 19 December . This led to a hastily assembled force including rear - echelon troops , military police and Army Air Force personnel . The British 29th Armoured Brigade of British 11th Armoured Division , which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping , was told to take back their tanks and head to the area . British XXX Corps was significantly reinforced for this effort . Units of the corps which fought in the Ardennes were the 51st ( Highland ) and 53rd ( Welsh ) Infantry Divisions , the British 6th Airborne Division , the 29th and 33rd Armoured Brigades , and the 34th Tank Brigade . Unlike the German forces on the northern and southern shoulders who were experiencing great difficulties , the German advance in the center gained considerable ground . The Fifth Panzer Army was spearheaded by the 2nd Panzer Division while the Panzer Lehr Division ( Armored Training Division ) came up from the south , leaving Bastogne to other units . The Ourthe River was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December . Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day , but on 23 December the offensive was resumed towards the two small towns of Hargimont and Marche - en - Famenne . Hargimont was captured the same day , but Marche - en - Famenne was strongly defended by the American 84th Division . Gen. von Lüttwitz , commander of the XXXXVII Panzer - Korps , ordered the Division to turn westwards towards Dinant and the Meuse , leaving only a blocking force at Marche - en - Famenne . Although advancing only in a narrow corridor , 2nd Panzer Division was still making rapid headway , leading to jubilation in Berlin . Headquarters now freed up the 9th Panzer Division for Fifth Panzer Army , which was deployed at Marche . On 22 / 23 December German forces reached the woods of Foy - Nôtre - Dame , only a few kilometers ahead of Dinant . The narrow corridor caused considerable difficulties , as constant flanking attacks threatened the division . On 24 December , German forces made their furthest penetration west . The Panzer Lehr Division took the town of Celles , while a bit farther north , parts of 2nd Panzer Division were in sight of the Meuse near Dinant at Foy - Nôtre - Dame . A hastily assembled Allied blocking force on the east side of the river prevented the German probing forces from approaching the Dinant bridge . By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped , as Allied forces threatened the narrow corridor held by the 2nd Panzer Division . Operation Greif and Operation Währung ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The 1st SS Panzer Division 's Dash Westward , and Operation Greif Main article : Operation Greif For Operation Greif ( `` Griffin '' ) , Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of English - speaking Germans disguised in American uniforms behind the Allied lines . Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse , their presence caused confusion out of all proportion to their military activities , and rumors spread quickly . Even General George Patton was alarmed and , on 17 December , described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower as `` Krauts ... speaking perfect English ... raising hell , cutting wires , turning road signs around , spooking whole divisions , and shoving a bulge into our defenses . '' Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear , greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment . American MPs at these checkpoints grilled troops on things that every American was expected to know , like the identity of Mickey Mouse 's girlfriend , baseball scores , or the capital of a particular U.S. state -- though many could not remember or did not know . General Omar Bradley was briefly detained when he correctly identified Springfield as the capital of Illinois because the American MP who questioned him mistakenly believed the capital was Chicago . The tightened security nonetheless made things very hard for the German infiltrators , and a number of them were captured . Even during interrogation , they continued their goal of spreading disinformation ; when asked about their mission , some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower . Security around the general was greatly increased , and Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters . Because Skorzeny 's men were captured in American uniforms , they were executed as spies . This was the standard practice of every army at the time , as many belligerents considered it necessary to protect their territory against the grave dangers of enemy spying . Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he did not order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms , such a tactic was a legitimate ruse of war . Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate , and most wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture . Skorzeny was tried by an American military tribunal in 1947 at the Dachau Trials for allegedly violating the laws of war stemming from his leadership of Operation Greif , but was acquitted . He later moved to Spain and South America . Operation Währung was carried out by a small number of German agents who infiltrated Allied lines in American uniforms . These agents were tasked with using an existing Nazi intelligence network to bribe rail and port workers to disrupt Allied supply operations . The operation was a failure . Attack in the south ( edit ) Erich Brandenberger led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route Further south on Manteuffel 's front , the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the River Our , then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. Vith and Bastogne . The more experienced US 28th Infantry Division put up a much more dogged defense than the inexperienced soldiers of the 106th Infantry Division . The 112th Infantry Regiment ( the most northerly of the 28th Division 's regiments ) , holding a continuous front east of the Our , kept German troops from seizing and using the Our River bridges around Ouren for two days , before withdrawing progressively westwards . Belgian civilians killed by German units during the offensive The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division fared worse , as they were spread so thinly that their positions were easily bypassed . Both offered stubborn resistance in the face of superior forces and threw the German schedule off by several days . The 110th 's situation was by far the worst , as it was responsible for an 18 - kilometre ( 11 mi ) front while its 2nd Battalion was withheld as the divisional reserve . Panzer columns took the outlying villages and widely separated strong points in bitter fighting , and advanced to points near Bastogne within four days . The struggle for the villages and American strong points , plus transport confusion on the German side , slowed the attack sufficiently to allow the 101st Airborne Division ( reinforced by elements from the 9th and 10th Armored Divisions ) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December . The fierce defense of Bastogne , in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves , made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions . The panzer columns swung past on either side , cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads . In the extreme south , Brandenberger 's three infantry divisions were checked by divisions of the U.S. VIII Corps after an advance of 6.4 km ( 4 mi ) ; that front was then firmly held . Only the 5th Parachute Division of Brandenberger 's command was able to thrust forward 19 km ( 12 mi ) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role . Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counterattack , and they ordered vast reinforcements to the area . Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent . General Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived on the scene first and ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne while the 82nd would take the more difficult task of facing the SS Panzer Divisions ; it was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge , near Elsenborn Ridge . Siege of Bastogne ( edit ) U.S. POWs on 22 December 1944 Letter to 101st soldiers , containing Gen. McAuliffe 's `` Nuts ! '' response to the Germans Main article : Siege of Bastogne By the time the senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in Verdun on 19 December , the town of Bastogne and its network of 11 hard - topped roads leading through the widely forested mountainous terrain with deep river valleys and boggy mud of the Ardennes region were to have been in German hands for several days , Bastogne having previously been the site of the VIII Corps headquarters . Two separate westbound German columns that were to have bypassed the town to the south and north , the 2nd Panzer Division and Panzer - Lehr - Division of XLVII Panzer Corps , as well as the Corps ' infantry ( 26th Volksgrenadier Division ) , coming due west had been engaged and much slowed and frustrated in outlying battles at defensive positions up to sixteen kilometres ( 10 mi ) from the town proper , but these defensive positions were gradually being forced back onto and into the hasty defenses built within the municipality . Moreover , the sole corridor that was open ( to the southeast ) was threatened and it had been sporadically closed as the front shifted , and there was expectation that it would be completely closed sooner than later , given the strong likelihood that the town would soon be surrounded . A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944 . Gen. Eisenhower , realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive , told his generals , `` The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster . There will be only cheerful faces at this table . '' Patton , realizing what Eisenhower implied , responded , `` Hell , let 's have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris . Then , we 'll really cut ' em off and chew ' em up . '' Eisenhower , after saying he was not that optimistic , asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army , located in northeastern France , north to counterattack . To the disbelief of the other generals present , Patton replied that he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours . Unknown to the other officers present , before he left Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength . By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take , the movement was already underway . On 20 December , Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley 's 12th Army Group and placed them under Montgomery 's 21st Army Group . By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne , which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division , the all African American 969th Artillery Battalion , and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division . Conditions inside the perimeter were tough -- most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured . Food was scarce , and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day . The weather cleared the next day and supplies ( primarily ammunition ) were dropped over four of the next five days . Despite determined German attacks the perimeter held . The German commander , Generalleutnant ( Lt. Gen . ) Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz , requested Bastogne 's surrender . When Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe , acting commander of the 101st , was told of the Nazi demand to surrender , in frustration he responded , `` Nuts ! '' After turning to other pressing issues , his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand . One officer , Lt. Col. Harry Kinnard , noted that McAuliffe 's initial reply would be `` tough to beat . '' Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper , which was typed up and delivered to the Germans , the line he made famous and a morale booster to his troops : `` NUTS ! '' That reply had to be explained , both to the Germans and to non-American Allies . Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer - Lehr division moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December , leaving only Panzer - Lehr division 's 901st Regiment to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier - Division in attempting to capture the crossroads . The 26th VG received one Panzergrenadier Regiment from the 15th Panzergrenadier Division on Christmas Eve for its main assault the next day . Because it lacked sufficient troops and those of the 26th VG Division were near exhaustion , the XLVII Panzerkorps concentrated its assault on several individual locations on the west side of the perimeter in sequence rather than launching one simultaneous attack on all sides . The assault , despite initial success by its tanks in penetrating the American line , was defeated and all the tanks destroyed . On the following day of 26 December the spearhead of Gen. Patton 's 4th Armored Division , supplemented by the 26th ( Yankee ) Infantry Division , broke through and opened a corridor to Bastogne . Allied Counteroffensive ( edit ) The original objectives are outlined in red dashed lines . The orange line indicates their furthest advance . On 23 December the weather conditions started improving , allowing the Allied air forces to attack . They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear , and P - 47 Thunderbolts started attacking the German troops on the roads . Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne , dropping much - needed supplies -- medicine , food , blankets , and ammunition . A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by military glider and began operating in a tool room . By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse . Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant , Givet , and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over . The Germans had outrun their supply lines , and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming critical . Up to this point the German losses had been light , notably in armor , with the exception of Peiper 's losses . On the evening of 24 December , General Hasso von Manteuffel recommended to Hitler 's Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the Westwall ( literally Western Rampart ) . Hitler rejected this . Disagreement and confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response , throwing away the opportunity for a decisive action . In the center , on Christmas Eve , the 2nd Armored Division attempted to attack and cut off the spearheads of the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse , while the units from the 4th Cavalry Group kept the 9th Panzer Division at Marche busy . As result , parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off . The Panzer - Lehr division tried to relieve them , but was only partially successful , as the perimeter held . For the next two days the perimeter was strengthened . On 26 and 27 December the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break - out attempts , again only with partial success , as major quantities of equipment fell into Allied hands . Further Allied pressure out of Marche finally led the German command to the conclusion that no further offensive action towards the Meuse was possible . In the south , Patton 's Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne . At 16 : 50 on 26 December , the lead element , Company D , 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division , reached Bastogne , ending the siege . German counterattack ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Bodenplatte and Operation Nordwind P - 47s destroyed at Y - 34 Metz - Frescaty airfield during Operation Bodenplatte On 1 January , in an attempt to keep the offensive going , the Germans launched two new operations . At 09 : 15 , the Luftwaffe launched Unternehmen Bodenplatte ( Operation Baseplate ) , a major campaign against Allied airfields in the Low Countries , which are nowadays called the Benelux States . Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields , destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft . The Luftwaffe lost 277 planes , 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns , set up to protect against German V - 1 flying bomb / missile attacks and using proximity fused shells , but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large - scale German air operation . The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named Y - 29 , losing 40 of their own planes while damaging only four American planes . While the Allies recovered from their losses within days , the operation left the Luftwaffe ineffective for the remainder of the war . On the same day , German Army Group G ( Heeresgruppe G ) and Army Group Upper Rhine ( Heeresgruppe Oberrhein ) launched a major offensive against the thinly - stretched , 110 kilometres ( 70 mi ) line of the Seventh U.S. Army . This offensive , known as Unternehmen Nordwind ( Operation North Wind ) , was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front . The weakened Seventh Army had , at Eisenhower 's orders , sent troops , equipment , and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes , and the offensive left it in dire straits . By 15 January Seventh Army 's VI Corps was fighting on three sides in Alsace . With casualties mounting , and running short on replacements , tanks , ammunition , and supplies , Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January . The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January . In the bitter , desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind , VI Corps , which had borne the brunt of the fighting , suffered a total of 14,716 casualties . The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609 . Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded . First , Third , and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold . Allies prevail ( edit ) Infantrymen fire at German troops in the advance to relieve the surrounded paratroopers in Bastogne . Erasing the Bulge -- The Allied counterattack , 26 December -- 25 January Americans of the 101st Engineers near Wiltz , Luxembourg , January 1945 . U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin , Belgium , January 1945 . While the German offensive had ground to a halt , they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line . Patton 's Third Army in the south , centered around Bastogne , would attack north , Montgomery 's forces in the north would strike south , and the two forces planned to meet at Houffalize . The temperature during January 1945 was extremely low . Weapons had to be maintained and truck engines run every half - hour to prevent their oil from congealing . The offensive went forward regardless . Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January , with the aim of meeting up with Patton 's advancing Third Army and cutting off most of the attacking Germans , trapping them in a pocket . Montgomery , refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a strategically unimportant area , did not launch the attack until 3 January , by which time substantial numbers of German troops had already managed to fall back successfully , but at the cost of losing most of their heavy equipment . At the start of the offensive , the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 40 km ( 25 mi ) . American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer a day . On 2 January , the Tiger IIs of German Heavy Tank Battalion 506 supported an attack by the 12th SS Hitlerjugend division against U.S. positions near Wardin and knocked out 15 Sherman tanks . The majority of the German force executed a successful fighting withdrawal and escaped the battle area , although the fuel situation had become so dire that most of the German armor had to be abandoned . On 7 January 1945 Hitler agreed to withdraw all forces from the Ardennes , including the SS - Panzer divisions , thus ending all offensive operations . Considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks ; St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January , and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until 25 January . Winston Churchill , addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said , `` This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will , I believe , be regarded as an ever - famous American victory . '' Force comparisons by date ( edit ) Force Allied Axis Month December January December January Date 16th 24th 2nd 16th 16th 24th 2nd 16th Men 228,741 ~ 541,000 ~ 705,000 700,520 406,342 ~ 449,000 ~ 401,000 383,016 Tanks 483 1,616 2,409 2,428 557 423 287 216 Tank destroyers and assault guns 499 1,713 1,970 1,912 667 608 462 414 Other AFVs 1,921 5,352 7,769 7,079 1,261 1,496 1,090 907 Anti-tank and artillery pieces 971 2,408 3,305 3,181 4,224 4,131 3,396 3,256 Armored divisions 6 8 8 7 8 8 8 Armored brigades Infantry divisions 6 15 22 22 13 16 15 16 Infantry brigades Initial and Final manpower commitments for all units in Ardennes Campaign American British German Initial 687,498 111,904 498,622 Final 680,706 111,100 425,941 Strategy and leadership ( edit ) Hitler 's chosen few ( edit ) The plan and timing for the Ardennes attack sprang from the mind of Adolf Hitler . He believed a critical fault line existed between the British and American military commands , and that a heavy blow on the Western Front would shatter this alliance . Planning for the `` Watch on the Rhine '' offensive emphasized secrecy and the commitment of overwhelming force . Due to the use of landline communications within Germany , motorized runners carrying orders , and draconian threats from Hitler , the timing and mass of the attack was not detected by ULTRA codebreakers and achieved complete surprise . Hitler when selecting leadership for the attack , felt that the implementation of this decisive blow should be entrusted to his own Nazi Party army , the Waffen - SS . Ever since German regular Army officers attempted to assassinate him , he had increasingly trusted only the SS and its armed branch , the Waffen - SS . After the invasion of Normandy , the SS armored units had suffered significant leadership casualties . These losses included SS - Gruppenführer ( Major General ) Kurt Meyer , commander of the 12th SS Panzer ( Armor ) Division , captured by Belgian partisans on 6 September 1944 . The tactical efficiency of these units were somewhat reduced . The strong right flank of the assault was therefore composed mostly of SS Divisions under the command of `` Sepp '' ( Joseph ) Dietrich , a fanatical political disciple of Hitler , and a loyal follower from the early days of the rise of National Socialism in Germany . The leadership composition of the Sixth Panzer Division had a distinctly political nature . German field commanders plan the advance . None of the German field commanders entrusted with planning and executing the offensive believed it was possible to capture Antwerp . Even Sepp Dietrich , commanding the strongest arm of the attack , felt that the Ardennes was a poor area for armored warfare , and that the inexperienced and badly equipped Volksgrenadier units would clog the roads that the tanks would need for their rapid advance . In this Dietrich was proved correct . The horse drawn artillery and rocket units were a significant obstacle to the tanks . Other than making futile objections to Hitler in private , he generally stayed out of the planning for the offensive . Model and Manteuffel , the technical experts from the eastern front , took the view that a limited offensive with the goal of surrounding and crushing the American 1st Army would be the best the offensive could hope for . These revisions shared the same fate as Dietrich 's objections . In the end , the headlong drive on Elsenborn Ridge would not benefit from support from German units that had already bypassed the ridge . The decision to stop the attacks on the twin villages and change the axis of the attacks southward to the hamlet of Domäne Bütgenbach , was also made by Dietrich . This decision played into American hands , as Robertson had already decided to abandon the villages . The staff planning and organization of the attack was well done ; most of the units committed to the offensive reached their jump off points undetected and were well organized and supplied for the attack . Allied high - command controversy ( edit ) Field Marshal Montgomery General Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander General Bradley One of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was General Dwight D. Eisenhower 's commitment to a broad front advance . This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff , Field Marshal Alan Brooke , as well as Field Marshal Montgomery , who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front , with the other allied armies in reserve . Montgomery 's actions ( edit ) British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery had differing views of how to approach the German attack with the U.S. command . His ensuing public pronouncements of opinion caused tension in the American high command . Major General Freddie de Guingand , Chief of Staff of Montgomery 's 21st Army Group , rose to the occasion , and personally smoothed over the disagreements on 30 December . As the Ardennes crisis developed , at 10 : 30 a.m. on 20 December , Eisenhower telephoned Montgomery and ordered him to assume command of the American First ( Hodges ) and Ninth Army ( Simpson ) -- which , until then , were under Bradley 's overall command . This change in command was ordered because the northern armies had not only lost all communications with Bradley , who was based in Luxembourg City , and the US command structure , but with adjacent units . Describing the situation as he found it on 20 December , Montgomery wrote ; The First Army was fighting desperately . Having given orders to Dempsey and Crerar , who arrived for a conference at 11 am , I left at noon for the H.Q. of the First Army , where I had instructed Simpson to meet me . I found the northern flank of the bulge was very disorganized . Ninth Army had two corps and three divisions ; First Army had three corps and fifteen divisions . Neither Army Commander had seen Bradley or any senior member of his staff since the battle began , and they had no directive on which to work . The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank as one whole , to ensure the vital areas were held securely , and to create reserves for counter-attack . I embarked on these measures : I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers , and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front . I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created . Slowly but surely the situation was held , and then finally restored . Similar action was taken on the southern flank of the bulge by Bradley , with the Third Army . Due to the news blackout imposed on the 16th , the change of leadership to Montgomery did not become known to the outside world until eventually SHAEF made a public announcement making clear that the change in command was `` absolutely nothing to do with failure on the part of the three American generals '' . This resulted in headlines in British newspapers . The story was also covered in Stars and Stripes and for the first time British contribution to the fighting was mentioned . Montgomery asked Churchill if he could give a conference to the press to explain the situation . Though some of his staff were concerned at the image it would give , the conference had been cleared by Alan Brooke , the CIGS , who was possibly the only person to whom Montgomery would listen . On the same day as Hitler 's withdrawal order of 7 January , Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven . Montgomery started with giving credit to the `` courage and good fighting quality '' of the American troops , characterizing a typical American as a `` very brave fighting man who has that tenacity in battle which makes a great soldier '' , and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork , and praised Eisenhower , stating , `` Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars . On our team , the captain is General Ike . '' Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half - hour . Coming to the end of his speech he said he had `` employed the whole available power of the British Group of Armies ; this power was brought into play very gradually ... Finally it was put into battle with a bang ... you thus have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow . '' He stated that he ( i.e. , the German ) was `` headed off ... seen off ... and ... written off ... The battle has been the most interesting , I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled . '' Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers , the overall impression given by Montgomery , at least in the ears of the American military leadership , was that he had taken the lion 's share of credit for the success of the campaign , and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans . His comments were interpreted as self - promoting , particularly his claiming that when the situation `` began to deteriorate , '' Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north . Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes ( for every British soldier there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight ) , and that it belittled the part played by Bradley , Patton and other American commanders . In the context of Patton 's and Montgomery 's well - known antipathy , Montgomery 's failure to mention the contribution of any American general besides Eisenhower was seen as insulting . Indeed , General Bradley and his American commanders were already starting their counterattack by the time Montgomery was given command of 1st and 9th U.S. Armies . Focusing exclusively on his own generalship , Montgomery continued to say he thought the counteroffensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January . He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front . According to Winston Churchill , the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses , and Montgomery was trying to avoid this situation . Many American officers had already grown to dislike Montgomery , who was seen by them as an overly cautious commander , arrogant , and all too willing to say uncharitable things about the Americans . The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill found it necessary in a speech to Parliament to explicitly state that the Battle of the Bulge was purely an American victory . Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote : `` Not only was it probably a mistake to have held this conference at all in the sensitive state of feeling at the time , but what I said was skilfully distorted by the enemy . Chester Wilmot explained that his dispatch to the BBC about it was intercepted by the German wireless , re-written to give it an anti-American bias , and then broadcast by Arnhem Radio , which was then in Goebbels ' hands . Monitored at Bradley 's HQ , this broadcast was mistaken for a BBC transmission and it was this twisted text that started the uproar . '' Montgomery later said , `` Distorted or not , I think now that I should never have held that press conference . So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong . I should therefore have said nothing . '' Eisenhower commented in his own memoirs : `` I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were . They believed he had belittled them -- and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt . '' Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery 's command was changed . Eisenhower , encouraged by his British deputy Arthur Tedder , had decided to sack Montgomery . Intervention by Montgomery 's and Eisenhower 's Chiefs of Staff , Maj. Gen. Freddie de Guingand , and Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith , moved Eisenhower to reconsider and allowed Montgomery to apologize . The German commander of the 5th Panzer Army , Hasso von Manteuffel said of Montgomery 's leadership : The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions . Montgomery 's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan . It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough . Casualties ( edit ) The Mardasson Memorial near Bastogne , Belgium Casualty estimates for the battle vary widely . According to the U.S. Department of Defense , American forces suffered 89,500 casualties including 19,000 killed , 47,500 wounded and 23,000 missing . An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists 105,102 casualties , including 19,246 killed , 62,489 wounded , and 26,612 captured or missing , though this incorporates losses suffered during the German offensive in Alsace , Operation `` Nordwind . '' A preliminary Army report restricted to the First and Third U.S. Armies listed 75,000 casualties ( 8,400 killed , 46,000 wounded and 21,000 missing ) . The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U.S. forces in World War II . British casualties totaled 1,400 with 200 deaths . The German High Command estimated that they lost between 81,834 and 98,024 men in the Bulge between 16 December 1944 and 28 January 1945 ; the accepted figure was 81,834 , of which 12,652 were killed , 38,600 were wounded , and 30,582 were missing . Allied estimates on German casualties range from 81,000 to 103,000 . Some authors have estimated German casualties as high as 125,000 . German historian Hermann Jung lists 67,675 casualties from 16 December 1944 to late January 1945 for the three German armies that participated in the offensive . The German casualty reports for the involved armies count 63,222 losses from 10 December 1944 to 31 January 1945 . The United States Army Center of Military History 's official numbers are 75,000 American casualties and 100,000 German casualties . German armored losses to all causes were between 527 and 554 , with 324 tanks being lost in combat . Of the German write - offs , 16 -- 20 were Tigers , 191 -- 194 Panthers , 141 -- 158 Panzer IVs , and 179 -- 182 were tank destroyers and assault guns . The Germans lost an additional 5,000 soft - skinned and armored vehicles . US losses alone over the same period were similarly heavy , totaling 733 tanks and tank destroyers . The outcome of the Ardennes Offensive demonstrated that the Allied armored forces were capable of taking on the Panzerwaffe on equal terms . Result ( edit ) Although the Germans managed to begin their offensive with complete surprise and enjoyed some initial successes , they were not able to seize the initiative on the Western front . While the German command did not reach its goals , the Ardennes operation inflicted heavy losses and set back the Allied invasion of Germany by several weeks . The High Command of the Allied forces had planned to resume the offensive by early January 1945 , after the wet season rains and severe frosts , but those plans had to be postponed until 29 January 1945 in connection with the unexpected changes in the front . The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle . By the beginning of February 1945 , the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944 . In early February , the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front : in the north under Montgomery toward Aachen ; in the center , under Courtney Hodges ; and in the south , under Patton . The German losses in the battle were especially critical : their last reserves were now gone , the Luftwaffe had been shattered , and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the Siegfried Line . In response to the early success of the offensive , on 6 January Churchill contacted Stalin to request that the Soviets put pressure on the Germans on the Eastern Front . On 12 January , the Soviets began the massive Vistula -- Oder Offensive , originally planned for 20 January . It had been brought forward from 20 January to 12 January because meteorological reports warned of a thaw later in the month , and the tanks needed hard ground for the offensive ( and the advance of the Red Army was assisted by two Panzer Armies ( 5th and 6th ) being redeployed for the Ardennes attack ) . During World War II , most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions , or in segregated units . Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge , Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time . This was an important step toward a desegregated United States military . More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front . A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II . Media attention ( edit ) The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum The battle around Bastogne received a great deal of media attention because in early December 1944 it was a rest and recreation area for many war correspondents . The rapid advance by the German forces who surrounded the town , the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider , along with the fast action of General Patton 's Third U.S. Army , all were featured in newspaper articles and on radio and captured the public 's imagination ; but there were no correspondents in the area of Saint - Vith , Elsenborn , or Monschau - Höfen . Bletchley Park post-mortem ( edit ) At Bletchley Park , F.L. Lucas and Peter Calvocoressi of Hut 3 were tasked in early 1945 with writing a report on the lessons to be learnt from the handling of pre-battle intelligence . The report concluded that `` the costly reverse might have been avoided if Ultra had been more carefully considered '' . `` Ultra intelligence was plentiful and informative '' though `` not wholly free from ambiguity '' , `` but it was misread and misused '' . Among the signs misread were the formation of the new 6th Panzer Army in the build - up area ( west bank of the Rhine about Cologne ) ; the new ' Star ' ( signals control - network ) noted by the ' Fusion Room ' traffic - analysts , linking `` all the armoured divisions ( assembling in the build - up area ) , including some transferred from the Russian front '' ; the daily aerial reconnaissance of the lightly - defended target area by new Arado Ar 234 jets `` as a matter of greatest urgency '' ; the marked increase in railway traffic in the build - up area ; the movement of 1,000 lorries from the Italian front to the build - up area ; disproportionate anxiety about tiny hitches in troop movements , suggesting a tight timetable ; the quadrupling of Luftwaffe fighter forces in the West ; and decrypts of Japanese diplomatic signals from Berlin to Tokyo , mentioning `` the coming offensive '' . For its part , Hut 3 had grown `` shy of going beyond its job of amending and explaining German messages . Drawing broad conclusions was for the intelligence staff at SHAEF , who had information from all sources , '' including aerial reconnaissance . E.J.N. Rose , head Air Adviser in Hut 3 , read the paper at the time and described it in 1998 as `` an extremely good report '' that `` showed the failure of intelligence at SHAEF and at the Air Ministry '' . The report is not known to have survived . It was probably the `` Top Secret ( intelligence ) digest '' , a post-mortem on the failure , referred to by General Strong ( 1968 ) , `` both record - copies of which were destroyed '' . Lucas and Calvocoressi `` expected heads to roll at Eisenhower 's HQ , but they did no more than wobble '' . Battle credit ( edit ) After the war ended , the U.S. Army issued battle credit in the form of the Ardennes - Alsace campaign citation to units and individuals that took part in operations in northwest Europe . The citation covered troops in the Ardennes sector where the main battle took place , as well as units further south in the Alsace sector , including those in the northern Alsace who filled in the vacuum created by the U.S. Third Army racing north , engaged in the concurrent Operation Nordwind diversion in central and southern Alsace launched to weaken Allied response in the Ardennes , and provided reinforcements to units fighting in the Ardennes . In popular culture ( edit ) The battle has been depicted in numerous works of art , entertainment , and media , including : Films , e.g. , Battleground ( 1949 ) , Attack ( 1956 ) , Battle of the Bulge ( 1965 ) , and A Midnight Clear ( 1992 ) Games : Over 70 board wargames have been created about the battle , the earliest in 1965 . As of 2014 , the battle has been the scene for about 30 video games , mostly strategy games , beginning with Tigers in the Snow ( 1981 ) . Literature : In Kurt Vonnegut 's postmodern novel Slaughterhouse - Five , or The Children 's Crusade : A Duty - Dance with Death ( 1969 ) , the protagonist Billy Pilgrim is captured by the advancing German army during the Battle of the Bulge . Television : The battle was the subject of the PBS American Experience episode , `` The Battle of the Bulge '' . The battle was prominently featured in two episodes of the miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) . Additionally , the Military / American Heroes TV series Greatest Tank Battles featured an episode on the Battle of the Bulge as `` The Battle of the Bulge : S.S. Panzers Attack ! '' See also ( edit ) Battle of Garfagnana German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II Operation Christ Rose Operation Spring Awakening Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes two parachute divisions . Jump up ^ 10,749 dead ; 34,225 wounded ; 22,487 captured Jump up ^ Eggenberger 1985 cites the official name as Ardennes - Alsace campaign ; David Eggenberger describes this battle as the `` Second Battle of the Ardennes '' . Jump up ^ Operation Overlord planned for an advance to the line of the Seine by D + 90 ( i.e. , the 90th day following D - Day ) and an advance to the German frontier sometime after D + 120 . Jump up ^ The Ardennes offensive was also named Rundstedt - Offensive , but von Rundstedt strongly objected `` to the fact that this stupid operation in the Ardennes is sometimes called the ' Rundstedt - Offensive ' . This is a complete misnomer . I had nothing to do with it . It came to me as an order complete to the last detail . Hitler had even written on the plan in his own handwriting ' not to be altered ' '' . ( Jablonsky , David ( 1994 ) , Churchill and Hitler : Essays on the Political - Military Direction of Total War , Taylor & Francis , p. 194 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4119 - 5 ) . Jump up ^ Wacht am Rhein was renamed Herbstnebel after the operation was given the go - ahead in early December , although its original name remains much better known ( Parker 1991 , pp. 95 -- 100 ; Mitcham 2006 , p. 38 ; Newton 2006 , pp. 329 -- 334 ) . Jump up ^ Nuts can mean several things in American English slang . In this case it signified rejection , and was explained to the Germans as meaning `` Go to Hell ! '' Jump up ^ A footnote to the U.S. Army 's official history volume `` Riviera to the Rhine '' makes the following note on U.S. Seventh Army casualties : `` As elsewhere , casualty figures are only rough estimates , and the figures presented are based on the postwar ' Seventh Army Operational Report , Alsace Campaign and Battle Participation , 1 June 1945 ' ( copy CMH ) , which notes 11,609 Seventh Army battle casualties for the period , plus 2,836 cases of trench foot and 380 cases of frostbite , and estimates about 17,000 Germans killed or wounded with 5,985 processed prisoners of war . But the VI Corps AAR for January 1945 puts its total losses at 14,716 ( 773 killed , 4,838 wounded , 3,657 missing , and 5,448 nonbattle casualties ) ; and Albert E. Cowdrey and Graham A. Cosmas , The Medical Department : The War Against Germany , draft CMH MS ( 1988 ) , pp. 54 -- 55 , a forthcoming volume in the United States Army in World War II series , reports Seventh Army hospitals processing about 9,000 wounded and 17,000 ' sick and injured ' during the period . Many of these may have been returned to their units , and others may have come from American units operating in the Colmar area but still supported by Seventh Army medical services . '' Jump up ^ `` U.S. infantrymen fire at German troops in the advance to relieve the surrounded paratroopers in Bastogne . In foreground a platoon leader indicates the target to a rifleman by actually firing on the target . In Bastogne the defenders were badly in need of relief , they were attacked nightly by German aircraft , supplies were critically low in spite of the airdrops , and the wounded could not be given proper attention because of the shortage of medical supplies . After an advance which had been slow , U.S. relief troops entered Bastogne at 1645 on 26 December 1944 . '' Jump up ^ `` Initial '' is the sum total of all unit rosters of the respective combatants at the point at which those units entered the battle , while `` Final '' reflects the state of those units on 16 January 1945 . For the strength of the opposing sides at any one time , see table above . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 428 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 358 . ^ Jump up to : Dupuy , Trevor ( 1994 ) . Hitler 's Last Gamble . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016627 - 4 . Appendices E and F ^ Jump up to : Dupuy , Trevor ( 1994 ) . Hitler 's Last Gamble . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016627 - 4 . Page 18 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2004 . Jump up ^ Parker , `` Battle of the Bulge '' p. 292 ^ Jump up to : Vogel 2001 , p. 632 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 1991 , pp. 339 Jump up ^ Ellis 2009 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ `` Heeresarzt 10 - Day Casualty Reports per Army / Army Group , 1944 '' . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heeresarzt 10 - Day Casualty Reports per Army / Army Group , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker p. 293 Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 426 , including 20 Tiger II tanks , 194 Panther tanks , 158 Panzer IV tanks and 182 assault guns and tank destroyers . Jump up ^ Schrijvers 2005 , p. xiv . ^ Jump up to : Cirillo 2003 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stanton 2006 . Jump up ^ Calvocoressi , Peter ( 1980 ) . Top Secret Ultra . London : Cassell . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 30546 - 4 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Asa ( 2011 ) . Secret Days : Code - breaking in Bletchley Park . London : Frontline Books . pp. 122 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84832 - 615 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Cirillo 2003 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ McCullough , David ( 2005 ) . American Experience -- The Battle of the Bulge ( Videotape ) . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1997 ) , Americans at War , University Press of Mississippi , p. 52 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 026 - 9 Jump up ^ Miller , Donald L. ( 2002 ) , The Story of World War II , Simon & Schuster , p. 358 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1198 - 7 Jump up ^ Fabianich , Maj . Keith P. ( 1947 ) . `` The Operations of the 3rd Battalion , 395th Infantry ( 99th Infantry Division ) Prior to and During the German Counter-Offensive , 10 November -- 24 December 1944 ( Ardennes Campaign ) ( Personal Experience of a Company Commander and Battalion Operations Officer ) '' ( PDF ) . Advanced Infantry Officers Course , 1947 -- 1948 . General Subjects Section , Academic Department , the Infantry School , Fort Benning , Georgia . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 24 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , pp. 1088 -- 1089 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1086 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1995 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Hugh M. ( 1964 ) , The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge ( PDF ) , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army , LCCN 65060001 ^ Jump up to : Cole , Hugh M. ( 1964 ) , `` The German Northern Shoulder Is Jammed '' , The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge ( PDF ) , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army Jump up ^ von Luttchau , Charles V.P. `` The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes '' . U.S. Army Center for Military History . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1085 . Jump up ^ Parker 1994 , pp. 122 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1964 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1091 . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , p. 1092 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Hugh M. ( 1965 ) . `` Chapter V : The Sixth Panzer Army Attack '' . The Ardennes . United States Army in World War II , The European Theater of Operations . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , p. 1090 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Nordwind : The `` Other '' Battle of the Bulge `` . warfarehistorynetwork.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cole , Hugh M. ( 1965 ) . THE ARDENNES : BATTLE OF THE BULGE ( LC : 65 - 60001 ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Parker 1994 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ & Cole 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Kevin ( 2002 ) , `` Oscar Koch : An Unsung Hero Behind Patton 's Victories '' ( PDF ) , Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin April -- June 2002 , 28 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Pogue , Forrest C. ( 1954 ) . The Supreme Command ( PDF ) . United States Army in World War II European Theater of Operations . p. 607 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell Patrick K. , Dog Company : The Boys of Pointe du Hoc -- the Rangers Who Accomplished D - Day 's Toughest Mission and Led the Way across Europe , Da Capo Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ & MacDonald 1984 , pp. 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ & Toland 1999 , p. 16 , 19 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Quarrie 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Explaining the silence surrounding Elsenborn Ridge battle '' . 99th Infantry Division Association . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 410 . ^ Jump up to : Cole 1964 , pp. 1 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Cavanagh 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ & Cole 1964 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Cole 1964 , pp. 75 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1984 . Jump up ^ Toland 1999 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes , 20 October 1947 , pp. 4 -- 22 Jump up ^ Hersko , Ralph E. , Jr . ( November 1998 ) . `` Battle of the Bulge : U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenborn Ridge '' . HistoryNet.com . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Quarrie 1999 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the invisible soldiers of the Battle of the Bulge '' . U.S. Wereth Memorial website . 29 June 1944 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Steven . `` Wereth 11 Remembered in Ceremony '' . Defense.gov . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Axis History Forum : SS unit at Stoumont , Belgium ? '' . Forum.axishistory.com. 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Toland 1999 , p. 103 , 104 . ^ Jump up to : Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 461 , 463 . Jump up ^ Dean , Rob . `` Why the Bulge Did n't Break : Green Troops Grew Up Fast to Become Heroes of Hofen '' . American Forces in World War II . Military History Online . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower 1969 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of the Ardennes '' ( PDF ) . Office de Promotion du Tourisme de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ & Cole 1964 , pp. 259 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Schrijvers 2005 , p. 303f . Jump up ^ Sorge 1986 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1970 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Blockmans , Guy ( 6 May 2002 ) . `` The British in the Battle of the Ardennes '' . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga 2004 , pp. 76 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Jonathon Riley ( 11 August 2010 ) . Decisive Battles : From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Michael Reynolds ( 1 February 2006 ) . Men of Steel : I SS Panzer Corps : The Ardennes and Eastern Front , 1944 -- 45 . Casemate Publishers . p. 58 . ISBN 1 - 932033 - 51 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gabrielle McDonald , ed. ( 1 May 2000 ) . Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law : The Experience of International and National Courts . Springer . p. 1951 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1135 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Solis ( 15 February 2010 ) . The Law of Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law in War . Cambridge University Press . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87088 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Währung '' . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 422 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , S.L.A. ( 1946 ) . `` The Relief '' . Bastogne : The First Eight Days . Infantry Journal Press . Jump up ^ Marshall 1988 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` NUTS ! Revisited '' . The Drop Zone . Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1992 , c . `` Bastogne '' . Jump up ^ `` World War II : Pathfinders Resupply 101st Airborne Division Troops in Bastogne Via Daring Parachute Drop '' . World War II Magazine . Historynet.com. 12 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2004 , pp. 84 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1995 , p. 769 . Jump up ^ Clarke & Smith 1993 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ `` The War against Germany : Europe and Adjacent Areas '' ( PDF ) ( CMH Pub 12 -- 3 ed . ) . U.S. Center for Military History . 1951 . p. 275 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider 2004 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Overview -- Battle of the Bulge '' . United States Army . 16 December 1944 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , appendix E Jump up ^ MacDonald 1985 , pp. 77 -- 79 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1985 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Mitcham , Samuel W. ( 2006 ) . Panzers in Winter , Hitler 's Army and the Battle of the Bulge . Praeger Security International . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97115 - 5 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Kurt ( 2005 ) . Grenadiers , The Story of Waffen - SS General Kurt `` Panzer '' Meyer . Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3197 - 3 . Jump up ^ Astor , Gerald ( 1992 ) . A Blood Dimmed Tide , The Battle of the Bulge by the Men Who Fought It . Donald I. Fine , Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 281 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1969 ) . The Bitter Woods ( First ed . ) . G.P. Putnam 's Sons , New York . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80652 - 5 . Jump up ^ Larrabee , Eric ( 1987 ) . Commander in Chief , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , His Lieutenants , and Their War . Simon & Schuster Inc . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66382 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery ( 1958 ) p. 308 Jump up ^ Urban 2005 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Whiting , Charles ( 9 October 2007 ) . Battle Of Hurtgen Forest . Da Capo Press . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1945 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1951 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1995 , pp. 204 -- 205 . ^ Jump up to : The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery ( 1958 ) , p. 311 -- 314 Jump up ^ `` This Day in History : Monty holds a press conference '' . History.com . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1983 , pp. 382 -- 385 . Jump up ^ The Struggle for Europe , p. 611 Jump up ^ Montgomery , Brian . A Field Marshal in the Family , Pen and Sword , 2010 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Delaforce 2004 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ `` Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II '' . Combined Arms Research Library , Department of the Army . 25 June 1953 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker p. 293 Jump up ^ Cirillo 2003 Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ `` Heeresarzt 10 - Day Casualty Reports per Army / Army Group , 1944 '' . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heeresarzt 10 - Day Casualty Reports per Army / Army Group , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Military History , Volume 2 '' . US Army Center of Military History . Washington DC . Page 157 . ^ Jump up to : Bergström 2014 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Parker p. 292 Jump up ^ Dupuy , p. 501 . The US 2nd Armored Division put on perhaps the best performance for the Allies , achieving a Combat Efficiency Value of 1.48 when it smashed the 2nd Panzer Division ( 0.52 ) at Celles in late December . Jump up ^ Sandler 2002 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ de Senarclens , Pierre ( 1988 ) , Yalta , Transaction , ISBN 0 - 88738 - 152 - 9 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2015 ) . Ardennes 1944 : Hitler 's last gamble . New York : Viking . p. 331 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02531 - 2 . Jump up ^ Blumenson , Martin ( 1972 ) . Eisenhower . New York : Ballantine Books . Jump up ^ Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. , eds. ( 2010 ) , World War II and the Postwar Years in America : A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia , Volume 1 , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 0 - 313 - 35652 - 1 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Michael ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nyssen , Léon ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` The Battle of Elsenborn December 1944 ( Part V ) '' . Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Harry Hinsley 's words , in Codebreakers : The Inside Story of Bletchley Park , eds . F.H. Hinsley & Alan Strip ( Oxford 1993 ) , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Calvocoressi , Peter , Top Secret Ultra ( 1980 , Cassell Ltd , London ) ISBN 0 - 304 - 30546 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Ralph . Ultra in the West London , 1979 . pp. 179 - 190 Jump up ^ Pearson , Joss ed . Neil Webster 's Cribs for Victory : The Untold Story of Bletchley Park 's Secret Room ISBN 978 - 0 - 9559541 - 8 - 4 Polperro Heritage Press , 2011 . pp. 66 - 67 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Michael , The Secrets of Station X ( London , 2011 ) , pp. 270 - 272 Jump up ^ Calvocoressi to Neil Leslie Webster , in Pearson , Joss ed . Neil Webster 's Cribs for Victory : The Untold Story of Bletchley Park 's Secret Room ( 2011 ) , p. 67 Jump up ^ Millward , William , `` Life in and out of Hut 3 '' in F.H. Hinsley and Alan Strip , eds . Codebreakers : The Inside Story of Bletchley Park Oxford 1993 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Strong , K.W.D. Intelligence at the Top : the recollections of an Intelligence Officer London , 1968 . pp. 175 - 176 Jump up ^ ' Peter Calvocoressi : Political writer who served at Bletchley Park and assisted at the Nuremberg trials The Independent Jump up ^ Units Entitled to Battle Credit Archived 16 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Battleground on IMDb Jump up ^ Attack on IMDb Jump up ^ Battle of the Bulge on IMDb Jump up ^ A Midnight Clear on IMDb . Jump up ^ BoardGameGeek Jump up ^ Stone , Tim ( 26 December 2014 ) . `` The Flare Path : Bulges '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Vonnegut , Jr. , Kurt ( 1969 ) . Slaughterhouse - Five , or The Children 's Crusade : A Duty - Dance with Death . New York City : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 31208 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience -- The Battle of the Bulge -- PBS Documentary '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Band of Brothers on IMDb Bibliography ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen ( 1992 ) , Band of Brothers , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 76922 - 7 Ambrose , Stephen ( 1998 ) , Citizen Soldiers , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 84801 - 5 Bergström , Christer ( 2014 ) , The Ardennes : Hitler 's Winter Offensive 1944 -- 1945 , Havertown : Casemate Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 277 - 4 Blumenson , Martin ( 1972 ) , Eisenhower , New York : Ballantine Books Bouwmeester , Maj . Han ( 2004 ) , Beginning of the End : The Leadership of SS Obersturmbannführer Jochen Peiper ( PDF ) , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas : Royal Netherlands Army , Free University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands , retrieved 7 June 2012 Bradley , Omar N. ( 30 April 1951 ) , `` The War America Fought : Sweep to Victory '' , Life , 30 ( 18 ) Bradley , Omar ( 1983 ) , A General 's Life : An Autobiography , The University of Michigan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 41023 - 0 Burriss , T. Moffat ( 2001 ) , Strike and Hold : A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 348 - 0 Carter , William R. ( 1989 ) , Air Power in the Battle of the Bulge , Airpower Journal , retrieved 9 February 2012 Cirillo , Roger ( 2003 ) , Ardennes - Alsace , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army , archived from the original on 6 December 2008 , retrieved 6 December 2008 Clarke , Jeffrey J. ; Smith , Robert Ross ( 1993 ) , Riviera to the Rhine : The European Theater of Operations , Center of Military History , United States Army , ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 034746 - 7 Cole , Hugh M. ( 1964 ) , The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army , LCCN 65060001 Collins , Michael ; King , Martin ( 2013 ) . The Tigers of Bastogne : Voices of the 10th Armored Division in the Battle of the Bulge . Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 181 - 4 . Delaforce , Patrick ( 2004 ) , The Battle of the Bulge : Hitler 's Final Gamble , Pearson Higher Education , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 4062 - 0 `` Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II '' . Combined Arms Research Library , Department of the Army . 25 June 1953 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . de Senarclens , Pierre ( 1988 ) , Yalta , Transaction , ISBN 0 - 88738 - 152 - 9 Dupuy , Trever N ; Bongard , David L. ; Anderson Jr. , Richard C. ( 1994 ) , Hitler 's Last Gamble : The Battle of the Bulge , December 1944 -- January 1945 , HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 016627 - 4 Eggenberger , David ( 1985 ) , An Encyclopedia of Battles : Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present , Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 24913 - 1 Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1969 ) , The Bitter Woods ( First ed . ) , New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80652 - 5 Ellis , Lionel F. ( 2009 ) ( 1968 ) . Victory in the West . 2 - The Defeat of Germany . with A.E. Warhurst . Naval and Military Press . ISBN 978 - 184574059 - 7 . Elstob , Peter ( 1971 ) , Hitler 's Last Offensive , Macmillan Publishers Ltd. , ISBN 9780436142512 Gallagher , Wes ( 8 January 1945 ) , `` Montgomery Says Doughboy Courage , Fighting Ability Halted Nazi Drive '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , retrieved 12 June 2012 Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ; Wenger , J. Michael ( 1994 ) , Nuts ! : The Battle of the Bulge : The Story and Photographs , Potomac Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 881069 - 0 Jordan , Jonathan W ( 2011 ) , Brothers Rivals Victors : Eisenhower , Patton , Bradley , and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe , NAL , ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 23212 - 0 Kershaw , Alex ( 2004 ) , The Longest Winter , Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81304 - 1 Liddell Hart , Basil Henry ( 1970 ) , History of the Second World War , G.P. Putnam 's Sons. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80912 - 5 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1984 ) , A Time For Trumpets : The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge , Bantam Books , ISBN 0 - 553 - 34226 - 6 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1999 ) , Company Commander , Burford Books , ISBN 1 - 58080 - 038 - 6 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1998 ) , The Battle of the Bulge , Phoenix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85799 - 128 - 4 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1994 ) , The Last Offensive , Alpine Fine Arts Collection , ISBN 1 - 56852 - 001 - 8 Marshall , S.L.A. ( 1988 ) ( 1946 ) , Bastogne : The First Eight Days , U.S. Army in Action Series , United States Army Center of Military History , CMH Pub 22 - 2 , archived from the original on 4 December 2008 , retrieved 6 December 2008 Miles , Donna ( 14 December 2004 ) , Battle of the Bulge Remembered 60 Years Later , United States Department of Defense , retrieved 12 June 2012 Mitcham , Samuel W. ( 2006 ) , Panzers in Winter : Hitler 's Army and the Battle of the Bulge , Westport , CT : Praeger , ISBN 0 - 275 - 97115 - 5 Newton , Steven H. ( 2006 ) , Hitler 's Commander : Field Marshal Walter Model -- Hitler 's Favorite General , Cambridge , MA : Da Capo , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81399 - 8 Parker , Danny S. ( 1991 ) , Battle of the Bulge : Hitler 's Ardennes Offensive , 1944 -- 1945 , Combined Books , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 04 - 7 Parker , Danny S. ( 1994 ) , To Win the Winter Sky : The Air War over the Ardennes 1944 -- 1945 , Combined Books , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 35 - 7 Parker , Danny S. ( 1999 ) , The Battle of the Bulge , The German View : Perspectives from Hitler 's High Command , London : Greenhill , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 354 - 4 Parker , Danny S. ( 2004 ) , Battle of the Bulge : Hitler 's Ardennes Offensive , 1944 -- 1945 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81391 - 7 Quarrie , Bruce ( 1999 ) , The Ardennes Offensive VI Panzer Armee , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 853 - 2 Quarrie , Bruce ( 2000 ) , The Ardennes Offensive V Panzer Armee , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 857 - 0 Quarrie , Bruce ( 2001 ) , The Ardennes Offensive I Armee & VII Armee , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 913 - 3 Ryan , Cornelius ( 1995 ) ( 1974 ) , A Bridge Too Far , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80330 - 2 Ryan , Cornelius ( 1995 ) , The Last Battle : The Classic History of the Battle for Berlin , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80329 - 6 Sandler , Stanley ( 2002 ) , Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 344 - 0 Schneider , W. ( 2004 ) , Tigers in Combat , Vol. 1 , Stackpole , ISBN 978 - 0811731713 Schrijvers , Peter ( 2005 ) , The Unknown Dead : Civilians in the Battle of the Bulge , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2352 - 6 Shaw , Antony ( 2000 ) , World War II Day by Day , Osceola : MBI Pub. Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0939 - 1 Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 Skorzeny , Otto ( 1997 ) , Skorzeny 's Special Missions : The Memoirs of `` The Most Dangerous Man in Europe '' , Greenhill Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 291 - 0 Sorge , Martin K. ( 1986 ) , The Other Price of Hitler 's War : German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting From World War II , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 25293 - 9 Stanton , Shelby ( 2006 ) , World War II Order of Battle : An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division , 1939 -- 1946 , Stackpole Books Toland , John ( 1999 ) , Battle : The Story of the Bulge , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9437 - 9 Urban , Mark ( 2005 ) , Generals : Ten British Commanders who Shaped the World , Faber and Faber , ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22485 - 2 Boog , Horst ; Vogel , Detlef ; Krebs , Gerhard ( 2001 ) , Das Deutsche Reich und die Zweite Weltkrieg Vol. 7 , Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt , ISBN 978 - 3 - 421 - 05507 - 1 Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1995 ) , A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55879 - 2 Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1964 ) , `` Hitler 's Image of the United States '' , The American Historical Review , 69 ( 4 ) : 1006 -- 1021 , doi : 10.2307 / 1842933 , JSTOR 1842933 Wilmes , David ( 1999 ) , The Long Road : From Oran to Pilsen : the Oral Histories of Veterans of World War II , European Theater of Operations , SVC Northern Appalachian Studies , ISBN 978 - 1 - 885851 - 13 - 0 Wissolik , Richard David ( 2005 ) , They Say There Was a War , SVC Northern Appalachian Studies , ISBN 978 - 1 - 885851 - 51 - 2 Wissolik , Richard David ( 2007 ) , An Honor to Serve : Oral Histories United States Veterans World War II , SVC Northern Appalachian Studies , ISBN 978 - 1 - 885851 - 20 - 8 Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. , eds. ( 2010 ) , World War II and the Postwar Years in America : A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia , Volume 1 , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 0 - 313 - 35652 - 1 Zaloga , Steven ( 2004 ) , Battle of the Bulge 1944 , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 810 - 3 Zaloga , Steven ( 2008 ) , Panther vs. Sherman : Battle of the Bulge 1944 , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 292 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Beevor , Antony ( 2015 ) . Ardennes 1944 : Hitler 's Last Gamble . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91864 - 5 . Caddick - Adams , Peter . Snow and Steel : The Battle of the Bulge , 1944 -- 45 ( Oxford University Press ; 2015 ) 872 pages Elstob , Peter ( 2003 ) , Hitler 's Last Offensive , Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military Classics , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 984 - 0 von Luttichau , Charles V. ( 2000 ) , `` Chapter 20 : The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes '' , in Kent Roberts Greenfield , Command Decisions , United States Army Center of Military History , CMH Pub 70 - 7 ( reissue from 1960 ) External links ( edit ) Battle of the Bulge -- Official webpage of the United States Army . The Battle of the Bulge : Battlebook U.S. Army Europe Battle of the Bulge Museums -- a list of Battle of the Bulge museums near the previous battlefield . 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7667564582973145402	Amazing Grace	Amazing Grace - wikipedia Amazing Grace Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Amazing Grace ( disambiguation ) . The bottom of page 53 of Olney Hymns shows the first stanza of the hymn beginning `` Amazing Grace ! '' `` Amazing Grace '' is a Christian hymn published in 1779 , with words written by the English poet and Anglican clergyman John Newton ( 1725 -- 1807 ) . Newton wrote the words from personal experience . He grew up without any particular religious conviction , but his life 's path was formed by a variety of twists and coincidences that were often put into motion by his recalcitrant insubordination . He was pressed ( conscripted ) into service in the Royal Navy , and after leaving the service , he became involved in the Atlantic slave trade . In 1748 , a violent storm battered his vessel off the coast of County Donegal , Ireland , so severely that he called out to God for mercy , a moment that marked his spiritual conversion . He continued his slave trading career until 1754 or 1755 , when he ended his seafaring altogether and began studying Christian theology . Ordained in the Church of England in 1764 , Newton became curate of Olney , Buckinghamshire , where he began to write hymns with poet William Cowper . `` Amazing Grace '' was written to illustrate a sermon on New Year 's Day of 1773 . It is unknown if there was any music accompanying the verses ; it may have simply been chanted by the congregation . It debuted in print in 1779 in Newton and Cowper 's Olney Hymns but settled into relative obscurity in England . In the United States , however , `` Amazing Grace '' was used extensively during the Second Great Awakening in the early 19th century . It has been associated with more than 20 melodies , but in 1835 it was joined to a tune named `` New Britain '' to which it is most frequently sung today . With the message that forgiveness and redemption are possible regardless of sins committed and that the soul can be delivered from despair through the mercy of God , `` Amazing Grace '' is one of the most recognisable songs in the English - speaking world . Author Gilbert Chase writes that it is `` without a doubt the most famous of all the folk hymns '' , and Jonathan Aitken , a Newton biographer , estimates that it is performed about 10 million times annually . It has had particular influence in folk music , and has become an emblematic African American spiritual . Its universal message has been a significant factor in its crossover into secular music . `` Amazing Grace '' saw a resurgence in popularity in the U.S. during the 1960s and has been recorded thousands of times during and since the 20th century , occasionally appearing on popular music charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 John Newton 's conversion 2 Olney curate 2.1 Olney Hymns 2.2 Critical analysis 3 Dissemination 3.1 `` New Britain '' tune 3.2 Urban revival 4 Recorded versions 5 In popular culture 6 Modern interpretations 7 References 8 External links John Newton 's conversion ( edit ) How industrious is Satan served . I was formerly one of his active undertemptors and had my influence been equal to my wishes I would have carried all the human race with me . A common drunkard or profligate is a petty sinner to what I was . John Newton , 1778 According to the Dictionary of American Hymnology `` Amazing Grace '' is John Newton 's spiritual autobiography in verse . In 1725 , Newton was born in Wapping , a district in London near the Thames . His father was a shipping merchant who was brought up as a Catholic but had Protestant sympathies , and his mother was a devout Independent unaffiliated with the Anglican Church . She had intended Newton to become a clergyman , but she died of tuberculosis when he was six years old . For the next few years , Newton was raised by his emotionally distant stepmother while his father was at sea , and spent some time at a boarding school where he was mistreated . At the age of eleven , he joined his father on a ship as an apprentice ; his seagoing career would be marked by headstrong disobedience . As a youth , Newton began a pattern of coming very close to death , examining his relationship with God , then relapsing into bad habits . As a sailor , he denounced his faith after being influenced by a shipmate who discussed Characteristics of Men , Manners , Opinions , Times , a book by the Third Earl of Shaftesbury , with him . In a series of letters he later wrote , `` Like an unwary sailor who quits his port just before a rising storm , I renounced the hopes and comforts of the Gospel at the very time when every other comfort was about to fail me . '' His disobedience caused him to be pressed into the Royal Navy , and he took advantage of opportunities to overstay his leave and finally deserted to visit Mary `` Polly '' Catlett , a family friend with whom he had fallen in love . After enduring humiliation for deserting , he managed to get himself traded to a slave ship where he began a career in slave trading . John Newton in his later years Newton often openly mocked the captain by creating obscene poems and songs about him that became so popular the crew began to join in . He entered into disagreements with several colleagues that resulted in his being starved almost to death , imprisoned while at sea and chained like the slaves they carried , then outright enslaved and forced to work on a plantation in Sierra Leone near the Sherbro River . After several months he came to think of Sierra Leone as his home , but his father intervened after Newton sent him a letter describing his circumstances , and a ship found him by coincidence . Newton claimed the only reason he left was because of Polly . While aboard the ship Greyhound , Newton gained notoriety for being one of the most profane men the captain had ever met . In a culture where sailors commonly used oaths and swore , Newton was admonished several times for not only using the worst words the captain had ever heard , but creating new ones to exceed the limits of verbal debauchery . In March 1748 , while the Greyhound was in the North Atlantic , a violent storm came upon the ship that was so rough it swept overboard a crew member who was standing where Newton had been moments before . After hours of the crew emptying water from the ship and expecting to be capsized , Newton and another mate tied themselves to the ship 's pump to keep from being washed overboard , working for several hours . After proposing the measure to the captain , Newton had turned and said , `` If this will not do , then Lord have mercy upon us ! '' Newton rested briefly before returning to the deck to steer for the next eleven hours . During his time at the wheel he pondered his divine challenge . About two weeks later , the battered ship and starving crew landed in Lough Swilly , Ireland . For several weeks before the storm , Newton had been reading The Christian 's Pattern , a summary of the 15th - century The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis . The memory of his own `` Lord have mercy upon us ! '' uttered during a moment of desperation in the storm did not leave him ; he began to ask if he was worthy of God 's mercy or in any way redeemable as he had not only neglected his faith but directly opposed it , mocking others who showed theirs , deriding and denouncing God as a myth . He came to believe that God had sent him a profound message and had begun to work through him . Newton 's conversion was not immediate , but he contacted Polly 's family and announced his intentions to marry her . Her parents were hesitant as he was known to be unreliable and impetuous . They knew he was profane , but they allowed him to write to Polly , and he set to begin to submit to authority for her sake . He sought a place on a slave ship bound for Africa , and Newton and his crewmates participated in most of the same activities he had written about before ; the only immorality from which he was able to free himself was profanity . After a severe illness his resolve was renewed , yet he retained the same attitude towards slavery as was held by his contemporaries . Newton continued in the slave trade through several voyages where he sailed up rivers in Africa -- now as a captain -- procured slaves being offered for sale in larger ports , and subsequently transported them to North America . In between voyages , he married Polly in 1750 and he found it more difficult to leave her at the beginning of each trip . After three shipping experiences in the slave trade , Newton was promised a position as ship 's captain with cargo unrelated to slavery when , at the age of thirty , he collapsed and never sailed again . The vicarage in Olney , where Newton wrote the hymn that would become `` Amazing Grace '' Olney curate ( edit ) Working as a customs agent in Liverpool starting in 1756 , Newton began to teach himself Latin , Greek , and theology . He and Polly immersed themselves in the church community , and Newton 's passion was so impressive that his friends suggested he become a priest in the Church of England . He was turned down by John Gilbert , Archbishop of York , in 1758 , ostensibly for having no university degree , although the more likely reasons were his leanings toward evangelism and tendency to socialise with Methodists . Newton continued his devotions , and after being encouraged by a friend , he wrote about his experiences in the slave trade and his conversion . George Legge , 3rd Earl of Dartmouth , impressed with his story , sponsored Newton for ordination by John Green , Bishop of Lincoln , and offered him the curacy of Olney , Buckinghamshire , in 1764 . Olney hymns ( edit ) Main article : Olney Hymns Amazing grace ! ( how sweet the sound ) That sav 'd a wretch like me ! I once was lost , but now am found , Was blind , but now I see . ' Twas grace that taught my heart to fear , And grace my fears reliev 'd ; How precious did that grace appear The hour I first believ 'd ! Thro ' many dangers , toils , and snares , I have already come ; ' Tis grace hath brought me safe thus far , And grace will lead me home . The Lord has promis 'd good to me , His word my hope secures ; He will my shield and portion be As long as life endures . Yes , when this flesh and heart shall fail , And mortal life shall cease ; I shall possess , within the veil , A life of joy and peace . The earth shall soon dissolve like snow , The sun forbear to shine ; But God , who call 'd me here below , Will be forever mine . John Newton , Olney Hymns , 1779 Olney was a village of about 2,500 residents whose main industry was making lace by hand . The people were mostly illiterate and many of them were poor . Newton 's preaching was unique in that he shared many of his own experiences from the pulpit ; many clergy preached from a distance , not admitting any intimacy with temptation or sin . He was involved in his parishioners ' lives and was much loved , although his writing and delivery were sometimes unpolished . But his devotion and conviction were apparent and forceful , and he often said his mission was to `` break a hard heart and to heal a broken heart '' . He struck a friendship with William Cowper , a gifted writer who had failed at a career in law and suffered bouts of insanity , attempting suicide several times . Cowper enjoyed Olney -- and Newton 's company ; he was also new to Olney and had gone through a spiritual conversion similar to Newton 's . Together , their effect on the local congregation was impressive . In 1768 , they found it necessary to start a weekly prayer meeting to meet the needs of an increasing number of parishioners . They also began writing lessons for children . Partly from Cowper 's literary influence , and partly because learned vicars were expected to write verses , Newton began to try his hand at hymns , which had become popular through the language , made plain for common people to understand . Several prolific hymn writers were at their most productive in the 18th century , including Isaac Watts -- whose hymns Newton had grown up hearing -- and Charles Wesley , with whom Newton was familiar . Wesley 's brother John , the eventual founder of the Methodist Church , had encouraged Newton to go into the clergy . Watts was a pioneer in English hymn writing , basing his work after the Psalms . The most prevalent hymns by Watts and others were written in the common meter in 8.6. 8.6 : the first line is eight syllables and the second is six . Newton and Cowper attempted to present a poem or hymn for each prayer meeting . The lyrics to `` Amazing Grace '' were written in late 1772 and probably used in a prayer meeting for the first time on January 1 , 1773 . A collection of the poems Newton and Cowper had written for use in services at Olney was bound and published anonymously in 1779 under the title Olney Hymns . Newton contributed 280 of the 348 texts in Olney Hymns ; `` 1 Chronicles 17 : 16 -- 17 , Faith 's Review and Expectation '' was the title of the poem with the first line `` Amazing grace ! ( how sweet the sound ) '' . Critical analysis ( edit ) The general impact of Olney Hymns was immediate and it became a widely popular tool for evangelicals in Britain for many years . Scholars appreciated Cowper 's poetry somewhat more than Newton 's plaintive and plain language driven from his forceful personality . The most prevalent themes in the verses written by Newton in Olney Hymns are faith in salvation , wonder at God 's grace , his love for Jesus , and his cheerful exclamations of the joy he found in his faith . As a reflection of Newton 's connection to his parishioners , he wrote many of the hymns in first person , admitting his own experience with sin . Bruce Hindmarsh in Sing Them Over Again To Me : Hymns and Hymnbooks in America considers `` Amazing Grace '' an excellent example of Newton 's testimonial style afforded by the use of this perspective . Several of Newton 's hymns were recognized as great work ( `` Amazing Grace '' was not among them ) while others seem to have been included to fill in when Cowper was unable to write . Jonathan Aitken calls Newton , specifically referring to `` Amazing Grace '' , an `` unashamedly middlebrow lyricist writing for a lowbrow congregation '' , noting that only twenty - one of the nearly 150 words used in all six verses have more than one syllable . William Phipps in the Anglican Theological Review and author James Basker have interpreted the first stanza of `` Amazing Grace '' as evidence of Newton 's realization that his participation in the slave trade was his wretchedness , perhaps representing a wider common understanding of Newton 's motivations . Newton joined forces with a young man named William Wilberforce , the British Member of Parliament who led the Parliamentarian campaign to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire , culminating in the Slave Trade Act 1807 . However , Newton became an ardent and outspoken abolitionist after he left Olney in the 1780s ; he never connected the construction of the hymn that became `` Amazing Grace '' to anti-slavery sentiments . The lyrics in Olney Hymns were arranged by their association to the Biblical verses that would be used by Newton and Cowper in their prayer meetings and did not address any political objective . For Newton , the beginning of the year was a time to reflect on one 's spiritual progress . At the same time he completed a diary -- which has since been lost -- that he had begun 17 years before , two years after he quit sailing . The last entry of 1772 was a recounting of how much he had changed since then . And David the king came and sat before the LORD , and said , Who am I , OL ORD God , and what is mine house , that thou hast brought me hitherto ? And yet this was a small thing in thine eyes , O God ; for thou hast also spoken of thy servant 's house for a great while to come , and hast regarded me according to the estate of a man of high degree , OL ORD God . 1 Chronicles 17 : 16 -- 17 , King James Version The title ascribed to the hymn , `` 1 Chronicles 17 : 16 -- 17 '' , refers to David 's reaction to the prophet Nathan telling him that God intends to maintain his family line forever . Some Christians interpret this as a prediction that Jesus Christ , as a descendant of David , was promised by God as the salvation for all people . Newton 's sermon on that January day in 1773 focused on the necessity to express one 's gratefulness for God 's guidance , that God is involved in the daily lives of Christians though they may not be aware of it , and that patience for deliverance from the daily trials of life is warranted when the glories of eternity await . Newton saw himself a sinner like David who had been chosen , perhaps undeservedly , and was humbled by it . According to Newton , unconverted sinners were `` blinded by the god of this world '' until `` mercy came to us not only undeserved but undesired ... our hearts endeavored to shut him out till he overcame us by the power of his grace . '' The New Testament served as the basis for many of the lyrics of `` Amazing Grace '' . The first verse , for example , can be traced to the story of the Prodigal Son . In the Gospel of Luke the father says , `` For this son of mine was dead and is alive again ; he was lost , and is found '' . The story of Jesus healing a blind man who tells the Pharisees that he can now see is told in the Gospel of John . Newton used the words `` I was blind but now I see '' and declared `` Oh to grace how great a debtor ! '' in his letters and diary entries as early as 1752 . The effect of the lyrical arrangement , according to Bruce Hindmarsh , allows an instant release of energy in the exclamation `` Amazing grace ! '' , to be followed by a qualifying reply in `` how sweet the sound '' . In An Annotated Anthology of Hymns , Newton 's use of an exclamation at the beginning of his verse is called `` crude but effective '' in an overall composition that `` suggest ( s ) a forceful , if simple , statement of faith '' . Grace is recalled three times in the following verse , culminating in Newton 's most personal story of his conversion , underscoring the use of his personal testimony with his parishioners . The sermon preached by Newton was his last , of those that William Cowper heard in Olney , since Cowper 's mental instability returned shortly thereafter . Steve Turner , author of Amazing Grace : The Story of America 's Most Beloved Song , suggests Newton may have had his friend in mind , employing the themes of assurance and deliverance from despair for Cowper 's benefit . An 1847 publication of Southern Harmony , showing the title `` New Britain '' and shape note music . Dissemination ( edit ) Although it had its roots in England , `` Amazing Grace '' became an integral part of the Christian tapestry in the United States . More than 60 of Newton and Cowper 's hymns were republished in other British hymnals and magazines , but `` Amazing Grace '' was not , appearing only once in a 1780 hymnal sponsored by the Countess of Huntingdon . Scholar John Julian commented in his 1892 A Dictionary of Hymnology that outside of the United States , the song was unknown and it was `` far from being a good example of Newton 's finest work '' . Between 1789 and 1799 , four variations of Newton 's hymn were published in the U.S. in Baptist , Dutch Reformed , and Congregationalist hymnodies ; by 1830 Presbyterians and Methodists also included Newton 's verses in their hymnals . The greatest influences in the 19th century that propelled `` Amazing Grace '' to spread across the U.S. and become a staple of religious services in many denominations and regions were the Second Great Awakening and the development of shape note singing communities . A tremendous religious movement swept the U.S. in the early 19th century , marked by the growth and popularity of churches and religious revivals that got their start in Kentucky and Tennessee . Unprecedented gatherings of thousands of people attended camp meetings where they came to experience salvation ; preaching was fiery and focused on saving the sinner from temptation and backsliding . Religion was stripped of ornament and ceremony , and made as plain and simple as possible ; sermons and songs often used repetition to get across to a rural population of poor and mostly uneducated people the necessity of turning away from sin . Witnessing and testifying became an integral component to these meetings , where a congregation member or even a stranger would rise and recount his turn from a sinful life to one of piety and peace . `` Amazing Grace '' was one of many hymns that punctuated fervent sermons , although the contemporary style used a refrain , borrowed from other hymns , that employed simplicity and repetition such as : Amazing grace ! How sweet the sound That saved a wretch like me . I once was lost , but now am found , Was blind but now I see . Shout , shout for glory , Shout , shout aloud for glory ; Brother , sister , mourner , All shout glory hallelujah . Simultaneously , an unrelated movement of communal singing was established throughout the South and Western states . A format of teaching music to illiterate people appeared in 1800 . It used four sounds to symbolize the basic scale : fa - sol - la - fa - sol - la - mi - fa . Each sound was accompanied by a specifically shaped note and thus became known as shape note singing . The method was simple to learn and teach , so schools were established throughout the South and West . Communities would come together for an entire day of singing in a large building where they sat in four distinct areas surrounding an open space , one member directing the group as a whole . Most of the music was Christian , but the purpose of communal singing was not primarily spiritual . Communities either could not afford music accompaniment or rejected it out of a Calvinistic sense of simplicity , so the songs were sung a cappella . William Walker , the composer who first joined John Newton 's verses to `` New Britain '' , to create the song that has become `` Amazing Grace '' `` New Britain '' tune ( edit ) When originally used in Olney , it is unknown what music , if any , accompanied the verses written by John Newton . Contemporary hymnbooks did not contain music and were simply small books of religious poetry . The first known instance of Newton 's lines joined to music was in A Companion to the Countess of Huntingdon 's Hymns ( London , 1808 ) , where it is set to the tune `` Hephzibah '' by English composer John Jenkins Husband . Common meter hymns were interchangeable with a variety of tunes ; more than twenty musical settings of `` Amazing Grace '' circulated with varying popularity until 1835 when William Walker assigned Newton 's words to a traditional song named `` New Britain '' , which was itself an amalgamation of two melodies ( `` Gallaher '' and `` St. Mary '' ) first published in the Columbian Harmony by Charles H. Spilman and Benjamin Shaw ( Cincinnati , 1829 ) . Spilman and Shaw , both students at Kentucky 's Centre College , compiled their tunebook both for public worship and revivals , to satisfy `` the wants of the Church in her triumphal march '' . Most of the tunes had been previously published , but `` Gallaher '' and `` St. Mary '' had not . As neither tune is attributed and both show elements of oral transmission , scholars can only speculate that they are possibly of British origin . A manuscript from 1828 by Lucius Chapin , a famous hymn writer of that time , contains a tune very close to `` St. Mary '' , but that does not mean that he wrote it . `` Amazing Grace '' , with the words written by Newton and joined with `` New Britain '' , the melody most currently associated with it , appeared for the first time in Walker 's shape note tunebook Southern Harmony in 1847 . It was , according to author Steve Turner , a `` marriage made in heaven ... The music behind ' amazing ' had a sense of awe to it . The music behind ' grace ' sounded graceful . There was a rise at the point of confession , as though the author was stepping out into the open and making a bold declaration , but a corresponding fall when admitting his blindness . '' Walker 's collection was enormously popular , selling about 600,000 copies all over the U.S. when the total population was just over 20 million . Another shape note tunebook named The Sacred Harp ( 1844 ) by Georgia residents Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King became widely influential and continues to be used . Another verse was first recorded in Harriet Beecher Stowe 's immensely influential 1852 anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Three verses were emblematically sung by Tom in his hour of deepest crisis . He sings the sixth and fifth verses in that order , and Stowe included another verse not written by Newton that had been passed down orally in African American communities for at least 50 years . It was originally one of between 50 and 70 verses of a song titled `` Jerusalem , My Happy Home '' that first appeared in a 1790 book called A Collection of Sacred Ballads : When we 've been there ten thousand years , Bright shining as the sun , We 've no less days to sing God 's praise , Than when we first begun . Shape note version of `` Amazing Grace '' recorded by Alan and John Lomax in Birmingham , Alabama , 1942 This version also includes Newton 's sixth verse , which is uncommon in recordings . This recording was made for the American Folklife Center and is in the U.S. Library of Congress Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Amazing Grace '' came to be an emblem of a Christian movement and a symbol of the U.S. itself as the country was involved in a great political experiment , attempting to employ democracy as a means of government . Shape note singing communities , with all the members sitting around an open center , each song employing a different director , illustrated this in practice . Simultaneously , the U.S. began to expand westward into previously unexplored territory that was often wilderness . The `` dangers , toils , and snares '' of Newton 's lyrics had both literal and figurative meanings for Americans . This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U.S. Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . `` Amazing Grace '' set to `` New Britain '' was included in two hymnals distributed to soldiers and with death so real and imminent , religious services in the military became commonplace . The hymn was translated into other languages as well : while on the Trail of Tears , the Cherokee sang Christian hymns as a way of coping with the ongoing tragedy , and a version of the song by Samuel Worcester that had been translated into the Cherokee language became very popular . Urban revival ( edit ) Although `` Amazing Grace '' set to `` New Britain '' was popular , other versions existed regionally . Primitive Baptists in the Appalachian region often used `` New Britain '' with other hymns , and sometimes sing the words of `` Amazing Grace '' to other folk songs , including titles such as `` In the Pines '' , `` Pisgah '' , `` Primrose '' , and `` Evan '' , as all are able to be sung in common meter , of which the majority of their repertoire consists . A tune named `` Arlington '' accompanied Newton 's verses as much as `` New Britain '' for a time in the late 19th century . Two musical arrangers named Dwight Moody and Ira Sankey heralded another religious revival in the cities of the U.S. and Europe , giving the song international exposure . Moody 's preaching and Sankey 's musical gifts were significant ; their arrangements were the forerunners of gospel music , and churches all over the U.S. were eager to acquire them . Moody and Sankey began publishing their compositions in 1875 , and `` Amazing Grace '' appeared three times with three different melodies , but they were the first to give it its title ; hymns were typically published using the first line of the lyrics , or the name of the tune such as `` New Britain '' . A publisher named Edwin Othello Excell gave the version of `` Amazing Grace '' set to `` New Britain '' immense popularity by publishing it in a series of hymnals that were used in urban churches . Excell altered some of Walker 's music , making it more contemporary and European , giving `` New Britain '' some distance from its rural folk - music origins . Excell 's version was more palatable for a growing urban middle class and arranged for larger church choirs . Several editions featuring Newton 's first three stanzas and the verse previously included by Harriet Beecher Stowe in Uncle Tom 's Cabin were published by Excell between 1900 and 1910 , and his version of `` Amazing Grace '' became the standard form of the song in American churches . `` Amazing Grace '' a cappella , lined out by three singers in long meter This recording was done for the Archive of American Folk - Song in Livingston , Alabama in 1939 , and is in the U.S. Library of Congress Problems playing this file ? See media help . Recorded versions ( edit ) With the advent of recorded music and radio , `` Amazing Grace '' began to cross over from primarily a gospel standard to secular audiences . The ability to record combined with the marketing of records to specific audiences allowed `` Amazing Grace '' to take on thousands of different forms in the 20th century . Where Edwin Othello Excell sought to make the singing of `` Amazing Grace '' uniform throughout thousands of churches , records allowed artists to improvise with the words and music specific to each audience . AllMusic lists more than 7,000 recordings -- including re-releases and compilations -- as of September 2011 . Its first recording is an a cappella version from 1922 by the Sacred Harp Choir . It was included from 1926 to 1930 in Okeh Records ' catalogue , which typically concentrated strongly on blues and jazz . Demand was high for black gospel recordings of the song by H.R. Tomlin and J.M. Gates . A poignant sense of nostalgia accompanied the recordings of several gospel and blues singers in the 1940s and 1950s who used the song to remember their grandparents , traditions , and family roots . It was recorded with musical accompaniment for the first time in 1930 by Fiddlin ' John Carson , although to another folk hymn named `` At the Cross '' , not to `` New Britain '' . `` Amazing Grace '' is emblematic of several kinds of folk music styles , often used as the standard example to illustrate such musical techniques as lining out and call and response , that have been practiced in both black and white folk music . Those songs come out of conviction and suffering . The worst voices can get through singing them ' cause they 're telling their experiences . Mahalia Jackson Mahalia Jackson 's 1947 version received significant radio airplay , and as her popularity grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s , she often sang it at public events such as concerts at Carnegie Hall . Author James Basker states that the song has been employed by African Americans as the `` paradigmatic Negro spiritual '' because it expresses the joy felt at being delivered from slavery and worldly miseries . Anthony Heilbut , author of The Gospel Sound , states that the `` dangers , toils , and snares '' of Newton 's words are a `` universal testimony '' of the African American experience . During the Civil Rights Movement and opposition to the Vietnam War , the song took on a political tone . Mahalia Jackson employed `` Amazing Grace '' for Civil Rights marchers , writing that she used it `` to give magical protection -- a charm to ward off danger , an incantation to the angels of heaven to descend ... I was not sure the magic worked outside the church walls ... in the open air of Mississippi . But I was n't taking any chances . '' Folk singer Judy Collins , who knew the song before she could remember learning it , witnessed Fannie Lou Hamer leading marchers in Mississippi in 1964 , singing `` Amazing Grace '' . Collins also considered it a talisman of sorts , and saw its equal emotional impact on the marchers , witnesses , and law enforcement who opposed the civil rights demonstrators . According to fellow folk singer Joan Baez , it was one of the most requested songs from her audiences , but she never realized its origin as a hymn ; by the time she was singing it in the 1960s she said it had `` developed a life of its own '' . It even made an appearance at the Woodstock Music Festival in 1969 during Arlo Guthrie 's performance . Sample of Judy Collins ' version of `` Amazing Grace '' Collins transitions from her solo voice to the chorus backing her up Sample of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ' version of `` Amazing Grace '' A lone bagpipe transitions to a chorus of pipes and drums , similar to Collins ' version Problems playing these files ? See media help . Collins decided to record it in the late 1960s amid an atmosphere of counterculture introspection ; she was part of an encounter group that ended a contentious meeting by singing `` Amazing Grace '' as it was the only song to which all the members knew the words . Her producer was present and suggested she include a version of it on her 1970 album Whales & Nightingales . Collins , who had a history of alcohol abuse , claimed that the song was able to `` pull her through '' to recovery . It was recorded in St. Paul 's , the chapel at Columbia University , chosen for the acoustics . She chose an a cappella arrangement that was close to Edwin Othello Excell 's , accompanied by a chorus of amateur singers who were friends of hers . Collins connected it to the Vietnam War , to which she objected : `` I did n't know what else to do about the war in Vietnam . I had marched , I had voted , I had gone to jail on political actions and worked for the candidates I believed in . The war was still raging . There was nothing left to do , I thought ... but sing ' Amazing Grace ' . '' Gradually and unexpectedly , the song began to be played on the radio , and then be requested . It rose to number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 , remaining on the charts for 15 weeks , as if , she wrote , her fans had been `` waiting to embrace it '' . In the UK , it charted 8 times between 1970 and 1972 , peaking at number 5 and spending a total of 75 weeks on popular music charts . Her rendition also reached number 5 in New Zealand and number 12 in Ireland in 1971 . Although Collins used it as a catharsis for her opposition to the Vietnam War , two years after her rendition , the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards , senior Scottish regiment of the British Army , recorded an instrumental version featuring a bagpipe soloist accompanied by a pipe and drum band . The tempo of their arrangement was slowed to allow for the bagpipes , but it was based on Collins ' : it began with a bagpipe solo introduction similar to her lone voice , then it was accompanied by the band of bagpipes and horns , whereas in her version she is backed up by a chorus . It topped the RPM national singles chart in Canada for three weeks , and rose as high as number 11 in the U.S. It is also a controversial instrumental , as it combined pipes with a military band . The Pipe Major of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards was summoned to Edinburgh Castle and chastised for demeaning the bagpipes . Funeral processions for killed police , fire , and military personnel have often played a bagpipes version ever since . Aretha Franklin and Rod Stewart also recorded `` Amazing Grace '' around the same time , and both of their renditions were popular . All four versions were marketed to distinct types of audiences thereby assuring its place as a pop song . Johnny Cash recorded it on his 1975 album Sings Precious Memories , dedicating it to his older brother Jack , who had been killed in a mill accident when they were boys in Dyess , Arkansas . Cash and his family sang it to themselves while they worked in the cotton fields following Jack 's death . Cash often included the song when he toured prisons , saying `` For the three minutes that song is going on , everybody is free . It just frees the spirit and frees the person . '' The U.S. Library of Congress has a collection of 3,000 versions of and songs inspired by `` Amazing Grace '' , some of which were first - time recordings by folklorists Alan and John Lomax , a father and son team who in 1932 traveled thousands of miles across the South to capture the different regional styles of the song . More contemporary renditions include samples from such popular artists as Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers ( 1963 ) , the Byrds ( 1970 ) , Elvis Presley ( 1971 ) , Skeeter Davis ( 1972 ) , Mighty Clouds of Joy ( 1972 ) , Amazing Rhythm Aces ( 1975 ) , Willie Nelson ( 1976 ) , and the Lemonheads ( 1992 ) . Somehow , `` Amazing Grace '' ( embraced ) core American values without ever sounding triumphant or jingoistic . It was a song that could be sung by young and old , Republican and Democrat , Southern Baptist and Roman Catholic , African American and Native American , high - ranking military officer and anticapitalist campaigner . Steve Turner , 2002 In popular culture ( edit ) Following the appropriation of the hymn in secular music , `` Amazing Grace '' became such an icon in American culture that it has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns , placing it in danger of becoming a cliché . It has been mass - produced on souvenirs , lent its name to a Superman villain , appeared on The Simpsons to demonstrate the redemption of a murderous character named Sideshow Bob , incorporated into Hare Krishna chants and adapted for Wicca ceremonies . It can also be sung to the theme from The Mickey Mouse Club , as Garrison Keillor has observed . The hymn has been employed in several films , including Alice 's Restaurant , Coal Miner 's Daughter , and Silkwood . It is referenced in the 2006 film Amazing Grace , which highlights Newton 's influence on the leading British abolitionist William Wilberforce , and in the upcoming film biography of Newton , Newton 's Grace . The 1982 science fiction film Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan used `` Amazing Grace '' amid a context of Christian symbolism , to memorialize Mr. Spock following his death , but more practically , because the song has become `` instantly recognizable to many in the audience as music that sounds appropriate for a funeral '' according to a Star Trek scholar . Since 1954 , when an organ instrumental of `` New Britain '' became a bestseller , `` Amazing Grace '' has been associated with funerals and memorial services . It has become a song that inspires hope in the wake of tragedy , becoming a sort of `` spiritual national anthem '' according to authors Mary Rourke and Emily Gwathmey . For example , President Barack Obama recited and then sang the hymn at the memorial service for Clementa Pinckney , one of the victims of the 2015 Charleston church shooting . Modern interpretations ( edit ) `` Amazing Grace '' ( string version ) `` Amazing Grace '' string version by the United States Air Force Band , Strolling Strings Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Amazing Grace '' ( jazz vocal version ) `` Amazing Grace '' jazz vocal version by the United States Air Force Band Problems playing this file ? See media help . In recent years , the words of the hymn have been changed in some religious publications to downplay a sense of imposed self - loathing by its singers . The second line , `` That saved a wretch like me ! '' has been rewritten as `` That saved and strengthened me '' , `` save a soul like me '' , or `` that saved and set me free '' . Kathleen Norris in her book Amazing Grace : A Vocabulary of Faith characterizes this transformation of the original words as `` wretched English '' making the line that replaces the original `` laughably bland '' . Part of the reason for this change has been the altered interpretations of what wretchedness and grace means . Newton 's Calvinistic view of redemption and divine grace formed his perspective that he considered himself a sinner so vile that he was unable to change his life or be redeemed without God 's help . Yet his lyrical subtlety , in Steve Turner 's opinion , leaves the hymn 's meaning open to a variety of Christian and non-Christian interpretations . `` Wretch '' also represents a period in Newton 's life when he saw himself outcast and miserable , as he was when he was enslaved in Sierra Leone ; his own arrogance was matched by how far he had fallen in his life . A Canadian bagpiper playing `` Amazing Grace '' during a memorial service , October 29 , 2009 , at Forward Operating Base Wilson , Afghanistan The communal understanding of redemption and human self - worth has changed since Newton 's time . Since the 1970s , self - help books , psychology , and some modern expressions of Christianity have viewed this disparity in terms of grace being an innate quality within all people who must be inspired or strong enough to find it : something to achieve . In contrast to Newton 's vision of wretchedness as his willful sin and distance from God , wretchedness has instead come to mean an obstacle of physical , social , or spiritual nature to overcome in order to achieve a state of grace , happiness , or contentment . Since its immense popularity and iconic nature , `` grace '' and the meaning behind the words of `` Amazing Grace '' have become as individual as the singer or listener . Bruce Hindmarsh suggests that the secular popularity of `` Amazing Grace '' is due to the absence of any mention of God in the lyrics until the fourth verse ( by Excell 's version , the fourth verse begins `` When we 've been there ten thousand years '' ) , and that the song represents the ability of humanity to transform itself instead of a transformation taking place at the hands of God . `` Grace '' , however , to John Newton had a clearer meaning , as he used the word to represent God or the power of God . The transformative power of the song was investigated by journalist Bill Moyers in a documentary released in 1990 . Moyers was inspired to focus on the song 's power after watching a performance at Lincoln Center , where the audience consisted of Christians and non-Christians , and he noticed that it had an equal impact on everybody in attendance , unifying them . James Basker also acknowledged this force when he explained why he chose `` Amazing Grace '' to represent a collection of anti-slavery poetry : `` there is a transformative power that is applicable ... : the transformation of sin and sorrow into grace , of suffering into beauty , of alienation into empathy and connection , of the unspeakable into imaginative literature . '' Moyers interviewed Collins , Cash , opera singer Jessye Norman , Appalachian folk musician Jean Ritchie and her family , white Sacred Harp singers in Georgia , black Sacred Harp singers in Alabama , and a prison choir at the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville . Collins , Cash , and Norman were unable to discern if the power of the song came from the music or the lyrics . Norman , who once notably sang it at the end of a large outdoor rock concert for Nelson Mandela 's 70th birthday , stated , `` I do n't know whether it 's the text -- I do n't know whether we 're talking about the lyrics when we say that it touches so many people -- or whether it 's that tune that everybody knows . '' A prisoner interviewed by Moyers explained his literal interpretation of the second verse : `` ' Twas grace that taught my heart to fear , and grace my fears relieved '' by saying that the fear became immediately real to him when he realized he may never get his life in order , compounded by the loneliness and restriction in prison . Gospel singer Marion Williams summed up its effect : `` That 's a song that gets to everybody '' . The Dictionary of American Hymnology claims it is included in more than a thousand published hymnals , and recommends its use for `` occasions of worship when we need to confess with joy that we are saved by God 's grace alone ; as a hymn of response to forgiveness of sin or as an assurance of pardon ; as a confession of faith or after the sermon '' . References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Stripped of his rank , whipped in public , and subjected to the abuses directed to prisoners and other press - ganged men in the Navy , he demonstrated insolence and rebellion during his service for the next few months , remarking that the only reason he did not murder the captain or commit suicide was because he did not want Polly to think badly of him . ( Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 41 -- 47 . ) Jump up ^ Newton kept a series of detailed journals as a slave trader ; these are perhaps the first primary source of the Atlantic slave trade from the perspective of a merchant ( Moyers ) . Women , naked or nearly so , upon their arrival on ship were claimed by the sailors , and Newton alluded to sexual misbehavior in his writings that has since been interpreted by historians to mean that he , along with other sailors , took ( and presumably raped ) whomever he chose . ( Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 82 -- 85 ) ( Aitken , p. 64 . ) Jump up ^ Newton 's father was friends with Joseph Manesty , who intervened several times in Newton 's life . Newton was supposed to go to Jamaica on Manesty 's ship , but missed it while he was with the Catletts . When Newton 's father got his son 's letter detailing his conditions in Sierra Leone , he asked Manesty to find Newton . Manesty sent the Greyhound , which traveled along the African coast trading at various stops . An associate of Newton lit a fire signaling to ships he was interested in trading only 30 minutes before the Greyhound appeared . ( Aitken , pp. 34 -- 35 , 64 -- 65 . ) Jump up ^ Several retellings of Newton 's life story claim that he was carrying slaves during the voyage in which he experienced his conversion , but the ship was carrying livestock , wood , and beeswax from the coast of Africa . ( Aitken , p. 76 . ) Jump up ^ When Newton began his journal in 1750 , not only was slave trading seen as a respectable profession by the majority of Britons , its necessity to the overall prosperity of the kingdom was communally understood and approved . Only Quakers , who were much in the minority and perceived as eccentric , had raised any protest about the practice . ( Martin and Spurrell ( 1962 ) , pp. xi -- xii . ) Jump up ^ Newton 's biographers and Newton himself does not put a name to this episode other than a `` fit '' in which he became unresponsive , suffering dizziness and a headache . His doctor advised him not to go to sea again , and Newton complied . Jonathan Aitken called it a stroke or seizure , but its cause is unknown . ( Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 140 -- 141 . ) ( Aitken , p. 125 . ) Jump up ^ Watts had previously written a hymn named `` Alas ! And Did My Saviour Bleed '' that contained the lines `` Amazing pity ! Grace unknown ! / And love beyond degree ! '' . Philip Doddridge , another well - known hymn writer , wrote another in 1755 titled `` The Humiliation and Exaltation of God 's Israel '' that began `` Amazing grace of God on high ! '' and included other similar wording to Newton 's verses . Newton biographer Jonathan Aitken states that Watts had inspired most of Newton 's compositions . ( Turner , pp. 82 -- 83 . ) ( Aitken , pp. 28 -- 29 . ) Jump up ^ Only since the 1950s has it gained some popularity in the UK ; not until 1964 was it published with the music most commonly associated with it . ( Noll and Blumhofer , p. 8 ) Jump up ^ Franklin 's version is a prime example of `` long meter '' rendition : she sings several notes representing a syllable and the vocals are more dramatic and lilting . Her version lasts over ten minutes in comparison to the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ' that lasts under three minutes . ( Tallmadge ) ( Turner , pp. 150 -- 151 . ) Citations Jump up ^ Chase , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Moyers , Bill ( director ) . Amazing Grace with Bill Moyers , Public Affairs Television , Inc. ( 1990 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazing Grace How Sweet the Sound '' , Dictionary of American Hymnology . Retrieved on October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Newton ( 1824 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Newton ( 1824 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 67 -- 68 . ^ Jump up to : Martin ( 1950 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Newton ( 1824 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 81 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 82 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 166 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 198 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Martin ( 1950 ) , pp. 208 -- 217 . ^ Jump up to : Pollock , John ( 2009 ) . `` Amazing Grace : The great Sea Change in the Life of John Newton '' , The Trinity Forum Reading , The Trinity Forum . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , pp. 77 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Benson , p. 339 . ^ Jump up to : Noll and Blumhofer , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Benson , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Phipps , William ( Summer 1990 ) . `` ' Amazing Grace ' in the hymnwriter 's life '' , Anglican Theological Review , 72 ( 3 ) , pp. 306 -- 313 . ^ Jump up to : Basker , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Noll and Blumhofer , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Julian , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Noll and Blumhofer , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 232 -- 233 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 117 . Jump up ^ The Hymn Tune Index , Search = `` Hephzibah '' . University of Illinois at Champaign - Urbana Library website . Retrieved on December 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Turner , pp. 120 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Rachel Wells Hall ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Did Lucius Chapin write the Amazing Grace tune ? '' . Jump up ^ Noll and Blumhofer , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Stowe , p. 417 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Turner , pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Duvall , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Swiderski , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Patterson , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Brett ( January 1982 ) . `` Shape - Note Tune Books and Primitive Hymns '' , Ethnomusicology , 26 ( 1 ) , pp. 11 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Turner , pp. 133 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Noll and Blumhofer , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Turner , pp. 137 -- 138 , 140 -- 145 . Jump up ^ AllMusic search = Amazing Grace Song , AllMusic . Retrieved on September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Turner , pp. 154 -- 155 . ^ Jump up to : Amazing Grace : Special Presentation : Amazing Grace Timeline United States Library of Congress Performing Arts Encyclopedia . Retrieved on November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tallmadge , William ( May 1961 ) . `` Dr. Watts and Mahalia Jackson : The Development , Decline , and Survival of a Folk Style in America '' , Ethnomusicology , 5 ( 2 ) , pp. 95 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 157 . Jump up ^ `` Mahalia Jackson '' . Dictionary of American Biography , Supplement 9 : 1971 -- 1975 . Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1994 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Collins , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Collins , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kutner , and Warwick p. 179 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.irishcharts.ie/search Jump up ^ Top Singles -- Volume 17 , No. 17 , June 10 1972 RPM Magazine ( June 10 , 1972 ) . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kutner , and Warwick p. 757 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Turner , pp. 195 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Keillor , Garrison ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` A Prairie Home Companion : Amazing Grace '' . publicradio.org . American Public Media . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Noll and Blumhofer , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Wesley Young , `` A tale of grace : Local filmmaker bringing story of John Newton to life '' . Winston - Salem Journal , August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter and McLaren , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Turner , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Rourke and Gwathmey , p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama : Emanuel AME ' a phoenix rising from the ashes ' '' . MSNBC. 2014 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Saunders , William ( 2003 ) . Lenten Music Arlington Catholic Herald . Retrieved on February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Norris , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Turner , pp. 213 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Bruner and Ware , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Turner , pp. 218 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Noll and Blumhofer , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Basker , p. xxxiv . Bibliography Aitken , Jonathan ( 2007 ) . John Newton : From Disgrace to Amazing Grace , Crossway Books . ISBN 1 - 58134 - 848 - 7 Basker , James ( 2002 ) . Amazing Grace : An Anthology of Poems About Slavery , 1660 -- 1810 , Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09172 - 9 Benson , Louis ( 1915 ) . The English Hymn : Its Development and Use in Worship , The Presbyterian Board of Publication , Philadelphia . Bradley , Ian ( ed . ) ( 1989 ) . The Book of Hymns , The Overlook Press . ISBN 0 - 87951 - 346 - 2 Brown , Tony ; Kutner , Jon ; Warwick , Neil ( 2000 ) . Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles & Albums , Omnibus . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 7670 - 8 Bruner , Kurt ; Ware , Jim ( 2007 ) . Finding God in the Story of Amazing Grace , Tyndale House Publishers , Inc . ISBN 1 - 4143 - 1181 - 8 Chase , Gilbert ( 1987 ) . America 's Music , From the Pilgrims to the Present , McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00454 - X Collins , Judy ( 1998 ) . Singing Lessons : A Memoir of Love , Loss , Hope , and Healing , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 02745 - X Duvall , Deborah ( 2000 ) . Tahlequah and the Cherokee Nation , Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 0782 - 2 Julian , John ( ed . ) ( 1892 ) . A Dictionary of Hymnology , Charles Scribner 's Sons , New York . Martin , Bernard ( 1950 ) . John Newton : A Biography , William Heineman , Ltd. , London . Martin , Bernard and Spurrell , Mark , ( eds . ) ( 1962 ) . The Journal of a Slave Trader ( John Newton ) , The Epworth Press , London . Newton , John ( 1811 ) . Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade , Samuel Whiting and Co. , London . Newton , John ( 1824 ) . The Works of the Rev. John Newton Late Rector of the United Parishes of St. Mary Woolnoth and St. Mary Woolchurch Haw , London : Volume 1 , Nathan Whiting , London . Noll , Mark A. ; Blumhofer , Edith L. ( eds . ) ( 2006 ) . Sing Them Over Again to Me : Hymns and Hymnbooks in America , University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1505 - 5 Norris , Kathleen ( 1999 ) . Amazing Grace : A Vocabulary of Faith , Riverhead . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 078 - 7 Patterson , Beverly Bush ( 1995 ) . The Sound of the Dove : Singing in Appalachian Primitive Baptist Churches , University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02123 - 1 Porter , Jennifer ; McLaren , Darcee ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) . Star Trek and Sacred Ground : Explorations of Star Trek , Religion , and American Culture , State University of New York Press , ISBN 0 - 585 - 29190 - X Rourke , Mary ; Gwathmey , Emily ( 1996 ) . Amazing Grace in America : Our Spiritual National Anthem , Angel City Press . ISBN 1 - 883318 - 30 - 0 Stowe , Harriet Beecher ( 1899 ) . Uncle Tom 's Cabin , or Life Among the Lowly , R.F. Fenno & Company , New York City . Swiderski , Richard ( 1996 ) . The Metamorphosis of English : Versions of Other Languages , Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 89789 - 468 - 5 Turner , Steve ( 2002 ) . Amazing Grace : The Story of America 's Most Beloved Song , HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 000219 - 0 Watson , J.R. ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) . An Annotated Anthology of Hymns , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 826973 - 0 Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles , 1955 -- 2002 , Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAmazing Graceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Amazing Grace at Hymnary.org The Amazing Grace U.S. Library of Congress Amazing Grace collection Cowper & Newton Museum in Olney , England Amazing Grace : Some Early Tunes Anthology of the American Hymn - Tune Repertory Amazing Grace : The story behind the song and its connection to Lough Swilly Amazing Grace Sound Recording Completely original music by composer Michael John Trotta . VIAF : 185526626 LCCN : n85212481 GND : 4740885 - 6 Music portal Christianity portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazing_Grace&oldid=823880479 '' Categories : 1772 works 1970 singles 1971 singles 1972 singles Elvis Presley songs Joan Baez songs Judy Collins songs Kikki Danielsson songs Glen Campbell songs Susan Boyle songs Andy Williams songs Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia UK Singles Chart number - one singles British poems English Christian hymns Gospel songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured articles Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 00 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was amazing grace my chains are gone written	[ "\"Amazing Grace\" is a Christian hymn published in 1779, with words written by the English poet and Anglican clergyman John Newton (1725–1807)." ]	[ "1779" ]
-660658300465745896	Appalachian Trail	Appalachian trail - Wikipedia Appalachian trail Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the trail . For the conservation group , see Appalachian Trail Conservancy . For the train station , see Appalachian Trail ( Metro - North station ) . Appalachian Trail Map of Appalachian Trail Length About 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) Location Appalachian Mountains Designation National Scenic Trail Trailheads Springer Mountain , Georgia Mount Katahdin , Maine Use Hiking Elevation Highest point Clingmans Dome , 6,643 ft ( 2,025 m ) Lowest point Bear Mountain State Park , 124 ft ( 38 m ) Hiking details Trail difficulty Easy to strenuous Season Early spring to autumn Sights Appalachian Mountains Hazards Severe weather American black bear Tick - borne diseases Mosquitos Yellowjackets Biting flies Chiggers Steep grades Limited water Dangerous Fordings Diarrhea from water Poison ivy Venomous snake Website Appalachian Trail The Appalachian National Scenic Trail , generally known as the Appalachian Trail or simply the A.T. , is a marked hiking trail in the Eastern United States extending between Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine . The trail is about 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) long , though the exact length changes over time as parts are modified or rerouted . The Appalachian Trail Conservancy claims that the Appalachian Trail is the longest hiking - only trail in the world . More than 2 million people are said to do at least one day - hike on the trail each year . The idea of the Appalachian Trail came about in 1921 . The trail itself was completed in 1937 after more than a decade of work , although improvements and changes continue . It is maintained by 31 trail clubs and multiple partnerships , and managed by the National Park Service , United States Forest Service , and the nonprofit Appalachian Trail Conservancy . The majority of the trail is in forest or wild lands , although some portions traverse towns , roads and farms . It passes through 14 states : Georgia , North Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , West Virginia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , New York , Connecticut , Massachusetts , Vermont , New Hampshire , and Maine . Thru - hikers attempt to hike the trail in its entirety in a single season -- more than 2,700 people thru - hiked the trail in 2014 -- and some hike from one end to the other , then turn around and thru - hike the trail the other way , known as a `` yo - yo '' . Many books , memoirs , websites , and fan organizations are dedicated to these pursuits . An extension known as the International Appalachian Trail continues northeast , crossing Maine and cutting through Canada to Newfoundland , with sections continuing in Greenland , through Europe , and into Morocco . Other separate extensions continue the southern end of the Appalachian range in Alabama and continue south into Florida , creating what is known as the Eastern Continental Trail . The Appalachian Trail , the Continental Divide Trail , and the Pacific Crest Trail form what is known as the Triple Crown of Hiking in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Extensions 3 Flora and fauna 3.1 Animals 3.2 Plants 4 Topography 5 Hiking the trail 5.1 Navigation 5.2 Lodging and camping 5.3 Trail towns 5.4 Hazards 5.5 Trail completion 5.6 Speed records 6 Route 6.1 Georgia 6.2 North Carolina 6.3 Tennessee 6.4 Virginia 6.5 West Virginia 6.6 Maryland 6.7 Pennsylvania 6.8 New Jersey 6.9 New York 6.10 Connecticut 6.11 Massachusetts 6.12 Vermont 6.13 New Hampshire 6.14 Maine 7 Major intersections 8 Use in research 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Marker on the trail near Mount Sugarloaf in Maine commemorating its completion . The trail was conceived by Benton MacKaye , a forester who wrote his original plan -- called `` An Appalachian Trail , A Project in Regional Planning '' -- shortly after the death of his wife in 1921 . MacKaye 's idea detailed a grand trail that would connect a series of farms and wilderness work / study camps for city - dwellers . In 1922 , at the suggestion of Major William A. Welch , director of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission , his idea was publicized by Raymond H. Torrey with a story in the New York Evening Post under a full - page banner headline reading `` A Great Trail from Maine to Georgia ! '' The idea was quickly adopted by the new Palisades Interstate Park Trail Conference as their main project . Bear Mountain Bridge On October 7 , 1923 , the first section of the trail , from Bear Mountain west through Harriman State Park to Arden , New York , was opened . MacKaye then called for a two - day Appalachian Trail conference to be held in March 1925 in Washington , D.C. This meeting inspired the formation of the Appalachian Trail Conference ( now called the Appalachian Trail Conservancy ) ( ATC ) . A retired judge named Arthur Perkins and his younger associate Myron Avery took up the cause . In 1929 , Perkins , who was also a member of the Connecticut Forest and Park Association and its Blue Blazed Trails committee , found Ned Anderson , a farmer in Sherman , Connecticut , who took on the task of mapping and blazing the Connecticut leg of the trail ( 1929 -- 1933 ) . It ran from Dog Tail Corners in Webatuck , New York , which borders Kent , Connecticut , at Ashley Falls , 50 miles ( 80 km ) through the northwest corner of the state , up to Bear Mountain at the Massachusetts border . ( A portion of the Connecticut trail has since been rerouted ( 1979 -- 1983 ) to be more scenic , adhering less to highways and more to wilderness , and includes a Ned K. Anderson Memorial Bridge . ) Anderson 's efforts helped spark renewed interest in the trail , and Avery ( who led the charge after Perkins ' death in 1932 ) was able to bring other states on board . Upon taking over the ATC , Avery adopted the more practical goal of building a simple hiking trail . He and MacKaye clashed over the ATC 's response to a major commercial development along the trail 's path ; MacKaye left the organization , while Avery was willing to simply reroute the trail . Avery reigned as Chairman of the ATC from 1932 to 1952 ( he died that same year ) . Avery became the first to walk the trail end - to - end , though not as a thru - hike , in 1936 . In August 1937 , the trail was completed to Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine , and the ATC shifted its focus toward protecting the trail lands and mapping the trail for hikers . Many of the trail 's present highlights were not part of the trail in 1937 : Roan Mountain , North Carolina and Tennessee ; the Mount Rogers high country , including Grayson Highlands , Virginia ; the Pochuck Creek swamp , New Jersey ; Nuclear Lake , New York ; Thundering Falls , Vermont ; and Saddleback Mountain , Maine . Except for places where the Civilian Conservation Corps was brought in ( mostly in Shenandoah National Park , the Great Smoky Mountains , and Maine ) , the original trail often climbed straight up and down mountains , creating rough hiking conditions and a treadway prone to severe erosion . The ATC 's trail crews and volunteer trail - maintaining clubs have relocated or rehabilitated miles of trail since that time . In 1936 , A 121 - day Maine to Georgia veteran 's group funded and supported thru - hike was reported to have been completed , with all but three miles of the new trail cleared and blazed , by six Boy Scouts from New York City and their guides . The completed thru - hike was much later recorded and accepted by the Appalachian Long Distance Hikers Association . In 1948 , Earl Shaffer of York , Pennsylvania , brought a great deal of attention to the project by publicizing the first claimed thru - hike . The claim was later criticized for the hike 's omission of significant portions due to short - cuts and car rides . Shaffer later claimed the first north - to - south thru - hike , the first to claim to do so in each direction . Chester Dziengielewski was later to be named the first south bound thru - hiker . In 1998 , Shaffer , nearly 80 years old , hiked the trail , making him the oldest person to claim a completed thru - hike . The first solo woman to complete the hike was 67 - year old Emma Gatewood who completed the northbound trek in 1955 , taking 146 days . She repeated the achievement two years later . In the 1960s , the ATC made progress toward protecting the trail from development , thanks to efforts of politicians and officials . The National Trails System Act of 1968 designated the Pacific Crest Trail and Appalachian Trail as the first national scenic trails and paved the way for a series of National Scenic Trails within the National Park and National Forest systems . Trail volunteers worked with the National Park Service to map a permanent route for the trail , and by 1971 a permanent route had been marked ( though minor changes continue to this day ) . By the close of the 20th century , the Park Service had completed the purchase of all but a few miles of the trail 's span . Extensions ( edit ) The International Appalachian Trail is a 1,900 - mile ( 3,100 km ) extension running northeast from Maine into New Brunswick and Quebec 's Gaspé Peninsula , where it ends at Forillon National Park . It is a separate trail and not an official extension of the Appalachian Trail . Other branches are designated in parts of Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , and along the western shore of Newfoundland , to the northern end of the Appalachian Mountain range , where it enters the Atlantic Ocean , near L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site . The route has since been extended to Greenland , Europe , and Morocco . Although the Appalachian Trail ends in Georgia , the Appalachian Mountains continue south to Flagg Mountain in Alabama . In 2008 , the Pinhoti National Recreation Trail in Alabama and Georgia , which terminates at Flagg Mountain , was connected to the southern terminus of the Appalachian Trail via the Benton MacKaye Trail . Promoters of the Southern extension refer to MacKaye 's statement at the 1925 conference that the Georgia to New Hampshire trail should , in the future , extend to Katahdin , and `` then to Birmingham , Alabama '' . As of March 2015 , The Pinhoti Trail terminates at the base of Flagg Mountain , near Weogufka in Coosa County , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . In 2010 , the Alabama state legislature formed the Alabama Appalachian Mountain Trail Commission to provide state resources for trail improvements , although officially designating Pinhoti as part of the Appalachian Trail would require an act of the United States Congress . The 8.8 - mile ( 14.2 km ) Appalachian Approach Trail begins at Amicalola Falls State Park 's visitor center and ends at Springer Mountain . Because Springer Mountain is in a remote area , the Approach Trail is often the beginning of North bound thru - hike attempts . Much of the Approach Trail was originally built as part of the Appalachian Trail , before the southern terminus was relocated from Mount Oglethorpe to Springer Mountain . Flora and fauna ( edit ) The Appalachian Trail is home to thousands of species of plants and animals , including 2,000 rare , threatened , endangered , and sensitive plant and animal species . Animals ( edit ) The American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) , among the largest animals along the Appalachian Trail , rarely confronts people . The black bear is the largest omnivore that may be encountered on the trail , and it inhabits all regions of the Appalachians . Bear sightings on the trail are uncommon , except in certain sections , especially Shenandoah National Park and portions of New Jersey , New York , Connecticut , and Massachusetts sections , where bear populations have increased steadily since 1980 ; confrontations are rarer still . Other hazards include venomous snakes , including the Eastern timber rattlesnake and copperhead , which are common along the trail . Both snakes are generally found in drier , rockier sections of the trail ; the copperhead 's range extends north to around the New Jersey -- New York state line , while rattlesnakes are commonly found along the trail in Connecticut and have been reported , although rarely , as far north as New Hampshire . Other large mammals commonly sighted include deer ; elk , reintroduced in the Smoky Mountains ; and moose , which may be found in the vicinity of Massachusetts and northward . Small mammal species that inhabit along the trails are beaver , squirrel , river otter , chipmunk , porcupine , bobcat , two species of fox , boar , woodchuck , raccoon , and coyote . Bird species that reside in the trails are wild turkey , ruffed grouse , mourning dove , raven , two species of eagle , wood duck , three species of owl , and three species of hawk as well as warblers . For most hikers , the most persistent pests along the trail are ticks , mosquitos , and black flies along with the mice that inhabit shelters . Plants ( edit ) Plant life along the trail is varied . The trail passes through several different biomes from south to north , and the climate changes significantly , particularly dependent upon elevation . In the south , lowland forests consist mainly of second - growth ; nearly the entire trail has been logged at one time or another . There are , however , a few old growth locations along the trail , such as Sages Ravine straddling the Massachusetts - Connecticut border and atop higher peaks along the trail on either side of the same border , the Hopper ( a glacial cirque westward of the trail as it traverses Mt . Greylock in Massachusetts ) , and `` The Hermitage '' , near Gulf Hagas in Maine . In the south , the forest is dominated by hardwoods , including oak and tulip trees , also known as yellow poplar . Farther north , tulip trees are gradually replaced by maples and birches . Oaks begin to disappear in Massachusetts . By Vermont , the lowland forest is made up of maples , birch and beech , which provide spectacular foliage displays for hikers in September and October . While the vast majority of lowland forest south of the White Mountains is hardwood , many areas have some coniferous trees as well , and in Maine , these often grow at low elevations . There is a drastic change between the lowland and subalpine , evergreen forest , as well as another , higher break , at tree line , above which only hardy alpine plants grow . The sub-alpine region is far more prevalent along the trail than true alpine conditions . While it mainly exists in the north , a few mountains in the south have subalpine environments , which are typically coated in an ecosystem known as the Southern Appalachian spruce - fir forest . Southern ranges and mountains where sub-alpine environments occur include the Great Smoky Mountains , where sub-alpine environments only begin around 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) in elevation , Roan Highlands on the North Carolina - Tennessee border , where sub-alpine growth descends below 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) , and Mount Rogers and the Grayson Highlands in Virginia , where there is some alpine growth above 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) . Appalachian balds are also found in the Southern highlands , and are believed to occur due to fires or grazing in recent centuries , or in some cases due to thin , sandy soils . Several balds are sprouting trees , and on some , the National Forest service actually mows the grasses periodically in order to keep the balds free of trees . Topography ( edit ) Diagram of the Appalachian Mountain system No sub-alpine regions exist between Mount Rogers in Virginia and Mount Greylock in Massachusetts , mainly because the trail stays below 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) from Shenandoah National Park in Virginia to Mount Greylock . Mount Greylock , however , has a large subalpine region , the only such forest in Massachusetts , extending down to 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) , which in the south would be far from the sub-alpine cutoff . This is especially low because Greylock is exposed to prevailing westerly winds , as the summits along its ridgeline rise approximately 200 to 650 feet ( 61 to 198 m ) higher than any other peak in Massachusetts . Farther north , several peaks in Vermont reach into the sub-alpine zone , the bottom of which steadily descends as one proceeds northward , so that by the White Mountains in New Hampshire , it often occurs well below 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) . At Mount Moosilauke , which summits at 4,802 feet ( 1,464 m ) , the first alpine environment on the trail is reached , where only thin , sporadic flora is interspersed with bare rocks . Between the two regions is the krummholz region , where stunted trees grow with their branches oriented away from the winter 's prevailing northwest wind , thus giving the appearance of flags ( they are often called `` flag trees '' ) . This region resembles lowland terrain hundreds of miles north in Canada . It also contains many endangered and threatened species . The trail has been rerouted over New Hampshire 's Presidential Range so the Appalachian Mountain Club can protect certain plant life . The alpine cutoff in the Whites is generally between 4,200 and 4,800 feet ( 1,300 and 1,500 m ) . Mountains traversed by the A.T. above treeline include Mount Moosilauke , several miles along the Franconia Range and along the Presidential Range . In the Presidentials , the trail climbs as high as 6,288 feet ( 1,917 m ) on Mount Washington and spends about 13 miles ( 21 km ) continuously above treeline , in the largest alpine environment in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains . The segments of the trail through Pennsylvania are so rocky that hikers refer to the region as `` Rocksylvania '' . These small rocks -- the result of erosion that has worn away the dirt along the trails -- can be tough to walk on for extended periods of time without proper hard - soled shoes . In Maine , the trail extends into even harsher environments , and sub-alpine and alpine growth descends to lower elevations . Alpine growth in the state ranges from around 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) in the Mahoosuc Range to below 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in parts of the Hundred - Mile Wilderness , where nearly every area higher than 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) is evergreen forest . These forests include more species of evergreen , as well . In addition to the white pine , spruce and hemlock prevalent further south , Maine has many cedar trees along the trail . Near the northern terminus , there are even some tamarack ( larch ) , a coniferous , pine - needled deciduous tree , which provides displays of yellow in the late fall after the birches and maples have gone bare . The hemlocks in Maine are also notable , as the woolly adelgid , which has ravaged populations further south , has not come into the state yet , and may be unable to make it so far north due to the cold climate . Maine also has several alpine regions . In addition to several areas of the Mahoosuc Range , the Baldpates and Old Blue in southern Maine have alpine characteristics despite elevations below 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) . Saddleback Mountain and Mount Bigelow , further north , each only extend a bit above 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) , but have long alpine areas , with no tree growth on the summits and unobstructed views on clear days . From Mount Bigelow , the trail extends for 150 miles ( 240 km ) with only a small area of alpine growth around 3,500 feet ( 1,100 m ) on the summit of White Cap Mountain . Mount Katahdin , the second largest alpine environment in the eastern United States , has several square miles of alpine area on the flat `` table land '' summit as well as the cliffs and aretes leading up to it . Treeline on Mount Katahdin is only around 3,500 feet ( 1,100 m ) . This elevation in Massachusetts would barely be a sub-alpine region , and , south of Virginia , consists of lowland forest . This illustrates the drastic change in climate over 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) . Despite the alpine environments well below 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) in New Hampshire and Maine , some higher places farther south are not alpine . Examples include Wayah Bald in North Carolina 5,342 feet ( 1,628 m ) and Clingmans Dome in Great Smoky Mountains National Park 6,643 feet ( 2,025 m ) . Panoramic image of the Catawba Valley from the McAfee Knob overlook . Hiking the trail ( edit ) Wheelchair accessible portion of the trail on Cross Mountain , near Shady Valley , Tennessee . Bicycles are prohibited from most of the trail , except for the sections which follow the C&O Canal in Maryland and the Virginia Creeper Trail in Virginia . Horses and pack animals are prohibited except horses on the C&O Canal and in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Several short segments of the trail , in towns and scenic natural areas , were built to ADA accessibly standards for wheelchair use . Navigation ( edit ) Throughout its length , the AT is marked by white paint blazes that are 2 by 6 inches ( 5 by 15 cm ) . Side trails to shelters , viewpoints and parking areas use similarly shaped blue blazes . In past years , some sections of the trail also used metal diamond markers with the AT logo , few of which survive . Original 1930 ATC copper marker from a tree in New Jersey An old metal diamond marker beside the trail in Maine A typical white AT blaze along the trail in Pennsylvania An example of a side - trail blue blaze , from Mount Greylock in Massachusetts Lodging and camping ( edit ) Most hikers carry a lightweight tent , tent hammock or tarp . The trail has more than 250 shelters and campsites available for hikers . The shelters , sometimes called lean - tos ( in Maine , Massachusetts , and Connecticut ) , huts ( in Shenandoah National Park ) , or Adirondack shelters , are generally open , three - walled structures with a wooden floor , although some shelters are much more complex in structure . Shelters are usually spaced a day 's hike or less apart , most often near a water source ( which may be dry ) and with a privy . They generally have spaces for tent sites in the vicinity as the shelters may be full . The Appalachian Mountain Club ( AMC ) operates a system of eight huts along 56 miles ( 90 km ) of New Hampshire 's White Mountains . These huts are significantly larger than standard trail shelters and offer full - service lodging and meals during the summer months . The Fontana Dam Shelter in North Carolina is more commonly referred to as the Fontana Hilton because of amenities ( e.g. flush toilets ) and its proximity to an all - you - can - eat buffet and post office . Several AMC huts have an extended self - service season during the fall , with two extending self - service seasons through the winter and spring . The Potomac Appalachian Trail Club maintains trail cabins , shelters , and huts throughout the Shenandoah region of Virginia . Shelters are generally maintained by local volunteers . Almost all shelters have one or more pre-hung food hangers ( generally consisting of a short nylon cord with an upside - down tuna can suspended halfway down its length ) where hikers can hang their food bags to keep them out of the reach of rodents . In hiker lingo , these are sometimes called `` mouse trapezes . '' In addition to official shelters , many people offer their homes , places of business , or inns to accommodate AT hikers . One example is the Little Lyford Pond camps maintained by the Appalachian Mountain Club . Inns are more common in sections of the trail that coincide with national parks , most notably Virginia 's Shenandoah National Park . Trail towns ( edit ) Hikers get information at this house in Boiling Springs , Pennsylvania The trail crosses many roads , thus providing ample opportunity for hikers to hitchhike into town for food and other supplies . Many trail towns are accustomed to hikers passing through , and thus many have hotels and hiker - oriented accommodations . Some of the most well - known trail towns are Hot Springs , North Carolina ; Erwin , Tennessee ; Damascus , Virginia ; Harpers Ferry , West Virginia ; Duncannon , Pennsylvania ; Port Clinton , Pennsylvania ; Wingdale , NY ; Kent , Connecticut ; Salisbury , Connecticut ; Great Barrington , Massachusetts ; Hanover , New Hampshire ; Lincoln , New Hampshire ; Gorham , New Hampshire and Monson , Maine . In the areas of the trail closer to trail towns , many hikers have experienced what is sometimes called `` trail magic , '' or assistance from strangers through kind actions , gifts , and other forms of encouragement . Trail magic is sometimes done anonymously . In other instances , persons have provided food and cooked for hikers at a campsite . Hazards ( edit ) Appalachian Trail road - crossing sign on NH State Route 112 in January The Appalachian Trail is relatively safe . Most injuries or incidents are consistent with comparable outdoor activities . Most hazards are related to weather conditions , human error , plants , animals , diseases , and hostile humans encountered along the trail . Many animals live around the trail , with bears , snakes , and wild boars posing the greatest threat to human safety . Several rodent - and bug - borne illnesses are also a potential hazard . In scattered instances , foxes , raccoons , and other small animals may bite hikers , posing risk of rabies and other diseases . There has been one reported case ( in 1993 ) of hantavirus ( HPS ) , a rare but dangerous rodent - borne disease affecting the lungs . The afflicted hiker recovered and hiked the trail the following year . The section of the trail that runs through the Mid-Atlantic and New England states has a very high population of deer ticks carrying Lyme and other tick - borne diseases , and corresponds to the highest density of reported Lyme Disease in the country . Poison ivy is common the length of the trail , and more plentiful in the South . The weather is another major consideration of hikers on the trail . Hiking season of the trail generally starts in mid-to - late spring , when conditions are much more favorable in the South . However , this time may also be characterized by extreme heat , sometimes in excess of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Under such conditions , hydration is imperative . Light clothing and sunscreens are a must at high elevations and areas without foliage , even in relatively cool weather . Farther north and at higher elevations , the weather can be cold , characterized by low temperatures , strong winds , hail or snow storms and reduced visibility . Prolonged rain , though not typically life - threatening , can undermine stamina and ruin supplies . In March 2015 , a hiker was killed on the trail in Maryland when a large tree blew over and fell onto him . Violent crime , including murder , has occurred on the trail in a few instances . Most have been crimes by non-hikers who crossed paths relatively randomly with the AT hiker - victims . The official website of the Appalachian Trail Conservancy points out that the number of violent crimes is extremely low when compared against the number of people ( 3 to 4 million ) who hike on the trail every year . The first reported homicide on the trail was in 1974 in Georgia . In 1981 , the issue of violence on the Appalachian Trail received national attention when Robert Mountford , Jr. and Laura Susan Ramsay , both social workers in Ellsworth , Maine , were murdered by Randall Lee Smith . Another homicide occurred in May 1996 , when two women were abducted , bound and murdered near the trail in Shenandoah National Park . The primary suspect was later discovered harassing a female bicycler in the vicinity , but charges against him were dropped , and the case remains unsolved . Human error can lead to casualties as well . In July 2013 , 66 - year - old lone hiker Geraldine Largay disappeared on the trail in Maine . She got very lost and survived 26 days before dying . Her remains were found 2 years later in October 2015 . In October 2015 , a hiker visiting from England was killed on the trail by falling while taking photos at the Annapolis Rocks overlook in Maryland . Trail completion ( edit ) Trail hikers who attempt to complete the entire trail in a single season are called `` thru - hikers '' ; those who traverse the trail during a series of separate trips are known as `` section - hikers '' . Rugged terrain , weather extremes , illness , injury , and the time and effort required make thru - hiking difficult to accomplish . Per 2014 estimates around 2700 hikers attempted to thru - hike the trail . Historically , only about 10 % to 15 % of those who make the attempt report to the Appalachian Trail Conservancy that they completed it . However , since 2001 , the number of people starting out in Georgia to do a thru - hike ( or at least registering to do so ) has dropped considerably , yet the number of people reporting that they have completed a thru - hike has remained approximately the same . This has resulted in an apparent increase in the completion rate to 29 % ( as of 2006 ) . The Appalachian Trail is usually thru - hiked south to north ( that is , Georgia to Maine ) rather than vice versa . Hikers typically begin in March or April and finish in late summer or early to late fall of that year . A thru - hike generally requires five to seven months , although some have done it in three months , and several trail runners have completed the trail in less time . Trail runners typically tackle the AT with automobile support teams , without backpacks , and without camping in the woods . Thru - hikers are classified into many informal groups . `` Purists '' are hikers who stick to the official AT trail , follow the white blazes , except for side trips to shelters and camp sites . `` Blue Blazers '' cut miles from the full route by taking side trails marked by blue blazes . The generally pejorative name `` Yellow Blazers , '' a reference to yellow road stripes , is given to those who hitchhike to move either down or up the trail . Most thru - hikers walk northward from Georgia to Maine , and generally start out in early spring and follow the warm weather as it moves north . These `` north - bounders '' are also called NOBO ( NOrthBOund ) or GAME ( Georgia ( GA ) - to - Maine ( ME ) ) , while those heading in the opposite direction are termed `` south - bounders '' ( also SOBO or MEGA ) . Part of hiker subculture includes making colorful entries in logbooks at trail shelters , signed using pseudonyms called `` trail names '' . The Appalachian Trail Conservancy gives the name `` 2000 Miler '' to anyone who completes the entire trail . The ATC 's recognition policy for `` 2000 Milers '' gives equal recognition to thru - hikers and section - hikers , operates on the honor system , and recognizes blue - blazed trails or officially required roadwalks as substitutes for the official , white - blazed route during an emergency such as a flood , forest fire , or impending storm on an exposed , high - elevation stretch . As of 2010 , more than 11,000 people had reported completing the entire trail . About three - quarters of these are thru - hikers . The Appalachian Trail , the Continental Divide Trail , and the Pacific Crest Trail form what is known as the Triple Crown of long - distance hiking in the United States . In 2001 , Brian Robinson became the first one to complete all three trails in a year . In 2015 , Heather Anderson ( trail name `` Anish '' ) became the first woman to hold the unsupported record on the Appalachian Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail simultaneously . Speed records ( edit ) Fastest known times for self - supported attempts ( meaning no vehicle or crew support , implying carrying a heavy backpack ) : Joe McConaughy completed the trail northbound , on August 31 , 2017 in 45 days , 12 hours and 15 minutes . Heather Anderson completed the trail , southbound , on September 24 , 2015 , in 54 days 7 hours and 48 minutes . Matthew Kirk ( 2013 ) Fastest known times for supported attempts ( the athletes travel light , relying on a crew support with food , shelter , medical treatment , etc ) : Karl Meltzer on September 18 , 2016 , in 45 days , 22 hours , and 38 minutes . Scott Jurek . Jurek made the trip northbound , from late May to mid-July 2015 , in 46 days , 8 hours , and 7 minutes . Route ( edit ) Further information : Appalachian Trail by state Map of the Appalachian Trail The trail is currently protected along more than 99 % of its course by federal or state ownership of the land or by right - of - way . The trail is maintained by a variety of citizen organizations , environmental advocacy groups , governmental agencies and individuals . Annually , more than 4,000 volunteers contribute over 175,000 hours of effort on the Appalachian Trail , an effort coordinated largely by the Appalachian Trail Conservancy ( ATC ) organization . In total , the AT passes through eight national forests and two national parks . In the course of its journey , the trail follows the ridge line of the Appalachian Mountains , crossing many of its highest peaks , and running , with only a few exceptions , almost continuously through wilderness . The trail used to traverse many hundreds of miles of private property ; currently 99 % of the trail is on public land . A hiker signs the register on Springer Mountain , Ga. , southern terminus of the trail . Georgia ( edit ) Georgia has 75 miles ( 121 km ) of the trail , including the southern terminus at Springer Mountain at an elevation of 3,782 feet ( 1,153 m ) . At 4,461 feet ( 1,360 m ) , Blood Mountain is the highest point on the trail in Georgia . The AT and approach trail , along with many miles of blue blazed side trails , are managed and maintained by the Georgia Appalachian Trail Club . See also : Georgia Peaks on the Appalachian Trail . North Carolina ( edit ) Appalachian Trail at Newfound Gap in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park , N.C. North Carolina has 88 miles ( 142 km ) of the trail , not including more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) along the Tennessee Border . Altitude ranges from 1,725 to 5,498 feet ( 526 to 1,676 m ) . The trail enters from Georgia at Bly Gap , ascending peaks such as Standing Indian Mountain , Mt . Albert , and Wayah Bald . It then goes by Nantahala Outdoor Center at the Nantahala River Gorge and the Nantahala River crossing . Up to this point , the trail is maintained by the Nantahala Hiking Club . Beyond this point , it is maintained by the Smoky Mountains Hiking Club . 30 miles ( 48 km ) further north , Fontana Dam marks the entrance to Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Tennessee ( edit ) Access to the Appalachian Trail at Clingmans Dome , the highest mountain in Tennessee Tennessee has 71 miles ( 114 km ) of the trail , not including more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) along or near the North Carolina Border . The section that runs just below the summit of Clingmans Dome in Great Smoky Mountains National Park is along the North Carolina and Tennessee border and is the highest point on the trail at 6,643 feet ( 2,025 m ) . The Smoky Mountains Hiking Club ( Knoxville , TN ) maintains the trail throughout the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to Davenport Gap . North of Davenport Gap , the Carolina Mountain Club ( Asheville , NC ) maintains the trail to Spivey Gap . Then the remaining Tennessee section is maintained by the Tennessee Eastman Hiking & Canoeing Club ( Kingsport , TN ) . The Pocosin cabin along the trail in Shenandoah National Park Virginia ( edit ) Virginia has 550.3 miles ( 885.6 km ) of the trail ( one - fourth of the entire trail ) including more than 20 miles ( 32 km ) along the West Virginia border . With the climate , and the timing of northbound thru - hikers , this section is wet and challenging because of the spring thaw and heavy spring rainfall . Substantial portions of the trail closely parallel Skyline Drive in Shenandoah National Park and , further south , the Blue Ridge Parkway . The Appalachian Trail Conservancy considers as excellent for beginning hikers a well - maintained 104 miles ( 167 km ) section of the trail that the Civilian Conservation Corps constructed in Shenandoah National Park . Climbs in this section rarely exceed 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) . In the southwestern portion of the state , the trail goes within one half mile of the highest point in Virginia , Mount Rogers , which is a short side - hike from the AT . West Virginia ( edit ) The AT crosses the railroad bridge at left in this photo of Harpers Ferry , West Virginia . West Virginia has 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of the trail , not including about 20 miles ( 32 km ) along the Virginia border . Here the trail passes through the town of Harpers Ferry , headquarters of the Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Harpers Ferry is what many consider to be the mental midpoint of the entire A.T. , although the actual midpoint is further north in southern Pennsylvania . ( The exact midpoint moves due to trail rerouting . ) Maryland ( edit ) Annapolis Rock Overlook , along the trail in South Mountain State Park , Md . Maryland has 41 miles ( 66 km ) of the trail , with elevations ranging from 230 to 1,880 feet ( 70 to 573 m ) . Most of the trail runs along the ridgeline of South Mountain in South Mountain State Park . Hikers are required to stay at designated shelters and campsites . The trail runs through the eastern edge of Greenbrier State Park . This can serve as a luxurious stop point for a hot shower and a visit to the camp store . The trail runs along the C&O Canal Towpath route for 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) . Hikers will also pass High Rock , which offers spectacular views and is a popular hang - gliding site . The section ends at Pen Mar Park , which sits on the border of Maryland and Pennsylvania . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pedestrian bridge over US Highway 11 in Middlesex Township , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania has 229.6 miles ( 369.5 km ) of the trail . The trail extends from the Pennsylvania -- Maryland line at Pen Mar , a tiny town straddling the state line , to the Delaware Water Gap , at the Pennsylvania -- New Jersey border . The Susquehanna River is generally considered the dividing line between the northern and southern sections of the Pennsylvania AT . South of the Susquehanna , the trail passes through Pine Grove Furnace State Park . The Pennsylvania section of the trail north of the Susquehanna , from Duncannon until the Delaware Water Gap , is noted for its eroded and rocky terrain which can slow hiking . New Jersey ( edit ) Sign within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in New Jersey New Jersey is home to 72.2 miles ( 116.2 km ) of the trail . The trail enters New Jersey from the south on a pedestrian walkway along the Interstate 80 bridge over the Delaware River , ascends from the Delaware Water Gap to the top of Kittatinny Mountain in Worthington State Forest , passes Sunfish Pond ( right ) , continues north through the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and Stokes State Forest and eventually reaches High Point State Park , the highest peak in New Jersey ( a side trail is required to reach the actual peak ) . It then turns in a southeastern direction along the New York border for about 30 miles ( 48 km ) , passing over long sections of boardwalk bridges over marshy land , then entering Wawayanda State Park and then the Abram S. Hewitt State Forest just before entering New York near Greenwood Lake . In New Jersey the New York - New Jersey Trail Conference maintains and updates the Appalachian Trail . Black bear activity along the trail in New Jersey increased rapidly starting in 2001 . Hence , metal bear - proof trash boxes are in place at all New Jersey shelters . Island Pond , Harriman State Park , N.Y. New York ( edit ) New York 's 88.4 miles ( 142.3 km ) of trail contain very little elevation change compared to other states . From south to north , the trail summits many small mountains under 1,400 feet ( 430 m ) in elevation , its highest point in New York being Prospect Rock at 1,433 feet ( 437 m ) , and only 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) from the border with New Jersey . The trail continues north , climbing near Fitzgerald Falls , passing through Sterling Forest , and then entering Harriman State Park and Bear Mountain State Park . The lowest point on the entire Appalachian Trail is in the Bear Mountain Zoo 124 feet ( 38 m ) . It crosses the Hudson River on the Bear Mountain Bridge . It then passes through Fahnestock State Park , and continues northeast and crosses the Metro - North Railroad 's Harlem Line . This track crossing is the site of the only train station along the trail 's length . It enters Connecticut via the Pawling Nature Reserve . The section of the trail that passes through Harriman and Bear Mountain State Parks is the oldest section of the trail , completed in 1923 . A portion of this section was paved by 700 volunteers with 800 granite - slab steps followed by over a mile of walkway supported by stone crib walls with boulders lining the path . The project took four years , cost roughly $1 million , and was officially opened in June 2010 . The project was done by the New York -- New Jersey Trail Conference . The New York -- New Jersey Trail Conference maintains and updates the Appalachian Trail in New York . Connecticut ( edit ) Housatonic River 's Great Falls in Falls Village , Connecticut as viewed from the Appalachian Trail . Connecticut 's 52 miles ( 84 km ) of trail lie almost entirely along the ridges to the west above the Housatonic River valley . The state line is also the western boundary of a 480 acres ( 190 ha ) Connecticut reservation inhabited by Schaghticoke Indians . Inside it , the AT roughly parallels its northern boundary , crossing back outside it after 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) . The trail proceeds northward through the Housatonic River valley and hills to its west , veering northwesterly and , at Salisbury , ascending the southern Taconic mountains , at Lion 's Head affording a view northeasterly towards Mt . Greylock and other points in Massachusetts , and at Bear Mountain , reaching over 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) in elevation for the first time since Pennsylvania and yielding views across the Hudson River valley to the Catskills and across the broad expanse of the Housatonic valley and the Berkshire and Litchfield Hills to the east . Just north of Bear , the trail , as it crosses into Massachusetts , descends into Sages Ravine , a deep gorge in the eastern Taconic ridgeline which is home to a fragile old growth forest . As the trail crosses the brook in the ravine , it leaves the area maintained by the Connecticut section of the Appalachian Mountain Club . Massachusetts ( edit ) View from Mount Greylock in Massachusetts Massachusetts has 90 miles ( 140 km ) of trail . The entire section of trail is in western Massachusetts ' Berkshire County . It summits the highest peak in the southern Taconic Range , Mount Everett ( 2,604 feet ( 794 m ) ) , then descends to the Housatonic River valley and skirts the town of Great Barrington . The trail passes through the towns of Dalton and Cheshire , and summits the highest point in the state at 3,491 feet ( 1,064 m ) , Mount Greylock . It then quickly descends to the valley within 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) of North Adams and Williamstown , before ascending again to the Vermont state line . The trail throughout Massachusetts is maintained by the Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club . Vermont ( edit ) Vermont has 150 miles ( 240 km ) of the trail . Upon entering Vermont , the trail coincides with the southernmost sections of the generally north / south - oriented Long Trail . It follows the ridge of the southern Green Mountains , summitting such notable peaks as Stratton Mountain , Glastenbury Mountain , and Killington Peak . After parting ways with the Long Trail at Maine Junction , the AT turns in a more eastward direction , crossing the White River , passing through Norwich , and entering Hanover , New Hampshire , as it crosses the Connecticut River . The Green Mountain Club maintains the AT from the Massachusetts state border to Route 12 . The Dartmouth Outing Club maintains the trail from VT Route 12 to the New Hampshire state line . New Hampshire ( edit ) Franconia Ridge , a section of the Appalachian Trail in New Hampshire New Hampshire has 161 miles ( 259 km ) of the trail . The New Hampshire AT is nearly all within the White Mountain National Forest . For northbound thru - hikers , it is the beginning of the main challenges that go beyond enduring distance and time : in New Hampshire and Maine , rough or steep ground are more frequent and alpine conditions are found near summits and along ridges . The trail reaches 17 of the 48 four - thousand footers of New Hampshire , including 6,288 - foot ( 1,917 m ) Mount Washington , the highest point of the AT north of Tennessee and most topographically prominent peak in eastern North America . The trail passes within half a mile of 7 additional 4000 - footer peaks in the Whites . Entering the alpine zone on the summit of Mount Pierce , from the south , the trail continues in alpine or near - alpine scrub continuously along the high Presidential ridge until descending the southeast flank of Mount Madison into the Great Gulf Wilderness over 12 miles northward . This region is subject to extremes of weather with little natural shelter and only occasional man - made shelter from the elements . Though greatest from November to May , the threat of severe and cold conditions in the Presidentials and across the New Hampshire Section is present year - round and requires hikers ' careful attention to weather forecasts and planning , provisions and gear . The Dartmouth Outing Club maintains the AT from the Vermont border past Mount Moosilauke to Kinsman Notch , northwest of Woodstock , New Hampshire , Randolph Mountain Club maintains 2.2 miles from Osgood Trail near Madison Hut to Edmands Col , with the AMC maintaining the remaining miles through the state . Maine ( edit ) Northern terminus of the trail atop Mount Katahdin in Maine Maine has 281 miles ( 452 km ) of the trail . The northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail is on Mount Katahdin 's Baxter Peak in Baxter State Park . In some parts of the trail in Maine , even the strongest hikers may only average 1 mile per hour ( 1.6 km / h ) , with places where hikers must hold on to tree limbs and roots to climb and descend , which is especially hazardous in wet weather . The western section includes a mile - long ( 1.6 km ) stretch of boulders , some of which hikers must pass under , at Mahoosuc Notch , sometimes called the trail 's hardest mile . Although there are dozens of river and stream fords on the Maine section of the trail , the Kennebec River is the only one on the trail that requires a boat crossing . The most isolated portion of the Appalachian Trail , known as the `` Hundred - Mile Wilderness '' , occurs in Maine . It heads east - northeast from the town of Monson and ends outside Baxter State Park just south of Abol Bridge . Park management strongly discourages thru - hiking within the park before May 15 or after October 15 . The AMC maintains the AT from the New Hampshire border to Grafton Notch , with the Maine Appalachian Trail Club responsible for maintaining the remaining miles to Mt . Katahdin . The international extension , called the International Appalachian Trail begins at Mt . Katahdin . Major intersections ( edit ) Listed from south to north . Southern terminus : Springer Mountain , Georgia U.S. Route 76 in northeast Georgia U.S. Route 64 near Nantahala River , North Carolina U.S. Route 19 / U.S. Route 74 near Fontana Lake , North Carolina U.S. Route 441 at North Carolina / Tennessee border Interstate 40 at North Carolina / Tennessee border U.S. Route 25 / U.S. Route 70 in Hot Springs , North Carolina Interstate 26 / U.S. Route 23 at North Carolina / Tennessee border U.S. Route 19W at North Carolina / Tennessee border U.S. Route 19E near Roan Mountain , Tennessee U.S. Route 321 at Watauga Lake , Tennessee U.S. Route 421 near South Holston Lake , Tennessee U.S. Route 16 near Troutdale , Virginia U.S. Route 58 in Damascus , Virginia Interstate 81 near Marion , Virginia Interstate 77 / U.S. Route 52 near Wytheville , Virginia U.S. Route 460 in Pearisburg , Virginia Interstate 81 near Roanoke , Virginia U.S. Route 501 at James River , Virginia U.S. Route 60 near Buena Vista , Virginia Interstate 64 near Waynesboro , Virginia U.S. Route 250 near Waynesboro , Virginia U.S. Route 33 in Shenandoah National Park U.S. Route 211 near Luray , Virginia U.S. Route 522 near Front Royal , Virginia Interstate 66 in Front Royal , Virginia U.S. Route 17 / U.S. Route 50 near Waterloo , Virginia U.S. Route 340 in Harpers Ferry , West Virginia U.S. Route 340 in Sandy Hook , Maryland Interstate 70 / U.S. Route 40 near Hagerstown , Maryland U.S. Route 30 near Fayetteville , Pennsylvania Interstate 76 in Middlesex Township , Pennsylvania U.S. Route 11 in Middlesex Township , Pennsylvania Interstate 81 in Middlesex Township , Pennsylvania U.S. Route 11 / U.S. Route 15 in Duncannon , Pennsylvania U.S. Route 22 / U.S. Route 322 in Duncannon , Pennsylvania Interstate 81 near Fort Indiantown Gap , Pennsylvania Interstate 476 near Slatington , Pennsylvania Interstate 80 at Pennsylvania / New Jersey border U.S. Route 206 near Frankford , New Jersey Interstate 87 near Harriman , New York U.S. Route 6 / U.S. Route 9W / U.S. Route 202 near Fort Montgomery , New York U.S. Route 9 near Garrison , New York Taconic State Parkway near Shenandoah , New York Interstate 84 near Whaley Lake , New York U.S. Route 7 near Falls Village , Connecticut U.S. Route 44 near Salisbury , Connecticut U.S. Route 7 near Great Barrington , Massachusetts Interstate 90 near Lee , Massachusetts U.S. Route 20 near Lee , Massachusetts U.S. Route 4 near Rutland , Vermont Interstate 89 near West Hartford , Vermont U.S. Route 5 in Norwich , Vermont Interstate 91 in Norwich , Vermont Interstate 93 / U.S. Route 3 near Franconia , New Hampshire U.S. Route 302 in White Mountain National Forest U.S. Route 2 near Gorham , New Hampshire U.S. Route 201 in Caratunk , Maine Northern terminus : Mt . Katahdin , Maine Use in research ( edit ) The Appalachian Trail has been a resource for researchers in a variety of disciplines . Portions of the trail in Tennessee were used on a study on trail maintenance for the trail 's `` uniform environmental conditions and design attributes and substantial gradient in visitor use . '' Beginning in 2007 , various citizen groups , including the Appalachian Trail Conservancy and the American Hiking Society , began a study to monitor environmental changes that have resulted from higher ozone levels , acid rain , smog , and other air quality factors . Such research has been supported by the National Park Service , U.S. Forest Service , Cornell University , the National Geographic Society , and Aveda Corporation . Behavioral studies have also been conducted on hikers themselves . A 2007 study on hikers found that most persons hike the trail `` for fun and enjoyment of life and for warm relationships with others '' and that `` environmental awareness , physical challenge , camaraderie , exercise , and solitude '' were chief results among hikers . Since the highest single demographic of thru - hikers are males between the ages of 18 -- 29 , one informal study sought to find the correlation between this group and male college drop - outs . See also ( edit ) Appalachian Development Highway System ( ADHS ) ( in the eastern US ) Appalachian Trail by state International Appalachian Trail Additional U.S. long - distance trails American Discovery Trail Continental Divide Trail East Coast Greenway North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Connected U.S. long - distance trails Allegheny Trail Benton MacKaye Trail Horse Shoe Trail International Appalachian Trail Long Path Long Trail Mason - Dixon Trail Mountains - to - Sea Trail Pinhoti National Recreation Trail Tuscarora Trail Virginia Creeper Trail Connected National Historic Trails Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The exact length of the Appalachian Trail is not known , as periodic changes and maintenance to the trail alters the trail 's length , making an exact figure difficult to ascertain . ( See Appalachian Trail Conservancy ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gailey , Chris ( 2006 ) . `` Appalachian Trail FAQs '' Outdoors.org ( accessed September 14 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Appalachian Trail Conservancy '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appalachian Trail Conservancy - 2000 Milers '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Absolute 10 Best Day Hikes in the United States '' . November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( January 1985 ) , `` A Fork in the Trail '' . Audubon. 87 ( 1 ) : 140 -- 141 ^ Jump up to : Applebome , Peter ( May 31 , 2010 ) , `` A Jolt of Energy for a Much Trod - Upon Trail '' . New York Times . p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nimblewill Nomad Receives Triple Crown Award '' . International Appalachian Trail . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Glenn ( October 27 , 2001 ) . `` Hiker Achieves ' Triple Crown ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miller , D. Jason ( Fall 2015 ) . `` BackPacked Architecture : The Appalachian Trail and Its `` Primitive Huts '' `` . Journal of Appalachian Studies . 21 ( 2 ) : 247 -- 262 . doi : 10.5406 / jappastud. 21.2. 0247 . Jump up ^ `` Appalachian Trail Conservancy - History '' . appalachiantrail.org . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tomaselli , Doris. 2009 . pp. 47 -- 61 Ned Anderson : Connecticut 's Appalachian Trailblazer -- Small Town Renaissance Man . Sherman Historical Society . Sherman , CT . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 28611 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tomaselli , Doris. 2009 . pp. 67 -- 75 Ned Anderson : Connecticut 's Appalachian Trailblazer -- Small Town Renaissance Man . Sherman Historical Society . Sherman , CT . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 28611 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` 75th Anniversary of the Completion of the Appalachian Trail '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy. 2012 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( at - l ) ATN article , 1936 Scout Hike '' . backcountry.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Thru Hikers Honored by ATC '' ( PDF ) . The Long Distance Hiker . Summer 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did the man heralded as the first to walk the entire Appalachian Trail take a shortcut into history ? '' . Jump up ^ Hiker , The Smoky Mountain ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` The Smoky Mountain Hiking Blog : Was Earl Shaffer the first person to thru - hike the Appalachian Trail ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian exhibit on Shaffer 's 1948 hike '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Earl V. ( 2004 ) . Walking With Spring . ISBN 0 - 917953 - 84 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( May 12 , 2002 ) . `` Earl Shaffer , First to Hike Length of Appalachian Trail in Both Directions , Dies at 83 '' . NY Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( October 26 , 1998 ) , `` Etceteras '' . Christian Science Monitor. 90 ( 232 ) : 2 Jump up ^ Montgomery , Ben ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` This 67 - Year - Old Grandma Was The First Woman To Hike The Appalachian Trail Solo '' . Organic Life . Rodale Inc . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , Eric ( July / August 1984 ) , `` The Road Less Traveled '' . National Parks . 58 ( 7 / 8 ) : 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ Hughes , C.J. ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` After 2,169 Miles , What 's Another 690 ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ International Appalachian Trail news , October 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Flagg Mountain eyed as trailhead for Appalachian Trail extension along Pinhoti Trail '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ Cosby , Tom ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Birmingham trailhead could create Maine - to - Alabama Appalachian Trail '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailhead for the Southern End of the Pinhoti - Ribbon Cutting on March 22 '' . Outdoor Alabama . Jump up ^ `` Appalachian Trail expansion gets closer to linking with Alabama '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ Massar , Todd . `` The Appalachian Trail '' . GeorgiaInfo : an Online Georgia Almanac . Digital Library of Georgia . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` liveoutdoorsy.com ( accessed February 12 , 2017 ) ^ Jump up to : Black Bear Neighborhood Jump up ^ Wingfoot `` Black Bears on the Appalachian Trail '' Archived November 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . TrailPlace.com ( accessed September 14 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` The Appalachian Trail Conservancy - Hiking Basics Safety '' . ^ Jump up to : Stroh , Bess Zarafonitis ( September -- October 1998 ) . `` Colorful Climbs '' . National Parks . 72 ( 9 / 10 ) : 34 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jennifer ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` Massachusetts and moose : Meant for each other '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GAdewME 's 2004 Appalachian Trail Journal , Part of Trail Journals ' Backpacking and Hiking Journals '' . ^ Jump up to : Appalachian Trail Conservancy Plant FAQ Archived January 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wells , B.W. ( July 1937 ) . `` Southern Appalachian Grass Balds '' . Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society . 53 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Hopey , Don ( July 9 , 1995 ) . `` Rocksylvania is a real boot - buster '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . PG Publishing Co. , Inc . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brill , David ( June 2001 ) , `` Walk This Way ! '' . Men 's Health . 16 ( 5 ) : 68 Jump up ^ ( Regulations and Permits ) , Appalachian Trail Conservancy , accessed December 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ Mangan , Tom ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Wheelchair - accessible paths on the Appalachian Trail '' . Trailspace . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What 's In Your Pack ? : A Gear Survey of the 2014 Thru - Hikers '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nickens , T. Edward ( July 2001 ) , `` Bed and Breakfast '' . Smithsonian. 32 ( 4 ) : 24 Jump up ^ Appalachian Trail Dropping In . OutsideOnline.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ White Mountain Huts - NH Appalachian Trail Lodging - Appalachian Mountain Club . Outdoors.org ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) . Retrieved on July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ What is it Like to Sleep in an Appalachian Trail Shelter ? SectionHiker.com ( accessed July 20 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Cabins , Huts , and Hostels '' Archived November 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed September 12 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Melville , Greg ( August 1999 ) , `` The Moocher '' . Sports Afield. 222 ( 2 ) : 57 Jump up ^ Berger , Karen . `` Appalachian Trail : Trail Magic '' Archived May 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Gorp.com ( accessed April 30 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ A.T. History Kodak.com ( accessed April 30 , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Health and Safety '' Archived November 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed September 15 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Environmental Considerations '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 15 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Pa. man dies in Appalachian Trail accident north of Harpers Ferry '' . The Journal . March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2,000 - Milers : Facts and Statistics '' . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Appalachian Trail Murders '' . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haygood , Wil ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` Blood on the Mountain '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Murders Archived October 5 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . '' Appalachian Long Distance Hikers Association website ( accessed September 14 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Nordin , Barbara ( 2004 ) . `` After Rice : New questions in Park murders '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Hiker who went missing on Appalachian trail survived 26 days before dying '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British university physics professor dies after falling 50ft onto rocks while taking photographs during visit to one of America 's longest hiking trails '' . The Daily Mail . October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Comeau , Zack ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Five months and two thousand miles on The Appalachian Trail '' . The Gatepost . Framingham , Massachusetts Jump up ^ `` Trail Terms and Slang '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` APPALACHIAN TRAIL -- TERMS , DEFINITIONS AND LINGO '' . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What Happens When I Finish ? '' Archived May 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed September 11 , 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : 2,000 - Miler Facts and Statistics Archived May 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , ATC website ( accessed May 25 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris ( November 12 , 2001 ) , `` Historic Feet '' . Sports Illustrated . 95 ( 19 ) : A27 ^ Jump up to : Landers , Rich ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Seattle 's Heather Anderson breaks Appalachian Trail hiking record '' . Spokesman - Review , via Missoulian . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.runnersworld.com/general-interest/meet-the-man-who-just-destroyed-the-appalachian-trail-speed-record Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/with-a-25-pound-pack-joe-mcconaughy-breaks-appalachian-trail-speed-record/2017/09/03/8e0e0df0-90c3-11e7-8754-d478688d23b4_story.html Jump up ^ Chavez , Karen ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` WNC hiker Matt Kirk breaks AT unsupported record '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Lindsay ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Ultra Runner Karl Meltzer Sets Appalachian Trail Record , Fueled by Beer and Candy '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Karl Meltzer sets new Appalachian Trail record '' . Red Bull . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Jurek Breaks Appalachian Trail Thru - Hike Record '' . Runner 's World . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History '' Archived June 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed June 24 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : Georgia '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : North Carolina '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ The Appalachian Trail south of Roan Mountain Archived September 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee '' ( PDF ) . Appalachian Thru - Hikers ' Companion - 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Marion , Jeffrey L. ; Leung , Yu - Fai ( Fall 2001 ) . `` Trail Resource Impacts and An Examination of Alternative Assessment Techniques '' . Journal of Park & Recreation Administration . 19 ( 3 ) : 17 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Appalachian Trail Conservancy - Explore By State - Tennessee '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Terrain By Region : Virginia '' . About The Trail . Appalachian Trail Conservancy . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruce P. Hayden ; Patrick J. Michaels . `` Virginia 's Climate '' . University of Virginia Climatology Office . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : West Virginia '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Coupland , David ( 2004 ) . `` Appalachian Adventure '' Couplands.net ( accessed September 12 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : Maryland '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` South Mountain State Park '' . Maryland Department of Natural Resources . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By State : Pennsylvania '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed May 23 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Hopey , Don . `` From the archives : July 9 , 1995 / Rocksylvania is a real boot - buster '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By State : New Jersey '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed May 21 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Terrain By State : New York '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed June 24 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : Connecticut '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : Massachusetts '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : Vermont '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : New Hampshire '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : Maine AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Explore the Trail : Maine '' AppalachianTrail.org ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Thru - Hiking in Baxter State Park '' BaxterStateParkAuthority.com ( accessed July 14 , 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Trail with a tale to tell '' . American Forests. 112 ( 4 ) : 17 . Winter 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldenberg , Marni ; Hill , Eddie ; Freidt , Barbara ( 2008 ) . `` Why Individuals Hike the Appalachian Trail : A Qualitative Approach to Benefits '' . Journal of Experiential Education . 30 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Karen D. ( 2007 ) . `` Education on the Appalachian Trail : What 2,000 Miles Can Teach Us About Learning '' . About Campus. 12 ( 5 ) : 2 -- 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Online ATC 's official annual Appalachian Trail guide is the Appalachian Trail Thru - Hiker 's Companion , compiled and updated by volunteers of the Appalachian Long Distance Hikers Association ( ALDHA ) ( available at AppalachianTrail.org ) . Individual state guides and maps are also available via the ATC . The Official AT Databook , an annually updated compilation of trail mileages , water sources , road crossings , shelter locations , and other information . The 2015 DataBook is the 37th annual edition , is considered indispensable by many AT hikers , and the data published within is used by many other hiking guides . A smartphone guidebook app with crowdsourced information ( Wikipedia style ) is available . Non-fiction print Garvey , Edward ( 1971 ) . Appalachian Hiker . Oakton : Appalachian Books . ISBN 0 - 912660 - 01 - 5 . Fisher , Ronald ( 1972 ) . The Appalachian Trail . Washington : National Geographic Society . ISBN 0 - 87044 - 106 - X . Hare , James R. ( 1977 ) . From Katahdin to Springer Mountain . Emmaus Pa : Rodale Press . ISBN 0 - 87857 - 160 - 4 . Garvey , Edward ( 1978 ) . Appalachian Hiker , II . Oakton : Appalachian Books . ISBN 0 - 912660 - 15 - 5 . Shaffer , Earl ( 1983 ) . Walking with Spring . Harpers Ferry : Appalachian Trail Conference . ISBN 0 - 917953 - 84 - 3 . Irwin , Bill ( 1992 ) . Blind Courage . Waco : WRS Pub . ISBN 0 - 941539 - 86 - 5 . Luxenberg , Larry ( 1994 ) . Walking the Appalachian Trail . Mechanicsburg : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 3095 - 6 . Mittlefehldt , Sarah ( 2013 ) . Tangled Roots : The Appalachian Trail and American Environmental Politics . Seattle , WA : University of Washington Press . Emblidge , David ( 1996 ) . The Appalachian Trail Reader . Oxford Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510091 - 3 . Bryson , Bill ( 1998 ) . A Walk in the Woods : Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27946 - 0 . Hall , Adrienne ( 2000 ) . A Journey North . Boston : Appalachian Mountain Club Books . ISBN 1 - 878239 - 91 - 0 . Setzer , Lynn ( 2001 ) . A Season on the Appalachian Trail . Harpers Ferry : Appalachian Trail Conference . ISBN 0 - 89732 - 382 - 3 . Mckinney , Rick ( 2005 ) . Dead Men Hike No Trails . City : Booklocker.com , Inc . ISBN 1 - 59113 - 870 - 1 . Miller , David ( 2006 ) . Awol on the Appalachian Trail . Livermore : Wingspan Press . ISBN 0547745524 . Tapon , Francis ( 2006 ) . Hike Your Own Hike : 7 Life Lessons from Backpacking Across America . San Francisco : SonicTrek . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9765812 - 0 - 8 . Buras , Thom ( 2006 ) . The Wayfarer 's Journal Episode One : Journey to Katahdin . The Wayfarer 's Journal . ISBN 0 - 9786169 - 0 - 1 . Alt , Jeff ( 2007 ) . A Walk for Sunshine . Cincinnati : Dreams Shared Publications . ISBN 0 - 9679482 - 2 - 3 . Chenowith , Lon ( 2009 ) . Five Million Steps : Adventure Along the Appalachian Trail . Tate Publishing . ISBN 1 - 60799 - 416 - X . Tomaselli , Doris ( 2009 ) . Ned Anderson : Connecticut 's Appalachian trailblazer , small town Renaissance man . Sherman Historical Society . ISBN 0 - 615 - 28611 - 9 . Letcher , Susan & Lucy ( 2010 ) . Barefoot Sisters : Southbound & Barefoot Sisters Walking . Harrisburg : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3529 - 2 . Miller , David ( 2010 ) . AWOL on the Appalachian Trail . Seattle : AmazonEncore . ISBN 1 - 935597 - 19 - 1 . Davis , Zach ( 2012 ) . Appalachian Trials . Denver : Good Badger Publishing . ISBN 0985090103 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Appalachian Trail . Appalachian Trail . Official sites Official site of the Appalachian Trail Conservancy National Park Service Trail information , with maps U.S. National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking Regional trail navigation boxes Hiking trails in Massachusetts Appalachian Battle Road Bay Circuit Cape Cod Canal Trail Canalside Commonwealth Connections East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental Emerald Necklace Great Esker Park Mahican - Mohawk Metacomet - Monadnock Midstate New England Norwottuck Pocumtuck Ridge Robert Frost Taconic South Taconic Taconic Crest Taconic Skyline Tully Wapack Warner Hiking trails in Connecticut Airline State Park Alain and May White American Legion Appalachian Aspetuck Valley Bigelow Hollow Case Mountain Charter Oak Greenway Chatfield Cockaponset East Coast Greenway Falls Brook Farmington Canal Heritage Gay City Hancock Brook Hop River Housatonic Range Jericho Kettletown Lillinonah Lone Pine Macedonia Brook Mattabesett Mattatuck McLean Game Refuge Menunkatuck Metacomet Mohawk Moosup Valley Muir Narragansett Natchaug Naugatuck Nayantaquit Nehantic New England Nipmuck Old Furnace Patchaug Paugussett Peoples Pequot Pine Knob Pomperaug Quinebaug Quinnipiac Ragged Mountain Regicides Salmon River Saugatuck Shenipsit Sleeping Giant Still River Greenway Stony Creek Quarry Sunny Valley Preserve Tunxis Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route Westwoods Whitestone Cliffs Wolcott Zoar Hiking trails in New York Appalachian Blue Disc Croton Aqueduct Devil 's Path East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental Finger Lakes Ithaca Kaaterskill Falls Long Island Long Path Mohawk Hudson North Country Old Croton Paumanok Path South Taconic Taconic Crest Taconic Skyline Taconic Tongue Mountain Range Hiking trails in New Jersey Appalachian Batona Capital to Coast Columbia Delaware and Raritan Canal East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental Hackensack RiverWalk Highlands Lenape Long Path Patriots ' Path Paulinskill Valley Raritan River Greenway Shawangunk Ridge Sussex Branch Hiking trails in Pennsylvania Allegheny Front Appalachian Baker Black Forest Brandywine Bucktail Path Chester Valley Chuck Keiper Conestoga Cresheim Cross County Darlington Donut Hole Evansburg Forbes Road GAP GET Glacier Ridge Golden Eagle Horse - Shoe John P. Saylor Laurel Highlands Liberty Bell Lost Turkey Lower Loyalsock Mason - Dixon Mid State Mill Creek Montour North Country Old Loggers Path Panhandle Pennypack Perkiomen Pinchot Pine Creek Potomac Heritage Power Line Quebec Run Quehanna Rachel Carson Rock Run Schuylkill East Schuylkill River Standing Stone Struble Susquehannock Tanbark Terrace Mountain Thunder Swamp Tuscarora US 202 Parkway Valley Forge Warrior West Rim Wissahickon Youghiogheny River Hiking trails in Maryland Allegheny Highlands American Discovery Anacostia Tributaries Appalachian B&A Billy Goat Borden Tunnel BWI Capital Crescent Catoctin C&O Canal College Park Trolley Cross Island Dalecarlia Tunnel East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental GAP Great Eastern Grist Mill Gwynns Falls Jones Falls Ma and Pa Mason - Dixon Metropolitan Branch North Bethesda Patuxent Branch Potomac Heritage Rachel Carson Savage Mill Short Line Sligo Creek Torrey C. Brown ( Northern Central ) Trolley Line # 9 Tuscarora WB&A WMRT Hiking trails in Virginia Appalachian Blue Ridge Railway Bull Run Occoquan Chessie Nature Dahlgren Railroad Heritage Difficult Run East Coast Greenway Great Eastern High Bridge Massanutten Huckleberry New River Overmountain Victory Potomac Heritage Tuscarora Virginia Creeper Washington & Old Dominion Wild Oak Hiking trails in North Carolina American Tobacco Appalachian Art Loeb Bartram Benton MacKaye Cape Fear River Capital Area Greenway Dunn - Erwin East Coast Greenway Eastern Continental Farlow Gap Foothills Haw River Mountains - to - Sea Neusiok Overmountain Victory Sauratown South Tar River Tanawha Uwharrie Trail Hiking trails in Georgia Appalachian Arkaquah Bartram BeltLine Benton MacKaye Black Heritage Chattahoochee National Forest Chattahoochee River Cheshire Farm Trail Coleman River Duncan Ridge Eastern Continental Great Eastern Jacks Knob Oconee National Forest Panther Creek Pinhoti Silver Comet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appalachian_Trail&oldid=804581831 '' Categories : Appalachian Trail Appalachian Mountains Bear Mountain State Park Blue Ridge Mountains Blue Ridge National Heritage Area Great Smoky Mountains Harriman State Park ( New York ) Hiking trails in Connecticut Hiking trails in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hiking trails in Great Smoky Mountains National Park Hiking trails in Maine Hiking trails in Maryland Hiking trails in Massachusetts Hiking trails in New Hampshire Hiking trails in New Jersey Hiking trails in New York ( state ) Hiking trails in North Carolina Hiking trails in Pennsylvania Hiking trails in Tennessee Hiking trails in Vermont Hiking trails in Virginia Hiking trails in West Virginia Long - distance trails in the United States Nantahala National Forest National Scenic Trails of the United States Protected areas established in 1923 Protected areas of Carroll County , New Hampshire Protected areas of Coos County , New Hampshire Protected areas of Grafton County , New Hampshire Protected areas of the Appalachians Shenandoah National Park National Park Service areas in Connecticut National Park Service areas in Georgia ( U.S. state ) National Park Service areas in Maine National Park Service areas in Maryland National Park Service areas in Massachusetts National Park Service areas in New Hampshire National Park Service areas in New Jersey National Park Service areas in New York ( state ) National Park Service areas in North Carolina National Park Service areas in Pennsylvania National Park Service areas in Tennessee National Park Service areas in Vermont National Park Service areas in Virginia National Park Service areas in West Virginia National Park Service areas Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Polski Română Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 22 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the appalachian trail start in pa	[ "Pennsylvania has 229.6 miles (369.5 km) of the trail.[89] The trail extends from the Pennsylvania – Maryland line at Pen Mar, a tiny town straddling the state line, to the Delaware Water Gap, at the Pennsylvania – New Jersey border. The Susquehanna River is generally considered the dividing line between the northern and southern sections of the Pennsylvania AT. South of the Susquehanna, the trail passes through Pine Grove Furnace State Park. The Pennsylvania section of the trail north of the Susquehanna, from Duncannon until the Delaware Water Gap, is noted for its eroded and rocky terrain which can slow hiking.[90]" ]	[ "Pen Mar, a tiny town straddling the state line" ]
3636028812584566195	List of Dallas Cowboys seasons	List of Dallas Cowboys seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Jump to : navigation , search For complete team history , see History of the Dallas Cowboys . This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 31 postseason appearances , tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls . The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowl V , X , and XIII . The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966 -- 1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991 -- 1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11 -- 2 in the postseason . The Cowboys have also experienced failure in their history . The most notable period of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965 , during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance . They did not win a single game during their first season , compiling an 0 -- 11 -- 1 record that is still the worst in franchise history . Also , they did not have a single winning record in this period . Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled , with the low point being the NFL 's second 15 - loss season ( after the 1980 Saints ) in 1989 . After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996 , the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games , one after a franchise - record 13 -- 3 season in 2007 , during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak . This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival , the Philadelphia Eagles 34 -- 14 after an 11 -- 5 season in 2009 . Seasons ( edit ) NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason Results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1960 1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 Tom Landry 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 6th 9 Tom Landry 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 5th 10 0 Tom Landry 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 Tom Landry 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 Tom Landry ( COY ) Tom Landry 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 Tom Landry 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 Calvin Hill ( OROY ) Tom Landry 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 Tom Landry 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 Tom Landry 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 Tom Landry 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 Tom Landry 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 Tom Landry 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 Tom Landry 1982 1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 Tom Landry 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 Tom Landry 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 Tom Landry 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 Tom Landry 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 Tom Landry 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 5th 15 0 Jimmy Johnson 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) Jimmy Johnson 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 Jimmy Johnson 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 Barry Switzer 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) Barry Switzer NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 Barry Switzer 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 Barry Switzer 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 Chan Gailey 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Chan Gailey 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 Bill Parcells NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Bill Parcells 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Bill Parcells 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 Bill Parcells 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) Wade Phillips 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Wade Phillips 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 Wade Phillips NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) Jason Garrett 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) Jason Garrett 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 Jason Garrett 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) Jason Garrett 2017 2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Jason Garrett Total 493 367 6 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2016 ) 34 27 0 All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2016 ) 527 393 6 All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2016 ) 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys ' Official Website . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys ' Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Franchise History '' . SportsEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season , the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Cowboys , Redskins , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season , the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season , the Cowboys , Lions , and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8 -- 8 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head - to - head record . References ( edit ) `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sportsline . Retrieved January 2007 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . National Football League Official website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame Website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- ) '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` History -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Hickoksports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Franchise page -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . `` Dallas Cowboys Live -- Dallas Cowboys '' . cowboysgames.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys seasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=822989991 '' Categories : National Football League teams seasons Dallas Cowboys seasons Dallas Cowboys lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 17 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the cowboys been to the superbowl	[ "\n\nSeason\nTeam\nLeague\nConference\nDivision\nRegular season\nPostseason Results\nAwards\nHead coaches\n\n\nFinish\nWins\nLosses\nTies\n\n\n1960\n1960\nNFL\nWestern\n\n7th\n0\n11\n1\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1961\n1961\nNFL\nEastern\n\n6th\n4\n9\n1\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1962\n1962\nNFL\nEastern\n\n5th\n5\n8\n1\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1963\n1963\nNFL\nEastern\n\n5th\n4\n10\n0\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1964\n1964\nNFL\nEastern\n\n5th\n5\n8\n1\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1965\n1965\nNFL\nEastern\n\n2nd\n7\n7\n0\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1966\n1966\nNFL\nEastern\n\n1st\n10\n3\n1\nLost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 34–27\nTom Landry (COY)\nTom Landry\n\n\n1967[6]\n1967\nNFL\nEastern\nCapitol\n1st\n9\n5\n0\nWon Conference Playoffs (Browns) 52–10\nLost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 21–17\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1968\n1968\nNFL\nEastern\nCapitol\n1st\n12\n2\n0\nLost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 31–20\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1969\n1969\nNFL\nEastern\nCapitol\n1st\n11\n2\n1\nLost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 38–14\nCalvin Hill (OROY)\nTom Landry\n\n\n1970\n1970\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n10\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 5–0\nWon Conference Championship (49ers) 17–10\nLost Super Bowl V (Colts) 16–13\nChuck Howley (SB MVP)\nTom Landry\n\n\n1971\n1971\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n11\n3\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 20–12\nWon Conference Championship (49ers) 14–3\nWon Super Bowl VI (1) (Dolphins) 24–3\nRoger Staubach (SB MVP)\nTom Landry\n\n\n1972\n1972\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n10\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 30–28\nLost Conference Championship (Redskins) 26–3\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1973\n1973\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st[7]\n10\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 27–26\nLost Conference Championship (Vikings) 27–10\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1974\n1974\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n8\n6\n0\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1975\n1975\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n10\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 17–14\nWon Conference Championship (Rams) 37–7\nLost Super Bowl X (Steelers) 21–17\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1976\n1976\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n11\n3\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 14–12\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1977\n1977\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n12\n2\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 37–7\nWon Conference Championship (Vikings) 23–6\nWon Super Bowl XII (2) (Broncos) 27–10\nTony Dorsett (OROY)\nHarvey Martin (DPOY, SB MVP)\nRandy White (SB MVP)\nTom Landry\n\n\n1978[8]\n1978\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st[9]\n12\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 27–20\nWon Conference Championship (Rams) 28–0\nLost Super Bowl XIII (Steelers) 35–31\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1979\n1979\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st[10]\n11\n5\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 21–19\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1980\n1980\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd[11]\n12\n4\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 34–17\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 30–27\nLost Conference Championship (Eagles) 20–7\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1981\n1981\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n12\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 38–0\nLost Conference Championship (49ers) 28–27\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1982[12]\n1982\nNFL\nNFC\n\n2nd\n6\n3\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 30–17\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 37–26\nLost Conference Championship (Redskins) 31–17\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1983\n1983\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n12\n4\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 24–17\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1984\n1984\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n9\n7\n0\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1985\n1985\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st[13]\n10\n6\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 20–0\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1986\n1986\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n7\n9\n0\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1987[14]\n1987\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n7\n8\n0\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1988\n1988\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n5th\n3\n13\n0\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1989\n1989\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n5th\n1\n15\n0\n\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1990\n1990\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n7\n9\n0\n\nEmmitt Smith (OROY)\nJimmy Johnson (COY)\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1991\n1991\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd[15]\n11\n5\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 17–13\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 38–6\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1992\n1992\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n13\n3\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 34–10\nWon Conference Championship (49ers) 30–20\nWon Super Bowl XXVII (3) (Bills) 52–17\nTroy Aikman (SB MVP)\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1993\n1993\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n12\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 27–17\nWon Conference Championship (49ers) 38–21\nWon Super Bowl XXVIII (4) (Bills) 30–13\nEmmitt Smith (MVP, SB MVP)\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1994\n1994\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n12\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 35–9\nLost Conference Championship (49ers) 38–28\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1995\n1995\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n12\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 30–11\nWon Conference Championship (Packers) 38–27\nWon Super Bowl XXX (5) (Steelers) 27–17\nLarry Brown (SB MVP)\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1996\n1996\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st[16]\n10\n6\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 40–15\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 26–17\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1997\n1997\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n6\n10\n0\n\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1998\n1998\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n10\n6\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Cardinals) 20–7\n\nChan Gailey\n\n\n1999\n1999\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd[17]\n8\n8\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 27–10\n\nChan Gailey\n\n\n2000\n2000\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2001\n2001\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n5th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2002\n2002\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2003\n2003\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n10\n6\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Panthers) 29–10\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2004\n2004\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n6\n10\n0\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2005\n2005\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n9\n7\n0\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2006\n2006\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n9\n7\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 21–20\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2007\n2007\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n13\n3\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Giants) 21–17\nGreg Ellis (CBPOY)\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2008\n2008\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n9\n7\n0\n\n\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2009\n2009\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st[18]\n11\n5\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 34–14\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 34–3\n\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2010\n2010\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n6\n10\n0\n\n\nWade Phillips (1–7)\nJason Garrett (5–3)\n\n\n2011\n2011\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n8\n8\n0\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2012\n2012\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n3rd\n8\n8\n0\n\nJason Witten (WP MOY)\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2013\n2013\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n8\n8\n0\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2014\n2014\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n12\n4\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 24–20\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 26–21\nDeMarco Murray (OPOY)\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2015\n2015\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2016\n2016\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n1st\n13\n3\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31\nDak Prescott (OROY)\nJason Garrett (COY)\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2017\n2017\nNFL\nNFC\nEast\n2nd\n9\n7\n0\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTotal\n493\n367\n6\nAll-time regular season record (1960–2016)\n\n\n34\n27\n0\nAll-time postseason record (1960–2016)\n\n\n527\n393\n6\nAll-time regular season and postseason record (1960–2016)\n\n\n5 NFL Championships, 10 Conference Championships, 22 Divisional Championships\n\n" ]	[ "1995" ]
-8169452530266946403	List of VFL/AFL players to have played 300 games	List of VFL / AFL players to have played 300 games - Wikipedia List of VFL / AFL players to have played 300 games This is a list of players who have played 300 or more games in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , previously known as the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) . This list includes only senior home - and - away matches and finals ; representative games ( i.e. State of Origin or International Rules ) , pre-season and Night Series games are excluded from the totals . The AFL is the successor to the VFL , explaining the overwhelming representation of Victorian clubs . This list of players is often colloquially referred to as the 300 club . Contents 1 AFL Life Membership 2 List of players 3 Games record holder 4 Most time teammates 5 See also 6 References AFL life membership ( edit ) Individuals who have participated as a player , coach and / or umpire in 300 senior games in league - sanctioned games -- including home - and - away , pre-season , state representative , and International rules games -- are awarded life membership of the AFL . List of players ( edit ) Current to the end of round 10 , 2018 ^ Active AFL player Player Games Club ( s ) Career span Brent Harvey 432 North Melbourne 1996 -- 2016 Michael Tuck 426 Hawthorn 1972 -- 1991 Kevin Bartlett 403 Richmond 1965 -- 1983 Dustin Fletcher 400 Essendon 1993 -- 2015 Robert Harvey 383 St Kilda 1988 -- 2008 Simon Madden 378 Essendon 1974 -- 1992 Craig Bradley 375 Carlton 1986 -- 2002 Adam Goodes 372 Sydney 1999 -- 2015 Bernie Quinlan 366 Footscray ( 177 ) Fitzroy ( 189 ) 1969 -- 1977 1978 -- 1986 Brad Johnson 364 Western Bulldogs 1994 -- 2010 John Blakey 359 Fitzroy ( 135 ) North Melbourne ( 224 ) 1985 -- 1992 1993 -- 2002 Bruce Doull 356 Carlton 1969 -- 1986 Paul Roos 356 Fitzroy ( 269 ) Sydney ( 87 ) 1982 -- 1994 1995 -- 1998 Matthew Pavlich 353 Fremantle 2000 -- 2016 Shaun Burgoyne ^ 351 Port Adelaide ( 157 ) Hawthorn ( 194 ) 2002 -- 2009 2010 -- present Doug Hawkins 350 Footscray ( 329 ) Fitzroy ( 21 ) 1978 -- 1994 1995 Chris Grant 341 Western Bulldogs 1990 -- 2007 Andrew McLeod 340 Adelaide 1995 -- 2010 John Rantall 336 South Melbourne ( 260 ) North Melbourne ( 70 ) Fitzroy ( 6 ) 1963 -- 72 , 1976 - 79 1973 -- 1975 1980 Nick Riewoldt 336 St Kilda 2001 -- 2017 Kevin Murray 333 Fitzroy 1955 -- 1974 David Cloke 333 Richmond ( 219 ) Collingwood ( 114 ) 1974 -- 1982 , 1990 -- 1991 1983 -- 1989 Leigh Matthews 332 Hawthorn 1969 -- 1985 Justin Madden 332 Essendon ( 45 ) Carlton ( 287 ) 1980 -- 1982 1983 -- 1996 Corey Enright 332 Geelong 2001 -- 2016 Drew Petrie 332 North Melbourne ( 316 ) West Coast ( 16 ) 2001 - 2016 2017 Gary Dempsey 329 Footscray ( 207 ) North Melbourne ( 122 ) 1967 -- 1978 1979 -- 1984 Sam Mitchell 329 Hawthorn ( 307 ) West Coast ( 22 ) 2002 -- 2016 2017 John Nicholls 328 Carlton 1957 -- 1974 Barry Round 328 Footscray ( 135 ) South Melbourne ( 193 ) 1969 -- 1975 1976 -- 1985 Brendon Goddard ^ 326 St Kilda ( 205 ) Essendon ( 121 ) 2003 - 2012 2013 - present Ian Nankervis 325 Geelong 1967 -- 1983 Jason Akermanis 325 Brisbane Bears ( 38 ) Brisbane Lions ( 210 ) Western Bulldogs ( 77 ) 1995 -- 1996 1997 -- 2006 2007 -- 2010 Jude Bolton 325 Sydney 1999 -- 2013 Paul Salmon 324 Essendon ( 224 ) Hawthorn ( 100 ) 1983 -- 1995 , 2002 1996 -- 2000 Scott West 324 Western Bulldogs 1993 -- 2008 Nathan Burke 323 St Kilda 1987 -- 2003 Simon Black 322 Brisbane Lions 1998 -- 2013 Nick Dal Santo 322 St Kilda ( 260 ) North Melbourne ( 62 ) 2002 -- 2013 2014 -- 2016 E.J. `` Ted '' Whitten 321 Footscray 1951 -- 1970 Stewart Loewe 321 St Kilda 1986 -- 2002 Tyson Edwards 321 Adelaide 1995 -- 2010 Dick Reynolds 320 Essendon 1933 - 1951 Luke Hodge ^ 318 Hawthorn ( 305 ) Brisbane Lions ( 13 ) 2002 - 2017 2018 - present Marcus Ashcroft 318 Brisbane Bears ( 152 ) Brisbane Lions ( 166 ) 1989 -- 1996 1997 -- 2003 Jarrad McVeigh ^ 313 Sydney 2004 - present Terry Daniher 313 South Melbourne ( 19 ) Essendon ( 294 ) 1976 -- 1977 1978 -- 1992 Tony Shaw 313 Collingwood 1977 -- 1994 Roger Merrett 313 Essendon ( 149 ) Brisbane Bears ( 164 ) 1978 -- 1987 1988 -- 1996 James Kelly 313 Geelong ( 273 ) Essendon ( 40 ) 2002 - 2015 2016 - 2017 Gary Ablett Jr. ^ 312 Geelong ( 202 ) Gold Coast ( 110 ) 2002 - 2010 , 2018 - present 2011 - 2017 Jack Dyer 312 Richmond 1931 -- 1949 Stephen Silvagni 312 Carlton 1985 -- 2001 Mark Ricciuto 312 Adelaide 1993 -- 2007 Robert Murphy 312 Western Bulldogs 2000 - 2017 Ben Hart 311 Adelaide 1992 -- 2006 Glenn Archer 311 North Melbourne 1992 -- 2007 Scott Thompson 308 Melbourne ( 39 ) Adelaide ( 269 ) 2001 -- 2004 2005 -- 2017 Tim Watson 307 Essendon 1977 -- 1994 Gordon Coventry 306 Collingwood 1920 -- 1937 Wayne Schimmelbusch 306 North Melbourne 1973 -- 1987 Alastair Lynch 306 Fitzroy ( 120 ) Brisbane Bears ( 32 ) Brisbane Lions ( 154 ) 1988 -- 1993 1994 -- 1996 1997 -- 2004 Paul Williams 306 Collingwood ( 189 ) Sydney ( 117 ) 1991 -- 2000 2001 -- 2006 David Neitz 306 Melbourne 1993 -- 2008 Adam Simpson 306 North Melbourne 1995 -- 2009 Shane Crawford 305 Hawthorn 1993 -- 2008 Jimmy Bartel 305 Geelong 2002 -- 2016 Russell Greene 304 St Kilda ( 120 ) Hawthorn ( 184 ) 1974 -- 1980 1980 -- 1988 Chris Langford 303 Hawthorn 1983 -- 1997 Michael O'Loughlin 303 Sydney 1995 -- 2009 Don Scott 302 Hawthorn 1967 -- 1981 Luke Power 302 Brisbane Lions ( 282 ) Greater Western Sydney ( 20 ) 1998 -- 2011 2012 Len Thompson 301 Collingwood ( 268 ) South Melbourne ( 20 ) Fitzroy ( 13 ) 1965 -- 1978 1979 1980 Shannon Grant 301 Sydney ( 58 ) North Melbourne ( 243 ) 1995 -- 1997 1998 -- 2008 Sam Newman 300 Geelong 1964 -- 1980 Francis Bourke 300 Richmond 1967 -- 1981 Barry Breen 300 St Kilda 1965 -- 1982 Kelvin Moore 300 Hawthorn 1970 -- 1984 Garry Foulds 300 Essendon 1974 -- 1989 Mick Martyn 300 North Melbourne ( 287 ) Carlton ( 13 ) 1988 -- 2002 2003 Rohan Smith 300 Western Bulldogs 1992 -- 2006 Gavin Wanganeen 300 Essendon ( 127 ) Port Adelaide ( 173 ) 1991 -- 1996 1997 -- 2006 Kane Cornes 300 Port Adelaide 2001 -- 2015 Kade Simpson ^ 300 Carlton 2003 - present Games record holder ( edit ) This is a list of players who have held the record for total number of games played in the VFL / AFL at senior level , from 1897 starting with the first player to reach 100 games . Player Games Club ( s ) Career span Record surpassed Charlie Pannam 193 Collingwood ( 179 ) Richmond ( 14 ) 1897 - 1907 1908 ( First VFL / AFL Player to reach 100 games ) Fred Elliott 209 Melbourne ( 12 ) Carlton ( 197 ) 1899 1900 - 1901 ; 1903 - 1911 1910 : Grand Final Jock McHale 261 Collingwood 1903 - 1920 1914 : Round 10 Vic Thorp 263 Richmond 1910 - 1925 1925 : Round 15 Gordon Coventry 306 Collingwood 1920 - 1937 1935 : Round 11 Jack Dyer 312 Richmond 1931 - 1949 1949 : Round 9 Dick Reynolds 320 Essendon 1933 - 1951 1950 : Round 14 Ted Whitten 321 Footscray 1951 - 1970 1970 : Round 5 John Nicholls 328 Carlton 1957 - 1974 1974 : Round 9 Kevin Murray 333 Fitzroy 1955 - 1964 ; 1967 - 1974 1974 : Round 18 John Rantall 336 South Melbourne ( 260 ) North Melbourne ( 70 ) Fitzroy ( 6 ) 1963 - 1972 ; 1976 - 1979 1973 - 1975 1980 1980 : Round 7 Kevin Bartlett 403 Richmond 1965 - 1983 1980 : Qualifying Final Michael Tuck 426 Hawthorn 1972 - 1991 1990 : Round 22 Brent Harvey 432 North Melbourne 1996 -- 2016 2016 : Round 19 Current to January 1 , 2017 Most time teammates ( edit ) List of player pairs playing 300 or more games together Player Games Club ( s ) Career span Tyson Edwards & Andrew McLeod 307 Adelaide 1995 -- 2010 Jude Bolton & Adam Goodes 301 Sydney 1999 -- 2013 See also ( edit ) Australian rules footballers with 200 games for one club References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All Time Records -- 200 Games '' . AFL Tables . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Witham , Jennifer ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` AFL announces 10 life membership inductees '' . AFL.com.au . Australian Football League . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ SEN Inside Football ( Vol. 46 No. 26 / Issue 1529 / July 28 - August 3 , 2016 / Page 3 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_VFL/AFL_players_to_have_played_300_games&oldid=852632653 '' Categories : Lists of players of Australian rules football Australian rules football records and statistics VFL / AFL players Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use Australian English from January 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 09 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has played the most games for carlton	[ "\n\nPlayer\nGames\nClub(s)\nCareer span\n\n\nBrent Harvey\n\n432\n\nNorth Melbourne\n\n1996–2016\n\n\nMichael Tuck\n\n426\n\nHawthorn\n\n1972–1991\n\n\nKevin Bartlett\n\n403\n\nRichmond\n\n1965–1983\n\n\nDustin Fletcher\n\n400\n\nEssendon\n\n1993–2015\n\n\nRobert Harvey\n\n383\n\nSt Kilda\n\n1988–2008\n\n\nSimon Madden\n\n378\n\nEssendon\n\n1974–1992\n\n\nCraig Bradley\n\n375\n\nCarlton\n\n1986–2002\n\n\nAdam Goodes\n\n372\n\nSydney\n\n1999–2015\n\n\nBernie Quinlan\n\n366\n\nFootscray (177) Fitzroy (189)\n\n1969–1977 1978–1986\n\n\nBrad Johnson\n\n364\n\nWestern Bulldogs\n\n1994–2010\n\n\nJohn Blakey\n\n359\n\nFitzroy (135) North Melbourne (224)\n\n1985–1992 1993–2002\n\n\nBruce Doull\n\n356\n\nCarlton\n\n1969–1986\n\n\nPaul Roos\n\n356\n\nFitzroy (269) Sydney (87)\n\n1982–1994 1995–1998\n\n\nMatthew Pavlich\n\n353\n\nFremantle\n\n2000–2016\n\n\nShaun Burgoyne^\n\n351\n\nPort Adelaide (157) Hawthorn (194)\n\n2002–2009 2010–present\n\n\nDoug Hawkins\n\n350\n\nFootscray (329) Fitzroy (21)\n\n1978–1994 1995\n\n\nChris Grant\n\n341\n\nWestern Bulldogs\n\n1990–2007\n\n\nAndrew McLeod\n\n340\n\nAdelaide\n\n1995–2010\n\n\nJohn Rantall\n\n336\n\nSouth Melbourne (260) North Melbourne (70) Fitzroy (6)\n\n1963–72, 1976-79 1973–1975 1980\n\n\nNick Riewoldt\n\n336\n\nSt Kilda\n\n2001–2017\n\n\nKevin Murray\n\n333\n\nFitzroy\n\n1955–1974\n\n\nDavid Cloke\n\n333\n\nRichmond (219) Collingwood (114)\n\n1974–1982, 1990–1991 1983–1989\n\n\nLeigh Matthews\n\n332\n\nHawthorn\n\n1969–1985\n\n\nJustin Madden\n\n332\n\nEssendon (45) Carlton (287)\n\n1980–1982 1983–1996\n\n\nCorey Enright\n\n332\n\nGeelong\n\n2001–2016\n\n\nDrew Petrie\n\n332\n\nNorth Melbourne (316) West Coast (16)\n\n2001-2016 2017\n\n\nGary Dempsey\n\n329\n\nFootscray (207) North Melbourne (122)\n\n1967–1978 1979–1984\n\n\nSam Mitchell\n\n329\n\nHawthorn (307) West Coast (22)\n\n2002–2016 2017\n\n\nJohn Nicholls\n\n328\n\nCarlton\n\n1957–1974\n\n\nBarry Round\n\n328\n\nFootscray (135) South Melbourne (193)\n\n1969–1975 1976–1985\n\n\nBrendon Goddard^\n\n326\n\nSt Kilda (205) Essendon (121)\n\n2003-2012 2013-present\n\n\nIan Nankervis\n\n325\n\nGeelong\n\n1967–1983\n\n\nJason Akermanis\n\n325\n\nBrisbane Bears (38) Brisbane Lions (210) Western Bulldogs (77)\n\n1995–1996 1997–2006 2007–2010\n\n\nJude Bolton\n\n325\n\nSydney\n\n1999–2013\n\n\nPaul Salmon\n\n324\n\nEssendon (224) Hawthorn (100)\n\n1983–1995, 2002 1996–2000\n\n\nScott West\n\n324\n\nWestern Bulldogs\n\n1993–2008\n\n\nNathan Burke\n\n323\n\nSt Kilda\n\n1987–2003\n\n\nSimon Black\n\n322\n\nBrisbane Lions\n\n1998–2013\n\n\nNick Dal Santo\n\n322\n\nSt Kilda (260) North Melbourne (62)\n\n2002–2013 2014–2016\n\n\nE.J. \"Ted\" Whitten\n\n321\n\nFootscray\n\n1951–1970\n\n\nStewart Loewe\n\n321\n\nSt Kilda\n\n1986–2002\n\n\nTyson Edwards\n\n321\n\nAdelaide\n\n1995–2010\n\n\nDick Reynolds\n\n320\n\nEssendon\n\n1933-1951\n\n\nLuke Hodge^\n\n318\n\nHawthorn (305)Brisbane Lions (13)\n\n2002-20172018-present\n\n\nMarcus Ashcroft\n\n318\n\nBrisbane Bears (152) Brisbane Lions (166)\n\n1989–1996 1997–2003\n\n\nJarrad McVeigh^\n\n313\n\nSydney\n\n2004-present\n\n\nTerry Daniher\n\n313\n\nSouth Melbourne (19) Essendon (294)\n\n1976–1977 1978–1992\n\n\nTony Shaw\n\n313\n\nCollingwood\n\n1977–1994\n\n\nRoger Merrett\n\n313\n\nEssendon (149) Brisbane Bears (164)\n\n1978–1987 1988–1996\n\n\nJames Kelly\n\n313\n\nGeelong (273) Essendon (40)\n\n2002-2015 2016-2017\n\n\nGary Ablett Jr.^\n\n312\n\nGeelong (202) Gold Coast (110)\n\n2002-2010, 2018-present 2011-2017\n\n\nJack Dyer\n\n312\n\nRichmond\n\n1931–1949\n\n\nStephen Silvagni\n\n312\n\nCarlton\n\n1985–2001\n\n\nMark Ricciuto\n\n312\n\nAdelaide\n\n1993–2007\n\n\nRobert Murphy\n\n312\n\nWestern Bulldogs\n\n2000-2017\n\n\nBen Hart\n\n311\n\nAdelaide\n\n1992–2006\n\n\nGlenn Archer\n\n311\n\nNorth Melbourne\n\n1992–2007\n\n\nScott Thompson\n\n308\n\nMelbourne (39) Adelaide (269)\n\n2001–2004 2005–2017\n\n\nTim Watson\n\n307\n\nEssendon\n\n1977–1994\n\n\nGordon Coventry\n\n306\n\nCollingwood\n\n1920–1937\n\n\nWayne Schimmelbusch\n\n306\n\nNorth Melbourne\n\n1973–1987\n\n\nAlastair Lynch\n\n306\n\nFitzroy (120) Brisbane Bears (32) Brisbane Lions (154)\n\n1988–1993 1994–1996 1997–2004\n\n\nPaul Williams\n\n306\n\nCollingwood (189) Sydney (117)\n\n1991–2000 2001–2006\n\n\nDavid Neitz\n\n306\n\nMelbourne\n\n1993–2008\n\n\nAdam Simpson\n\n306\n\nNorth Melbourne\n\n1995–2009\n\n\nShane Crawford\n\n305\n\nHawthorn\n\n1993–2008\n\n\nJimmy Bartel\n\n305\n\nGeelong\n\n2002–2016\n\n\nRussell Greene\n\n304\n\nSt Kilda (120) Hawthorn (184)\n\n1974–1980 1980–1988\n\n\nChris Langford\n\n303\n\nHawthorn\n\n1983–1997\n\n\nMichael O'Loughlin\n\n303\n\nSydney\n\n1995–2009\n\n\nDon Scott\n\n302\n\nHawthorn\n\n1967–1981\n\n\nLuke Power\n\n302\n\nBrisbane Lions (282) Greater Western Sydney (20)\n\n1998–2011 2012\n\n\nLen Thompson\n\n301\n\nCollingwood (268) South Melbourne (20) Fitzroy (13)\n\n1965–1978 1979 1980\n\n\nShannon Grant\n\n301\n\nSydney (58) North Melbourne (243)\n\n1995–1997 1998–2008\n\n\nSam Newman\n\n300\n\nGeelong\n\n1964–1980\n\n\nFrancis Bourke\n\n300\n\nRichmond\n\n1967–1981\n\n\nBarry Breen\n\n300\n\nSt Kilda\n\n1965–1982\n\n\nKelvin Moore\n\n300\n\nHawthorn\n\n1970–1984\n\n\nGarry Foulds\n\n300\n\nEssendon\n\n1974–1989\n\n\nMick Martyn\n\n300\n\nNorth Melbourne (287) Carlton (13)\n\n1988–2002 2003\n\n\nRohan Smith\n\n300\n\nWestern Bulldogs\n\n1992–2006\n\n\nGavin Wanganeen\n\n300\n\nEssendon (127) Port Adelaide (173)\n\n1991–1996 1997–2006\n\n\nKane Cornes\n\n300\n\nPort Adelaide\n\n2001–2015\n\n\nKade Simpson^\n\n300\n\nCarlton\n\n2003-present\n\n" ]	[ "Craig Bradley" ]
4539032757506462600	Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine	Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine - wikipedia Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Jump to : navigation , search Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Type Public Established 1969 Budget $139.62 million Dean William D. Strampel , D.O. Academic staff 2000 Students 300 per class Location East Lansing ; Macomb ; Detroit , Michigan , USA Campus Rural and Urban Tuition ( 2011 - 2012 ) $36,741 resident $78,891 non-resident Website com.msu.edu The Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine ( MSUCOM ) is an American osteopathic medical school and academic division of Michigan State University ( MSU ) located in East Lansing , Michigan . In addition to the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O. ) degree , the college also offers the DO / PhD combined degree for students interested in training as physician - scientists . MSUCOM operates three campuses in East Lansing , Macomb , and Detroit Medical Center . The college is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association 's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation ( COCA ) and by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools . U.S. News & World Report has released its annual evaluation of the top graduate schools in the United States , and the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine was ranked number 33 of the `` Primary Care '' category . In 2014 , MSUCOM ranked ninth among all medical schools in United States of America for primary care education and first in producing the most primary care residents . The rankings are based on a variety of factors including peer assessments , student achievement , selectivity and -- in this particular category -- the number of graduates who enter primary care . Selection is made from a competitive applicant pool and depends on many aspects of the applicant such as GPA , MCAT , maturity , and life experiences . Among admitted students , the average GPA is 3.6 and the average MCAT score is 29 - 30 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Academics 3 Training locations 3.1 Affiliated hospitals 4 Notable alumni 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The Michigan College of Osteopathic Medicine ( MCOM ) admitted its first students in 1969 at its facility in Pontiac , Michigan . On September 19 , 1969 , Michigan State University agreed to adopt the program . MCOM was renamed the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine when the campus was transferred to East Lansing in 1971 . The first dean of MSUCOM was Myron S. Magen , D.O. It was the first osteopathic medical school to open since 1916 , and the first university - based osteopathic school . As of July 2009 , the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine started conducting courses at two expansion sites : Detroit Medical Center downtown , and at the Macomb University Center . The expansion was approved by the MSU Board of Trustees in May 2007 , and the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation approved the expansion in September 2008 . MSU - COM started a pilot program in 2011 for training Canadian students to become osteopathic physicians . The program currently accepts 25 Canadian students each year . Academics ( edit ) The college offers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree , and a dual D.O. / PhD program . The D.O. / PhD program was founded in 1986 , adding studies in bioethics in 2007 and medical anthropology in 2009 . Training locations ( edit ) The College of Osteopathic Medicine conducts pre-clinical training at three different campuses in East Lansing , Macomb , and Detroit . Clinical training for the third and fourth year students occurs at community hospitals throughout Michigan . Affiliated hospitals ( edit ) Currently , there are 30 hospital locations affiliated with MSUCOM through their `` Statewide Campus System . '' Bay Regional Medical Center Beaumont Hospitals Botsford Hospital Community Health Center of Branch County Detroit Metro Urological Surgery Consortium Garden City Hospital Genesys Regional Medical Center Henry Ford Macomb Hospital Henry Ford Macomb Hospital , Warren Campus Henry Ford Macomb Hospital , Medical Education Program Henry Ford Wyandotte Hospital Hillsdale Community Health Center Huron Valley - Sinai Hospital Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies Lakeland HealthCare McLaren -- Greater Lansing Hospital Mercy Health Partners Metro Health Hospital Mount Clemens Regional Medical Center MSU GMEI Urological Surgery Munson Medical Center Oakwood Annapolis Hospital Oakwood Southshore Medical Center POH Regional Medical Center ProMedica Health System Sinai - Grace Hospital Sparrow Health System St. John Health Osteopathic Division St. Joseph Mercy Livingston Hospital St. Joseph Mercy Oakland Notable alumni ( edit ) Andrea Amalfitano , D.O. , PhD . Anne Brooks , D.O. Reuben Henderson , D.O. Thomas Naegele , D.O. , author of several books , including `` Edible and Medicinal Plants of the Great Lakes Region . '' Barbara Ross - Lee , D.O. ' 73 , first African American woman to serve as dean of a U.S. medical school . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Year 2013 Revenues and Expenditures by Osteopathic Medical College '' ( PDF ) . AACOM . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MSU COM dean 's message '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSU COM fact sheet '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` AACOM Member Colleges '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` MSU COM DO / PhD program '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine '' ( PDF ) . American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine . 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Medical Schools : Primary Care '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Which schools turn out the most primary care residents ? '' . U.S. News & World Report , LP. 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brief History of the MSU College of Osteopathic Medicine '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Schools By Year of Inaugural Class '' ( PDF ) . American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Gevitz , Norman ( 2004 ) . The DO 's : osteopathic medicine in America . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7833 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` MSU 's College of Osteopathic Medicine marks Detroit grand opening '' . MSU.edu . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Schierhorn , Carolyn ( Nov 21 , 2011 ) . `` MSUCOM pilot program targets Canadian students for training '' . The DO . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ McCann , Daniel ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` MSUCOM 's DO - PhD program trains bench - to - bedside - savvy researchers '' . The DO . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Campus System '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Naegele , D.O '' . Cancer Control Society . Jump up ^ Fischler , Marcelle S ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` LONG ISLAND JOURNAL ; Diana Ross 's Sister Tops Charts in Medicine '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Barbara Ross - Lee '' . Changing the Face of Medicine . National Library of Medicine . External links ( edit ) MSU COM website Michigan State University Located in : East Lansing , Michigan Academics Broad College of Business Engineering Honors College Hospitality Business Human Medicine James Madison Law Lyman Briggs Natural Science Nursing Osteopathic Medicine Packaging RCAH Veterinary Medicine Athletics Basketbowl The Big Chill at the Big House Breslin Center Championships Clockgate Cold War Field Hockey Forest Akers Golf Courses Football Game of the Century Hockey Volleyball Izzone Jenison Fieldhouse Land Grant Trophy Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Munn Ice Arena Old Brass Spittoon Paul Bunyan Trophy Michigan -- Michigan State basketball rivalry Michigan -- Michigan State ice hockey rivalry Spartan Stadium Sparty Old College Field Drayton McLane Baseball Stadium at John H. Kobs Field Volleyball Zeke the Wonder Dog Campus Beal Garden Beaumont Tower Broad Art Museum Cowles House Demonstration Hall East Lansing Eppley Center Grand River Ave . Horticulture Gardens Laboratory Row Library Observatory Pavilion Red Cedar River The Rock Student Union Wharton Center History Walter Adams William James Beal College Hall John A. Hannah John C. Holmes MISTIC MSUG Saints ' Rest Joseph R. Williams Research Facility for Rare Isotope Beams Hidden Lake Gardens Kellogg Biological Station Life Sciences Corridor Michigan State University Press National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory SOAR Telescope University Research Corridor People Rick Comley Mark Dantonio Mark Hollis Tom Izzo Ron Mason Lou Anna Simon Student life Capital News Service Housing `` Victory for MSU '' Spartan Marching Band The State News WDBM MSU Telecasters WKAR ( AM / FM / TV ) Fraternities and sororities Founded : 1855 Students : 50,543 Endowment : 2.225 billion Images Osteopathic medical schools in the United States Northeast Lake Erie COM Pennsylvania New England COM New York Institute of Technology Philadelphia COM Rowan SOM Touro NYC Southeast Alabama COM Campbell SOM Edward Via COM Lake Erie COM Bradenton Liberty University Lincoln Memorial Nova Southeastern COM Philadelphia COM Georgia Pikeville KYCOM West Virginia SOM William Carey University Central A.T. Still Kirksville Arkansas Des Moines University Incarnate Word Kansas City COM Marian COM Michigan State COM Midwestern Chicago Ohio COM Oklahoma State Texas COM West A.T. Still Arizona Burrell COM Midwestern Arizona Pacific Northwest Rocky Vista Touro California Touro Nevada WesternU COMP WesternU COMP Northwest Medical education in the United States Stages Pre-medical Medical school Clerkship Sub-internship Graduate medical education Internship Residency Fellowship Board certification Licensure Continuing medical education Pathways Medicine ( MD ) Osteopathic Medicine ( DO ) International medical graduate Degrees Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD - PhD Comparison Exams MCAT USMLE Step 1 2CK 2CS COMLEX Level 1 2CE 2PE Regulatory bodies American Medical Association Association of American Medical Colleges American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine National Resident Matching Program Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Liaison Committee on Medical Education Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education American Osteopathic Association Lists Medical schools Specialty colleges Reformers Abraham Flexner William Osler William Stewart Halsted Andrew Taylor Still Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michigan_State_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&oldid=796306012 '' Categories : Osteopathic medical schools in the United States Michigan State University Educational institutions established in 1969 1969 establishments in Michigan Schools of medicine in Michigan Hidden categories : Instances of Infobox university using image size All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Michigan articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	michigan state university college of osteopathic medicine ranking	[ "U.S. News & World Report has released its annual evaluation of the top graduate schools in the United States, and the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine was ranked number 33 of the \"Primary Care\" category. In 2014, MSUCOM ranked ninth among all medical schools in United States of America for primary care education and first in producing the most primary care residents.[7][8] The rankings are based on a variety of factors including peer assessments, student achievement, selectivity and — in this particular category — the number of graduates who enter primary care. Selection is made from a competitive applicant pool and depends on many aspects of the applicant such as GPA, MCAT, maturity, and life experiences. Among admitted students, the average GPA is 3.6 and the average MCAT score is 29-30." ]	[ "ninth among all medical schools in United States of America for primary care education and first in producing the most primary care residents" ]
5442069683293315646	My Ántonia	My Ántonia - wikipedia My Ántonia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel by Willa Cather . For the 1995 film adaptation , see My Antonia ( film ) . My Ántonia First edition with rare dustjacket Author Willa Cather Country United States Language English Genre Historical fiction Publisher Houghton Mifflin ( Boston ) Publication date 1918 Pages 175 OCLC 30894639 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 52 20 LC Class PS3505. A87 M8 Preceded by The Song of the Lark My Ántonia ( / ˈæntəniə / AN - tə - nee - ə ) is a novel published in 1918 by American writer Willa Cather , considered one of her best works . It is the final book of her `` prairie trilogy '' of novels , preceded by O Pioneers ! and The Song of the Lark . The novel tells the stories of an orphaned boy from Virginia , Jim Burden , and the elder daughter in a family of Bohemian immigrants , Ántonia Shimerda , who are each brought as children to be pioneers in Nebraska towards the end of the 19th century . Both the pioneers who first break the prairie sod for farming , as well as of the harsh but fertile land itself , feature in this American novel . The first year in the very new place leaves strong impressions in both children , affecting them lifelong . This novel is considered Cather 's first masterpiece . Cather was praised for bringing the American West to life and making it personally interesting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Narration 3 Plot summary 4 Reception and literary significance 5 Publication history 6 Allusions to the novel 7 Adaptations 7.1 Television 7.2 Stage 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles 11 External links Characters ( edit ) Overview of characters in novel as social network James Quayle `` Jim '' Burden The narrator and protagonist of the novel , Jim grows up in Black Hawk , Nebraska from age 10 and becomes a successful lawyer in New York City . Josiah and Emmaline Burden Jim 's grandparents , who live on a farm in Nebraska . Mrs. Burden is 55 when her grandson arrives . This is the first time they see him , having moved to Nebraska ten years earlier . Mr. Burden is a religious Protestant and a successful farmer , who becomes a deacon in the Baptist church when they move to town . Jake Marpole Farm hand from Virginia at the Burden place . Otto Fuchs Farm hand from Austria at the Burden place . Ántonia `` Tony '' Shimerda The bold and free - hearted young Bohemian girl who moves with her family to Black Hawk , Nebraska . Her name is always pronounced as her father said it , ( / ˈæntəniə / AN - tə - nee - ə ) . Mr. and Mrs. Shimerda Ántonia 's immigrant parents from Bohemia . Ambrosch , Marek and Yulka Ántonia 's brothers and sister . Anton Cuzak Ántonia 's husband and father of their ten children . He accepted her daughter Martha , born when Ántonia 's first love deceived and deserted her , leaving her with child and socially disgraced . Lena Lingard Hired girl come from the countryside to work as a dressmaker in Black Hawk . Tiny Soderball Hired girl who came from the countryside to work at the Gardener Hotel in Black Hawk . She opens a sailor 's boardinghouse in Seattle , then makes her fortune in the Klondike gold rush , by feeding the gold miners , working her own claim and becoming a founder of the town of Dawson City in the Yukon . Then she settles in San Francisco , bringing Lena to settle there as well . Gaston Cleric Jim 's teacher in Lincoln at the University of Nebraska and at Harvard . Mrs. Harling and her family Norwegian immigrant neighbor to the Burdens when they move to town , she hires Ántonia , age 17 , as housekeeper for her , her husband Christian , and their children , Frances , Charley , Julia , Sally and Nina . Minor characters include : Peter and Pavel , Ole Benson , Mr. and Mrs. Cutter , Widow Steavens , Larry Donovan , Anton Jelinek , Ántonia 's children ( Martha , Rudolph , Anna , Yulka , Ambrosch , Leo , Charley Jan , Lucie , Nina are named ) . Narration ( edit ) Cather chose a first - person narrator because she felt that novels depicting deep emotion , such as My Ántonia , were most effectively narrated by a character in the story . The novel is divided into sections called Books : I The Shimerdas , II The Hired Girls , III Lena Lingard , IV The Pioneer Woman 's Story , V Cuzak 's Boys . Plot summary ( edit ) Orphaned Jim Burden rides the trains from Virginia to Black Hawk , Nebraska , where he will live with his paternal grandparents . Jake , a farmhand from Virginia , rides with the 10 - year - old boy . On the same train , headed to the same destination , is the Shimerda family from Bohemia . Jim lives with his grandparents in the home they have built , helping as he can with chores to ease the burden on the others . The home has the dining room and kitchen downstairs , like a basement , with small windows at the top of the walls , an arrangement quite different from Jim 's home in Virginia . The sleeping quarters and parlor are at ground level . The Shimerda family paid for a homestead which proves to have no home on it , just a cave in the earth , and not much of the land broken for cultivation . The two families are nearest neighbors to each other in a sparsely settled land . Ántonia , the elder daughter in the Shimerda family , is a few years older than young Jim . The two are friends from the start , helped by Mrs. Shimerda asking that Jim teach both her daughters to read English . Ántonia helps Mrs. Burden in her kitchen when she visits , learning more about cooking and housekeeping . The first year is extremely difficult for the Shimerda family , without a proper house in the winter . Mr. Shimerda comes to thank the Burdens for the Christmas gifts given to them , and has a peaceful day with them , sharing a meal and the parts of a Christian tradition that Protestant Mr. Burden and Catholic Mr. Shimerda respect . He did not want to move from Bohemia , where he had a skilled trade , a home and friends with whom he could play his violin . His wife is sure life will be better for her children in America . The pressures of the new life are too much for Mr. Shimerda , who kills himself before the winter is finished . The nearest Catholic priest is too far away for last rites . He is buried without formal rites at the corner marker of their homestead , a place that is left alone when the territory is later marked out with section lines and roads . Ántonia stops her lessons and begins to work the land with her older brother . The wood piled up to build their log cabin is made into a house . Jim continues to have adventures with Ántonia when they can , discovering nature around them , alive with color in summer and almost monotone in winter . She is a girl full of life . Deep memories are set in both of them from the adventures they share , including the time Jim killed a long rattlesnake with a shovel they were fetching for Ambrosch , her older brother . A few years after Jim arrives , his grandparents move to the edge of town , buying a house while renting their farm . Their neighbors , the Harlings , have a housekeeper to help with meals and care of the children . When they need a new housekeeper , Mrs. Burden connects Ántonia with Mrs. Harling , who hires her for good wages . Becoming a town girl is a success , as Ántonia is popular with the children , and learns more about running a household , letting her brother handle the heavy farm chores . She stays in town for a few years , having her worst experience with Mr. and Mrs. Cutter . The couple goes out of town while she is their housekeeper , after Mr. Cutter said something that made Ántonia uncomfortable to stay alone in the house as requested . Jim stays there in her place , to be surprised by Mr. Cutter coming to take advantage of who he thinks will be Ántonia alone and defenseless . Instead , Jim punches him , until he realizes it is the owner of the house . Pavelka house in rural Webster County , Nebraska , setting of `` Cuzak 's Boys '' Jim does well in school , the valedictorian of his high school class . He attends the new state university in Lincoln , where his mind is opened to a new intellectual life . In his second year , he finds one of the immigrant farm girls , Lena , is in Lincoln , too , with a successful dressmaking business . He takes her to plays , which they both enjoy . His teacher realizes that Jim is so distracted from his studies , that he suggests Jim come with him to finish his studies at Harvard in Boston . He does , where he then studies the law . He becomes an attorney for one of the western railroads . He keeps in touch with Ántonia , whose life takes a hard turn when the man she loves proposes marriage , but deceives her and leaves her with child . She moves back in with her mother . Years later , Jim visits Ántonia , meeting Anton Cuzak , her husband and father of ten more children , on their farm in Nebraska . He visits with them , getting to know her sons especially . They know all about him , as he features in the stories of their mother 's childhood . She is happy with her brood and all the work of a farm wife . Jim makes plans to take her sons on a hunting trip next year . Reception and Literary significance ( edit ) My Ántonia was enthusiastically received in 1918 when it was first published . It was considered a masterpiece and placed Cather in the forefront of novelists . Today , it is considered her first masterpiece . Cather was praised for bringing the American West to life and making it personally interesting . It brought place forward almost as if it were one of the characters , while at the same time playing upon the universality of the emotions , which in turn promoted regional American literature as a valid part of mainstream literature . `` As Cather intended , there is no plot in the usual sense of the word . Instead , each book contains thematic contrasts . '' The novel was a departure from the focus on wealthy families in American literature , `` it was a radical aesthetic move for Cather to feature lower - class , immigrant `` hired girls . '' '' Cather also makes a number of comments concerning her views on women 's rights and there are many disguised sexual metaphors in the text . My Ántonia is a selection of The Big Read , the community - wide reading program of The National Endowment for the Arts . For the communities and books in the program since 2007 , see History of the program since 2007 . Publication History ( edit ) My Ántonia remains in print in a number of editions ranging from free Internet editions to inexpensive , mass - market paperbacks to expensive `` scholarly editions '' aimed at more serious students of Cather 's work . The original 1918 version of My Antonia begins with an Introduction in which an author - narrator , supposed to be Cather herself , converses with her adult friend , Jim Burden , during a train journey . Jim is now a successful New York lawyer but trapped in an unhappy and childless marriage to a wealthy , activist woman . Cather agreed with her publisher at Houghton Mifflin to cut that introduction when a revised edition of the novel was published in 1926 . A brief introduction with Jim taking that train ride , speaking with an unnamed woman who also knew Ántonia about writing about her , is included in the version at Project Gutenberg . Allusions to the novel ( edit ) Douglas Sirk 's film , The Tarnished Angels , makes reference to My Antonia as the last book read 12 years ago by heroine , LaVerne , played by Dorothy Malone . She discovers the book in the apartment of the alcoholic reporter , Burke Devlin , played by Rock Hudson . After LaVerne 's husband , Robert Stack , dies in an airplane racing accident , Burke Devlin sends LaVerne and her son , Jack , on a plane to Chicago , which will connect them to their next flight to Nebraska to start a new life . In the final scene , as LaVerne boards her plane , Burke hands LaVerne the book , My Antonia . Emmylou Harris ' 2000 album Red Dirt Girl features the wistful song `` My Antonia , '' as a duet with Dave Matthews . Harris wrote the song from Jim 's perspective as he reflects on his long lost love . The French songwriter and singer , Dominique A , wrote a song inspired by the novel , called `` Antonia '' ( from the LP Auguri , 2001 ) . In Richard Powers ' 2006 novel The Echo Maker the character Mark Schluter reads My Ántonia on the recommendation of his nurse , who notes that it is `` ( A ) very sexy story ... About a young Nebraska country boy who has the hots for an older woman '' ( page 240 ) . In Anton Shammas ' 1986 novel Arabesques , the autobiographical character of Anton reads My Ántonia on the plane to a writers ' workshop in Iowa . It is the first novel he ever read , and he expects Iowa to have the same grass `` the color of wine stains '' that Cather describes of Nebraska . Dogfish Head Brewery in Milton , Delaware brews a continually - hopped imperial pilsner named My Ántonia . Adaptations ( edit ) Television ( edit ) My Antonia ( film ) , a 1995 made - for - television movie , was adapted from the novel . Stage ( edit ) The Celebration Company at The Station Theatre in Urbana , Illinois , performed a stage adaptation of My Ántonia in December 2011 . The adaptation was written by Celebration Company member Jarrett Dapier . See also ( edit ) Pavelka Farmstead References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cather , Willa ( 11 December 2008 ) . Sharistanian , Janet , ed . My Ántonia . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953814 - X . The Bohemian name Ántonia is strongly accented on the first syllable , like the English name Anthony , and the i is given the sound of long e . The name is pronounced An ' - ton - ee - ah . But note that English `` Anthony '' begins with a different vowel sound . Cather 's explanation of the `` i '' and `` a '' phonemes is not entirely clear : `` ee - yah '' would be more accurate than `` ee - ah '' . The Czech pronunciation can be heard here : http://forvo.com/search/Antonia/cs/ Jump up ^ Woodress , James ( 1987 ) . Willa Cather : A Literary Life . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press . p. 289 . Jump up ^ Billesbach , Ann E. `` Pavelka Farmstead ( Antonia Farmstead ) , pdf ( WT00 - 104 ) Listed 1979 / 04 / 13 '' . Nebraska State Historical Society . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heller , Terry ( 2007 ) . `` Cather 's My Ántonia Promotes Regional Literature '' `` . In Gorman , Robert F. Great Events from History : The 20th Century : 1901 -- 1940 -- Volume 3 1915 -- 1923 . Pasadena , California : Salem Press . pp. 1403 -- 1406 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 327 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , John J. ( 1994 ) . Introduction to Cather , Willa My Ántonia . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 018764 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Ántonia by Willa Cather : Introduction to the Book '' . National Endowment for the Arts . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Description of My Ántonia '' . The Big Read . National Endowment for the Arts . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History / Overview of The Big Read '' . National Endowment of the Arts . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Sharon , ed. ( 1998 ) . New Essays on My Antonia . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45275 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` My Antonia by Willa Cather '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shammas , Anton . Arabesques . New York : Harper & Row Publishers , 1988 . p. 138 . Jump up ^ `` My Antonia '' . Dogfish Head Brewery . Milton , Delaware . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Seasons , Season 40 '' . Urbana , Illinois : The Celebration Company at Station Theatre . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bloom , Harold ( editor ) ( 1987 ) Willa Cather 's My Ántonia Chelsea House , New York , ISBN 1 - 55546 - 035 - 6 ; eleven essays Bloom , Harold ( editor ) ( 1991 ) Ántonia Chelsea House , New York , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 0950 - 5 ; more essays Lindemann , Marilee ( editor ) ( 2005 ) The Cambridge Companion to Willa Cather Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , England , ISBN 0 - 521 - 82110 - X Meyering , Sheryl L. ( 2002 ) Understanding O pioneers ! and My Antonia : A student casebook to issues , sources , and historical documents Greenwood Press , Westport , Connecticut , ISBN 0 - 313 - 31390 - 3 Murphy , John J. ( 1989 ) My Ántonia : The road home Twayne Publishers , Boston , Massachusetts , ISBN 0 - 8057 - 7986 - 8 O'Brien , Sharon ( 1987 ) Willa Cather : The Emerging Voice Oxford University Press , Oxford , England , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504132 - 1 O'Brien , Sharon ( editor ) ( 1999 ) New essays on Cather 's My Antonia Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , England , ISBN 0 - 521 - 45275 - 9 Rosowski , Susan J. ( 1989 ) Approaches to Teaching Cather 's My Ántonia Modern Language Association of America , New York , ISBN 0 - 87352 - 520 - 5 Smith , Christopher ( 2001 ) Readings on My Antonia Greenhaven Press , San Diego , California , ISBN 0 - 7377 - 0181 - 1 Wenzl , Bernhard ( 2001 ) Mythologia Americana -- Willa Cather 's Nebraska novels and the myth of the frontier Grin , Munich , ISBN 978 - 3 - 640 - 14909 - 4 Ying , Hsiao - ling ( 1999 ) The Quest for Self - actualization : Female protagonists in Willa Cather 's Prairie trilogy Bookman Books , Taipei , Taiwan , ISBN 957 - 586 - 795 - 5 Articles ( edit ) Fetterley , Judith ( 1986 ) `` My Ántonia , Jim Burden , and the Dilemma of the Lesbian Writer '' In Spector , Judith ( editor ) ( 1986 ) Gender Studies : New Directions in Feminist Criticism Bowling Green State University Popular Press , Bowling Green , Ohio , pages 43 -- 59 , ISBN 0 - 87972 - 351 - 3 ; and In Jay , Karla and Glasgow , Joanne ( editors ) ( 1990 ) Lesbian Texts and Contexts : Radical Revisions New York University Press , New York , pages 145 -- 163 , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4175 - 4 Fischer , Mike ( 1990 ) `` Pastoralism and Its Discontents : Willa Cather and the Burden of Imperialism '' Mosaic ( Winnipeg ) 23 ( 11 ) : pp. 31 -- 44 Fisher - Wirth , Ann ( 1993 ) `` Out of the Mother : Loss in My Ántonia '' Cather Studies 2 : pp. 41 -- 71 Gelfant , Blanche H. ( 1971 ) `` The Forgotten Reaping - Hook : Sex in My Ántonia '' American Literature 43 : pp. 60 -- 82 Giannone , Richard ( 1965 ) `` Music in My Ántonia '' Prairie Schooner 38 ( 4 ) ; covered in Giannone , Richard ( 1968 ) Music in Willa Cather 's Fiction University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , pages 116 -- 122 , OCLC 598716 Holmes , Catherine D. ( 1999 ) `` Jim Burden 's Lost Worlds : Exile in My Ántonia '' Twentieth - Century Literature 45 ( 3 ) : pp. 336 -- 346 Lambert , Deborah G. ( 1982 ) `` The Defeat of a Hero : Autonomy and Sexuality in My Ántonia '' American Literature 53 ( 4 ) : pp. 676 -- 690 Millington , Richard H. ( 1994 ) `` Willa Cather and `` The Storyteller '' : Hostility to the Novel in My Ántonia '' American Literature 66 ( 4 ) : pp. 689 -- 717 Prchal , Tim ( 2004 ) `` The Bohemian Paradox : My Antonia and Popular Images of Czech Immigrants '' MELUS ( Society for the Study of the Multi - Ethnic Literature of the United States ) 29 ( 2 ) : pp. 3 -- 25 Tellefsen , Blythe ( 1999 ) `` Blood in the Wheat : Willa Cather 's My Antonia '' Studies in American Fiction 27 ( 2 ) : pp. 229 -- 244 Urgo , Joseph ( 1997 ) `` Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration '' College English 59 ( 2 ) : pp. 206 -- 217 Yukman , Claudia ( 1988 ) `` Frontier Relationships in Willa Cather 's My Ántonia '' Pacific Coast Philology 23 ( 1 / 2 ) : pp. 94 -- 105 External links ( edit ) My Ántonia free full text in various formats , at Project Gutenberg . My Ántonia public domain audiobook at LibriVox My Ántonia Audio Guide My Ántonia on IMDb ( hide ) Works by Willa Cather Novels Alexander 's Bridge O Pioneers ! The Song of the Lark My Ántonia One of Ours A Lost Lady The Professor 's House My Mortal Enemy Death Comes for the Archbishop Shadows on the Rock Lucy Gayheart Sapphira and the Slave Girl Short stories `` Peter '' `` Lou , the Prophet '' `` The Elopement of Allen Poole '' `` A Tale of the White Pyramid '' `` A Son of the Celestial '' `` The Clemency of the Court '' `` The Fear That Walks by Noonday '' `` On the Divide '' `` A Night at Greenway Court '' `` Tommy , the Unsentimental '' `` The Princess Baladina -- Her Adventure '' `` The Count of Crow 's Nest '' `` The Burglar 's Christmas '' `` The Strategy of the Were - Wolf Dog '' `` A Resurrection '' `` The Prodigies '' `` Nanette : An Aside '' `` The Way of the World '' `` The Westbound Train '' `` Eric Hermannson 's Soul '' `` The Dance at Chevalier 's '' `` The Sentimentality of William Tavener '' `` The Affair at Grover Station '' `` A Singer 's Romance '' `` The Conversion of Sum Loo '' `` Jack - a-Boy '' `` El Dorado : A Kansas Recessional '' `` The Professor 's Commencement '' `` The Treasure of Far Island '' `` A Death in the Desert '' `` A Wagner Matinee '' `` The Sculptor 's Funeral '' `` Flavia and Her Artists '' `` The Garden Lodge '' `` The Marriage of Phaedra '' `` Paul 's Case '' `` The Namesake '' `` The Profile '' `` The Willing Muse '' `` Eleanor 's House '' `` On the Gulls ' Road '' `` The Enchanted Bluff '' `` The Joy of Nelly Deane '' `` Behind the Singer Tower '' `` The Bohemian Girl '' `` Consequences '' `` The Bookkeeper 's Wife '' `` The Diamond Mine '' `` A Gold Slipper '' `` Ardessa '' `` Scandal '' `` Her Boss '' `` Coming , Eden Bower ! '' `` Uncle Valentine '' `` Double Birthday '' `` Neighbour Rosicky '' `` Two Friends '' `` The Old Beauty '' `` Before Breakfast '' `` The Best Years '' Short story collections The Troll Garden Youth and the Bright Medusa Obscure Destinies The Old Beauty and Others Five Stories Collection of poems April Twilights Collaborations The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian Science Adaptations A Lost Lady ( 1934 film ) O Pioneers ! ( 1992 film ) My Antonia ( 1995 film ) The Song of the Lark ( 2001 film ) O Pioneers ! ( 2009 opera ) Related Willa Cather Birthplace Willa Cather House Willa Cather Foundation WILLA Literary Award VIAF : 182113193 LCCN : no2005017515 GND : 4431451 - 6 BNF : cb12433864x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= My_Ántonia&oldid = 808851342 '' Categories : 1918 American novels Novels by Willa Cather Novels set in Nebraska American novels adapted into films Czech - American culture in Nebraska Houghton Mifflin books Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 16 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does jim go to college in my antonia	[ "Jim's teacher in Lincoln at the University of Nebraska and at Harvard.", "Jim's teacher in Lincoln at the University of Nebraska and at Harvard." ]	[ "in Lincoln at the University of Nebraska", "Harvard" ]
2681265173496829231	Athletics abbreviations	Athletics abbreviations - Wikipedia Athletics abbreviations The sports under the umbrella of athletics , particularly track and field , use a large number of statistics . In order to report that information efficiently , numerous abbreviations have grown to be common in the sport . Starting in 1948 by Bert Nelson and Cordner Nelson , Track and Field News became the leader in creating and defining abbreviations in this field . But these abbreviations have also been adopted by , among others , the IAAF ; the world governing body , various domestic governing bodies , the Association of Track and Field Statisticians , the Association of Road Racing Statisticians , the Associated Press and the individual media outlets who receive their reports . These abbreviations also appear in Wikipedia . Contents 1 Times and marks 1.1 Records 1.2 Bests 1.3 Circumstances and conditions 1.4 Disqualifications 2 Initialisms 2.1 Organising bodies 2.2 Publications and statisticians 3 Events 4 Competitions 5 References 6 External links Times and marks ( edit ) Almost all races record a time . Evolving since experiments in the 1930s , to their official use at the 1968 Summer Olympics and official acceptance in 1977 , fully automatic times have become common . As this evolution has occurred , the rare early times were specified as FAT times . As they are now commonplace , automatic times are now expressed using the hundredths of a second . Hand times ( watches operated by human beings ) are not regarded as accurate and thus are only accepted to the accuracy of a tenth of a second even when the watch displays greater accuracy . If the mark was set before 1977 , a converted time to the tenth was recorded for record purposes , because they did not have a system to compare between the timing methods . Frequently in those cases there is a mark to the 100th retained for that race . Over this period of evolution , some reports show hand times also followed with an `` h '' or `` ht '' to distinguish hand times . With two different timing methods came the inevitable desire to compare times . Track and Field News initiated adding . 24 to hand times as a conversion factor . Many electronic hand stopwatches display times to the hundredth . Frequently those readings are recorded , but are not accepted as valid ( leading to confused results ) . Some low level meets have even hand timed runners and have switched places according to the time displayed on the stopwatch . All of this is , of course , wrong . Hand times are not accurate enough to be accepted for record purposes for short races . Human reaction time is not perfectly identical between different human beings . Hand times involve human beings reacting , pushing the stopwatch button when they see the smoke or hear the sound of the Starting pistol , then reacting ( possibly anticipating ) the runner crossing the finish line . The proper procedure for converting hand times would be to round any hundredths up to the next higher even tenth of a second and then add the . 24 to get a time for comparison purposes only . But many meets displayed the converted marks accurate to the hundredth making the results look like they were taken with fully automatic timing . In these cases , some meets have displayed a 4 or a 0 in the hundredths column for all races . When detected , reports of these times are followed by a `` c '' or ' to indicate converted times . Road race times are only considered accurate to a full second . To distinguish a full second time with hours , from a minute time with hundredths of a second , colons are used to separate hours from minutes , and minutes from seconds . A period is used to separate seconds from hundredths of a second . Transponder timing is becoming more common . The RFID detection system times the transponder chip , usually located on a runner 's shoe as opposed to the official timing of the torso . Accurate to a full second , this is not significant , but in breaking microscopic ties , the data does not correspond to timing rules . Most road races can not fit all participants onto the start line . Depending on the size of the field , some athletes could be several city blocks away from the start line and in the large crowd , could take minutes to get across the line . Results frequently indicate two times , the `` gun time '' would be the official time from the firing of the starting gun , but the mat time shows the time the shoe crossed a sensing mat at the start line to the time the shoe crossed the sensing mat at the finish line . Occasionally , when breaking ties using photo finish , times are displayed to the thousandth of a second . These times to the thousandth are not used for record purposes but times to the thousandth can be used to break ties between adjacent heats . Rules specify if a tie is broken this way , that all heats involved are recorded with the same timing system . Records ( edit ) Most records are subject to ratification by the governing body for that record . On the world level , that is the IAAF . Each body has their own procedure for ratifying the records : for example , USATF , the governing body for the United States , only ratifies records once a year at their annual meeting at the beginning of December . Until a record is ratified , it is regarded as `` Pending '' which is sometimes indicated by a following P WR = World Record OR = Olympic Record CR = Championship Record GR = Games Record AR = Area ( or continental ) Record ER = European Record NR = National Record ( for a specific country ) MR = Meet Record DLR = Diamond League Record When a J is added , it indicates a junior record ( if a junior does not reach their 20th birthday in the calendar year of the mark ) WJR = World Junior Record AJR = Area ( or continental ) Junior Record NJR = National Junior Record ( for a specific country ) # = indicates a record has not been accepted , or there is some sort of irregularity with a result X = indicates the athlete has been disqualified after the performance ( usually , this is for taking performance - enhancing drugs ) Bests ( edit ) Some records are ratified or tracked , but they are not to the same standard of quality or accuracy as a record . The term is `` bests . '' IAAF lists bests for the Youth division and for road racing records such as the marathon . It also tracks athlete personal achievements as bests . A Y indicates Youth . A youth athlete has not reached or will not reach their 18th birthday in the calendar year of competition . WYB = World Youth Best ( the best mark achieved by an athlete in the youth age category ) WB = World Best ( the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event ) PB = Personal Best ( the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level ) SB = Season 's Best ( the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level within a given season ) WL = World Leader ( the best mark achieved worldwide within a given season ) Circumstances and conditions ( edit ) A = a mark set at altitude w = a wind assisted mark NWI = No Wind Information For events where wind assistance is a factor ( outdoor races 220 yards or less , Long Jump and Triple Jump ) , the wind reading is usually reported in metres per second or `` m / s '' a = in a road race , indicates a course that has conditions that assist the athlete ( downhill , favoring wind , point to point ) + = indicates a time was taken at an intermediate distance in a longer race c = indicates a converted mark DNF = Did not finish DNS = Did not start DQ = Disqualified i = indoors n = non-winning time h = hand timed Mx = mixed gender race NH = No height NM = No mark NT = No time ND = No distance AC = Also competed Q = automatic qualifier in a major competition See Qualifying standards in athletics q = secondary qualifier , by next best time or distance to complete the prescribed field size , rather than achieving a place or measurement goal Wo = women only race y = race measurement was in yards Disqualifications ( edit ) Athlete disqualifications often reference the IAAF rule number under which the athlete was disqualified . This is typically written in the format ( false start as example ) : DQ R162. 7 40.1 -- Doping violation during or in connection with the championships 40.8 -- Prior doping violation leading to suspension during the period of the championships 41.1 -- Doping violation by one or more relay team members 142.4 -- Failure to participate honestly with bona fide effort 144.2 -- Giving or receiving assistance ( e.g. pacing , use of electronic devices ) 145.2 -- Acting in an unsporting or improper manner ( unsportsmanlike conduct ) 149 - Entry to championships on the grounds of invalid performances 162.7 -- False start 163.2 -- Jostling or obstructing another athlete on the track 163.3 -- Running out of lane 163.5 -- Running out of lane ( before 800 m breakline ) 168.6 -- Knocking down hurdle out of lane 168.7 -- Illegal hurdle clearance and / or deliberately knocking down hurdle 170.6 -- Baton not carried by hand ; gloves or substances worn to give a better grip of the baton 170.6 c -- Dropped baton not retrieved by the athlete who dropped it 170.7 -- Baton not passed within take - over zone 170.8 -- Obstructing another team by athlete without baton 170.11 -- Unverified team composition or running order 170.17 -- Outgoing runner in 4x400m relay begins running and / or breaks from lane too early 218.4 -- Illegal change of position by waiting relay runner ( indoor events ) 230.6 a -- Failure to comply with definition of race walking according to three different judges 240.8 e -- Illegal action by person authorised to hand refreshment to athlete 240.8 f -- More than two team officials stationed behind drinks table and / or running beside an athlete while taking on refreshment or water Initialisms ( edit ) Organising bodies ( edit ) The various organizing bodies of the sport are abbreviated into alphabet soup . AAA = Amateur Athletic Association of England -- England AAA = Asian Athletics Association AAU = Amateur Athletic Union USA amateur sports umbrella governing body formed 1887 until broken up in 1979 -- USA AK = Athletics Kenya -- Kenya ANA = Authorised Neutral Athletes ANZ = Athletics New Zealand -- New Zealand APA = Association of Panamerican Athletics -- North and South America ARAF = All - Russia Athletic Federation -- Russia BAAA = Bahamas Association of Athletic Associations -- Bahamas BFLA = Belarus Athletic Federation -- Belarus CAA = Confederation of African Athletics CACAC = Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation -- Central America and Caribbean CBAt = Confederação Brasileira de Atletismo -- Brasil CISM = International Military Sports Council -- Military athletics CONSUDATLE = Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo -- South America CTAA = Chinese Taipei Athletics Association -- Taiwan DAF = Danish Athletics Federation -- Denmark DLFV = 1949 -- 1990 during the existence of East Germany DLV = Deutscher Leichtathletik - Verband -- Germany EAA or EA = European Athletic Association / European Athletics EAF = Ethiopian Athletic Federation -- Ethiopia EKJL = Eesti Kergejõustikuliit -- Estonia FCA = Federación Cubana de Atletismo -- Cuba FFA = Fédération française d'athlétisme -- France FIDAL = Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera -- Italy FISU = International University Sports Federation -- Student athletics IAAF = International Association of Athletics Federations -- World IAU = International Association of Ultrarunners IOC = International Olympic Committee -- Olympics IPC = International Paralympic Committee -- Paralympic athletics JAAA = Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association -- Jamaica JAAF = Japan Association of Athletics Federations -- Japan KNAU = Royal Dutch Athletics Federation -- Netherlands OAA = Oceania Athletics Association NACAC = North American , Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association -- North America NCAA = National Collegiate Athletic Association -- USA Colleges and Universities NFHS = National Federation of State High School Associations -- USA High Schools RFEA = Real Federación Española de Atletismo -- Spain TAC = The Athletics Congress , predecessor to USA Track & Field 1979 -- 1992 -- USA UKA = UK Athletics -- United Kingdom USATF = USA Track & Field -- USA WAVA = 1977 -- 2001 World Association of Veteran Athletes -- World Masters ( athletes over age 35 ) WMA = since 2001 World Masters Athletics -- World Masters ( athletes over age 35 ) WMRA = World Mountain Running Association Publications and statisticians ( edit ) ARRS = Association of Road Racing Statisticians ATFS = Association of Track and Field Statisticians AW = Athletics Weekly NUTS = National Union of Track Statisticians -- United Kingdom T&FN = Track & Field News Events ( edit ) Due to the large number of athletics events that are regularly contested , presentations of results and statistics often use abbreviations to refer to the events , rather than the full form . CE = Combined events DMR = Distance medley relay DT = Discus throw HJ = High jump HM = Half marathon HT = Hammer throw JT = Javelin throw LJ = Long jump mh = metres hurdles ( e.g. 400mh for 400 metres hurdles ) PV = Pole vault SMR = Sprint medley relay SP = Shot put SC , st. or s'chase = Steeplechase TJ = Triple jump WT = Weight throw XC or CC = Cross country running Competitions ( edit ) AAG = All - Africa Games AfC = African Championships in Athletics AsC = Asian Athletics Championships CWG = Commonwealth Games DL = IAAF Diamond League EC or ECh = European Athletics Championships ECCC = European Cross Country Championships EIC = European Athletics Indoor Championships EJC = European Athletics Junior Championships EG = European Games ETC = European Team Championships ESAA = English Schools ' Athletics Championships ISTAF = Internationales Stadionfest Berlin LYG = London Youth Games OG = Olympic Games WC or WCh = World Championships in Athletics WHM = IAAF World Half Marathon Championships WIC = IAAF World Indoor Championships WJC = IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics WXC = IAAF World Cross Country Championships WYC = IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics PAG = Pan American Games SAG = South Asian Games SEAG = Southeast Asian Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAT vs Handheld Times '' . Gordie Richardson Oakland County 7th & 8th Grade Track Meet . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What does ND abbreviation stand for in athletics results '' . Sports Stack Exchange . Jump up ^ Butler , Mark et al. ( 2013 ) . IAAF Statistics Book Moscow 2013 ( archived ) , p. 71 . IAAF . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 06 . External links ( edit ) GBR Athletics abbreviations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&oldid=864980418 '' Categories : Lists of abbreviations Athletics ( track and field ) terminology Glossaries of sports Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 21 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of gr in asian games	[ "GR = Games Record" ]	[ "Games Record" ]
-7011190095647495716	Wild card (sports)	Wild card ( sports ) - wikipedia Wild card ( sports ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A wild card ( variously spelled wildcard or wild - card , also known as at - large berth ) is a tournament or playoff berth awarded to an individual or team that fails to win a division or conference within their league but qualifies for a postseason tournament based on their record compared to others in the same league who also did not win their divisions or conferences . Contents ( hide ) 1 International sports 2 North America 2.1 Major League Baseball 2.1. 1 Wild - card World Series champions 2.1. 2 Wild - card World Series losers 2.2 National Football League 2.2. 1 Background 2.2. 2 History 2.2. 3 Wild Card Super Bowl champions 2.2. 4 Other Wild Card Super Bowl participants 2.3 National Basketball Association 2.4 National Hockey League 2.5 Major League Soccer 2.6 Canadian championship curling 3 Professional tennis 3.1 Notable wildcards 4 Motorsport 4.1 Motorcycle racing 4.2 Auto racing 5 College and university sports 6 Use outside North America 6.1 Olympics 6.2 Euroleague 6.3 FIBA Basketball World Cup 6.4 European club rugby competitions 6.5 Super Rugby 6.6 Philippine Basketball Association 6.7 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final 6.8 International association football ( soccer ) 6.9 All - Ireland Senior Football Championship 6.10 Road cycling 6.11 Rugby World Cup 7 References International sports ( edit ) In international sports , the term is perhaps best known in reference to big international sporting events such as the Olympic Games and Wimbledon . Countries which fail to produce athletes who meet qualification standards are granted `` wild cards '' , which allow them to enter competitors whose proven abilities are below the standard otherwise required . In some instances , wild cards are given to the host nation in order to boost its chances . In Olympic and World Championship competitions in track and field and swimming , however , nations are automatically allowed to enter two competitors , so these instances are technically not wild cards . In some other Olympic sports , such as judo , archery , and badminton , wild cards are in use , and they are granted by the respective sport federations . On rare occasions , a competitor who had gained entry by wild card succeeds in winning a medal or the championship . For example , Kye Sun - Hui won gold in judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics , Ding Junhui won the 2005 China Open snooker championship , Goran Ivanišević won the 2001 Wimbledon Championships , Kim Clijsters won the 2009 US Open , and Lin Dan won the 2013 BWF World Championships . North America ( edit ) In North American professional sports leagues , `` wild card '' refers to a team that qualifies for the championship playoffs without winning their specific conference or division outright . The number of wild card teams varies . In most cases , the rules of the league call for the wild card team to survive an extra round or to play the majority of their postseason games away from home . The term `` wild card '' does not apply to postseason formats where a set number of teams per division qualify . Former examples include : the American Football League 's 1969 playoffs ( qualifying the top two finishers from each division ) , the National Basketball Association 's 1967 - through - 1970 playoffs ( top four finishers from each division ) and 1971 -- 1972 playoffs ( top two finishers in each division ) , and the National Hockey League 's 1968 -- 1974 and 1982 -- 1993 playoffs ( top four finishers from each division ) are not true wild - card formats . When a wild - card playoff format is used , the number of teams in a division that qualify is not fixed ; the divisional champion automatically qualifies , but non-division winners qualify , based either on league record or conference record . Major league Baseball ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball wild card , List of AL Wildcard winners , List of NL Wildcard winners , Major League Baseball division winners ( and wild - card winners ) and Major League Baseball wild - card game In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , wild - card playoff spots are given to the two teams in each league ( four teams overall ) with the best records among the non-division winners . The initial wild - card format was implemented after MLB expanded to 28 teams and realigned its two leagues to each have three divisions . Since a three - team playoff would require one team to receive a bye , the wild card was created to allow a fourth team . The wild card has been in effect since 1995 , although it was supposed to be used in 1994 ; the postseason was canceled due to the players ' strike . In 2012 , a second wild card was added to each league . The two wild card teams in each league face each other in a one - game playoff , with the winner facing the number 1 seed in the Division Series . The advantages of the wild card format are that it allows a second - ( or third - ) place team a chance to win the World Series , even if there is a dominant division winner . As the wild cards are not awarded by division , the additional teams are part of league - wide races for the fourth and fifth spots . Critics of the wild card , such as broadcaster Bob Costas in his book Fair Ball : A Fan 's Case for Baseball , have argued that , of the four major North American sports , baseball , having the most regular - season games ( now 162 ) , places the largest importance on the regular season , and the wild cards diminish the importance of the regular season by permitting a `` second banana '' team to make the playoffs , and that while it creates a league - wide race , it is for second place ( and maybe third place ) in a division , and takes away what would otherwise be a pennant race between first - and second - place teams , and can lead to teams playing for the wild card rather than to win the division . The second wild card was added in 2012 to address the issue of teams being content to rest players and win the wild card instead of trying to win the division . Also , because of the `` sudden - death '' round , these teams often use their best starting pitcher , leaving them unavailable for much of the Division Series . A wild - card team must surrender home - field advantage the first two rounds of the playoffs . For the World Series , however , home - field advantage is determined without reference to wild - card status . Prior to 2003 , it was decided by alternating each year between the American and National Leagues . From 2003 to 2016 , it was granted to the winner of the All - Star Game . Since 2017 , it has been granted to the team with the better record . In the 2002 World Series , both the Anaheim Angels and the San Francisco Giants were wild - card teams , as were the Giants and the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 World Series . The World Series champions in 1997 , 2003 , 2004 , and 2011 were also wild - card teams . Wild - card World Series champions ( edit ) 1997 Florida Marlins 2002 Anaheim Angels 2003 Florida Marlins 2004 Boston Red Sox 2011 St. Louis Cardinals 2014 San Francisco Giants Wild - card World Series losers ( edit ) 2000 New York Mets 2002 San Francisco Giants 2005 Houston Astros 2006 Detroit Tigers 2007 Colorado Rockies 2014 Kansas City Royals National Football league ( edit ) Main article : NFL playoffs In the National Football League ( NFL ) , each of the two conferences sends two wild - card teams along with four division champions to its postseason . The first round of the playoffs is called the `` Wild Card Round '' . In this round , each conference 's two best ( by regular - season record ) division champions are exempted from play and granted automatic berths in the `` Divisional Round '' . The four division champions are seeded from # 1 through # 4 , while the two wild card teams are seeded # 5 and # 6 ; within these separations , seeding is by regular - season record . In the `` Wild Card Round '' , the # 6 team ( a wild card team ) plays against the # 3 team ( a division champion ) , and the # 5 team ( a wild card team ) plays against the # 4 team ( a division champion ) . The division champions have automatic home - field advantage in these games . In the `` Divisional Round '' , the worst seeded remaining team plays the # 1 seeded team , while the best seeded remaining team that played in the wildcard round plays the # 2 seed . Both the # 1 seed and # 2 seed have home - field advantage in the divisional round . Background ( edit ) The NFL was the first league ever to use the wild - card format . The decision to implement a Wild Card coincided with the completion of the AFL - NFL merger in 1970 . Prior to the merger , the right to compete in the postseason for the NFL title was restricted to division / conference champions . Until 1967 , a tiebreaker game was played to resolve a deadlock for first place in either of the two conferences . When the league expanded to 16 teams , it realigned into four divisions and expanded the playoffs to two rounds . Tiebreaker games were eliminated in favor of the use of performance - based criteria to determine division champions . The rival American Football League , which reached a final size of ten teams in two divisions , also restricted its postseason to division winners until the 1969 season ( the AFL 's last as a separate league ) when it expanded the playoffs to include division runners - up . The runners - up played the winners of the opposite divisions for the right to contest the AFL Championship Game . Following AFL upsets in the last two Super Bowls prior to the merger , the merged league realigned into two conferences of thirteen teams each , with three `` old - line '' NFL teams joining the AFL teams in the newly - formed American Football Conference . The decision to make the conferences equal in size meant they could not feasibly align into anything except three divisions of four and five teams each . This led to a debate as to how the postseason of the merged league should be structured . Both the NFL and AFL playoff formats of 1969 had attracted fierce critics . The NFL format was criticized for its ability to cause a team tied for first overall in the league to miss the playoffs ( this happened once , in 1967 , when the Baltimore Colts missed the postseason despite a . 917 winning percentage after losing a tiebreaker to the Los Angeles Rams ) . The AFL 's 1969 playoffs were criticized by NFL purists for breaking with longstanding tradition , also , due to the fact that they allowed runners - up to qualify no matter how much disparity existed between the divisions , the AFL playoff structure could allow a mediocre team to qualify - this did occur when the Houston Oilers , a . 500 team , finished second in the Eastern Division - the Oilers were throttled in the playoffs 56 - 7 by the Western champion Oakland Raiders . The Raiders went on to lose the AFL title game to the Western runner - up ( and eventual Super Bowl IV champion ) Kansas City Chiefs . Despite Kansas City 's win , some purists argued for the tradition of having only division champions contest the playoffs to continue . Had they prevailed , the post-merger NFL playoffs would have consisted of six teams and might have closely resembled the playoffs of the modern Canadian Football League , with the regular season champion of each conference earning the right to host the championship game against the winner of a game between the champions of the other two divisions . However , most owners in both conferences wanted to keep the even four - team playoff field in each conference . This was established by having the three division champions in each conference joined by the best second - place finisher in the conference . History ( edit ) As with much of the NFL 's nomenclature , the `` wild card '' was not initially referred to as such and was instead referred as the `` Best Second - Place Team '' ( or sometimes simply as the `` Fourth Qualifier '' ) . The media , however , began referring to the qualifying teams as `` wild cards '' . Eventually , the NFL officially adopted the term . During the 1975 , 1976 , and 1977 seasons , the divisional playoffs featured the # 1 seed hosting the wild card team and the # 2 seed hosting the # 3 seed unless the # 1 seed and wild card team were divisional rivals . In that case , the # 1 seed hosted the # 3 seed and the # 2 seed hosted the wild card team . This was also the format used in Major League Baseball from 1995 through 2011 . In 1978 , the playoffs were expanded to 10 teams ; however , the restriction against teams in the same division playing each other in the divisional round continued until the playoffs expanded to 12 teams in 1990 . During this time , the # 1 seed hosted the winner of the # 4 vs # 5 wild card game , while the # 2 seed played the # 3 seed . If the # 1 seed and the winner of the # 4 vs # 5 wild card game were in the same division , then the # 1 seed played the # 3 seed , while the # 2 seed played the # 4 vs # 5 winner . When Major League Baseball expanded its playoffs to 10 teams in 2012 , it also used this format , although teams in the same division could play each other in the Division Series . From 1970 through 1974 , the NFL used a rotation to determine which teams would host conference semifinal and final games , and which teams would play which other teams ( coincidentally , baseball also used a rotation when it began to have this number of teams , for both of the aforementioned purposes , from 1995 -- 1997 before switching to the seeding method ) . The number of wild - card qualifiers was expanded to two per conference in 1978 -- the divisional winners were granted a bye week while the wild card teams played ( hence the origin of the phrase `` Wild Card Round '' ) . Like wild card teams before , the wild card game winner played the # 1 seed , or the # 2 seed if they and the # 1 seed were divisional rivals . The playoffs were expanded again to three wild cards per conference in 1990 ( or 12 teams total , which remains now ) with the lowest ranked divisional winner losing its bye . Following the addition of the Houston Texans in 2002 , the league added a fourth division to each conference . The league decided not to change the number of playoff teams , and thus the number of wild card qualifiers was reduced to two per conference , with the two lowest ranked divisional winners not receiving byes . The term `` Wild Card Round '' continues to be used for the opening weekend of NFL playoffs , even though that weekend has involved both wild card and non-wild card teams since 1990 . As of the start of the 2018 season , there has never been a meeting of two wild card teams in the Super Bowl . Wild Card Super Bowl champions ( edit ) 1980 Oakland Raiders -- Super Bowl XV ( played in 1981 ) 1997 Denver Broncos -- Super Bowl XXXII ( played in 1998 ) 2000 Baltimore Ravens -- Super Bowl XXXV ( played in 2001 ) 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers -- Super Bowl XL ( played in 2006 ) 2007 New York Giants -- Super Bowl XLII ( played in 2008 ) 2010 Green Bay Packers -- Super Bowl XLV ( played in 2011 ) Other wild card Super Bowl participants ( edit ) 1975 Dallas Cowboys -- Super Bowl X ( played in 1976 ) 1985 New England Patriots -- Super Bowl XX ( played in 1986 ) 1992 Buffalo Bills -- Super Bowl XXVII ( played in 1993 ) 1999 Tennessee Titans -- Super Bowl XXXIV ( played in 2000 ) The 1980 Raiders , 2005 Steelers , and 1992 Bills tied for first in their division but lost a tiebreaker . While not a wild card team , the 1969 Kansas City Chiefs were the first non-division winner to win the Super Bowl . They finished second in the Western Division of the American Football League , and in that season , the last before the merger , the AFL went from having its two division winners meeting for the league title to adding a second round in which the second place team in each division qualified for the post-season . These teams played cross-division in the semifinal round . Thus the Chiefs , who finished second in the West , defeated the East Division champion New York Jets in the AFL semifinals and then defeated the West Division champion Oakland Raiders to advance to Super Bowl IV , where they beat the Minnesota Vikings . Because the term `` wild card '' was not instituted until the following year , the Chiefs are not included in the above list , but are recognized as the first team to win the Super Bowl without winning a division title . National Basketball Association ( edit ) Main article : NBA playoffs Although the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) include wild - card teams in their playoff structures , the term `` wild card '' is seldom used ; instead , each playoff team is most commonly denoted by its seeding position within the conference . In the NBA , division champions within each conference were given the # 1 - 3 seeds based on their regular - season records . The two fourth - placed wild - card teams are awarded the # 7 and # 8 seeds , respectively , also based on their regular - season records . In the NBA playoffs , home court advantage is determined strictly by regular - season record , without regard to seeding . Before the 2006 -- 07 NBA season , the NBA seeded its teams in the same manner as the NHL . Until 2015 , the NBA seeds the three division winners and the wild - card team with the best record by regular - season record . This means that the wild - card with the best record got a seed as high as # 2 ( if that team is in the same division as the team with the best record in the conference ) ; however , the next four wild - card teams will still be limited to the # 5 through # 8 seeds . This change was made to ensure that the two best teams in each conference could not meet until the conference final , and also ( allegedly ) to try and eliminate incentives for a playoff - bound team to deliberately lose games at the end of the regular season in order to `` choose '' a higher - seeded team that has won fewer games ( and , due to the unique home - court rules of the NBA , possibly gain home - court advantage for that series ) . The notion of `` wild cards '' was essentially abolished the 2015 - 16 NBA season , as changes made prior to the season mean the top eight teams in each conference qualify regardless of divisional rank , with the seeded teams ranked by percentage . The only particular advantage to winning a division now is that a divisional title serves as the first tiebreaker for qualification seeding purposes . The new format means it is possible for an especially weak division to send no teams ( not even its champion ) to the NBA playoffs , although as of the start of the 2017 - 18 season this has not yet occurred . In the NBA , the winner of the # 1 vs. # 8 series goes on to face the winner of the # 5 vs. # 4 series , while the winner of the # 2 vs. # 7 series faces the winner of the # 6 vs. # 3 series . Notice that the winner of the # 1 vs. # 8 series will usually play against a wild - card team in the Conference Semifinals ; this is arranged deliberately to `` reward '' the # 1 seeded team by giving it the most winnable matchups in the first and second rounds . National Hockey league ( edit ) Main article : Stanley Cup playoffs In the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the first , second , and third place teams in each division qualify for the playoffs automatically , and two additional teams , regardless of divisional alignment , also qualify by having the best records among the remaining teams in the conference . These teams are referred to as the Wild Cards . The division champions play the Wild Cards , while the second and third placed teams in each division play each other ; therefore the bracket is fixed , like the NBA . Home ice advantage is given to the higher seed in the divisional rounds , with the better record being used in the Conference Finals and Stanley Cup Finals . The NHL 's current format is similar in some respects to the `` cross-over rule '' used by the Canadian Football League since 1997 in that it the format emphasizes intra-divisional ranking and brackets in the playoff structure and yet allows two teams from one division to qualify for the playoffs at the expense of the two teams finishing with worse records and in the same divisional ranks in another division . The main difference is that the CFL only allows the lowest ranked playoff qualifying team from a division to cross over into the other division 's playoffs , whereas in the NHL it is possible for either Wild Card team to `` cross over '' to the other division , or even ( in cases where four teams qualify from each division ) for the Wild Card teams to swap divisional playoff brackets . Also , unlike the CFL the NHL does not require the second Wild Card qualifier to have an outright better record than a superior - ranked team in the other division - in the event of such a tie at the end of the NHL season standard tie - breaking procedures are used to determine playoff qualification . From 1999 until 2013 , division champions within each conference were given the # 1 - 3 seeds based on their regular - season records . Among the remaining teams within each conference , five additional teams with the best records are awarded seeds # 4 through # 8 . The division champions ( first - third seeds ) and the team with the best record that is n't a division champion ( fourth seed ) were given home ice advantage in the opening playoff series , in which they face the eighth - seeded through fifth - seeded teams , respectively . However , the playoff format differed slightly from that of the NBA . In the NHL , the highest winning seed of the first round played the lowest winning seed of the first round in the next round of the playoffs . For example , if the # 1 , # 4 , # 6 , and # 7 seeds win their respective first round series then the second round of the playoffs matched the # 1 seed ( highest ) versus the # 7 seed ( lowest ) and the # 4 seed ( 2nd highest ) versus the # 6 seed ( second lowest ) . Home ice advantage in each NHL playoff series prior to the Stanley Cup Finals was granted by superior seed , even if the `` wild card '' team had a better regular season record . For the Finals , the team with the better record will receive home ice advantage . Major league soccer ( edit ) Main article : MLS Cup Playoffs Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of soccer ( football ) in both countries , used a wild card format starting in its 2011 playoffs . The top three teams from each of its two conferences automatically qualified for the conference semifinals , while the four remaining teams with the highest point totals in league play , without regard to conference , earned `` wild cards '' into the playoffs . The wild card matches were single games , with the # 7 seed hosting the # 10 seed and the # 8 seed hosting the # 9 seed . The lowest surviving seed then played the Supporters ' Shield winner ( i.e. , the team with the highest point total ) , while the other surviving wild card played the top seed in the other conference . The `` wild card '' format was revamped for the 2012 season . Since 2015 , the top six teams from each conference qualify for the playoffs , with the # 1 & # 2 seeds in each conference automatically qualifying for the conference semifinals , and seeds # 3 - 6 in each conference being wild cards . The lowest - seeded winner ( played between the # 4 & # 5 , and # 3 & # 6 seeds ) in each conference plays the # 1 seed , and the next - lowest playing the # 2 seed in the conference semifinals . Canadian championship curling ( edit ) Curling Canada introduced Wild Card teams starting with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts and 2018 Tim Hortons Brier . The change was made as part of a wider set of changes which expanded the tournaments to 17 teams and eliminated the unpopular Pre-Qualifying Tournaments . From 2018 , the round robin stage of the Tournament of Hearts and Brier will consist of two seeded `` pools '' of eight teams as opposed to the old format consisting a single group of twelve teams . This allows the main tournament to include `` Team Canada '' ( either the defending champions or , when the champions decline to or are unable to defend their title , the runners - up ) and teams representing all fourteen constituent associations representing the ten provinces and three territories plus Northern Ontario . The remaining two participants in the tournament are the Wild Cards , which compete in an MLB - style play - in game prior to the main tournament to determine the sixteenth team in the main tournament . Just as is the case with MLB division titles , the format is designed to give teams an incentive to win their provincial championships . The Wild Cards are the top two teams in the Canadian Team Ranking System ( CTRS ) standings that did not win either the previous year 's tournament or their respective provincial or territorial championship . The top ranked of these two teams receives the hammer ( last rock ) to start the game . The CTRS standings are also used to determine the seeding of all teams in the main tournament , with one important caveat - for the purposes of seeding the round robin pools and so as to allow the main round robin schedule to be drawn up prior to the Wild Card game , the ranking of the top Wild Card team is the ranking that is used for seeding purposes regardless of who wins the game . Whereas teams in the Tournament of Hearts and Brier are traditionally referred to by their respective province or territory ( other than Northern Ontario and Team Canada ) , the team that wins the Wild Card game is referred to as the `` Wild Card '' for the duration of the tournament . As is the case with Team Canada , the Wild Card retains that designation even if the team that is representing the same province or territory as the Wild Card team is eliminated prior to the Wild Card team . With the introduction of pools , the round robin portion of the Tournament of Hearts and Brier now consists of two stages . The top four teams in each pool qualify for the second stage , formally known as the `` Championship Pool . '' Unlike most tournaments which use a similar format , teams carry over their entire round robin records from the preliminary stage as opposed to only those results against teams that also qualify . This ensures that each Championship Pool team still plays eleven games that count for the purposes of determining playoff qualification . The format is designed to ensure that a competitive team fills the Wild Card slot - due to the significant disparity in playing caliber between the top teams of Canada 's fourteen member associations , it is widely expected that the Wild Card will consistently come from one of the provinces with the toughest fields in the playdowns , and that it will consistently be a championship contending team . Professional tennis ( edit ) In professional tennis tournaments , a wild card refers to a tournament entry awarded to a player at the discretion of the organizers . All ATP and WTA tournaments have a few spots set aside for wild cards in both the main draw , and the qualifying draw , for players who otherwise would not have made either of these draws with their professional ranking . They are usually awarded to players from the home and / or sponsoring country ( sometimes after a tournament where the winner is awarded the wild card ) , promising young players , players that are likely to draw a large crowd , have won the tournament earlier or players who were once ranked higher and are attempting a comeback ( for instance , following a long - term injury ) . High ranked players can also ask for a wild card if they want to enter a non-mandatory tournament after the normal entry deadline , for example because they lost early in another tournament . This means a wild card player sometimes becomes the top seed . Three of the Grand Slam tournaments swap some wild cards : the Australian Open , French Open , and US Open . A New York Times journalist has described this practice as `` nothing more than mutual back scratching '' and `` an outdated symbol of elitism '' . Notable wildcards ( edit ) In 2001 , Goran Ivanišević won the Wimbledon Men 's Singles Championships having been handed a wild - card entry by the organising All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . At the time , he was ranked World No. 125 after a shoulder injury but had earlier reached the final three times . In 2009 , Kim Clijsters won the US Open tournament , after receiving a wild - card entry . It was her first Grand Slam tournament since announcing her comeback to the sport , having first retired in 2007 to start a family . She was a former champion and world no . 1 but was unranked since she had only played two other tournaments ( also on wild cards ) since her comeback , and three were required to get a rank . In 2012 , Jonathan Marray and Frederik Nielsen won the Wimbledon Men 's Doubles after being selected as a wildcard . They had no significant results but Marray was a home player . In 2017 , Maria Sharapova was granted a wild card to play in the US Open . She was a former champion and had finished serving a 15 - month doping ban earlier in the year . Motorsport ( edit ) Motorcycle racing ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In motorcycle racing the term ' wild card ' is used for competitors only involved in individual rounds of a championship , usually their local round . Local riders taking advantage of their local knowledge ( often having raced that circuit on that bike before ) and affording to take risks without planning for a championship , often upset established runners . Makoto Tamada and Shaky Byrne have both taken double victories in Superbike World Championship rounds in their home countries . The most famous wild card entry perhaps was the late Daijiro Kato with finishing 3rd at his first appearance in 1996 and then winning the Japanese 250cc Grand Prix back to back in 1997 and 1998 on his way to become the most successful 250cc World Champion of all time in 2001 . Grand Prix motorcycle racing Each Grand Prix host Federation ( FMNR ) may nominate 3 wild card entries for the Moto3 and Moto2 classes in their own Grand Prix only . The MSMA ( Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers ' Association ) may , at each event , nominate 1 wild card entry for the Moto2 and MotoGP classes . The FIM may , at each event , nominate 2 wild card entries for the Moto3 and Moto2 classes and FIM / DORNA may , at each event , nominate 1 wild card entry for the MotoGP class . Superbike World Championship Each Event host Federation ( FMNR ) may nominate 4 wild card entries for the Superbike class and 2 wild card entries for the Supersport and Superstock classes , in their own event only . The FIM may nominate 2 wild card entries for the Superbike class . Motorcycle Speedway In Motorcycle Speedway , wild cards compete in the Speedway Grand Prix events in which there is 1 wild card per competition ( until 2005 there were 2 per Grand Prix ) . As of 2014 six wild cards have won a Grand Prix : Mark Loram in 1999 , Martin Dugard in 2000 , Hans Andersen in 2006 ( later that year he replaced a permanent rider and went on to win another GP ) , Michael Jepsen Jensen in 2012 , Adrian Miedziński in 2013 and Bartosz Zmarzlik in 2014 . Auto racing ( edit ) Wild Card entries are not unknown in auto racing either , although the Concorde Agreement in modern - day Formula One requires all teams to participate in every event . John Love came close to winning the 1967 South African Grand Prix in a wild card type situation , long before the term had been coined . Although the term is rarely used in NASCAR , the concept of a road course ringer is similar . Before the late - 1990s , NEXTEL Cup and Busch Series races in the West and Northeast respectively would have several drivers from the Winston West and Busch North series , as the series regulations were very similar , and until the mid-2000s , ARCA drivers would usually attempt Cup races in the Midwest and at restrictor - plate races . During the period of the mid-1980s until 2004 , individual NASCAR races utilized the `` Promoter 's Option '' ( also known as Provisionals ) to allow a top driver / team that did not qualify for the race , the opportunity for a `` wild card '' type starting position at the end of the grid . This allowed track owners to advertise and guarantee to fans that the most popular drivers would participate in the race ( pleasing fans in attendance , and preventing no - shows ) even if the driver had an unfortunate mishap ( e.g. , blown engine ) or crash during time trials . Starting in 2005 , only the Former Champion 's Provisional remains . During the NASCAR Sprint All - Star Race ( a non-points exhibition event ) one driver who fails to qualify for the race is awarded a wild card spot via `` Fans Choice '' vote . In 2008 , Kasey Kahne , was selected as a wild card via fan vote , and went on to win the race . From 2011 to 2013 , NASCAR 's top - level Sprint Cup Series , since renamed the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , used `` wild cards '' in a different context , namely that of qualifying for the season - ending Chase for the Sprint Cup , now rebranded as the NASCAR playoffs . In previous seasons , the top 12 drivers in championship points after the first 26 races of the season automatically qualified for the Chase , with their points reset to a point unreachable by any other driver . Under the 2011 -- 2013 system , only the top 10 drivers automatically qualified . The other two Chase qualifiers were the two drivers ranked from 11th through 20th after 26 races with the most race wins , with tiebreakers used as necessary to restrict the number of `` wild cards '' to two . Major changes to the Chase format that took effect in 2014 , most notably determining the newly expanded Chase field of 16 mainly by race wins , eliminated this type of `` wild card '' . College and university sports ( edit ) NCAA tournaments in all of its sports have included wild card berths , typically known as at - large berths at that level . Winners of each athletic conference 's tournament ( or , in the case of basketball 's National Invitation Tournament , the team with the best regular season record in that conference ) are granted automatic bids into the tournament , and a selection committee fills the remaining slots in the tournament bracket with who it determines to be the best teams who did not win their tournament ( in practice , major conferences with stronger reputations and more revenue are invariably favored over mid-majors with similar records ) . Use outside North America ( edit ) Although the term `` wild card '' is not generally used in this context outside North America , a few competitions effectively employ such a system to determine one or more places in a future phase of a competition . Olympics ( edit ) In the Olympics , several sport governing bodies award wild cards to nations in order to further promote their sport . Sports governing bodies will either make selections or hold a tournament to determine the wild cards . One such notable wild card selection was Equatorial Guinea swimmer Eric Moussambani , who finished last in the 100m meter event in the 2000 Summer Olympics . Euroleague ( edit ) The Euroleague , a Europe - wide competition for elite basketball clubs , once had one `` wild card '' advancing from its first phase , officially the Regular Season , to its second , called the Top 16 . The rule was in place through the 2007 -- 08 season . At that time , the competition began each year with 24 clubs , divided into three groups . ( Today , the competition starts with a preliminary stage of 16 teams playing down to two survivors , who join 22 other teams in the Regular Season . ) Then as now , the groups played a double round - robin for the Regular Season , with eight clubs eliminated and the remaining clubs advancing to the Top 16 . Under the rules in place through 2007 -- 08 , the top five clubs in each group automatically advanced . The final `` wild card '' spot in the Top 16 went to the sixth - place club with the best overall record , with three potential tiebreaking steps . A coin toss is not indicated as a possible step . Starting in 2008 -- 09 , the `` wild card '' was abolished when the Regular Season was reorganized into four groups with 6 teams apiece . Now , the top four teams in each group advance to the Top 16 . No change to the tiebreakers was made . FIBA Basketball World Cup ( edit ) The world championship for basketball , the FIBA Basketball World Cup , invites four wild cards to complete its 24 - team field . Teams have to participate in qualifying for the World Cup , have to apply to be one , and FIBA is not allowed more than three teams from the same continent in order to be selected . This setup began in 2006 , where Italy , Puerto Rico , Serbia and Montenegro , and Turkey were selected by FIBA ; Turkey made the best performance , reaching the quarterfinals . In 2010 , FIBA selected Germany , Lithuania , Lebanon , and Russia as the wild cards , with Lithuania finishing third , and Russia making it to the quarterfinals . For the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup , FIBA selected Brazil , Finland , Greece , and Turkey ; 2014 will be the last time FIBA will select wild cards , as the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup would no longer have wild cards when it expands to 32 teams . The perennial top two FIBA Oceania team namely Australia and New Zealand as wild card teams of FIBA Asia Cup 2017 in Lebanon . These two teams are also part of FIBA Asia in Basketball tournaments including FIBA World Qualifying Tournament for FIBA World Cup 2019 in China . European club Rugby competitions ( edit ) Rugby union 's analogue to the Euroleague is the European Rugby Champions Cup , which replaced the previous top - level club competition , the Heineken Cup , starting with the 2014 -- 15 season . The Champions Cup maintains a system originally created for the Heineken Cup in which some `` wild card '' teams advance to the competition 's knockout stages . Also starting in 2014 -- 15 , the organiser of the Champions Cup , European Professional Club Rugby , introduced this type of `` wild card '' to the second - level European Rugby Challenge Cup . During the last five seasons of the Heineken Cup ( 2009 -- 10 to 2013 -- 14 ) , another `` wild card '' system allowed teams to parachute into the original European Challenge Cup , which has now been replaced by the current Challenge Cup . This was scrapped with the creation of the current Challenge Cup . Both the Champions Cup and current Challenge Cup involve 20 clubs ( compared to 24 in the Heineken Cup and 20 in the original Challenge Cup ) , divided into pools of four clubs with each club playing a double round - robin within its pool . In both competitions , eight clubs advance to the knockout stages . The top club in each pool advances ; the three `` wild card '' places are filled by the second - place clubs with the best overall records . For the Champions Cup , the number of wild cards increased by one from the Heineken Cup era ; both versions of the Challenge Cup had three wild cards , but the original version filled them in an entirely different manner . In the final years of the Heineken Cup , starting in 2009 -- 10 and ending with the 2014 reorganisation of European club rugby , the three second - place teams with the next - best records after those that advanced to the Heineken Cup knockout stage parachuted into the Challenge Cup . The tiebreaking procedure used to determine overall seeding , which was devised in the Heineken Cup era and carried over intact into the current era , is almost as elaborate as that of the NFL , with a total of seven steps ( a coin flip is the last ) . Prior to 2009 -- 10 , the original Challenge Cup also had `` wild card '' teams entering its knockout stages . The top club in each pool advanced to the knockout stage , along with the three second - place teams with the best records , using the same tiebreaking procedure as the Heineken Cup . Starting in 2009 -- 10 , only the winner of each pool entered the knockout stage , to be joined by the teams parachuting in from the Heineken Cup . As noted above , with the creation of the new Challenge Cup , that competition abandoned this system in favour of the system used in the Champions Cup . Super Rugby ( edit ) The Super Rugby competition , involving regional franchises from Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa , adopted a new playoff system with `` wild cards '' when it expanded to 15 teams in 2011 . In its previous incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 ( each number reflecting the number of teams in the competition ) , it used a Shaughnessy playoff system in which the top four teams advanced to a knockout stage . The expansion to 15 teams led to major changes in the competition format . Through the 2015 season , the competition was divided into three conferences of five teams each , with every conference consisting solely of teams from one of the participating countries . At the end of the regular season , the winners of each conference received playoff berths . These teams were joined by three `` wild cards '' , specifically the three non-winners with the most competition points without regard to conference . ( Tiebreakers were employed as necessary . ) With the expansion of Super Rugby to 18 teams in 2016 , featuring a permanent sixth franchise for South Africa and new teams based in Argentina and Japan , the competition format was changed again . The competition is now divided into the Australasian Group , including all Australian and New Zealand teams , and the African Group , consisting of the South African teams plus the Argentine and Japanese franchises . In turn , the Australasian Group is divided into Australia and New Zealand Conferences , and the African Group is split into Africa 1 and Africa 2 Conferences . As in the 2011 -- 15 system , the conference winners will receive playoff berths . The number of wild cards will increase to four , with the three top non-winners from the Australasian Group and the top non-winner from the African Group , again based on competition points , earning those spots . Philippine Basketball Association ( edit ) In the Philippine Basketball Association , the playoffs are done after an elimination ( in 2005 - 06 , a classification ) round where the top two teams with the best records are given semi-final byes , the next 3 are given quarterfinal byes , the next 4 are given entry to the wildcard phase , and the tenth team is eliminated . The winner of the wild card playoffs , varying in format from a round - robin , a single - elimination or sudden death , usually meets the strongest quarterfinalist ( the 3rd seed ) . The wild card winner 's next opponent for the quarterfinals rested while the wild card phase was ongoing so the chance of advancing to the semi-finals ( in which a team rested longer ) is slim . The only wild card champion are the 7th - seeded Barangay Ginebra Kings in the 2004 PBA Fiesta Conference after 7 years of championship drought they made an epic run all the way to the throne , in which the top 2 teams were given semifinal byes while the bottom eight went through a knock - out wild card tournament . Since the addition of the quarterfinal bye , no wild card has entered the Finals , although the Air21 Express won the third - place trophy at the 2005 - 06 PBA Fiesta Conference . The wild card set up was no longer used when the league reverted to the 3 - conference format starting from the 2010 -- 11 PBA season . Isu Grand Prix of figure skating final ( edit ) For both the junior and senior Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final ( which starting in the 2008 -- 2009 figure skating season will be merged into a single two - division event ) , the hosting federation may issue a wild card invitation to one of their own skaters should no skater from the host country qualify for the event through the Grand Prix circuit . Use of the wild card has not been common ; however , it was used at the 2007 -- 2008 Junior Grand Prix Final by the Polish federation . International Association Football ( soccer ) ( edit ) The same rationale exists in international association football , specifically FIFA World Cup qualifying stages . In FIFA World Cup qualifying stages in Europe , for example , 2nd placed teams are all ranked by number of points . The team with the most points is guaranteed automatic qualification to the FIFA World Cup , while the team with the least points is eliminated ( points from victories against the last - placed team in each country 's respective group being deducted ) , while teams in between generally play a 2 - game playoff to determine qualification . Other qualifying regions which use a wild card format include CONMEBOL , CONCACAF , and the AFC . All - Ireland senior Football championship ( edit ) In the All - Ireland Senior Football Championship , the premier competition in Gaelic football , each of the thirty - two counties in Ireland as well as London and New York play in their respective Provincial Championships through a knock - out cup competition format without seeds . The winners of each of the four Provincial Championships earn one of eight places in the All - Ireland Quarter Finals . The thirty teams that fail to win their respective Provincial Championships receive a second opportunity to reach the All - Ireland Series via the All Ireland Qualifiers ( also known as the ' back door ' , similar to a Wild Card ) . Road cycling ( edit ) In road cycling ( teams ) , a wild card refers to an invitation to a race which a particular team would not normally be able to enter . Usually used for top division ( currently UCI World Tour ) races where the organization want more teams , lower league teams will be invited . It is very common to offer a wild card for teams from the same country to help local sport and to boost national pride . For example , for the 100th `` Tour de France '' in 2013 , the organisers ( the Amaury Sport Organisation ) awarded three wild cards to French teams : Cofidis , Sojasun and Team Europcar , all of which were UCI Professional Continental teams at the time and therefore not automatically invited , unlike the UCI ProTeams which made up the vast majority of the entry list . Teams can apply for a wild card . In January 2015 , Team MTN - Qhubeka from South Africa accepted an invitation to participate in the 2015 edition of `` Tour de France '' . MTN - Qhubeka was the first African team to receive a wild card entry into the event that was held from 4 to 26 July 2015 . Rugby World Cup ( edit ) In the current format of the Rugby World Cup , a team that finishes 3rd in their group automatically gains a berth in the next Rugby World Cup ( although they do not advance to the next round ) . Additionally , the Rugby World Cup qualifying format uses a repechage , in which teams from other regions that did not gain the automatic spot play each other for the final spots in the World Cup . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Freedman , Jonah ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Big changes for MLS Cup Playoffs format in 2012 '' . MLSSoccer.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Australian Open to hold wildcard playoff in China - Reuters , 17 September 2012 Jump up ^ Wishes for Tennis in 2018 - Christopher Clarey , The New York Times , 12 January 2018 ^ Jump up to : McVeigh , Niall ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` The Joy of Six : Wimbledon wildcards '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maria Sharapova granted wild - card entry into U.S. Open '' . Tennis.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix Regulations '' ( PDF ) . fim.ch . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Road Racing Superbike & Supersport World Championships and Superstock Cup Regulations '' ( PDF ) . fim.ch . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_card_(sports)&oldid=830192384 '' Categories : Sports terminology Motorcycle racing Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 09 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the wild card start in football	[ "The NFL was the first league ever to use the wild-card format. The decision to implement a Wild Card coincided with the completion of the AFL-NFL merger in 1970. Prior to the merger, the right to compete in the postseason for the NFL title was restricted to division/conference champions. Until 1967, a tiebreaker game was played to resolve a deadlock for first place in either of the two conferences. When the league expanded to 16 teams, it realigned into four divisions and expanded the playoffs to two rounds. Tiebreaker games were eliminated in favor of the use of performance-based criteria to determine division champions. The rival American Football League, which reached a final size of ten teams in two divisions, also restricted its postseason to division winners until the 1969 season (the AFL's last as a separate league) when it expanded the playoffs to include division runners-up. The runners-up played the winners of the opposite divisions for the right to contest the AFL Championship Game." ]	[ "1970" ]
-7333816716108497091	Kermit the Frog	Kermit the Frog - wikipedia Kermit the Frog This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 June 2018 . This article is about the Muppet . For the frog species called `` kermit frog '' , see Hyalinobatrachium dianae . Kermit the Frog The Muppet Show , Sesame Street , Sam and Friends character First appearance Sam and Friends ( 1955 ) Created by Jim Henson Voiced by Jim Henson ( 1961 -- 1990 ) Steve Whitmire ( 1990 -- 2016 ) Matt Vogel ( 2017 -- present ) Frank Welker ( Muppet Babies ( 1984 ) , animated segments in Little Muppet Monsters , Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ) Matt Danner ( Muppet Babies ( 2018 ) ) Performed by Jim Henson ( 1955 -- 1990 ) Steve Whitmire ( 1990 -- 2016 ) Matt Vogel ( 2017 -- present ) Information Species Muppet frog Muppet lizard ( Sam and Friends ) Gender Male Occupation Entertainer , stage manager , show producer Family Robin the Frog ( nephew ) Significant other ( s ) Miss Piggy ( 1976 -- 2015 : 2016 -- present ) Nationality American Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character and Jim Henson 's most well - known creation . Introduced in 1955 , Kermit serves as the straight man protagonist of numerous Muppet productions , most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show , as well as in other television series , films , specials , and public service announcements through the years . Henson originally performed Kermit until his death in 1990 ; Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time up until his dismissal from the role in 2016 . Kermit is currently performed by Matt Vogel . He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects , and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies . Kermit performed the hit singles `` Bein ' Green '' in 1970 and `` The Rainbow Connection '' in 1979 for The Muppet Movie , the first feature - length film featuring the Muppets . The latter song reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Kermit 's iconic look and voice have been recognizable worldwide since , and in 2006 , the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap : A Frog 's Eye View of Life 's Greatest Lessons , which is an `` autobiography '' told from the perspective of the character himself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Naming 1.2 Performers 1.3 Character biography 2 Career 2.1 Sesame Street 2.2 With the Muppets 2.3 Filmography 3 Cultural impact 3.1 Awards and commemorations 3.2 Guest television appearances 3.3 Merchandising 3.4 Kermit in Internet culture 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) The earliest trace of Kermit first appeared in 1955 on WRC - TV 's Sam and Friends . This prototype Kermit was created from a discarded spring coat belonging to Henson 's mother and two ping pong ball halves for eyes . Initially , Kermit was a lizard - like creature . He subsequently made a number of television appearances before his status as a frog was established . His collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog - like and to conceal the seam between his head and body . Naming ( edit ) The origin of Kermit 's name is a subject of some debate . It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson 's childhood friend Kermit Scott , from Leland , Mississippi . However , Karen Falk , head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization , denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company 's website : While Jim Henson did have a childhood acquaintance named Kermit , it was not an uncommon name at the time , and Jim always said that the Frog was NOT named after this child from his elementary school . Joy DiMenna , the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL - TV during Jim Henson 's time with Sam and Friends , recalls that the puppet was named after her father . According to Kermit Cohen 's obituary , as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin , a colleague of Mr. Cohen 's at WBAL : The late puppeteer had been the host of a show , `` Sam and Friends , '' at WRC - TV in Washington when he was invited to tour WBAL 's studios . Both were NBC affiliates then , and WBAL carried the show , Mr. Levin said . Mr. Henson was introduced to members of the sound and camera crew , including Mr. Cohen . `` When he heard his name , Jim turned around , snapped his fingers and said to his wife , ' That 's what we call the frog -- Kermit . ' Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love , who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets , particularly on Sesame Street but Love 's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit 's creation and naming , and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character . As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English , Kermit is often renamed . In Portugal , he is called Cocas , o Sapo ( sapo means `` toad '' ) , and in Brazil , his name is similar : Caco , o Sapo . In most of Hispanic America , his name is la rana René ( René the Frog ) , while in Spain , he is named Gustavo . In the Arabic version , he is known as Kamel , which is a common Arabic male name that means `` perfect '' . In Hungary , he is called Breki ( onomatopoetic ) . Performers ( edit ) Jim Henson originated the character in 1955 on his local television series , Sam and Friends . Brian Henson described his father 's performance as Kermit as `` coming out of his own personality -- was a wry intelligence , a little bit of a naughtiness , but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank . '' He continued to perform the character until his death in 1990 . Henson 's last known performance as Kermit was for an appearance on The Arsenio Hall Show to promote The Muppets at Walt Disney World . Henson died twelve days after that appearance . Following Henson 's death , veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit 's new performer . In 2017 , Whitmire seemed to imply in a blog post that Jim Henson had asked him to assume the role before he died , though Jim 's daughter Cheryl Henson claimed Brian had selected him after Jim 's death . Whitmire 's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990 . He remained Kermit 's principal performer until 2016 . Disney announced that Matt Vogel would be taking over as the performer and voice for Kermit on July 10 , 2017 . Whitmire later revealed that he had not chosen to voluntarily leave the role , but rather , had been recast by Muppet Studios in October 2016 . In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter later in July 2017 , Whitmire elaborated he was fired for two reasons : long - term creative disagreements over Kermit 's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet - related productions . For a brief demonstration at MuppetFest ( a 2001 Muppet fan convention ) , Muppet performer John Kennedy performed Kermit opposite Whitmire 's performance of young Kermit ( from Kermit 's Swamp Years ) . Kennedy also performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy ! , a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show ( though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows ) . Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances ( an appearance on America 's Got Talent , the MTV Video Music Awards , and at the 2009 D23 Expo ) . Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon , Muppet Babies . He also provided the voice of an adult Kermit for a short - lived spin - off , Little Muppet Monsters . Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies . Character biography ( edit ) A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character . According to this fictional biography , he was born in Leland , Mississippi alongside approximately 2,353 siblings , though a 2011 `` interview '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana . As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit 's Swamp Years , at the age of 12 , he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp , and one of the first frogs to talk to humans . He is shown in the film encountering a 12 - year - old Jim Henson ( played by Christian Kriebel ) for the first time . According to The Muppet Movie , Kermit returned to the swamp , where a passing agent ( Dom DeLuise ) noted he had talent and , thus inspired , he headed to Hollywood , encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way . Together , they were given a standard `` rich and famous '' contract by Lew Lord ( Orson Welles ) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers . In Before You Leap , Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry , crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame . At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie , Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show , and the characters remain together as a group , before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight , with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist . Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are `` approximately how it happened '' when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started . Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit 's best friend -- a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap -- and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet - related media and merchandise . On August 4 , 2015 , Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy `` announced '' that they had ended their romantic relationship . On September 2 , 2015 , Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend , a pig named Denise , but around February 2016 , Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together . Career ( edit ) Kermit 's earliest incarnation on Sam and Friends Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street . However , he had a prominent career before Sesame Street 's debut in 1969 , as he starred in Sam and Friends , and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966 . Sesame Street ( edit ) Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street . Closely identified with the show , Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics , a straight man to another Muppet ( usually Grover , Herry Monster or Cookie Monster ) , or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News . He sang many songs on the show , including Bein ' Green , and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street . Unlike the rest of the show 's Muppets , Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show 's merchandise . When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from the Jim Henson Company for $180 million , Kermit was not included in the deal . The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio , a division of the Walt Disney Company . His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney - ownership was in the show 's 40th - season premiere on November 10 , 2009 . With the Muppets ( edit ) In The Muppet Show television series , Kermit was the central character , the showrunner , and the long - suffering stage manager of the theater show , trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets . Jim Henson once claimed that Kermit 's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own : `` trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done . '' It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed . On Muppets Tonight , Kermit was still a main character , although he was the producer rather than frontman . He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green , City Schtickers , Flippers , and The Muppet Odd Squad , as well as in the Psychiatrist 's Office sketch . Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company , until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney . A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History . Kermit appears in Muppet * Vision 3D , an attraction that opened in 1991 at Disney 's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . The character was formerly featured at the attraction version in Disney California Adventure Park , at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , California , until its closure in 2014 . Kermit also appears at the Magic Kingdom at The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History . He also appeared in two parades ; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade held at Disney 's Hollywood Studios until 2008 and Disney 's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade that was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland . Filmography ( edit ) Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production , as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies . Below is a list of his more well - known appearances : Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) ( TV ) Sesame Street ( 1969 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 2001 , and 2009 ) ( TV ) Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) ( TV ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) ( TV ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) ( TV ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) ( TV ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) ( TV ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) ( TV ) Emmet Otter 's Jug - Band Christmas ( 1977 ) ( TV ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) ( TV ) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird ( 1985 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) ( TV ) The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) ( TV ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) ( TV ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) ( TV ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) ( TV ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) ( TV ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) ( TV ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) -- Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) ( Direct - to - Video ) -- Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin . Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) -- Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) ( TV ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) ( Direct - to - Video ) It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) ( TV ) Saturday Night Live ( 2004 , 2011 ) ( TV ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) ( TV ) -- Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium 's Wonder Emporium ( 2007 ) ( cameo ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) ( TV ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) ( TV ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) ( TV ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( TV ) Cultural impact ( edit ) Awards and commemorations ( edit ) Kermit 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19 , 1996 , at Southampton College , New York , where he also gave a commencement speech . He is also the only `` amphibian '' to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union . A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson 's alma mater , the University of Maryland , College Park in 2003 . Kermit was also given the honor of being the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 1996 . The Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977 . On November 14 , 2002 , Kermit the Frog received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The star is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd . On Kermit 's 50th birthday in 2005 , the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them . The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well , with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him . Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University 's homecoming parade in 2006 . In 2013 , the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery . In 2015 , the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland , Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit . Kermit 's legacy is also deeply entrenched in the science community . One of the famous WP - 3D Orion research platforms flown by the NOAA Hurricane Hunters is named after Kermit . The other is named after Miss Piggy . In 2015 , the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature 's perceived resemblance to Kermit , with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying `` I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention , and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country 's amazing tropical forests . '' Guest television appearances ( edit ) Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows , including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long - running talk shows . On April 2 , 1979 , Kermit guest - hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie . From 1983 to 1995 , the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures , and Kermit renamed `` Kermitterrand '' , embodied President François Mitterrand . On May 21 , 2018 , Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed `` Rainbow Connection '' live on American Idol . As an April Fool 's joke , Kermit hosted CNN 's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan . Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares , with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares . Merchandising ( edit ) Jim Henson 's characters , including the Muppets , have inspired merchandise internationally , with Chris Bensch , chief curator of Rochester , New York 's The Strong National Museum of Play , reporting `` There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan , '' likely due to the `` cuteness appeal . '' Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies . In 1991 , one year after Jim Henson died , merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks , causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement . Henson alleged that the `` counterfeit merchandise '' falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney , although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement . The Henson Associates highlighted a T - shirt displaying Kermit , the Disney brand , and a copyright symbol . Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was `` outrageous '' and `` an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind '' . Disney later acquired the Muppets , and thusly , clothes , toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores . The Leland Chamber of Commerce 's small Kermit - themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise . In 2016 , The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea , associated with the `` But That 's None of My Business '' Internet meme , became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one . Kermit in Internet culture ( edit ) In March 2007 , Sad Kermit , an unofficial parody , was uploaded to the website YouTube , showing a store - bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song `` Hurt '' in a style similar to Johnny Cash 's famous cover version . In contrast to the real Kermit character 's usual family - friendly antics , the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse , smoking , alcoholism , performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog , smashing a picture of Miss Piggy ( with a breast exposed ) and attempting suicide . The video became an Internet meme . The Victoria Times Colonist called it an `` online sensation '' . The Chicago Sun - Times said it `` puts the high in ' Hi - ho ! ' '' The London Free Press said `` Sad Kermit is in a world of pain '' . The Houston Press described it as the `` world 's most revolting web phenomenon '' . SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as `` ironic slandering . '' Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour , where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of `` Hurt '' was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails . Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea , `` one used when you sassily point something out , and then slyly back away , claiming that it 's not ( your ) business . '' The photo is taken from `` Be More Kermit , '' a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014 , and was adapted into the `` But That 's None of My Business '' meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch , making appearances on Twitter , Instagram and Facebook . Charles Pulliam - Moore of the TV station Fusion praised `` But That 's None of My Business '' as `` a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet , '' but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine slammed the memes as racist and obscene . In 2016 , a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to `` But That 's None of My Business '' as `` Tea Lizard , '' becoming the subject of viral online derision . New York magazine replied that , `` Kermit is a frog . A frog is an amphibian . A lizard is a reptile . It 's just so insulting . Beyond a frog and a lizard both being clearly ectothermic , they could n't be any more different . Not all green things are the same , you ignorant bastards . '' Popular Science also addressed the misnomer , writing `` Frogs , which are amphibians , have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe , their life cycles , whether they have scales or not ... there 's a lot to absorb here . '' In November 2016 , a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts . It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other . More Kermit memes include a Vine made by YouTuber Best In Class , in which Kermit sings I Do n't Mind by Usher . There was another meme in which a virtual reality game showing Kermit jumping off an apartment building saying `` I 'm going to Kermit suicide '' , and then shows a live action Kermit puppet being thrown off an apartment building with women screaming in the background . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shemin , Craig ( 2014 ) . Disney 's The Muppets Character Encyclopedia . New York : DK Publishing . p. 98 . ISBN 9781465417480 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Ryan ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Longtime Kermit the Frog Voice Actor Replaced After 27 Years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` Original Kermit the Frog donated to Smithsonian '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feldmar , Jamie . `` Muppets Scandal : Kermit Was Once ... A Lizard ! '' . Gothamist . Gothamist , LLC . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Terri ( June 14 , 2008 ) . `` Man for whom frog was named dies '' . Delta Democrat Times . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hanrahan , Kathy ( July 16 , 2007 ) . `` It 's easy being green in Leland , Miss '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Falk , Karen . `` Ask Henson # 73 '' . The Jim Henson Company . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Zeller , Karen . `` Kermit Kalman Cohen , 71 , gave Muppet frog his name '' . Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bird costume creator Kermit Love dies at 91 '' . USA Today . June 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kermit The Frog Offers His Sincere Apologies To Latin America , But ... '' . Bleeding Cool . October 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hivatalosan is sztárok lettek a bábfigurák '' . Magyar Nemzet . March 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flanigan , Sarah ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` ET Top 5 : 5 Fun Facts About Kermit the Frog '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Battle Between Jim Henson 's Kids and Ex-Kermit Steve Whitmire Gets Uglier '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Siemaszko , Corky ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Kermit the Frog first debuted as minor TV puppet in 1955 '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schindehette , Susan ( June 18 , 1990 ) . `` Legacy of a Gentle Genius : People.com '' . People.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Daniel ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Henson 's Daughter Backs Decision To Axe Kermit The Frog Performer Steve Whitmire '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cosores , Philip ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Read This : What 's it like to take Jim Henson 's place ? '' . The AV Club . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kermit the Frog Muppeteer Says Disney Fired Him '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa . `` Former Kermit the Frog Puppeteer Speaks : `` I Am Devastated '' `` . Time . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Says It Fired Kermit the Frog Actor Over `` Unacceptable Business Conduct '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . 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Jump up ^ Purdom , Clayton ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Evil Kermit is the shithead inside us all '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Muppets portal Fictional characters portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kermit the Frog . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kermit the Frog Kermit the Frog 's character profile at Disney.com Kermit 's commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 Birthplace of the Frog : An Exhibit of Jim Henson 's Delta Boyhood Kermit the Frog on IMDb ( as himself ) Kermit the Frog on IMDb The Muppets The Muppets Studio Characters Kermit the Frog Miss Piggy Fozzie Bear Gonzo Rowlf the Dog Scooter Pepe the King Prawn Rizzo the Rat Animal Walter Sam Eagle Dr. Bunsen Honeydew Beaker Swedish Chef Statler and Waldorf Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Cast performers Current Bill Barretta Dave Goelz Eric Jacobson Peter Linz David Rudman Matt Vogel Former Kevin Clash Brian Henson Jane Henson Jim Henson John Henson Richard Hunt Jerry Juhl Kathryn Mullen Jerry Nelson Frank Oz Steve Whitmire Television Series Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Muppet Babies ( 2018 ) Segments The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) NBC 's Saturday Night ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) Specials Hey , Cinderella ! 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Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) Comics series Before You Leap Puppet Heap The Jim Henson Company Creature Shop Fraggle Rock characters Sesame Workshop Sesame Street Muppets Muppets portal hide Sesame Street characters Muppets of Sesame Street Abby Cadabby Barkley The Bear family Bert and Ernie Bert Ernie Big Bird Cookie Monster Count von Count Don Music Elmo Granny Bird Grover Grouches Grundgetta Guy Smiley Herry Monster Honkers Hoots the Owl Irvine Julia Kermit the Frog Mr. Johnson Mrs. Grouch Murray Monster Natasha Oscar the Grouch Prairie Dawn Roosevelt Franklin Rosita Roxie Marie Sherlock Hemlock Slimey the Worm Mr. Snuffleupagus Telly Monster Two - Headed Monster Yip Yips Zoe Human characters Alan Bob Johnson Chris Robinson Gordon Robinson David Gabi Rodriguez Gina Jefferson Hiroshi Linda Luis Rodriguez Maria Rodriguez Miles Robinson Mr. Hooper Mr. Noodle Natalie Olivia Robinson The Number Painter Susan Robinson Trash Gordon Animated characters Teeny Little Super Guy International co-production characters Abelardo the Dragon Basil Chaos Don Pimpón Espinete Kami Kippi Ben Kippod Moishe Oofnik Pong Pagong LCCN : no2013055922 MusicBrainz : 992a7ea8 - 96c1 - 4058 - ba96 - f811c8d01c77 SNAC : w62k71qs VIAF : 301255461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kermit_the_Frog&oldid=844512294 '' Categories : Corporate mascots Fictional characters from Mississippi Fictional characters introduced in 1955 Fictional frogs and toads Fictional producers Fictional reporters Frog mascots Kermit the Frog Sesame Street Muppet characters The Muppets characters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Winaray ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 12 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who does kermit the frog's voice now	[ "\n\nKermit the Frog\n\n\nThe Muppet Show, Sesame Street, Sam and Friends character\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nSam and Friends (1955)[1]\n\n\nCreated by\nJim Henson\n\n\nVoiced by\n\n\n\nJim Henson (1961–1990)\nSteve Whitmire (1990–2016)\nMatt Vogel (2017–present)\nFrank Welker (Muppet Babies (1984), animated segments in Little Muppet Monsters, Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue)\nMatt Danner (Muppet Babies (2018))\n\n\n\n\n\nPerformed by\n\n\n\nJim Henson (1955–1990)\nSteve Whitmire (1990–2016)\nMatt Vogel (2017–present)[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nSpecies\n\n\n\nMuppet frog\nMuppet lizard (Sam and Friends)\n\n\n\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nOccupation\nEntertainer, stage manager, show producer\n\n\nFamily\nRobin the Frog (nephew)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nMiss Piggy (1976–2015: 2016–present)\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n" ]	[ "Matt Vogel" ]
7447465378879965693	Who's the Boss?	Who 's the Boss ? - Wikipedia Who 's the Boss ? Jump to : navigation , search For the 2013 Dominican film , see Who 's the Boss ? ( film ) . Who 's the Boss ? Created by Martin Cohan Blake Hunter Starring Tony Danza Judith Light Alyssa Milano Danny Pintauro Katherine Helmond Theme music composer Martin Cohan and Blake Hunter ( lyrics ) Larry Carlton and Robert Kraft ( music ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 196 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Martin Cohan Blake Hunter ( both ; entire run ) Danny Kallis ( season 8 ) Camera setup Videotape ; Multi-camera Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Embassy Television ( 1984 -- 86 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 88 ) Hunter - Cohan Productions ( 1987 -- 92 ) ELP Communications ( 1988 -- 92 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 92 ) Distributor Columbia TriStar Television Sony Pictures Television The Program Exchange Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) First shown in 1984 Original release September 20 , 1984 -- April 25 , 1992 Chronology Related shows The Upper Hand Living Dolls Who 's the Boss ? was an American sitcom created by Martin Cohan and Blake Hunter , which aired on ABC from September 20 , 1984 , to April 25 , 1992 . Produced by Embassy Television ( later Embassy Communications and ELP Communications ) , in association with Hunter - Cohan Productions and Columbia Pictures Television , the series starred Tony Danza as an Italian - American retired major league baseball player who relocates to Fairfield , Connecticut to work as a live - in housekeeper for a divorced advertising executive , played by Judith Light . Also featured were Alyssa Milano , Danny Pintauro and Katherine Helmond . The show received positive reviews throughout most of its run , becoming one of the most popular sitcoms of the mid-to - late 1980s . The series was nominated for more than forty awards , including ten Primetime Emmy Award and five Golden Globe Award nominations , winning one of each . Also very successful in the ratings , Who 's the Boss ? consistently ranked in the top ten in the final primetime ratings between the years of 1985 and 1989 , and has since continued in syndication worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest appearances 3 Background 4 Impact 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Awards and nominations 5 Theme song 6 Distribution 6.1 Syndication 6.2 DVD release 7 Spin - offs 8 International versions 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Widower Anthony Morton `` Tony '' Micelli is a former baseball player who was forced to retire due to a shoulder injury . He wants to move out of Brooklyn to find a better environment for his daughter , Samantha . He ends up taking a job in upscale Fairfield , Connecticut , as a live - in housekeeper for divorced advertising executive Angela Bower and her son Jonathan . The Micellis moved into the Bower residence . Also frequenting is Angela 's feisty , sexually progressive mother Mona Robinson . Mona dates all kinds of men , from college age to silver - haired CEOs . This portrayal of an `` older woman '' with an active social and sexual life was unusual for television at the time . The title of the show refers to the clear role reversal of the two lead actors , where a woman was the breadwinner and a man ( although he was not her husband ) stayed at home and took care of the house . It challenged contemporary stereotypes of Italian - American young males as macho and boorish and wholly ignorant of life outside of urban working - class neighborhoods , as Tony was depicted as sensitive , intelligent and domestic with an interest in intellectual pursuits . The easy - going , spontaneous Tony and the driven , self - controlled Angela are attracted to each other , though both are uncomfortable with the notion for much of the run of the show . While there is playful banter and many hints of attraction , Tony and Angela do their best to avoid facing this aspect of their developing relationship , and date other people . Angela has a steady romantic interest in Geoffrey Wells ( Robin Thomas ) , while Tony has a variety of girlfriends who come and go , including Kathleen Sawyer ( Kate Vernon ) in seasons six and seven . In the meantime , however , they become best friends , relying on each other frequently for emotional support . In addition , Tony provides a male role model for Jonathan , while Angela and Mona give Samantha the womanly guidance she had been missing . Keeping ties with Tony 's and Samantha 's Brooklyn roots , motherly former neighbor Mrs. Rossini ( Rhoda Gemignani ) , who ends up becoming a thorn in Mona 's side , and several other friends turn up a few times each season , sometimes in New York , sometimes in Connecticut . Angela eventually strikes out on her own and opens her own ad firm in season three , while Tony decides to go back to school , enrolling in the same college that daughter Samantha would later attend in 1990 . Samantha 's best friend Bonnie ( Shana Lane - Block ) is a recurring character during these seasons , while romance comes into her life in the form of boyfriend Jesse Nash ( Scott Bloom ) during her senior year of high school and into college . At the start of season eight , Tony and Angela finally acknowledge their love for each other . However , the series does not end with the widely expected marriage but on a more ambiguous note . This was due primarily to concerns by the network that a marriage , representing a definitive ending , could hurt syndication . Tony Danza also vehemently opposed the marriage , saying it would contradict the original purpose of the show . During the final season , Samantha finds a new love in Hank Thomopoulous ( Curnal Achilles Aulisio ) , who became a full - time character in January 1992 . A fellow college student , Hank was originally poised to enter a medical program , but soon decides to become a puppeteer . Sam and Hank were engaged in a matter of weeks , and in February , they were married . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Cast of Who 's the Boss ? Tony Danza as Tony Micelli Judith Light as Angela Robinson Bower Alyssa Milano as Samantha Micelli Danny Pintauro Jonathan Bower Katherine Helmond as Mona Robinson Guest appearances ( edit ) Delta Burke appeared in the first season as next door neighbor , Diane Wilmington . Comic James Coco was a frequent guest , beginning in season one as Tony 's father - in - law , visiting from New York , Nick Milano . People have credited his appearances on Who 's the Boss ? as a prime example of his comedic abilities on TV , despite the fact that he was not a regular and had never starred in a successful TV series of his own . When Coco died in February 1987 , prior to the conclusion of season three , his character was written out as having died as well ( with a funeral episode and tribute ) . By the fall of 1990 , with Samantha beginning college and Jonathan in high school , Who 's the Boss ? , like other series getting on in years , added a new younger cast member . Producers brought in five - year - old Billy ( Jonathan Halyalkar ) , a kid from the Micellis ' old Brooklyn neighborhood , whose grandmother left Billy in Tony 's care . He moved in with the Bower family in season 7 . Billy was a comic foil to Tony , but also attempted to get into the mix in other characters ' storylines . He only lasted that season , however . In the E ! True Hollywood Story about the series , Katherine Helmond remarked that Halyalkar was a gifted performer , but had difficulty catching up to the pace of the acting and timing the senior cast members had long established with each other . He was written out of the show at the end of the season . In the beginning of season 8 , it was briefly explained that Billy had gone to live with another foster family . Frank Sinatra made a guest appearance in a 1989 episode , as well as Ray Charles , Mike Tyson and Thomas Hearns . Betty White also made a guest appearance in the first season as a local TV director . Leslie Nielsen played Max , who was engaged to Mona in a 1988 episode . Matthew Perry played Benjamin Dawson , a roommate of Samantha 's in a 1990 episode . Background ( edit ) Who 's the Boss ? was created by television producers and business partners Martin Cohan and Blake Hunter in 1983 . In early development , the series was titled You 're the Boss , in reference to Angela employing Tony and the gender role reversal . Before the fall 1984 premiere , the producers changed it to Who 's the Boss ? , an open ended title which hinted that any one of the leads could get their own way and be the `` boss '' . Unlike Danza , who had served as the Tony prototype from the beginning , Judith Light was one of many who auditioned for the role of Angela . She was eventually cast based on her performance , which Hunter commented as `` class ( ... ) Jean Harlow type , or more of a Meryl Streep . '' The character of Mona was initially created as an older sister to Angela , but as Cohan and Hunter struggled to handle the casting of the role , they decided on re-writing the role into `` a free spirit with a quick tongue , '' who they envisioned Katherine Helmond to play . Danny Pintauro and Alyssa Milano were also cast based on their auditions . The series ' pilot was shot in November 1983 , a full 10 months before the show actually went on the air . ABC originally was planning to put it on mid-season in January 1984 , but due to creative differences between the producers and the network , the show was delayed until the next season . The show debuted on September 20 , 1984 . While the show was shelved for an extended amount of time in early 1984 , Danza was arrested for fighting in a New York bar after a fellow patron made a rude remark about his female companion . A few months later , Who 's the Boss ? resumed taping . During his court date that July , Danza faced a choice of jail time or community service as a result of battery and other charges . Danza opted for community service , which was still ongoing when the series premiered . < reference needed > Later in the show 's run , it was reported that Danza was exhibiting erratic behavior on the set . These stories ranged from Danza getting after the directors , to arguments with the writers over minor script revisions . While it was uncovered that only the writing became an issue for Danza , his frustrations to have the show be a `` well - oiled machine '' boiled over at the start of the 1989 -- 90 season , when he staged a walkout for two weeks until he calmed down . In the meantime , the remainder of the cast filmed scenes without him . Upon his return , Danza offered an apology to everyone on the set and resumed work . However , the crew then monitored Danza 's mood and a few weeks later made light of the whole incident by issuing shirts on set that said `` I survived week six , '' according to E ! True Hollywood Story . In the fall of 1991 , after seven years on its established Tuesday night slot , Who 's the Boss ? was moved to Saturday nights at 8 : 00 p.m. ( against NBC 's The Golden Girls ) , along with fellow long - running sitcom Growing Pains . In February 1992 , ABC added the long - running Perfect Strangers and the new cartoon Capitol Critters to the night . It was promoted as the new I Love Saturday Night lineup , an equivalent to the hit Friday TGIF block . Who 's the Boss ? moved to 8 : 30 p.m. , with Capital Critters as its lead - in . The I Love Saturday Night banner proved to be short - lived , folding on February 29 , 1992 ; Who 's the Boss ? moved back into the Saturday 8 / 7c slot in early March . The series ' ratings dropped significantly in its new time slot , and the decision was made to end the series that spring . The hour - long series finale aired on Saturday , April 25 , 1992 , along with the finales for Growing Pains and MacGyver . Who 's the Boss ? reruns continued to air through the summer . < reference needed > Impact ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Early reviews of the series were lukewarm . Jerry Buck , writing for Ocala Star - Banner , noted that while the series `` does n't have the same impact ( as The Cosby Show ) , it 's not bad , either . '' He compared Danza and Light 's on - screen chemistry to Katharine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy . The Pittsburgh Press criticized that `` the show may have a universal theme ( but ) it 's hard to find , '' while Duane Dudek of Milwaukee Journal Sentinel summed the series as a `` pleasant little sitcom '' which was not a `` struggle for mastery ( but ) in some ways , a rather old - fashioned love story . '' John J. O'Connor of The New York Times was complimentary of the female leads , Light and Helmond , but was concerned if Danza , who `` spends a good deal of time with his shirt off and his thick weight - lifted physique '' would `` keep this sitcom in ratings shape . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Who 's the Boss ? was nominated for more than forty awards , including ten Primetime Emmy Award and five Golden Globe Award nominations , winning one each ; Katherine Helmond received the 1989 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film , while Mark J. Levin was awarded the 1989 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lighting Direction for a Comedy Series for his work on the episode `` Two on a Billboard . '' Frequently nominated at the annual Young Artist Awards , Milano earned three awards for her portrayal of Samantha . Danny Pintauro and recurring guest Scott Bloom received one award each . Theme song ( edit ) The show 's theme song , `` Brand New Life '' , was written by series creators and executive producers Cohan and Hunter , with music composed by Larry Carlton and Robert Kraft . Three versions were used throughout the series ' run , which were performed by Larry Weiss ( 1984 -- 86 ) , Steve Wariner ( 1986 -- 89 ) , and Jonathan Wolff ( 1989 -- 92 ) . The third version was first used for the last eight episodes of season six , and a very minor revision of that particular version of the theme was used during seasons seven and eight . Distribution ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) ABC aired reruns of Who 's the Boss ? at 11 : 00 A.M. ( EST ) during its daytime schedule from June 1 , 1987 until July 1 , 1988 , after which the show entered into its first local syndication run ( September 1988 ) . It was replaced by Growing Pains on the daytime schedule . Who 's the Boss ? aired on TBS Superstation in the 1990s after it was canceled , and was also added to the ABC Family lineup in the late 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) . Nick at Nite broadcast the show between 2004 and 2006 . In 2005 , TV Land broadcast the show as part of Nick at Nite 's 20th Anniversary Celebration . The series also aired on Ion Television from July 2007 to February 2008 , airing Monday - Thursdays at 9 : 00 and 9 : 30 p.m. ET . It began airing on the Hallmark Channel in an early afternoon weekday block beginning on May 17 , 2010 and ran until April 2 , 2011 . The series began airing on TVGN in July 2012 , and on Hub Network from April 2 until August 30 , 2013 . On June 1 , 2014 , the show joined the regular TV Land schedule . Several episodes from seasons one , two , and eight can be viewed for free in Minisode format on Crackle , which is owned by Sony Pictures Television . DVD Release ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of Who 's the Boss ? on DVD in Region 1 on June 8 , 2004 . Spin - offs ( edit ) The first attempted Who 's the Boss ? spin - off had its origins in the final episode of season two , `` Charmed Lives '' , a backdoor pilot for a program about two women up for the same job as well as overall being a series about the lives of single career women in the ' 80s . Starring Fran Drescher and Donna Dixon , it was not picked up as a series . In 1987 , producers had planned a spin - off entitled Mona , which focused on Mona 's character leaving Angela to help her brother Cornelius run a seedy hotel in Manhattan . The third season featured this plot in a two - part episode , but when ABC changed their mind about the spinoff , fearing what Mona 's departure could mean to the show , the ending was rewritten to feature Mona returning to Angela 's home . The third attempted spin - off , which did make it to series , was titled Living Dolls . Premiering and ending in 1989 , the show starred Leah Remini , Michael Learned , and Halle Berry . The show featured Remini , who had appeared in two Who 's the Boss ? episodes as a friend of Samantha 's , as a homeless model taken under the wing of an agent played by Learned . In those same Who 's the Boss ? episodes , Jonathan Ward played Learned 's son Rick ; in the Living Dolls series , David Moscow took over the role . International versions ( edit ) Several versions of Who 's the Boss ? have been produced for foreign television markets . Some are dubbed and others are remakes . In many cases the names of the lead characters were changed : Aired in France starting 1987 , first on Antenne 2 ( now France 2 ) , then on M6 . The show was renamed Madame est servie ( `` Dinner is served '' , but literally `` Madam is served '' , referring to Tony being Angela 's housekeeper ) . When the entire series aired in Canada on Radio - Canada , only the pilot intro was used ( with shots of the van going around the block after leaving Tony 's apartment , and a shot of Samantha and Tony in the van ) . In Italy , the first two seasons were aired in 1989 on minor network Odeon TV as Casalingo Superpiù ( Super Housekeeper ) ; Katherine Helmond 's character name was changed from Mona to Moira because in Italian , `` mona '' has a sexual reference . In the United Kingdom , The Upper Hand aired on ITV from 1990 to 1996 while the original version was screened on the individual ITV regional stations . The show starred Joe McGann , Diana Weston , and Honor Blackman in the roles originally played by Tony Danza , Judith Light and Katherine Helmond respectively . In 1993 , Helmond herself appeared in an episode of this version as Madame Alexandra . Though the show had been broadcast in Germany in a dubbed version as Wer ist hier der Boss ? since 1992 on RTL Television , a year later , the channel produced 15 early episodes with a German cast . The show was called Ein Job fürs Leben ( A Life 's Job ) . Tony was renamed Vito , an Italian guest worker from Berlin - Neukölln and former striker of soccer club Hertha BSC . Angela Bower was renamed Barbara Hoffmann . Their home was located in Hamburg 's upscale suburb Othmarschen . Despite these little changes , the original scripts were used for shooting , and even the stage set was an almost identical replica of the original American set , with only minor details changed , such as paintings and bric - a-brac in German style . RTL Television gave the same treatment to Married ... with Children . The two shows shared the first hour on Thursdays in the prime time slot from 8 : 15 pm to 10 : 15 pm . A Spanish - language version , produced in Mexico by TV Azteca and Columbia TriStar International Television , debuted in 1998 under the title Una familia con Ángel starring Laura Luz and Daniel Martínez . It was broadcast in the U.S. on the Telemundo network . In 2005 , the Argentinian network Telefé also made its own local version called ¿ Quién es el Jefe ? , a direct translation of the original American title . It starred Nicolás Vázquez , Gianella Neyra and Carmen Barbieri in the adult roles . In 2006 , a Russian remake premiered that was titled Kto v dome khozyain ? ( which translates as `` Who is the head in this house ? '' ) . It ran for 2 years on CTC . It starred Anna Nevskaya ( as Daria , the boss ) and Andrey Noskov ( as Nikita , the housekeeper ) . In 2006 , Colombian network Caracol TV produced ¿ Quién manda a quién ? ( which was the title of the original show when dubbed in Spanish ) . A Polish version , I kto tu rządzi ? , debuted in 2007 on Polsat , starring Małgorzata Foremniak and Bogusław Linda . In Turkey , it is aired as Patron Kim ? ( Who 's the Boss ? ) on ATV Turkey . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dore , Shalini ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sitcom scribe Martin Cohan dies : Creator of ' Silver Spoons , ' ' Who 's the Boss ? '' was 77 `` . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Passings : Martin Cohan , co-creator of ' Who 's the Boss ? ' and a prolific TV writer and producer , dies at 77 '' . Los Angeles Times . May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Milano , Alyssa ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Baseball fan Alyssa Milano is ' Safe at Home ' '' . Today . MSN.com . p. 1 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burton Terry , Carol ( June 30 , 1985 ) . `` ' Who 's the Boss ? ' ABC Comedy Leader '' . The Victoria Advocate . Google Books . p. 37 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buck , Jerry ( September 20 , 1984 ) . `` For Comic Relief In ' Cosby Show ' '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Google Books . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dudek , Duane ( September 20 , 1984 ) . `` ' The Cosby Show ' Is A Classy New Sitcom '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Google Books . p. 32 . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( September 20 , 1984 ) . `` TV Review : Cosby In ABC Series On A New York Family '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards für Who ` s the Boss ? '' . IMDb . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who 'S The Boss ? A Television Heaven Review '' . Televisionheaven.co.uk . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Weiss , Award Winning Tunesmith of Rhinestone Cowboy fame '' . Rhinestonecowboy.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News Blog : ION Television July : Designing Women and Who 's the Boss ? Join Line - Up ; Still Standing Joins Atlanta TBS ; Network Notes '' . Sitcomsonline.com . June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's The Boss ? coming to TV Land in June ; FX and FXX set comedy premieres this summer '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the Boss ? -- Extras , Full Specs , and More in Official Press Release '' . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Television Pilots , 1937 -- 2012 By Vincent Terrace , p. 196 Jump up ^ Kelada , Asaad ( 1987 - 05 - 19 ) , A Moving Episode , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 Jump up ^ `` '' The Upper Hand '' Tunnel of Love ( 1993 ) `` . Imdb.com . February 22 , 1993 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Кто в доме хозяин ? '' . kinopoisk ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Who 's the Boss ? on IMDb Who 's the Boss ? at TV.com `` Who 's The Boss ? '' Resource page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_the_Boss%3F&oldid=821820299 '' Categories : 1984 American television series debuts 1992 American television series endings 1980s American sitcoms 1990s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Connecticut Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 20 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played billy on who's the boss	[ "By the fall of 1990, with Samantha beginning college and Jonathan in high school, Who's the Boss?, like other series getting on in years, added a new younger cast member. Producers brought in five-year-old Billy (Jonathan Halyalkar), a kid from the Micellis' old Brooklyn neighborhood, whose grandmother left Billy in Tony's care. He moved in with the Bower family in season 7. Billy was a comic foil to Tony, but also attempted to get into the mix in other characters' storylines. He only lasted that season, however. In the E! True Hollywood Story about the series, Katherine Helmond remarked that Halyalkar was a gifted performer, but had difficulty catching up to the pace of the acting and timing the senior cast members had long established with each other. He was written out of the show at the end of the season. In the beginning of season 8, it was briefly explained that Billy had gone to live with another foster family." ]	[ "Jonathan Halyalkar" ]
5896420308216839394	The Sound of Silence	The Sound of Silence - wikipedia The Sound of Silence Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Sound of Silence ( disambiguation ) . `` The Sound of Silence '' Single by Simon & Garfunkel from the album Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. and Sounds of Silence B - side `` We 've Got a Groovy Thing Goin ' '' Released Original recording : October 1964 Overdubbed version : September 13 , 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 10 , 1964 Columbia Studios , New York City June 15 , 1965 ( overdubbed version ) Genre Folk rock Length 3 : 05 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Tom Wilson Simon & Garfunkel singles chronology `` I 'm Lonesome '' ( 1963 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 1964 ) `` Homeward Bound '' ( 1966 ) `` I 'm Lonesome '' ( 1963 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 1965 ) `` Homeward Bound '' ( 1966 ) Paul Simon singles chronology `` Take Me to the Mardi Gras '' ( 1973 ) Take Me to the Mardi Gras 1973 `` The Sound of Silence ( Live ) '' ( 1974 ) The Sound of Silence ( Live ) 1974 `` Gone at Last '' ( 1975 ) Gone at Last 1975 Sounds of Silence track listing `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 1 ) `` Leaves That Are Green '' ( 2 ) Audio sample file help `` The Sound of Silence '' , originally `` The Sounds of Silence '' , is a song by the American music duo Simon & Garfunkel . The song was written by Paul Simon over a period of several months in 1963 and 1964 . A studio audition led to the duo signing a record deal with Columbia Records , and the song was recorded in March 1964 at Columbia Studios in New York City for inclusion on their debut album , Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. . Released in October 1964 , the album was a commercial failure and led to the duo breaking apart , with Paul Simon returning to England and Art Garfunkel to his studies at Columbia University . In spring 1965 , the song began to attract airplay at radio stations in Boston , Massachusetts , and throughout Florida . The growing airplay led Tom Wilson , the song 's producer , to remix the track , overdubbing electric instrumentation . Simon & Garfunkel were not informed of the song 's remix until after its release . The single was released in September 1965 . The song hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 1 , 1966 , leading the duo to reunite and hastily record their second album , which Columbia titled Sounds of Silence in an attempt to capitalize on the song 's success . The song was a top - ten hit in multiple countries worldwide , among them Australia , Austria , West Germany , Japan and the Netherlands . Generally considered a classic folk rock song , the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically important '' in 2013 along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album . Originally titled `` The Sounds of Silence '' on the album Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. , the song was re-titled for later compilations beginning with Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits . `` The Sound of Silence '' Song by Paul Simon from the album The Paul Simon Songbook Released August 1965 Recorded June -- July 1965 Length 3 : 19 Label CBS Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Reginald Warburghton Stanley West Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Origin and original recording 1.2 Remix 2 Chart performance 3 Reception 4 In popular culture 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Disturbed version 6.1 Accolades 6.2 Weekly charts 6.3 Year - end charts 6.4 Certifications 7 Other cover versions 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Origin and original Recording ( edit ) Paul Simon , the song 's composer , seen here in 1966 . Simon and Garfunkel became interested in folk music and the growing counterculture movement separately in the early 1960s . Having performed together previously under the name Tom and Jerry in the late 1950s , their partnership had since dissolved when they began attending college . In 1963 , they regrouped and began performing Simon 's original compositions locally in Queens . They billed themselves `` Kane & Garr '' , after old recording pseudonyms , and signed up for Gerde 's Folk City , a Greenwich Village club that hosted Monday night performances . In September 1963 , the duo performed three new songs , among them `` The Sound of Silence '' , getting the attention of Columbia Records producer Tom Wilson , who worked with Bob Dylan . Simon convinced Wilson to let him and his partner have a studio audition , where a performance of `` The Sound of Silence '' got the duo signed to Columbia . The song 's origin and basis remain unclear , with multiple answers coming forward over the years . Many believe that the song commented on the John F. Kennedy assassination , as the song was released three months after the assassination . Simon stated unambiguously in interviews however , `` I wrote The Sound of Silence when I was 21 years old '' , which places the timeframe firmly prior to the JFK tragedy , with Simon also explaining that the song was written in his bathroom , where he turned off the lights to better concentrate . `` The main thing about playing the guitar , though , was that I was able to sit by myself and play and dream . And I was always happy doing that . I used to go off in the bathroom , because the bathroom had tiles , so it was a slight echo chamber . I 'd turn on the faucet so that water would run ( I like that sound , it 's very soothing to me ) and I 'd play . In the dark . ' Hello darkness , my old friend / I 've come to talk with you again ' . '' In a more recent interview , Simon was directly asked , `` How is a 21 year old person thinkin ' about the words in that song ? '' His reply was , `` I have no idea . '' According to Garfunkel , Simon originally wrote the lyric as `` Aloha darkness , my old friend . '' Garfunkel once summed up the song 's meaning as `` the inability of people to communicate with each other , not particularly internationally but especially emotionally , so what you see around you are people unable to love each other . '' To promote the release of their debut album , Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. , the duo performed again at Folk City , as well as two shows at the Gaslight Café , which went over poorly . Dave Van Ronk , a folk singer , was at the performances , and noted that several in the audience regarded their music as a joke . `` ' Sounds of Silence ' actually became a running joke : for a while there , it was only necessary to start singing ' Hello darkness , my old friend ... ' and everybody would crack up . '' Wednesday Morning , 3 AM sold only 3,000 copies upon its October release , and its dismal sales led Simon to move to London , England . While there , he recorded a solo album , The Paul Simon Songbook ( 1965 ) , which features a rendition of the song , titled `` The Sounds of Silence '' . The original recording of the song is in D ♯ minor , using the chords D ♯ m , C ♯ , B and F ♯ . Simon plays a guitar with a capo on the sixth fret , using the shapes for Am , G , F and C chords . The vocal span goes from C ♯ 4 to F ♯ 5 in the song . Remix ( edit ) The song 's heavy airplay in Cocoa Beach , Florida alerted Columbia to release the single . Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. had been a commercial failure before producer Tom Wilson was alerted that radio stations had begun to play `` The Sound of Silence '' in spring 1965 . A late - night disc jockey at WBZ in Boston began to spin `` The Sound of Silence '' overnight , where it found a college demographic . Students at Harvard and Tufts University responded well , and the song made its way down the East Coast pretty much `` overnight '' , `` all the way to Cocoa Beach , Florida , where it caught the students coming down for spring break . '' A promotional executive for Columbia went to give away free albums of new artists , and beach - goers only were interested in the artists behind `` The Sound of Silence '' . He phoned the home office in New York , alerting them of its appeal . An alternate version of the story states that Wilson attended Columbia 's July 1965 convention in Miami , where the head of the local sales branch raved about the song 's airplay . Folk rock was beginning to make waves on pop radio , with Bob Dylan 's `` Like a Rolling Stone '' and the Byrds ' `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' ( also a Dylan song ) charting high . Wilson listened to the song several times , considering it too soft for a wide release . Afterwards , he turned on the Byrds ' `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' , which gave him the idea to remix the song , overdubbing rock instrumentation . He employed musicians Al Gorgoni ( and Vinnie Bell ) on guitar , Bob Bushnell on bass , and Bobby Gregg on drums . The tempo on the original recording was uneven , making it difficult for the musicians to keep the song in time . Engineer Roy Halee employed a heavy echo on the remix , which was a common trait of the Byrds ' hits . The single was first serviced to college FM rock stations , and a commercial single release followed on September 13 , 1965 . The lack of consultation with Simon and Garfunkel on Wilson 's remix was because , although still contracted to Columbia Records at the time , the musical duo at that time was no longer a `` working entity '' . In the fall of 1965 , Simon was in Denmark , performing at small clubs , and picked up a copy of Billboard , as he had routinely done for several years . Upon seeing `` The Sounds of Silence '' in the Billboard Hot 100 , he bought a copy of Cashbox and saw the same thing . Several days later , Garfunkel excitedly called Simon to inform him of the single 's growing success . A copy of the 7 '' single arrived in the mail the next day , and according to friend Al Stewart , `` ( Paul ) was horrified when he first heard it ... ( when the ) rhythm section slowed down at one point so that Paul and Artie 's voices could catch up . '' Garfunkel was far less concerned about the remix , feeling conditioned to the process of trying to create a hit single : `` It 's interesting . I suppose it might do something . It might sell , '' he told Wilson . Chart performance ( edit ) `` The Sound of Silence '' first broke in Boston , where it became one of the top - selling singles in early November 1965 ; it spread to Miami and Washington , D.C. two weeks later , reaching number one in Boston and debuting on the Billboard Hot 100 . Throughout the month of January 1966 `` The Sound of Silence '' had a one - on - one battle with The Beatles ' `` We Can Work It Out '' for the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 . The former was No. 1 for the weeks of January 1 and 22 and No. 2 for the intervening two weeks . The latter held the top spot for the weeks of January 8 , 15 , and 29 , and was No. 2 for the two weeks that `` The Sound of Silence '' was No. 1 . Overall , `` The Sound of Silence '' spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart . In the wake of the song 's success , Simon promptly returned to the United States to record a new Simon & Garfunkel album at Columbia 's request . He later described his experiences learning the song went to No. 1 , a story he repeated in numerous interviews : I had come back to New York , and I was staying in my old room at my parents ' house . Artie was living at his parents ' house , too . I remember Artie and I were sitting there in my car one night , parked on a street in Queens , and the announcer ( on the radio ) said , `` Number one , Simon & Garfunkel . '' And Artie said to me , `` That Simon & Garfunkel , they must be having a great time . '' Because there we were on a street corner ( in my car in ) Queens , smoking a joint . We did n't know what to do with ourselves . For his part , Garfunkel had a different memory of the song 's success : We were in L.A. Our manager called us at the hotel we were staying at . We were both in the same room . We must have bunked in the same room in those days . I picked up the phone . He said , ' Well , congratulations . Next week you will go from five to one in Billboard . ' It was fun . I remember pulling open the curtains and letting the brilliant sun come into this very red room , and then ordering room service . That was good . '' Reception ( edit ) In 1999 , BMI named `` The Sound of Silence '' as the 18th most - performed song of the 20th century . In 2004 , it was ranked No. 157 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , one of the duo 's three songs on the list . The song is now considered `` the quintessential folk rock release '' . On March 21 , 2013 , the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for long - term preservation along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album . In Popular culture ( edit ) When director Mike Nichols and Sam O'Steen were editing the 1967 film The Graduate , they initially timed some scenes to this song , intending to substitute original music for the scenes . However , they eventually concluded that an adequate substitute could not be found and decided to purchase the rights for the song for the soundtrack . This was an unusual decision for the time , as the song had charted over a year earlier and recycling established music for film was not commonly done . The song was parodied by The Simpsons ( as ' The Sound of Grampa ' ) in the closing credits of the episode `` Lady Bouvier 's Lover '' . With the practice of using well - known songs for films becoming commonplace , `` The Sound of Silence '' has since been used for other films , such as Kingpin ( 1996 ) , Old School ( 2003 ) , Bobby ( 2006 ) , Watchmen ( 2009 ) , and Trolls ( 2016 ) . In the German TV movie Ein Drilling Kommt Selten Allein the song was sung by grandparents to calm down crying triplets . It appeared on the fourth season of the television series Arrested Development in 2013 as a running gag of characters ' inner reflections . The Rush song `` The Spirit of Radio '' ends with a satirical homage to the final lines of `` The Sound of Silence '' : `` For the words of the profits were written on the studio wall , concert hall , and echoes with the sounds of salesmen '' . In 2016 the song was further popularized by the `` Sad Affleck '' internet meme , which depicts Ben Affleck 's reaction towards the negative reviews of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 -- 68 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 11 Canada RPM West German Media Control Charts 9 Japanese Oricon Singles Chart Netherlands Singles Chart 10 New Zealand ( Listener ) Spanish Singles Chart 17 Swiss Singles Chart 94 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Zimbabwe Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 54 US Cash Box Top 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` CC C '' ( ja ) by The Tigers ( ja ) Japanese Oricon Singles Chart number - one single September 9 -- 16 , 1968 Succeeded by `` Koi no Kisetsu '' ( ja ) by Pinky & Killers ( ja ) Preceded by `` Over and Over '' by The Dave Clark Five Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 1 , 1966 Succeeded by `` We Can Work It Out '' by The Beatles Preceded by `` We Can Work It Out '' by The Beatles Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 22 , 1966 ( second run ) Succeeded by `` We Can Work It Out '' by The Beatles Disturbed version ( edit ) `` The Sound of Silence '' Single by Disturbed from the album Immortalized Released December 7 , 2015 Format 12 '' digital download Genre Piano rock Length 4 : 08 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Kevin Churko Disturbed singles chronology `` The Light '' ( 2015 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 2015 ) `` Open Your Eyes '' ( 2016 ) `` The Light '' ( 2015 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 2015 ) `` Open Your Eyes '' ( 2016 ) A cover version was released by American heavy metal band Disturbed on December 7 , 2015 . A music video was released on December 7 , 2015 . Their cover hit number one on the Billboard Hard Rock Digital Songs and Mainstream Rock charts , and is their highest - charting song on the Hot 100 , peaking at number 42 . It is also their highest - charting single in Australia , peaking at number 4 . David Draiman sings it in the key of F # m . The chord progression is F # m , E , D , A . The first two verses are almost an octave lower than the original and jumped up an octave for the last three verses . His vocal span goes from E2 to A4 in scientific pitch notation . In April 2016 , Paul Simon endorsed the cover . Additionally , on April 1 , Simon sent lead vocalist Draiman an email praising Disturbed 's performance of the rendition on late - night talk show Conan . Simon wrote : `` Really powerful performance on Conan the other day . First time I 'd seen you do it live . Nice . Thanks . '' Draiman responded , `` Mr. Simon , I am honored beyond words . We only hoped to pay homage and honor to the brilliance of one of the greatest songwriters of all time . Your compliment means the world to me / us and we are eternally grateful . '' As of September 2017 , the single had sold over 1.5 million digital downloads and had been streamed over 54 million times , estimated Nielsen Music . The music video has over 300 million views on YouTube , while the live performance on Conan has over 60 million , making it the most watched video from the show . On September 27 , 2016 , the cover was added to Rock Band 4 as downloadable content . The cover also featured on the The Blacklist ( TV Series ) season 5 episode 8 . Accolades ( edit ) Region Year Publication Accolade Rank United States 2015 Loudwire 20 Best Rock Songs of 2016 10 Best Rock Videos of 2016 Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 40 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 48 France ( SNEP ) 191 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 57 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 Portugal ( AFP ) 44 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 45 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 8 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Hard Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 44 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 1,502,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dutch singer Boudewijn de Groot included a Dutch translation of the song ( `` Het geluid van stilte '' ) on his self - titled 1965 debut album . In 1966 , Spanish rock band Los Mustang recorded a Spanish - language cover of the song , entitled `` El Ritmo Del Silencio '' . Irish trio The Bachelors had a top 10 hit in Ireland ( # 9 ) and the UK ( # 3 ) with the song in 1966 . In 1966 , South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song to his album Hugh Masekela 's Next Album . In 1967 , Jamaican reggae bands The Soul Vendors and The Gaylads recorded a cover of the song . Jazz zinger Carmen McRae covered the song for her 1968 Album of the same name . Mercy released a version of the song on their 1969 album , Love Can Make You Happy . Swedish singer Anni - Frid Lyngstad recorded a Swedish - language cover of the song , entitled `` En ton av tystnad '' , which was featured on her 1971 debut album , Frida . Serbian and former Yugoslav acoustic music duo Vlada i Bajka recorded a Serbian language version of the song , `` Zvuk tišine '' , released on a single in 1971 . Israeli duo The Parvarim recorded a Hebrew - language version on their 1972 LP The Parvarim Sing Simon & Garfunkel . The lyric was translated by Ehud Manor . Los Angeles punk band The Dickies recorded a cover of the song , released on a single in 1978 . French singer Gérard Lenorman in his 1981 album D'amour , featured a rewritten lyrics of this song , and he named it `` Chanson d'innocence '' . In 1986 , Stanley Jordan recorded an instrumental version on his Standards , Vol. 1 album . In the late 1980s , The Fools often covered `` The Sound of Silence '' at their live performances . One such performance was released on the band 's 1987 live album Wake Up ... It 's Alive ! ! ! . The album was re-released with more tracks in 1993 as Wake Up ... It 's Alive ! ! ! ( Again ) . American heavy metal band Heir Apparent covered `` The Sound of Silence '' 1989 album One Small Voice . In 1990 , Brazilian singers Leandro e Leonardo covered `` The Sound of Silence '' , re-written as the love song `` É Por Você que Canto '' ( `` It is For You That I Sing '' ) . This version has since been re-covered by other groups . In 1996 , Filipino singer Regine Velasquez interpolated the song as a `` Prologue '' and an `` Epilogue '' for her album Retro . In 1996 , Icelandic singer Emilíana Torrini covered `` The Sound of Silence '' . In 1997 , South African metal band The Awakening covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their debut album Risen . Another version was recorded for their 2014 compilation album Anthology XV . In 1999 , Gregorian covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album Masters of Chant . In 2000 , Atrocity covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their EP Sounds of Silence . In 2000 , Nevermore covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album Dead Heart in a Dead World . In 2005 , Italian singer Andrea Parodi , together with American guitarist Al Di Meola , covered the song , writing new lyrics in Sardinian language and renaming it Deo ti Gheria Maria ( The Sound of Silence ) . This version is featured in his live album Midsummer Night in Sardinia . Italian classical singer Michéal Castaldo recorded an Italian version of this song on his 2010 album Aceto . In 2007 , rock duo Shaw Blades covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their second album , Influence . In 2007 , New Zealand singer Brooke Fraser , released a live cover version on the deluxe edition of her album Albertine . In 2008 , the band Ascension of the Watchers covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album Numinosum . In 2009 , Bananarama covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their tenth album Viva as an iTunes bonus track . In 2010 , Polish singer Ania Dąbrowska covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on her album `` Ania Movie '' . In 2010 , Sharleen Spiteri covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on her album The Movie Songbook . In 2010 , Sufjan Stevens included lyrics from `` The Sound of Silence '' in his song `` All Delighted People '' from the album of the same name . In 2010 , the duo Peixoto & Maxado recorded a smooth ska version of `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album `` I Wanna Shoyu '' In 2011 , Phil and Tim Hanseroth covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on Brandi Carlile 's album Live at Benaroya Hall with the Seattle Symphony . In 2011 Kina Grannis covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on the deluxe edition of her album Stairwells . In 2011 , jazz guitarist Pat Metheny opened on his Grammy Award - winning solo cover album What It 's All About with `` The Sound of Silence '' . In August 30 of 2011 , Bobaflex released Hell In My Heart with their version of `` The Sound of Silence '' as track 15 . Two of Celtic Thunder 's principal singers Keith Harkin and Colm Keegan covered the song for their 2013 album Mythology . In 2013 , husband - wife duo Jenny & Tyler recorded the song as a part of their cover album For Freedom , the proceeds of which they designated for the International Justice Mission . In 2015 , Allison covered `` The Sound of Silence '' for the soundtrack in the 2015 French television series L'Emprise . The song charted on the official French Singles Chart , the SNEP . In 2015 , James Blake covered `` The Sound of Silence '' and released the track on his official YouTube channel . British musician Passenger regularly plays the song live following his own song `` Riding To New York '' . In 2016 , American Idol finalist Dalton Rapattoni covered the song on Top 5 night . A cover of this song was used on the TV series Timeless . In 2016 , the movie Trolls featured a cover in its entirety by Anna Kendrick . In 2017 , Jew in the City released a music video covering `` The Sound of Silence '' featuring The Maccabeats with visuals drawn from a reinterpretation of the lyrics , such as `` People talking without speaking '' and `` the people bowed and prayed / To the neon god they made , '' to refer to modern communications technology and mobile phone overuse . In February 2017 , Todd Hoffman from Gold Rush ( TV Series ) released his own cover version on Social Media recorded by Black Diamond Recording Studios . The cover version went viral later on in the year and as of November 2017 had received over 5 million views . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` What is Folk - Rock Music ? '' . ThoughtCo . About.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mastropolo , Frank ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` 51 Years Ago : Simon & Garfunkel Record Their First Classic , ' The Sounds of Silence ' '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel -- Simon And Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits '' . Discogs . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Simon - Interview - 7 / 6 / 1986 ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Paul Simon chats about his youth . YouTube . April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Tony ( February 1984 ) . `` Playboy Interview '' ( PDF ) . Playboy . 31 ( 2 ) : 49 -- 51 , 162 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Paul Simon opens up about hit songs ' inspiration . June 5 , 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` SOUND OF SILENCE CHORDS ( ver 3 ) by Simon & Garfunkel @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com '' . Tabs.ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel `` The Sound of Silence '' Sheet Music in D Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print - SKU : MN0077042 `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Joe Bosso ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Art Garfunkel on his new greatest hits CD , The Singer '' . Music Radar . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Simons , David . Studio Stories . pp. 95 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth , Chris ( 1996 ) . `` Sound of Silence '' . The Complete Guide to the Music of Paul Simon and Simon & Garfunkel . Omnibus Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Simons , David ( 2004 ) . Studio Stories : How the Great New York Records Were Made . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . pp. 94 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sellers in Top Markets '' . 77 ( 45 ) . Billboard . November 6 , 1965 : 14 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sellers in Top Markets '' . 77 ( 47 ) . Billboard . November 20 , 1965 : 14 -- 15 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard Charts Archives for 1965 and 1966 ^ Jump up to : Fornatale 2007 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` '' BMI Top 100 Songs of the Century : 8 Million+ Performances `` '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2001 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , 1999 ( archive.org copy ) Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 2005 ) . `` Folk Rock '' . Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound . Volume 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Routledge . p. 408 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93835 - X . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel song among those to be preserved '' . CFN13 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark ( 2008 ) . Pictures at a Revolution . Penguin . pp. 360 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simon & Garfunkel 's ' Sound of Silence ' Hits Hot Rock Songs Top 10 , Thanks to ' Sad Affleck ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` SImon & Garfunkel 's Sound of Silence charts thanks to Sad Ben Affleck '' . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sounds of Silence '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RPM Top Singles , March 1 , 1966 Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 25 March 1966 Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Simon & Garfunkel : The Sounds of Silence '' . swisscharts.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 1 / 29 / 66 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1966 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1966 / Top 100 Songs of 1966 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Cash Box Year - End Charts : 1966 / Top 100 Pop Singles , December 24 , 1966 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Simon & Garfunkel -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Sounds of Silence '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Billboard ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Disturbed 's Haunting Simon & Garfunkel Cover Tops Mainstream Rock Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Return with ' Immortalized ' - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Video Premiere : Disturbed 's Cover Version Of Simon & Garfunkel 's ' The Sound Of Silence ' '' . Blabbermouth . ^ Jump up to : `` Hard Rock Digital Songs , Jan 2 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Silence - d Guitars : Disturbed 's Haunting Simon & Garfunkel Cover Tops Mainstream Rock Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` THE SOUND OF SILENCE CHORDS by Disturbed @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com '' . Tabs.ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed `` The Sound of Silence '' Sheet Music in F# Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print - SKU : MN0164135 `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Simon Endorses Disturbed 's ' Sound of Silence ' Cover '' . Ultimateclassicrock.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Receive Paul Simon Approval for ' Sound of Silence ' '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ayers , Mike ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` With ' The Sound of Silence , ' Disturbed Finds a Crossover Moment - Speakeasy - WSJ '' . Blogs.wsj.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Best Rock Songs of 2016 '' . Loudwire . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Rock Videos of 2016 '' . Loudwire . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201648 into search . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 38 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 01 / 2017 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 19 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles ( Week 22 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' Billboard . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CHART WATCH # 385 '' . auspOp . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Disturbed in the field Interpret . Enter The Sound of Silence in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Disturbed ; ' The Sound of Silence ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Disturbed in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select The Sound of Silence and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Disturbed ; ' The Sound of Silence ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter The Sound of Silence in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ' Het geluid van stilte ' lyrics '' . Boudewijn de Groot homepage . Boudewijndegroot.nl . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Covers by Los Mustang '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Vendors and The Gaylads cover of Simon & Garfunkel 's The Sounds of Silence - WhoSampled '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ Mercy , Love Can Make You Happy Retrieved May 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Vlada I Bajka : Cecilia / Zvuk Tišine ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Dickies : silent night / sounds of silence 7 '' ( FLEX ! discography ) `` . Jump up ^ Leonardo . `` Leonardo : Discografia '' ( Flash ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Viva by Bananarama on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Peixoto & Maxado - Sounds of Silence ( Simon & Garfunkel ) '' ( Peixoto & Maxado ) `` . Jump up ^ Allmusic . `` Hell In My Heart - Bobaflex - Songs , Reviews , Credits - Allmusic '' . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lescharts.com Allisob ( FR - `` The Sound of Silence '' song page Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Recap : Contestants Sing Songs Picked by Fans , Top 5 is Revealed Billboard '' . March 17 , 2016 . Dalton Rapattoni was also voted through , and Idol fans selected `` Numb '' by Linkin Park for him to sing ( ... ) Rapattoni was up again , this time singing `` The Sound Of Silence '' by Simon & Garfunkel . Jump up ^ Josephs , Allison . `` Jew in the City Presents `` The Sound of Silence '' feat . The Maccabeats `` . Jew in the City . Jew in the City . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Bibliography Eliot , Marc ( 2010 ) . Paul Simon : A Life . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 43363 - 8 . Fornatale , Pete ( 2007 ) . Simon and Garfunkel 's Bookends . Rodale . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 427 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lyrics of Disturbed cover at MetroLyrics Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon Art Garfunkel Studio albums Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. Sounds of Silence Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme Bookends Bridge over Troubled Water Live albums The Concert in Central Park Live from New York City , 1967 Old Friends : Live on Stage Live 1969 Compilation albums Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits Collected Works The Simon and Garfunkel Collection 20 Greatest Hits The Definitive Simon and Garfunkel Old Friends The Best of Simon and Garfunkel Two Can Dream Alone Tales from New York : The Very Best of Simon & Garfunkel The Columbia Studio Recordings ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Tom & Jerry The Essential Simon & Garfunkel The Collection : Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel : The Complete Albums Collection Soundtrack albums The Graduate Videos The Concert in Central Park Old Friends : Live on Stage Discographies Simon & Garfunkel Art Garfunkel Paul Simon Other Songs recorded Paul Simon solo albums Paul Simon songs Art Garfunkel solo albums Bridge over Troubled Water ( Paul Desmond album ) Book Category Simon & Garfunkel singles Discography List of songs recorded Sounds of Silence `` The Sound of Silence '' / `` We 've Got A Groovey Thing Goin ' '' `` I Am a Rock '' / `` Flowers Never Bend With The Rainfall '' Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme `` Homeward Bound '' / `` Leaves That Are Green '' `` The Dangling Conversation '' / `` The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine '' `` Scarborough Fair / Canticle '' / `` April Come She Will '' Bookends `` A Hazy Shade of Winter '' / `` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' `` At the Zoo '' / `` The 59th Street Bridge Song ( Feelin ' Groovy ) '' `` Fakin ' It '' / `` You Do n't Know Where Your Interest Lies '' `` Mrs. Robinson '' / `` Old Friends '' / `` Bookends '' Bridge over Troubled Water `` The Boxer '' / `` Baby Driver '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' / `` Keep the Customer Satisfied '' `` Cecilia '' / `` The Only Living Boy in New York '' `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' / `` Why Do n't You Write Me '' Other singles Hey Schoolgirl Our Song This is my Song Surrender , Please Surrender I 'm Lonesome `` America '' `` My Little Town '' `` Wake Up Little Susie '' Other songs `` Richard Cory '' `` Patterns '' `` A Simple Desultory Philippic ( or How I Was Robert McNamara 'd into Submission ) '' `` 7 O'Clock News / Silent Night '' `` Save the Life of My Child '' `` Overs '' `` Punky 's Dilemma '' `` So Long , Frank Lloyd Wright '' Category Paul Simon songs Discography The Paul Simon Songbook `` I Am a Rock '' Paul Simon `` Mother and Child Reunion '' `` Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard '' `` Duncan '' There Goes Rhymin ' Simon `` Kodachrome '' `` Loves Me Like a Rock '' `` American Tune '' `` Take Me to the Mardi Gras '' Paul Simon in Concert : Live Rhymin ' `` The Sound of Silence '' Still Crazy After All These Years `` Gone at Last '' `` My Little Town '' `` 50 Ways to Leave Your Lover '' `` Still Crazy After All These Years '' Greatest Hits , Etc . `` Slip Slidin ' Away '' One - Trick Pony `` Stranded in a Limousine '' `` Late in the Evening '' `` One - Trick Pony '' `` Oh , Marion '' Hearts and Bones `` Allergies '' `` The Late Great Johnny Ace '' `` Think Too Much '' Graceland `` You Can Call Me Al '' `` Graceland '' `` The Boy in the Bubble '' `` Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes '' `` Under African Skies '' `` Homeless '' The Rhythm of the Saints `` The Obvious Child '' `` Proof '' `` Born at the Right Time '' You 're the One `` Old '' `` You 're the One '' Surprise `` Father and Daughter '' `` That 's Me '' `` Outrageous '' So Beautiful or So What `` Getting Ready for Christmas Day '' `` The Afterlife '' Featured singles `` Wonderful World '' `` The Blues '' `` The Boxer '' `` New York Is My Home '' Other songs `` Something So Right '' `` St. Judy 's Comet '' `` Rene and Georgette Magritte with Their Dog after the War '' `` Thelma '' Category The Bachelors Studio albums The Bachelors and 16 Great Songs Songs `` ( I 'll Be With You ) In Apple Blossom Time '' `` Charmaine '' `` Far Away Places '' `` Diane '' `` I Believe '' `` Ramona '' `` In the Chapel in the Moonlight '' `` Hello , Dolly ! '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` The Unicorn '' `` I 'll Walk with God '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` Where the Blue of the Night ( Meets the Gold of the Day ) '' Disturbed David Draiman Dan Donegan Mike Wengren John Moyer Steve Kmak Erich Awalt Studio albums The Sickness Believe Ten Thousand Fists Indestructible Asylum Immortalized Compilation albums The Lost Children EPs Live & Indestructible Singles `` Stupify '' `` Down with the Sickness '' `` Voices '' `` The Game '' `` Prayer '' `` Remember '' `` Liberate '' `` Guarded '' `` Stricken '' `` Just Stop '' `` Land of Confusion '' `` Ten Thousand Fists '' `` Inside the Fire '' `` Perfect Insanity '' `` Indestructible '' `` The Night '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Asylum '' `` The Animal '' `` Warrior '' `` Hell '' `` 3 '' `` The Vengeful One '' `` Immortalized '' `` The Light '' `` The Sound of Silence '' Video M.O.L. Indestructible in Germany Concert tours Music as a Weapon Indestructible Tour Asylum Tour Related articles Discography Maya Guitar Series Covered , A Revolution in Sound Queen of the Damned The Union Underground Adrenaline Mob Device Fight or Flight Art of Anarchy Book : Disturbed Category : Disturbed Portal : Heavy metal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Silence&oldid=812067001 '' Categories : 1965 songs 1965 singles 2016 singles Songs written by Paul Simon Simon & Garfunkel songs Mercy ( band ) songs Disturbed ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Tom Wilson ( record producer ) Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Oricon Weekly number - one singles United States National Recording Registry recordings CBS Records singles Columbia Records singles Reprise Records singles John F. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song the sound of silence	[ "\"The Sound of Silence\", originally \"The Sounds of Silence\", is a song by the American music duo Simon & Garfunkel. The song was written by Paul Simon over a period of several months in 1963 and 1964. A studio audition led to the duo signing a record deal with Columbia Records, and the song was recorded in March 1964 at Columbia Studios in New York City for inclusion on their debut album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.." ]	[ "Paul Simon" ]
1673779012084951877	National Christmas Tree (United States)	National Christmas tree ( United States ) - wikipedia National Christmas tree ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christmas Tree placed on the Ellipse near the White House . For the Christmas Tree placed inside the White House , see White House Christmas tree . For the giant Sequoia known as the `` Nation 's Christmas Tree '' , see General Grant ( tree ) . Lighting of the National Christmas Tree and the Pageant of Peace A children 's choir from Olney Elementary School in Olney , Maryland , sing before the 2012 National Christmas Tree . Begins December 1 Ends January 1 Frequency Annual Location ( s ) The Ellipse , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Years active 1923 -- 1941 ; 1945 -- present Attendance 17,000 ( 2011 approximate ) Organized by National Park Foundation and Pageant of Peace , Inc . Website www.thenationaltree.org The National Christmas Tree is a large evergreen tree located in the northeast quadrant of The Ellipse near the White House in Washington , D.C. Each year since 1923 , the tree has been decorated as a Christmas tree . Every early December , the tree is traditionally lit by the President of the United States . Every president since Franklin D. Roosevelt has made formal remarks during the tree lighting ceremony . Since 1954 , the event has marked the start of month - long festivities known as the Pageant of Peace . Smaller trees representing the U.S. states , District of Columbia , and the five territories around the National Christmas Tree are referred to as the Pathway to Peace . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings of the National Christmas Tree tradition 1.1 1923 tree 1.2 1924 tree 1.3 1927 to 1933 trees 2 National Christmas Tree during the Great Depression and World War II 3 Post-War National Christmas Trees and the Pageant of Peace 3.1 Development of the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace 4 National Christmas Trees from 1955 to 1972 5 National Christmas Tree : Living trees since 1973 5.1 The first living trees : 1973 to 1977 5.2 The third living tree : 1978 to 2010 5.3 Recent replacement living trees : 2011 to present 6 Locations of the National Christmas Tree 7 Sources of National Christmas Trees 8 Organizing and decorating the National Christmas Tree 8.1 The modern Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace 9 Legal issues 10 Gallery of the U.S. National Christmas Tree in recent years 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Beginnings of the National Christmas tree tradition ( edit ) `` The first National Christmas Tree , '' lit on December 24 , 1923 , in the middle of the Ellipse outside the White House . 1923 tree ( edit ) The idea of a decorated , outdoor national Christmas tree originated with Frederick Morris Feiker . Feiker was a highly educated engineer who had been a technical journalist for General Electric from 1906 - 1907 and editor of Electrical World and Electrical Merchandising from 1915 to 1921 . In 1921 , Feiker joined the personal staff of United States Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover as a press aide . The Society for Electrical Development ( an electrical industry trade group ) was looking for a way to encourage people to purchase more electric Christmas lights and use electricity , and Feiker suggested that President Calvin Coolidge personally light the tree as a way of giving Christmas lights prominence and social cachet . Vermont Republican Senator Frank L. Greene accompanied Feiker to the White House , where they successfully convinced Coolidge to light the tree . Feiker arranged for Paul Moody , president of Middlebury College in Vermont to donate a 48 - foot ( 15 m ) tall balsam fir as the first National Christmas Tree . Middlebury College alumni paid to have it shipped via express to Washington . The branches on the lower 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) of the tree were damaged in transit , so cut branches from a local evergreen were tied to the tree to restore its appearance . Feiker put together a group of local civic organizations to erect the tree in the center of the Ellipse and decorate it , and the U.S. electrical industry donated $5,000 worth of electrical cables ( which were buried under the Ellipse and provided the tree with electricity ) . The site for the tree was personally approved by Grace Coolidge . Arrangements were also made to have 3,000 city school children present to sing Christmas carols and the United States Marine Band to play music . The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) agreed to broadcast the event on radio . The tree was decorated with more than 2,500 electric bulbs in red , white , and green donated by the Electric League of Washington . At 3 : 00 P.M. on December 24 , 1923 , a 100 - voice choir from the First Congregational Church assembled on the South Portico of the White House and began a two - hour concert of Christmas carols . At 5 : 00 P.M. ( dusk ) on Christmas Eve , President Coolidge touched a button at the foot of the tree which lit the lights and electric candles adorning the tree , but he did not speak . A searchlight from the nearby Washington Monument was trained on the tree to help illuminate it as well . The Coolidge family invited citizens of the city to sing Christmas carols on the Ellipse after dark . Between 5,000 and 6,000 people thronged the park , joined by 3,000 more people by 9 : 00 P.M. The crowds were joined by the Epiphany Church and First Congregational Church choirs , which sang carols , and the Marine Band played Christmas - themed music . The singing ended shortly before midnight . After the white residents of the city had dispersed , African American residents of the city were permitted on the park grounds to see the National Christmas Tree . An outdoor Christian worship service was held , and a mass choir composed of signing groups from area community centers sang more Christmas carols . An illuminated Christian cross was flashed on the Washington Monument , and men dressed as shepherds walked from the National Christmas Tree to the monument . 1924 tree ( edit ) President Coolidge lights the 1924 tree . The 1924 ceremony changed significantly . In April 1924 , Coolidge gave a speech to the American Forestry Association in which he criticized cutting down trees for use as Christmas decorations . Feiker believed this was the end of the Christmas tree lighting ceremony , but his wife suggested that a live tree be used instead . Feiker , accompanied by T.H. Ormesby of the Society for Electrical Development and Republican Representative Hamilton Fish II extended the invitation to light the tree to Coolidge on December 6 , which he again accepted . Will H. Hays , chairman of the Republican National Committee , was also chairman of Amawalk Nursery , and Hays arranged for a live , 30 - year - old , 35 - foot ( 11 m ) Norway spruce to be delivered to the capital . The tree arrived in the city on December 13 and was planted on December 18 on the west side of Sherman Plaza ( the patio , garden , and public square just south of the Treasury Building and its adjacent Alexander Hamilton Place ) . The tree was planted by the American Forestry Association , and decorated with 1,000 red , white , and green lights and white electric candles again provided by the Electric League of Washington . The organization donated the strings of lights to the federal government . Power was provided by the Potomac Electric Power Company via an open manhole on the plaza . The tree was now called the National Community Christmas Tree , and the Community Center Department of the District of Columbia Public Schools coordinated the choirs for the event while the United States Army Band provided music . Coolidge threw a switch at 8 : 00 P.M. to light the tree . It was the only year a switch was used ; before and since , a button has been pushed . Although he did not address the people , he and Mrs. Grace Coolidge stayed to sing Christmas carols with the large crowd of several thousand . Dr. Jason Noble Pierce , pastor of the First Congregational Church , wrote a new Christmas carol , `` Christmas Bells , '' which was dedicated to Mrs. Coolidge ( the Coolidge 's son , Calvin Coolidge , Jr. , had died on July 7 from blood poisoning ) . The 70 - voice First Congregational Church choir sang the carol for the Coolidges , accompanied by buglers and flute provided by the U.S. Army Band . 1927 to 1933 trees ( edit ) Over the next seven years , the annual National Community Christmas Tree lighting ceremony did not change in major ways . The lighting ceremony was pushed back to 6 : 00 P.M. in 1925 to better accommodate children 's bedtimes . In 1926 , a flare was fired into the air as the tree was illuminated , a tradition which occurred for several years . In 1927 , a bronze marker was placed at the base of the tree , declaring it the National Community Christmas Tree . The tree was decorated with improved lighting strings ( which only required 500 multi-colored bulbs ) as well as with 2,000 light - scattering jewels . Colored floodlights at the base of the tree also helped provide color . President Coolidge briefly addressed the crowd , beginning a tradition of a brief presidential speech during the ceremony . NBC broadcast a selection of Christmas carols from speakers placed around the tree from 9 : 00 P.M. until midnight . In 1928 , the time of the lighting ceremony was again moved to 8 : 00 P.M. That year , the Christmas lights were replaced completely by colored floodlights . An inspection of the National Community Christmas Tree in 1929 found that the tree had been severely damaged by the decoration process and the heat and weight of the lights . Amawalk nurseries again donated a living tree , this one a 35 - foot ( 11 m ) tall Norway spruce . It was planted on May 29 , 1929 . The year 1929 was special in other ways , too . It was the first time that Christmas tree decorations ( not just lights ) were placed on the tree . To prevent the tree from being damaged during decoration , scaffolding was erected around the tree ( instead of ladders placed into the branches ) , lighter strings of lights were used , lights with a lower wattage were employed , and a low fence erected around the tree so that its roots would not be trampled . Although much of the Christmas choral and music program remained unchanged ( the ceremony reverted to its 6 : 00 P.M. time again ) , the 1929 event was notable for another reason as well . That evening , as President Herbert Hoover and Mrs. Lou Henry Hoover entertained children from the local community , a fire broke out in the West Wing of the White House . While Mrs. Hoover quietly moved the children into the East Wing and safety , the President and other men rushed into the West Wing where they retrieved furniture , files , historic items , important papers , Hoover 's personal effects , and even a puppy ( being given as a gift to one of the children ) . The West Wing ( including the Oval Office ) was gutted and had to be rebuilt . The National Community Christmas Tree was again found to be so severely damaged in 1931 that it was replaced a second time . The National Park Service history of the tree concludes that although there is no documentation that the tree was removed , photographic evidence clearly shows the 35 - foot ( 11 m ) tall Norway spruce had been replaced by a 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) tall blue spruce . The National Park Service believes this tree was obtained from the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capitol ( an independent federal agency ) in the spring of 1931 . During the 1931 ceremony , a buzzer went off when Hoover lit the tree at 5 : 00 P.M. Because the button he pressed was not actually connected to the electricity , the buzzer alerted another official to actually light the tree . The button the president pushed would not be reconnected to actual electricity again until 1980 . Changes also occurred in 1932 . President Hoover and his family were vacationing away from the White House that year , so Vice President Charles Curtis lit the tree at 5 : 00 P.M. on December 24 . Loudspeakers connected to a phonograph were concealed in the branches of the tree , and Christmas carols were played every night from 6 : 00 P.M. to 10 : 00 P.M. until New Year 's Day . The Singing Tree was a hit with the public , and although music and choirs continued to perform each year , the tradition of the Singing Tree lasted for several more decades . In 1933 , the National Community Christmas Tree stood alone on Sherman Square . All plants but the National Christmas Tree had been removed from the area in the fall and the ground regraded as part of a widening of E Street NW . During early 1934 , the tree was cut down and replaced with double row of willow oaks . National Christmas tree during the great depression and World War II ( edit ) Program for the 1938 tree lighting ceremony , which marked the last time the National Christmas Tree ceremony was held in Lafayette Park . In 1934 , the National Christmas Tree was relocated to Lafayette Park north of the White House . The 1931 Norway spruce had again become damaged , and the National Park Service purchased two `` Koster '' blue spruce cultivars to plant on the west side of Sherman Square with the intent of using alternating between trees each year . But when it became clear later that year that the National Christmas Tree would have to be moved from Sherman Square , the agency asked the Commission of Fine Arts ( which had partial jurisdiction over planting decisions around the White House ) for permission to plant the two trees to the southeast and southwest of the statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square . The Commission of Fine Arts opposed the plan , and suggested that two fir trees be planted east and west of the statue instead . For a time , the National Park Service hoped to plant two trees ( of an undetermined species ) on the Ellipse near the White House , but in the end acceded to the Commission of Fine Art 's plan . Two 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) high Fraser firs from North Carolina were planted to the 18 to 23 feet ( 5.5 to 7.0 m ) east and west of the Jackson statue . The trees were planted just a few weeks before the tree lighting ceremony , and the western tree was chosen to begin the alternating use of the trees because it was more visible from the first family 's living quarters . During the tree lighting ceremony , President Roosevelt drew attention to the statue of Andrew Jackson and asked the American people to be as courageous in the face of the depression as Jackson had been throughout his lifetime . The tree did not light when Roosevelt threw the switch . The tree remained unlit for about five seconds while Roosevelt worriedly looked about , but then the lights came on . In 1935 , the 24 - foot ( 7.3 m ) high eastern tree was used . During the tree lighting ceremony , President Roosevelt extemporaneously poked fun at the previous year 's lighting glitch before exhorting all Americans to come together in courage and unity as did the famous American war heroes who are honored with statues in the park : Comte de Rochambeau , the Marquis de Lafayette , General Tadeusz Kos'ciuszko , Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , and Andrew Jackson . New star - shaped Christmas tree lights were used in 1935 , but some were stolen the week after Christmas . To discourage future thefts , a temporary low octagonal fence was constructed around the 1936 tree . The method of lighting the tree also changed . The National Park Service history of the tree claims that in 1936 or 1937 , the button used since 1925 was replaced by a switchbox . The Washington Post , however , indicates that the button was still used in 1936 . The box was definitely in use by 1937 . It was constructed and donated by the Electric Institute of Washington , and was engraved with the name of every person who had lit the tree since 1923 . In 1938 , the Electric Institute of Washington donated mercury - vapor floodlights to the federal government , which were used to help illuminate the tree . The National Community Christmas Tree in Lafayette Square , circa 1936 to 1938 . In 1939 , the National Community Christmas Tree was moved back to the Ellipse . Reasons for moving the event varied . The National Park Police said it was because the Ellipse was more spacious . A 36 - foot ( 11 m ) high red cedar was dug up from along the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway in Virginia , and planted just a few days before Christmas at a site just south of the center of the Ellipse . ( The tree was replanted back at its old site after January 1 , 1940 . ) The tree was the second - highest national Christmas tree in the history of the event , and it required 700 hand - colored light bulbs , 100 hand - crafted glass stars and several mercury - vapor floodlights to decorate and illuminate . More than 8,000 people attended the 1939 ceremony . The tradition of the `` Singing Tree '' was discontinued this year , however . The tradition of using a briefly - transplanted tree occurred again in 1940 . The 1940 tree was a 34 - foot ( 10 m ) high red cedar . More than 700 hand - colored lights , 700 ornaments , and six blue - green mercury - vapor lights were used to light and decorate the tree . Once more , the tree was taken from along the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway and replanted after January 1 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt speaks before lighting the 1941 National Christmas Tree . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ( right ) was a surprise guest . In 1941 , however , the National Christmas Tree was relocated to just inside the south fence on the South Lawn of the White House . President Roosevelt personally made the request ( after having discussed the issue with Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt on December 24 , 1940 ) so that the ceremony could be a more `` homey '' experience . Two live , 35 - foot ( 11 m ) high Oriental spruce trees were taken from the White House grounds itself and planted 100 feet ( 30 m ) north of the south fence of the White House ( each about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) off the north - south axis with the Jefferson Memorial ) . As with the trees in Lafayette Park , they were to be used in alternate years . After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , there was concern that the tree would not be lit due to security concerns . But the ceremony and musical program went ahead as planned , with the east tree serving as the year 's National Community Christmas Tree . On December 22 , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill secretly arrived in the United States about the HMS Duke of York and flew the remaining 150 miles ( 240 km ) to Washington , where he stayed with President Roosevelt in the White House for the Arcadia Conference . At 4 : 00 P.M. on December 24 , the southeast and southwest gates of the South Lawn were opened , and between 20,000 and 40,000 people entered the grounds ( searched and watched over by U.S. Army soldiers , D.C. Metropolitan Police , and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ) . Another 2,000 to 3,000 people waited outside the fence . On the portico of the White House with Roosevelt and Churchill stood Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway and their three children ; Roosevelt confidante Harry Hopkins ; Attorney General Francis Biddle ; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Stanley Forman Reed ; and Associate Justice Robert H. Jackson . ( Norway had been occupied by Nazi Germany on April 9 , 1940 . ) Although warned that it was a security risk , Roosevelt and Churchill remained on the portico for the entire hour - long program . The crowd was kept at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) from the White House porch . For the first time in its history , the National Community Christmas Tree was not lit in 1942 due to the need to conserve power and observe security restrictions on outdoor lighting . For security reasons , it was not lit again until after the war concluded in 1945 . Nonetheless , President Roosevelt continued to give a national radio address on what would have been the date of the tree lighting ceremony during these three years . Ornaments for the 1942 tree were donated by local D.C. schoolchildren , and limited to the colors red , white , and blue . With the president and his family spending Christmas of 1943 at the family home of Springwood in Hyde Park , New York , and with concern that the tree ceremony might worsen the transportation overcrowding situation in the city , the decision was made to cancel the National Community Christmas Tree decoration altogether . But Eleanor Roosevelt requested that the ceremony proceed , and it did . Once more , local children contributed the tree 's ornaments ( which were again permitted to be multi-colored ) . Each ornament had a small white tag attached to it , commemorating an American soldier , sailor , or flier who had been wounded , killed , or gone missing in combat . Roosevelt was in Hyde Park again in 1944 ( although Eleanor Roosevelt remained at the White House for the annual tree ceremony ) , and once more local schoolchildren contributed the ornaments . Post-war National Christmas trees and the Pageant of Peace ( edit ) The lighting ceremony was first televised in 1946 , although the broadcast was limited and reached few homes . The two Oriental spruce trees were again found to be damaged by the decorations . Federal officials raised the suggestion that the trees be replaced with artificial trees , but this was actively opposed by the live Christmas tree industry and the idea was dropped . Television coverage expanded for the 1947 ceremony , with both NBC and the DuMont Television Network televising the event . Television coverage continued to expand in the following years . In 1948 , the tree included many more white bulbs in addition to the traditional red and green ones , so that the tree would look better on TV . It was also topped by a star - shaped tree topper consisting of eight flashing bulbs . That year , for the first time since 1938 , the `` Singing Tree '' returned . From 1948 to 1951 , President Truman spent Christmas at his home in Independence , Missouri , and lit the National Community Christmas Tree by remote control . Declining public attendance after four years of the president 's absence led organizers in January 1952 to plead for Truman 's presence at the next ceremony . Truman agreed to stay at the White House for Christmas 1952 , and personally lit the tree . Even though the Korean War was raging during Christmas 1950 , 1951 , and 1952 , crowds were still permitted on the White House grounds . The lone exception was in 1950 , when crowds were kept outside the fences due to renovations going on at the White House . Development of the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace ( edit ) The annual lighting ceremony for the National Community Christmas Tree was growing quickly in the 1950s . In 1953 , the New York Times reported that millions of Americans were watching the ceremony on television . There were also pressures to expand the event . For roughly 15 years , the ceremony had remained largely the same . A local choir would sing some carols and a military service band would play a selection of Christmas music for a half - hour before the president emerged to speak briefly and light the tree . A member of the Boy Scouts of America and either the Girl Scouts of America or the Camp Fire Girls would greet the president on behalf of the people of the city of Washington . After the president returned to the White House , the band would play more music for a half - hour , and then the public would be cleared from the area . In 1952 , however , a group of Catholic Church sodalities asked that a nativity scene be included in the ceremony . The request was repeated in 1953 . There was also pressure to move the ceremony off the White House 's South Lawn . In 1953 , only 700 members of the public were allowed onto the White House grounds ( while another 3,500 watched from outside the fence ) due to security concerns . 1954 marked the beginning of the Pageant of Peace . The pageant was the brainchild of Edward M. Kirby , public relations counsel for the National Capitol Committee of the Washington Board of Trade . Kirby had flown into the District of Columbia in early December 1953 , and was disappointed that the city had none of the visual impact that other major metropolises did . On December 29 , 1953 , Kirby submitted a memo to the Board of Trade proposing a pageant of light , music , and art . The concept evolved into a three - week - long series of nightly performances and religious observances . The Board of Trade was also interested in the idea because of waning interest in the lighting ceremony . The pageant would , however , require that the Christmas tree be moved off the White House grounds and that the tree lighting ceremony be moved from Christmas Eve to earlier in December . President Dwight Eisenhower approved the plan on November 4 . The 1954 Pageant of Peace was held on December 17 , 1954 . The Ellipse became the site of the National Community Christmas Tree , and cut trees were used because Park Service officials felt that a living tree would interfere with the various cultural and recreational events on the Ellipse at other times of the year . The `` pageant of peace '' theme was intended to echo the words of the angels ( `` Glory to God in the highest , and on earth peace , good will toward men '' ) during the Annunciation to the shepherds as found in the Authorized King James Version of the New Testament . Most of the goods and services which made the event possible were donated : Local architect Leon Chatelain , Jr. , designed the site ; Michigan State College provided the tree ; the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Norfolk Southern Railway gave the transportation to get the tree to D.C. ; Pepco supplied the Christmas lights and power ; Hargrove Display Decorators provided the nativity scene ; the peace symbols , plaques , and trees for the `` Pathway of Peace '' were given by 27 U.S. states and territories and 23 embassies ; and the reindeer stalls , metal fencing , stage , and wooden walkways were provided by the National Park Service . A half - hour concert by the Marine Band and the 80 - voice Justin Lawrie Choir preceded the 5 : 00 P.M. ceremony . The Pageant of Peace included a life - size nativity scene with live animals , an outdoor stage which accommodated singing groups and tableau vivant , and a `` Children 's Corner '' with live reindeer and a place for children to donate toys to less fortunate children overseas . Religious ceremonies and religious and secular entertainment both occurred nightly through January 6 . More than 6,000 people performed or participated in the pageant , and 22 22 embassies took part . The National Community Christmas Tree was a 67 - foot ( 20 m ) tall balsam fir from northern Michigan decorated in 2,100 red , blue , and gold lights and topped by a brilliant white star . South of the tree , a `` Pathway of Peace '' extended in a straight line from E Street NW to the middle of the Ellipse and the National Community Christmas Tree . Smaller Christmas trees decorated by U.S. states , U.S. territories , and foreign embassies stood on either side of the pathway . These smaller trees were adorned with multi-colored lights and various kind of ornaments , and wooden boardwalks were used to guide visitors along the path and to the various parts of the pageant ( which took up much of the Ellipse ) . Man - made snow covered the grounds , courtesy of the American Ice Co . President Eisenhower lit the tree in front of 7,500 people at 5 : 25 P.M. Six Boy Scouts and Cub Scouts from around the world ( flown in with funds provided by UNICEF ) joined the president on the dais . Movie actor Robert Montgomery , who served as Eisenhower 's advisor on the president 's television appearances , was also present . The ceremony was carried by all the major radio and television networks . The total cost of the event was set at $30,000 ( about $253,000 in 2011 inflation - adjusted dollars ) , most of which was provided by payment in kind ( although the Board of Trade contributed $7,500 in cash ) . The 1954 Pageant of Peace was a huge success . More than 6,000 people performed during the pageant . Up to 20,000 people a day visited the event . Between 300,000 and 500,000 people visited the Ellipse to see the exhibits and performances ( with bumper - to - bumper traffic on nearby streets as people drove by to see the trees ) , and the pageant proved so popular that it was extended for two days . National Christmas trees from 1955 to 1972 ( edit ) Red lights adorn the state trees surrounding the National Christmas tree in 1965 . Smaller live trees representing the 50 states , five territories , and the District of Columbia , formed a `` Pathway of Peace . '' A formal organization , Pageant of Peace , Inc. , was formed in 1955 to take over the event from the loose confederation of business , religious , and civic groups which had organized the 1954 pageant . Spurring the legal incorporation of the group was the projected cost of the 1955 event , which was estimated to be between $35,000 and $50,000 . The group was incorporated on September 30 , 1955 , with the Board of Trade providing the seed money for the new nonprofit organization . President Eisenhower had suffered a serious heart attack on September 24 , 1955 , and was recuperating at his farm near Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , so the 1955 tree was lit remotely once more . 1955 was also the first year that decorating company Hargrove Inc. of Cheverly , Maryland , began decorating the National Christmas Tree . Ten minutes after the tree was lit , the star and many lights near the top of the tree went out . Earl Hargrove quickly ascended a ladder and discovered why : A string of lights had come unplugged . The problem was immediately rectified . More than 50 embassies took part in the Pathway of Peace . Attendance at the now two - week event soared to 540,000 . A record 51 embassies participated in the 1956 Pageant of Peace , which included a 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) high Christmas tree jointly donated by 11 Arab nations . In 1957 , the Pageant of Peace culminated in a night of folk dancing at Lisner Auditorium on the campus of George Washington University . Foreign embassies were not invited to participate in the 1958 Pathway to Peace , after festival organizers came to believe that they were imposing on the legations . But the embassies were invited to participate again in 1959 , and did so . 1959 also saw festival organizers dye the grass green for the first time . When President Eisenhower lit the tree on December 23 , a `` Singing Christmas Tree '' ( a choir on an inclined grandstand holding candles , forming the triangular shape of a Christmas tree ) formed a backdrop behind him . President John F. Kennedy did not light the tree in December 1961 , because his father , Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. , had suffered a major stroke , so Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson lit the tree . An electronic console nearby picked up musical sounds from performers on the stage , and altered the color and brightness of the tree 's 3,000 multicolored lights . The tree lighting occurred three days earlier than usual because President Kennedy had been scheduled to leave for Bermuda to meet with British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan . The Washington Post reported that embassies did not provide trees or symbols for the Pathway of Peace , instead participating in a music festival at Lisner Auditorium on December 26 . Just 16 U.S. states provide trees for the Pathway of Peace . President Kennedy did light the 1962 tree ( on December 17 ) , although the changing lights used in 1961 were not used again . The number of Christmas trees on the Pathway of Peace now numbered 52 , including all 50 states , Guam , and Puerto Rico . The 1963 tree lighting ceremony was scheduled for December 18 . But President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 . President Johnson declared an official 30 - day period of national mourning , which delayed lighting of the National Christmas Tree until December 22 . After a one - hour candle - lighting ceremony at the Lincoln Memorial , President Johnson traveled to the Ellipse and lit the tree . That year , the General Electric company began donating the lights for the tree , changing the lighting set every year . In addition to the life - size nativity scene , Yule log , stage , and live reindeer , the International Paper Company donated 80 cut , small Christmas trees which were decorated with white lights and erected in the shape of a `` Cross of Peace '' on the Ellipse . Although green dye had been used since 1959 to make the grass look green , no dye was used in 1963 due to the unusual snow which covered the grounds . Small changes in the tree lighting scheme and pageant occurred throughout the 1960s . Instead of multi-colored lights , in 1964 the tree was lit with 5,000 red bulbs . It was decorated with 500 large gold ornaments , and instead of a star was topped with a white cross . But when British Prime Minister Harold MacMillan visited the United States in 1965 and witnessed the tree lighting ceremony , the tree once more featured multi-colored ( blue , green , and white ) lights . The 53 trees on the Pathway of Peace that year were lit with red and white bulbs . This was also the first year that the American Mining Congress , a coalition of coal industry mining companies , began providing the trees of the Pathway of Peace . In 1966 , the 53 Christmas trees of the Pathway of Peace were alternatively lit in all green or all blue lights , and were arranged in an arc around the National Christmas Tree rather than lining the path to it . The following year , the National Christmas Tree was lit with blue lights and encircled with strings of red and white lights , and decorated with gold balls . The tree - topper that year was not a star but a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) tall gold spire with a base of golden stars . The trees on the Pathway to Peace , however , returned to multi-colored lights . For the first time in the history of the tree lighting ceremony , a non-American choir ( the Festival Singers of Toronto ) performed at the opening event . The National Christmas Tree used a blue , white , and yellow lighting scheme in 1968 . When President Johnson lit the National Christmas Tree , this caused another Christmas tree to be lit remotely by radio control in the newly electrified village of Nulato , Alaska ( one of 59 rural Eskimo villages to receive electricity for the first time that year ) . In 1969 , the number of trees on the Pathway to Peace expanded to 57 , to include all American unincorporated territories and the District of Columbia . The National Christmas Tree that year was decorated in bands of red and white lights , and was at the top of a huge capital letter `` V '' formed by the Pathway 's 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) tall Red Pine trees from eastern Ohio . The 1969 ceremony was interrupted by about 200 individuals protesting the Vietnam War , who repeatedly heckled the president during his short speech and who temporarily planted an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) tall `` peace tree '' a few yards from the National Christmas Tree . Eight adults and a youth were arrested during the event for disorderly conduct . The 1970 National Christmas Tree suffered several near - disasters . The 78 - foot ( 24 m ) tall blue spruce from South Dakota 's Black Hills was carried to Washington , D.C. , on a train . The train derailed twice on its way to the city . The weekend before the tree lighting ceremony , the tree blew over in high winds and several cut branches had to be attached to the tree to replace damaged ones . A few days after the tree was lit , lightbulbs on the lower half of the tree began exploding after a fireproofing liquid applied to the sockets began causing shorts in the strings of lights . No anti-war protests occurred during the tree lighting ceremony in 1970 , however . Women Strike for Peace temporarily won a court order permitting them to set up an anti-Vietnam War display of 11 lighted styrofoam tombstones listing the number of American war dead near the pageant , but this ruling was overturned by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit two days later on December 18 . ( The anti-war display was set up on the Washington Monument grounds instead . ) The 1970 tree was lit by President Richard Nixon and Andre Proctor , a local District of Columbia child whom President Nixon picked out of the crowd at the last moment to assist him with the tree - lighting . The 1970 Pageant of Peace also included a tree dedicated to prisoners of war and soldiers missing in action . Vice President Spiro Agnew lit the 1971 National Christmas Tree . Protesters briefly interrupted the beginning of Agnew 's speech , chanting for peace , before Agnew and seven - year - old Gary Morris ( a child in the institutional care of the city ) lit the tree . On December 15 , Women Strike for Peace was granted permission by Judge Joseph Cornelius Waddy of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to place an anti-war display next to the National Christmas Tree , but they did not have time to erect a display before the lighting ceremony . The tree - topper that year resembled a white snowflake , while the tree itself was decorated with red and white bulbs in clusters amid a wider blanket of gold lights . There were 56 trees in Pageant of Peace , plus an extra tree for POW / MIAs . Vice President Agnew again lit the tree in 1972 . Assisting the Vice President was Eric Watt , 10 - year - old son of future Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt . More than 9,000 green bulbs , 1,000 clear bulbs , and 250 5 - inch ( 13 cm ) globe bulbs were used to decorate the tree . The U.S. Army supplied floodlights which also helped to illuminate the tree , which was kept lit 24 hours a day . There were 57 trees representing the 50 U.S. states and territories at the Pageant of Peace , with another 75 evergreen trees for decoration . The trees were again placed in the shape of a giant `` V '' rather than two parallel rows . The American Mining Congress declined to supply the smaller trees in 1972 , so the state of Pennsylvania agreed to do so . Former President Harry S. Truman died on December 26 , 1972 . All performances at the Pageant of Peace were cancelled on December 28 ( the national day of mourning for Truman ) , although the tree remained lit for security reasons . Although there were no protests at the tree lighting ceremony , anti-war protests were held at the Pageant of Peace on December 25 and December 30 . National Christmas tree : living trees since 1973 ( edit ) The first living trees : 1973 to 1977 ( edit ) Having used cut trees from around the country since 1954 , the Christmas Pageant of Peace reintroduced a living tree in 1973 . A spontaneous , grass - roots letter writing campaign by American citizens began pressing in 1965 for a live tree . The letter - writing campaign intensified in 1969 . Prodded by environmentalists , a much larger letter - writing campaign ( `` more letters and phone calls of protest than in the previous 10 years '' a Park Service spokesperson said ) occurred in the two months prior to the 1972 tree lighting ceremony , which prompted the National Park Service to bow to public pressure and plant a live tree . A 42 - foot Colorado blue spruce from the Sunset Lake Nursery near Shickshinny , Pennsylvania , was donated by the National Arborist Association and planted in the Ellipse close to the Zero Milestone ( just east of the central north - south axis of the White House ) . The tree arrived in the city via flatbed truck and was planted on October 11 , 1973 . The tree was badly damaged just before it was planted when it fell off the flatbed truck carrying it , an accident which had significant effects on the tree 's lifespan . North of the tree , a bronze plaque was installed that read `` National Christmas Tree , Transplanted October 11 , 1973 , Christmas Pageant of Peace Committee . '' Initially , the General Electric company , which had been donating the lighting for the tree for years , developed a `` cool lighting '' system to help protect the tree from the heat damage caused by standard Christmas tree lights . But this scheme was subsequently abandoned due to the need to conserve energy because of the 1973 oil crisis . Instead , eight colored floodlights at the base of the tree were used to illuminate the National Christmas Tree 's decorations and its 36 - inch ( 91 cm ) high gold snowflake tree - topper ( although the snowflake itself was lit from within ) . The spotlights did not illuminate the tree directly for fear of causing heat damage ; instead , the light was reflected on the tree . To further conserve energy , the National Christmas Tree was lit not 24 hours a day but only from 5 P.M. to 10 P.M. Public pressure on the Park Service and the energy crisis also led to changes in the 1973 Pageant of Peace . The Park Service used no cut trees for the Pageant of Peace . Instead , it obtained 57 live trees and planted them on the Ellipse . After the Pageant of Peace ended , the living trees were replanted in D.C. area parks or donated to the states they were intended to represent . These trees were decorated , but had no Christmas lights due to the energy crisis . Only footlights illuminated the Pageant 's trees , primarily for safety reasons . Upset by a court ruling that held that the Christian nativity scene could not be included in the Pageant of Peace , local resident Vaughn Barkdoll and a few friends formed the Christian Heritage Association and won a permit to display a nativity scene just beyond the service road encircling the Ellipse . The Barkdoll display included four sheep , a donkey , and a Holstein calf . An American Legion post from Hyattsville , Maryland , erected a similar but smaller display on the opposite side of the Ellipse . Energy conserving lights were used on the National Christmas Tree in 1974 , however . More than 2,000 tiny amber and white lights ( which used just a third of the wattage of pre-1973 strings of lights ) , as well as braided gold - colored rope and large gold ornaments , were used . The Pageant of Peace continued to feature just 57 trees , but there was competition over the nativity scene ( which was no longer part of the festival ) . Barkdoll 's Christian Heritage Association provided a creche with 2 - foot ( 0.61 m ) high plaster figures and no live animals . The Hyattsville American Legion provided a display with life - size papier - mâché figures and live animals including some sheep , a calf , and a burro . A third display was provided by the Christian Service Corps ( a nondenominational Christian organization whose members mixed public service with missionary work ) . The Christian Service Corps display included live actors in period costumes , a musical soundtrack , three camels , a cow , a donkey , and 15 sheep . In 1975 , the National Christmas Tree had a Bicentennial theme . The tree was decorated with 4,600 red , white , and blue lights ; red , white , and blue ornaments , and silver garland ; and topped by a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) high gold and green Liberty Bell . The low - watt Christmas tree lights were specially designed by General Electric . In a circle around the National Christmas Tree were 13 tall evergreen trees , symbolizing the Thirteen Colonies . An additional 47 smaller trees formed the Pathway to Peace , representing the rest of the states , U.S. territories , POW / MIAs , and senior citizens . The 12,000 total light bulbs and 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) of electrical cord used 40 percent less wattage than the year before . Once more , three different organizations provided three different nativity scenes away from the pageant . With the Bicentennial year ending , the 1976 National Christmas Tree was decorated with 2,500 red lamps ( rather than strings of tree lights ) , which represented the theme `` Youth . '' That year 's Pageant of Peace was also truncated , presenting live entertainment only through December 23 . However , there were now 60 trees in the Pathway to Peace . By December 1976 , it was clear that the National Christmas Tree planted just three years earlier was dying . The appearance of the tree had deteriorated significantly , with many of the lower branches dead or damaged and many parts of the tree showing large areas of dead needles . Government horticulturalists said the tree had suffered root damage and had not thrived in the hot , damp climate of Washington , D.C. David Rhoads , a citizen from Silver Spring , Maryland , donated his 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) tall blue spruce to the National Park Service , chopped off its branches and wired many of them to the lower part of the existing tree to cover up the damage . The tree 's plight was so obvious that the public made 112 offers for a new living tree to the government by early December . The 1974 tree was removed and used for the Yule log in 1977 . An anonymous resident of Potomac , Maryland donated a 34 - foot ( 10 m ) tall blue spruce as the new National Christmas tree . The new tree was planted on the Ellipse on November 3 , 1977 . President Jimmy Carter , assisted by his daughter , Amy , lit the tree during a ceremony on December 15 , 1977 . The tree was decorated with 2,000 five - watt green lamps ( not bulbs ) symbolizing `` Hope , '' as well as 500 `` twinkle lamps '' and white ornaments . Due to the ongoing energy crisis , the tree was only lit from dusk to midnight from December 15 to December 26 , and from dusk to 10 P.M. from December 27 to January 2 . This achieved a further 74 percent reduction in energy use . A petting zoo was added to the Pagaent of Peace for the first time . The 1977 living tree did not last , however . January 1978 brought several severe rain and snow storms to the Washington , D.C. , region , along with heavy winds , heavy precipitation , and extremes in temperatures . On January 26 , 62 mph ( 100 km / h ; 54 kn ) winds whipped through the nation 's capitol ( and a tornado damaged homes in nearby Quantico , Virginia ) . Park Service officials feared the National Christmas Tree would be toppled , and attached guy - wires to the tree to keep it upright . But despite the additional bracing , the tree was nearly uprooted in mid-afternoon and leaned at a 45 degree angle for several hours until workers were able to get it upright again . A National Park Service spokesperson said that the agency feared the tree had suffered extensive root damage , and would not survive . The third living tree : 1978 to 2010 ( edit ) The Washington Monument glows behind the yet - to - be-lit 1979 U.S. National Christmas Tree . The National Park Service undertook a lengthy study to find a species of tree that could thrive in the climate and soil conditions of the capital and better withstand the annual decoration process . Agency officials traveled more than 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) to find a tree that met their specifications . A 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) tall blue spruce , located at the home of Mr. and Mrs. William E. Myers of York , Pennsylvania , was chosen as the new National Christmas Tree planted in the Ellipse in 1978 . ( The Myers offered to donate the tree , but were paid $1,500 for it . ) A second tree , an 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) tall blue spruce purchased from a nursery in New Jersey , was planted in a corner of the Ellipse in early summer 1978 for use as a spare in case the new transplanted tree did not survive . New , stronger cables were used to help brace the tree against high winds . The bronze plaque at the base of the tree was altered slightly to reflect the new date of the tree 's transplanting ( October 11 , 1978 ) . The tree was topped off by First Daughter Amy Carter on December 5 , 1978 , a ceremony which began a new tradition of having a member of the President or Vice President 's family top off the tree ( a tradition observed every year since except in 1980 ) . President Carter , assisted by his wife Rosalynn and daughter Amy , lit the newly transplanted National Christmas Tree on December 15 , 1978 . The tree was illuminated by 1,600 low - watt gold lamps , floodlit with gold spotlights , and decorated with gold garland and 50 large red ornaments . Once more , each state and territory was represented by a tree on the Pathway of Peace , and the petting zoo and live reindeer both returned to the Pageant of Peace . Additionally , there was a small tree representing senior citizens , as well as a new `` community tree . '' In 1979 , the National Christmas Tree was only partially lit . When President Jimmy Carter sent his daughter Amy to light the tree on December 13 , the switch lit only the star atop the National Christmas Tree , while the state trees on the Pathway of Peace were illuminated only by tiny blue lights . Carter told the surprised crowd that the National Christmas Tree would remain dark until the American hostages in Iran were set free . The theme of the tree was `` Hope and Light '' , which celebrated the 100th anniversary of Thomas Edison 's invention of the practical incandescent light . The tree itself was trimmed with silver balls and white garland , and a complex , changing lighting scheme ( also in white ) designed . There were only 50 smaller trees that year ( one for each of the hostages ) , and a single tree separate from the Pathway of Peace representing prisoners of war . Only nine days of musical performances were planned . President Carter helps light the first National Menorah in 1979 . 1979 also marked the first appearance of the National Menorah commemorating Hanukkah . The 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) high steel menorah ( painted gold ) was the brainchild of Rabbi Abraham Shemtov , leader of the Chabad - Lubavitch movement . President Carter assisted Rabbi Shemtov in lighting the menorah , which was placed in Lafayette Square . By 1987 , the National Menorah had been moved to The Ellipse . A new aluminum menorah replaced the steel one in 1998 . The National Christmas Tree again remained largely unlit in 1980 . President Carter 's five - year - old grandson , Jason , switched on the tree . The tree had been completely decorated with large balls and lights , but at a meeting in early December 1980 the families of the American hostages asked that the tree remain unlit . The lights on the tree shone for 417 seconds , one second for every day that the hostages had been captive . The lights were then turned off , leaving only the star atop the tree shining . When the hostages were released on January 20 , 1981 , the tree was redecorated . It was relit for the returning hostages on January 27 . 1980 was also the first year that the Pageant of Peace organizers were required by the National Park Service to hold an open meeting to solicit input from the public . Once again , a separate small tree honored of American prisoners of war . Due to security concerns about an assassination attempts , President Ronald Reagan lit the National Christmas Tree via remote control from the East Room of the White House in 1981 , 1982 , and 1983 . Supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment and increased aid for the poor protested at the event . The lights on the 1981 tree suffered from faulty wiring , and could not be lit on the final night of the event ( January 1 , 1982 ) . 1981 also marked the beginning of a number of changes to the Pageant of Peace . The petting zoo was canceled due to cost concerns , but for the first time each state or territory donated the ornaments to be used on their tree lining the Pathway of Peace . A request to honor Vietnam War veterans during the ceremony was turned down to keep the focus on Christmas . A new contractor , Westport Marketing Group , was also hired to manage the tree lighting ceremony . Westport changed the ceremony so that fewer guests sat on stage . This made room for more performers . Westport also suggested that more national celebrities be invited to perform as well to turn the event into a national ( rather than local ) event and boost the appeal to a national audience . Westport suggested even more radical reductions in the number of guests and field seating as well as elimination of the Yule log in 1982 . There was also discussion of moving the entire event into the White House , but these suggestions were not acted on . In 1984 , First Lady Nancy Reagan lit the National Christmas Tree from the stage on The Ellipse . Westport Marketing Group proposed selling a National Christmas Tree ornament to raise money for the pageant , but the idea was discarded because it illegally commercialized a national civic event . President Reagan resumed his involvement with the tree lighting ceremony in 1985 , when he and Nancy Reagan jointly lit the tree via remote control while standing on the South Portico of the White House . A large video screen depicted the Reagans for the crowd . As the Pageant of Peace opened , the Community for Creative Non-Violence ( CCNV ; an advocacy organization for the homeless led by Mitch Snyder ) sued to have a life - size statue of three homeless people huddled over a steam grate included in the event . On December 11 , a federal district judge ruled against the organization . A federal appellate court upheld the decision . The group then applied for a regular protest permit , which it received . The statue of the homeless family was erected on Christmas Eve just outside the fence from the official pageant . Another change did occur , however . For the first time since 1954 , there were no reindeer present at the Pageant of Peace . Officials said the cost of transporting the animals to and from Maine was too prohibitive . `` Reindeer '' ( actually fallow deer from Virginia ) returned to the pageant the following year . President Reagan lit the tree from inside the White House in 1986 , 1987 , and 1988 . The 1987 tree lighting ceremony was held on December 7 ( almost a week early ) due to the arrival of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for a summit meeting to be held December 8 . American Marketing ( the former Westport Marking ) again proposed the sale of a tree ornament and was again turned down . Opposition to the nativity scene and menorah were again expressed , and CCNV again tried to get its statue of homeless people into the pageant ( and was unsuccessful ) . Michelle Obama reads `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' at the National Christmas Tree lighting ceremony on the Ellipse in Washington , D.C. , on December 9 , 2010 . President George H.W. Bush resumed the tradition of lighting the National Christmas Tree from a platform on The Ellipse in 1989 . In 1991 , President Bush presided over the tree - lighting ceremony with five Americans who had recently been released by their kidnappers in Lebanon : journalist Terry A. Anderson , university employee Joseph Cicippio , professor Alann Steen , professor Thomas Sutherland , and professor Jesse Turner . Also in attendance was Secretary - General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , who had helped negotiate the release of the hostages . Anderson attempted to light the tree twice , but failed . Bush tried to the light the tree , and after several seconds the lights finally came on . In 1992 , the National Park Service permitted the first National Christmas Tree ornament to be produced . The designer was Peggy Henkel , president of Georgetown Marketing Company ( formerly American Marketing ) , and to avoid rules against commercialization the ornament was distributed without charge . 1992 was also the year that the National Christmas Tree and Pageant of Peace was featured on the official White House House Christmas card . The card was created by artist Kamil Kubik and printed by Hallmark Cards . Several changes were made to the National Christmas Tree and the Pageant of Peace in 1993 and 1994 . Although organizers considered moving the pageant to the Washington Monument or onto the National Mall , no change in location was actually made . In 1994 , a G scale model railway was placed around the base of the tree . A study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory showed that solar lighting could be used to help illuminate the tree during the daytime , and the lights ( donated by the United States Department of Energy ) were used . 1994 also saw the first commercial sales of official National Christmas Tree items . The National Park Service approved the sales after organizers said proceeds would be used to fund the Pageant of Peace . Two items were sold : a National Christmas Tree ornament , and a limited edition Christmas card bearing an image of the tree . But few other changes were made during the latter half of the 1990s . In 1995 , the National Christmas Tree was lit by solar power for the first time at night , using energy stored during the day . The United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 forced the cancellation of the Pageant of Peace beginning December 16 , although the National Park Service had enough funds to keep the tree lit through January 1 , 1996 . The park service also decided to discontinue the display of live deer during the pageant . In 1996 , the Office of Surface Mining declined to donate trees for the Pageant of Peace ( as it had done for many years ) . This forced the pageant organizers to purchase cut trees . Pageant organizers also sold 1,950 limited - edition prints and 250 artist 's proofs by local artist G. Harvey to raise money for the pageant . Finally , the President 's Park unit of the National Park Service began administering the music portion of the pageant . The National Christmas Tree Growers Association provided cut trees for the Pageant of Peace in 1997 , and another limited edition print was sold to raise money for the event . But in 1998 , tree grower Ron Hudler of North Carolina agreed to begin donating cut trees for the festival . Polk Aristo - Craft began providing the model train , and for the first time refreshments were sold . To celebrate the millennium on December 31 , 1999 , the National Christmas Tree 's lights turned white at midnight . The following year , Polk Aristo - Craft expanded the model train display and a new wrought iron fence was erected around the tree ( replacing an older chain - link fence ) . In the wake of the September 11 attacks , the United States Secret Service announced on November 16 that only those individuals with tickets would be permitted onto The Elllipse for the December 6 tree lighting . The restrictions were lifted just 10 days later . Access to The Ellipse was closed except for two points ( at 17th and E Streets NW and at 17th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW ) . 15th Street NW was temporarily closed for the event , while traffic moved only in a north - bound direction on 17th Street NW . ( The street closings during the ceremony continued to occur through the 2011 ceremony . ) The original gold , green , and red lighting scheme was changed after September 11 to a patriotic red , white , and blue with red garland . The model train was provided again by Aristo - Craft , with financial , set - up , and other assistance from the National Capital Trackers ( a model train enthusiasts group ) . Clowns , a magician , and a juggler were added to help lighten the crowd 's mood . Major changes to the lighting display and ornaments were made after 2001 . In 2002 , the National Christmas Tree sported a gold , green , and red design ( again ) with gold garland and wreath - shaped ornaments . For the first time , light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ) were used as part of the lighting scheme . Two strands of red LED lights were entwined with the garland . The incandescent tree lights changed from gold to green and back again continuously . The garland and lighted ornaments remained lit without a color change . The tree consumed enough power nightly to light two homes . The following year , the 80th anniversary of the tree - lighting ceremony , a nostalgic and simplified lighting design featuring 13,000 incandescent blue , gold , green , and red lights with lighted candle and snowflake ornaments was used . In 2004 , holographic suncatchers were first used as ornaments on the tree , to help make it sparkle during daylight hours . A blue , gold , green , and red lighting scheme ( composed of 15,000 incandescent bulbs ) was used again , but de-emphasized the green in order to evoke a patriotic theme . One - hundred and thirty star - shaped ornaments also adorned the tree . A three - dimensional star made of Lexan topped the tree . The 2005 lighting design used 25,000 clear white incandescent lights . There were 105 large snowflake ornaments ( each lit from within by 25 clear incandescent lights ) with holographic blue vinyl accents , and a three - dimensional snowflake tree topper . Suncatchers were used also again . There were 105 snowflake - shaped suncatchers on the tree . A traditional lighting design returned in 2006 . The tree featured 25,000 blue , green , orange purple , and red incandescent lights . Its 125 18 - inch ( 46 cm ) wide round ornaments with concave fronts . The glass fronts were reverse painted , while the concave area was covered in a gold holographic material that made the ornament appear to sparkle when lit . The tree topper was a star in three dimensions , with a holographic vinyl plate between the two to enhance its sparkle . In 2007 , LEDs replaced the incandescent lights on the National Christmas Tree . The tree 's 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) of red garland also used LEDs . The 2006 star - shaped tree - topper was reused , although it was reworked to use LEDs as well . According to the National Park Service officials , the tree was 100 times more energy efficient than in 2006 -- although the lighting designer from General Electric said it was just 60 percent more energy efficient . The ornaments were 125 red bows 26 inches ( 66 cm ) high and 20 inches ( 51 cm ) wide . SABIC Innovative Plastics donated the Lexan used to make the ornaments . That same year , the tree lighting ceremony was officially named the Lighting of the National Christmas Tree . The Pageant of Peace was also officially renamed as `` The National Christmas Tree and Pathway of Peace . '' LEDs replaced incandescent lights on the state trees along the Pathway of Peace , the lighted garland was omitted , and smaller illuminated ornaments were used in 2008 , achieving an additional 50 percent savings in electricity . However , traditional bulbs were still used in the ornaments . A Santa 's workshop was added to the pageant in 2008 as well . The lighting ceremony was dedicated to the memory of Ron Hudler . The three - dimensional star tree topper first created in 2006 continued to top the National Christmas Tree in 2011 . Recent replacement living trees : 2011 to present ( edit ) The replacement National Christmas Tree on November 2 , 2012 , six days after it was planted . On Saturday , February 19 , 2011 , the National Christmas tree was felled after its trunk snapped in a windstorm which contained gusts of up to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ; 43 kn ) . National Park Service spokesman Bill Line noted the tree was at risk since it stood alone exposed to the elements and lacked the protection of other trees . Knowing the tree was at risk and would eventually need to be replaced , a successor tree had already been selected . The new tree was planted on March 19 , 2011 . The new tree was a 26.5 - foot ( 8.1 m ) tall Colorado blue spruce which was obtained from an unnamed tree nursery in New Jersey . On May 5 , 2012 , the blue spruce was declared dead by the National Park Service due to `` transplant shock '' . The agency said the exceptionally warm summer of 2011 and the winter of 2011 - 2012 also played a role . The dead tree was cut down . The NPS said it had already identified a Colorado spruce as a replacement . On Saturday , October 27 , 2012 , a 28 - foot ( 8.5 m ) Colorado blue spruce from Virginia was planted as the new National Christmas Tree . The Park Service decided to plant the tree even though Hurricane Sandy would pass near the D.C. area in less than 48 hours . Park Service horticulturists felt the tree was safer in the ground than in the container in which it was shipped . Wires were attached to the tree to help stabilize it , and a special base ( hidden by mulch and soil ) surrounded the roots to help prevent flooding . For the first time in 50 years , the National Park Service did not have a Yule log during the 2012 Pageant of Peace . The performance stage was made much smaller and shifted from the east side of the display area to the south ( so that the National Christmas Tree provided a backdrop for performances ) . Park Service personnel say that this interfered with the Yule log pit . The model railroad , nativity scene , Santa 's Workshop , and state trees and Pathway of Peace remained in 2012 . The Yule log pit remains , but is covered over by steel plates and 14 inches ( 36 cm ) of soil and sod . The lighting scheme for the National Christmas Tree was altered in 2013 . General Electric provided the lights , as it had since 1962 , and for the fourth year in a row LED lights were used . New round `` sugar plum lights '' in bright blue , green , and red colors were added in 2013 to enhance the tree 's nighttime appearance . A garland of twinkling white 7 - inch ( 18 cm ) spherical ornaments were also added . The ornaments were lit during the day as well to improve the tree 's daytime visual interest . The star - shaped tree topper was rebuilt for 2013 as well using a commercial lighting system to provide for brighter illumination . The lighting scheme used 60,000 LED lights strung in 110 nets and 225 strings , and 265 spherical ornaments . The lighting scheme weighed several hundred pounds , and used 5700 watts of energy . CNN said in 2013 that the National Christmas Tree was the sixth most beautiful Christmas tree in the world . The cable new channel listed 12 trees , and put the National Christmas Tree behind the tree erected in Cathedral Square , Vilnius , Lithuania ; the Lego Christmas tree at Legoland Malaysia ; the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree at Rockefeller Center in New York City ; the tree at the Galeries Lafayette department store in Paris , France ; and the `` Floating Christmas tree '' erected by oil company Bradesco Seguros in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The 2015 Christmas Tree was covered in amber and white lights that occasionally twinkled . The state and territory trees had the same color lights and were decorated with ornaments made from the state or territory they represented . Locations of the National Christmas tree ( edit ) The National Christmas Tree is a living evergreen tree planted in the Ellipse in the President 's Park , close to the Zero Milestone but just east of the central north - south axis . In early 1974 , a low stone wall was constructed around the National Christmas Tree to provide partial protection for its roots , and currently serves as the limit of the planting bed below the tree . In 2001 , a cast iron fence was built around the tree about 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) from the low stone wall to protect the soil from compaction by the thousands of people who visit the tree annually . A temporary gravel road is constructed in the northeast quadrant of the Ellipse each year to give workers access to the tree for decoration . A wooden snow fence is installed near the tree and around the Pageant of Peace area each year as well to protect the lawn during periods of high foot traffic . According to the National Park Service , since the National Christmas Tree and its associated ceremonies go back to a historic period in the nation 's history , this cultural event has not only become historically important itself but has helped to protect the historic integrity of the Ellipse . The agency says that the tree has become `` a defining feature of President 's Park South '' . Visitors also have a decent view of the front of the White House illuminated with its own Christmas decorations . A `` backup National Christmas Tree '' is occasionally mentioned by many sources . This tree is located southwest of Ellipse Road , where the path from the 17th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW meets the Ellipse sidewalk . This tree was planted by the National Park Service as a replacement for the National Christmas Tree . However , this tree is not historic , did not grow well , and by 2010 was not considered as a backup for the National Christmas Tree any longer . When cut trees were used , backup trees were also identified . In 1971 , the National Park Service revealed that it required four trees to be selected as `` the '' National Christmas Tree . One would be the actual tree used ; two would be replacement trees in case some accident befell the primary tree ; and the fourth tree was cut up and its branches used to fill out bare spots in the primary tree . Sources of National Christmas trees ( edit ) Main article : List of sources of the National Christmas Tree ( United States ) Cut evergreen trees were used in 1923 , and from 1954 to 1972 . Living trees were used from 1924 to 1953 , and again from 1973 to the present ( 2012 ) . The species , height , and sources of these trees has varied widely over time . Organizing and decorating the National Christmas tree ( edit ) The model railroad train is ready to be unpacked and set up at the base of the 2012 U.S. National Christmas Tree . An undecorated `` state tree '' is to the right . Creating the design of the National Christmas Tree and organizing the Pageant of Peace is a year - long process . In 1999 , the Washington Post reported that General Electric ( GE ) lighting designers begin sketching plans for the lighting scheme in March . In 2004 , they began their design efforts in February . GE changes the design every year . The lights are manufactured at a GE plant in Cleveland , Ohio , and are tested on a tree at GE 's headquarters in Fairfield , Connecticut , in mid-October to ensure that the design looks right and nothing is technically wrong with it . Contractors begin soliciting ornaments for the trees along the Pathway of Peace about the same time , usually around a theme . Other vendors begin contacting nationally known singers , performers , and the providers of children 's characters ( such as Warner Bros. Animation , Sesame Workshop , or The Walt Disney Company ) for their availability . Various contractors build the decorations , depending on what is required . In 2000 , Brilliant Electric Sign Co. of Cleveland , Ohio , spent four weeks building the 200 ornaments required for that year 's display . Many of the decorations in 2000 and 2002 were manufactured with the same high - tech plastic used to make the faceplates of astronaut helmets . During the summer , National Park Service workers apply a pesticide to the tree to kill red spider mites ( which can kill evergreen trees ) . The tree is also checked so that rodents do not take up residence in its roots or branches . The tree is pruned yearly , and fertilized every three years . The 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) high Fraser Firs for the Pathway of Peace are cut in early November . Hargrove Inc. , a company which provides trade show and custom exhibits , begins decorating all the trees with the lights and decorations about 10 days before the tree lighting ceremony is set to occur . ( As of 2001 , Hargrove had decorated the tree every year since 1954 . ) The lights and decorations do not actually hang from the National Christmas Tree itself . Rather , they hang from guy - wires which run up the sides of the tree . In 2008 , it took 15 people to decorate the tree . The National Christmas Tree can be covered with fewer or greater lights , depending on the lighting scheme . In 1999 , 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of lights containing 75,000 bulbs were used . In 2000 , however , 125,000 lights ( using 75,000 watts per day ) were used . There were 200,000 bulbs in 2002 , but just 13,000 in 2003 ( the year a more traditional lighting scheme was used ) . In 2008 , after the switch to LED lights , the National Christmas Tree was illuminated by more than 45,000 lights on 900 50 - light strings . About 34,000 LED lights were used on the branches , with the remainder used to light ornaments and the tree topper . Improvements in LED technology meant that 100 fewer strings were used than in 2007 ( the first year LED lighting was used ) . By 2010 , although the number of LED lights had increased to 81,104 , the number of strings had been reduced to 750 . The National Christmas Tree and Pathway of Peace trees consumed 7,000 watts over four weeks in 2010 , at a cost of about $180 per day . ( The National Christmas Tree alone consumed 2,000 watts per day in 2011 . ) The lighting scheme used 60,000 LED lights and 265 spherical ornaments in 2013 , while consuming just 5700 watts of energy . It took 173 feet ( 53 m ) of incandescent lights ( containing 225 small bulbs ) and about 50 ornaments to decorate each state tree in 1999 . By 2008 , after the switch to LED lights , it took six to seven strings of clear LEDs lights to decorate each state tree . To provide electricity to the National Christmas Tree and all the trees in the Pathway of Peace , up to 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) of electrical cord was laid in 2000 -- all connected to an underground electrical system . Aristo - Craft Trains originally donated , set up , and ran the model trains at the base of the tree . Gravel was placed in each engine and car so that wind could not blow them off the tracks . By 2008 , sponsorship of the train had expanded to include Bachmann Industries , BridgeWorks , Garden Metal Models , Hartland Locomotive Works , LGB , Mainline America , Sound Traxx , Split Jaw Rail Clamps , and USA Trains . The train expanded from two trains to nine trains and three trolley lines ( running in more than 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) of track ) in 2008 . National Capital Trackers as well as other model railroading groups continued to set up , run , and maintain the model train . The modern Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace ( edit ) As of 2010 , 56 smaller cut evergreen trees representing the states , District of Columbia , and unincorporated territories of the United States are arranged in a large oval around the National Christmas Tree each December . A sign in front of each tree identifies which geographic area the small tree represents . A temporary black plastic walkway is laid down to provide pedestrian access ( the actual `` Pathway of Peace '' ) , and the trees guarded by a white vinyl picket fence . The National Park Service lays boardwalks , plastic paths , and artificial turf walkways on The Ellipse beginning in October . A stage and a blue plywood amphitheater are erected southeast of the National Christmas Tree , and the placement of heavy plastic mats and metal folding chairs in front of the stage ( with seating for only 200 people at most ) creates an audience area for performances . A plywood nativity scene , 15 - by - 10 - foot ( 4.6 by 3.0 m ) Yule log fire pit , and barn for donkeys , reinder , and sheep are built south of the Pathway of Peace . Speakers on high stands throughout the area broadcast the live performances , or provide recorded music for viewers ' enjoyment . Since the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace are traditions extending back only to 1954 , they are not considered historic elements by the National Park Service . Legal issues ( edit ) Several times , the Pageant of Peace has been the subject of legal dispute . The first legal challenge occurred in 1968 when the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) objected to the inclusion of the Christian nativity scene in the pageant . The ACLU argued the display violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Although the National Park Service responded that the nativity scene was not religious per se but a symbol `` of the national holiday '' , the agency did agree not to store , maintain , or erect the display ( turning those duties over to Pageant of Peace , Inc. , in September 1968 ) . The legal effort to remove the creche continued the following year . In 1969 , three clergymen , an atheist , and a member of the Ethical Society sued to have the nativity scene removed . Once more , the Park Service said the nativity scene was merely a symbol of `` our spiritual heritage '' and `` wholly secular '' . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit denied on December 12 , 1969 , a request for a temporary injunction barring construction of the display . The court 's ruling said it would decide the case on its merits at a later date . The five plaintiffs were represented by the ACLU , and joined by the American Jewish Congress . In April 1970 , the court of appeals ordered a full trial on the issue . Although the trial was set for February 1 , 1971 , the plaintiffs and ACLU declined to seek a temporary injunction against the display in December 1970 in favor of a permanent resolution of the issue . On November 3 , 1971 , the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in Allen v. Morton , 333 F. Supp. 1088 , ( D.D.C. 1971 ) , that inclusion of the nativity display did not violate the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . The court said that the purpose of the event was purely secular ( to increase tourism and shopping in the city ) , and that was determinative . But on September 26 , 1973 , a unanimous three - judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit overturned the district court 's ruling . The appellate court held that the commercial nature of the event did not mean that the creche lost its religious meaning , and that the government 's involvement in displaying the creche was not the absolute minimum necessary to meet the Supreme Court 's constitutional tests . The appellate court did not explicitly bar the government from allowing the nativity display , but laid out very specific rules under which the government 's participation could occur . Beginning in 1973 , the American Christian Heritage Association ( a group based in Prince George 's County , Maryland ) began hosting a private nativity display complete with live animals on The Ellipse . In 1978 , another lawsuit over the Pageant of Peace was filed . The government had banned all groups not associated with the Pageant of Peace from the Ellipse ( even though it only used a one - fourth of the Ellipse 's total area for the pageant ) , but permitted them to use lightly wooded areas nearby . The government argued that it had to avoid any appearance of government sponsorship of any religion and to be even - handed with all groups . The Christian Service Corps sued , arguing in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on December 16 , 1978 , that it was unreasonable to keep all groups off the Ellipse during this time . On December 20 , the court ruled that the Park Service 's rules did not violate Christian Service Corps ' constitutional rights . The nativity scene returned as part of the official Pageant of Peace in 1984 . On March 5 , 1984 , the Supreme Court of the United States held in Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , that a Christian nativity scene was a secular symbol which served secular purposes . It held that the city of Pawtucket , Rhode Island , could include this display in its government - sponsored holiday display . Citizens for God and Country , a one - person organization based in Virginia , asked the National Park Service to include a nativity scene in the 1984 Pageant of Peace . The Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith protested its inclusion . The same year , additional Jewish groups challenged the existence of the National Menorah as equally offensive to the constitutional principal of separation of church and state . Nonetheless , both displays remained as part of the Pageant of Peace . Gallery of the U.S. National Christmas Tree in recent years ( edit ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. National Christmas Trees . Capitol Christmas Tree General Grant tree , also proclaimed the `` Nation 's Christmas Tree '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Domke and Coe , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Domke and Coe , p. 88 - 89 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Students , Artist , Create Ornaments for the National Christmas Tree . '' Norwich Bulletin . December 9 , 2010 . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Leinwand , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Vice-President F.M. Feiker . '' Electrical Merchandising , January 1920 , p. 3 . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Feiker later held several important U.S. government positions , and became Dean of the School of Engineering at George Washington University . See : `` People of the Century . '' WPI Journal . Spring 1998 . Archived 2012 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Menendez , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Crump , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Reports of the tree 's height varied considerably . The National Park Service history of the National Christmas Tree notes that media outlets reported the tree 's height at 35 feet ( 11 m ) , 48 feet ( 15 m ) , and 60 feet ( 18 m ) . The agency says that photographs of the tree appear to make the height closer to 48 feet . See : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1923 National Christmas Tree . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Branches Spliced On Tree For President . '' The Washington Post December 20 , 1923 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 14 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` National Christmas Tree for President . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1923 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Carols and Brilliant Tree Usher Christmas . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1923 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Carols at the White House . '' The New York Times . December 25 , 1923 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Menendez , p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Will Light Big Christmas Tree . '' The New York Times December 7 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Huge Yuletide Tree for City Is Planted . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1924 . Jump up ^ A contemporary source put the tree 's height at 45 feet ( 14 m ) . See : `` Coolidge Will Light Big Christmas Tree . '' The New York Times December 7 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coolidge Lights Up Tree to Inaugurate Nation 's Christmas . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1925 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coolidges Sing Christmas Carols at Community Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1924 . Jump up ^ `` President Will Light Big Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yuletide Services to Be Held For All in Capital Tonight . '' The Washington Post December 24 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1924 - 1933 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1923 National Christmas Tree . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ One source claims the tree was lit at 6 : 00 P.M. See : `` Coolidges Sing Christmas Carols at Community Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Ushered In At White House and Sherman Park . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1924 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Opens Yule Festivities . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1927 . Jump up ^ Crump , p. 426 . Jump up ^ `` President Lights Capital Yule Tree Before Thousands . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Ushers In Nation 's Christmas As He Lights Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1928 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Leads Nation in Yule Season Gayety . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1928 . Jump up ^ Seeley , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The National Christmas Tree . '' American Lumberman . May 4 , 1929 . Jump up ^ `` New Capital Yule Tree Planted as Sun Blazes . '' The Washington Post May 30 , 1929 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` President Lights Tree for Nation . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1929 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Graff , p. 50 ; `` Headquarters of Roosevelt & Co . '' Life . January 4 , 1937 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover Wishes All A Merry Christmas . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1931 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Marks Debut of Yule at Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Shemanski , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Wider E Street at ' Bottleneck ' Wins Approval . '' The Washington Post August 25 , 1933 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1934 - 1938 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt Lights Tree . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` President Lights Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1934 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peace Urged By Roosevelt At Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1935 . Jump up ^ `` World Given Peace Pledge By President At Tree Rite . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1936 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yule Tree To Be Placed In Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1939 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt to Light National Christmas Tree Here Sunday . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Sadler , Christine . `` Capital , Ready for Holiday , Prepares to Light Giant Tree . '' The Washington Post December 24 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Hart , Scott . `` Roosevelt Lights Tree , Decries War . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Bookman , George B. `` President Bares His Head to Listen To Carols With 8,000 on Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Kluckhorn , Frank L. `` President Says Christmas Signifies Bettering World in ' Voluntary Way ' . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Seeley , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1941 - 1953 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ These two trees died some time between 1954 and 1973 . See : Elsen , William A. `` Yule Tree Will Be Planted on Ellipse . '' The Washington Post August 14 , 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Lighting Decision Expected Friday . '' The Washington Post December 10 , 1941 . Jump up ^ His potential arrival had been reported on December 19 , but was not confirmed until December 22 . See : `` Talks in Three Capitals . '' United Press . December 19 , 1941 ; Post , Robert P. `` Churchill 's Visit Called Own Idea . '' The New York Times December 23 , 1941 ; Schom , p. 248 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt , Churchill Voice Faith to War - Weary World . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1941 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Gerald G. `` Leaders of Democracies Key Their Speeches To Christmas Spirit at Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1941 . Jump up ^ `` Impatient Comment Stops as Churchill Speaks . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1941 . Jump up ^ `` Roosevelt to Broadcast Yule Greetings . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1942 ; Lawrence , W.H. `` Axis Faith Fades , Roosevelt Says . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. Children to Help Trim National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tree Ceremony Holds Spotlight In Capital 's ' Bright Christmas ' Celebration . '' The Washington Post December 23 , 1943 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Fete 's Fate Up to White House . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 1943 ; `` President Will Not Light ' 43 Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 10 , 1943 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Intercedes to Save White Houuse Tree Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1943 . Jump up ^ `` While House Christmas Tree Arrangements Completed . '' The Washington Post December 22 , 1943 . Jump up ^ Towe , Emily . `` 15,000 Take Part in Tree Ceremony at White House . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1944 . Jump up ^ `` Cold , Hungry Pledged Aid By Truman At Tree Fete . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1947 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2100 Attend White House Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1948 . Jump up ^ Leviero , Anthony . `` Truman Proposes Peace Dedication . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1948 ; `` During Christmas Eve Program on White House Lawn . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1949 ; Kennedy , Paul P. `` Truman Says Faith Is Best U.S. Weapon . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1950 ; Lawrence , W.H. `` Truman Cites ' Higher Hope ' For ' Just and Lasting Peace ' . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1951 . Jump up ^ `` Truman Yule Plea . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1952 . Jump up ^ `` National Tree to Be Lit at 5 : 16 P.M. '' The Washington Post December 24 , 1950 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul P. `` Prayer for Peace By President Heard Round the World . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1953 . Jump up ^ Folliard , Edward T. `` Hope Bright , Ike Asserts . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Klein , Elihu . `` One Man 's Dream Came True to Give City a Glittering Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 28 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1954 - Present National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Will Light Christmas Tree Early . '' United Press . November 5 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ike to Light Yule Tree Night of December 17 . '' The Washington Post November 5 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Luke 2 : 14 , KJV . Jump up ^ Smith , Marie D. `` Concert Precedes Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : Folliard , Edward T. `` Eisenhower Sets Peace Tree Aglow . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pageant of Peace Plans Ready . '' The Washington Post November 27 , 1955 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Robert . `` Christmas at Washington . '' The New York Times December 4 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Fir for Peace Pageant . '' Associated Press . November 23 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2100 Lights on Nation 's Big Tree Twinkle in Night for Last Time . '' The Washington Post January 8 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Nation 's Trees Lighted . '' The New York Times December 19 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Spirit Pervades the City . '' The New York Times December 18 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Lights Tree In Capital Park Today . '' Associated Press . December 17 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fund Drive Planned for Yule Fete . '' The Washington Post February 22 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Pageant , Solemn and Gay in Tone , Draws 20,000 . '' The Washington Post January 2 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Yule Pageant Held Over Extra Day . '' The Washington Post January 6 , 1955 . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. Leaders to Continue Yule Pageant . '' The Washington Post October 2 , 1955 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , p. 87 - 91 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Paul . `` President Lights Tree to Launch D.C. Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 19 , 1955 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Keith L. `` Throwing Light on A Holiday Tradition . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Embassies Plan Parts In Pageant . '' The Washington Post November 30 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Pageant of Peace Ends . '' The Washington Post January 3 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` 51 Nations to Decorate Pageant Path of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Nations to Erect Culture Symbols As Backdrop for Peace Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Ike to Light Tree , Open Fete Tonight . '' The Washington Post December 23 , 1957 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy Trees Missing From Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1958 . Jump up ^ `` Embassies Join In Yule Pageant . '' The Washington Post November 10 , 1959 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1954 - 1960 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Marie ( November 20 , 1959 ) . `` Already on Yuletide Threshold '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , M.D. `` Yule Tree of U.S. Lit By Johnson . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Lights Will Change Colors With Music at Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Pageant Opens Dec. 20 . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1961 - 1962 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Dorothy . `` President Sounds Hope for Peace In Lighting Up Nation 's Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1962 ; Pattee , Dorothea . `` Symbolic Trees for Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 1962 . Jump up ^ `` Pageant of Peace to Run Dec. 18 - 31 '' . The Washington Post . November 21 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Words of Slain President Inspire Ceremony to End Mourning Period '' . The Washington Post . December 19 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Pushes Button Lighting 8000 Bulbs on Nation 's Yule Tree '' . The Washington Post . December 23 , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Camp , Patricia . `` Nation 's Christmas Tree Gets Liberty Bell Crown . '' The Washington Post December 3 , 1975 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Willard ( December 6 , 1963 ) . `` 71 - Foot West Virginia Yule Tree Erected on Ellipse '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1963 - 1968 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Geremia , Ramon ( December 18 , 1964 ) . `` Gay Lights of Christmas Illuminate the Ellipse '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` LBJ Sets Tree Aglow , Sees ' Star of Peace ' '' . The Washington Post . December 19 , 1964 . ^ Jump up to : Reekie , Keith . `` LBJ Calls for Peace At Yule Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1965 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson , At Tree Lighting , Is Hopeful on Vietnam . '' The New York Times December 16 , 1966 . ^ Jump up to : Cronk , Sue . `` Throng of 4500 Sees LBJ Light Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Hinton , Robert . `` LBJ Lights Tree for 6th Time . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Philip D. `` Nixon Lights National Tree , Ignores Protest in Crowd . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1969 - 1973 National Christmas Trees '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talking About Peace , President Lights Tree . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Paul . `` Antiwar Signs Allowed Next to Yule Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Paul . `` U.S. Court Overrules Ruling on Peace Signs . '' The Washington Post December 19 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Paul and Weil , Martin . `` ' Tombstones for Peace ' Erected . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1970 . Jump up ^ President Nixon was at his winter home in Key Biscayne , Florida , for a talks with Willy Brandt , Chancellor of West Germany , and British Prime Minister Edward Heath . See : `` President Flies to Florida ; Will Prepare for Heath Visit . '' Associated Press . December 16 , 1971 ; `` Brandt Flies to U.S. Today For Talks With President . '' Associated Press . December 27 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer , Ron and Weil , Martin . `` National Yule Tree Lighted by Agnew . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1971 . Jump up ^ President Nixon again spent the holiday in Key Biscayne . See : Clarity , James F. `` For Nixon Family , First Christmas Apart . '' The New York Times December 12 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Weil , Martin . `` Tree Lit On Ellipse In the Rain . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , J.W. `` Wyoming Spruce Arrives . '' The Washington Post November 29 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Ronald . `` 250 Gather to Protest Viet War . '' The Washington Post December 26 , 1972 ; Baker , Donald . `` 1,500 Join ' Conscience Walk , ' Pray for Peace at the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 31 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Elsen , William A. `` Yule Tree Will Be Planted on Ellipse . '' The Washington Post August 14 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Sparing That Tree . '' The Washington Post August 18 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Linda Newton . `` Living Christmas Tree Due to Arrive Thursday . '' The Washington Post October 10 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Paul . `` National Yule Tree Dies . '' The Washington Post September 14 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Wolhowe , Cathe . `` Nixon Turns on Tree 's Lone Light . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Hyer , Marjorie . `` Pageant Differs From Christmas Past . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Rippeteau , Jane . `` President Lights the National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Mary . `` Decorations . '' The Washington Post December 1 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Hyer , Marjorie . `` Christ Child Is Present in Triplicate at Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 20 , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Bill . `` Santa - ing for Uncle Sam . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : Prince , Richard E. `` 10,000 See President Light Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Paul . `` National Yule Tree , Padded Out at Bottom ; Gets Ornament on Top . '' The Washington Post December 1 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post November 3 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1977 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1977 - 1980 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Valentine , Paul W. `` Wind , Flooding Spread Damage Through Region . '' The Washington Post January 27 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` '' Strong Winds Topple National Christmas . '' ' ' Associated Press . ' ' February 19 , 2011 `` . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Weil , Martin . `` 10,000 Watch Carter Launch Peace Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : `` Of Note . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman , LaBarbara . `` Yule Tree Stays Dim for Hostages . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Tarnapol , Paula . `` Christmas Lights Kindled on Successive Nights . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Rabbis had ruled that 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) was the maximum height permitted , because otherwise it was too tall for people to see comfortably . See : Reel , Monte . `` Menorah Evokes Parallels in History . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Lawrence . `` Jewish Groups Urge Menorah 's Removal . '' The Washington Post December 22 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Although the National Park Service and other sources claim that the National Menorah was erected on The Ellipse , contemporary primary sources as well as photographic evidence shows that the menorah was erected in Lafayette Park . See : Polakoff , Joseph . `` Carter Dedicates Menorah in Historic Chanukah Ceremony . '' Jewish Telegraphic Agency . December 19 , 1979 , accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 ; Carter , Jimm . `` Chanukah Remarks at the Lighting of the National Menorah . '' December 17 , 1979 . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project , accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ The date of this move is not clearly established , but definitely had occurred by 1987 . See : Sugarman , Carole . `` Eight Days , Eight Ways . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Cohn , D'Vera . `` Marking Hanukah 's Start . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Cooke , Janet . `` Star Shines for Hostages . '' The Washington Post December 19 , 1980 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine . `` Gala Welcome on Agenda Here Today . '' The Washington Post January 27 , 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Earley , Pete . `` Reagan Lights National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Kernan , Michael . `` The Bauble That Did n't Burst . '' The Washington Post December 3 , 1982 . Another report says the President stood on the South Portico of the White House . See : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1981 - 1988 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date , accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . However , the president may have stood inside the South Portico . Jump up ^ Eisen , Jack . `` Tree - Lighting Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 1983 . Another report says Reagan lit the 1983 from the South Portico of the White House . See : Ringle , Ken . `` A Night of Light . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1983 . This report is unclear as to whether Reagan was outside or inside . Jump up ^ `` National Christmas Tree Misses Own Swan Song . '' The Washington Post January 2 , 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1981 - 1988 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zibart , Eve . `` Our Christmas Tree Basks in the Sun . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Anne . `` A Christmas Tradition Shines Forth on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Statue Request Denied . '' The Washington Post December 12 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Linda . `` Snyder Relents on Statue . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc . `` Tree Lightens Gloom . '' The Washington Post December 12 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Let There Be Christmas Light . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1987 ; `` Finger on the Button . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Radcliffe , Donnie . `` For Bush , a Reunion and a Reminder . '' The Washington Post December 6 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer , Don and Cannon , Lou . `` Gorbachev Arrives , Urging Progress on Broader Treaty . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Casteneda , Reuben . `` ' Points of Light ' Adorn National Tree . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Priest , Dana . `` President Honors Former Hostages At National Tree - Lighting Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1989 - 1992 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1993 - 2000 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ly , Phuong . `` Ceremony Brings Oohs , Aahs to Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny and Hsu , Spencer S. `` Security Tightened For Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post November 17 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny . `` Christmas Tree - Lighting Restrictions Are Lifted . '' The Washington Post November 27 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny . `` Shining Through Trials , Trauma . '' The Washington Post December 6 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 2001 - 2008 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Robert . `` Detours and Delays in D.C. for National Christmas Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DeMillo , Andrew . `` A Bright Spot in a Dark Year . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny . `` A National Symbol 's Pennsylvania Roots . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Shulman , Robin . `` National Tree Firm Basks in Tradition . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartzman , Paul . `` The Stars Come Out Today on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : LeDuc , Daniel . `` Ode to a Diode . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Hudler , his son , and a worker was murdered in 2008 by Frederick Hammer during a robbery at the Hudler home . See : Johnson , Rob . `` Community Grieves for Homicide Victims in Grayson County . '' Roanoke Times . January 31 , 2008 . Archived February 1 , 2013 , at Archive.is Accessed 2012 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Samuels , Robert . `` Illuminating the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Huetteman , Emmarie . `` Winds Topple National Christmas Tree '' . The New York Times February 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Office of Communications . `` National Park Service to Plant New National Christmas Tree '' . Press release . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . March 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Clary , Glen . `` National Park Service to Replace National Christmas Tree . '' CNN.com . May 5 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Weil , Martin . `` National Christmas Tree Dies , Is Cut Down . '' The Washington Post May 5 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Forzato , Jamie . `` National Christmas Tree Planted Days Before Massive Storm . '' WTOP.com . October 28 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David . `` The National Yule Log Blazes No More . '' The Washington Post December 23 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David . `` Toasting the Season on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 2007 . Accessed 2012 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 National Christmas Tree . '' National Park Foundation . 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Spruce : Lights from GE Have Been Illuminating America 's National Christmas Tree for 50 Years . '' General Electric . December 23 , 2013 . Archived December 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Tamara. `` 12 of the World 's Most Spectacular Christmas Trees . '' CNN . December 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Barker , Karlyn . `` U.S. Has 4 National Christmas Trees . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno , Sylvia . `` Christmas Tree 's 15 Minutes of Fame Months in Making . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny . `` Nation 's Holiday Glow . '' The Washington Post December 10 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Eugene L. `` Event Cancellations Leave Display Firm on Sidelines . '' The Washington Post October 8 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Betancourt , David . `` How Lovely Are Thy Middle - Aged Branches . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Buerger , Megan . `` Christmas in America : 30 Billion Points of Light . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Lippman , Thomas W. `` Ellipse Nativity Scene Allowed . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Paul . `` Lawsuit Wo n't Affect Ellipse Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Nativity Scene Declared Legal . '' The Washington Post November 4 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Timothy S. `` Court Limits Use Of Pageant Creche . '' The Washington Post September 27 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Sauve , Francis . `` The P.G. Man Behind Ellipse Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Government officials claimed that Christian groups as well as the American Nazi Party had sought access to the Ellipse during the Pageant of Peace . Jump up ^ Bredemeier , Kenneth . `` Group Sues Park Service for Right to Stage Nativity on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Group Loses Bid for Ellipse Space . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1978 . Jump up ^ Painton , Priscilla and Carton , Barbara . `` National Christmas Display Will Include a Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post November 21 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Carton , Barbara . `` Group Seeks to Halt Reinstatement of Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post November 28 , 1984 . Bibliography ( edit ) Christmas in Washington , D.C. Chicago : World Book , 1998 . Crump , William D . The Christmas Encyclopedia . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. , 2006 . Domke , David Scott and Coe , Kevin M. The God Strategy : How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America . New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 . Ford , Elise . Frommer 's Washington , D.C. , 2012 . Indianapolis , Ind. : Frommer 's , 2011 . Gilbert , Robert E. The Mortal Presidency : Illness and Anguish in the White House . New York : Fordham University Press , 1998 . Graff , Henry Franklin . The Presidents : A Reference History . New York : Simon and Schuster , 2002 . Harris , Jessie Eubank . Legends and Stories of Famous Trees . Philadelphia : Dorrance , 1963 . Leinwand , Gerald . 1927 : High Tide of the Twenties . New York : Four Walls Eight Windows , 2001 . Menendez , Albert J. Christmas in the White House . Louisville , Ky. : Westminster John Knox Press , 1983 . Park Cultural Landscapes Program . National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory : President 's Park South , President 's Park . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . 2010 . Schom , Alan . The Eagle and the Rising Sun : The Japanese - American War , 1941 - 1943 , Pearl Harbor Through Guadalcanal . New York : W.W. Norton , 2004 . Seeley , Mary Evans . Season 's Greetings From the White House . Tampa , Fla. : A Presidential Christmas , 1998 . Shemanski , Frances . A Guide to Fairs and Festivals in the United States . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1984 . External links ( edit ) Lighting of the National Christmas Tree , official website presented by the National Park Foundation and the National Park Service History of the National Christmas Trees and various related webpages at the National Park Service ( NPS ) website , by Laura Schiavo and other NPS staff , U.S. Department of the Interior Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 41.5 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 10.7 '' W / 38.894861 ° N 77.036306 ° W / 38.894861 ; - 77.036306 Christmas trees Cultivation Christmas tree cultivation Christmas tree cultivation history Christmas tree pests and weeds Production Canadian production Danish production Global production Mexican production U.S. production Artificial Artificial Christmas tree Aluminum Christmas tree Feather Christmas tree Pre-lit tree Decorations Candy cane Christmas ornament Christmas lights Garland Pickle Pleated Christmas hearts Shiny Brite ornaments Szaloncukor Tinsel Tree - topper Individual trees Anthem Boston California Capitol Chicago Grand Place ( Brussels ) Grove ( L.A. ) Lisbon ( Portugal ) Macy 's ( Atlanta ) Milwaukee Mount Ingino ( Italy ) U.S. Capitol U.S. National Tree Rockefeller Center Sri Lanka Toledo ( Ohio ) Zoo Trafalgar Square ( London ) Tree ( Paris ) Vatican White House Trade groups American Christmas Tree Association British Christmas Tree Growers Association Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association Christmas Tree Promotion Board Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association National Christmas Tree Association Other topics Chichilaki Christmas tree stand Festive ecology Hanukkah bush Holiday tree Rouse Simmons Singing Christmas Tree Tree baler Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Christmas_Tree_(United_States)&oldid=825448312 '' Categories : Individual Christmas trees 1923 establishments in Washington , D.C. Christmas in the United States Individual trees in the District of Columbia 1923 introductions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Webarchive template archiveis links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Հայերեն Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 13 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who lights the national christmas tree in america	[ "The National Christmas Tree is a large evergreen tree located in the northeast quadrant of The Ellipse near the White House in Washington, D.C. Each year since 1923, the tree has been decorated as a Christmas tree. Every early December, the tree is traditionally lit by the President of the United States. Every president since Franklin D. Roosevelt has made formal remarks during the tree lighting ceremony.[1] Since 1954,[2] the event has marked the start of month-long festivities known as the Pageant of Peace.[3] Smaller trees representing the U.S. states, District of Columbia, and the five territories around the National Christmas Tree are referred to as the Pathway to Peace.[4]" ]	[ "the President of the United States" ]
-5854601283847437362	League of Nations	League of Nations - wikipedia League of Nations Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Commonwealth of Nations or Nations League . This article is about the intergovernmental organisation . For the group in professional wrestling , see The League of Nations ( professional wrestling ) . League of Nations Société des Nations ( French ) Sociedad de Naciones ( Spanish ) Intergovernmental organisation 1920 -- 1946 Flag Emblem Anachronous world map showing member states of the League of Nations from 1920 to 1945 Capital Geneva , Switzerland Languages French English Spanish Political structure Intergovernmental organisation Secretary ‐ General 1920 -- 33 Sir Eric Drummond 1933 -- 40 Joseph Avenol 1940 -- 46 Seán Lester Deputy Secretary - General 1919 -- 23 Jean Monnet 1923 -- 33 Joseph Avenol 1937 -- 40 Seán Lester Historical era Interwar period Treaty of Versailles 10 January 1920 First meeting 16 January 1920 Dissolved 20 April 1946 Succeeded by United Nations a . ^ The headquarters were based from 1 November 1920 in the Palais Wilson in Geneva , Switzerland , and from 17 February 1936 in the purpose built Palace of Nations also in Geneva . The League of Nations ( abbreviated as LN in English , La Société des Nations ( la sɔsjete de nɑsjɔ̃ ) abbreviated as SDN or SdN in French ) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War . It was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace . Its primary goals , as stated in its Covenant , included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration . Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions , just treatment of native inhabitants , human and drug trafficking , the arms trade , global health , prisoners of war , and protection of minorities in Europe . At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935 , it had 58 members . The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift from the preceding hundred years . The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the victorious Great Powers of WWI ( France , the UK , Italy and Japan were the permanent members of the executive Council ) to enforce its resolutions , keep to its economic sanctions , or provide an army when needed . The Great Powers were often reluctant to do so . Sanctions could hurt League members , so they were reluctant to comply with them . During the Second Italo - Abyssinian War , when the League accused Italian soldiers of targeting Red Cross medical tents , Benito Mussolini responded that `` the League is very well when sparrows shout , but no good at all when eagles fall out . '' After some notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s , the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s . The credibility of the organization was somewhat weakened by the fact that United States never officially joined the League and the Soviet Union joined late and only briefly . Germany withdrew from the League , as did Japan , Italy , Spain , and others . The onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose , which was to prevent any future world war . The League lasted for 26 years ; the United Nations ( UN ) replaced it after the end of the Second World War and inherited several agencies and organisations founded by the League . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Background 1.2 Initial proposals 1.3 Establishment 2 Languages and symbols 3 Principal organs 3.1 Other bodies 4 Members 5 Mandates 5.1 Mandatory powers 6 Resolving territorial disputes 6.1 Åland Islands 6.2 Upper Silesia 6.3 Albania 6.4 Memel 6.5 Hatay 6.6 Mosul 6.7 Vilnius 6.8 Colombia and Peru 6.9 Saar 7 Other conflicts 7.1 Greece and Bulgaria 7.2 Liberia 7.3 Mukden Incident : Japan attacks China 7.4 Chaco War 7.5 Italian invasion of Abyssinia 7.6 Spanish Civil War 7.7 Second Sino - Japanese War 8 Failure of disarmament 9 General weaknesses 9.1 Origins and structure 9.2 Global representation 9.3 Collective security 9.4 Pacifism and disarmament 10 Demise and legacy 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Further reading 12.3 Surveys 12.4 Historiography 13 League topics 13.1 Specialized topics 14 External links Origins ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The 1864 Geneva Convention , one of the earliest formulations of international law The concept of a peaceful community of nations had been proposed as far back as 1795 , when Immanuel Kant 's Perpetual Peace : A Philosophical Sketch outlined the idea of a league of nations to control conflict and promote peace between states . Kant argued for the establishment of a peaceful world community , not in a sense of a global government , but in the hope that each state would declare itself a free state that respects its citizens and welcomes foreign visitors as fellow rational beings , thus promoting peaceful society worldwide . International co-operation to promote collective security originated in the Concert of Europe that developed after the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century in an attempt to maintain the status quo between European states and so avoid war . This period also saw the development of international law , with the first Geneva Conventions establishing laws dealing with humanitarian relief during wartime , and the international Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 governing rules of war and the peaceful settlement of international disputes . As historians William H. Harbaugh and Ronald E. Powaski point out , Theodore Roosevelt was the first American President to call for an international league . At the acceptance for his Nobel Prize , Roosevelt said : `` it would be a masterstroke if those great powers honestly bent on peace would form a League of Peace '' The forerunner of the League of Nations , the Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ) , was formed by the peace activists William Randal Cremer and Frédéric Passy in 1889 ( and is currently still in existence as an international body with a focus on the various elected legislative bodies of the world . ) The IPU was founded with an international scope , with a third of the members of parliaments ( in the 24 countries that had parliaments ) serving as members of the IPU by 1914 . Its foundational aims were to encourage governments to solve international disputes by peaceful means . Annual conferences were established to help governments refine the process of international arbitration . Its structure was designed as a council headed by a president , which would later be reflected in the structure of the League . Initial proposals ( edit ) Lord Bryce , one of the earliest advocates for a League of Nations . At the start of the First World War the first schemes for international organisation to prevent future wars began to gain considerable public support , particularly in Great Britain and the United States . Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson , a British political scientist , coined the term `` League of Nations '' in 1914 and drafted a scheme for its organisation . Together with Lord Bryce , he played a leading role in the founding of the group of internationalist pacifists known as the Bryce Group , later the League of Nations Union . The group became steadily more influential among the public and as a pressure group within the then governing Liberal Party . In Dickinson 's 1915 pamphlet After the War he wrote of his `` League of Peace '' as being essentially an organisation for arbitration and conciliation . He felt that the secret diplomacy of the early twentieth century had brought about war and thus could write that , `` the impossibility of war , I believe , would be increased in proportion as the issues of foreign policy should be known to and controlled by public opinion . '' The ' Proposals ' of the Bryce Group were circulated widely , both in England and the US , where they had a profound influence on the nascent international movement . Within two weeks of the start of the war , feminists began to mobilise against the war . Having been barred from participating in prior peace organizations , American women formed a Women 's Peace Parade Committee to plan a silent protest to the war . Led by chairwoman Fanny Garrison Villard , women from trade unions , feminist organizations , and social reform organizations , such as Kate Waller Barrett , Mary Ritter Beard , Carrie Chapman Catt , Rose Schneiderman , Lillian Wald , and others , organized 1500 women , who marched down Manhattan 's Fifth Avenue on August 29 , 1914 . As a result of the parade , Jane Addams became interested in proposals by two European suffragists -- Hungarian Rosika Schwimmer and British Emmeline Pethick - Lawrence -- to hold a peace conference . On 9 - 10 January 1915 , a peace conference directed by Addams was held in Washington , D.C. , where the delegates adopted a platform calling for creation of international bodies with administrative and legislative powers to develop a `` permanent league of neutral nations '' to work for peace and disarmament . Within months a call was made for an international women 's conference to be held in The Hague . Coordinated by Mia Boissevain , Aletta Jacobs and Rosa Manus , the Congress , which opened on April 28 , 1915 was attended by 1,136 participants from both neutral and belligerent nations , and resulted in the establishment of an organization which would become the Women 's International League for Peace and Freedom ( WILPF ) . At the close of the conference , two delegations of women were dispatched to meet with European heads of state over the next several months . They secured agreement from reluctant Foreign Ministers , who overall felt that such a body would be ineffective , but agreed to participate or not impede creation of a neutral mediating body , if other nations agreed and if President Woodrow Wilson would initiate a body . In the midst of the War , Wilson refused . In 1915 , a similar body to the Bryce group proposals was set up in the United States by a group of like - minded individuals , including William Howard Taft . It was called the League to Enforce Peace and was substantially based on the proposals of the Bryce Group . It advocated the use of arbitration in conflict resolution and the imposition of sanctions on aggressive countries . None of these early organisations envisioned a continuously functioning body ; with the exception of the Fabian Society in England , they maintained a legalistic approach that would limit the international body to a court of justice . The Fabians were the first to argue for a `` Council '' of states , necessarily the Great Powers , who would adjudicate world affairs , and for the creation of a permanent secretariat to enhance international co-operation across a range of activities . In the course of the diplomatic efforts surrounding World War I , both sides had to clarify their long - term war aims . By 1916 in Britain , the leader of the Allies , and in neutral United States , long - range thinkers had begun to design a unified international organisation to prevent future wars . Historian Peter Yearwood argues that when the new coalition government of David Lloyd George took power in December 1916 , there was widespread discussion among intellectuals and diplomats of the desirability of establishing such an organisation , when Lloyd George was challenged by Wilson to state his position Regarding the postwar , he endorsed such an organisation . Wilson himself Included in his Fourteen Points in January 1918 a `` league of nations to insure peace and justice . '' British foreign secretary , Lord Balfour , argued that , as a condition of durable peace , `` behind international law , and behind all treaty arrangements for preventing or limiting hostilities , some form of international sanction should be devised which would give pause to the hardiest aggressor . '' By the time Germany gave up in November 1918 , the war had had a profound impact , affecting the social , political and economic systems of Europe and inflicting psychological and physical damage . Anti-war sentiment rose across the world ; the First World War was described as `` the war to end all wars '' , and its possible causes were vigorously investigated . The causes identified included arms races , alliances , militaristic nationalism , secret diplomacy , and the freedom of sovereign states to enter into war for their own benefit . One proposed remedy was the creation of an international organisation whose aim was to prevent future war through disarmament , open diplomacy , international co-operation , restrictions on the right to wage war , and penalties that made war unattractive . In London Balfour commissioned the first official report into the matter in early 1918 , under the initiative of Lord Robert Cecil . The British committee was finally appointed in February 1918 . It was led by Walter Phillimore ( and became known as the Phillimore Committee ) , but also included Eyre Crowe , William Tyrrell , and Cecil Hurst . The recommendations of the so - called Phillimore Commission included the establishment of a `` Conference of Allied States '' that would arbitrate disputes and impose sanctions on offending states . The proposals were approved by the British government , and much of the commission 's results were later incorporated into the Covenant of the League of Nations . Jan Smuts helped to draft the Covenant of the League of Nations . The French also drafted a much more far - reaching proposal in June 1918 ; they advocated annual meetings of a council to settle all disputes , as well as an `` international army '' to enforce its decisions . The American President Woodrow Wilson instructed Edward M. House to draft a US plan which reflected Wilson 's own idealistic views ( first articulated in the Fourteen Points of January 1918 ) , as well as the work of the Phillimore Commission . The outcome of House 's work , and Wilson 's own first draft , proposed the termination of `` unethical '' state behaviour , including forms of espionage and dishonesty . Methods of compulsion against recalcitrant states would include severe measures , such as `` blockading and closing the frontiers of that power to commerce or intercourse with any part of the world and to use any force that may be necessary ... '' The two principal drafters and architects of the covenant of the League of Nations were Lord Robert Cecil ( a British diplomat ) , and Jan Smuts ( a South African statesman ) . Smuts ' proposals included the creation of a Council of the great powers as permanent members and a non-permanent selection of the minor states . He also proposed the creation of a Mandate system for captured colonies of the Central Powers during the war . Cecil focused on the administrative side , and proposed annual Council meetings and quadrennial meetings for the Assembly of all members . He also argued for a large and permanent secretariat to carry out the League 's administrative duties . Establishment ( edit ) The official opening of the League of Nations , 15 November 1920 At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , Wilson , Cecil , and Smuts all put forward their draft proposals . After lengthy negotiations between the delegates , the Hurst - Miller draft was finally produced as a basis for the Covenant . After more negotiation and compromise , the delegates finally approved of the proposal to create the League of Nations ( French : Société des Nations , German : Völkerbund ) on 25 January 1919 . The final Covenant of the League of Nations was drafted by a special commission , and the League was established by Part I of the Treaty of Versailles . On 28 June 1919 , 44 states signed the Covenant , including 31 states which had taken part in the war on the side of the Triple Entente or joined it during the conflict . French women 's rights advocates invited international feminists to participate in a parallel conference to the Paris Conference in hopes that they could gain permission to participate in the official conference . The Inter-Allied Women 's Conference asked to be allowed to submit suggestions to the peace negotiations and commissions and were granted the right to sit on commissions dealing specifically with women and children . Though they asked for enfranchisement and full legal protection under the law equal with men , those rights were ignored . Women won the right to serve in all capacities , including as staff or delegates in the League of Nations organization . They also won a declaration that member nations should prevent trafficking of women and children and should equally support humane conditions for children , women and men labourers . At the Zürich Peace Conference held between 17 - 19 May , 1919 , the women of the WILPF condemned the terms of the Treaty of Versailles for both is punitive measures , as well as its failure to provide for condemnation of violence and exclusion of women from civil and political participation . Upon reading the Rules of Procedure for the League of Nations , Catherine Marshall , an English suffragist , discovered that the guidelines were completely undemocratic and they were modified based on her suggestion . The League would be made up of a General Assembly ( representing all member states ) , an Executive Council ( with membership limited to major powers ) , and a permanent secretariat . Member states were expected to `` respect and preserve as against external aggression '' the territorial integrity of other members and to disarm `` to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety . '' All states were required to submit complaints for arbitration or judicial inquiry before going to war . The Executive Council would create a Permanent Court of International Justice to make judgements on the disputes . Despite Wilson 's efforts to establish and promote the League , for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in October 1919 , the United States never joined . Senate Republicans led by Henry Cabot Lodge wanted a League with the reservation that only Congress could take the U.S. into war . Lodge gained a majority of Senators . Wilson refused to allow a compromise and the needed 2 / 3 majority was lacking . The League held its first council meeting in Paris on 16 January 1920 , six days after the Versailles Treaty and the Covenant of the League of Nations came into force . On 1 November 1920 , the headquarters of the League was moved from London to Geneva , where the first General Assembly was held on 15 November 1920 . The Palais Wilson on Geneva 's western lakeshore , named after US President Woodrow Wilson in recognition of his efforts towards the establishment of the League , was the League 's first permanent home . Languages and symbols ( edit ) The official languages of the League of Nations were French , English , and Spanish . The League rejected adopting Esperanto as its working language . China and Japan wanted Esperanto but France was strongly opposed . In 1939 , a semi-official emblem for the League of Nations emerged : two five - pointed stars within a blue pentagon . They symbolised the Earth 's five continents and five `` races '' . A bow at the top displayed the English name ( `` League of Nations '' ) , while another at the bottom showed the French ( `` Société des Nations '' ) . Principal organs ( edit ) Further information : Organisation of the League of Nations , Permanent Court of International Justice , and Leaders of the League of Nations Palace of Nations , Geneva , the League 's headquarters from 1936 until its dissolution in 1946 The main constitutional organs of the League were the Assembly , the Council , and the Permanent Secretariat . It also had two essential wings : the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labour Organisation . In addition , there were several auxiliary agencies and commissions . Each organ 's budget was allocated by the Assembly ( the League was supported financially by its member states ) . The relations between the Assembly and the Council and the competencies of each were for the most part not explicitly defined . Each body could deal with any matter within the sphere of competence of the League or affecting peace in the world . Particular questions or tasks might be referred to either . Unanimity was required for the decisions of both the Assembly and the Council , except in matters of procedure and some other specific cases such as the admission of new members . This requirement was a reflection of the League 's belief in the sovereignty of its component nations ; the League sought solution by consent , not by dictation . In case of a dispute , the consent of the parties to the dispute was not required for unanimity . The Permanent Secretariat , established at the seat of the League at Geneva , comprised a body of experts in various spheres under the direction of the general secretary . Its principal sections were Political , Financial and Economics , Transit , Minorities and Administration ( administering the Saar and Danzig ) , Mandates , Disarmament , Health , Social ( Opium and Traffic in Women and Children ) , Intellectual Cooperation and International Bureaux , Legal , and Information . The staff of the Secretariat was responsible for preparing the agenda for the Council and the Assembly and publishing reports of the meetings and other routine matters , effectively acting as the League 's civil service . In 1931 the staff numbered 707 . The Assembly consisted of representatives of all members of the League , with each state allowed up to three representatives and one vote . It met in Geneva and , after its initial sessions in 1920 , it convened once a year in September . The special functions of the Assembly included the admission of new members , the periodical election of non-permanent members to the Council , the election with the Council of the judges of the Permanent Court , and control of the budget . In practice , the Assembly was the general directing force of League activities . The League Council acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly 's business . It began with four permanent members ( Great Britain , France , Italy , Japan ) and four non-permanent members that were elected by the Assembly for a three - year term . The first non-permanent members were Belgium , Brazil , Greece , and Spain . The composition of the Council was changed several times . The number of non-permanent members was first increased to six on 22 September 1922 and to nine on 8 September 1926 . Werner Dankwort of Germany pushed for his country to join the League ; joining in 1926 , Germany became the fifth permanent member of the Council . Later , after Germany and Japan both left the League , the number of non-permanent seats was increased from nine to eleven , and the Soviet Union was made a permanent member giving the Council a total of fifteen members . The Council met , on average , five times a year and in extraordinary sessions when required . In total , 107 sessions were held between 1920 and 1939 . Other bodies ( edit ) The League oversaw the Permanent Court of International Justice and several other agencies and commissions created to deal with pressing international problems . These included the Disarmament Commission , the Health Organisation , the International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) , the Mandates Commission , the International Commission on Intellectual Cooperation ( precursor to UNESCO ) , the Permanent Central Opium Board , the Commission for Refugees , and the Slavery Commission . Three of these institutions were transferred to the United Nations after the Second World War : the International Labour Organisation , the Permanent Court of International Justice ( as the International Court of Justice ) , and the Health Organisation ( restructured as the World Health Organisation ) . The Permanent Court of International Justice was provided for by the Covenant , but not established by it . The Council and the Assembly established its constitution . Its judges were elected by the Council and the Assembly , and its budget was provided by the latter . The Court was to hear and decide any international dispute which the parties concerned submitted to it . It might also give an advisory opinion on any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or the Assembly . The Court was open to all the nations of the world under certain broad conditions . Child labour in a coal mine , United States , c. 1912 The International Labour Organisation was created in 1919 on the basis of Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles . The ILO , although having the same members as the League and being subject to the budget control of the Assembly , was an autonomous organisation with its own Governing Body , its own General Conference and its own Secretariat . Its constitution differed from that of the League : representation had been accorded not only to governments but also to representatives of employers ' and workers ' organisations . Albert Thomas was its first director . Child labour in Kamerun during 1919 The ILO successfully restricted the addition of lead to paint , and convinced several countries to adopt an eight - hour work day and forty - eight - hour working week . It also campaigned to end child labour , increase the rights of women in the workplace , and make shipowners liable for accidents involving seamen . After the demise of the League , the ILO became an agency of the United Nations in 1946 . The League 's health organisation had three bodies : the Health Bureau , containing permanent officials of the League ; the General Advisory Council or Conference , an executive section consisting of medical experts ; and the Health Committee . The Committee 's purpose was to conduct inquiries , oversee the operation of the League 's health work , and prepare work to be presented to the Council . This body focused on ending leprosy , malaria , and yellow fever , the latter two by starting an international campaign to exterminate mosquitoes . The Health Organisation also worked successfully with the government of the Soviet Union to prevent typhus epidemics , including organising a large education campaign . The League of Nations had devoted serious attention to the question of international intellectual co-operation since its creation . The First Assembly in December 1920 recommended that the Council take action aiming at the international organisation of intellectual work , which it did by adopting a report presented by the Fifth Committee of the Second Assembly and inviting a Committee on Intellectual Cooperation to meet in Geneva in August 1922 . The French philosopher Henri Bergson became the first chairman of the committee . The work of the committee included : inquiry into the conditions of intellectual life , assistance to countries where intellectual life was endangered , creation of national committees for intellectual co-operation , co-operation with international intellectual organisations , protection of intellectual property , inter-university co-operation , co-ordination of bibliographical work and international interchange of publications , and international co-operation in archaeological research . Introduced by the second International Opium Convention , the Permanent Central Opium Board had to supervise the statistical reports on trade in opium , morphine , cocaine and heroin . The board also established a system of import certificates and export authorisations for the legal international trade in narcotics . The Slavery Commission sought to eradicate slavery and slave trading across the world , and fought forced prostitution . Its main success was through pressing the governments who administered mandated countries to end slavery in those countries . The League secured a commitment from Ethiopia to end slavery as a condition of membership in 1923 , and worked with Liberia to abolish forced labour and intertribal slavery . The United Kingdom had not supported Ethiopian membership of the League on the grounds that `` Ethiopia had not reached a state of civilisation and internal security sufficient to warrant her admission . '' The League also succeeded in reducing the death rate of workers constructing the Tanganyika railway from 55 to 4 percent . Records were kept to control slavery , prostitution , and the trafficking of women and children . Partly as a result of pressure brought by the League of Nations , Afghanistan abolished slavery in 1923 , Iraq in 1924 , Nepal in 1926 , Transjordan and Persia in 1929 , Bahrain in 1937 , and Ethiopia in 1942 . A sample Nansen passport Led by Fridtjof Nansen , the Commission for Refugees was established on 27 June 1921 to look after the interests of refugees , including overseeing their repatriation and , when necessary , resettlement . At the end of the First World War , there were two to three million ex-prisoners of war from various nations dispersed throughout Russia ; within two years of the commission 's foundation , it had helped 425,000 of them return home . It established camps in Turkey in 1922 to aid the country with an ongoing refugee crisis , helping to prevent disease and hunger . It also established the Nansen passport as a means of identification for stateless people . The Committee for the Study of the Legal Status of Women sought to inquire into the status of women all over the world . It was formed in 1937 , and later became part of the United Nations as the Commission on the Status of Women . Members ( edit ) See also : Member states of the League of Nations A map of the world in 1920 -- 45 , which shows the League of Nations members during its history Of the League 's 42 founding members , 23 ( 24 counting Free France ) remained members until it was dissolved in 1946 . In the founding year , six other states joined , only two of which remained members throughout the League 's existence . An additional 15 countries joined later . The largest number of member states was 58 , between 28 September 1934 ( when Ecuador joined ) and 23 February 1935 ( when Paraguay withdrew ) . On 26 May 1937 , Egypt became the last state to join the League . The first member to withdraw permanently from the League was Costa Rica on 22 January 1925 ; having joined on 16 December 1920 , this also makes it the member to have most quickly withdrawn . Brazil was the first founding member to withdraw ( 14 June 1926 ) , and Haiti the last ( April 1942 ) . Iraq , which joined in 1932 , was the first member that had previously been a League of Nations mandate . The Soviet Union became a member on 18 September 1934 , and was expelled on 14 December 1939 for invading Finland . In expelling the Soviet Union , the League broke its own rule : only 7 of 15 members of the Council voted for expulsion ( United Kingdom , France , Belgium , Bolivia , Egypt , South Africa , and the Dominican Republic ) , short of the majority required by the Covenant . Three of these members had been made Council members the day before the vote ( South Africa , Bolivia , and Egypt ) . This was one of the League 's final acts before it practically ceased functioning due to the Second World War . Mandates ( edit ) Main article : League of Nations mandate At the end of the First World War , the Allied powers were confronted with the question of the disposal of the former German colonies in Africa and the Pacific , and the several non-Turkish provinces of the Ottoman Empire . The Peace Conference adopted the principle that these territories should be administered by different governments on behalf of the League -- a system of national responsibility subject to international supervision . This plan , defined as the mandate system , was adopted by the `` Council of Ten '' ( the heads of government and foreign ministers of the main Allied powers : Britain , France , the United States , Italy , Spain , and Japan ) on 30 January 1919 and transmitted to the League of Nations . League of Nations mandates were established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations . The Permanent Mandates Commission supervised League of Nations mandates , and also organised plebiscites in disputed territories so that residents could decide which country they would join . There were three mandate classifications : A , B and C . The A mandates ( applied to parts of the old Ottoman Empire ) were `` certain communities '' that had ... reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone . The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory . -- Article 22 , The Covenant of the League of Nations The B mandates were applied to the former German colonies that the League took responsibility for after the First World War . These were described as `` peoples '' that the League said were ... at such a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion , subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals , the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade , the arms traffic and the liquor traffic , and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than police purposes and the defence of territory , and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League . -- Article 22 , The Covenant of the League of Nations South West Africa and certain South Pacific Islands were administered by League members under C mandates . These were classified as `` territories '' ... which , owing to the sparseness of their population , or their small size , or their remoteness from the centres of civilisation , or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory , and other circumstances , can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory , subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population . '' -- Article 22 , The Covenant of the League of Nations Mandatory powers ( edit ) The territories were governed by mandatory powers , such as the United Kingdom in the case of the Mandate of Palestine , and the Union of South Africa in the case of South West Africa , until the territories were deemed capable of self - government . Fourteen mandate territories were divided up among seven mandatory powers : the United Kingdom , the Union of South Africa , France , Belgium , New Zealand , Australia and Japan . With the exception of the Kingdom of Iraq , which joined the League on 3 October 1932 , these territories did not begin to gain their independence until after the Second World War , in a process that did not end until 1990 . Following the demise of the League , most of the remaining mandates became United Nations Trust Territories . In addition to the mandates , the League itself governed the Territory of the Saar Basin for 15 years , before it was returned to Germany following a plebiscite , and the Free City of Danzig ( now Gdańsk , Poland ) from 15 November 1920 to 1 September 1939 . Resolving territorial disputes ( edit ) The aftermath of the First World War left many issues to be settled , including the exact position of national boundaries and which country particular regions would join . Most of these questions were handled by the victorious Allied powers in bodies such as the Allied Supreme Council . The Allies tended to refer only particularly difficult matters to the League . This meant that , during the early interwar period , the League played little part in resolving the turmoil resulting from the war . The questions the League considered in its early years included those designated by the Paris Peace treaties . As the League developed , its role expanded , and by the middle of the 1920s it had become the centre of international activity . This change can be seen in the relationship between the League and non-members . The United States and Russia , for example , increasingly worked with the League . During the second half of the 1920s , France , Britain and Germany were all using the League of Nations as the focus of their diplomatic activity , and each of their foreign secretaries attended League meetings at Geneva during this period . They also used the League 's machinery to try to improve relations and settle their differences . Åland islands ( edit ) Main article : Åland crisis Åland is a collection of around 6,500 islands in the Baltic Sea , midway between Sweden and Finland . The islands are almost exclusively Swedish - speaking , but in 1809 , the Åland Islands , along with Finland , were taken by Imperial Russia . In December 1917 , during the turmoil of the Russian October Revolution , Finland declared its independence , but most of the Ålanders wished to rejoin Sweden . The Finnish government considered the islands to be a part of their new nation , as the Russians had included Åland in the Grand Duchy of Finland , formed in 1809 . By 1920 , the dispute had escalated to the point that there was danger of war . The British government referred the problem to the League 's Council , but Finland would not let the League intervene , as they considered it an internal matter . The League created a small panel to decide if it should investigate the matter and , with an affirmative response , a neutral commission was created . In June 1921 , the League announced its decision : the islands were to remain a part of Finland , but with guaranteed protection of the islanders , including demilitarisation . With Sweden 's reluctant agreement , this became the first European international agreement concluded directly through the League . Upper Silesia ( edit ) The Allied powers referred the problem of Upper Silesia to the League after they had been unable to resolve the territorial dispute . After the First World War , Poland laid claim to Upper Silesia , which had been part of Prussia . The Treaty of Versailles had recommended a plebiscite in Upper Silesia to determine whether the territory should become part of Germany or Poland . Complaints about the attitude of the German authorities led to rioting and eventually to the first two Silesian Uprisings ( 1919 and 1920 ) . A plebiscite took place on 20 March 1921 , with 59.6 percent ( around 500,000 ) of the votes cast in favour of joining Germany , but Poland claimed the conditions surrounding it had been unfair . This result led to the Third Silesian Uprising in 1921 . On 12 August 1921 , the League was asked to settle the matter ; the Council created a commission with representatives from Belgium , Brazil , China and Spain to study the situation . The committee recommended that Upper Silesia be divided between Poland and Germany according to the preferences shown in the plebiscite and that the two sides should decide the details of the interaction between the two areas -- for example , whether goods should pass freely over the border due to the economic and industrial interdependence of the two areas . In November 1921 , a conference was held in Geneva to negotiate a convention between Germany and Poland . A final settlement was reached , after five meetings , in which most of the area was given to Germany , but with the Polish section containing the majority of the region 's mineral resources and much of its industry . When this agreement became public in May 1922 , bitter resentment was expressed in Germany , but the treaty was still ratified by both countries . The settlement produced peace in the area until the beginning of the Second World War . Albania ( edit ) The frontiers of the Principality of Albania had not been set during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , as they were left for the League to decide ; they had not yet been determined by September 1921 , creating an unstable situation . Greek troops conducted military operations in the south of Albania . Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( Yugoslav ) forces became engaged , after clashes with Albanian tribesmen , in the northern part of the country . The League sent a commission of representatives from various powers to the region . In November 1921 , the League decided that the frontiers of Albania should be the same as they had been in 1913 , with three minor changes that favoured Yugoslavia . Yugoslav forces withdrew a few weeks later , albeit under protest . The borders of Albania again became the cause of international conflict when Italian General Enrico Tellini and four of his assistants were ambushed and killed on 24 August 1923 while marking out the newly decided border between Greece and Albania . Italian leader Benito Mussolini was incensed , and demanded that a commission investigate the incident within five days . Whatever the results of the investigation , Mussolini insisted that the Greek government pay Italy fifty million lire in reparations . The Greeks said they would not pay unless it was proved that the crime was committed by Greeks . Mussolini sent a warship to shell the Greek island of Corfu , and Italian forces occupied the island on 31 August 1923 . This contravened the League 's covenant , so Greece appealed to the League to deal with the situation . The Allies agreed ( at Mussolini 's insistence ) that the Conference of Ambassadors should be responsible for resolving the dispute because it was the conference that had appointed General Tellini . The League Council examined the dispute , but then passed on their findings to the Conference of Ambassadors to make the final decision . The conference accepted most of the League 's recommendations , forcing Greece to pay fifty million lire to Italy , even though those who committed the crime were never discovered . Italian forces then withdrew from Corfu . Memel ( edit ) Main article : Klaipėda Revolt The port city of Memel ( now Klaipėda ) and the surrounding area , with a predominantly German population , was under provisional Allied control according to Article 99 of the Treaty of Versailles . The French and Polish governments favoured turning Memel into an international city , while Lithuania wanted to annex the area . By 1923 , the fate of the area had still not been decided , prompting Lithuanian forces to invade in January 1923 and seize the port . After the Allies failed to reach an agreement with Lithuania , they referred the matter to the League of Nations . In December 1923 , the League Council appointed a Commission of Inquiry . The commission chose to cede Memel to Lithuania and give the area autonomous rights . The Klaipėda Convention was approved by the League Council on 14 March 1924 , and then by the Allied powers and Lithuania . In 1939 Germany retook the region following the rise of the Nazis and an ultimatum to Lithuania , demanding the return of the region under threat of war . The League of Nations failed to prevent the secession of the Memel region to Germany . Hatay ( edit ) Main article : Hatay State With League oversight , the Sanjak of Alexandretta in the French Mandate of Syria was given autonomy in 1937 . Renamed Hatay , its parliament declared independence as the Republic of Hatay in September 1938 , after elections the previous month . It was annexed by Turkey with French consent in mid-1939 . Mosul ( edit ) Main article : Mosul Question The League resolved a dispute between the Kingdom of Iraq and the Republic of Turkey over control of the former Ottoman province of Mosul in 1926 . According to the British , who had been awarded a League of Nations mandate over Iraq in 1920 and therefore represented Iraq in its foreign affairs , Mosul belonged to Iraq ; on the other hand , the new Turkish republic claimed the province as part of its historic heartland . A League of Nations Commission of Inquiry , with Belgian , Hungarian and Swedish members , was sent to the region in 1924 ; it found that the people of Mosul did not want to be part of either Turkey or Iraq , but if they had to choose , they would pick Iraq . In 1925 , the commission recommended that the region stay part of Iraq , under the condition that the British hold the mandate over Iraq for another 25 years , to ensure the autonomous rights of the Kurdish population . The League Council adopted the recommendation and decided on 16 December 1925 to award Mosul to Iraq . Although Turkey had accepted League of Nations ' arbitration in the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 , it rejected the decision , questioning the Council 's authority . The matter was referred to the Permanent Court of International Justice , which ruled that , when the Council made a unanimous decision , it must be accepted . Nonetheless , Britain , Iraq and Turkey ratified a separate treaty on 5 June 1926 that mostly followed the decision of the League Council and also assigned Mosul to Iraq . It was agreed that Iraq could still apply for League membership within 25 years and that the mandate would end upon its admittance . Vilnius ( edit ) Main article : Żeligowski 's Mutiny After the First World War , Poland and Lithuania both regained their independence but soon became immersed in territorial disputes . During the Polish -- Soviet War , Lithuania signed the Moscow Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union that laid out Lithuania 's frontiers . This agreement gave Lithuanians control of the city of Vilnius ( Lithuanian : Vilnius , Polish : Wilno ) , the old Lithuanian capital , but a city with a majority Polish population . This heightened tension between Lithuania and Poland and led to fears that they would resume the Polish -- Lithuanian War , and on 7 October 1920 , the League negotiated the Suwałki Agreement establishing a cease - fire and a demarcation line between the two nations . On 9 October 1920 , General Lucjan Żeligowski , commanding a Polish military force in contravention of the Suwałki Agreement , took the city and established the Republic of Central Lithuania . After a request for assistance from Lithuania , the League Council called for Poland 's withdrawal from the area . The Polish government indicated they would comply , but instead reinforced the city with more Polish troops . This prompted the League to decide that the future of Vilnius should be determined by its residents in a plebiscite and that the Polish forces should withdraw and be replaced by an international force organised by the League . The plan was met with resistance in Poland , Lithuania , and the Soviet Union , which opposed any international force in Lithuania . In March 1921 , the League abandoned plans for the plebiscite . After unsuccessful proposals by Paul Hymans to create a federation between Poland and Lithuania , Vilnius and the surrounding area was formally annexed by Poland in March 1922 . After Lithuania took over the Klaipėda Region , the Allied Conference set the frontier between Lithuania and Poland , leaving Vilnius within Poland , on 14 March 1923 . Lithuanian authorities refused to accept the decision , and officially remained in a state of war with Poland until 1927 . It was not until the 1938 Polish ultimatum that Lithuania restored diplomatic relations with Poland and thus de facto accepted the borders . Colombia and Peru ( edit ) Main articles : Colombia -- Peru War and Leticia dispute There were several border conflicts between Colombia and Peru in the early part of the 20th century , and in 1922 , their governments signed the Salomón - Lozano Treaty in an attempt to resolve them . As part of this treaty , the border town of Leticia and its surrounding area was ceded from Peru to Colombia , giving Colombia access to the Amazon River . On 1 September 1932 , business leaders from Peruvian rubber and sugar industries who had lost land as a result organised an armed takeover of Leticia . At first , the Peruvian government did not recognise the military takeover , but President of Peru Luis Sánchez Cerro decided to resist a Colombian re-occupation . The Peruvian Army occupied Leticia , leading to an armed conflict between the two nations . After months of diplomatic negotiations , the governments accepted mediation by the League of Nations , and their representatives presented their cases before the Council . A provisional peace agreement , signed by both parties in May 1933 , provided for the League to assume control of the disputed territory while bilateral negotiations proceeded . In May 1934 , a final peace agreement was signed , resulting in the return of Leticia to Colombia , a formal apology from Peru for the 1932 invasion , demilitarisation of the area around Leticia , free navigation on the Amazon and Putumayo Rivers , and a pledge of non-aggression . Saar ( edit ) Saar was a province formed from parts of Prussia and the Rhenish Palatinate and placed under League control by the Treaty of Versailles . A plebiscite was to be held after fifteen years of League rule to determine whether the province should belong to Germany or France . When the referendum was held in 1935 , 90.3 percent of voters supported becoming part of Germany , which was quickly approved by the League Council . Other conflicts ( edit ) In addition to territorial disputes , the League also tried to intervene in other conflicts between and within nations . Among its successes were its fight against the international trade in opium and sexual slavery , and its work to alleviate the plight of refugees , particularly in Turkey in the period up to 1926 . One of its innovations in this latter area was the 1922 introduction of the Nansen passport , which was the first internationally recognised identity card for stateless refugees . Greece and Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Incident at Petrich After an incident involving sentries on the Greek - Bulgarian border in October 1925 , fighting began between the two countries . Three days after the initial incident , Greek troops invaded Bulgaria . The Bulgarian government ordered its troops to make only token resistance , and evacuated between ten thousand and fifteen thousand people from the border region , trusting the League to settle the dispute . The League condemned the Greek invasion , and called for both Greek withdrawal and compensation to Bulgaria . Liberia ( edit ) Following accusations of forced labour on the large American - owned Firestone rubber plantation and American accusations of slave trading , the Liberian government asked the League to launch an investigation . The resulting commission was jointly appointed by the League , the United States , and Liberia . In 1930 , a League report confirmed the presence of slavery and forced labour . The report implicated many government officials in the selling of contract labour and recommended that they be replaced by Europeans or Americans , which generated anger within Liberia and led to the resignation of President Charles D.B. King and his vice-president . The Liberian government outlawed forced labour and slavery and asked for American help in social reforms . Mukden incident : Japan attacks China ( edit ) Main article : Mukden Incident Chinese delegate addresses the League of Nations concerning the Manchurian Crisis in 1932 . The Mukden Incident , also known as the `` Manchurian Incident '' was a decisive setback that weakened The League because its major members refused to tackle Japanese aggression . Japan itself withdrew . Under the agreed terms of the Twenty - One Demands with China , the Japanese government had the right to station its troops in the area around the South Manchurian Railway , a major trade route between the two countries , in the Chinese region of Manchuria . In September 1931 , a section of the railway was lightly damaged by the Japanese Kwantung Army as a pretext for an invasion of Manchuria . The Japanese army claimed that Chinese soldiers had sabotaged the railway and in apparent retaliation ( acting contrary to orders from Tokyo , ) occupied all of Manchuria . They renamed the area Manchukuo , and on 9 March 1932 set up a puppet government , with Pu Yi , the former emperor of China , as its executive head . This new entity was recognised only by the governments of Italy , Spain and Nazi Germany ; the rest of the world still considered Manchuria legally part of China . The League of Nations sent observers . The Lytton Report appeared a year later ( October 1932 ) . It declared Japan to be the aggressor and demanded Manchuria be returned to China . The report passed 42 -- 1 in the Assembly in 1933 ( only Japan voting against ) , but instead of removing its troops from China , Japan withdrew from the League . In the end , as British historian Charles Mowat argues , collective security was dead : The League and the ideas of collective security and the rule of law were defeated ; partly because of indifference and of sympathy with the aggressor , but partly because the League powers were unprepared , preoccupied with other matters , and too slow to perceive the scale of Japanese ambitions . Chaco War ( edit ) Main article : Chaco War The League failed to prevent the 1932 war between Bolivia and Paraguay over the arid Gran Chaco region . Although the region was sparsely populated , it contained the Paraguay River , which would have given either landlocked country access to the Atlantic Ocean , and there was also speculation , later proved incorrect , that the Chaco would be a rich source of petroleum . Border skirmishes throughout the late 1920s culminated in an all - out war in 1932 when the Bolivian army attacked the Paraguayans at Fort Carlos Antonio López at Lake Pitiantuta . Paraguay appealed to the League of Nations , but the League did not take action when the Pan-American Conference offered to mediate instead . The war was a disaster for both sides , causing 57,000 casualties for Bolivia , whose population was around three million , and 36,000 dead for Paraguay , whose population was approximately one million . It also brought both countries to the brink of economic disaster . By the time a ceasefire was negotiated on 12 June 1935 , Paraguay had seized control of most of the region , as was later recognised by the 1938 truce . Italian invasion of Abyssinia ( edit ) Main articles : Abyssinia Crisis and Second Italo - Abyssinian War Emperor Haile Selassie escaping Ethiopia via Jerusalem In October 1935 , Italian dictator Benito Mussolini sent 400,000 troops to invade Abyssinia ( Ethiopia ) . Marshal Pietro Badoglio led the campaign from November 1935 , ordering bombing , the use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas , and the poisoning of water supplies , against targets which included undefended villages and medical facilities . The modern Italian Army defeated the poorly armed Abyssinians and captured Addis Ababa in May 1936 , forcing Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie to flee . The League of Nations condemned Italy 's aggression and imposed economic sanctions in November 1935 , but the sanctions were largely ineffective since they did not ban the sale of oil or close the Suez Canal ( controlled by Britain ) . As Stanley Baldwin , the British Prime Minister , later observed , this was ultimately because no one had the military forces on hand to withstand an Italian attack . In October 1935 , the US President , Franklin D. Roosevelt , invoked the recently passed Neutrality Acts and placed an embargo on arms and munitions to both sides , but extended a further `` moral embargo '' to the belligerent Italians , including other trade items . On 5 October and later on 29 February 1936 , the United States endeavoured , with limited success , to limit its exports of oil and other materials to normal peacetime levels . The League sanctions were lifted on 4 July 1936 , but by that point Italy had already gained control of the urban areas of Abyssinia . The Hoare -- Laval Pact of December 1935 was an attempt by the British Foreign Secretary Samuel Hoare and the French Prime Minister Pierre Laval to end the conflict in Abyssinia by proposing to partition the country into an Italian sector and an Abyssinian sector . Mussolini was prepared to agree to the pact , but news of the deal leaked out . Both the British and French public vehemently protested against it , describing it as a sell - out of Abyssinia . Hoare and Laval were forced to resign , and the British and French governments dissociated themselves from the two men . In June 1936 , although there was no precedent for a head of state addressing the Assembly of the League of Nations in person , Haile Selassie spoke to the Assembly , appealing for its help in protecting his country . The Abyssinian crisis showed how the League could be influenced by the self - interest of its members ; one of the reasons why the sanctions were not very harsh was that both Britain and France feared the prospect of driving Mussolini and Adolf Hitler into an alliance . Spanish civil War ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Civil War On 17 July 1936 , the Spanish Army launched a coup d'état , leading to a prolonged armed conflict between Spanish Republicans ( the elected leftist national government ) and the Nationalists ( conservative , anti-communist rebels who included most officers of the Spanish Army ) . Julio Álvarez del Vayo , the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs , appealed to the League in September 1936 for arms to defend Spain 's territorial integrity and political independence . The League members would not intervene in the Spanish Civil War nor prevent foreign intervention in the conflict . Adolf Hitler and Mussolini continued to aid General Francisco Franco 's Nationalists , while the Soviet Union helped the Spanish Republic . In February 1937 , the League did ban foreign volunteers , but this was in practice a symbolic move . Second sino - Japanese War ( edit ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Following a long record of instigating localised conflicts throughout the 1930s , Japan began a full - scale invasion of China on 7 July 1937 . On 12 September , the Chinese representative , Wellington Koo , appealed to the League for international intervention . Western countries were sympathetic to the Chinese in their struggle , particularly in their stubborn defence of Shanghai , a city with a substantial number of foreigners . The League was unable to provide any practical measures ; on 4 October , it turned the case over to the Nine Power Treaty Conference . Failure of disarmament ( edit ) Article 8 of the Covenant gave the League the task of reducing `` armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations . '' A significant amount of the League 's time and energy was devoted to this goal , even though many member governments were uncertain that such extensive disarmament could be achieved or was even desirable . The Allied powers were also under obligation by the Treaty of Versailles to attempt to disarm , and the armament restrictions imposed on the defeated countries had been described as the first step toward worldwide disarmament . The League Covenant assigned the League the task of creating a disarmament plan for each state , but the Council devolved this responsibility to a special commission set up in 1926 to prepare for the 1932 -- 34 World Disarmament Conference . Members of the League held different views towards the issue . The French were reluctant to reduce their armaments without a guarantee of military help if they were attacked ; Poland and Czechoslovakia felt vulnerable to attack from the west and wanted the League 's response to aggression against its members to be strengthened before they disarmed . Without this guarantee , they would not reduce armaments because they felt the risk of attack from Germany was too great . Fear of attack increased as Germany regained its strength after the First World War , especially after Adolf Hitler gained power and became German Chancellor in 1933 . In particular , Germany 's attempts to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and the reconstruction of the German military made France increasingly unwilling to disarm . The World Disarmament Conference was convened by the League of Nations in Geneva in 1932 , with representatives from 60 states . A one - year moratorium on the expansion of armaments , later extended by a few months , was proposed at the start of the conference . The Disarmament Commission obtained initial agreement from France , Italy , Spain , Japan , and Britain to limit the size of their navies . The Kellogg -- Briand Pact , facilitated by the commission in 1928 , failed in its objective of outlawing war . Ultimately , the Commission failed to halt the military build - up by Germany , Italy , Spain and Japan during the 1930s . The League was mostly silent in the face of major events leading to the Second World War , such as Hitler 's remilitarisation of the Rhineland , occupation of the Sudetenland and Anschluss of Austria , which had been forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles . In fact , League members themselves re-armed . In 1933 , Japan simply withdrew from the League rather than submit to its judgement , as did Germany the same year ( using the failure of the World Disarmament Conference to agree to arms parity between France and Germany as a pretext ) , Italy and Spain in 1937 . The final significant act of the League was to expel the Soviet Union in December 1939 after it invaded Finland . General weaknesses ( edit ) The Gap in the Bridge ; the sign reads `` This League of Nations Bridge was designed by the President of the U.S.A. '' Cartoon from Punch magazine , 10 December 1920 , satirising the gap left by the USA not joining the League . The onset of the Second World War demonstrated that the League had failed in its primary purpose , the prevention of another world war . There were a variety of reasons for this failure , many connected to general weaknesses within the organisation . Additionally , the power of the League was limited by the United States ' refusal to join . Origins and structure ( edit ) The origins of the League as an organisation created by the Allied powers as part of the peace settlement to end the First World War led to it being viewed as a `` League of Victors '' . The League 's neutrality tended to manifest itself as indecision . It required a unanimous vote of nine , later fifteen , Council members to enact a resolution ; hence , conclusive and effective action was difficult , if not impossible . It was also slow in coming to its decisions , as certain ones required the unanimous consent of the entire Assembly . This problem mainly stemmed from the fact that the primary members of the League of Nations were not willing to accept the possibility of their fate being decided by other countries , and by enforcing unanimous voting had effectively given themselves veto power . Global representation ( edit ) Representation at the League was often a problem . Though it was intended to encompass all nations , many never joined , or their period of membership was short . The most conspicuous absentee was the United States . President Woodrow Wilson had been a driving force behind the League 's formation and strongly influenced the form it took , but the US Senate voted not to join on 19 November 1919 . Ruth Henig has suggested that , had the United States become a member , it would have also provided support to France and Britain , possibly making France feel more secure , and so encouraging France and Britain to co-operate more fully regarding Germany , thus making the rise to power of the Nazi Party less likely . Conversely , Henig acknowledges that if the US had been a member , its reluctance to engage in war with European states or to enact economic sanctions might have hampered the ability of the League to deal with international incidents . The structure of the US federal government might also have made its membership problematic , as its representatives at the League could not have made decisions on behalf of the executive branch without having the prior approval of the legislative branch . In January 1920 , when the League was born , Germany was not permitted to join because it was seen as having been the aggressor in the First World War . Soviet Russia was also initially excluded , as Communist regimes were not welcomed . The League was further weakened when major powers left in the 1930s . Japan began as a permanent member of the Council , but withdrew in 1933 after the League voiced opposition to its occupation of Manchuria . Italy began as a permanent member of the Council , but withdrew in 1937 . Spain also began as a permanent member of the Council , but withdrew in 1939 . The League had accepted Germany , also as a permanent member of the Council , in 1926 , deeming it a `` peace - loving country '' , but Adolf Hitler pulled Germany out when he came to power in 1933 . Collective security ( edit ) Another important weakness grew from the contradiction between the idea of collective security that formed the basis of the League and international relations between individual states . The League 's collective security system required nations to act , if necessary , against states they considered friendly , and in a way that might endanger their national interests , to support states for which they had no normal affinity . This weakness was exposed during the Abyssinia Crisis , when Britain and France had to balance maintaining the security they had attempted to create for themselves in Europe `` to defend against the enemies of internal order '' , in which Italy 's support played a pivotal role , with their obligations to Abyssinia as a member of the League . On 23 June 1936 , in the wake of the collapse of League efforts to restrain Italy 's war against Abyssinia , the British Prime Minister , Stanley Baldwin , told the House of Commons that collective security had failed ultimately because of the reluctance of nearly all the nations in Europe to proceed to what I might call military sanctions ... The real reason , or the main reason , was that we discovered in the process of weeks that there was no country except the aggressor country which was ready for war ... ( I ) f collective action is to be a reality and not merely a thing to be talked about , it means not only that every country is to be ready for war ; but must be ready to go to war at once . That is a terrible thing , but it is an essential part of collective security . Ultimately , Britain and France both abandoned the concept of collective security in favour of appeasement in the face of growing German militarism under Hitler . In this context , the League of Nations was also the institution where the first international debate on terrorism took place following the 1934 assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in Marseille , showing its conspiratorial features , many of which are detectable in the discourse of terrorism among states after 9 / 11 . American diplomatic historian Samuel Flagg Bemis originally supported the League , but after two decades changed his mind : The League of Nations has been a disappointing failure ... It has been a failure , not because the United States did not join it ; but because the great powers have been unwilling to apply sanctions except where it suited their individual national interests to do so , and because Democracy , on which the original concepts of the League rested for support , has collapsed over half the world . Pacifism and disarmament ( edit ) The League of Nations lacked an armed force of its own and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions , which they were very unwilling to do . Its two most important members , Britain and France , were reluctant to use sanctions and even more reluctant to resort to military action on behalf of the League . Immediately after the First World War , pacifism became a strong force among both the people and governments of the two countries . The British Conservatives were especially tepid to the League and preferred , when in government , to negotiate treaties without the involvement of that organisation . Moreover , the League 's advocacy of disarmament for Britain , France , and its other members , while at the same time advocating collective security , meant that the League was depriving itself of the only forceful means by which it could uphold its authority . When the British cabinet discussed the concept of the League during the First World War , Maurice Hankey , the Cabinet Secretary , circulated a memorandum on the subject . He started by saying , `` Generally it appears to me that any such scheme is dangerous to us , because it will create a sense of security which is wholly fictitious '' . He attacked the British pre-war faith in the sanctity of treaties as delusional and concluded by claiming : It ( a League of Nations ) will only result in failure and the longer that failure is postponed the more certain it is that this country will have been lulled to sleep . It will put a very strong lever into the hands of the well - meaning idealists who are to be found in almost every Government , who deprecate expenditure on armaments , and , in the course of time , it will almost certainly result in this country being caught at a disadvantage . The Foreign Office minister Sir Eyre Crowe also wrote a memorandum to the British cabinet claiming that `` a solemn league and covenant '' would just be `` a treaty , like other treaties '' . `` What is there to ensure that it will not , like other treaties , be broken ? '' Crowe went on to express scepticism of the planned `` pledge of common action '' against aggressors because he believed the actions of individual states would still be determined by national interests and the balance of power . He also criticised the proposal for League economic sanctions because it would be ineffectual and that `` It is all a question of real military preponderance '' . Universal disarmament was a practical impossibility , Crowe warned . Demise and Legacy ( edit ) The League of Nations ' Assembly building in Geneva League of Nations archives , Geneva . As the situation in Europe escalated into war , the Assembly transferred enough power to the Secretary General on 30 September 1938 and 14 December 1939 to allow the League to continue to exist legally and carry on reduced operations . The headquarters of the League , the Palace of Nations , remained unoccupied for nearly six years until the Second World War ended . At the 1943 Tehran Conference , the Allied powers agreed to create a new body to replace the League : the United Nations . Many League bodies , such as the International Labour Organisation , continued to function and eventually became affiliated with the UN . The designers of the structures of the United Nations intended to make it more effective than the League . The final meeting of the League of Nations took place on 18 April 1946 in Geneva . Delegates from 34 nations attended the assembly . This session concerned itself with liquidating the League : it transferred assets worth approximately $22,000,000 ( U.S. ) in 1946 ( including the Palace of Peace and the League 's archives ) to the UN , returned reserve funds to the nations that had supplied them , and settled the debts of the League . Robert Cecil , addressing the final session , said : Let us boldly state that aggression wherever it occurs and however it may be defended , is an international crime , that it is the duty of every peace - loving state to resent it and employ whatever force is necessary to crush it , that the machinery of the Charter , no less than the machinery of the Covenant , is sufficient for this purpose if properly used , and that every well - disposed citizen of every state should be ready to undergo any sacrifice in order to maintain peace ... I venture to impress upon my hearers that the great work of peace is resting not only on the narrow interests of our own nations , but even more on those great principles of right and wrong which nations , like individuals , depend . The League is dead . Long live the United Nations . The Assembly passed a resolution that `` With effect from the day following the close of the present session of the Assembly ( i.e. , April 19 ) , the League of Nations shall cease to exist except for the sole purpose of the liquidation of its affairs as provided in the present resolution . '' A Board of Liquidation consisting of nine persons from different countries spent the next 15 months overseeing the transfer of the League 's assets and functions to the United Nations or specialised bodies , finally dissolving itself on July 31 , 1947 . The archive of the League of Nations was transferred to the United Nations Office at Geneva and is now an entry in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register . In the past few decades , the legacy of the League of Nations started to be reviewed by historians as the League Archives at Geneva were better explored , and the United Nations faced similar troubles to those of the interwar period . The current consensus state that , even though the League failed to achieve its ultimate goal of world peace , it did manage to build new roads towards expanding the rule of law across the globe ; strengthened the concept of collective security , giving a voice to smaller nations ; helped to raise awareness to problems like epidemics , slavery , child labor , colonial tyranny , refugee crisis and general working conditions through its numerous commissions and committees ; and paved the way for new forms of statehood , as the mandate system put the colonial powers under international observation . Professor David Kennedy portrays the League as a unique moment when international affairs were `` institutionalised '' , as opposed to the pre -- First World War methods of law and politics . The principal Allies in the Second World War ( the UK , the USSR , France , the U.S. , and the Republic of China ) became permanent members of the United Nations Security Council in 1946 . ( In 1971 the People 's Republic of China replaced the Republic of China ( then only in control of Taiwan ) as permanent member of the UN Security Council , and in 1991 the Russian Federation replaced the USSR . ) Decisions of the Security Council are binding on all members of the UN ; unanimous decisions are not required , unlike in the League Council . Permanent members of the Security Council can wield a veto to protect their vital interests . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal World War I portal International relations portal Atlantic Charter Latin America and the League of Nations League against Imperialism Ligue internationale de la paix NATO References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christian , Tomuschat ( 1995 ) . The United Nations at Age Fifty : A Legal Perspective . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 77 . ISBN 9789041101457 . Jump up ^ `` Covenant of the League of Nations '' . The Avalon Project . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . 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He had called for a world league to enforce peace in his Nobel Peace Prize address of 1910 , and he had affirmed the concept in 1914 , two years before President Wilson espoused it . '' Jump up ^ Morris , Charles ( 1910 ) . The Marvelous Career of Theodore Roosevelt : Including what He Has Done and Stands For ; His Early Life and Public Services ; the Story of His African Trip ; His Memorable Journey Through Europe ; and His Enthusiastic Welcome Home . p. 370 . Jump up ^ `` Roosevelt 's Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech '' . Jump up ^ `` Before the League of Nations '' . The United Nations Office at Geneva . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Northedge , F.S. ( 1986 ) . The League of Nations : Its life and times , 1920 -- 1946 . Leicester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1194 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sir Alfred Eckhard Zimmern ( 1969 ) . The League of Nations and the Rule of Law , 1918 -- 1935 . Russell & Russell . pp. 13 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Marchand 2015 , pp. 182 - 184 . Jump up ^ Marchand 2015 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Marchand 2015 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` A Woman 's Peace Party Full Fledged for Action '' . The Survey . New York , New York : Survey Associates for the Charity Organization Society of New York City . XXXIII ( 17 ) : 433 -- 434 . 23 January 1915 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Women Intend to End Strife '' . Washington , D.C. : The Washington Herald . 10 January 1915 . p. 1 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Everard & de Haan 2016 , pp. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ van der Veen , Sietske ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Hirschmann , Susanna Theodora Cornelia ( 1871 - 1957 ) '' . Huygens ING ( in Dutch ) . The Hague , The Netherlands : Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands . Archived from the original on 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobs 1996 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Caravantes 2004 , pp. 101 - 103 . Jump up ^ Wiltsher 1985 , pp. 110 - 125 . 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Jump up ^ British Cabinet Paper 161 ( 35 ) on the `` Italo - Ethiopian Dispute '' and exhibiting a `` Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on British interests in Ethiopia '' dated 18 June 1935 and submitted to Cabinet by Sir John Maffey Jump up ^ Northedge 1986 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia Americana , Volume 25 . Americana Corporation . 1976 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nansen International Office for Refugees '' . Nobel Media . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Northedge 1986 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Scott 1973 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Torpey 2000 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ de Haan , Francisca ( 25 February 2010 ) . `` A Brief Survey of Women 's Rights '' . UN Chronicle . United Nations . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Membership of the League of Nations '' . University of Indiana . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Tripp 2002 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Scott 1973 , pp. 312 , 398 . ^ Jump up to : Magliveras 1999 , p. 31 . 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Network visualization and analysis published in Grandjean , Martin ( 2014 ) . `` La connaissance est un réseau '' . Les Cahiers du Numérique. 10 ( 3 ) : 37 -- 54 . doi : 10.3166 / lcn. 10.3. 37 - 54 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Scott 1973 , p. 399 . Jump up ^ Northedge 1986 , pp. 278 -- 280 . Jump up ^ League of Nations Chronology Philip J. Strollo ^ Jump up to : Scott 1973 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ `` League of Nations Ends , Gives Way to New U.N. '' , Syracuse Herald - American , 20 April 1946 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Denys P. Myers ( 1948 ) . `` Liquidation of League of Nations Functions '' . The American Journal of International Law . 42 ( 2 ) : 320 -- 354 . JSTOR 2193676 . doi : 10.2307 / 2193676 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Susan ( October 2007 ) . Back to the League of Nations . American Historical Review . p. 1091 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1987 . Jump up ^ Northedge 1986 , pp. 278 -- 281 . Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Brierly , J.L. and P.A. Reynolds . `` The League of Nations '' The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol . XII , The Shifting Balance of World Forces ( 2nd ed. 1968 ) Chapter IX , . Henig , Ruth B , ed. ( 1973 ) . The League of Nations . Oliver and Boyd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 05 - 002592 - 5 . Northedge , F.S ( 1986 ) . The League of Nations : Its Life and Times , 1920 -- 1946 . Holmes & Meier . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1316 - 9 . Raffo , P ( 1974 ) . The League of Nations . The Historical Association . Scott , George ( 1973 ) . The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations . Hutchinson & Co LTD . ISBN 0 - 09 - 117040 - 0 . Walters , F.P. A History of the League of Nations ( 2 vol. 1952 ) online Historiography ( edit ) Pedersen , Susan `` Back to the League of Nations . '' American Historical Review 112.4 ( 2007 ) : 1091 -- 1117 . in JSTOR League topics ( edit ) Akami , T. `` Imperial polities , intercolonialism and shaping of global governing norms : public health expert networks in Asia and the League of Nations Health Organization , 1908 -- 37 , '' `` Journal of Global History '' 12 # 1 ( 2017 ) : 4 -- 25 . Barros , James . The Corfu incident of 1923 : Mussolini and the League of Nations ( Princeton UP , 2015 ) . Bendiner , Elmer . A Time of Angels : The Tragi - comic History of the League of Nations ( 1975 ) . Borowy , Iris . Coming to terms with world health : the League of Nations Health Organisation 1921 -- 1946 ( Peter Lang , 2009 ) . Burkman , Thomas W. Japan and the League of Nations : Empire and world order , 1914 -- 1938 ( U of Hawaii Press , 2008 ) . Clavin , Patricia . Securing the world economy : the reinvention of the League of Nations , 1920 -- 1946 ( Oxford UP , 2013 ) . Caravantes , Peggy ( 2004 ) . Waging Peace : The story of Jane Addams ( 1st ed . ) . Greensboro , North Carolina : Morgan Reynolds . ISBN 1 - 931798 - 40 - 0 . Cooper , John Milton . Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) 454pp excerpt and text search Ditrych , Ondrej . `` `` International terrorism '' in the League of Nations and the contemporary terrorism dispositif . '' Critical Studies on Terrorism 6 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 225 -- 240 . Dykmann , Klaas . `` How International was the Secretariat of the League of Nations ? . '' International History Review 37 # 4 ( 2015 ) : 721 -- 744 . Egerton , George W ( 1978 ) . Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations : Strategy , Politics , and International Organization , 1914 -- 1919 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 807 - 81320 - 6 . Gill , George ( 1996 ) . The League of Nations from 1929 to 1946 . Avery Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 89529 - 637 - 3 . Ginneken , Anique H.M. van . Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Jenne , Erin K. Nested Security : Lessons in Conflict Management from the League of Nations and the European Union ( Cornell UP , 2015 ) . Kuehl , Warren F ; Dunn , Lynne K ( 1997 ) . Keeping the Covenant : American Internationalists and the League of Nations , 1920 -- 1939 . Lloyd , Lorna . `` `` ( O ) n the side of justice and peace '' : Canada on the League of Nations Council 1927 -- 1930 . '' Diplomacy & Statecraft 24 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 171 -- 191 . McCarthy , Helen . The British People and the League of Nations : Democracy , citizenship and internationalism , c. 1918 -- 45 ( Oxford UP , 2011 ) . online review Malin , James C ( 1930 ) . The United States after the World War . pp. 5 -- 82 . Marbeau , Michel ( 2001 ) . La Société des Nations ( in French ) . Presses Universitaires de France . ISBN 2 - 13 - 051635 - 1 . Ostrower , Gary ( 1995 ) . The League of Nations from 1919 to 1929 ( Partners for Peace . Avery Publishing Group . ISBN 0895296365 . Swart , William J. `` The League of Nations and the Irish Question . '' Sociological Quarterly 36.3 ( 1995 ) : 465 -- 481 . Walters , Francis P. ( 1952 ) . A History of the League of Nations . Oxford University Press . Yearwood , Peter J. Guarantee of Peace : The League of Nations in British Policy 1914 -- 1925 ( Oxford UP , 2009 ) . Specialized topics ( edit ) Archer , Clive ( 2001 ) . International Organizations . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24690 - 3 . Baer , George W ( 1976 ) . Test Case : Italy , Ethiopia , and the League of Nations . Hoover Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8179 - 6591 - 2 . Barnett , Correlli ( 1972 ) . The Collapse of British Power . Eyre Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 27580 - 6 . Baumslag , Naomi ( 2005 ) . Murderous Medicine : Nazi Doctors , Human Experimentation , and Typhus . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98312 - 3 . Bell , P.M.H ( 2007 ) . The Origins of the Second World War in Europe . Pearson Education Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 4028 - 6 . Bethell , Leslie ( 1991 ) . The Cambridge History of Latin America : Volume VIII 1930 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26652 - 1 . Bouchet - Saulnier , Françoise ; Brav , Laura ; Olivier , Clementine ( 2007 ) . The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5496 - 1 . Burkman , Thomas W ( 1995 ) . `` Japan and the League of Nations : an Asian power encounters the European Club '' . World Affairs . 158 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 57 . Churchill , Winston ( 1986 ) . The Second World War : Volume I The Gathering Storm . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 41055 - X . Crampton , Ben ( 1996 ) . Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16461 - 3 . Everard , Myriam ; de Haan , Francisca ( 2016 ) . Rosa Manus ( 1881 - 1942 ) : The International Life and Legacy of a Jewish Dutch Feminist . Leiden , The Netherlands : BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 33318 - 5 . Fischer , Thomas ( 2012 ) . Die Souveränität der Schwachen . Lateinamerika und der Völkerbund , 1920 -- 1936 . Steiner . ISBN 3515100776 . Forster , Peter ( 1982 ) . The Esperanto Movement . Mouton . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3399 - 7 . Frowein , Jochen A ; Rüdiger , Wolfrum ( 2000 ) . Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1403 - 3 . Goldblat , Jozef ( 2002 ) . Arms control : the new guide to negotiations and agreements . SAGE Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 4016 - 2 . Gorodetsky , Gabriel ( 1994 ) . Soviet Foreign Policy , 1917 -- 1991 : A Retrospective . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4506 - 0 . Hill , Robert ; Garvey , Marcus ; Universal Negro Improvement Association ( 1995 ) . The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07208 - 4 . Iriye , Akira ( 1987 ) . The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific . Longman Group UK Limited . ISBN 0 - 582 - 49349 - 8 . Jacobs , Aletta Henriette ( 1996 ) . Feinberg , Harriet ; Wright , Annie ( translator ) , eds . Memories : My Life as an International Leader in Health , Suffrage , and Peace . New York , New York : Feminist Press at City of New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55861 - 138 - 2 . Kennedy , David ( April 1987 ) . `` The Move to Institutions '' ( PDF ) . Cardozo Law Review . 8 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 988 . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Knock , Thomas J ( 1995 ) . To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00150 - 2 . Kontra , Miklós ; Phillipson , Robert ; Skutnabb - Kangas , Tove ; Varady , Tibor ( 1999 ) . Language , a Right and a Resource : Approaching Linguistic Human Rights . Central European University Press . ISBN 978 - 963 - 9116 - 63 - 4 . Lannon , Frances ( 2002 ) . The Spanish Civil War , 1936 -- 1939 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 369 - 1 . Levinovitz , Agneta Wallin ; Ringertz , Nils ( 2001 ) . The Nobel Prize : The First 100 Years . World Scientific . ISBN 981 - 02 - 4665 - X . Levy , Marcela López ( 2001 ) . Bolivia : Oxfam Country Profiles Series . Oxfam Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85598 - 455 - 4 . Magliveras , Konstantinos D ( 1999 ) . Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations : The Law and Practice behind Member States ' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1239 - 1 . Marchand , C. Roland ( 2015 ) . The American Peace Movement and Social Reform , 1889 - 1918 . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 7025 - 7 . McAllister , William B ( 1999 ) . Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century : An International History . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17990 - 4 . McDonough , Frank ( 1997 ) . The Origins of the First and Second World Wars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56861 - 7 . Miers , Suzanne ( 2003 ) . Slavery in the Twentieth Century : The Evolution of a Global Problem . AltaMira Press . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0340 - 2 . Meyer , Mary K. ; Prügl , Elisabeth , eds. ( 1999 ) . Gender Politics in Global Governance . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9161 - 6 . Nish , Ian ( 1977 ) . Japanese foreign policy 1869 -- 1942 : Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka . Routledge & Kegan Paul . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27375 - 7 . Osmanczyk , Edmund Jan ; Mango , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93924 - 0 . Pietilä , Hilkka ( 31 March 1999 ) . Engendering the Global Agenda : A Success Story of Women and the United Nations ( PDF ) . European Consortium for Political Research Workshop . Mannheim , Baden - Württemberg , Germany : University of Mannheim . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Rapoport , Anatol ( 1995 ) . The Origins of Violence : Approaches to the Study of Conflict . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 783 - 4 . Reichard , Martin ( 2006 ) . The EU - NATO relationship : a legal and political perspective . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4759 - 5 . Scheina , Robert L ( 2003 ) . Latin America 's Wars : Volume 2 The Age of the Professional Soldier , 1900 -- 2001 . Potomac Books Inc . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 452 - 2 . Skirbekk , Gunnar ; Gilje , Nils ( 2001 ) . History of Western Thought : From Ancient Greece to the Twentieth Century . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 22073 - 4 . Torpey , John ( 2000 ) . The Invention of the Passport : Surveillance , Citizenship and the State . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63493 - 8 . Tripp , Charles ( 2002 ) . A History of Iraq . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52900 - X . Wiltsher , Anne ( 1985 ) . Most Dangerous Women : Feminist peace campaigners of the Great War ( 1st ed . ) . London , England : Pandora Press . ISBN 0 - 86358 - 010 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has several original texts related to : League of Nations Wikimedia Commons has media related to League of Nations . The League of Nations. , Boston : Old Colony Trust Company , 1919 . A collection of charters , speeches , etc. on the topic . 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Secretary General Memoirs Provisional Secretary - General prior to the election of Trygve Lie . VIAF : 738144783182443651271 LCCN : n79110921 ISNI : 0000 0001 2248 8367 GND : 36500 - 2 SUDOC : 099254778 BNF : cb12172133s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=League_of_Nations&oldid=804867991 '' Categories : League of Nations Organizations disestablished in 1946 Former international organizations Organizations established in 1920 Organisations based in Geneva Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty 20th century in Geneva Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use British English from August 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Lithuanian - language text Articles containing Polish - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the main purpose of the league of nations	[ "The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, La Société des Nations [la sɔsjete de nɑsjɔ̃] abbreviated as SDN or SdN in French) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.[1] Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration.[2] Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, human and drug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe.[3] At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members." ]	[ "maintain world peace" ]
5350525642732018690	Dutch colonization of the Americas	Dutch colonization of the Americas - wikipedia Dutch colonization of the Americas Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal The Dutch colonization of the Americas began with the establishment of Dutch trading posts and plantations in the Americas , which preceded the much wider known colonisation activities of the Dutch in Asia . While the first Dutch fort in Asia was built in 1600 ( in present - day Indonesia ) , the first forts and settlements on the Essequibo River in Guyana date from the 1590s . Actual colonization , with the Dutch settling in the new lands , was not as common as with other European nations . Many of the Dutch settlements were lost or abandoned by the end of the 17th century , but the Netherlands managed to retain possession of Suriname until it gained independence in 1975 , as well as the Netherlands Antilles , which remain within the Kingdom of the Netherlands today . Contents 1 Mainland In North America 2 Caribbean Sea 2.1 Netherlands ( Dutch ) Antilles 2.2 Tobago 2.3 Virgin Islands 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.2 Chile 3.3 Guyanas 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Mainland in North America ( edit ) 1685 reprint of a 1656 map of the Dutch North American colonies showing extent of Dutch claims , from Chesapeake Bay and the Susquehanna River in the South and West , to Narragansett Bay and the Providence - Blackstone Rivers in the East , to the St. Lawrence River in the North Main articles : New Netherland and New Netherland settlements In 1602 , the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered a young and eager Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or `` VOC '' ) with the mission of exploring North America 's Rivers and Bays for a direct passage through to the Indies . Along the way , Dutch explorers were charged to claim any uncharted areas for the United Provinces , which led to several significant expeditions and , over time , Dutch explorers founded the province of New Netherland . By 1610 , the VOC had already commissioned English explorer Henry Hudson who , in an attempt to find the so - called northwest passage to the Indies , discovered and claimed for the VOC parts of the present - day United States and Canada . Hudson entered the Upper New York Bay by sailboat , heading up the Hudson River , which now bears his name . On March 27 , 1614 , the States General would move away from traditional monopolistic endeavors and take a new and freer approach to exploration and commercial development of the New World ; the issuance of the General Charter for Those who Discover Any New Passages , Havens , Countries , or Places stated that `` the said undertaking to be laudable , honorable , and serviceable for the prosperity of the United Provinces and wishing that the experiment be free and open to all and every of the inhabitants of this country , have invited and do hereby invite all and every of the inhabitants of the United Netherlands to the aforesaid search . '' In 1614 , Adriaen Block led an expedition to the lower Hudson River in the Tyger , and then explored the East River aboard the Onrust , becoming the first known European to navigate the Hellegat in order to gain access to Long Island Sound . Block Island and Block Island Sound are befittingly named in his honor . Upon his return to Amsterdam in 1614 , Block compiled a map , and applied the name ' New Netherland ' for the first time to the area between English Virginia and French Canada , where he was later granted exclusive trading rights by the Dutch government . Block quickly ascended and became Manhattan 's first monopolist . Area settled by the Dutch in 1660 After some early trading expeditions , the first Dutch settlement in the Americas was founded in 1615 : Fort Nassau , on Castle Island along the Hudson , near present - day Albany . The settlement served mostly as an outpost for trading in fur with the native Lenape tribespeople , but was later replaced by Fort Orange . Both forts were named in honor of the House of Orange - Nassau . By 1621 , the United Provinces had charted a new company , a trading monopoly in the Americas and West Africa : the Dutch West India Company ( Westindische Compagnie or WIC ) . The WIC sought recognition as founders of the New World -- which they ultimately did as founders of a new Province in 1623 , New Netherland . That year , another Fort Nassau was built on the Delaware River near Gloucester City , New Jersey . In 1624 , the first colonists , mostly Walloons and their slaves - bound servants , arrived to New Netherland by the shipload , landing at Governors Island and initially dispensed to Fort Orange , Fort Wilhelmus and Kievets Hoek . In 1626 , Director of the WIC Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape natives and started construction of Fort Amsterdam , which grew to become the main port and capital , New Amsterdam . The colony expanded to outlying areas at Pavonia , Brooklyn , Bronx , and Long Island . On the Connecticut River , Fort Huys de Goede Hoop was completed in 1633 at present day Hartford . By 1636 , the English from Newtown ( now Cambridge , Massachusetts ) settled on the north side of the Little River . In the Treaty of Hartford , the border of New Netherland was retracted to western Connecticut and by 1653 , the English had overtaken the Dutch trading post . Expansion along the Delaware River beyond Fort Nassau did not begin until the 1650s , after the takeover of a Swedish colony , obviously called New Sweden which had been established at Fort Christina in 1638 . Settlements at Fort Nassau and the short - lived Fort Beversreede were abandoned and consolidated at Fort Casimir . By 1655 Fort Christina , sitting in what is today Wilmington , had already been renamed Fort Altena . Not all inhabitants of New Netherlands , Manahattan 's first European colonizers , were ethnically Dutch , but in reality came from many European countries . Along with the large number of African native peoples -- originally brought over bound by the shackles of slavehood -- many New Netherlanders were Walloons , Huguenots , Germans , Scandinavian and English relocated from New England . In 1664 , an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James , Duke of York and of Albany ( later King James II & VII ) sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam , threatening to attack . Being greatly outnumbered , Director - General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation . The Province then took a new name , New York ( from James 's English title ) . Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany ( from James 's Scottish title ) . The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey . The loss of New Netherland led to the Second Anglo -- Dutch War during 1665 -- 1667 . This conflict ended with the Treaty of Breda , which stipulated that the Dutch give up their claim to New Netherlands in exchange for Suriname . From 1673 to 1674 , the territories were once again briefly captured by the Dutch in the Third Anglo -- Dutch War , only to be returned to England at the Treaty of Westminster . In 1674 , Dutch navy captain Jurriaen Aernoutsz also briefly captured two forts in the French colony of Acadia , which he claimed as Dutch territory the new colony of New Holland . However , Aernoutsz 's appointed administrator , John Rhoades , quickly lost control of the territory after Aernoutsz himself left for Curaçao to seek out new settlers , and with effective control of Acadia remaining in the hands of France , Dutch sovereignty existed only on paper until the Netherlands surrendered their claim in the Treaties of Nijmegen . Caribbean sea ( edit ) Netherlands ( Dutch ) Antilles ( edit ) Dutch colonization in the Caribbean started in the 1634 on St. Croix and Tobago ( 1628 ) , followed in 1631 with settlements on Tortuga ( now Île Tortue ) and Sint Maarten . When the Dutch lost Sint Maarten ( and Anguilla where they had built a fort shortly after arriving in Sint Maarten ) to the Spanish , they settled Curaçao and Sint Eustatius . They regained half of Sint Maarten in 1648 , from then on sharing the island with France . The border between the two portions of the island continued to be modified periodically , before being set for good in 1816 Sint Maarten in 1618 Bonaire in 1634 Curaçao in 1634 Sint Eustatius in 1636 Aruba in 1637 Saba in 1640 Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Jost van Dyke before 1640 Until deep into the 19th century , the now Venezuelan islands of Aves , the Aves archipelago , Los Roques and La Orchila were also considered by the Dutch government to be part of the Dutch West Indies . The Netherlands Antilles remained an overseas territory of the Netherlands . It was granted self - rule in 1954 . In 1986 , Aruba was granted autonomy , separately from the other islands . On October 10 , 2010 , the Netherlands Antilles was dismantled . Like Aruba , the islands Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Bonaire , Saba , and Sint Eustatius became special municipalities of the Netherlands . Tobago ( edit ) The Netherlands made numerous attempts to colonize Tobago ( Nieuw - Walcheren ) in the 17th century . Each time , the settlements were destroyed by rival European powers . Dutch settlements on Tobago : 1628 -- 1 Jan 1637 : Fort Vlissingen ; massacred by the Spanish Sept 1654 -- Jan 1666 : Forts Lampsinsberg , Beveren , and Bellavista ; conquered by British , destroyed by French 1667 -- 18 Dec 1672 : Nieuw - Vlissingen ; destroyed by British 1 Sept 1676 -- 6 Dec 1677 : Fort Sterreschans ; destroyed by French Virgin islands ( edit ) See also : Dutch Virgin Islands As a group , the islands are known as the Maagdeneilanden in Dutch . The Dutch established a base on St. Croix ( Sint - Kruis ) in 1625 , the same year that the British did . French Protestants joined the Dutch but conflict with the British colony led to its abandonment before 1650 . The Dutch established a settlement on Tortola ( Ter Tholen ) before 1640 and later on Anegada , Saint Thomas ( Sint - Thomas ) and Virgin Gorda . The British took Tortola in 1672 and Anegada and Virgin Gorda in 1680 . South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) Peter Schenk the Elder , after Frans Post : View of Mauritsstad , engraving , 1645 ( Museu Nacional de Belas Artes , Rio de Janeiro ) Frans Post : Brazilian Landscape with a Worker 's House , c. 1655 ( Los Angeles County Museum of Art ) Main articles : Dutch Brazil and Dutch Brazilian From 1630 onward , the Dutch Republic gained control of a large portion of northeastern Brazil from the Portuguese . The Dutch West India Company set up their headquarters in Recife . The governor , Johan Maurits , invited artists and scientists in order to help promote migration to the new South - American colony . However , the Portuguese fought back and won a significant victory at the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649 . On 26 January 1654 , the Dutch Republic surrendered and signed a capitulation returning control of all the northeastern Brazil colony to the Portuguese . After the end of the First Anglo - Dutch War in May 1654 , the Dutch Republic demanded that Nieuw Holland ( Dutch Brazil ) be returned to Dutch control . Under threat of an occupation of Lisbon and a reoccupation of northeastern Brazil , the Portuguese , already involved in a war against Spain , acceded to the Dutch demand . However , the new Dutch political leader Johan de Witt deemed commerce more important than territory , and saw to it that New Holland was sold back to Portugal on August 6 , 1661 , through the Treaty of the Hague . After the devastation caused by World War II , the Dutch government stimulated emigration to Australia , Brazil , and Canada . Brazil was the only nation to allow the arrival of large groups of Catholics . With the consent of the Brazilian government , the Catholic Dutch Farmers and Market - gardeners Union ( Dutch : Katholieke Nederlandse Boeren - en Tuindersbond ) coordinated the emigration process . A group of approximately 5000 migrants from the province of North Brabant arrived in Brazil , establishing their first colony at the farm of Fazenda Ribeirão in the state of São Paulo . Holambra I was founded in 14 July 1948 . After a referendum in 1991 where 98 % of the population voted in favor of political autonomy for the area , Holambra gained city status in January 1993 . Famous for its large production of flowers and plants and for the yearly event Expoflora , Holambra receives thousands of tourists each year . In April 1998 this fact was recognized as Holambra gained the status of Estância Turística , touristic location . Further immigration from the Netherlands , ended up creating the cities in Brazil where the majority of the population descends from these Dutch immigrants . These cities are Holambra , Castrolanda , Carambei , Não me Toque , Witmarsum ( where most of the population are descendent of Dutch Frisian immigrants ) , Arapoti and Campos de Holambra . Chile ( edit ) Further information : Dutch expedition to Valdivia and Dutch Chilean In 1600 , the Chilean city of Valdivia was conquered by the Dutch pirate Sebastian de Cordes . He left the city after a few months . In 1642 , the VOC and WIC sent a fleet to Chile to conquer Valdivia and its supposed gold mines . This expedition was led by Hendrik Brouwer , a Dutch admiral . In 1643 , Brouwer died before effecting the conquest of the Chiloé Archipelago ; his lieutenant Elias Herckmans succeeded in capturing the ruins of the city , which he refortified and named Brouwershaven . Finding no gold but many hostile natives , the Dutch soon abandoned the outpost . The second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile was in 1895 . Under the so - called `` Inspector General of Colonization and Immigration Chilean '' , a dozen Dutch families settled between 1895 and 1897 in Chiloé , particularly in Mechaico , Huillinco and Chacao . In the same period Hageman Egbert arrived in Chile . with his family , 14 April 1896 , settling in Rio Gato , near Puerto Montt . In addition , family Wennekool which inaugurated the Dutch colonization of Villarrica . In the early twentieth century , there arrived in Chile a large group of Dutch people from South Africa , which had been established where they worked mainly in construction of the railway . When the Boer War , which would eventually lead to the British annexation of both republics in 1902 . These emigrants decided to emigrate to Chile with the help of the Chilean government . On 4 May 1903 , a group of over 200 Dutch emigrants sailed on the steamship `` Oropesa '' shipping company `` Pacific Steam Navigation Company , from La Rochelle ( La Pallice ) in France . The majority of migrants were born in the Netherlands : 35 % was from North Holland and South Holland , 13 % of North Brabant , 9 % of Zeeland and equal number of Gelderland . On June 5 , arrived by train to their final destination , the city of Pitrufquén , located south of Temuco , near the hamlet of Donguil . Another group of Dutchmen arrived shortly after to Talcahuano , in the `` Oravi '' and the `` Orissa '' . The Netherlands colony in Donguil was christened `` New Transvaal Colony . There were established more than 500 families in order to start a new life . Between 7 February 1907 and February 18 , 1909 above the last group of families Boers . It is currently estimated at about 50,000 descendants of Dutch , mostly located in Malleco , Gorbea , Pitrufquén , Faja Maisan and around Temuco and Osorno . Guyanas ( edit ) Main article : Dutch colonisation of the Guianas The Dutch West Indian Company built a fort in 1616 on the Essequibo River . The Dutch traded with the Indian peoples and , as in Suriname , established sugar plantations worked by African slaves . While the coast remained under Dutch control , the English established plantations west of the Suriname River . Conflict between the two countries meant parts of the region changed hands a number of times , but by 1796 Britain had control of the region . The Netherlands ceded the colonies of Essequibo , Demerara , and Berbice to Britain in 1814 . The colony in Suriname had originally been founded in the 1650s by Lord Francis Willoughby , the British governor of Barbados . It was captured by the Dutch under Abraham Crijnsen during the Second Anglo -- Dutch War . On July 31 , 1667 , under the Treaty of Breda the Dutch offered New Netherland ( including New Amsterdam , modern - day New York City ) in exchange for their sugar factories on the coast of Suriname . In 1683 Suriname was sold to the Dutch West India Company . The colony developed an agricultural economy based on African slavery . England controlled Suriname during the Napoleonic Wars from 1799 until 1816 , when it was returned to the Dutch . The Netherlands abolished slavery in 1863 and later imported indentured labor from the British Raj and the Dutch East Indies to keep the economy going . Internal self governance was granted in 1954 and full independence in 1975 . The prospect of independence prompted many to migrate to the Netherlands . Political instability and economic decline after independence resulted in even more migration to the Netherlands . The Surinamese community in the Netherlands is now almost as large as half of the population in the country itself ( about 350,000 ) . See also ( edit ) Atlantic World Dutch Empire Dutch West India Company New York history New Amsterdam New Netherland Netherlands Antilles New World Dutch barn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ General Charter for Those who Discover Any New Passages , Havens , Countries , or Places ; March 27 , 1614 Jump up ^ Ramerini , Marco . Colonial Voyage . `` Dutch and Courlanders on Tobago : A History of the First Settlements , 1628 -- 1677 Archived 2012 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Accessed 23 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Facsimiles of 20 manuscripts from the Dutch West India Company , relating the events in Brazil in the 17th century , from the first capture of Salvador , expansion , defeat and final peace treaty ( PT & NL ) . Jump up ^ `` Tradiciones Coloniales '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Historia Valdivia '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Intento de Colonización '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Egbert Hageman . Jump up ^ Netherlands in Chile . Jump up ^ Dutch immigration . Archived August 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holando - bóers al sur de Chile . Further reading ( edit ) Israel , J.I. , Dutch primacy in world trade , 1585 -- 1740 , Oxford University Press , 1989 Klooster , Wim . The Dutch Moment : War , Trade , and Settlement in the Seventeenth - Century Atlantic World . ( Cornell University Press , 2016 ) . 419 pp . External links ( edit ) Dutch West Indies 1630 - 1975 documentary ( in English ) ( in Dutch ) `` Conditions as Created by their Lords Burgomasters of Amsterdam '' from 1656 , about Dutch goals to populate their New World colonies Dutch Empire Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company ( 1602 -- 1798 ) Governorate General Batavia Governorates Ambon Banda Islands Cape Colony Celebes Ceylon Coromandel Formosa Malacca Moluccas Northeast coast of Java Directorates Bengal Persia Suratte Commandments Bantam Malabar West coast of Sumatra Residencies Bantam Banjarmasin Batavia Cheribon Palembang Preanger Pontianak Opperhoofd settlements Myanmar Canton Dejima Mauritius Siam Timor Tonkin Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch West India Company ( 1621 -- 1792 ) Colonies in the Americas Berbice Brazil Cayenne Curaçao and Dependencies Demerara Essequibo New Netherland Pomeroon Sint Eustatius and Dependencies Surinam Tobago Virgin Islands Trading posts in Africa Arguin Gold Coast Loango - Angola Senegambia Slave Coast Governed by the Society of Berbice Governed by the Society of Suriname Settlements of the Noordsche Compagnie ( 1614 -- 1642 ) Settlements Jan Mayen Smeerenburg Colonies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1815 -- 1962 ) Until 1825 Bengal Coromandel Malacca Suratte Until 1853 Dejima Until 1872 Gold Coast Until 1945 Dutch East Indies Until 1954 Curaçao and Dependencies Surinam Until 1962 New Guinea Became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ; Suriname gained full independence in 1975 , Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the Netherlands Antilles , which was eventually dissolved in 2010 . Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1954 -- present ) Constituent countries Aruba Curaçao Netherlands Sint Maarten Public bodies of the Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=862525935 '' Categories : Dutch colonization of the Americas 17th century in the Dutch Empire New Netherland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with Dutch - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Papiamentu Português Русский Svenska Українська 吴语中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 23 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which colony was acquired by conquering it from the dutch	[ "In 1664, an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James, Duke of York and of Albany (later King James II & VII) sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam, threatening to attack. Being greatly outnumbered, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation. The Province then took a new name, New York (from James's English title). Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany (from James's Scottish title). The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey.\n" ]	[ "New York" ]
3271210982782922945	List of Olympic Games host cities	List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America -- W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII -- 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=834497883 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are the summer olympics for 2018 going to be	[ "This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities, and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics." ]	[ "Tokyo" ]
8026562226083826166	List of National Basketball Association annual steals leaders	List of National Basketball Association annual Steals Leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association annual Steals Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Chris Paul won six steal titles from 2008 to 2009 from 2011 to 2014 . In basketball , a steal is a `` defensive action '' that causes the opponent to turn the ball over . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) steal title is awarded to the player with the highest steals per game average in a given season . The steal title was first recognized in the 1973 -- 74 season when statistics on steals were first compiled . To qualify for the steal title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 125 steals . This has been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season . Alvin Robertson holds the all - time records for total steals ( 301 ) and steals per game ( 3.67 ) in a season ; achieved in the 1985 -- 86 season . Among active players , Chris Paul had the highest season steal total ( 217 ) in the 2007 -- 08 season and the highest season steal average ( 2.77 ) in the 2008 -- 09 season . Paul has won the most steal titles , with six . Micheal Ray Richardson , Robertson , Michael Jordan and Allen Iverson all follow with three . Magic Johnson , Mookie Blaylock , Baron Davis and John Stockton are the only other players to win more than one steal title , with two . Paul has won the most consecutive steal titles , with four . Three players have won both the steal title and the NBA championship in the same season : Rick Barry in 1975 with the Golden State Warriors , Magic Johnson in 1982 with the Los Angeles Lakers and Michael Jordan in 1993 with the Chicago Bulls . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Steal leaders 3 Multiple - time leaders 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the steals leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center Steal Leaders ( edit ) Magic Johnson led the league in steals for two consecutive seasons . Michael Jordan was the steals leader in three separate seasons : 1988 , 1990 , and 1993 . John Stockton was the steals leader in 1989 and 1992 . Allen Iverson won three steals titles in his career . Season Player Position Team Games played Total steals Steals per game References 1973 -- 74 Steele , Larry Larry Steele G / F Portland Trail Blazers 81 217 2.68 1974 -- 75 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * Golden State Warriors 80 228 2.85 1975 -- 76 Watts , Don `` Slick '' Don `` Slick '' Watts Seattle SuperSonics 82 261 3.18 1976 -- 77 Buse , Don Don Buse Indiana Pacers 81 281 3.47 1977 -- 78 Lee , Ron Ron Lee Phoenix Suns 82 225 2.74 1978 -- 79 Carr , M.L. M.L. Carr Detroit Pistons 80 197 2.46 1979 -- 80 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson G / F New York Knicks 82 265 3.23 1980 -- 81 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * G / F Los Angeles Lakers 37 127 3.43 1981 -- 82 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * ( 2 ) G / F Los Angeles Lakers 78 208 2.67 1982 -- 83 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson ( 2 ) G / F Golden State Warriors New Jersey Nets 64 182 2.84 1983 -- 84 Green , Rickey Rickey Green Utah Jazz 81 215 2.65 1984 -- 85 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson ( 3 ) G / F New Jersey Nets 82 243 2.96 1985 -- 86 Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson San Antonio Spurs 82 301 3.67 1986 -- 87 Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson ( 2 ) San Antonio Spurs 81 260 3.21 1987 -- 88 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * Chicago Bulls 82 259 3.16 1988 -- 89 Stockton , John John Stockton * Utah Jazz 82 263 3.21 1989 -- 90 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) Chicago Bulls 82 227 2.77 1990 -- 91 Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson ( 3 ) Milwaukee Bucks 81 246 3.04 1991 -- 92 Stockton , John John Stockton * ( 2 ) Utah Jazz 82 244 2.98 1992 -- 93 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) Chicago Bulls 78 221 2.83 1993 -- 94 McMillan , Nate Nate McMillan Seattle SuperSonics 73 216 2.96 1994 -- 95 Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * Chicago Bulls 79 232 2.94 1995 -- 96 Payton , Gary Gary Payton * Seattle SuperSonics 81 231 2.85 1996 -- 97 Blaylock , Mookie Mookie Blaylock Atlanta Hawks 78 212 2.72 1997 -- 98 Blaylock , Mookie Mookie Blaylock ( 2 ) Atlanta Hawks 70 183 2.61 1998 -- 99 Gill , Kendall Kendall Gill New Jersey Nets 50 134 2.68 1999 -- 00 Jones , Eddie Eddie Jones G / F Charlotte Hornets 72 192 2.67 2000 -- 01 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * Philadelphia 76ers 71 178 2.51 2001 -- 02 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) Philadelphia 76ers 60 168 2.80 2002 -- 03 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) Philadelphia 76ers 82 225 2.74 2003 -- 04 Davis , Baron Baron Davis New Orleans Hornets 67 158 2.36 2004 -- 05 Hughes , Larry Larry Hughes Washington Wizards 61 176 2.89 2005 -- 06 Wallace , Gerald Gerald Wallace ^ Charlotte Bobcats 55 138 2.51 2006 -- 07 Davis , Baron Baron Davis ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors 63 135 2.14 2007 -- 08 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ New Orleans Hornets 80 217 2.71 2008 -- 09 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ ( 2 ) New Orleans Hornets 78 216 2.77 2009 -- 10 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ Boston Celtics 81 189 2.33 2010 -- 11 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ ( 3 ) New Orleans Hornets 80 188 2.35 2011 -- 12 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ ( 4 ) Los Angeles Clippers 60 152 2.53 2012 -- 13 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ ( 5 ) Los Angeles Clippers 70 169 2.41 2013 -- 14 Paul , Chris Chris Paul ^ ( 6 ) Los Angeles Clippers 62 154 2.48 2014 -- 15 Leonard , Kawhi Kawhi Leonard ^ San Antonio Spurs 64 148 2.31 2015 -- 16 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ Golden State Warriors 79 169 2.14 2016 -- 17 Green , Draymond Draymond Green ^ Golden State Warriors 76 154 2.03 Multiple - time leaders ( edit ) Ranking Player Team Times leader Years Chris Paul New Orleans Hornets ( 3 ) / Los Angeles Clippers ( 3 ) 6 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 Allen Iverson Michael Jordan Micheal Ray Richardson Alvin Robertson Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls New York Knicks ( 1 ) / Golden State Warriors / New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) / New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) / Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) 2001 , 2002 , 2003 1988 , 1990 , 1993 1980 , 1983 , 1985 1986 , 1987 , 1991 Mookie Blaylock Baron Davis Magic Johnson John Stockton Atlanta Hawks New Orleans Hornets ( 1 ) / Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 1997 , 1998 2004 , 2007 1981 , 1982 1989 , 1992 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The player 's primary position is listed first . Jump up ^ In the 1978 -- 79 season , Eddie Jordan and Norm Nixon both had the highest steal total ( 201 ) but they were tied for second in steal average ( 2.45 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1980 -- 81 season , Magic Johnson had only played in 37 games and ranked seventeenth in steal total . Micheal Ray Richardson had the highest total ( 232 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1981 -- 82 season , Maurice Cheeks had the highest steal total ( 209 ) but was second in steal average ( 2.65 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1982 -- 83 season , Micheal Ray Richardson had only played in 64 games and ranked sixth in steal total . Rickey Green had the highest total ( 220 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1997 -- 98 season , Mookie Blaylock had only played in 70 games and ranked fourth in steal total . Brevin Knight had the highest total ( 196 ) . Jump up ^ The 1998 -- 99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's steal title is to appear in at least 43 games ( out of 50 ) or to have at least 76 steals . Jump up ^ In the 2000 -- 01 season , Doug Christie had the highest steal total ( 183 ) but was third in steal average ( 2.26 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2001 -- 02 season , Jason Kidd had the highest steal total ( 175 ) but was third in steal average ( 2.13 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2003 -- 04 season , Shawn Marion had the highest steal total ( 167 ) but was second in steal average ( 2.11 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2004 -- 05 season , Allen Iverson had the highest steal total ( 180 ) but was second in steal average ( 2.40 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2005 -- 06 season , Gerald Wallace had only played in 55 games and ranked tenth in steal total . Chris Paul had the highest total ( 175 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2006 -- 07 season , Baron Davis had only played in 63 games and ranked sixth in steal total . Shawn Marion had the highest total ( 156 ) . Jump up ^ The 2011 -- 12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 57 games ( out of 66 ) or to have at least 101 steals . Jump up ^ In the 2012 -- 13 season , Mike Conley , Jr. had the highest steal total ( 174 ) but was third in steal average ( 2.2 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2013 -- 14 season , Ricky Rubio and Thaddeus Young both had higher steal totals ( 190 and 167 respectively ) but they were second and third in steal average ( 2.3 and 2.1 ) , respectively . Jump up ^ In the 2014 -- 15 season , Stephen Curry had the highest steal total ( 163 ) but was third in steal average tied with Tony Allen ( 2.0 ) . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Steals Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Steals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1973 -- 74 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Steele NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1974 -- 75 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1975 -- 76 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Slick Watts NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1976 -- 77 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don Buse NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1977 -- 78 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Lee NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1978 -- 79 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` M.L. Carr NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1979 -- 80 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Micheal Ray Richardson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1980 -- 81 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magic Johnson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1981 -- 82 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1982 -- 83 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1983 -- 84 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rickey Green NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1984 -- 85 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1985 -- 86 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alvin Robertson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1986 -- 87 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1987 -- 88 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1988 -- 89 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Stockton NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1989 -- 90 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1990 -- 91 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1991 -- 92 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1992 -- 93 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1993 -- 94 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nate McMillan NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1994 -- 95 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scottie Pippen NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1995 -- 96 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Payton NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1996 -- 97 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mookie Blaylock NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1997 -- 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1998 -- 99 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kendall Gill NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 1999 -- 2000 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Jones NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 2000 -- 01 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Iverson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 2001 -- 02 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 2002 -- 03 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 2003 -- 04 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baron Davis NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 2004 -- 05 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Hughes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 2005 -- 06 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Wallace NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` League Leaders : Steals -- 2006 -- 07 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Steals -- 2007 -- 08 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Paul NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rajon Rondo NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 14 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 17 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_annual_steals_leaders&oldid=813188857 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 08 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who led the league in steals last year	[ "\n\nSeason\nPlayer\nPosition[a]\nTeam\nGames\nplayed\nTotal steals\nSteals per game\nReferences\n\n\n1973–74\nSteele, LarryLarry Steele\nG/F\nPortland Trail Blazers\n81\n217\n2.68\n[4][5]\n\n\n1974–75\nBarry, RickRick Barry\nF\nGolden State Warriors\n80\n228\n2.85\n[6][7]\n\n\n1975–76\nWatts, Don \"Slick\"Don \"Slick\" Watts\nG\nSeattle SuperSonics\n82\n261\n3.18\n[8][9]\n\n\n1976–77\nBuse, DonDon Buse\nG\nIndiana Pacers\n81\n281\n3.47\n[10][11]\n\n\n1977–78\nLee, RonRon Lee\nG\nPhoenix Suns\n82\n225\n2.74\n[12][13]\n\n\n1978–79\nCarr, M. L.M. L. Carr[b]\nG\nDetroit Pistons\n80\n197\n2.46\n[14][15]\n\n\n1979–80\nRichardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson\nG/F\nNew York Knicks\n82\n265\n3.23\n[16][17]\n\n\n1980–81\nJohnson, MagicMagic Johnson[c]\nG/F\nLos Angeles Lakers\n37\n127\n3.43\n[18][19]\n\n\n1981–82\nJohnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (2)[d]\nG/F\nLos Angeles Lakers\n78\n208\n2.67\n[19][20]\n\n\n1982–83\nRichardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson (2)[e]\nG/F\nGolden State Warriors\nNew Jersey Nets\n64\n182\n2.84\n[17][21]\n\n\n1983–84\nGreen, RickeyRickey Green\nG\nUtah Jazz\n81\n215\n2.65\n[22][23]\n\n\n1984–85\nRichardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson (3)\nG/F\nNew Jersey Nets\n82\n243\n2.96\n[17][24]\n\n\n1985–86\nRobertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson\nG\nSan Antonio Spurs\n82\n301\n3.67\n[25][26]\n\n\n1986–87\nRobertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson (2)\nG\nSan Antonio Spurs\n81\n260\n3.21\n[26][27]\n\n\n1987–88\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan\nG\nChicago Bulls\n82\n259\n3.16\n[28][29]\n\n\n1988–89\nStockton, JohnJohn Stockton\nG\nUtah Jazz\n82\n263\n3.21\n[30][31]\n\n\n1989–90\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (2)\nG\nChicago Bulls\n82\n227\n2.77\n[29][32]\n\n\n1990–91\nRobertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson (3)\nG\nMilwaukee Bucks\n81\n246\n3.04\n[26][33]\n\n\n1991–92\nStockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (2)\nG\nUtah Jazz\n82\n244\n2.98\n[31][34]\n\n\n1992–93\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (3)\nG\nChicago Bulls\n78\n221\n2.83\n[29][35]\n\n\n1993–94\nMcMillan, NateNate McMillan\nG\nSeattle SuperSonics\n73\n216\n2.96\n[36][37]\n\n\n1994–95\nPippen, ScottieScottie Pippen\nF\nChicago Bulls\n79\n232\n2.94\n[38][39]\n\n\n1995–96\nPayton, GaryGary Payton\nG\nSeattle SuperSonics\n81\n231\n2.85\n[40][41]\n\n\n1996–97\nBlaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock\nG\nAtlanta Hawks\n78\n212\n2.72\n[42][43]\n\n\n1997–98\nBlaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock (2)[f]\nG\nAtlanta Hawks\n70\n183\n2.61\n[43][44]\n\n\n1998–99[g]\nGill, KendallKendall Gill\nG\nNew Jersey Nets\n50\n134\n2.68\n[46][47]\n\n\n1999–00\nJones, EddieEddie Jones\nG/F\nCharlotte Hornets\n72\n192\n2.67\n[48][49]\n\n\n2000–01\nIverson, AllenAllen Iverson[h]\nG\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n71\n178\n2.51\n[50][51]\n\n\n2001–02\nIverson, AllenAllen Iverson (2)[i]\nG\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n60\n168\n2.80\n[51][52]\n\n\n2002–03\nIverson, AllenAllen Iverson* (3)\nG\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n82\n225\n2.74\n[51][53]\n\n\n2003–04\nDavis, BaronBaron Davis[j]\nG\nNew Orleans Hornets\n67\n158\n2.36\n[54][55]\n\n\n2004–05\nHughes, LarryLarry Hughes[k]\nG\nWashington Wizards\n61\n176\n2.89\n[56][57]\n\n\n2005–06\nWallace, GeraldGerald Wallace^[l]\nF\nCharlotte Bobcats\n55\n138\n2.51\n[58][59]\n\n\n2006–07\nDavis, BaronBaron Davis (2)[m]\nG\nGolden State Warriors\n63\n135\n2.14\n[55][60]\n\n\n2007–08\nPaul, ChrisChris Paul^\nG\nNew Orleans Hornets\n80\n217\n2.71\n[61][62]\n\n\n2008–09\nPaul, ChrisChris Paul^ (2)\nG\nNew Orleans Hornets\n78\n216\n2.77\n[62]\n\n\n2009–10\nRondo, RajonRajon Rondo^\nG\nBoston Celtics\n81\n189\n2.33\n[63]\n\n\n2010–11\nPaul, ChrisChris Paul^ (3)\nG\nNew Orleans Hornets\n80\n188\n2.35\n[62]\n\n\n2011–12[n]\nPaul, ChrisChris Paul^ (4)\nG\nLos Angeles Clippers\n60\n152\n2.53\n[62]\n\n\n2012–13\nPaul, ChrisChris Paul^ (5)[o]\nG\nLos Angeles Clippers\n70\n169\n2.41\n[62]\n\n\n2013–14\nPaul, ChrisChris Paul^ (6)[p]\nG\nLos Angeles Clippers\n62\n154\n2.48\n[62]\n\n\n2014–15\nLeonard, KawhiKawhi Leonard^ [q]\nF\nSan Antonio Spurs\n64\n148\n2.31\n[67]\n\n\n2015–16\nCurry, StephenStephen Curry^\nG\nGolden State Warriors\n79\n169\n2.14\n[68]\n\n\n2016–17\nGreen, DraymondDraymond Green^\nF\nGolden State Warriors\n76\n154\n2.03\n[69]\n\n" ]	[ "Stephen Curry" ]
6112702768583054970	List of best-selling music artists	List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , so artists such as Rihanna , Chris Brown , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars , Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified units are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified units . In other words , the available certified units for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified units for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist 's total amount of certified units , as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song . For example `` This Is What You Came For '' and `` Where Them Girls At '' include Rihanna and Flo Rida , Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively , so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists . However , the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles , examples of such songs are Kanye West 's `` Monster '' and / or `` All Day '' . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Elvis Presley Michael Jackson Elton John Madonna Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the tables is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 271.9 million US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million GER : 8 million UK : 18.445 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million BRA : 550,000 NLD : 295,000 ITA : 380,000 SPA : 1.250 million SWE 485,000 DEN : 270,000 SWI : 350,000 ARG : 1.606 million BEL : 390,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country Total available certified units : 224.5 million US : 199.150 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 1.2 million UK : 13.145 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.797 million BRA : 125,000 NLD : 555,000 ITA : 105,000 SPA : 300,000 SWE 380,000 DEN : 120,000 SWI : 185,000 MEX : 105,000 ARG : 110,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B Total available certified units : 188.7 million US : 104.5 million JPN : 4.650 million GER : 11.275 million UK : 29.045 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.775 million BRA : 280,000 NLD : 2.105 million ITA : 1.195 million SPA : 1.995 million SWE : 1.230 million DEN : 1.289 million SWI : 910,000 MEX : 3.670 million ARG : 124,000 BEL : 665,000 AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica Total available certified units : 172.9 million US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million GER : 12.4 million UK : 29.245 million FRA : 12.81 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.787 million BRA : 3.440 million NLD : 1.735 million ITA : 465,000 SPA : 2.815 million SWE : 1.070 million DEN : 407,000 SWI : 1.080 million MEX : 510,000 ARG : 1.098 BEL : 740,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 182.6 million US : 129.350 million JPN : 1.1 million GER : 7.9 million UK : 23.195 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.947 million BRA : 835,000 NLD : 975,000 SPA : 1.2 million SWE : 740,000 DEN : 195,000 SWI : 1.313 million MEX : 100,000 ARG : 128,000 BEL : 565,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock Total available certified units : 140 million US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 3.775 million UK : 9.530 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million BRA : 820,000 ITA : 465,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock Total available certified units : 120.1 million US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 7.5 million UK : 11.720 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million BRA : 515,000 NLD : 435,000 ITA : 1.985 million SPA : 625,000 SWE : 220,000 SWI : 390,000 ARG : 582,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Eminem Mariah Carey Queen Celine Dion Whitney Houston AC / DC Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 262.7 million US : 193.55 million JPN : 1.4 million GER : 10.075 million UK : 32.9 million FRA : 1.465 million CAN : 3.120 million AUS : 9.325 million BRA : 705,000 ITA : 1.550 million SPA : 1.470 million SWE : 2.480 million DEN : 1.172 SWI : 860,000 MEX : 410,000 BEL : 660,000 AUT : 135,000 POL : 520,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 682,500 230 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 217.3 million US : 163.2 million JPN : 2.9 million GER : 6.7 million UK : 25.025 million FRA : 3.288 million CAN : 4.010 million AUS : 5.947 million BRA : 220,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 700,000 SPA : 290,000 SWE : 910,000 DEN : 656,000 SWI : 805,000 MEX : 365,000 BEL : 505,000 AUT : 362,500 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 600,000 220 million 200 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 138.7 million US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million GER : 3.750 million UK : 10.220 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.515 million BRA : 835,000 NLD : 1.425 million ITA : 200,000 SPA : 1 million SWE : 425,000 DEN : 280,000 SWI : 515,000 BEL : 175,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock Total available certified units : 128.3 million US : 65 million JPN : 2.850 million GER : 12.375 million UK : 29.075 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million BRA : 970,000 NLD : 1.990 million ITA : 545,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWE : 190,000 DEN : 205,000 SWI : 1.256 million ARG : 1.080 million BEL : 175,000 AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 170 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop Total available certified units : 127.9 million US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million GER : 8 million UK : 13.915 million FRA : 15.768 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 NLD : 2.180 million SPA : 1 million SWE : 1.105 million DEN : 370,000 SWI : 1.685 million ARG : 340,000 BEL : 2.160 million AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop Total available certified units : 115.7 million US : 76.775 million JPN : 4.3 million GER : 5.6 million UK : 15.205 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.755 million BRA : 1.025 NLD : 780,000 ITA : 140,000 SPA : 1.260 million SWE : 1.035 million DEN : 140,000 SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 180,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll Total available certified units : 115 million US : 79.7 million GER : 10.3 million UK : 5.5 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.740 million ITA : 775,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWE : 350,000 DEN : 215,000 SWI : 894,000 ARG : 594,000 BEL : 100,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock Total available certified units : 99.1 million US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 9.170 million FRA : 3.377 million CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 417,500 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 610,000 ITA : 205,000 SPA : 690,000 SWE : 310,000 SWI : 238,000 ARG : 718,000 BEL : 120,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco Total available certified units : 62.4 million US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million GER : 10.450 million UK : 19.170 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 NLD : 1.390 million ITA : 120,000 SPA : 1.005 million SWE : 800,000 DEN : 600,000 SWI : 600,000 MEX : 260,000 ARG : 238,000 BEL : 380,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Justin Bieber Eagles Bruno Mars Ed Sheeran Kanye West Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock Total available certified units : 199.7 million US : 172.5 million JPN : 2.950 million GER : 1.750 UK : 9.8 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 4.820 million AUS : 5.530 million BRA : 440,000 ITA : 285,000 SWE : 280,000 DEN : 140,000 > MEX : 510,000 AUT : 100,000 NZ : 382,500 175 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country Total available certified units : 156.1 million US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 350,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock Total available certified units : 130.2 million US : 108.9 million JPN : 600,000 GER : 925,000 UK : 8.035 million FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million NLD : 540,000 SPA : 500,000 SWE : 140,000 DEN : 185,000 SWI : 290,000 FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock Total available certified units : 108.5 million US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million GER : 5.525 million UK : 18.720 million FRA : 5.125 million CAN : 7.155 million AUS : 4.412 million BRA : 2.675 million NLD : 945,000 ITA : 855,000 SPA : 2.295 million SWE : 515,000 DEN : 518,000 SWI : 696,000 MEX : 835,000 ARG : 806,000 BEL : 750,000 AUT : 522,500 POL : 370,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 103 million US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million GER : 1.250 million UK : 5.715 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 NLD : 350,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary Total available certified units : 89.7 million US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 GER : 13.8 million UK : 16.050 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million NLD : 1.050 million SPA : 2.150 million SWE : 245,000 SWI : 973,000 ARG : 1.044 million BEL : 330,000 AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock Total available certified units : 84.9 million US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million GER : 2 million UK : 3.230 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 BRA : 600,000 NLD : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SPA : 200,000 SWE : 260,000 SWI : 145,000 MEX : 230,000 ARG : 338,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing Total available certified units : 37.5 million US : 28.2 million GER : 1 million UK : 5.645 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 315,000 BRA : 350,000 SPA : 500,000 SWE : 130,000 ARG : 188,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary Total available certified units : 98.2 million US : 82.450 million GER : 750,000 UK : 5.765 million FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.152 million NLD : 710,000 SPA : 150,000 SWE : 120,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop Total available certified units : 150.7 million US : 103.5 million JPN : 850,000 GER : 4 million UK : 18.285 million FRA : 1.098 CAN : 5.780 million AUS : 4.795 million BRA : 810,000 ITA : 1.895 million SPA : 880,000 SWE : 2.020 million DEN : 2.250 million MEX : 2.970 million BEL : 450,000 POL : 370,000 AUT : 140,000 NZ : 615,000 140 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B Total available certified units : 128.8 million US : 91.5 million JPN : 1.2 million GER : 3.4 million UK : 14.8 million FRA : 1.950 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 5.925 million ITA : 760,000 SPA : 490,000 SWE : 440,000 DEN : 480,000 SWI : 405,000 MEX : 810,000 BEL : 360,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 592,500 PHL : 330,000 130 million Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2004 -- present 2011 Pop / Folk pop Total available certified units : 128.1 million US : 56 million JPN : 350,000 GER : 7.850 million UK : 37.260 million FRA : 1.691 million CAN : 6.440 million AUS : 7.840 million NLD : 330,000 ITA : 2.590 million SPA : 770,000 SWE : 1.360 million DEN : 2.315 million SWI : 635,000 MEX : 180,000 BEL : 665,000 AUT : 355,000 POL : 360,000 NZ : 1.2 million 126 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock Total available certified units : 119.8 million US : 101.750 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 1.350 UK : 12.060 million CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 160,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 414,000 121 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock Total available certified units : 102.7 million US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 4.325 million UK : 7.345 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 740,000 ITA : 575,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWE : 810,000 DEN : 255,000 SWI : 400,000 BEL : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal Total available certified units : 95.6 million US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 GER : 4.025 million UK : 3.535 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.885 million AUS : 2.637 million BRA : 380,000 NLD : 460,000 ITA : 180,000 SPA : 420,000 SWE : 675,000 DEN : 180,000 SWI : 560,000 MEX : 430,000 ARG : 874,000 BEL : 385,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco Total available certified units : 69.3 million US : 42.5 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 6.675 million UK : 9.525 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 188,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million 100 million to 119 million records Katy Perry Adele Lady Gaga Lil Wayne Jay - Z B'z Bon Jovi Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic Total available certified units : 102.2 million US : 69.5 million JPN : 5.4 million GER : 4.1 million UK : 11.585 million FRA : 1.647 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million BRA : 470,000 NLD : 130,000 ITA : 840,000 SPA : 410,000 SWE : 680,000 DEN : 340,000 SWI : 445,000 MEX : 420,000 BEL : 270,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop Total available certified units : 137.8 million US : 104 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 13.010 million FRA : 867,000 CAN : 6.160 million AUS : 5.3 million BRA : 625,000 ITA : 790,000 SPA : 180,000 SWE : 600,000 DEN : 235,000 SWI : 160,000 MEX : 960,000 BEL : 135,000 AUT : 247,500 NZ : 360,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul Total available certified units : 105.9 million US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 4.7 million UK : 21.050 million CAN : 6.120 million AUS : 3.955 million BRA : 1.310 million NLD : 380,000 ITA : 1.570 million SPA : 800,000 SWE : 320,000 DEN : 857,500 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 577,500 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 101.7 million US : 94.7 million GER : 300,000 UK : 3.060 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 630,000 100 million Jay - Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop Total available certified units : 100.8 million US : 84.7 million JPN : 1.050 million GER : 2 million UK : 9.520 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 205,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 85.8 million JPN : 85.85 million 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal Total available certified units : 85.1 million US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.4 million GER : 5.650 million UK : 9.690 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million BRA : 435,000 NLD : 710,000 ITA : 160,000 SPA : 1.620 million SWE : 365,000 SWI : 1.275 million MEX : 250,000 ARG : 358,000 BEL : 290,000 AUT : 725,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 84.4 million US : 57.150 million JPN : 1.7 million GER : 1.550 million UK : 15.845 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.475 million AUS : 3.115 million BRA : 390,000 ITA : 285,000 SPA : 1.190 million SWE : 120,000 DEN : 312,500 SWI : 165,000 MEX : 110,000 BEL : 115,000 POL : 110,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop Total available certified units : 83 million US : 30.6 million JPN : 750,000 GER : 4.550 million UK : 25.645 million FRA : 3.013 CAN : 3.585 million AUS : 3.795 million BRA : 340,000 NLD : 390,000 ITA : 2.835 million SPA : 1.030 million SWE : 750,000 DEN : 894,000 SWI : 550,000 MEX : 1.890 million ARG : 528,000 BEL : 765,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 320,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock Total available certified units : 82.8 million US : 61.6 million JPN : 1.550 million GER : 5.850 million UK : 6.605 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.485 million BRA : 595,000 ITA : 690,000 SPA : 175,000 SWE : 165,000 DEN : 175,000 SWI : 435,000 MEX : 225,000 BEL : 140,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop Total available certified units : 82.2 million US : 46.2 million JPN : 2.1 million GER : 5.350 million UK : 10.750 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.165 million BRA : 380,000 NLD : 665,000 ITA : 200,000 SPA : 990,000 SWE : 1.010 million DEN : 180,000 SWI : 485,000 MEX : 1.175 million ARG : 248,000 BEL : 935,000 AUT : 365,000 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 78.2 million US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 18.630 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 NLD : 140,000 SPA : 290,000 SWE : 440,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 524,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 77.9 million US : 51.250 million UK : 14.785 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million NLD : 590,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 75.6 million US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million GER : 4.1 million UK : 6.550 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 BRA : 1.9 million NLD : 705,000 ITA : 710,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 485,000 DEN : 175,000 SWI : 365,000 MEX : 760,000 ARG : 1.248 million BEL : 165,000 AUT : 365,000 POL : 160,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop Total available certified units : 73 million US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million GER : 7 million UK : 4.875 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million NLD : 830,000 SPA : 1.850 million SWE : 655,000 DEN : 165,000 SWI : 415,000 MEX : 1.475 million ARG : 740,000 BEL : 450,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country Total available certified units : 72.8 million US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 68.9 million US : 55.9 million GER : 1 million UK : 7.330 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 2.085 million NLD : 250,000 SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock Total available certified units : 65.2 million US : 50.295 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 2.980 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 125,000 SWI : 375,000 MEX : 405,000 ARG : 158,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock Total available certified units : 65.1 million US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 7.245 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 NLD : 670,000 SPA : 700,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop Total available certified units : 61.4 million US : 54.050 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock Total available certified units : 60.6 million US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 GER : 1.525 million UK : 12.425 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SPA : 640,000 SWE : 210,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Simon & Garfunkel United States 1956 -- present 1964 Folk rock Total available certified units : 59.2 million US : 42.6 million JPN : 700,000 GER : 2.325 million UK : 6.620 million FRA : 3.9 million CAN : 1.425 million AUS : 390,000 NLD : 300,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE : 150,000 SWI : 450,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 163,350 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 52.5 million US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million GER : 1.4 million UK : 4.760 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 NLD : 400,000 SPA : 150,000 SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin Total available certified units : 51.2 million US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 1.620 million FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 505,000 BRA : 12.475 million NLD : 1.2 million ITA : 400,000 SPA : 8.7 million SWE : 290,000 MEX : 2.975 million ARG : 3.220 million BEL : 125,000 FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 48.4 million US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 1.490 million FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million NLD : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock Total available certified units : 46.5 million US : 15.5 million GER : 3.750 million UK : 11.8 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million BRA : 175,000 NLD : 900,000 ITA : 385,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWE : 360,000 DEN : 195,000 SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock Total available certified units : 45.3 million US : 35.6 million GER : 625,000 UK : 6.025 million FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 41.8 million US : 35.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 SWI : 125,000 MEX : 200,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk Total available certified units : 41 million US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 4.175 million UK : 6.510 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million BRA : 125,000 NLD : 375,000 ITA : 300,000 SPA : 600,000 SWE : 850,000 SWI : 295,000 MEX : 200,000 DEN : 370,000 ARG : 106,000 BEL : 275,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock Total available certified units : 40.2 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 5.875 million UK : 7.325 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 NLD : 300,000 SPA : 250,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop Total available certified units : 35.9 million US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 3.950 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 450,000 NLD : 150,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 35.5 million US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 35.1 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million GER : 500,000 UK : 8.485 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million NLD : 250,000 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop Total available certified units : 34.3 million US : 13.7 million JPN : 200,000 GER : 525,000 UK : 13.495 million FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.315 million AUS : 635,000 NLD : 465,000 ITA : 345,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 33.4 million US : 12.7 million GER : 6.050 million UK : 8.145 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 NLD : 565,000 SPA : 700,000 SWE : 330,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country Total available certified units : 32.5 million US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B Total available certified units : 30.9 million US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock Total available certified units : 30.7 million US : 25.6 million GER : 250,000 UK : 3.610 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 27.5 million US : 22.150 million UK : 4.565 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 21.7 million US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 175,000 100 million 80 million to 99 million records Chris Brown Nicki Minaj Shania Twain Flo Rida Pink Justin Timberlake Van Halen Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop Total available certified units : 77.1 million US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 1.750 million UK : 7.395 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.880 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 100,000 SWE : 330,000 DEN : 210,000 SWI : 310,000 MEX : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 BEL : 250,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Pink United States 1995 -- present 2000 Pop , Pop rock , R&B Total available certified units : 70.6 million US : 32.225 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 5.725 million UK : 13.575 million FRA : 1.198 million CAN : 4.130 million AUS : 9.870 million NLD : 175,000 ITA : 425,000 SWE : 530,000 SWI : 565,000 DEN : 281,500 MEX : 360,000 BEL : 235,000 AUT : 417,500 POL : 100,000 NZ : 465,000 90 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop Total available certified units : 46 million US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million GER : 250,000 UK : 7.950 million CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 90 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B Total available certified units : 40.8 million US : 28.650 million GER : 1.050 million UK : 6.555 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 180,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 36.1 million US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.725 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 NLD : 250,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel Total available certified units : 31.1 million US : 25.7 million GER : 550,000 UK : 3.910 million CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million Justin Timberlake United States 1992 -- present 2002 Pop , R&B , Neo soul Total available certified units : 66.9 million US : 43.2 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 3.050 million UK : 12.720 million FRA : 578,000 CAN : 2.480 million AUS : 2.380 million NLD : 105,000 ITA : 345,000 SPA : 120,000 SWE : 210,000 DEN : 440,000 SWI : 230,000 MEX : 330,000 BEL : 300,000 POL : 170,000 NZ : 185,000 88 million Chris Brown United States 2005 -- present 2005 Pop / R&B , Hip - hop Total available certified units : 100 million US : 84.050 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 450,000 UK : 10.240 million CAN : 770,000 AUS : 2.590 million BRA : 570,000 ITA : 140,000 SWE : 310,000 DEN : 197,500 MEX : 150,000 NZ : 260,000 86 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip - hop , Pop Total available certified units : 85.5 million US : 68.5 million JPN : 450,000 GER : 1.150 million UK : 8.9 million FRA : 566,000 CAN : 800,000 AUS : 3.115 million BRA : 250,000 ITA : 485,000 SPA : 220,000 SWE : 420,000 DEN : 220,000 SWI : 120,000 MEX : 150,000 NZ : 247,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock Total available certified units : 42.8 million US : 21.150 million GER : 4.275 million UK : 8.765 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 ITA : 225,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWE : 500,000 DEN : 155,000 SWI : 450,000 ARG : 158,000 BEL : 185,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM Total available certified units : 70.8 million US : 49 million JPN : 650,000 GER : 3.7 million UK : 7.960 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.090 million AUS : 3.605 million ITA : 360,000 SPA : 140,000 SWE : 780,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 MEX : 330,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 64.5 million US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 740,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 NLD : 200,000 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic Total available certified units : 64.3 million JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock Total available certified units : 59.4 million US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million GER : 2.650 million UK : 10.795 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.625 million BRA : 515,000 NLD : 660,000 ITA : 570,000 SPA : 640,000 SWE : 390,000 SWI : 405,000 MEX : 150,000 DEN : 227,000 BEL : 195,000 ARG : 406,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock Total available certified units : 49.3 million US : 45.1 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 1.3 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 NLD : 150,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop Total available certified units : 48 million US : 20.8 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 12.850 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 NLD : 1.140 million SPA : 850,000 SWE : 310,000 DEN : 400,000 SWI : 335,000 ARG : 118,000 BEL : 315,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock Total available certified units : 46.9 million US : 36.6 million GER : 1.750 million UK : 2.040 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million BRA : 100,000 ITA : 130,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop Total available certified units : 42.7 million US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 42.2 million US : 23.6 million GER : 2.350 million UK : 9.665 million CAN : 3.380 million AUS : 2.522 million NLD : 425,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- 2017 1977 Rock Total available certified units : 34.7 million US : 31.250 million GER : 500,000 UK : 1.060 million CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- 2017 1960 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 25.4 million FRA : 24.672 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 510,000 80 million 75 million to 79 million records Maroon 5 Journey Tim McGraw The Black Eyed Peas Usher R. Kelly Robbie Williams Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance Total available certified units : 58.8 million US : 31.4 million JPN : 1.250 million GER : 3.3 million UK : 10.8 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million BRA : 255,000 NLD : 160,000 ITA : 365,000 SPA : 460,000 SWE : 300,000 DEN : 161,000 SWI : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 BEL : 460,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Maroon 5 United States 1994 -- present 2002 Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance - pop Total available certified units : 66.4 million US : 37.2 million JPN : 2 million GER : 2.550 UK : 10.360 million FRA : 792,000 CAN : 4.085 million AUS : 3.045 million BRA : 380,000 ITA : 785,000 SPA : 250,000 SWE : 770,000 DEN : 517,500 MEX : 3.365 NZ : 345,000 75 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock Total available certified units : 62.1 million US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.4 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Tim McGraw United States 1990 -- present 1994 Country Total available certified units : 61.7 million US : 60.150 million UK : 200,000 CAN : 1.375 million 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present 1994 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 56.4 million US : 41.435 million JPN : 750,000 GER : 1.150 UK : 8.925 million FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 DEN : 137,500 SWI : 170,000 NZ : 150,000 75 million R. Kelly United States 1989 -- present 1991 R&B / Soul / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 55.6 million US : 46.9 million GER : 1.4 million UK : 5.420 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 300,000 AUS : 105,000 NLD : 365,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 275,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock Total available certified units : 52.8 million US : 500,000 GER : 10.275 million UK : 27.550 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million NLD : 1.205 million ITA : 385,000 SPA : 440,000 SWE : 445,000 DEN : 676,500 SWI : 998,000 MEX : 1.595 million ARG : 462,000 BEL : 600,000 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz Total available certified units : 52.1 million US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 51.7 million US : 46.2 million GER : 650,000 UK : 3.695 million CAN : 820,000 AUS : 430,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic Total available certified units : 50.8 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million GER : 4.2 million UK : 5.250 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million NLD : 730,000 SPA : 1.760 million SWE : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 SWI : 370,000 MEX : 125,000 ARG : 390,000 BEL : 510,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock Total available certified units : 48 million US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock Total available certified units : 47 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 5.970 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.362 BRA : 725,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 600,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 380,000 DEN : 160,000 SWI : 190,000 MEX : 475,000 ARG : 522,000 BEL : 375,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 335,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock Total available certified units : 45.7 million US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 GER : 4.1 million UK : 8.935 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 500,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 440,000 DEN : 105,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 375,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae Total available certified units : 40.9 million US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 GER : 1.750 million UK : 8.7 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 NLD : 420,000 ITA : 275,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 120,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 376,000 BEL : 225,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 39.4 million US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 1.775 million UK : 8.560 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 BRA : 140,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 ARG : 228,000 BEL : 115,000 75 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock Total available certified units : 36.5 million US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 28 million US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 NLD : 200,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- present 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B Total available certified units : 24.7 million US : 23.5 million UK : 840,000 FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States List of best selling digital artists in the United States IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) Jump up ^ Below you can get an understanding as to when certifications for songs are added to the total certified sales of the listed artists . One lead artist and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both , the lead artist and the featured artist as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists. ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as well as the featured artist . Both lead artists will play a significant part in a song and the part of the featured artist also should be significant enough ) . One lead artist and two featured artists . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of the lead artist and to the total of both featured artists as almost all should have equal amount of part ) . ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : Germany : 1975 United Kingdom : 1973 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Brazil : 1990 Netherlands : 1978 Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Spain : 1979 Sweden : 1987 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Switzerland : 1989 Mexico : 1999 Argentina : 1980 Belgium : 1995 Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan Germany United Kingdom France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Brazil Netherlands Italy Spain Sweden Denmark Switzerland Mexico Argentina Belgium Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 4 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : ABB . 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf ( Page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PMB : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NVPI : Goud / Platina '' . NVPI . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Søg Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums and DVDs ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siggins , Gerard ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Yeah , yeah , yeah ! Rare footage of The Beatles ' Dublin performance '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 42 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany VFW Post 584 to host night with Elvis Sunday '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Emma ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` In pictures : When Elvis Presley landed at Prestwick airport '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . May 9 , 2004 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US network ABC accused of exploitation over Michael Jackson show '' . The Straits Times . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Peter ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Candice ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna announces first tour to Australia in over two decades , first ever concert in New Zealand '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Barney ; Boyle , Danny ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John ' overwhelmed ' by fans ' kindness after contracting ' potentially deadly ' infection '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sir Elton John wins first Brits Icon award '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Archuleta , Jon ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Elton John adds more Las Vegas shows in 2016 '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Jury finds Led Zeppelin did n't steal ' Stairway to Heaven ' riff '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd 's Waters Angry At Music Streaming '' . Sky News . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Times of Malta . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seales , Rebecca ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Cyntoia Brown : Rihanna and Kim Kardashian back jailed teen '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Greg ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Defiant Ones ' - partners who put the word out about hip - hop revolution '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allan , Eamon ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's glaring homophobia '' . Mail & Guardian . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Isaza , Marcella ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey Confirms New Beau ; Talks New Single , Tour '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vass , Eszter ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Queen + Adam Lambert to perform in Budapest '' . Daily News Hungary . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conor , Gaffey ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Celine Dion Salutes Her Gabonese Imitator '' . Newsweek . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Two Whitney Houston documentaries are in production , but only one has the estate 's blessing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . ABC News of Australia . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's grave marked with famous lyrics '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC : Rock 's ' kick in the guts ' '' . BBC News . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC fans salute musical celebration of Bon Scott 's wild life and times '' . The Scotsman . July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` HBO documentary will celebrate 50 years of the Rolling Stones '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 51 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abba dig out archive track for The Visitors re-release '' . BBC News . January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2018 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor - made ' 80s sounds '' . New Straits Times . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks sells 51,000 tickets for Edmonton shows '' . CBC News . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edgers , Geoff ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Glenn Frey , ' the one who started it all ' with the Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Billy Joel will be back at Fenway in August '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Aerosmith says new album brings `` a little of 1975 back '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition traces of the life of an American icon : Frank Sinatra '' . Euronews . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helen Brown , Helen ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Barbra Streisand , O2 Arena , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber 's Step to Stardom '' . Calgary Herald . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanValkenburgh , Nicky ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Preview : Rio 2 ' flies high '' . The Greenville News . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Ed Sheeran ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Maya ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Former rough sleeper Ed Sheeran to install ' anti-homeless ' railings outside home '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Chris ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bluesfest review : Twenty minutes late , Kanye West still captures massive crowd '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Brian ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Springsteen has high hopes for radical marketing wheeze '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica sets 2019 North Little Rock stop on latest tour '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . ISBN 9780857125958 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ISBN 9780875862071 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Luke Bryan , Lady Gaga , Kendrick Lamar and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis to Perform at 2013 AMAs '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg Kot ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's best conversation is with her band at United Center '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Wayne gets $10 million for Miami Beach home with skate park and shark lagoon '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lachno , James ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Z reclaims the hip - hop throne : V Festival , Hylands Park , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culross , Mikey Hirano ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meeting of the Masters '' . Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bon Jovi Leads 2018 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Inductees : ' It 's About Time ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woodall , Bernie ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce 's father confirms the birth of her twins in Twitter message '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Matt ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Coldplay tribute act set to present a field full of stars at Harpenden fundraiser '' . Herts Advertiser of St Albans . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears to perform at MTV Video Music Awards for first time in 10 years '' . BBC News . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sir Rod Stewart : ' I was conceived in an Anderson bomb shelter during the Second World War ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Clinton repays a favor to Fleetwood Mac at MusiCares ceremony '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 28 - 2006 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses at AD Grand Prix '' . Khaleej Times . May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 03 - 2002 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen Ly , Mimi ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Backstreet Boys Release New Song , Video '' . Epoch Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Annie ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` George Strait debuts new single ahead of forthcoming album '' . United Press International . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1996 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to stop touring after Parkinson 's diagnosis '' . Sky News . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Echoes of Woodstock : Santana one of the few big names still on the road '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hanrahan , Mark ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Purple reigns at London exhibition charting Prince 's career '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Dave ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Rogers prepares to hang up his microphone '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chris ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Simon & Garfunkel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Andy ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` The singer with Art '' . The Shuttle . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doerfler , Andrew ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson finally plans to make up postponed Bethlehem concert '' . The Express - Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff , CTVNews.ca ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Julio Iglesias was a ' bad singer ' at start of his career '' . CTV News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Chicago '' . Rolling Stone . April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dire Straits reunion ' not on the horizon ' , says band founder John Illsley ahead of Tayside gigs '' . The Courier of Dundee . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan makes no mention of Nobel prize at Las Vegas concert '' . The Irish Times . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Kevin ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Def Leppard sponsor Rhiwbina rugby under - 10s in Cardiff '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( PDF of Full Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Believe : ' The Cher Show ' to premiere in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` James Taylor , Al Pacino , Mavis Staples selected for Kennedy Center Honors '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spera , Keith ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Stevie Wonder 's ' Songs in the Key of Life ' tour coming to New Orleans '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Ronstadt receives White House honour '' . BBC News . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Eamon ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 14 of the best sunshine - filled songs that scream Summer '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Beach Boys Al Jardine : ' No , You 're the Greatest ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim , Masters ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Who say UK tour begins ' long goodbye ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ollison , Rashod ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` When the Need for You Was Strong : Barry White Introduces Gloria Scott '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' That do n't impress me much ' : Shania Twain reveals Brad Pitt 's naked body inspired lyrics '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Pink ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newsroom , KLKN ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Pink concert at Pinnacle Bank Arena announced '' . KLKN . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Karen Carpenter and the mystery of the missing album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poplak , Richard ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Slay you , slay me ' - when Lionel Richie sang for Muammar Gaddafi '' . Daily Maverick . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Rebecca ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` More Johnny Cash material will be released says son '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Justin Timberlake ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murgue , Hermance ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : depuis le `` nipplegate '' , les mille et unes vies de Justin Timberlake `` . L'Express . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Chris Brown ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reports , Staff ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Brown to play Burgettstown '' . The Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abimboye , Micheal ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stevie Wonder , Mariah Carey , others to perform at BET Awards '' . Premium Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waters , Lowenna ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` 10 of the best R.E.M songs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Courter , Barry ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Flo Rida , Dustin Lynch , Bret Michaels , Wallflowers complete Riverbend lineup '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎あゆみ、ソロ初の総売上 5000 万枚超え「ファンのみんなの記録」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間ありがとう ! 「ケータイランキング」発表 ! アーティスト 1 位は EXILE 、楽曲は GReeeeN 「キセキ」 ~ レコチョクのケータイ向け「着うた ( R ) 」「着うたフル ( R ) 」サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Bands keep on rocking without key members . But is it still the same ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elise , Abigail ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Freedom ' singer and ex-Wham ! member George Michael died from heart failure , says manager '' . WCVB - TV . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Ray Manzarek discusses new Doors documentary film '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty : Highlights from four decades in rock'n'roll '' . ABC News of Australia . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Eyed Peas will reunite for new album , says will.i.am '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Maroon 5 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Levine , Maroon 5 Sign With WME '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Journey , Def Leppard join forces for hit - filled tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Tim McGraw ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franzen , Marty ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Concert Scene : McGraw and Hill bring star power to Hershey '' . The Intelligencer . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R. Kelly ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Ty ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Spotify joins the growing chorus to # MuteRKelly '' . CGTN . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adejobi , Alicia ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` The hidden success of Robbie Williams ahead of Heavy Entertainment Show album release '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac blamed race in Madonna breakup letter '' . BBC News . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 03 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Enya says tour would be ' very possible ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama country music star Jeff Cook suffering from Parkinson 's '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana to be elevated to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` An exclusive behind the scenes look at the ' Pretty Woman ' musical , coming to Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christie , Janet ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Sting on bringing his debut musical to Scotland '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Manilow Broadway comeback hit by bronchitis '' . BBC News . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Simmons shows his Family Jewels '' . The Age . December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roti , Jessi ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Aretha Franklin is still the queen , and the keeper , of soul '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About BPI Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . 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Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現基準 - 旧基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tabela de Níveis de Certificação Pro-Música '' ( Levels for Certifications ( most recent ) ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels for Certifications ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . 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Mojo Musica e dischi NME Q Rolling Stone Smash Hits Top of the Pops Television Channels Channel V CMT Fuse Mnet MTV MTV2 Tr3s MuchMusic The Music Factory Viva VH1 The Country Network Series Idol franchise Popstars Star Academy The Voice The X Factor Rising Star Achievements Music award Best - selling music artists Best - selling albums by country Best - selling singles Highest - grossing concert tours Highest - attended concerts Global Recording Artist of the Year Other Album era Album - equivalent unit A-side and B - side Backmasking Christian music industry Hidden track Record sales White label Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_music_artists&oldid=854740253 '' Categories : Lists of bestsellers Lists of musicians Rock music Popular music Lists of best - selling music artists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 13 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who's the best selling female artist of all time	[ "\n\n\nArtist\n\nCountry / Market\n\nPeriod active\n\nRelease year of first charted record\n\nGenre\n\nTotal certified units(from available markets)[c]\n\nClaimed sales\n\n\nThe Beatles\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1960–1970[10]\n\n1962[10]\n\nRock / Pop[10]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 271.9 million\nUS: 212.250 million[11]\nJPN: 4.950 million[c][12]\nGER: 8 million[c][13]\nUK: 18.445 million[c][14]\nFRA: 3.890 million[c][15][16]\nCAN: 14.455 million[c][17]\nAUS: 3.060 million[c][18][19]\nBRA: 550,000[c][20]\nNLD: 295,000[c][21]\nITA: 380,000[c][22]\nSPA: 1.250 million[c][23][24]\nSWE 485,000[c][25]\nDEN: 270,000[c][26][27][28]\nSWI: 350,000[c][29]\nARG: 1.606 million[c][30][31]\nBEL: 390,000[c][32][33]\nAUT: 500,000[c][34]\nPOL: 175,000[c][35]\nNZ: 660,000[c][36][37]\n\n600 million[38][39]500 million[40]\n\n\nElvis Presley\n\nUnited States\n\n1954–1977[41]\n\n1954[41]\n\nRock and roll / Pop / Country[41]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 224.5 million\nUS: 199.150 million[11]\nJPN: 300,000[c][12]\nGER: 1.2 million[c][13]\nUK: 13.145 million[c][14]\nFRA: 2.590 million[c][15][16]\nCAN: 2.925 million[c][17]\nAUS: 1.797 million[c][18][42]\nBRA: 125,000[c][20]\nNLD: 555,000[c][21]\nITA: 105,000[c][22]\nSPA: 300,000[c][23][43][44]\nSWE 380,000[c][25]\nDEN: 120,000[c][45][46][47]\nSWI: 185,000[c][29]\nMEX: 105,000[c][48]\nARG: 110,000[c][30]\nBEL: 115,000[c][32][33]\nAUT: 205,000[c][34]\nFIN: 213,945[c][49]\nNZ: 117,500[c][36][37]\n\n600 million[50][51]500 million[52]\n\n\nMichael Jackson\n\nUnited States\n\n1964–2009[53]\n\n1971[53]\n\nPop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B[53]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 188.7 million\nUS: 104.5 million[11]\nJPN: 4.650 million[c][12][54]\nGER: 11.275 million[13]\nUK: 29.045 million[14]\nFRA: 11.375 million[15][16][55]\nCAN: 4.670 million[17]\nAUS: 6.775 million[c][18][19][56][57][58]\nBRA: 280,000[c][20]\nNLD: 2.105 million[21]\nITA: 1.195 million[c][22]\nSPA: 1.995 million[c][23][24][43][44][59]\nSWE: 1.230 million[c][25][60]\nDEN: 1.289 million[c][61][62][28]\nSWI: 910,000[c][29]\nMEX: 3.670 million[c][48]\nARG: 124,000[c][30][31]\nBEL: 665,000[c][32][33]\nAUT: 1.197 million[c][34]\nPOL: 530,000[c][35]\nFIN: 384,127[49]\nNZ: 902,500[36][37]\n\n350 million[63][64]300 million[65][66]\n\n\nMadonna\n\nUnited States\n\n1979–present[67]\n\n1982[67]\n\nPop / Dance / Electronica[67]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 172.9 million\nUS: 85.675 million[11]\nJPN: 6.450 million [c][12][54]\nGER: 12.4 million[13]\nUK: 29.245 million[14]\nFRA: 12.81 million[15][16][55]\nCAN: 6.030 million[17]\nAUS: 4.787 million[c][18][68][69]\nBRA: 3.440 million[c][20]\nNLD: 1.735 million[21]\nITA: 465,000[c][22]\nSPA: 2.815 million[23][24][43][44][59]\nSWE: 1.070 million[c][25][60]\nDEN: 407,000[c][61][62][70][28][71][72]\nSWI: 1.080 million[c][29]\nMEX: 510,000[c][48]\nARG: 1.098[30][31]\nBEL: 740,000[c][32][33]\nAUT: 602,500[c][34]\nPOL: 530,000[c][35]\nFIN: 652,686[49]\nNZ: 417,500[36][37]\n\n300 million[73][74]275 million[75]\n\n\nElton John\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1964–present[76]\n\n1969[76]\n\nPop / Rock[76]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 182.6 million\nUS: 129.350 million[11]\nJPN: 1.1 million [c][12]\nGER: 7.9 million[c][13]\nUK: 23.195 million[c][14]\nFRA: 4.825 million[c][15][16][55]\nCAN: 5.975 million[c][17]\nAUS: 2.947 million[c][18][77]\nBRA: 835,000[c][20]\nNLD: 975,000[21]\nSPA: 1.2 million[c][23][24][44][59]\nSWE: 740,000[c][25]\nDEN: 195,000[c][46][62][78][28]\nSWI: 1.313 million[c][29]\nMEX: 100,000[c][48]\nARG: 128,000[30][31]\nBEL: 565,000[c][32][33]\nAUT: 765,000[c][34]\nPOL: 150,000[c][35]\nFIN: 163,481[49]\nNZ: 255,000[c][36][37]\n\n300 million[79][80]250 million[81][82]\n\n\nLed Zeppelin\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1968–1980[83]\n\n1969[83]\n\nHard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock[83]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 140 million\nUS: 114.1 million[11]\nJPN: 400,000 [c][12]\nGER: 3.775 million[c][13]\nUK: 9.530 million[c][14]\nFRA: 2.310 million[c][15][16][84]\nCAN: 4.710 million[17]\nAUS: 2.8 million[c][18][85][86]\nBRA: 820,000[c][20]\nITA: 465,000[c][22]\nSPA: 450,000[c][24][44][59]\nSWI: 211,000[c][29]\nARG: 360,000[c][30]\nPOL: 120,000[c][35]\n\n300 million[87][88]200 million[89][90]\n\n\nPink Floyd\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n1965–1996, 2014[91][92]\n\n1967[91]\n\nProgressive rock / Psychedelic rock[91]\n\n\nshowTotal available certified units: 120.1 million\nUS: 78 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[c][93]\nGER: 7.5 million[c][13]\nUK: 11.720 million[c][14]\nFRA: 6.360 million[c][15][16][55]\nCAN: 6.790 million[c][17]\nAUS: 2.932 million[c][18][19]\nBRA: 515,000[c][20]\nNLD: 435,000[c][21]\nITA: 1.985 million[c][22]\nSPA: 625,000[c][23][24][43][59]\nSWE: 220,000[c][25][60]\nSWI: 390,000[c][29]\nARG: 582,000[c][30][31]\nBEL: 115,000[c][32][33]\nAUT: 460,000[c][34]\nPOL: 590,000[c][35]\nNZ: 787,500[c][36][37]\n\n250 million[94][95]200 million[96]\n" ]	[ "Madonna" ]
8945733230745629189	United States Declaration of Independence	United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al. ( Engrosser : Probably Timothy Matlack ) Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 , which announced that the thirteen American colonies , then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain , regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states , no longer under British rule . These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America . John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence , which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast . A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration , to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress would edit to produce the final version . The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The next day , Adams wrote to his wife Abigail : `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America . '' But Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost , and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , and Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress , are preserved at the Library of Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric ( as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 ) and his policies . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The U.S. Declaration of Independence inspired many other similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence across Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue . As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . This idealized depiction was widely reprinted , of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration ( Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson , Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward , Jr. , Thomas Lynch , Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost , and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was neglected in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . A key step marking the evolution of the Declaration in the nation 's consciousness is the now well - known painting Declaration of Independence by Connecticut political painter John Trumbull . It was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 . 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size , it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It has been often reproduced , and is the visual image most associated by Americans with the Declaration . The painting is sometimes incorrectly described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence . In fact , the painting actually shows the five - man drafting committee presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress , an event that took place on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . The painting , the figures painted from life when possible , does not contain all the signers . Some had died and images could not be located . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in the building known today as Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull visited the room , which was where the Second Continental Congress met , when researching for his painting . At the time it was the Pennsylvania State House . Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later Presentation of the Declaration depicted on a United States postal issue of 1869 Bicentennial Eisenhower dollar ( 1976 ) . Obverse : Eisenhower portrait , US national motto , `` Liberty '' on top , US Independence year ( 1776 ) and year of minting ( 1976 ) . Reverse : Liberty Bell in front of the moon , country name , face value , two stars , and E pluribus unum ( Out of many , one ) . Dollar coin made of silver . Minted to commemorate 200th anniversary of United States Independence . The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 , and the 1972 movie of the same name , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . The Declaration was chosen to become the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . Since 1976 ( the United States Bicentennial ) , Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence has been used on the back of the United States two - dollar bill . In 1984 , the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration was dedicated in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high , to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . Jump up ^ The thirteen colonies were : New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 667 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Declaration of Independence '' dated 2006 - 11 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did we declare our independence from england	[ "The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. These states would found a new nation – the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence." ]	[ "July 4, 1776" ]
1964804494507245828	Cowboys & Aliens	Cowboys & Aliens - wikipedia Cowboys & Aliens Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Cowboys and Aliens . Cowboys & Aliens Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Brian Grazer Ron Howard Alex Kurtzman Roberto Orci Scott Mitchell Rosenberg Screenplay by Roberto Orci Alex Kurtzman Damon Lindelof Mark Fergus Hawk Ostby Story by Mark Fergus Hawk Ostby Steve Oedekerk Based on Cowboys & Aliens by Scott Mitchell Rosenberg Starring Daniel Craig Harrison Ford Olivia Wilde Sam Rockwell Adam Beach Noah Ringer Clancy Brown Paul Dano Music by Harry Gregson - Williams Cinematography Matthew Libatique Edited by Dan Lebental Jim May Production company DreamWorks Pictures Reliance Entertainment Relativity Media Imagine Entertainment K / O Paper Products Fairview Entertainment Platinum Studios Distributed by Universal Pictures ( North America ) Paramount Pictures ( International ) Release date July 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $163 million Box office $174.8 million Cowboys & Aliens is a 2011 American science fiction Western film directed by Jon Favreau and starring Daniel Craig , Harrison Ford , and Olivia Wilde . The film is based on the 2006 graphic novel of the same name created by Scott Mitchell Rosenberg . The plot revolves around an amnesiac outlaw ( Craig ) , a wealthy cattleman ( Ford ) , and a mysterious traveler ( Wilde ) who must ally to save a group of townspeople abducted by aliens . The screenplay was written by Roberto Orci , Alex Kurtzman , Damon Lindelof , Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby , based on a screen story by the latter two along with Steve Oedekerk . The film was produced by Brian Grazer , Ron Howard , Kurtzman , Orci and Rosenberg , with Steven Spielberg and Favreau serving as executive producers . The project began development in April 1997 , when Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures bought film rights to a concept pitched by Rosenberg , former president at Malibu Comics , which he described as a graphic novel in development . After the graphic novel was published in 2006 , development on the film was begun again , and Favreau signed on as director in September 2009 . On a budget of $163 million , filming for Cowboys & Aliens began in June 2010 , in New Mexico and California . Despite studio pressure to release the film in 3 - D , Favreau chose to film traditionally and in anamorphic format ( widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film ) to further a `` classic movie feel '' . Measures were taken to maintain a serious Western element despite the film 's `` inherently comic '' title and premise . The film 's aliens were designed to be `` cool and captivating '' , with some details , such as a fungus that grows on their wounds , created to depict the creatures as frontiersmen facing adversity in an unfamiliar place . Cowboys & Aliens premiered at the 2011 San Diego Comic - Con and was released theatrically in the United States and Canada on July 29 , 2011 . The film was considered to be a financial disappointment , taking $174.8 million in box office receipts on a $163 million budget . Cowboys & Aliens received mixed reviews , with critics generally praising its acting and production but criticizing its straight , non-ironic tone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Design and effects 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Home media 6.5 Infringement lawsuit 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1873 New Mexico Territory , an unnamed loner ( Daniel Craig ) awakens injured in the desert with no memory and with a strange metal thing on his wrist . He wanders into the town of Absolution , where preacher Meacham treats his wound . Sheriff Taggart recognizes the stranger as wanted outlaw Jake Lonergan and attempts to arrest him . Jake beats up the posse sent to take him in and nearly escapes , but a woman named Ella Swenson ( Olivia Wilde ) knocks him out . Taggart prepares to transport both Jake and volatile drunk Percy Dolarhyde to Santa Fe for trial . Percy 's father , Colonel Woodrow Dolarhyde ( Harrison Ford ) , a ruthless cattle baron , demands Percy be released . He also demands Jake be released to him , since Jake had stolen gold from him . During the standoff , alien spacecraft begin attacking the town . Percy , the sheriff and other townsfolk are abducted by long , whip - like feelers hanging from the bottom of the ships . Jake 's bracelet activates and becomes a weapon ; he shoots down a ship , ending the attack . Dolarhyde , Ella , and other townsfolk form a posse to track an injured alien that escaped from the downed ship . Meanwhile , Jake travels to an abandoned cabin and , in a flashback , recalls returning to it with stolen gold and then being abducted , along with a woman named Alice , by the aliens . His memories returning , Jake joins up with the posse . During the evening , the group comes upon a capsized paddle wheel steamboat that the aliens apparently dumped hundreds of miles from any rivers capable of holding it . They camp in it , and during the night the alien they were tracking kills Meacham , who sacrifices himself to save Emmett , Taggart 's grandson . By morning , most of the posse has deserted , and those remaining are attacked by Jake 's former gang . Jake , who had stolen the gang 's loot after their last heist , attempts to retake control but it is foiled . The aliens begin attacking them again and Ella is captured . Jake jumps aboard the ship and attacks the alien pilot , causing the ship to crash . The alien survives the crash , suddenly comes out of the water and attacks Ella , fatally wounding her . Jake then kills the alien with his wrist - blaster . The remaining posse is captured by Chiricahua Apache Native Americans , who blame them for the alien attacks . After Ella 's corpse is dumped on a fire by a Chiricahua warrior , she is resurrected and emerges from the fire . Ella reveals herself to be from another alien race , who had travelled to Earth to help resist the invaders after they destroyed her home world . The aliens , who are mining gold and abducting people to conduct experiments to find humans ' weaknesses , are far stronger and more durable than humans , and have superior weaponry , but are not invulnerable . They can be stabbed and shot to death , but only Jake 's gauntlet weapon or a well - aimed shot with a rifle can kill them with a single blast . Ella tells them that the aliens which previously attacked them are just scouts . She also claims Jake holds the secret to the aliens ' whereabouts and argues that they must defeat the aliens before the invaders exterminate all life on earth . After taking medicine offered by the Apaches ' medicine man , Jake recalls that Alice was euthanized after she was used in an alien experiment , but he had escaped , inadvertently stealing the gauntlet - like alien weapon encasing his wrist . He then also remembers the location of the aliens ' base of operations . Armed with this knowledge , the group , now led by Dolarhyde , prepares to attack the aliens ' grounded mother ship . Meanwhile , Jake returns to his old gang and persuades them to join the fight . After the humans maneuver the aliens into a ground battle , Jake and Ella board the ship and free the captives , but Jake is captured . Dolarhyde rescues him , and both men escape from the ship after killing the alien responsible for Alice 's death . As the remaining aliens are taking off in their damaged craft , Ella sacrifices herself by entering the ship 's core and destroying it by using Jake 's wrist gauntlet as a bomb , obliterating the ship . With the aliens gone the abducted townsfolk begin to remember their pasts . Still a wanted man , Jake decides to leave , though the sheriff and Dolarhyde say they will claim he was killed in the invasion . The citizens intend to reconstruct their town . Cast ( edit ) The cast includes : Daniel Craig as Jake Lonergan , an amnesiac outlaw . Harrison Ford as Colonel Woodrow Dolarhyde , a powerful cattleman . Olivia Wilde as Ella Swenson , a mysterious traveler who aids Lonergan . Sam Rockwell as Doc , owner of Absolution 's local saloon ( when he is n't tending to patients ) . Paul Dano as Percy Dolarhyde , Woodrow 's trouble - making son . Clancy Brown as Meacham , Absolution 's preacher and doctor ( when the real one is too busy tending bar ) . Keith Carradine as Sheriff John Taggart , Absolution 's sheriff . Noah Ringer as Emmett Taggart , John Taggart 's grandson . Adam Beach as Nat Colorado , Dolarhyde 's Native American right - hand man . Abigail Spencer as Alice , Jake 's lost love . Ana de la Reguera as María , Absolution 's saloon maid and Doc 's wife . Walton Goggins as Hunt , a bandit and friend of Lonergan . Julio Cedillo as Bronc , a Mexican bandit . David O'Hara as Pat Dolan , Lonergan 's former gang - member . Toby Huss as Roy Murphy Raoul Trujillo as Black Knife , the Chiricahua Apache chief . Paul Ortega as Apache Medicine Man Production ( edit ) Development and Casting ( edit ) Daniel Craig and Harrison Ford portray two of the film 's protagonists . Their casting has been described as a meeting between James Bond and Indiana Jones . The project began development in 1997 , when Universal Pictures and DreamWorks bought film rights to a concept pitched by Scott Mitchell Rosenberg , former president at Malibu Comics , which he described as a graphic novel in development . They hired Steve Oedekerk to write and direct the film , which Oedekerk planned to do after completing Nutty Professor II : The Klumps . Rosenberg , who formed Platinum Studios to pursue adapting Cowboys & Aliens and other Malibu Comics properties into film and television , joined as a producer . By 1998 , Oedekerk left the project to pursue a remake of the 1964 film The Incredible Mr. Limpet with Jim Carrey . By 2004 , the film rights were acquired by Columbia Pictures , who did not move the project beyond development . In 2006 , Rosenberg published Cowboys & Aliens as a graphic novel . In the following year , Universal and DreamWorks partnered again to adapt Cowboys & Aliens into a film . In June 2008 , Robert Downey , Jr. entered negotiations to star in the film as Zeke Jackson , a former Union Army gunslinger . While Downey , Jr. was making Iron Man 2 , he told director Jon Favreau about Cowboys & Aliens . Favreau investigated the project , and in September 2009 , he joined as director . Downey , Jr. left the project in January 2010 , to star in Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows , and later in the month , Daniel Craig was hired to replace him . Favreau said Craig 's portrayal of James Bond `` brings a certain virtuosity '' . He also described Craig , `` On the one hand , he 's like this Jason Bourne type , a leading man who 's also a lethal character , but on the other hand , he 's also got a lot of humanity and vulnerability to him . '' The type of fedora worn by Ford in the Indiana Jones films In April 2010 , Harrison Ford was cast alongside Craig . Favreau had cast Craig and Ford in the film because they were actors who suited the action - adventure roles so the characters would be less seen as comedic . The director compared Ford , in particular , with John Wayne in having `` a sense of history '' with the actor and the role . Before Cowboys & Aliens , Ford had previously acted in the Western films A Time for Killing in 1967 , Journey to Shiloh in 1969 and The Frisco Kid in 1979 . While Ford is well known for playing Indiana Jones , the filmmakers wanted to avoid giving him a cowboy hat that would remind audiences too much of Jones . Writer Alex Kurtzman said , `` We needed to make sure that -- no pun intended -- we tipped a hat to iconography of Harrison Ford and also presented the audience with a very different version . '' Olivia Wilde was cast in one of the lead roles , and Favreau called Wilde 's character the key to the film . Sam Rockwell was cast in a supporting role as Doc . The character was described as a large Mexican in the original script , but when Favreau and the writers learned of Rockwell 's interest in the film , they reconceived and expanded the role . Favreau himself is known for appearing in his films , but for Cowboys & Aliens , he chose not to make a cameo appearance because he thought it would affect the tone of the film . However , his face does appear on a wanted poster as `` Todd Kravitz '' in the scene establishing Craig as `` Lonergan '' . When asked about how the film was developing , Rosenberg stated , `` It 's incredible . Sometimes it 's like seeing exactly what was going through my head when I first had that spark in my head as a kid . Jon Favreau 's bringing his own talent and vision with the adaptation , but at the same time it remains true to what I was really trying to get at in the original story . '' Steven Spielberg , one of the film 's executive producers , visited the director and the writers during pre-production to look over the script and the artwork . He provided Favreau with a collection of classic Western films . Spielberg also invited the director and the writers to a private screening of several Western films and provided live commentary on how to make one properly . The films included Stagecoach , My Darling Clementine , and Destry Rides Again . Spielberg made several other suggestions : a main enemy alien , Jake 's final use of the gauntlet being to decapitate an alien , and that Jake and Ella 's first kiss should occur in the climax of the film . Writing ( edit ) In the film 's period as a developing project under several studios , different versions of the screenplay were drafted by numerous screenwriters , beginning with Steve Oedekerk . Other screenwriters involved included David Hayter , Thomas Dean Donnelly , Joshua Oppenheimer , Jeffrey Boam , Thompson Evans , and Chris Hauty . When Universal and DreamWorks re-partnered in 2007 , they hired Hawk Ostby and Mark Fergus . In 2009 , Ostby and Fergus were replaced by Alex Kurtzman , Roberto Orci , and Damon Lindelof . Kurtzman and Orci analyzed American Western films including The Searchers . Orci said , `` The first draft was very kind of jokey and broad and then it went very serious . You kind of swing back and forth between the two extremes and the tone until you find the exact right point where a Western and a sci - fi movie can really shake hands without it seeming unnatural . '' `` Imagine you 're watching Unforgiven and then Aliens land , '' Orci explained . Orci also said , `` The comic has the themes of enemies uniting to fight a common enemy and has the setting of that specific time period , so we kept the inspiration from all of that . In terms of the specifics of the story and who these characters are , we wanted the audience to be surprised and to not feel like they 've already seen everything if they were fans of the comic . So , while the themes and the setting and many of the elements are a great inspiration , the story is completely adapted and translated for live action . '' The aliens were loosely based on the Anunnaki gods of Zecharia Sitchin 's interpretation of the Babylonian religion , who have a distinct interest in gold . Filming ( edit ) Cowboys & Aliens was not originally planned to be shown in 3 - D. When approached with the idea by DreamWorks , Favreau was not interested , stating that Westerns should be shot only on film ( as opposed to being shot digitally , which is required for modern 3D technology ) , and did n't want it to be converted after filming . `` That would be like filming in black and white and colorizing it , '' he reasoned . Director of photography Matthew Libatique shot Cowboys & Aliens in the anamorphic format on 35 mm film to further a `` classic movie feel '' . On a budget of $163 million , principal photography for Cowboys & Aliens began at Albuquerque Studios in New Mexico on June 30 , 2010 . One of the filming locations was Plaza Blanca , `` The White Place '' , where Western films like The Missing , 3 : 10 to Yuma , City Slickers , Young Guns , and The Legend of the Lone Ranger had been filmed . Sound stage work took place in Los Angeles , with additional location shooting at Randsburg , California . Filming finished on September 30 . A scene in which Craig 's character rides a horse alongside a ravine and jumps down it onto a spacecraft emulated many scenes in American Western films where cowboys rode along a moving train and jumped on it . Favreau said the scene referenced the one in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark where Indiana Jones chases a truck and noted that a similar scene existed in the 1939 film Stagecoach , saying `` We 're constantly referencing back to our roots . '' Cowboys & Aliens also make multiple references to Close Encounters of the Third Kind , such as the introduction to the aliens through the bright lights on their aircraft and an upturned paddle steamer in the middle of the desert . The film also `` tease ( s ) '' monster movies , and the scenes in the paddle steamer were a deliberate homage to Alien . Design and effects ( edit ) Scott Chambliss was hired as the production designer based on his work on Star Trek , produced by Orci and Kurtzman . The visual effects were created by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , represented by Roger Guyett and Eddie Pasquarello as visual effects supervisors . Under the supervision of Shane Mahan , Legacy Effects created practical puppet aliens and full scale alien speeders . New Deal Studios constructed a miniature of the paddle steamer that is seen upturned in the film . Kerner Optical built a miniature of the alien ship and bluescreen stand - ins . The film also featured visual effects by Fuel VFX , The Embassy , Ghost , and Shade VFX , with previsualization from Halon Entertainment . Favreau noted that Cowboys & Aliens focuses on a specific aspect of the alien genre which primarily revolves around the films of the 1980s : `` And although we have quite a bit of CG -- I like the way they told stories before -- before you could show everything with CG . And it was a real unveiling of the creature , little by little , and using lighting and camera work and music to make it a very subjective experience . And so we tried to preserve that here . '' In designing the film 's aliens , ILM was careful to make the creatures `` cool and captivating '' . Guyett stated that they adopted a similar approach to that of District 9 : An alien with wounds covered in a yellow fungus . Details such as this were created to depict the creatures as frontiersmen facing adversity in an unfamiliar place . The trick was to make ( the aliens ) interesting through their behavior and what happens to them , and that was something that District 9 did very well . You were drawn into their world a bit and their idiosyncrasies had an immediate impact : they ate cat food . But those details overwhelm certain design aspects , so I was striving to find some behavior that fit in well with the Western genre , where you have people in very arduous conditions fighting the elements . And I thought that the irony of all this was that the aliens turn up and it could be more exaggerated for them . They 're frontiersmen in a way : traveling to another place and having to deal with all the adversities of the climate . And in our case , we played up the fact that they were n't comfortable in our world . There are flies all around them ; they do n't like the light ; and when they were wounded and exposed , a strange fungus grows around them . The use of anamorphic widescreen ( rather than shooting full - frame `` flat '' and cropping later ) gave ILM no extra room to re-frame shots ; it was a challenge to show both nine - foot - tall aliens and smaller humans in the same space . Instead , Guyett said , they shot more areas in case portions of the shots were lost . In filming the gun battle between the cowboys and aliens , in which the aliens move at twice the speed of the humans , actors were required to ride through the scene on horseback and shoot at men in gray suits and three - foot - tall hats ; they aimed at faces drawn by Jon Favreau on the top of the hats . A big challenge for ILM 's texture artists was to show the aliens in both a dark cave environment and harsh sunlight . The creatures were rendered in high resolution for close - ups ; dirt and wounds were added to the aliens to emphasize the injuries they sustained in battle . After Favreau requested that the aliens experience a very unpleasant biological reaction to being wounded on Earth , the texture team created a yellow fungus - like look on the scars of the aliens . To design the fungus , texture supervisor Martin Murphy searched the Internet for real pictures of mold and growth on trees and eventually designed a `` fried egg pattern '' . The heads of the aliens were based on those of sea turtles , after Favreau encountered sea turtles during a trip to Hawaii . At the suggestion of Steven Spielberg , an `` über - alien '' was also designed . It was unclear if the red scar Jake gives the über - alien after escaping vivisection would be enough of an identifier to distinguish it from other aliens , so the creature was redesigned with translucent , pale skin due to the lack of time spent outside . Favreau described the über - alien as more fleshy and anthropomorphic than the other aliens and Murphy commented , `` There are some parts of him like his arm that you can see into . It 's almost like glass or ice or gelatiny surface that blends into a dryer area . The ( sic ) there 's pieces of him that are more like a soft - shell crab or shiny and wet . '' In addition to the aliens , other visual effects were required for the speeders , the alien spaceship , its interior , environment re-creations , and the head - up display for Jake 's arm gauntlet . For the invasion of the town of Absolution , both practical laser lighting and fire effects were utilized , along with practical ships and effects enhancements . ILM artists had to enhance the initial look of the alien `` bolos '' , the cables used to abduct people , with renderings such as extra lights , after viewers thought the studio had failed to `` paint out '' the cables in the film 's first trailer . For a scene in which Jake and Ella ride on a speeder , the actors were filming on a practical mock - up against bluescreen ; they were digitally replaced in wider shots . Themes ( edit ) In Cowboys & Aliens , Director Jon Favreau sought a plausible approach to how humans from the late 19th century could confront extraterrestrial beings armed with advanced weaponry . He said , `` It was very well laid out , well planned , and there were a lot of discussions with a lot of actors who called me to task on things that seemed too convenient , so we made sure we earned each step . '' The director also sought to maintain a Western tone as aliens appeared in the film , saying , `` It 's very easy to just cut the string and then all of a sudden the action starts and you 're in Independence Day . '' Favreau cited the works of John Ford and Sergio Leone as sources of inspiration as well as Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid . Favreau also wanted the science - fiction element to stand on its own , referencing Alien , Predator , and Close Encounters of the Third Kind . He said of both genres , `` It 's about finding the intersection of those two genres ... If you do it right , it honors both , and it becomes interesting and clever and a reinvention of two things that people understand the conventions of , instead of just a retread or remake or sequel or reboot of a film you 've seen before . '' In the Americas , Native American nations were severely damaged by European settlers , specifically because of the Europeans ' advanced military technology . Favreau compared the film to the historical confrontation `` in the frustration of not having the technology to allow you to prevail . It 's always the low - tech culture that feels powerless when faced with an enemy that has technology on their side . '' In the film , the cowboys are the low - tech culture , and the aliens with advanced technology possess the belief of Manifest Destiny . Favreau also said of the premise , `` It allows the cowboys and Native Americans to come together , which would be impossible had there not been a greater common enemy . It sets the Western up in a very classic way and then turns it on its ear . '' When the aliens appear , the film becomes a road movie in which the main characters try to track the aliens , team up with different groups , and ultimately confront the aliens . Favreau compared the gathering to The Magnificent Seven in facing seemingly insurmountable odds in their confrontation . The character of Meacham also presents an unconventional take on Christian principles to support the film 's main theme of redemption . According to Favreau , Meacham 's teaching Doc how to shoot not only references similar scenes in other Westerns but also `` teach ( es ) him how to be a person '' . Meacham 's dying words to Jake , `` God do n't care who you were , Son , only who you are '' , speaks of the central theme of redemption . The hummingbird that Jake sees at various points in the film is a `` good spirit '' that could represent either Alice or Ella ; an alternate theory is that Ella was an angel that helped Jake `` get over '' Alice . Favreau also suggested a back - story to Cowboys & Aliens : the über - alien is the mastermind of the invasion ; all other aliens are `` worker bees '' , possibly genetically engineered by another species of aliens that remained on their home planet and sent the worker bees as conquistadors . Marketing ( edit ) Harrison Ford , Jon Favreau , Daniel Craig and Olivia Wilde promoting the film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con Cowboys & Aliens , which crosses genres with the American Western element of cowboys and the science - fiction element of extraterrestrials , has an `` inherently comic '' title and premise . At the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2010 , director Jon Favreau hosted a presentation and was accompanied by the film 's primary cast members , including Harrison Ford in his first Comic - Con appearance . In the presentation , Favreau explained to audiences that he intended the film as a serious mix of the Western styles of Sergio Leone and John Ford and `` really scary '' science fiction like Alien and Predator . The first trailer for the film appeared in the following November , and The New York Times reported that film audiences found the premise comedic . Eddie Egan , the president of marketing at Universal Pictures , acknowledged the misconception and said , `` The trailer is the first very public step in reconciling the tone of the movie with the more immediate effect of the title on its own . '' The studio anticipated a marketing campaign that would demonstrate that the film is `` a tough - minded adventure '' like Unforgiven by Clint Eastwood . During Super Bowl XLV on February 6 , 2011 , the studio aired a TV spot for Cowboys & Aliens . Hours before the American football game , Favreau used Twitter to link followers to the spot online . Entertainment Weekly reported , `` It ... roused the geek - hive fan base and stirred new speculation about his hybrid of classic Westerns and extraterrestrial - invasion thrillers . '' After the spot aired , Favreau said the first trailer was intended as an introduction to pique people 's curiosity and that the Super Bowl TV spot was `` showing more of the sense of adventure as things unfold '' . In April 2011 , Favreau and Roberto Orci appeared at WonderCon in San Francisco , where they presented nine minutes of film footage and answered questions about the film . Favreau explained that marketing would show `` only a brief glimpse of the aliens of the title '' before the film is released . He explained the withholding of certain elements , `` I think there are enough visionary people involved with this film that there is an understanding that there is a personality that the marketing campaign can take on as well as the film itself ... I want to make sure that if the audience goes to see ( the film ) , there is going to be a lot of surprises in it that they have n't seen in the marketing materials . '' Release ( edit ) Cowboys & Aliens had its world premiere at the San Diego Comic - Con International in San Diego on July 23 , 2011 . It was commercially released in the United States and Canada on July 29 , 2011 , and in other territories in ensuing weekends . Paramount Pictures International also released the film in IMAX theaters around the world , as it did for Favreau 's previous film , Iron Man 2 . Box Office Mojo forecast that Cowboys & Aliens would gross $95 million total in the United States and Canada . For the comparatively low figure , the website cited that the marketing had not contextualized the film effectively and that hybridized Western films like Jonah Hex and Wild Wild West were not successful at the box office . In territories outside the United States and Canada , the website forecast $140 million total , citing that American Western films are not historically popular , but that the premise of the alien invasion and the presence of international stars like Daniel Craig and Harrison Ford would generate interest . In contrast , box office tracker Paul Dergarabedian said the film 's combination of cowboy and extraterrestrial themes in particular would attract audiences . Dergarabedian also believed that audiences ' familiarity with Craig as character James Bond would help the film . Box Office ( edit ) On the opening day of Cowboys & Aliens , estimates showed that its opening day gross was $13.0 million and it came in second place to The Smurfs ' opening day gross of $13.3 million . This was considered a surprise since Cowboys & Aliens was expected to be the clear winner for the weekend . Estimates then showed Cowboys & Aliens and The Smurfs tied at the # 1 spot for the weekend with $36.2 million each . However , when the actual results for the weekend were announced Cowboys & Aliens won the weekend with $36.4 million just beating out The Smurfs , which grossed $35.6 million . The film grossed $100,240,551 in the U.S. and Canada ( making it the 500th $100 million domestic movie ) as well as $74,581,774 internationally , bringing its worldwide total to $174,822,325 . The film is considered to be a financial disappointment , narrowly grossing its budget back . In 2014 , the LA Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office flops of all time . Critical reception ( edit ) Cowboys & Aliens received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 43 % based on 240 reviews with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Daniel Craig and Harrison Ford are as dependably appealing as ever , but they 're let down by director Jon Favreau 's inability to smooth Cowboys & Aliens jarring tonal shifts . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 50 out of 100 based 41 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film , saying , `` It sounds kooky on paper but on the screen cowboys and aliens make beautiful , fun music together . '' Honeycutt felt that the success of the film 's blend of aliens and western themes was due to `` the determination by everyone involved to play the damn thing straight . Even the slightest goofiness , the tiniest touch of camp , and the whole thing would blow sky high . But it does n't . '' He criticized the aliens , which he said `` do n't rate as characters '' , existing as `` moving blobs you shoot at in a video game . '' Variety 's Peter Debruge echoed Honeycutt 's sentiments that the `` potential hamminess '' of the premise is offset by the cast , particularly Craig through a `` mix of ruthlessness and sensitivity . '' He considered however , that Wilde had the opposite effect , stating she `` appears out of place among her grizzled co-stars '' . Debruge appreciated the attention paid to the roots of the two genres , saying `` beneath all the state - of - the - art special effects beats an old - fashioned heart , one that prizes both of the genres in play '' and concluded that `` a canny blend of CG and practical effects serve the sci - fi elements well , while location shooting and Mary Zophres ' form - fitting period duds make the West look its best . '' Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice said the Western elements of the film were `` lovingly '' handled but called felt the science aspects a `` gimmick '' and `` much more standard fare '' in comparison . He added that `` Ford , enlivened by dude garb , seems to enjoy himself in front of a camera for the first time in decades '' . Roger Ebert wrote that `` as preposterous moneymakers go , it 's ambitious and well - made . The acting from the large cast is of a high standard , Craig and Ford were more or less born into their roles , and director Jon Favreau actually develops his characters and gives them things to do , instead of posing them in front of special effects . '' He lamented however that the film was not a pure Western , saying of the aliens , `` ( T ) here is more genuine suspense when ( Percy Dolarhyde ) starts shooting up the town than when countless aliens appear '' . Salon 's Andrew O'Hehir offered a mixed response , claiming the film to be well made and clever , and singling out Craig and Ford for their performances . O'Hehir was , however , critical of the combination of western and science - fiction elements , calling it `` a mediocre western clumsily welded to a mediocre alien shoot - ' em - up '' . Slant 's Nick Schager reacted negatively , stating `` Cowboys & Aliens mashes up genres with a staunch dedication to getting everything wrong , making sure that each scene is more inane than the one that preceded it '' ; giving the film one star out of four . Schager continued `` Cowboys & Aliens 's western accoutrements are ( ... ) so false as to be stunning , with every steely - eyed glare from Craig 's Man With No Memory , every confrontation between his Jake and Ford 's grizzled Dolarhyde , and every silhouetted horseback ride across a sunset range seeming like a wan approximation of a familiar genre staple . ( ... ) Favreau 's visuals have an inauthentic and bland blockbuster sheen , and his actors are similarly afflicted with a case of poseur-itis ( Craig 's affected silent - type glowering , Ford 's gruff racism , or Wilde 's blank , wide - eyed stares ) , failing to deliver a single believable line - reading or gesture . '' Accolades ( edit ) Cowboys & Aliens received five nominations . At the 39th Annie Awards , the film was nominated in Animated Effects in a Live Action Production for both Gary Wu and Lee Uren , but lost to Transformers : Dark of the Moon . The ceremony took place on February 4 , 2011 . The film received nominations from the Art Directors Guild for Fantasy Film , honoring production designer Scott Chambliss , and for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture at the 18th Screen Actors Guild Awards , but lost to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in both ceremonies . Ford received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Home Media ( edit ) Cowboys & Aliens was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on December 6 , 2011 . The release includes an extended version of the film running 135 minutes , three behind - the - scenes featurettes , and feature commentary with director Jon Favreau . Infringement lawsuit ( edit ) On November 30 , 2011 , Steven John Busti filed a lawsuit against Universal , DreamWorks , Platinum Studios , and Scott Mitchell Rosenberg , claiming copyright infringement . Busti claimed he wrote a preview for his story Cowboys and Aliens in 1994 , which was published in the April 1995 issue of Bizarre Fantasy # 1 . The story was also previewed in a 1995 issue of `` Comic Shop News '' , which was on the same page that featured coverage of Scott Mitchell Rosenberg . Rosenberg and Platinum produced a one sheet depicting a cowboy being chased by an alien , which eventually led to Universal and DreamWorks buying film rights to their concept . See also ( edit ) High Plains Invaders , a 2009 alien western film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It Books and Platinum Studios Announce ' Cowboys & Aliens ' Graphic Novel Paperback Edition on Stands June 28 , 2011 '' ( Press release ) . Platinum Studios . June 1 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Thompson , Paul ( 2011 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Summer of flops : How A-list stars failed to save Hollywood from more box office disappointment '' . London : Main Online . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gobble Gobble : The Biggest Box - Office Turkeys of 2011 '' . The Wrap . 2011 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia , `` The costliest box office flops of all time '' , Los Angeles Times ( January 15 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys & Aliens '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Upset : ' Smurfs ' Beats ' Cowboys & Aliens ' on Friday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Cowboys & Aliens : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Cowboys & Aliens '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pinkerton , Nick ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Gunslingers Battle Space Invaders in Movie Mashup Cowboys & Aliens '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Cowboys & Aliens '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Hehir , Andrew ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Cowboys & Aliens ' : Daniel Craig does Eastwood in a steampunk mashup '' . Salon . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Cowboys & Aliens '' . Slant . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Annie Nominations '' . The Annie Awards . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` Art Directors Nominate Movies as Different as ' Harry Potter ' and ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Award . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . February 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys & Aliens DVD Release Date Set '' . MoviesOnline . November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.comics.org/issue/304962/ Bizarre Fantasy # 1 Jump up ^ `` ' Cowboys & Aliens ' Sparks Copyright Infringement Lawsuit '' . Reuters . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cowboys and Aliens Studios Sued for Copyright Infringement comicmix.com , December 5 , 2011 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cowboys & Aliens Official website Cowboys & Aliens at AllMovie Cowboys & Aliens at Box Office Mojo Cowboys & Aliens on IMDb Cowboys & Aliens at Metacritic Cowboys & Aliens at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Jon Favreau Made ( 2001 ) Elf ( 2003 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Chef ( 2014 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Damon Lindelof Writer and producer Lost ( 2004 -- 10 , TV ) Lost : Via Domus ( 2008 , video game ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) The Leftovers ( 2014 -- 17 , TV ) Tomorrowland ( 2015 ) Writer only Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) World War Z ( 2013 ) Producer only Star Trek ( 2009 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift Splash Real Genius Spies Like Us Armed and Dangerous Like Father Like Son Parenthood Kindergarten Cop Closet Land My Girl Far and Away Housesitter Boomerang For Love or Money My Girl 2 Greedy The Paper The Cowboy Way Apollo 13 Sgt . 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-7424414084676198219	List of That '70s Show characters	List of that ' 70s show characters - Wikipedia List of that ' 70s show characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for stand - alone lists . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of That ' 70s Show characters '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters appearing in the series That ' 70s Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 3 Intended recurring roles 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Eric Forman ( portrayed by Topher Grace ) : The protagonist ; Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight , and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father , Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school , and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa , and returns at the series finale , reuniting with Donna . Jackie Burkhart ( portrayed by Mila Kunis ) : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited , and annoying immature girl . She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , she moves away from her self - centered ways and becomes sweeter . Partly as a result of these changes , she and Donna become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie has dated three of the four males of the group : Kelso , Hyde , and Fez . Michael Kelso ( portrayed by Ashton Kutcher ) : The dim - witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks . He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he is n't ready , so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale . His best friend is Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago , and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . He only appears in five episodes during season eight , including the series finale . Steven Hyde ( portrayed by Danny Masterson ) : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother , making him a foster brother to Eric . Hyde has a witty , blunt , and sarcastic sense of humor , and a rebellious personality . He is also smart , and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha . Hyde later discovers Samantha was still married when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman ( making Hyde , who was presumed white , biracial ) . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first the manager , and later the owner , of the Point Place store . Donna Pinciotti ( portrayed by Laura Prepon ) : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is intelligent , good - looking , and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother , and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Fez ( portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama ) : The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control . His secret country of origin is one of the longest - running gags on the show . He is sweet , friendly , perverted , gullible , and rather odd . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer , and looking at pornography . His best friend is Kelso , and he shares a `` younger brother '' type relationship with Hyde and Eric . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series , but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Kitty Forman ( portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp ) : Eric 's mother and Red 's wife , Kitty is a cheerful , doting mother , but can also be assertive when pushed . She is a nurse , and a former smoker . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause . She is also a good mother figure to Eric 's friends . Red Forman ( portrayed by Kurtwood Smith ) : Kitty 's husband , Eric 's and Laurie 's father , and Hyde 's adoptive father . Red is a Navy combat veteran , having served in World War II and the Korean War . Despite his mean exterior , Red occasionally displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting , and fishing . Midge Pinciotti ( portrayed by Tanya Roberts ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend . Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she is also a kind - hearted woman who develops feminist ideals . She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season , however , returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite . Bob Pinciotti ( portrayed by Don Stark ) : Midge 's husband , Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red . Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , even though Red sees him as a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Laurie Forman ( portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly / Christina Moore ) : Eric 's beautiful but evil older sister . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend , Jackie . Eric , Hyde , and Donna often mock her promiscuity . She also has a strained relationship with her mother , who thinks of her as a freeloader . She leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth . In season five , she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported . In season six , she is portrayed by a different actress , Christina Moore . Leo ( portrayed by Tommy Chong ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked . Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Randy Pearson ( portrayed by Josh Meyers ) : The newest member of the group , who is introduced in the final season . Randy appears laid back , gentle , polite , and a ladies ' man , although later many of his flaws surface . He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna , and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group , Fez does not . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , but she eventually breaks up with him . Recurring characters ( edit ) Suzy Simpson ( played by Alyson Hannigan ) appears in three episodes of season 6 . She is Kelso 's buddy from police academy who is also attracted to him . Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso . Angie Barnett ( played by Megalyn Echikunwoke ) is Steven Hyde 's half - sister . Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season . Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major . Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father 's record store , but Angie did not always like working with him . She dated Kelso , which sometimes annoyed Hyde . Angie got her name because , in the seventh season , all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs , and `` Angie '' was a song by the Stones . Annette Berkardt ( played by Jessica Simpson ) was Michael Kelso 's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5 . She acts and talks very similar to Jackie , constantly bossing Kelso around . Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie , or `` Blackie . '' Despite this , Jackie and Annette hated each other . Once at The Hub , Jackie said to Annette `` I did not know they let ' slutballs ' in here '' . Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay . Later in the episode , when Annette and Kelso were kissing , Jackie yelled `` Get off my boyfriend ! '' to Annette , even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up . This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie . Beatrice Dorothy `` Bea '' Sigurdson ( née Heprage ) ( played by Betty White ) is Kitty Forman 's mother . Bea seems like a friendly old lady , but is cold and critical , especially of Kitty . She appeared in a few episodes in season five , often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux - friendly manner . She was widowed in `` Your Time is Gonna Come '' when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies . She stays with the Formans for a while after Burt 's death . Bernice Rose Forman ( née Larson ) ( September 16 , 1904 -- January 22 , 1977 ) ( played by Marion Ross ) is Red Forman 's mother . Bernice hated Kitty , and she was always mean to her , because Red married Kitty instead of another woman Bernice liked . She appeared in the episodes `` Sunday , Bloody Sunday '' , `` The Best Christmas Ever '' and `` Grandma 's Dead '' of season 1 , and flashback in the episode `` Halloween '' of season two . In the episode Grandma 's Dead she dies in Eric 's car while he is driving her home . Brooke Leslie Rockwell ( played by Shannon Elizabeth ) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric 's class . The summer after Kelso 's graduation , she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant . Initially , Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child 's life . Eventually , Kelso convinced her to give him another chance . Brooke gave birth to their daughter , Betsy in 1979 . Steven James `` Bud '' Hyde Jr. ( played by Robert Hays ) is Steven Hyde 's stepfather . Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic . Until the end of the 6th season , Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father . Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this . They temporarily reconciled in season 3 , with Hyde even moving in with him . However , he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna -- forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house . Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again . ( Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde 's car . ) Bertrum Wayne `` Burt '' Sigurdson ( October 4 , 1901 - February 6 , 1978 ) ( played by Tom Poston ) is Kitty Forman 's father . He is often seen avoiding his wife , Bea . In one episode , he bought an ostrich farm , which was right next to a coyote farm . The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house . Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come . Caroline `` Crazy Caroline '' Dupree ( played by Allison Munn ) was Fez 's girlfriend in season 3 . Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid . She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her , when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so . Caroline was once found hiding in the men 's bathroom looking for Fez . Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her . Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season . She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate , and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez 's Barry White album ( Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez 's knowledge , but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez ) . Caroline appeared again in `` Sheer Heart Attack '' . Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman , so he called Caroline . Later in the episode , Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in . This , as always , made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously . Casey ( played by Luke Wilson ) is Michael Kelso 's brother who was in the military . Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti . During their relationship , there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior , such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey . Donna 's father , Bob , felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore . Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna , so Eric wanted them to break up . When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey 's negative influence with Donna and Casey , Casey broke up with Donna , deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle . Donna felt that she and Casey were in love , but Casey felt `` I love you '' is just something you could say and do not have to really mean . Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them . During the summer of 1979 , Casey was teaching physical education at Eric 's old high school , and Eric was in Casey 's class . He likes to call Eric `` Foreplay '' . his last episode was Season 7 's 2120 So . Michigan Ave . Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) is the son of one of Red 's war buddies . Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win `` Eric 's '' goldfish in an egg toss . Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7 . Before the beginning of Season 8 , Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died . The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor . The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric , but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off . Christine St. George ( played by Mary Tyler Moore ) is a talk show host of What 's Up Wisconsin . In the episode `` Sweet Lady '' , Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine 's co-host on the show . She persistently tries to get the job , but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead . After a few episodes , Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her . Earl ( played by Robert Clendenin ) is a friend of Red 's who worked for Red at Price Mart . Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job , so Red fired him . After that , Earl sued Red for wrongful termination , however , Earl arrived too late to his own hearing , so the judge ruled in favor of Red . Later , Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant , where he is again fired for his poor work ethic ( this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant 's food while on work ) . Earl appears in the episodes `` Red Fired Up '' , `` Roller Disco '' and `` Radio Daze '' . Edna Hyde ( played by Katey Sagal ) is Steven Hyde 's biological mother . She is only in the Season 1 episodes `` Career Day '' , `` Prom Night '' , and `` Punk Chick '' , though she only appears in `` Career Day '' . She plays a large part in `` Career Day '' , playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day , he has to help her in the kitchen ( she was the school chef , `` Gross Edna '' at the time ) . In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as : In Prom Night Edna : `` They 're all gon na laugh at you ! '' ( a reference to the 1976 film Carrie ) Steven : `` Shut up ma , you 're makin ' the night too damn special ! '' In Punk Chick Steven : `` It 's still my suitcase ! '' Edna : `` Nothing in this house is yours ! '' Steven : `` Shut up ! '' Edna then ran off and left Hyde alone , which is why he moved in with the Formans and she is not heard of again until the 4th season where Hyde confesses that his parents got back together and ran off . Fenton , also known as Clerk in Season 5 , ( played by Jim Rash ) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a `` half - off sale , a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez 's ass look like an oil painting '' in Fez 's own words . In the fifth season , he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna 's engagement ring . He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season , which later became Fez and Jackie 's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago . At first , Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez , but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter , and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were `` life partners '' , he let them have it . Though Fenton does not state this explicitly , his frequent innuendos about men and his lack of experience with women imply he is gay . Whenever he sees Fez , he says `` Oh , It 's you '' in an evil manner . Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie , who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud when she accidentally floods their apartment . Hilary Robinson ( played by Lara Everly ) is Fez 's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8 . Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her , but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was , she fell in love with him . Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks , before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez . Jack Burkhart ( played by Paul Kreppel ) is the father of Jackie Burkhart . He was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti , who appears in Seasons 4 and 5 . She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob , being unable to cook , was about to buy a dozen TV dinners . Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners . She does not get along well with Red . When Red and Joanne first met , they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad . Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags . Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob . Mitch Miller ( played by Seth Green ) is a student in the same class as Eric . Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict , Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper . Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti , and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch . Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna , and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5 : 15 PM . Not wanting to fight , Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French - made GI Joe called `` GI Jacques '' . Mitch has a father , Charlie Miller , played by Fred Willard . Nina Jo Bartell ( played by Joanna Canton ) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV . Fez lost his virginity to her , but it went badly , so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better . They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy . Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II ( played by James Avery ) is Kelso 's training officer when he joins the police force . He appears mostly in the 6th season , playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso . Pam Burkhart ( played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6 ) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6 . Once a serious business lady , she fled to Mexico when Jackie 's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000 . She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie . Pam Macy ( played by Jennifer Lyons ) is a classmate of the main characters of the show . She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared . She appeared in the episodes `` Prom Night '' , `` Romantic Weekend '' , and `` It 's a Wonderful life '' . In `` Prom Night '' , Michael Kelso took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie . In `` Romantic Weekend '' , Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform , telling his friends `` The buffer would n't buff '' . Pam told this to the whole school , which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it . Pastor Dave ( played by Kevin McDonald ) , Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church . He is overly cheerful and ( incorrectly ) thinks he is up to date with the trends , and is `` hip and cool '' . He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices , and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he 'll go away . Dave is good friends with Kitty , who helps with the church fundraisers , and has an uneasy friendship with Red ( mostly because Red is not used to having friends ) . His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less - pure side of Dave , as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer , and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays ( he later rejoins as the pastor again ) . He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4 , but has a few cameos in Season 2 . Rhonda ( played by Cynthia Lamontagne ) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates , she was a recurring character during season 4 . She was Fez 's girlfriend during this season . When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado , he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda , but after the tornado was gone , she did not want to anymore . She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base , which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso . Like Fez , she loves candy . The episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' featured an alternate timeline , where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric ( in this timeline , Eric and Donna were never in a relationship ) . Later in the same episode , she is seen at their 10 - year reunion but now as a trim and beautiful woman ( which Rhonda attributes to being dumped by a gigantic loser like Eric ) . It was also mentioned in the season three episode `` Kitty 's Birthday '' that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured . Roy Keen ( played by Jim Gaffigan ) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric , Hyde , and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel 's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6 . The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5 , although he had been absent for several episodes . It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him . Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands . Roy served in the Vietnam War , once describing Eric as `` scrawny , but strong ... like the Vietcong '' . He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people . At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him , after she insulted him when he got her some butter , and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers . He once mentioned he was living with a woman , but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret . It is revealed in the season 6 episode `` A Legal Matter '' that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse . Samantha Hyde ( played by Judy Tylor ) is Hyde 's wife during season 8 . They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas . The two barely knew each other when they got married . Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde . In the episode `` My Fairy King '' , Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else . After this , Hyde and Samantha 's relationship ended . Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy . Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5 , was absent for all of season 6 , then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7 . Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose . `` Schatzie '' is German and means `` little treasure '' or `` darling '' ( diminutive of `` Schatz '' ) . Timmy Thompson ( played by Paul Connor ) is a student who went to high school with Eric , Donna , Hyde , Fez , Kelso , and Jackie . To the annoyance of some of the gang , he announces comments to the room that start with `` Heeey ... '' , such as : `` Heeey , Forman and Donna got a motel room and they 're going to do it ! '' `` Heeey , I 'm taking off my pants ! '' `` Heeey , Forman 's on a date with his mom ! '' `` Heeey , Donna 's showed her ass ! '' ( while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera ) . He only has real dialogue in the episode `` Burning Down The House '' . William James `` WB '' Barnett ( played by Tim Reid ) is Steven Hyde 's biological father . Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons , where Kitty discovers that Steven 's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee . Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials , WB . Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves , a chain of record stores . Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter ( and Hyde 's half sister ) , Angie . Barnett is black , which Hyde believes explains his `` coolness , afro and suspicion of the man '' ( it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated `` I do n't know , because they do n't want me to know '' ) . WB 's last on - screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty - first episode of the eighth season , `` Love of My Life '' ( WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season , `` Son and Daughter '' ) . Intended recurring roles ( edit ) Several characters on the series were written as recurring , but made only one appearance . Among them : Tina Pinciotti ( played by Amanda Fuller ) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti . She first appeared in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , but made no appearances following that , except for a brief mention in the episode `` Vanstock '' . A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti . The two are later written out with no explanation , as demonstrated in the season seven premiere , when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge 's only daughter Valerie Pinciotti was the older sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti , who in `` Eric 's Birthday '' was said to be away at college but never mentioned again . Matthew and Rebecca Erdman ( played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt ) were the prudish host parents of Fez . They first appeared in `` Drive - In '' and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing KISS album backwards . Fez 's host parents make no further appearances in the show . Buddy Morgan ( played by Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) was introduced in `` Eric 's Buddy '' , and was intended to become a recurring character . However , the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric ( at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna ) did not go over well with audiences , and Buddy was cut from the show . Melissa ( played by Reagan Gomez - Preston ) appeared in `` Hyde Gets the Girl '' as a potential love interest for Hyde . She was intended to become his on - off girlfriend . Patty ( played by Lindsay Sloane ) appeared in two episodes in the series ' second season . She is introduced in `` Eric Gets Suspended '' along with her best friend , Mary ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) . The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez . Hyde initially pairs with Mary , and Fez with Patty ; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty . Patty then returned in `` Eric and Kitty 's Night Out '' . In the episode , Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend . Patty 's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character 's appearance in the series . However , with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again . References ( edit ) ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_That_%2770s_Show_characters&oldid=814050380 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Wisconsin Lists of American sitcom television characters That ' 70s Show characters Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2009 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is jackie's mom on that 70s show	[ "\nFenton, also known as Clerk in Season 5, (played by Jim Rash) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a \"half-off sale, a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez's ass look like an oil painting\" in Fez's own words. In the fifth season, he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna's engagement ring. He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season, which later became Fez and Jackie's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago. At first, Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez, but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter, and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were \"life partners\", he let them have it. Though Fenton does not state this explicitly, his frequent innuendos about men and his lack of experience with women imply he is gay. Whenever he sees Fez, he says \"Oh, It's you\" in an evil manner. Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie, who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud when she accidentally floods their apartment.\nHilary Robinson (played by Lara Everly) is Fez's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8. Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her, but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was, she fell in love with him. Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks, before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez.\nJack Burkhart (played by Paul Kreppel) is the father of Jackie Burkhart. He was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000.\nJoanne (played by Mo Gaffney) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti, who appears in Seasons 4 and 5. She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob, being unable to cook, was about to buy a dozen TV dinners. Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners. She does not get along well with Red. When Red and Joanne first met, they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad. Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags. Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob.\nMitch Miller (played by Seth Green) is a student in the same class as Eric. Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict, Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper. Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti, and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch. Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna, and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5:15 PM. Not wanting to fight, Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French-made GI Joe called \"GI Jacques\". Mitch has a father, Charlie Miller, played by Fred Willard.\nNina Jo Bartell (played by Joanna Canton) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV. Fez lost his virginity to her, but it went badly, so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better. They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy.\nOfficer Phillip Otis Kennedy II (played by James Avery) is Kelso's training officer when he joins the police force. He appears mostly in the 6th season, playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso.\nPam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she fled to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie.\nPam Macy (played by Jennifer Lyons) is a classmate of the main characters of the show. She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared. She appeared in the episodes \"Prom Night\", \"Romantic Weekend\", and \"It's a Wonderful life\". In \"Prom Night\", Michael Kelso took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie. In \"Romantic Weekend\", Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform, telling his friends \"The buffer wouldn't buff\". Pam told this to the whole school, which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it.\nPastor Dave (played by Kevin McDonald), Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church. He is overly cheerful and (incorrectly) thinks he is up to date with the trends, and is \"hip and cool\". He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices, and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he'll go away. Dave is good friends with Kitty, who helps with the church fundraisers, and has an uneasy friendship with Red (mostly because Red is not used to having friends). His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less-pure side of Dave, as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer, and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays (he later rejoins as the pastor again). He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4, but has a few cameos in Season 2.\nRhonda (played by Cynthia Lamontagne) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates, she was a recurring character during season 4. She was Fez's girlfriend during this season. When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado, he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda, but after the tornado was gone, she did not want to anymore. She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base, which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso. Like Fez, she loves candy. The episode \"It's a Wonderful Life\" featured an alternate timeline, where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric (in this timeline, Eric and Donna were never in a relationship). Later in the same episode, she is seen at their 10-year reunion but now as a trim and beautiful woman (which Rhonda attributes to being dumped by a gigantic loser like Eric). It was also mentioned in the season three episode \"Kitty's Birthday\" that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured.\nRoy Keen (played by Jim Gaffigan) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric, Hyde, and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6. The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5, although he had been absent for several episodes. It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him. Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands. Roy served in the Vietnam War, once describing Eric as \"scrawny, but strong... like the Vietcong\". He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people. At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him, after she insulted him when he got her some butter, and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers. He once mentioned he was living with a woman, but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret. It is revealed in the season 6 episode \"A Legal Matter\" that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse.\nSamantha Hyde (played by Judy Tylor) is Hyde's wife during season 8. They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas. The two barely knew each other when they got married. Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde. In the episode \"My Fairy King\", Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else. After this, Hyde and Samantha's relationship ended.\nSchatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy. Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5, was absent for all of season 6, then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7. Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose. \"Schatzie\" is German and means \"little treasure\" or \"darling\" (diminutive of \"Schatz\").\nTimmy Thompson (played by Paul Connor) is a student who went to high school with Eric, Donna, Hyde, Fez, Kelso, and Jackie. To the annoyance of some of the gang, he announces comments to the room that start with \"Heeey...\", such as:\n\n\"Heeey, Forman and Donna got a motel room and they're going to do it!\"\n\"Heeey, I'm taking off my pants!\"\n\"Heeey, Forman's on a date with his mom!\"\n\"Heeey, Donna's showed her ass!\" (while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera).\nHe only has real dialogue in the episode \"Burning Down The House\".\n\n\nWilliam James \"WB\" Barnett (played by Tim Reid) is Steven Hyde's biological father. Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons, where Kitty discovers that Steven's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee. Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials, WB. Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves, a chain of record stores. Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter (and Hyde's half sister), Angie. Barnett is black, which Hyde believes explains his \"coolness, afro and suspicion of the man\" (it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated \"I don't know, because they don't want me to know\"). WB's last on-screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty-first episode of the eighth season, \"Love of My Life\" (WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season, \"Son and Daughter\").\n" ]	[ "Pam Burkhart" ]
-7570236462564399928	Cannonball (Australian game show)	Cannonball ( Australian game show ) - wikipedia Cannonball ( Australian game show ) Jump to : navigation , search Cannonball Created by Talpa Media Presented by Tim Ross Ben Mingay Rachael Finch Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes Production Location ( s ) Penrith Whitewater Stadium , Sydney Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Australia Release Original network Seven Network Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) Chronology Related shows Cannonball ( United Kingdom ) Cannonball is an Australian reality television game show that premiered on the Seven Network on 27 September 2017 . It is hosted by Tim Ross and Ben Mingay , along with Rachael Finch and features contestants competing with celebrities . The water - based game show involves 15 couples competing on a lake attempting to jump the highest , slide the furthest and fly the highest . The format for the show is a franchise that originated in the Netherlands by Talpa . The four - episode series is produced by ITV Studios Australia and filmed at the Penrith Whitewater Stadium in Penrith , New South Wales , in Sydney 's western suburbs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Ratings 3 See also 4 Link 5 References Format ( edit ) The competition involves a total of 36 teams of two competing in high level water games for a chance to win two new Suzuki Vitaras and over $35,000 in cash . The top two team in each episode will go to the finals with the best team of the day getting a prize of $5,000 Several celebrity participants competed including former My Kitchen Rules contestants Ash Pollard , Luciano Ippoliti , Alex Ebert and Gareth Cochran . Two celebrities appear on each episode doing the same challenges , and what ever team there score get the close to that team get $500 . Ratings ( edit ) The premiere episode was met with disappointing ratings . As a result , subsequent episodes of the series were rescheduled to late Friday nights . No . Title Air date Timeslot Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 27 September 2017 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 513,000 16 N / A N / A 513,000 See also ( edit ) Wipeout It 's a Knockout Celebrity Splash ! Link ( edit ) Official Website References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` Airdate : Cannonball '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` Ex-Wonderland stars to front Cannonball for Seven '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Mingay and Tim Ross confirmed as hosts of Cannonball '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` Seven loads up Cannonball format '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Bumped : Cannonball '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 27 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannonball_(Australian_game_show)&oldid=815786562 '' Categories : Seven Network shows Australian game shows 2017 Australian television series debuts 2017 Australian television series endings 2010s Australian television series Australian reality television series English - language television programs Television shows set in Sydney Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 03 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the tv show cannon ball filmed	[ "The format for the show is a franchise that originated in the Netherlands by Talpa. The four-episode series is produced by ITV Studios Australia and filmed at the Penrith Whitewater Stadium in Penrith, New South Wales, in Sydney's western suburbs.[4]" ]	[ "the Penrith Whitewater Stadium in Penrith, New South Wales, in Sydney's western suburbs" ]
-3125978683501849669	Vero Beach, Florida	Vero Beach , Florida - wikipedia Vero Beach , Florida This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) City in Florida , United States City of Vero Beach , Florida City Nickname ( s ) : Hibiscus City Motto ( s ) : Where the Tropics Begin Location in Indian River County and the state of Florida Vero Beach Location in the United States Vero Beach Vero Beach ( the US ) Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 27 ° 39 ′ N 80 ° 23 ′ W / 27.650 ° N 80.383 ° W / 27.650 ; - 80.383 Coordinates : 27 ° 39 ′ N 80 ° 23 ′ W / 27.650 ° N 80.383 ° W / 27.650 ; - 80.383 Country United States State Florida County Indian River Settled 1870 Incorporated ( Vero ) 1919 Incorporated ( Vero Beach ) 1925 Government Type Commission - Manager Area City 13.34 sq mi ( 34.56 km ) Land 11.44 sq mi ( 29.63 km ) Water 1.91 sq mi ( 4.93 km ) 14.31 % Elevation 13 ft ( 4 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 15,220 Estimate ( 2016 ) 16,751 Density 1,464.38 / sq mi ( 565.42 / km ) Metro 130,100 Census Bureau Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 32960 thru 32969 Area code ( s ) 772 FIPS code 12 - 74150 GNIS feature ID 0292760 Website http://www.covb.org Vero Beach had been the Spring training home of the Los Angeles Dodgers since 1948 . The Dodgers left Vero Beach in 2008 for Glendale , AZ . Vero Beach is a city in and the seat of Indian River County , Florida , United States . According to the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2010 data , the city had a population of 15,220 . Contents 1 Demographics 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 History 3.1 Pre-Columbian 3.2 Post-Columbian 4 Economy 4.1 Industry 4.2 Retail 4.3 Tourism 4.3. 1 Points of interest 4.3. 1.1 Beaches 4.3. 1.2 Water recreation in the Indian River Lagoon 4.3. 1.3 Resorts 4.3. 1.4 National Register of Historic Places 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Transportation 5.1. 1 Air 5.1. 2 Bus 5.1. 3 Rail 6 Notable people 7 Education 7.1 Public schools 7.2 Private schools 7.3 Colleges 8 References 9 External links Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1920 793 -- 1930 2,268 186.0 % 1940 3,050 34.5 % 1950 4,746 55.6 % 1960 8,849 86.5 % 1970 11,908 34.6 % 1980 16,176 35.8 % 17,350 7.3 % 2000 17,705 2.0 % 15,220 − 14.0 % Est. 2016 16,751 10.1 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the 2010 census , there were 15,220 people , 7,505 households , and 3,946 families residing in the city . There were 10,258 housing units . The racial makeup of the city was 87.5 % White , 4.8 % Black , 0.30 % Native American , 1.8 % Asian , 0.00 % Pacific Islander , 3.7 % from other races , and 1.8 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.7 % of the population . There were 7,505 households out of which 16.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 39.2 % were married couples living together , 9.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 47.4 % were non-families . 19.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older with 4.8 % being 85 years and older . The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.65 . In the city the population was spread out with 14.1 % under the age of 16 , 84.1 % over 18 , 4.3 % from 15 to 19 , 4.9 % from 20 to 24 , 5.5 % from 20 to 25 and 29.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 50.9 years . For every 100 females , there were 92.8 males . The population consists of 51.3 % female and 48.7 % male . Geography ( edit ) Climate ( edit ) Vero Beach has a humid subtropical climate , with hot and humid summers and warm , sunny , and dry winters . The average annual temperature is 72.7 ° F , with an annual high temperature of 81.4 ° F and an annual low temperature of 64 ° F. On average Vero Beach is frost free . hide Climate data for Vero Beach , Florida ( 1980 - 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 77.8 ( 25.4 ) 81.3 ( 27.4 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 89.0 ( 31.7 ) 90.5 ( 32.5 ) 90.5 ( 32.5 ) 88.7 ( 31.5 ) 84.6 ( 29.2 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 74.7 ( 23.7 ) 82.5 ( 28.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 60.2 ( 15.7 ) 66.2 ( 19 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 72.6 ( 22.6 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 72.1 ( 22.3 ) 67.1 ( 19.5 ) 59.8 ( 15.4 ) 54.1 ( 12.3 ) 63 ( 17.2 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.3 ( 58 ) 2.5 ( 64 ) 3.8 ( 97 ) 2.7 ( 69 ) 3.4 ( 86 ) 6.8 ( 173 ) 6.2 ( 157 ) 7.4 ( 188 ) 7.0 ( 178 ) 4.7 ( 119 ) 3.0 ( 76 ) ( 56 ) 52 ( 1,321 ) Source : USA.com History ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pre-columbian ( edit ) See also : Vero man A neolithic skull was discovered in 1915 , but it has since been misplaced . It appeared to represent a culture from 11,000 to 14,000 years ago , with 13,000 years ago as the most likely timeframe . Post-columbian ( edit ) In 1715 , a Spanish treasure fleet wrecked off the coast of Vero . Eleven out of twelve Spanish ships carrying tonnes of silver foundered in a hurricane . The remains of the silver attracted pirates . A group of 300 unemployed English privateers led by Henry Jennings stole about £ 87,500 in gold and silver in their first acts of piracy . In 1872 Captain Allen W. Estes officially established the first land patent between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian River Lagoon . In 1893 Henry Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway began operation through the area . The town of Vero was chartered in 1919 . Vero was officially renamed `` Vero Beach '' and was switched from being part of St. Lucie County to become the county seat of Indian River County when it was formed in 1925 . During the war year of 1942 the U.S. Navy selected 1,500 acres ( 6.1 km ) surrounding the Vero Beach Municipal Airport as the site of a Naval Air Station . It was commissioned November . In 1951 Barber Bridge was built from mainland to barrier islands . It was later demolished and replaced in 1995 with the Merrill P. Barber Bridge . In 1957 Piper Aircraft began research and development in Vero Beach . In 1961 Piper Aircraft moved administrative and manufacturing operations to Vero after completing building additions . In 1965 the A1A bridge over the Sebastian Inlet connected the two barrier islands . In 1979 , the 17th Street Bridge was completed , allowing a second point of access from Vero Beach mainland to the barrier islands . Economy ( edit ) Industry ( edit ) Vero Beach is home to general aviation manufacturer Piper Aircraft , which is the largest private employer in Indian River County . As of July 2015 , Piper employed approximately 750 people . Aside from Piper , the bulk of commercial activity in Vero Beach centers around tourism , the citrus industry and service activities . Retail ( edit ) There are two large shopping malls the Indian River Mall and the Vero Beach Outlets just west of I - 95 on State Road 60 . There are small specialty shops along Ocean Drive on the barrier island and in what is called the `` Miracle Mile . '' The Historic Downtown is a newly revitalized area of shopping , dining , antique stores and art galleries . Tourism ( edit ) A large part of tourism in Vero Beach is taken in part by The Disney Resort in Vero ( Disney 's Vero Beach Resort ) Points of interest ( edit ) Beaches ( edit ) The beaches in Vero Beach are part of Florida 's Treasure Coast . Vero 's three main public beaches are South Beach , accessible at the eastern end of State Road 656 at the eastern end of 17th Street ; Humiston Park , in Vero 's Central Beach Business District on Ocean Drive and Jaycee Park which is adjacent to Conn Beach . These beaches are lifeguard protected from 9 : 00 am to 5 : 00 pm . There are 26 miles of oceanfront shore in Indian River County . Vero Beach also has other free public access trails and walkways with beach access , such as Riomar Beach , Sea Cove , Sea Grape Trail , Sexton Plaza , and Turtle Trail . Water recreation in the Indian River Lagoon ( edit ) The Indian River Lagoon , passing through Vero Beach , forms a significant portion of the Intracoastal Waterway , and is a hub for boating , fishing , water skiing , diving , kayaking and other small - craft waterborne activities . Resorts ( edit ) Disney 's Vero Beach Resort is officially located in Wabasso , a small town north of Vero Beach . National Register of Historic Places ( edit ) Vero Railroad Station McKee Jungle Gardens Driftwood Inn Hallstrom House Old Indian River County Courthouse Judge Henry F. Gregory House Maher Building McKee Jungle Gardens Old Palmetto Hotel Pueblo Arcade Royal Park Arcade Theodore Hausmann Estate Old Vero Beach Community Building Vero Beach Diesel Power Plant Vero Beach Woman 's Club Vero Railroad Station Vero Theatre Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Air ( edit ) Vero Beach Regional Airport is a public airport one mile northwest of Vero Beach , offering commercial jet service by Elite Airways . Bus ( edit ) Vero Beach is served by GoLine Bus routes . Rail ( edit ) The Florida East Coast Railway ( FEC ) mainline bisects Vero Beach , with an active team track in town serving a lumber / building products customer . Notable people ( edit ) Fred Barnes , journalist , editor of The Weekly Standard and Fox News contributor Lake Bell , actress , attended school in Vero Beach and her film I Do ... Until I Do n't is set there Alex Cobb , pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles , attended Vero Beach High School Gloria Estefan , singer , has a house and owns a hotel in Vero Beach Tom Fadden , actor Prince Fielder , professional baseball player Calvin Souther Fuller , inventor of the solar cell , died 1994 Carl Hiaasen , journalist , novelist , and author Sandy Koufax , former professional baseball player Ivan Lendl , former professional tennis player Debbie Mayfield , Florida state senator F. James McDonald , former president and chief operating officer of General Motors Alison Mosshart , lead singer of The Kills and The Dead Weather Jake Owen , country music singer - songwriter , graduate of Vero Beach High School , 1999 Peter George Peterson , co-founder , Blackstone Group Albert Reed , model , 2007 Dancing with the Stars competitor , actor , graduate of Vero Beach High School , 2003 Priscilla Renea , singer - songwriter signed to Capitol Records , debut album entitled `` Jukebox '' released in 2009 Norman Sas , inventor of Electric football Parvati Shallow , winner of Survivor : Micronesia , runner - up in Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains Bryan Stork , professional football player for the Washington Redskins of the NFL Roscoe Tanner , former professional tennis player Mardy Fish , former professional tennis player and Olympic Silver medalist Education ( edit ) Public schools ( edit ) The Indian River County School District operates the following public schools : Vero Beach High School . The first high school founded in Vero Beach ; grades 9 -- 12 Indian River Charter High School . Charter school ; grades 9 -- 12 Alternative Center for Education . Public ; grades 5 -- 12 Rosewood Magnet School . Public ; grades K -- 5 Imagine South Vero . Charter school ; grades K -- 8 Oslo Middle School . Public ; grades 6 -- 8 Storm Grove Middle School . Next to the School District of Indian River County office ; Public ; Grades 6 - 8 Gifford Middle School ; grades 6 - 8 Private schools ( edit ) St. Helen Catholic School Saint Edward 's School . Independent College Preparatory in Episcopal School Tradition ; grades pre-K -- 12 Anderson Academy . Private ; grades 8 -- 12 Masters Academy . Private ; grades pre-K -- 12 Tabernacle Christian School . Private ; grades K - 8 http://www.tcsverobeach.org/ SunCoast School . Private ; grades pre-K -- 8 Colleges ( edit ) Indian River State College -- Mueller Campus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Census bureau . `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 '' . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Vero Beach - Florida and Weather averages Vero Beach '' . www.usclimatedata.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Climatological Information for Vero Beach , Florida '' , USA.com , 2003 . Web : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Brotemarkle , Ben ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` New discoveries found at Vero Beach cite '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 7A . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GoLineIRT.com - Indian River Transit - GoLine bus transit '' . golineirt.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone '' . The Weekly Standard . June 11 , 2001 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Bell - Biography '' . IMDb . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Gloria Estefan on her Florida hotels '' . USATODAY.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Iowans - Tom Fadden '' . DesMoinesRegister.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santucci , Jon ( March 17 , 2012 ) . `` Fielder 's career path takes him from St. Edward 's to the Tigers '' TCPalm.com `` . Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Fielder , who lived briefly in Vero Beach growing up , spoke with Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers about his memories of St. Edward 's high school , his offseason and his new team . Jump up ^ `` SOLAR CELL INVENTOR DIES '' . Palm Beach Post . 2 November 1994 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goodnow , Cecelia ( September 29 , 2005 ) . `` Carl Hiaasen relishes reachinga new generation of greenies '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Hiaasen said by phone from his home in Vero Beach , Fla . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Koufax 's House in Vero Beach , FL '' . Virtual Globetrotting . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potter , Jerry ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Fatherhood , golf keep Lendl busy '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . He lives with his family in Florida , splitting time between Vero Beach and Bradenton Jump up ^ `` Senator Mayfield - The Florida Senate '' . flsenate.gov . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ via Associated Press . `` F. James McDonald , Former G.M. President , Is Dead at 87 '' , The New York Times , June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ RIEMENSCHNEIDER , Chris ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Weather front : An interview with Alison Mosshart '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . having spent her childhood in Vero Beach , Fla. , where she fronted an emo - ish punk band Jump up ^ Isenberg , Barbara ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` Country music star comes home to Vero Beach '' . My Hometown News . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Owen biography '' . Great American Country . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ American legacy : the story of John & Caroline Kennedy -- Clemens David Heymann . Google Books . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vero Beach Press Journal ( August 13 , 2005 ) Good for you . Section : Today on the Treasure Coast ; Page E8 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil . `` Jukebox '' . Priscilla Renea 's Jukebox on the Link . MTV . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yardley , William ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Norman Sas , Inventor of Electric Football , Dies at 87 '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris , Bill . `` CANOE -- JAM ! Television -- TV Shows -- Survivor : ' Survivor ' gal sexy & Shallow '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roscoe Tanner , Ex-Tennis Star , Says He 's Trying to Change New York Times , February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us Archived April 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Indian River County School District . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . `` 1990 25th St. , Vero Beach FL 32960 '' Jump up ^ Welcome to St. Helen Catholic School Archived July 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vero Beach , Florida . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Vero Beach . Official website Municipalities and communities of Indian River County , Florida , United States County seat : Vero Beach Cities Fellsmere Sebastian Vero Beach Towns Indian River Shores Orchid CDPs Florida Ridge Gifford Roseland South Beach Vero Beach South Wabasso Wabasso Beach West Vero Corridor Windsor Winter Beach Unincorporated communities Nevins Oslo Vero Lake Estates GND : 4640239 - 1 LCCN : n81059027 NARA : 10046390 VIAF : 122703928 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vero_Beach,_Florida&oldid=856634126 '' Categories : Vero Beach , Florida Cities in Florida Cities in Indian River County , Florida Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean County seats in Florida Archaeological sites in Florida 1919 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from January 2012 Articles to be expanded from July 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Interlingua Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Volapük Winaray 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 16 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what county is vero beach florida located in	[ "City of Vero Beach, Florida\nCity\nNickname(s): Hibiscus City\nMotto(s): Where the Tropics Begin\nLocation in Indian River County and the state of Florida\nVero BeachLocation in the United StatesVero BeachVero Beach (the US)Show map of FloridaShow map of the USShow all\nCoordinates: 27°39′N 80°23′W / 27.650°N 80.383°W / 27.650; -80.383Coordinates: 27°39′N 80°23′W / 27.650°N 80.383°W / 27.650; -80.383Country\nUnited StatesState\n FloridaCounty\nIndian RiverSettled\n1870Incorporated (Vero)\n1919Incorporated (Vero Beach)\n1925Government • Type\nCommission-ManagerArea[1] • City\n13.34 sq mi (34.56 km2) • Land\n11.44 sq mi (29.63 km2) • Water\n1.91 sq mi (4.93 km2) 14.31%Elevation\n13 ft (4 m)Population (2010) • City\n15,220 • Estimate (2016)[2]\n16,751 • Density\n1,464.38/sq mi (565.42/km2) • Metro\n130,100 \nCensus BureauTime zone\nEastern (EST) (UTC-5) • Summer (DST)\nEDT (UTC-4)ZIP codes\n32960 thru 32969Area code(s)\n772FIPS code\n12-74150[3]GNIS feature ID\n0292760[4]Website\nhttp://www.covb.org" ]	[ "Indian River County" ]
6030183852542135869	California State Assembly	California State Assembly - wikipedia California State Assembly Jump to : navigation , search California State Assembly California State Legislature Type Type Lower house of the California State Legislature Term limits Elected before 2012 : 3 terms ( 6 years ) Elected 2012 and after : 6 terms ( 12 years ) History New session started December 5 , 2016 Leadership Speaker Anthony Rendon ( D ) Since March 7 , 2016 Speaker pro Tempore Kevin Mullin ( D ) Since December 1 , 2014 Majority Leader Ian Calderon ( D ) Since March 10 , 2016 Minority Leader Brian Dahle ( R ) Since September 16 , 2017 Structure Seats 80 Political groups Majority Democratic ( 53 ) Minority Republican ( 25 ) Vacant ( 2 ) Length of term 2 years Authority Article 4 , California Constitution Salary $104,118 / year + per diem Elections Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting California Citizens Redistricting Commission Motto Legislatorum est justas leges condere ( `` It is the duty of legislators to pass just laws . '' ) Meeting place State Assembly Chamber California State Capitol Sacramento , California Website California State Assembly Coordinates : 38 ° 34 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W / 38.57639 ° N 121.49333 ° W / 38.57639 ; - 121.49333 The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature . It consists of 80 members , with each member representing at least 465,000 people . Due to the state 's large population and relatively small legislature , the State Assembly has the largest population - per - representative ratio of any state lower house and second largest of any legislative lower house in the United States after the federal House of Representatives . As a result of Proposition 140 in 1990 and Proposition 28 in 2012 , members elected to the legislature prior to 2012 are restricted by term limits to three two - year terms ( six years ) , while those elected in or after 2012 are allowed to serve 12 years in the legislature in any combination of four - year state senate or two - year state assembly terms . Members of the assembly are generally referred to using the titles assemblyman ( for men ) , assemblywoman ( for women ) , or assemblymember ( for all genders ) . The State Assembly convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento . In the current session , the Democrats control 53 seats , one seat short of a supermajority of the chamber . Republicans control 25 seats . There are two vacant seats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Leadership 2 Meeting chamber 3 Candidate qualifications 4 Employees 5 Current session 5.1 Composition 5.2 Officers 5.3 Members 5.4 Seating chart 6 Past composition of the Assembly 7 Committees 7.1 Standing 7.2 Joint 8 Recent sessions 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Leadership ( edit ) The Speaker presides over the State Assembly in the chief leadership position , controlling the flow of legislation and committee assignments . The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus , followed by confirmation of the full assembly . Other leaders , such as the majority and minority leaders , are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party 's strength in the chamber . The current Speaker is Democrat Anthony Rendon ( 63rd -- Lakewood ) . The majority leader is Democrat Ian Calderon ( 57th -- Whittier ) , while the minority leader is Republican Brian Dahle ( 1st -- Bieber ) . Meeting chamber ( edit ) The chamber 's green tones are based on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom . The dais rests along a wall shaped like an `` E '' , with its central projection housing the rostrum . Along the cornice appears a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and a Latin quotation : legislatorum est justas leges condere ( `` It is the duty of legislators to pass just laws '' ) . Almost every decorating element is identical to the Senate Chamber . Candidate qualifications ( edit ) To run for the Assembly , a candidate must be a United States citizen and a registered voter in the district at the time nomination papers are issued , and may not have served three terms in the State Assembly since November 6 , 1990 . According to Article 4 , Section 2 ( c ) of the California Constitution , the candidate must have one year of residency in the legislative district and California residency for three years . Employees ( edit ) The Chief Clerk , the Sergeant - at - Arms , and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature . The Sergeant - at - Arms protects the members of the California State Assembly . This position has existed since December 15 , 1849 , when Samuel N. Houston became the Assembly 's first Sergeant - at - Arms . Current session ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Composition of the California State Assembly Democratic Party Republican Party 53 25 Democratic V Republican Affiliation Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Democratic Republican Vacant End of previous legislature 52 28 80 0 Begin 55 25 80 0 July 10 , 2017 54 79 November 27 , 2017 53 78 December 16 , 2017 54 79 December 31 , 2017 53 78 January 2 , 2018 52 77 April 16 , 2018 53 78 Latest voting share 7001679000000000000 ♠ 67.9 % 7001321000000000000 ♠ 32.1 % Officers ( edit ) Position Name Party District Speaker Anthony Rendon Democratic 63rd -- Lakewood Speaker pro tempore Kevin Mullin Democratic 22nd -- South San Francisco Assistant speaker pro tempore Laura Friedman Democratic 43rd -- Glendale Majority leader Ian Calderon Democratic 57th -- Whittier Assistant majority leader Rob Bonta Democratic 18th -- Alameda Majority whip Todd Gloria Democratic 78th -- San Diego Assistant majority whip Eloise Reyes Democratic 47th -- Grand Terrace Majority caucus chair Mike Gipson Democratic 64th -- Carson Minority leader Brian Dahle Republican 1st -- Bieber Deputy Republican leaders Frank Bigelow Republican 5th -- O'Neals Rocky Chávez Republican 76th -- Oceanside Assistant Republican leaders Phillip Chen Republican 55th -- Diamond Bar Heath Flora Republican 12th -- Ripon Chad Mayes Republican 42nd -- Yucca Valley Republican caucus chair Jay Obernolte Republican 33rd -- Big Bear Lake Republican floor leader Marie Waldron Republican 75th -- Escondido Chief Clerk E. Dotson Wilson Chief Sergeant - at - Arms Bryon G. Gustafson , Ph. D Chaplain Reverend Bob Oshita Alternate Chaplain Reverend Patti Oshita The Chief Clerk , the acting Chief Sergeant - at - Arms , and the Chaplains are not members of the Legislature . Members ( edit ) District Name Party Residence First elected Term limited Notes Brian Dahle Republican Bieber 2012 2024 Minority leader Jim Wood Democratic Healdsburg 2014 2026 James Gallagher Republican Nicolaus 2014 2026 Cecilia Aguiar - Curry Democratic Winters 2016 2028 5 Frank Bigelow Republican O'Neals 2012 2024 6 Kevin Kiley Republican Rocklin 2016 2028 7 Kevin McCarty Democratic Sacramento 2014 2026 8 Ken Cooley Democratic Rancho Cordova 2012 2024 9 Jim Cooper Democratic Elk Grove 2014 2026 10 Marc Levine Democratic Greenbrae 2012 2024 11 Jim Frazier Democratic Oakley 2012 2024 12 Heath Flora Republican Ripon 2016 2028 13 Susan Eggman Democratic Stockton 2012 2024 14 Tim Grayson Democratic Concord 2016 2028 15 Tony Thurmond Democratic Richmond 2014 2026 16 Catharine Baker Republican Dublin 2014 2026 17 David Chiu Democratic San Francisco 2014 2026 18 Rob Bonta Democratic Alameda 2012 2024 19 Phil Ting Democratic San Francisco 2012 2024 20 Bill Quirk Democratic Hayward 2012 2024 21 Adam Gray Democratic Merced 2012 2024 22 Kevin Mullin Democratic South San Francisco 2012 2024 23 Jim Patterson Republican Fresno 2012 2024 24 Marc Berman Democratic Palo Alto 2016 2028 25 Kansen Chu Democratic San Jose 2014 2026 26 Devon Mathis Republican Visalia 2014 2026 27 Ash Kalra Democratic San Jose 2016 2028 28 Evan Low Democratic Campbell 2014 2026 29 Mark Stone Democratic Scotts Valley 2012 2024 30 Anna Caballero Democratic Salinas 2016 2018 Previously served from 2006 to 2010 . 31 Joaquin Arambula Democratic Kingsburg 2016 2028 32 Rudy Salas Democratic Bakersfield 2012 2024 33 Jay Obernolte Republican Big Bear Lake 2014 2026 34 Vince Fong Republican Bakersfield 2016 2028 35 Jordan Cunningham Republican Templeton 2016 2028 36 Tom Lackey Republican Palmdale 2014 2026 37 Monique Limón Democratic Santa Barbara 2016 2028 38 Dante Acosta Republican Santa Clarita 2016 2028 39 Vacant 40 Marc Steinorth Republican Rancho Cucamonga 2014 2026 41 Chris Holden Democratic Pasadena 2012 2024 42 Chad Mayes Republican Yucca Valley 2014 2026 43 Laura Friedman Democratic Glendale 2016 2028 44 Jacqui Irwin Democratic Thousand Oaks 2014 2026 45 Vacant 46 Adrin Nazarian Democratic Sherman Oaks 2012 2024 47 Eloise Reyes Democratic Grand Terrace 2016 2028 48 Blanca Rubio Democratic Baldwin Park 2016 2028 49 Ed Chau Democratic Monterey Park 2012 2024 50 Richard Bloom Democratic Santa Monica 2012 2024 51 Wendy Carrillo Democratic Boyle Heights 2017 2030 52 Freddie Rodriguez Democratic Pomona 2013 2024 53 Miguel Santiago Democratic Los Angeles 2014 2026 54 Sydney Kamlager Democratic Los Angeles 2018 2030 55 Phillip Chen Republican Diamond Bar 2016 2028 56 Eduardo Garcia Democratic Coachella 2014 2026 57 Ian Calderon Democratic Whittier 2012 2024 58 Cristina Garcia Democratic Bell Gardens 2012 2024 59 Reggie Jones - Sawyer Democratic Los Angeles 2012 2024 60 Sabrina Cervantes Democratic Riverside 2016 2028 61 Jose Medina Democratic Riverside 2012 2024 62 Autumn Burke Democratic Marina del Rey 2014 2026 63 Anthony Rendon Democratic Lakewood 2012 2024 Speaker 64 Mike Gipson Democratic Carson 2014 2026 65 Sharon Quirk - Silva Democratic Fullerton 2016 2026 Previously served from 2012 to 2014 . 66 Al Muratsuchi Democratic Rolling Hills Estates 2016 2026 Previously served from 2012 to 2014 . 67 Melissa Melendez Republican Lake Elsinore 2012 2024 68 Steven Choi Republican Irvine 2016 2028 69 Tom Daly Democratic Anaheim 2012 2024 70 Patrick O'Donnell Democratic Long Beach 2014 2026 71 Randy Voepel Republican Santee 2016 2028 72 Travis Allen Republican Huntington Beach 2012 2024 73 Bill Brough Republican Dana Point 2014 2026 74 Matthew Harper Republican Huntington Beach 2014 2026 75 Marie Waldron Republican Escondido 2012 2024 76 Rocky Chávez Republican Oceanside 2012 2024 77 Brian Maienschein Republican San Diego 2012 2024 78 Todd Gloria Democratic San Diego 2016 2028 79 Shirley Weber Democratic San Diego 2012 2024 80 Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher Democratic San Diego 2013 2024 elected in a special election Seating chart ( edit ) Speaker Rendon Patterson Fong Gallagher Maienschein Baker Dahle Calderon Gipson Rubio Holden Bonta Chu Mayes Choi Lackey Cunningham Brough Waldron Ting Gray Limón Chiu Harper Mathis Steinorth Kiley Chen Melendez Grayson Daly Caballero Vacant Bloom Burke Flora Obernolte Nazarian McCarty Wood Cooley Low Chau Kalra Cooper Allen Vacant Santiago Quirk E. Garcia Rodriguez Carrillo Gloria Muratsuchi O'Donnell Weber Quirk - Silva Bigelow Acosta C. Garcia Reyes Gonzalez F . Medina Berman Levine Frazier Jones - Sawyer Aguiar - Curry Eggman Voepel Chávez Cervantes Irwin Thurmond Friedman Salas Rendon Mullin Arambula Stone Kamlager Past composition of the Assembly ( edit ) Main article : Political party strength in California Committees ( edit ) Current committees include : Standing ( edit ) Assembly Committee on Accountability and Administrative review Assembly Committee on Aging And Long - Term Care Assembly Committee on Agriculture Assembly Committee on Appropriations Assembly Committee on Arts , Entertainment , Sports , Tourism , and Internet Media Assembly Committee on Banking and Finance Assembly Committee on Budget Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 1 on Health and Human Services Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 2 on Education Finance Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 3 on Resources and Transportation Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 4 on State Administration Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 5 on Public Safety Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 6 on Budget Process Oversight and Program Evaluation Assembly Committee on Business , Professions and Consumer Protection Assembly Committee on Communications and Conveyance Assembly Committee on Education Assembly Committee on Elections and Redistricting Assembly Committee on Environmental Safety and Toxic Materials Assembly Committee on Governmental Organization Assembly Committee on Health Assembly Committee on Higher Education Assembly Committee on Housing and Community Development Assembly Committee on Human Services Assembly Committee on Insurance Assembly Committee on Jobs , Economic Development , and the Economy Assembly Committee on Judiciary Assembly Committee on Labor and Employment Assembly Committee on Local Government Assembly Committee on Natural Resources Assembly Committee on Privacy and Consumer Protection Assembly Committee on Public Employees , Retirement and Social Security Assembly Committee on Public Safety Assembly Committee on Revenue and Taxation Assembly Committee on Rules Assembly Committee on Transportation Assembly Committee on Utilities and Commerce Assembly Committee on Veterans Affairs Assembly Committee on Water , Parks and Wildlife Joint ( edit ) Joint Committee on Arts Joint Committee on Fairs , Allocation and Classification Joint Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture Joint Committee on Legislative Audit Joint Committee on Rules Joint Legislative Budget Joint Legislative Committee on Emergency Management Joint Legislative Committee on Climate Change Policies Recent sessions ( edit ) California State Legislature , 1997 -- 98 session California State Legislature , 1999 -- 2000 session California State Legislature , 2001 -- 02 session California State Legislature , 2003 -- 04 session California State Legislature , 2005 -- 06 session California State Legislature , 2007 -- 08 session California State Legislature , 2009 -- 10 session California State Legislature , 2011 -- 12 session California State Legislature , 2013 -- 14 session California State Legislature , 2015 -- 16 session California State Legislature , 2017 -- 18 session See also ( edit ) California portal Bill ( proposed law ) California State Assembly districts California State Assembly election , 2012 California State Assembly election , 2014 California State Assembly election , 2016 California State Capitol California State Capitol Museum California State Legislature California State Senate Districts in California List of Speakers of the California State Assembly Members of the California State Legislature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 4 . Legislative '' . California Constitution . California Legislative Counsel . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Officers of the California State Assembly Assembly Internet '' . assembly.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Law section '' . leginfo.legislature.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Gomez ( D -- 51st ) resigned to assume a seat in the United States House of Representatives . Jump up ^ Raul Bocanegra ( D -- 39th ) resigned in the wake of sexual harassment allegations . Jump up ^ Democrat Wendy Carrillo elected to replace Jimmy Gomez . Jump up ^ Sebastian Ridley - Thomas ( D -- 54th ) resigned due to health issues . Jump up ^ Matt Dababneh ( D -- 45th ) resigned in the wake of sexual harassment allegations . Jump up ^ Sydney Kamlager ( D -- 54th ) elected to replace Sebastian Ridley - Thomas . Jump up ^ `` California Assembly Committees '' . Open States . Sunlight Foundation . 2014 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the California State Assembly Democratic Caucus Republican Caucus Sergeant - at - Arms Map of the state assembly districts California legislative district maps from 1849 to the present California State Assembly at Ballotpedia Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands List of current U.S. state legislators Members of the California State Assembly Speaker of the Assembly : Anthony Rendon ( D ) Speaker Pro Tempore : Kevin Mullin ( D ) Majority Leader : Ian Calderon ( D ) Minority Leader : Brian Dahle ( R ) Brian Dahle ( R ) Jim Wood ( D ) James Gallagher ( R ) Cecilia Aguiar - Curry ( D ) Frank Bigelow ( R ) Kevin Kiley ( R ) Kevin McCarty ( D ) Ken Cooley ( D ) Jim Cooper ( D ) Marc Levine ( D ) Jim Frazier ( D ) Heath Flora ( R ) Susan Eggman ( D ) Tim Grayson ( D ) Tony Thurmond ( D ) Catharine Baker ( R ) David Chiu ( D ) Rob Bonta ( D ) Phil Ting ( D ) Bill Quirk ( D ) Adam Gray ( D ) Kevin Mullin ( D ) Jim Patterson ( R ) Marc Berman ( D ) Kansen Chu ( D ) Devon Mathis ( R ) Ash Kalra ( D ) Evan Low ( D ) Mark Stone ( D ) Anna Caballero ( D ) Joaquin Arambula ( D ) Rudy Salas ( D ) Jay Obernolte ( R ) Vince Fong ( R ) Jordan Cunningham ( R ) Tom Lackey ( R ) Monique Limón ( D ) Dante Acosta ( R ) ( vacant ) Marc Steinorth ( R ) Chris Holden ( D ) Chad Mayes ( R ) Laura Friedman ( D ) Jacqui Irwin ( D ) ( vacant ) Adrin Nazarian ( D ) Eloise Reyes ( D ) Blanca Rubio ( D ) Ed Chau ( D ) Richard Bloom ( D ) Wendy Carrillo ( D ) Freddie Rodriguez ( D ) Miguel Santiago ( D ) Sydney Kamlager ( D ) Phillip Chen ( R ) Eduardo Garcia ( D ) Ian Calderon ( D ) Cristina Garcia ( D ) Reggie Jones - Sawyer ( D ) Sabrina Cervantes ( D ) Jose Medina ( D ) Autumn Burke ( D ) Anthony Rendon ( D ) Mike Gipson ( D ) Sharon Quirk - Silva ( D ) Al Muratsuchi ( D ) Melissa Melendez ( R ) Steven Choi ( R ) Tom Daly ( D ) Patrick O'Donnell ( D ) Randy Voepel ( R ) Travis Allen ( R ) Bill Brough ( R ) Matthew Harper ( R ) Marie Waldron ( R ) Rocky Chávez ( R ) Brian Maienschein ( R ) Todd Gloria ( D ) Shirley Weber ( D ) Lorena Gonzalez Fletcher ( D ) Democratic ( 54 ) Republican ( 25 ) California State Legislature California State Assembly California State Senate GND : 254566 - 4 ISNI : 0000 0001 2172 7549 LCCN : n78085471 SUDOC : 079373771 VIAF : 142509090 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_State_Assembly&oldid=843116456 '' Categories : California State Legislature State lower houses in the United States Hidden categories : Infobox legislature with background color Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the salary of a california assemblyman	[ "\n\nCalifornia State Assembly\n\n\nCalifornia State Legislature\n\n\n\n\n\nType\n\n\nType\n\nLower house of the California State Legislature\n\n\n\n\nTerm limits\n\nElected before 2012:\n3 terms (6 years)\nElected 2012 and after:\n6 terms (12 years)\n\n\nHistory\n\n\n\nNew session started\n\nDecember 5, 2016\n\n\nLeadership\n\n\n\nSpeaker\n\n\nAnthony Rendon (D)\nSince March 7, 2016\n\n\n\n\nSpeaker pro Tempore\n\n\nKevin Mullin (D)\nSince December 1, 2014\n\n\n\n\nMajority Leader\n\n\nIan Calderon (D)\nSince March 10, 2016\n\n\n\n\nMinority Leader\n\n\nBrian Dahle (R)\nSince September 16, 2017\n\n\n\nStructure\n\n\nSeats\n80\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPolitical groups\n\n\nMajority\n Democratic (53)\nMinority\n Republican (25)\n Vacant (2)\n\n\n\n\nLength of term\n\n2 years\n\n\nAuthority\nArticle 4, California Constitution\n\n\nSalary\n$104,118/year + per diem\n\n\nElections\n\n\n\nLast election\n\nNovember 8, 2016\n\n\n\nNext election\n\nNovember 6, 2018\n\n\nRedistricting\nCalifornia Citizens Redistricting Commission\n\n\nMotto\n\n\nLegislatorum est justas leges condere\n(\"It is the duty of legislators to pass just laws.\")\n\n\nMeeting place\n\n\n\n\n\nState Assembly Chamber\nCalifornia State Capitol\nSacramento, California\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nCalifornia State Assembly\n\n" ]	[ "$104,118/year + per diem" ]
1114313831758157225	Hey, Soul Sister	Hey , Soul Sister - wikipedia Hey , Soul Sister Jump to : navigation , search `` Hey , Soul Sister '' Single by Train from the album Save Me , San Francisco Released August 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 11 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2009 London , England ( Kensaltown Recording Studios ) Los Angeles , United States ( Sound City Studios ) New York City , United States ( Quad Studios ) Genre Pop rock folk rock Length 3 : 37 Label Columbia Sony Songwriter ( s ) Patrick Monahan Espen Lind Amund Bjørklund Producer ( s ) Espionage Martin Terefe Gregg Wattenberg Train singles chronology `` Am I Reaching You Now '' ( 2006 ) `` Hey , Soul Sister '' ( 2009 ) `` If It 's Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Am I Reaching You Now '' ( 2006 ) `` Hey , Soul Sister '' ( 2009 ) `` If It 's Love '' ( 2010 ) Music video `` Hey Soul Sister '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Hey , Soul Sister '' is a song by the US rock band Train . It was written by lead singer Patrick Monahan , Amund Bjørklund , and Espen Lind . It was released as the lead single from the band 's fifth studio album , Save Me , San Francisco ( 2009 ) . The song reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and is Train 's highest - charting song to date . As of September 21 , 2012 , it had sold over 6 million digital copies in the US . It was the top - selling song on the iTunes Store in 2010 , and the second overall best - selling song in the US in 2010 . It is also the band 's most commercially successful single to date , reaching number one in 16 countries . The single received a 6x platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on September 21 , 2012 , signifying sales of over 6 million copies . The live iTunes version of `` Hey , Soul Sister '' garnered a Grammy Award for Train at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards . The song was not eligible for any Grammy Award in the General Field . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Appearances in other media 5 Chart performance 6 Track listing 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) At first , I tried to do it by using a guitar pick , and it did n't sound right . I had to go online and Google a ukulele lesson and noticed they 're not using picks at all ; it 's more of a flamenco style . Once I got that down , then it sounded like the real deal . `` -- Lead guitarist Jimmy Stafford , on having to learn to play ukulele as requested by lead singer Patrick Monahan in the recording of `` Hey , Soul Sister '' After collaborating with the Norwegian production duo Espionage ( Espen Lind and Amund Bjørklund ) in the writing and recording of the track `` Brick by Brick '' , Train 's lead singer Pat Monahan decided to record another track with the duo . `` I said , ' I want to write an INXS - y song . So , they started playing kind of an INXS - y song , and I wrote the song ' Hey , Soul Sister ' to it and the melodies and started to sing it . And I said , ' Man , this just does n't sound great to me . ' '' -- Pat Monahan , on wanting to write an INXS - y song . `` One of the guys , Espen , who 's like a huge star in Norway , picked up a ukulele , and said , ' Hey , how about this ? ' I said , ' Are you ( kidding ) me ? ' And it made the difference . It made my words dance . It made sense . These words were meant to dance with ukulele and not guitar . '' -- Pat Monahan Composition ( edit ) There 's super catchy riffs and melodies in it , which I think are way more important that any production trick or great - sounding vocal production . It 's kind of us going backward so we can go forward . '' -- Pat Monahan , on the band 's return to its folk rock roots `` Hey , Soul Sister '' is a mid-tempo pop song . Written in the key of E major , the beat is set in common time and moves at 97 bpm . The song is characterized by a signature pattern played on a ukulele , that follows a basic E -- B -- C # m -- A progression in the verse , tag and bridge , switching to an A -- B -- E -- B progression in the chorus . The song 's chord structure is arranged in an ABABABA form . It rhymes `` sister '' with `` Mr. Mister . '' Lyrically , Stafford admitted the inspiration for the song came about while Monahan was imagining what Burning Man must be like , and started penning lyrics inspired by the imagery he saw : `` The story lyrically , I 've heard Pat talk about this in interviews . He 's always heard of Burning Man . Somewhere in Reno Nevada 's desert , they do it every year . It 's this whole city in the desert that gets built for a festival that happens every year . They build a huge man out of wood and at the end of the festival they burn it . Pat had never been to Burning Man , but he had an image in his head of what it must be like . All these beautiful women dancing around the fire . That was the imagery he conjured up when he was writing the lyrics to , `` Hey , Soul Sister . '' It 's a pretty big deal . Thousands and thousands of people go to it every year . People run around naked and I guess it 's a total crazy deal . '' Monahan has since confirmed this in several radio interviews . Music video ( edit ) The video was filmed in front of Chango Coffee at the corner of Morton Ave and Echo Park Ave in Echo Park , Los Angeles , California , The video intercuts images of Train singing with a woman walking around her apartment and a man ( actor Andrew Craghan ) painting the words to the song on the landscape . Eventually the two meet each other in the street in front of the band . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) Train performed the song on the show Red Eye w / Greg Gutfeld on Fox News which aired during the early morning broadcast on April 20 , 2010 . They have also performed the song on numerous talk shows , including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Live with Regis and Kelly , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Lopez Tonight , and The Howard Stern Show . They also performed the song before the 2010 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby on ESPN . Samsung Electronics in North America used the song in advertising some of its products , including its 3D TVs and silent washers . Train performed the song at Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2011 . It has also been played in several TV shows as CSI : NY in the episode `` Second Chances '' , Hellcats in its first episode and Medium , in chapter 6x03 `` Pain killer '' . It has also been played in the Canadian TV show Being Erica , in chapter 3x11 . `` Hey , Soul Sister '' can also be heard on `` Ko'olauloa '' , the sixth episode of Hawaii Five - 0 , where it was sung and played live by a little boy . The song was performed on ABC 's Dancing with the Stars on May 4 , 2010 and on America 's Got Talent on July 21 , 2010 . A cover of the song was also performed by `` Munch 's Make Believe Band , '' the animatronic show located at Chuck E. Cheese 's restaurants . The Dixie Chicks covered this song while on their 2010 tour with The Eagles . In Fox 's TV musical - comedy series Glee the song has been covered in the ninth episode of season two , `` Special Education '' ( aired November 30 , 2010 ) by actor Darren Criss ( as his character Blaine Anderson ) singing the solo in a performance with the fictional show choir Dalton Academy Warblers ( voiced by all - male a cappella group Beelzebubs ) . `` Hey , Soul Sister '' was also covered by 2010 X Factor Australia winner Altiyan Childs for his self - titled debut album . The song was also performed by Street Corner Symphony on the second season of the television show The Sing - Off during episode 2 - `` Songs From The Past 5 Years '' . The dance troupe from Strictly Come Dancing performed a quickstep to the song in 2010 . In the 2011 movie Friends with Benefits the song was featured twice ; once as part of a love film joke , and the other at the end of the film itself . In 2012 , Train performed `` Hey , Soul Sister '' and `` Drive By '' in the 18th episode of season four of the American teen drama TV series 90210 at a fictional musical festival . Movistar ( the mobile phone operator owned by the Spanish Telefónica ) uses the song for their ad campaigns on TV and radio . They use the original version as well as a cover version . Tombola Bingo use the instrumental for the song in their TV adverts . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Hey , Soul Sister '' debuted at # 98 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ended October 17 , 2009 , becoming their first charting single in five years . On the week of January 30 , 2010 , in its 16th week on the Hot 100 chart , `` Hey , Soul Sister '' leaped to # 7 from # 23 on an 81 % digital single sales increase from the previous week , thus becoming Train 's second career Top Ten hit on the chart . It reached # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the week of April 10 , 2010 , and it is their highest on the chart to date , even surpassing their 2001 hit , Drops of Jupiter , which peaked at # 5 . The song climbed to # 1 on the Hot Digital Songs chart for the week of April 10 , 2010 , and stayed in the top spot for three weeks . As of the January 20 , 2011 issue of Billboard , `` Hey , Soul Sister '' had spent 22 weeks at number one on the Adult Contemporary chart . The single sold 687,000 copies in 2009 which made it that year 's # 131 song . It went on to sell 3,319,000 more units in the first half of 2010 and 42 weeks after its release still stood at number 16 on the Hot 100 chart . By the end of December 2010 , it had sold 4,310,000 digital copies , becoming the second biggest selling digital song of that year . By the end of January 2011 , it had sold over 5 million digital copies . As of January 2014 , the song had sold 6,417,000 digital units in the United States , one of the biggest - selling digital singles by a rock band since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking download sales in 2003 . BNA Records , a country music label owned by Sony Music , released the song to the country music format in June 2010 . It debuted at # 60 on the Hot Country Songs charts for the week ended July 10 , 2010 . In addition to revitalizing Train 's career in their native country , `` Hey , Soul Sister '' has also become a big international hit ; it was # 1 on the official Dutch and Australian singles charts for 7 weeks and 4 weeks , respectively , and also became their first Irish number one single . The single charted at # 2 in New Zealand ( their highest in the country to date ) , and reached # 3 on both the Canadian and Belgian singles charts . On April 24 , 2010 , `` Hey , Soul Sister '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart at # 64 , marking the band 's first appearance on the chart since `` She 's On Fire '' reached a peak of # 49 in 2001 . On May 2 , 2010 , the single climbed into the UK Top 40 at # 36 and has since reached a peak of # 18 . It has been in the official charts for 79 weeks . In Canada the song became the sixth - best - selling of 2010 with 244,000 copies . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Hey , Soul Sister '' -- 3 : 36 Digital download -- remixes `` Hey , Soul Sister '' ( Karmatronic Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 40 `` Hey , Soul Sister '' ( Karmatronic Club Mix ) -- 6 : 45 `` Hey , Soul Sister '' ( Karmatronic Instrumental ) -- 6 : 45 `` Hey , Soul Sister '' ( Karmatronic Performance ) - 3 : 23 Hey , Soul Sister ( Psyrex Remix ) - 3 : 42 Digital download -- country version `` Hey , Soul Sister '' ( Country Mix ) -- 3 : 35 CD single `` Hey , Soul Sister '' -- 3 : 36 `` The Finish Line '' ( Patrick Monahan , Sacha Skarbek ) -- 3 : 46 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Kensaltown Recording Studios , London , England , Quad Studios , New York City and at Sound City Studios , Los Angeles , California , United States Mixed at Indian River Studios , Merritt Island , Florida , United States Mastered at Sterling Sound , New York City , New York , United States Personnel Patrick Monahan -- songwriter , vocals Espen Lind -- songwriter , producer , recording , ukulele , keyboards Amund Bjørklund -- songwriter , producer , recording Martin Terefe -- producer , bass Gregg Wattenberg -- additional producer Dyre Gormsen -- recording Bryan Cook -- recording Ross Petersen -- recording Iain Hill -- assistant engineer Francis Murray -- assistant engineer Claes Bjørklund -- keyboards Jerry Becker -- hammond organ Scott Underwood -- drums Jimmy Stafford -- guitar Mark Endert -- mixer Doug Johnson -- assistant mixer Ted Jensen -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 -- 12 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 5 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) Canadian Hot 100 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Danish Singles Chart 8 Dutch Top 40 European Hot 100 French Digital Singles Chart 10 Finnish Singles Chart 15 German Singles Chart 7 Hungarian Airplay Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart Norwegian Singles Chart 11 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 114 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Spanish Airplay Chart 6 Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 18 UK Official Streaming Chart Top 100 94 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 52 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 33 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Canadian Hot 100 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 27 European Hot 100 Singles 30 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 53 German Airplay Chart 5 Hungarian Airplay Chart Italian Singles Chart 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) UK Singles Chart 84 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 12 US Billboard Adult Pop Songs US Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart ( 2011 ) Position Hungarian Airplay Chart 89 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 690,516 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States August 11 , 2009 Digital download Columbia Sony January 26 , 2010 Airplay July 12 , 2010 Digital download -- country version References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hey Soul Sister just went 6x Platinum in the U.S. ! ! We ca n't thank you guys enough for all that 's happened to us since we released that song '' . Twitter . Train on Twitter . Jump up ^ `` '' Hey , Soul Sister '' Is Top iTunes Song of 2010 `` . CBS News . December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ What Santa Brought by Paul Grein in Chart Watch Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Searchable Database : Hey , Soul Sister '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Train adds ukulele to make ' Hey , Soul Sister ' a chart topper '' by Dave Richards , posted November 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Train Song Debut : `` Hey Soul Sister '' `` . Billboard . Jump up ^ Hey , Soul Sister sheet music Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Train . '' by Annie Reuter , posted October 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Train Visits The Buzz Studios ! '' by Sheryl Stewart , posted December 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Train frontman tells story behind ' Hey , Soul Sister ' '' , posted August 23 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` ' Hey , Soul Sister ' - Video - FoxNews.com '' . Video.foxnews.com. 2010 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Train Rolls Into # 1 on iTunes with Hit Song ' Hey , Soul Sister ' Jump up ^ Watch Train perform ' Hey , Soul Sister ' on Ellen 's Music Page Jump up ^ `` Show - Howard Stern '' . Jump up ^ `` TV '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Eminem 's ' Recovery ' Is 2010 's Best - Selling Album ; Katy Perry 's ' California Gurls ' Top Digital Song '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Can You Believe `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Loses Spot as Best - Selling Rock Song ? `` . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 30 June 2010 ) . `` Chart Beat Wednesday : Train , Dirty Heads , Nicki Minaj '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard Canadian Hot 100 1 -- 10 Jump up ^ `` Belgium Singles Top 50 -- Music Chart '' . Acharts.us . acharts.us. April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles Top 75 -- Music Chart '' . Acharts.us . acharts.us. April 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Morning Coffee with David Farrell , April 5 '' . Fyimusic.ca. 2011 - 04 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Hey , Soul Sister : Train : MP3 Downloads '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Hey , Soul Sister ( Country Mix ) : Train : MP3 Downloads '' . amazon.com . Jump up ^ Hey , Soul Sister ( liner notes ) . Train . Columbia Records , Sony Music . 2010 . 88697 69209 2 . ^ Jump up to : Save Me , San Francisco ( CD booklet ) . Train . Columbia Records , Sony Music . 2009 . 88697077362 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . australian - charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austria Singles Top 75 -- Music Chart '' . Acharts.us . acharts.us. April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . ultratop.be . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201019 into search . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . danishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , Soul Sister -- Train '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Download Single Top 50 -- 15 / 05 / 2010 '' . Lescharts.com ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Suomen virallinen lista : Train - Hey , Soul Sister '' . IFPI ( in Finnish ) . IFPI . Jump up ^ `` Germany Music Charts -- Top Singles '' . Allcharts.org . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ -- Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége '' . Mahasz.hu . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Recorded Music Association -- Top 50 Singles '' . IRMA . Irish Recorded Music Association . April 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . italiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chart # 1712 -- Monday 15 March 2010 ( top 40 singles ) '' . RIANZ : The Official NZ Music Chart . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . norwegiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201019 into search . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : February 12 , 2012 to February 18 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . January 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- ( ( ( artist ) ) ) -- ( ( ( song ) ) ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Promusicae ( Week : January 1 , 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Train . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Alternative Songs for Train . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Train . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Train . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Train . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Rock Songs for Train . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Train -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Train . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Track 2010 Top - 50 '' . Tracklisten ( in Danish ) . Nielsen Music Control . 2010 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` European Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com. 2010 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ German Airplay Chart Archived 2011 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2010 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Ricerche e dati di mercato '' . Fimi.it . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` HITLISTWEB - Official charts '' . 212.182. 166.241 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end Hot 100 ( 2010 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end Pop Songs ( 2010 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end Adult Pop Songs ( 2010 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end Adult Contemporary Songs ( 2010 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2011 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end Adult Contemporary Songs ( 2011 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2010 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Train -- Hey Soul Sister '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i August '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Train ; ' Hey , Soul Sister ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Train '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones - Semana 29 : del 15.07. 2013 al 21.07. 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Train - Hey , Soul Sister '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Train ; ' Hey , Soul Sister ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Train -- Hey Soul Sister '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Hey Soul Sister in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : La La Land hits top of the albums chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Train -- Hey , Soul Sister '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ' Hey Soul Sister ' Now Premiering on Billboard.com '' . Facebook . 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . External links ( edit ) Performance on CSI : NY Glee version of the song Official Music Video Train Pat Monahan Jimmy Stafford Drew Shoals Jerry Becker Hector Maldonado Sakai Smith Nikita Houston Scott Underwood Rob Hotchkiss Charlie Colin Brandon Bush Johnny Colt Ana Lenchantin Brian Switzer Albums Train Drops of Jupiter My Private Nation For Me , It 's You Save Me , San Francisco California 37 Bulletproof Picasso Christmas in Tahoe Train Does Led Zeppelin II A Girl , a Bottle , a Boat EPs One and a Half Get to Me EP Live albums Alive at Last Video releases Midnight Moon Concert Tours Mermaids of Alcatraz Tour Picasso at the Wheel Tour Play That Song Tour Related articles Discography Band members List of awards and nominations Last of Seven `` The Truth '' Train singles Discography Train `` Free '' `` Meet Virginia '' `` I Am '' Drops of Jupiter `` Drops of Jupiter ( Tell Me ) '' `` Something More '' `` She 's on Fire '' My Private Nation `` Calling All Angels '' `` When I Look to the Sky '' `` Get to Me '' For Me , It 's You `` Cab '' `` Give Myself to You '' `` Am I Reaching You Now '' Save Me , San Francisco `` Hey , Soul Sister '' `` If It 's Love '' `` Marry Me '' `` Shake Up Christmas '' `` Save Me , San Francisco '' California 37 `` Drive By '' `` 50 Ways to Say Goodbye '' `` Bruises '' `` Mermaid '' `` Imagine '' Bulletproof Picasso `` Angel in Blue Jeans '' `` Cadillac , Cadillac '' `` Bulletproof Picasso '' `` Give It All '' A Girl , a Bottle , a Boat `` Play That Song '' `` Drink Up '' Other singles `` Ramble On '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey,_Soul_Sister&oldid=798214984 '' Categories : 2000s ballads 2009 singles 2009 songs APRA Award winners Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Folk ballads Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Pop ballads Rock ballads Song recordings produced by Espionage ( production team ) Songs written by Amund Bjorklund Songs written by Espen Lind Songs written by Patrick Monahan Train ( band ) songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with attributed pull quotes Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 16 : 32 . About Wikipedia	when did soul sister by train come out	[ "\n\n\"Hey, Soul Sister\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Train\n\n\nfrom the album Save Me, San Francisco\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 11, 2009 (2009-08-11)\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n\n\n\n2009\nLondon, England\n(Kensaltown Recording Studios)\nLos Angeles, United States\n(Sound City Studios)\nNew York City, United States\n(Quad Studios)\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPop rock\nfolk rock\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:37\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nColumbia\nSony\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nPatrick Monahan\nEspen Lind\nAmund Bjørklund\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nEspionage\nMartin Terefe\nGregg Wattenberg\n\n\n\n\n\nTrain singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Am I Reaching You Now\"\n(2006)\n\"Hey, Soul Sister\"\n(2009)\n\"If It's Love\"\n(2010)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Am I Reaching You Now\"\n(2006)\n\"Hey, Soul Sister\"\n(2009)\n\"If It's Love\"\n(2010)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Hey Soul Sister\" on YouTube\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "August 11, 2009" ]
1479674441553789133	Biodiversity hotspot	Biodiversity hotspot - wikipedia Biodiversity hotspot Jump to : navigation , search A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction . For example forests are considered as biodiversity hotspots . Norman Myers wrote about the concept in two articles in `` The Environmentalist '' ( 1988 ) , & 1990 revised after thorough analysis by Myers and others in `` Hotspots : Earth 's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions '' and a paper published in the journal Nature . To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot - map , a region must meet two strict criteria : it must contain at least 0.5 % or 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics , and it has to have lost at least 70 % of its primary vegetation . Around the world , 36 areas qualify under this definition . These sites support nearly 60 % of the world 's plant , bird , mammal , reptile , and amphibian species , with a very high share of those species as endemics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hotspot conservation initiatives 2 Distribution by region 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 6 Further reading Hotspot conservation initiatives ( edit ) Only a small percentage of the total land area within biodiversity hotspots is now protected . Several international organizations are working in many ways to conserve biodiversity hotspots . Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund ( CEPF ) is a global program that provides funding and technical assistance to nongovernmental organizations and participation to protect the Earth 's richest regions of plant and animal diversity including : biodiversity hotspots , high - biodiversity wilderness areas and important marine regions . The World Wide Fund for Nature has derived a system called the `` Global 200 Ecoregions '' , the aim of which is to select priority Ecoregions for conservation within each of 14 terrestrial , 3 freshwater , and 4 marine habitat types . They are chosen for their species richness , endemism , taxonomic uniqueness , unusual ecological or evolutionary phenomena , and global rarity . All biodiversity hotspots contain at least one Global 200 Ecoregion . Birdlife International has identified 218 `` Endemic Bird Areas '' ( EBAs ) each of which hold two or more bird species found nowhere else . Birdlife International has identified more than 11,000 Important Bird Areas all over the world . Plant life International coordinates several the world aiming to identify Important Plant Areas . Alliance for Zero Extinction is an initiative of a large number of scientific organizations and conservation groups who co-operate to focus on the most threatened endemic species of the world . They have identified 595 sites , including a large number of Birdlife ' s Important Bird Areas . The National Geographic Society has prepared a world map of the hotspots and ArcView shapefile and metadata for the Biodiversity Hotspots including details of the individual endangered fauna in each hotspot , which is available from Conservation International . By the influence of that the central government of india arrived a new authority named CAMPA ( compulsory afforestation fund management and planning authority ) to control the destruction of forests and biological spots in india Distribution by region ( edit ) Biodiversity hotspots . Original proposal in green , and added regions in blue . North and Central America California Floristic Province 8 Madrean pine - oak woodlands 26 Mesoamerica 2 North American Coastal Plain ( composed of Atlantic Coastal Plain and Gulf Coastal Plain ) 36 The Caribbean Caribbean Islands 3 South America Atlantic Forest 4 Cerrado 6 Chilean Winter Rainfall - Valdivian Forests 7 Tumbes - Chocó - Magdalena 5 Tropical Andes 1 Europe Mediterranean Basin 14 Africa Cape Floristic Region 12 Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa 10 Eastern Afromontane 28 Guinean Forests of West Africa 11 Horn of Africa 29 Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands 9 Maputaland - Pondoland - Albany 27 Succulent Karoo 13 Central Asia Mountains of Central Asia 31 South Asia Eastern Himalaya , Nepal , India 32 Indo - Burma , India and Myanmar 19 Western Ghats , India 21 Sri Lanka , Sri Lanka 21 South East Asia and Asia - Pacific East Melanesian Islands 34 New Caledonia 23 New Zealand 24 Philippines 18 Polynesia - Micronesia 25 Eastern Australian temperate forests 35 Southwest Australia 22 Sundaland and Nicobar islands of India 16 Wallacea 17 East Asia Japan 33 Mountains of Southwest China 20 West Asia Caucasus 15 Irano - Anatolian 30 Critiques of `` Hotspots '' The high profile of the biodiversity hotspots approach has resulted in some criticism . Papers such as Kareiva & Marvier ( 2003 ) have argued that the biodiversity hotspots : Do not adequately represent other forms of species richness ( e.g. total species richness or threatened species richness ) . Do not adequately represent taxa other than vascular plants ( e.g. vertebrates , or fungi ) . Do not protect smaller scale richness hotspots . Do not make allowances for changing land use patterns . Hotspots represent regions that have experienced considerable habitat loss , but this does not mean they are experiencing ongoing habitat loss . On the other hand , regions that are relatively intact ( e.g. the Amazon Basin ) have experienced relatively little land loss , but are currently losing habitat at tremendous rates . Do not protect ecosystem services . Do not consider phylogenetic diversity . A recent series of papers has pointed out that biodiversity hotspots ( and many other priority region sets ) do not address the concept of cost . The purpose of biodiversity hotspots is not simply to identify regions that are of high biodiversity value , but to prioritize conservation spending . The regions identified include some in the developed world ( e.g. the California Floristic Province ) , alongside others in the developing world ( e.g. Madagascar ) . The cost of land is likely to vary between these regions by an order of magnitude or more , but the biodiversity hotspot designations do not consider the conservation importance of this difference . However , the available resources for conservation also tend to vary in this way . See also ( edit ) Biodiversity Conservation biology Crisis Ecoregions Ecoregions Global 200 Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation High - Biodiversity Wilderness Areas Hope spot : biodiversity hotspots in the open sea Megadiverse countries Protected Areas Key Biodiversity Areas Wilderness References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Myers , N. The Environmentalist 8 187 - 208 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Myers , N. The Environmentalist 10 243 - 256 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Russell A. Mittermeier , Norman Myers and Cristina Goettsch Mittermeier , Hotspots : Earth 's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions , Conservation International , 2000 ISBN 978 - 968 - 6397 - 58 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Myers , Norman ; Mittermeier , Russell A. ; Mittermeier , Cristina G. ; da Fonseca , Gustavo A.B. ; Kent , Jennifer ( 2000 ) . `` Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 403 ( 6772 ) : 853 -- 858 . doi : 10.1038 / 35002501 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ `` CEPF.net - The Biodiversity Hotspots '' . www.cepf.net . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Conservation International '' ( PDF ) . The Biodiversity Hotspots. 2010 - 10 - 07 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation International '' . The Biodiversity Hotspots. 2010 - 10 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Resources '' . Biodiversityhotspots.org. 2010 - 10 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kareiva , P. and M. Marvier ( 2003 ) Conserving Biodiversity Coldspots , American Scientist , 91 , 344 - 351 . Jump up ^ Daru , Barnabas H. ; van der Bank , Michelle ; Davies , T. Jonathan ( 2014 ) . `` Spatial incongruence among hotspots and complementary areas of tree diversity in southern Africa '' . Diversity and Distributions . doi : 10.1111 / ddi. 12290 . Jump up ^ Possingham , H. and K. Wilson ( 2005 ) Turning up the heat on hotspots , Nature , 436 , 919 - 920 . External links ( edit ) A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance : Biodiversity Hotspots Conservation International 's Biodiversity Hotspots project African Wild Dog Conservancy 's Biodiversity Hotspots Project Biodiversity hotspots in India New biodiversity maps color - coded to show hotspots Further reading ( edit ) Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on Biodiversity Hotspots . Some articles are freely available . Spyros Sfenthourakis , Anastasios Legakis : Hotspots of endemic terrestrial invertebrates in Southern Greece . Kluwer Academic Publishers , 2001 Template : DEFAULT SORT : Biodiversity Hotspot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodiversity_hotspot&oldid=832030525 '' Categories : Biodiversity hotspots Biodiversity International environmental organizations Conservation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Português Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 12 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who gave the concept of hot spots of biodiversity	[ "Norman Myers wrote about the concept in two articles in “The Environmentalist” (1988),[1] & 1990[2] revised after thorough analysis by Myers and others in “Hotspots: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions”[3] and a paper published in the journal Nature.[4]" ]	[ "Norman Myers" ]
-326851775175110481	RNA splicing	RNA splicing - wikipedia RNA splicing Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In molecular biology , splicing is the editing of the nascent precursor messenger RNA ( pre-mRNA ) transcript into a mature messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . After splicing , introns are removed and exons are joined together ( ligated ) . For nuclear - encoded genes , splicing takes place within the nucleus either during or immediately after transcription . For those eukaryotic genes that contain introns , splicing is usually required in order to create an mRNA molecule that can be translated into protein . For many eukaryotic introns , splicing is carried out in a series of reactions which are catalyzed by the spliceosome , a complex of snRNPs . Self - splicing introns , or ribozymes capable of catalyzing their own excision from their parent RNA molecule , also exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Splicing pathways 1.1 Spliceosomal 1.1. 1 Introns 1.1. 2 Formation and activity 1.2 Self - splicing 1.3 tRNA splicing 2 Evolution 3 Biochemical mechanism 4 Alternative splicing 5 Splicing response to DNA damage 6 Experimental manipulation of splicing 7 Splicing errors and variation 8 Protein splicing 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Splicing pathways ( edit ) Several methods of RNA splicing occur in nature ; the type of splicing depends on the structure of the spliced intron and the catalysts required for splicing to occur . Spliceosomal ( edit ) Introns ( edit ) The word intron is derived from the term intervening sequence , that is , a segment of DNA that `` intervenes '' between two exons of a gene . The term intron refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding sequence in the unprocessed RNA transcript . As part of the RNA processing pathway , introns are removed by RNA splicing either shortly after or concurrent with transcription . Introns are found in the genes of most organisms and many viruses . They can be located in a wide range of genes , including those that generate proteins , ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) , and transfer RNA ( tRNA ) . Spliceosomal introns often reside within the sequence of eukaryotic protein - coding genes . Within the intron , a donor site ( 5 ' end of the intron ) , a branch site ( near the 3 ' end of the intron ) and an acceptor site ( 3 ' end of the intron ) are required for splicing . The splice donor site includes an almost invariant sequence GU at the 5 ' end of the intron , within a larger , less highly conserved region . The splice acceptor site at the 3 ' end of the intron terminates the intron with an almost invariant AG sequence . Upstream ( 5 ' - ward ) from the AG there is a region high in pyrimidines ( C and U ) , or polypyrimidine tract . Further upstream from the polypyrimidine tract is the branchpoint , which includes an adenine nucleotide involved in lariat formation . The consensus sequence for an intron ( in IUPAC nucleic acid notation ) is : G-G - ( cut ) - G-U-R-A-G-U ( donor site ) ... intron sequence ... Y-U-R-A-C ( branch sequence 20 - 50 nucleotides upstream of acceptor site ) ... Y - rich - N-C-A-G - ( cut ) - G ( acceptor site ) . However , it is noted that the specific sequence of intronic splicing elements and the number of nucleotides between the branchpoint and the nearest 3 ' acceptor site affect splice site selection . Also , point mutations in the underlying DNA or errors during transcription can activate a cryptic splice site in part of the transcript that usually is not spliced . This results in a mature messenger RNA with a missing section of an exon . In this way , a point mutation , which might otherwise affect only a single amino acid , can manifest as a deletion or truncation in the final protein . Simple illustration of exons and introns in pre-mRNA Formation and activity ( edit ) Splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome , a large RNA - protein complex composed of five small nuclear ribonucleoproteins ( snRNPs , pronounced ' snurps ' ) . Assembly and activity of the spliceosome occurs during transcription of the pre-mRNA . The RNA components of snRNPs interact with the intron and are involved in catalysis . Two types of spliceosomes have been identified ( major and minor ) which contain different snRNPs . The major spliceosome splices introns containing GU at the 5 ' splice site and AG at the 3 ' splice site . It is composed of the U1 , U2 , U4 , U5 , and U6 snRNPs and is active in the nucleus . In addition , a number of proteins including U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1 ( U2AF35 ) , U2AF2 ( U2AF65 ) and SF1 are required for the assembly of the spliceosome . The spliceosome forms different complexes during the splicing process : Complex E The U1 snRNP binds to the GU sequence at the 5 ' splice site of an intron ; Splicing factor 1 binds to the intron branch point sequence ; U2AF1 binds at the 3 ' splice site of the intron ; U2AF2 binds to the polypyrimidine tract ; Complex A ( pre-spliceosome ) The U2 snRNP displaces SF1 and binds to the branch point sequence and ATP is hydrolyzed ; Complex B ( pre-catalytic spliceosome ) The U5 / U4 / U6 snRNP trimer binds , and the U5 snRNP binds exons at the 5 ' site , with U6 binding to U2 ; Complex B * The U1 snRNP is released , U5 shifts from exon to intron , and the U6 binds at the 5 ' splice site ; Complex C ( catalytic spliceosome ) U4 is released , U6 / U2 catalyzes transesterification , making the 5 ' - end of the intron ligate to the A on intron and form a lariat , U5 binds exon at 3 ' splice site , and the 5 ' site is cleaved , resulting in the formation of the lariat ; Complex C * ( post-spliceosomal complex ) U2 / U5 / U6 remain bound to the lariat , and the 3 ' site is cleaved and exons are ligated using ATP hydrolysis . The spliced RNA is released , the lariat is released and degraded , and the snRNPs are recycled . This type of splicing is termed canonical splicing or termed the lariat pathway , which accounts for more than 99 % of splicing . By contrast , when the intronic flanking sequences do not follow the GU - AG rule , noncanonical splicing is said to occur ( see `` minor spliceosome '' below ) . The minor spliceosome is very similar to the major spliceosome , but instead it splices out rare introns with different splice site sequences . While the minor and major spliceosomes contain the same U5 snRNP , the minor spliceosome has different but functionally analogous snRNPs for U1 , U2 , U4 , and U6 , which are respectively called U11 , U12 , U4atac , and U6atac . Unlike the major spliceosome , it is found outside the nucleus , but very close to the nuclear membrane . Trans - splicing is a form of splicing that joins two exons that are not within the same RNA transcript . Self - splicing ( edit ) Self - splicing occurs for rare introns that form a ribozyme , performing the functions of the spliceosome by RNA alone . There are three kinds of self - splicing introns , Group I , Group II and Group III . Group I and II introns perform splicing similar to the spliceosome without requiring any protein . This similarity suggests that Group I and II introns may be evolutionarily related to the spliceosome . Self - splicing may also be very ancient , and may have existed in an RNA world present before protein . Two transesterifications characterize the mechanism in which group I introns are spliced : 3'OH of a free guanine nucleoside ( or one located in the intron ) or a nucleotide cofactor ( GMP , GDP , GTP ) attacks phosphate at the 5 ' splice site . 3'OH of the 5 ' exon becomes a nucleophile and the second transesterification results in the joining of the two exons . The mechanism in which group II introns are spliced ( two transesterification reaction like group I introns ) is as follows : The 2'OH of a specific adenosine in the intron attacks the 5 ' splice site , thereby forming the lariat The 3'OH of the 5 ' exon triggers the second transesterification at the 3 ' splice site , thereby joining the exons together . TRNA splicing ( edit ) tRNA ( also tRNA - like ) splicing is another rare form of splicing that usually occurs in tRNA . The splicing reaction involves a different biochemistry than the spliceosomal and self - splicing pathways . In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a yeast tRNA splicing endonuclease heterotetramer , composed of TSEN54 , TSEN2 , TSEN34 , and TSEN15 , cleaves pre-tRNA at two sites in the acceptor loop to form a 5 ' - half tRNA , terminating at a 2 ' , 3 ' - cyclic phosphodiester group , and a 3 ' - half tRNA , terminating at a 5 ' - hydroxyl group , along with a discarded intron . Yeast tRNA kinase then phosphorylates the 5 ' - hydroxyl group using adenosine triphosphate . Yeast tRNA cyclic phosphodiesterase cleaves the cyclic phosphodiester group to form a 2 ' - phosphorylated 3 ' end . Yeast tRNA ligase adds an adenosine monophosphate group to the 5 ' end of the 3 ' - half and joins the two halves together . NAD - dependent 2 ' - phosphotransferase then removes the 2 ' - phosphate group . Evolution ( edit ) Splicing occurs in all the kingdoms or domains of life , however , the extent and types of splicing can be very different between the major divisions . Eukaryotes splice many protein - coding messenger RNAs and some non-coding RNAs . Prokaryotes , on the other hand , splice rarely and mostly non-coding RNAs . Another important difference between these two groups of organisms is that prokaryotes completely lack the spliceosomal pathway . Because spliceosomal introns are not conserved in all species , there is debate concerning when spliceosomal splicing evolved . Two models have been proposed : the intron late and intron early models ( see intron evolution ) . Splicing diversity Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Spliceosomal + − Self - splicing + + tRNA + + Biochemical mechanism ( edit ) Diagram illustrating the two - step biochemistry of splicing Spliceosomal splicing and self - splicing involve a two - step biochemical process . Both steps involve transesterification reactions that occur between RNA nucleotides . tRNA splicing , however , is an exception and does not occur by transesterification . Spliceosomal and self - splicing transesterification reactions occur via two sequential transesterification reactions . First , the 2'OH of a specific branchpoint nucleotide within the intron , defined during spliceosome assembly , performs a nucleophilic attack on the first nucleotide of the intron at the 5 ' splice site , forming the lariat intermediate . Second , the 3'OH of the released 5 ' exon then performs a nucleophilic attack at the first nucleotide following the last nucleotide of the intron at the 3 ' splice site , thus joining the exons and releasing the intron lariat . Alternative splicing ( edit ) Main article : Alternative splicing In many cases , the splicing process can create a range of unique proteins by varying the exon composition of the same mRNA . This phenomenon is then called alternative splicing . Alternative splicing can occur in many ways . Exons can be extended or skipped , or introns can be retained . It is estimated that 95 % of transcripts from multiexon genes undergo alternative splicing , some instances of which occur in a tissue - specific manner and / or under specific cellular conditions . Development of high throughput mRNA sequencing technology can help quantify the expression levels of alternatively spliced isoforms . Differential expression levels across tissues and cell lineages allowed computational approaches to be developed to predict the functions of these isoforms . Given this complexity , alternative splicing of pre-mRNA transcripts is regulated by a system of trans - acting proteins ( activators and repressors ) that bind to cis - acting sites or `` elements '' ( enhancers and silencers ) on the pre-mRNA transcript itself . These proteins and their respective binding elements promote or reduce the usage of a particular splice site . The binding specificity comes from the sequence and structure of the cis - elements , e.g. in HIV - 1 there are many donor and acceptor splice sites . Among the various splice sites , ssA7 , which is 3 ' acceptor site , folds into three stem loop structures , i.e. Intronic splicing silencer ( ISS ) , Exonic splicing enhancer ( ESE ) , and Exonic splicing silencer ( ESSE3 ) . Solution structure of Intronic splicing silencer and its interaction to host protein hnRNPA1 give insight into specific recognition . However , adding to the complexity of alternative splicing , it is noted that the effects of regulatory factors are many times position - dependent . For example , a splicing factor that serves as a splicing activator when bound to an intronic enhancer element may serve as a repressor when bound to its splicing element in the context of an exon , and vice versa . In addition to the position - dependent effects of enhancer and silencer elements , the location of the branchpoint ( i.e. , distance upstream of the nearest 3 ' acceptor site ) also affects splicing . The secondary structure of the pre-mRNA transcript also plays a role in regulating splicing , such as by bringing together splicing elements or by masking a sequence that would otherwise serve as a binding element for a splicing factor . Splicing Response to DNA damage ( edit ) DNA damage affects splicing factors by altering their post-translational modification , localization , expression and activity . Furthermore , DNA damage often disrupts splicing by interfering with its coupling to transcription . DNA damage also has an impact on the splicing and alternative splicing of genes intimately associated with DNA repair . For instance , DNA damages modulate the alternative splicing of the DNA repair genes Brca1 and Ercc1 . Experimental manipulation of splicing ( edit ) Splicing events can be experimentally altered by binding steric - blocking antisense oligos such as Morpholinos or Peptide nucleic acids to snRNP binding sites , to the branchpoint nucleotide that closes the lariat , or to splice - regulatory element binding sites . Splicing errors and variation ( edit ) It has been suggested that one third of all disease - causing mutations impact on splicing . Common errors include : Mutation of a splice site resulting in loss of function of that site . Results in exposure of a premature stop codon , loss of an exon , or inclusion of an intron . Mutation of a splice site reducing specificity . May result in variation in the splice location , causing insertion or deletion of amino acids , or most likely , a disruption of the reading frame . Displacement of a splice site , leading to inclusion or exclusion of more RNA than expected , resulting in longer or shorter exons . Although many splicing errors are safeguarded by a cellular quality control mechanism termed nonsense - mediated mRNA decay ( NMD ) , a number of splicing - related diseases also exist , as suggested above . Allelic differences in mRNA splicing are likely to be a common and important source of phenotypic diversity at the molecular level , in addition to their contribution to genetic disease susceptibility . Indeed , genome - wide studies in humans have identified a range of genes that are subject to allele - specific splicing . Protein splicing ( edit ) Main article : Protein splicing In addition to RNA , proteins can undergo splicing . Although the biomolecular mechanisms are different , the principle is the same : parts of the protein , called inteins instead of introns , are removed . The remaining parts , called exteins instead of exons , are fused together . Protein splicing has been observed in a wide range of organisms , including bacteria , archaea , plants , yeast and humans . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Splicing . cDNA post-transcriptional modification mRNA capping polyadenylation Exon Junction Complex SWAP protein domain , a splicing regulator References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tilgner , Hagen ; Knowles , David G. ; Johnson , Rory ; Davis , Carrie A. ; Chakrabortty , udipto ; Djebali , Sarah ; Curado , João ; Snyder , Michael ; Gingeras , Thomas R. ; Guigó , Roderic ( 2012 ) . `` Deep sequencing of subcellular RNA fractions shows splicing to be predominantly co-transcriptional in the human genome but inefficient for lncRNAs '' . Genome Research . 22 ( 9 ) : 1616 -- 25 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 134445.111 . PMC 3431479 . PMID 22955974 . Jump up ^ William Roy , Scott ; Gilbert , Walter ( 2006 ) . `` The evolution of spliceosomal introns : Patterns , puzzles and progress '' . 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PMC 3820534 . PMID 24244129 . Jump up ^ Li , HD ; Menon , R ; Omenn , GS ; Guan , Y ( Jun 17 , 2014 ) . `` The emerging era of genomic data integration for analyzing splice isoform function '' . Trends in genetics : TIG. 30 ( 8 ) : 340 -- 347 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2014.05. 005 . PMC 4112133 . PMID 24951248 . Jump up ^ Jain , Niyati ; Morgan , Christopher ; Rife , Brittney ; Salemi , Marco ; Tolbert , Blanton ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` Solution Structure of the HIV - 1 Intron Splicing Silencer and its Interactions with the UP1 Domain of hnRNP A1 '' . Journal of Biological Sciences . ^ Jump up to : Lim , Kian Huat ; Ferraris , Luciana ; Filloux , Madeleine E. ; Raphael , Benjamin J. ; Fairbrother , William G. ( 2011 ) . `` Using positional distribution to identify splicing elements and predict pre-mRNA processing defects in human genes '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 108 ( 27 ) : 11093 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1101135108 . PMC 3131313 . PMID 21685335 . Jump up ^ Warf , M. Bryan ; Berglund , J. Andrew ( 2010 ) . `` Role of RNA structure in regulating pre-mRNA splicing '' . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 35 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2009.10. 004 . PMC 2834840 . PMID 19959365 . Jump up ^ Reid , D.C. ; Chang , B.L. ; Gunderson , S.I. ; Alpert , L. ; Thompson , W.A. ; Fairbrother , W.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Next - generation SELEX identifies sequence and structural determinants of splicing factor binding in human pre-mRNA sequence '' . RNA . 15 ( 12 ) : 2385 -- 97 . doi : 10.1261 / rna. 1821809 . PMC 2779669 . PMID 19861426 . ^ Jump up to : Shkreta L , Chabot B ( 2015 ) . `` The RNA Splicing Response to DNA Damage '' . Biomolecules. 5 ( 4 ) : 2935 -- 77 . doi : 10.3390 / biom5042935 . PMC 4693264 . PMID 26529031 . Jump up ^ Draper , Bruce W. ; Morcos , Paul A. ; Kimmel , Charles B. ( 2001 ) . `` Inhibition of zebrafishfgf8 pre-mRNA splicing with morpholino oligos : A quantifiable method for gene knockdown '' . Genesis. 30 ( 3 ) : 154 -- 6 . doi : 10.1002 / gene. 1053 . PMID 11477696 . Jump up ^ Sazani , Peter ; Kang , Shin - Hong ; Maier , Martin A. ; Wei , Changfu ; Dillman , Jennifer ; Summerton , James ; Manoharan , Muthiah ; Kole , Ryszard ( 2001 ) . `` Nuclear antisense effects of neutral , anionic and cationic oligonucleotide analogs '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 29 ( 19 ) : 3965 -- 74 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 29.19. 3965 . PMC 60237 . PMID 11574678 . Jump up ^ Morcos , Paul A. ( 2007 ) . `` Achieving targeted and quantifiable alteration of mRNA splicing with Morpholino oligos '' . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 358 ( 2 ) : 521 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbrc. 2007.04. 172 . PMID 17493584 . Jump up ^ Bruno , I.G. ; Jin , W ; Cote , GJ ( 2004 ) . `` Correction of aberrant FGFR1 alternative RNA splicing through targeting of intronic regulatory elements '' . Human Molecular Genetics . 13 ( 20 ) : 2409 -- 20 . doi : 10.1093 / hmg / ddh272 . PMID 15333583 . Jump up ^ Danckwardt , S. ; Neu - Yilik , G ; Thermann , R ; Frede , U ; Hentze , MW ; Kulozik , AE ( 2002 ) . `` Abnormally spliced beta - globin mRNAs : A single point mutation generates transcripts sensitive and insensitive to nonsense - mediated mRNA decay '' . Blood . 99 ( 5 ) : 1811 -- 6 . doi : 10.1182 / blood. V99. 5.1811 . PMID 11861299 . Jump up ^ Ward , Amanda J ; Cooper , Thomas A ( 2009 ) . `` The pathobiology of splicing '' . The Journal of Pathology. 220 ( 2 ) : 152 -- 63 . doi : 10.1002 / path. 2649 . PMC 2855871 . PMID 19918805 . Jump up ^ Hanada , Ken - Ichi ; Yang , James C. ( 2005 ) . `` Novel biochemistry : Post-translational protein splicing and other lessons from the school of antigen processing '' . Journal of Molecular Medicine . 83 ( 6 ) : 420 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s00109 - 005 - 0652 - 6 . PMID 15759099 . External links ( edit ) Virtual Cell Animation Collection : mRNA Splicing RNA Splicing at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Post-transcriptional modification Nuclear Precursor mRNA 5 ′ cap formation Polyadenylation CPSF CstF PAP PAB2 CFI CFII Poly ( A ) - binding protein RNA editing Polyuridylation RNA splicing Intron / Exon snRNP Spliceosome minor U1 Alternative splicing pre-mRNA factors PLRG1 PRPF3 PRPF4 PRPF4B PRPF6 PRPF8 PRPF18 PRPF19 PRPF31 PRPF38A PRPF38B PRPF39 PRPF40A PRPF40B Cytosolic 5 ′ cap methylation mRNA decapping DCP1A DCP1B DCP2 DCPS EDC3 EDC4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RNA_splicing&oldid=824469778 '' Categories : Gene expression Spliceosome RNA splicing Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that are too technical from December 2016 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from December 2016 All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does pre mrna splicing occur in eukaryotes	[ "In molecular biology, splicing is the editing of the nascent precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). After splicing, introns are removed and exons are joined together (ligated). For nuclear-encoded genes, splicing takes place within the nucleus either during or immediately after transcription. For those eukaryotic genes that contain introns, splicing is usually required in order to create an mRNA molecule that can be translated into protein. For many eukaryotic introns, splicing is carried out in a series of reactions which are catalyzed by the spliceosome, a complex of snRNPs. Self-splicing introns, or ribozymes capable of catalyzing their own excision from their parent RNA molecule, also exist." ]	[ "spliceosome" ]
-4878123284242025409	United States Senate Committee on Armed Services	United States Senate Committee on Armed Services - wikipedia United States Senate Committee on Armed Services Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chairman Carl Levin ( D - MI ) and former Chairman John Warner ( R - VA ) listen to Admiral Mike Mullen 's confirmation hearing before the Armed Services Committee to become Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in July 2007 . The Armed Services Committee is the prime scene of discussion regarding U.S. military in the Senate . In June 2009 , Armed Services Committee senators Joe Lieberman , Carl Levin ( chair ) , and John McCain , listen to Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus deliver his opening remarks for the fiscal year 2010 budget request in June 2009 . Hearing regarding `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell , '' U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates greets Ranking member , John McCain . December 2 , 2010 . Hearing on sexual assault in the military , June 4 , 2013 The Committee on Armed Services ( sometimes abbreviated SASC for Senate Armed Services Committee on its Web site ) is a committee of the United States Senate empowered with legislative oversight of the nation 's military , including the Department of Defense , military research and development , nuclear energy ( as pertaining to national security ) , benefits for members of the military , the Selective Service System and other matters related to defense policy . The Armed Services Committee was created as a result of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 following U.S. victory in the Second World War . It merged the responsibilities of the Committee on Naval Affairs ( established in 1816 ) and the Committee on Military Affairs ( also established in 1816 ) . Considered one of the most powerful Senate committees , its broad mandate allowed it to report some of the most extensive and revolutionary legislation during the Cold War years , including the National Security Act of 1947 . The committee tends to take a more bipartisan approach than other committees , as many of its members formerly served in the military or have major defense interests located in the states they come from . Contents ( hide ) 1 Jurisdiction 2 Members , 115th Congress 3 Subcommittees 4 Chairmen 4.1 Committee on Military Affairs , 1816 -- 1947 4.2 Committee on Naval Affairs , 1816 -- 1947 4.3 Committee on Armed Services , 1947 -- present 5 Historical committee rosters 5.1 Members , 111th Congress 5.1. 1 Subcommittees 5.2 Members , 112th Congress 5.2. 1 Subcommittees 5.3 Members , 113th Congress 5.3. 1 Subcommittees 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 External links Jurisdiction ( edit ) According to the Standing Rules of the United States Senate , all proposed legislation , messages , petitions , memorials , and other matters relating to the following subjects are referred to the Armed Services Committee : Aeronautical and space activities pertaining to or primarily associated with the development of weapons systems or military operations . Common defense . Department of Defense , the Department of the Army , the Department of the Navy , and the Department of the Air Force , generally . Maintenance and operation of the Panama Canal , including administration , sanitation , and government of the Canal Zone . Military research and development . National security aspects of nuclear energy . Naval petroleum reserves , except those in Alaska . Pay , promotion , retirement , and other benefits and privileges of members of the Armed Forces , including overseas education of civilian and military dependents . Selective service system . Strategic and critical materials necessary for the common defense . Members , 115th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority John McCain , Arizona , Chairman Jim Inhofe , Oklahoma Roger Wicker , Mississippi Deb Fischer , Nebraska Tom Cotton , Arkansas Mike Rounds , South Dakota Joni Ernst , Iowa Thom Tillis , North Carolina Dan Sullivan , Alaska David Perdue , Georgia Ted Cruz , Texas Lindsey Graham , South Carolina Ben Sasse , Nebraska Luther Strange , Alabama Jack Reed , Rhode Island , Ranking Member Bill Nelson , Florida Claire McCaskill , Missouri Jeanne Shaheen , New Hampshire Kirsten Gillibrand , New York Richard Blumenthal , Connecticut Joe Donnelly , Indiana Mazie Hirono , Hawaii Tim Kaine , Virginia Angus King , Maine Martin Heinrich , New Mexico Elizabeth Warren , Massachusetts Gary Peters , Michigan Source : Subcommittees ( edit ) Subcommittee Name Chair Ranking Member Airland Tom Cotton ( R - AR ) Angus King ( I - ME ) Cybersecurity Mike Rounds ( R - SD ) Bill Nelson ( D - FL ) Emerging Threats and Capabilities Joni Ernst ( R - IA ) Martin Heinrich ( D - NM ) Personnel Thom Tillis ( R - NC ) Kirsten Gillibrand ( D - NY ) Readiness and Management Support Jim Inhofe ( R - OK ) Tim Kaine ( D - VA ) Seapower Roger Wicker ( R - MS ) Mazie Hirono ( D - HI ) Strategic Forces Deb Fischer ( R - NE ) Joe Donnelly ( D - IN ) Chairmen ( edit ) Committee on Military Affairs , 1816 -- 1947 ( edit ) Chairman Party State Years John Williams DR TN 1816 -- 1817 George M. Troup DR GA 1817 -- 1818 John Williams DR TN 1818 -- 1823 Andrew Jackson DR TN 1823 -- 1825 William Henry Harrison DR OH 1825 -- 1828 Thomas Hart Benton MO 1828 -- 1841 William Preston SC 1841 -- 1842 John J. Crittenden KY 1842 -- 1845 Thomas Hart Benton MO 1845 -- 1847 Lewis Cass MI 1847 -- 1848 Thomas Hart Benton MO 1848 -- 1849 Jefferson Davis MS 1849 -- 1851 James Shields IL 1851 -- 1855 John Weller CA 1855 -- 1857 Jefferson Davis MS 1857 -- 1861 Robert Ward Johnson AR 1861 Henry Wilson MA 1861 -- 1872 John A. Logan IL 1872 -- 1877 George E. Spencer AL 1877 -- 1879 Theodore Randolph NJ 1879 -- 1881 John A. Logan IL 1881 -- 1886 William Joyce Sewell NJ 1886 -- 1887 Joseph R. Hawley CT 1887 -- 1893 Edward Walthall MS 1893 -- 1895 Joseph R. Hawley CT 1895 -- 1905 Redfield Proctor VT 1905 Francis E. Warren WY 1905 -- 1911 Henry A. du Pont DE 1911 -- 1913 Joseph F. Johnston AL 1913 George E. Chamberlain OR 1913 -- 1919 James W. Wadsworth , Jr . NY 1919 -- 1927 David A. Reed PA 1927 -- 1933 Morris Sheppard TX 1933 -- 1941 Robert R. Reynolds NC 1941 -- 1945 Elbert Thomas UT 1945 -- 1947 Committee on Naval Affairs , 1816 -- 1947 ( edit ) Chairman Party State Years Charles Tait DR GA 1816 -- 1818 Nathan Sanford DR NY 1818 -- 1819 James Pleasants DR VA 1819 -- 1823 James Lloyd MA 1823 -- 1825 Robert Y . Hayne SC 1825 -- 1832 George M. Dallas PA 1832 -- 1833 Samuel Southard NJ 1833 -- 1836 William C. Rives VA 1836 -- 1839 Reuel Williams ME 1839 -- 1841 Willie P. Mangum NC 1841 -- 1842 Richard H. Bayard DE 1842 -- 1845 John Fairfield ME 1845 -- 1847 David Levy Yulee FL 1847 -- 1851 William M. Gwin CA 1851 -- 1855 Stephen Mallory FL 1855 -- 1861 John P. Hale NH 1861 -- 1864 James Grimes IA 1864 -- 1870 Aaron Cragin NH 1870 -- 1877 Aaron A. Sargent CA 1877 -- 1879 John R. McPherson NJ 1879 -- 1881 James Donald Cameron PA 1881 -- 1893 John R. McPherson NJ 1893 -- 1895 James Donald Cameron PA 1895 -- 1897 Eugene Hale ME 1897 -- 1909 George C. Perkins CA 1909 -- 1913 Benjamin Tillman SC 1913 -- 1918 Claude A. Swanson VA 1918 -- 1919 Carroll S. Page VT 1919 -- 1923 Frederick Hale ME 1923 -- 1933 Park Trammell FL 1933 -- 1936 David I. Walsh MA 1936 -- 1947 Committee on Armed Services , 1947 -- present ( edit ) Chairman Party State Years Chan Gurney Republican South Dakota 1947 -- 1949 Millard E. Tydings Democratic Maryland 1949 -- 1951 Richard B. Russell Democratic Georgia 1951 -- 1953 Leverett Saltonstall Republican Massachusetts 1953 -- 1955 Richard B. Russell Democratic Georgia 1955 -- 1969 John C. Stennis Democratic Mississippi 1969 -- 1981 John Tower Republican Texas 1981 -- 1985 Barry Goldwater Republican Arizona 1985 -- 1987 Sam Nunn Democratic Georgia 1987 -- 1995 Strom Thurmond Republican South Carolina 1995 -- 1999 John Warner Republican Virginia 1999 -- 2001 Carl Levin Democratic Michigan 2001 John Warner Republican Virginia 2001 Carl Levin Democratic Michigan 2001 -- 2003 John Warner Republican Virginia 2003 -- 2007 Carl Levin Democratic Michigan 2007 -- 2015 John McCain Republican Arizona 2015 - present Historical committee rosters ( edit ) Members , 111th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Carl Levin , Michigan , Chair Joseph Lieberman , Connecticut Jack Reed , Rhode Island Daniel Akaka , Hawaii Bill Nelson , Florida Ben Nelson , Nebraska Evan Bayh , Indiana Jim Webb , Virginia Claire McCaskill , Missouri Mark Udall , Colorado Kay Hagan , North Carolina Mark Begich , Alaska Roland Burris , Illinois , until November 2010 Jeff Bingaman , New Mexico Ted Kaufman , Delaware , until November 2010 Carte Goodwin , West Virginia , until November 2010 Joe Manchin , West Virginia , from November 2010 Chris Coons , Delaware , from November 2010 John McCain , Arizona , Ranking Member James Inhofe , Oklahoma Jeff Sessions , Alabama Saxby Chambliss , Georgia Lindsey Graham , South Carolina John Thune , South Dakota Roger Wicker , Mississippi George LeMieux , Florida Scott Brown , Massachusetts Richard Burr , North Carolina David Vitter , Louisiana Susan Collins , Maine Source : 2010 Congressional Record , Vol. 156 , Page S6226 Subcommittees ( edit ) Subcommittee Chair Ranking Minority Member Airland Joe Lieberman ( I - CT ) John Thune ( R - SD ) Emerging Threats and Capabilities Bill Nelson ( D - FL ) George LeMieux ( R - FL ) Personnel Jim Webb ( D - VA ) Lindsey Graham ( R - SC ) Readiness and Management Support Evan Bayh ( D - IN ) Richard Burr ( R - NC ) SeaPower Jack Reed ( D - RI ) Roger Wicker ( R - MS ) Strategic Forces Ben Nelson ( D - NE ) David Vitter ( R - LA ) Members , 112th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Carl Levin , Michigan , Chair Joseph Lieberman , Connecticut Jack Reed , Rhode Island Daniel Akaka , Hawaii Ben Nelson , Nebraska Jim Webb , Virginia Claire McCaskill , Missouri Mark Udall , Colorado Kay Hagan , North Carolina Mark Begich , Alaska Joe Manchin , West Virginia Jeanne Shaheen , New Hampshire Kirsten Gillibrand , New York Richard Blumenthal , Connecticut John McCain , Arizona , Ranking Member James Inhofe , Oklahoma Jeff Sessions , Alabama Saxby Chambliss , Georgia Roger Wicker , Mississippi Scott Brown , Massachusetts Rob Portman , Ohio Kelly Ayotte , New Hampshire Susan Collins , Maine Lindsey Graham , South Carolina John Cornyn , Texas David Vitter , Louisiana Source : 2011 Congressional Record , Vol. 157 , Page S557 Subcommittees ( edit ) Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Airland Joe Lieberman ( I - CT ) Scott Brown ( R - MA ) Emerging Threats and Capabilities Kay Hagan ( D - NC ) Rob Portman ( R - OH ) Personnel Jim Webb ( D - VA ) Lindsey Graham ( R - SC ) Readiness and Management Support Claire McCaskill ( D - MO ) Kelly Ayotte ( R - NH ) Seapower Jack Reed ( D - RI ) Roger Wicker ( R - MS ) Strategic Forces Ben Nelson ( D - NE ) Jeff Sessions ( R - AL ) Members , 113th Congress ( edit ) Majority Minority Carl Levin , Michigan , Chair Jack Reed , Rhode Island Bill Nelson , Florida Claire McCaskill , Missouri Mark Udall , Colorado Kay Hagan , North Carolina Joe Manchin , West Virginia Jeanne Shaheen , New Hampshire Kirsten Gillibrand , New York Richard Blumenthal , Connecticut Joe Donnelly , Indiana Mazie Hirono , Hawaii Tim Kaine , Virginia Angus King , Maine James Inhofe , Oklahoma , Ranking Member John McCain , Arizona Jeff Sessions , Alabama Saxby Chambliss , Georgia Roger Wicker , Mississippi Kelly Ayotte , New Hampshire Deb Fischer , Nebraska Lindsey Graham , South Carolina David Vitter , Louisiana Roy Blunt , Missouri Mike Lee , Utah Ted Cruz , Texas Source : 2013 Congressional Record , Vol. 159 , Page S296 Subcommittees ( edit ) Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Airland Joe Manchin ( D - WV ) Roger Wicker ( R - MS ) Emerging Threats and Capabilities Kay Hagan ( D - NC ) Deb Fischer ( R - NE ) Personnel Kirsten Gillibrand ( D - NY ) Lindsey Graham ( R - SC ) Readiness and Management Support Jeanne Shaheen ( D - NH ) Kelly Ayotte ( R - NH ) Seapower Jack Reed ( D - RI ) John McCain ( R - AZ ) Strategic Forces Mark Udall ( D - CO ) Jeff Sessions ( R - AL ) See also ( edit ) United States House Committee on Armed Services List of current United States Senate committees Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer . `` With Chairmanship , McCain Seizes Chance to Reshape Pentagon Agenda '' , The New York Times ( June 9 , 2015 ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rule XXV : Committees , Standing Rules of the United States Senate . Jump up ^ Angus King is an independent , but caucuses with the Democrats . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Committee on Armed Services '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Sens. Lieberman and King were elected as Independents , but caucused with Democrats on the committee . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Senate Armed Services Committee . United States Senate Armed Services Committee Website ( Archive ) Committee Publications Committee Hearing Schedule & Archive Committee Press Releases Senate Armed Services Committee . Legislation activity and reports , Congress.gov . Department of Defense Department of the Air Force Department of the Army Department of the Navy Armed Forces Retirement Home Selected Service System Senate Armed Services Committee Report on Torture released November 20 , 2008 . Historic archives at Internet Archive : Works by or about Committee on Armed Services at Internet Archive Works by or about Committee on Naval Affairs at Internet Archive Works by or about Committee on Military Affairs at Internet Archive Current United States congressional committees Senate ( list ) Aging ( Special ) Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs Budget Commerce , Science , and Transportation Energy and Natural Resources Environment and Public Works Ethics ( Select ) Finance Foreign Relations Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Indian Affairs Intelligence ( Select ) Judiciary Narcotics ( Caucus ) Rules and Administration Small Business and Entrepreneurship Veterans ' Affairs House ( list ) Agriculture Appropriations Armed Services Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce Ethics Financial Services Foreign Affairs Homeland Security House Administration Intelligence ( Permanent Select ) Judiciary Natural Resources Oversight and Government Reform Rules Science , Space , and Technology Small Business Transportation and Infrastructure Veterans ' Affairs Ways and Means ( Whole ) Joint ( list ) ( Conference ) Economic Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special ) Library Printing Taxation Standing committees , Defunct committees United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : Army Marine Corps Reserve N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services&oldid=817516369 '' Categories : Committees of the United States Senate Military veterans ' affairs in the United States 1816 establishments in the United States Organizations established in 1816 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . About Wikipedia	what does the armed services committee do in the senate	[ "The Committee on Armed Services (sometimes abbreviated SASC for Senate Armed Services Committee on its Web site) is a committee of the United States Senate empowered with legislative oversight of the nation’s military, including the Department of Defense, military research and development, nuclear energy (as pertaining to national security), benefits for members of the military, the Selective Service System and other matters related to defense policy. The Armed Services Committee was created as a result of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 following U.S. victory in the Second World War. It merged the responsibilities of the Committee on Naval Affairs (established in 1816) and the Committee on Military Affairs (also established in 1816)." ]	[ "legislative oversight of the nation’s military" ]
-1436539883895142992	List of solar eclipses visible from the United States	List of Solar eclipses visible from the United states - wikipedia List of Solar eclipses visible from the United states Jump to : navigation , search Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon , during the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . Lists of solar eclipses Geometry of a total solar eclipse ( not to scale ) Centuries BC ( show ) 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Eclipses seen from Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States See also Lists of lunar eclipses This is an incomplete list of solar eclipses visible from the United States between 1901 and 2050 . All eclipses whose path of totality or annularity passes through the land territory of the current fifty U.S. states are included . For lists of eclipses worldwide , see the list of 20th - century solar eclipses and 21st - century solar eclipses . Contents ( hide ) 1 1900 -- 1950 2 1951 -- 2000 3 2001 -- 2050 4 References 1900 -- 1950 ( edit ) June 28 , 1908 Annular June 8 , 1918 Total November 22 , 1919 Annular September 10 , 1923 Total January 24 , 1925 Total June 29 , 1927 Total April 28 , 1930 Hybrid August 31 , 1932 Total April 19 , 1939 Annular April 7 , 1940 Annular February 4 , 1943 Total July 9 , 1945 Total May 9 , 1948 Annular 1951 -- 2000 ( edit ) September 1 , 1951 Annular June 30 , 1954 Total October 2 , 1959 Total July 20 , 1963 Total March 7 , 1970 Total July 10 , 1972 Total February 26 , 1979 Total May 30 , 1984 Annular July 22 , 1990 Total July 11 , 1991 Total January 4 , 1992 Annular May 10 , 1994 Annular 2001 -- 2050 ( edit ) May 20 , 2012 Annular August 21 , 2017 Total October 14 , 2023 Annular April 8 , 2024 Total March 30 , 2033 Total June 21 , 2039 Annular August 23 , 2044 Total August 12 , 2045 Total February 5 , 2046 Annular June 11 , 2048 Annular Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 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NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2017 Aug 21 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2023 Oct 14 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2024 Apr 08 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2033 Mar 30 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2039 Jun 21 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2044 Aug 23 '' . NASA . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2045 Aug 12 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2046 Feb 05 '' . NASA . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2048 Jun 11 '' . NASA . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_the_United_States&oldid=797598983 '' Categories : Solar eclipses by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 03 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time there was a total solar eclipse in the us	[ "\n\nMay 20, 2012[1]\n\nAnnular\nAugust 21, 2017[2]\n\nTotal\nOctober 14, 2023[3]\n\nAnnular\nApril 8, 2024[4]\n\nTotal\n\n\nMarch 30, 2033[5]\n\nTotal\nJune 21, 2039[6]\n\nAnnular\nAugust 23, 2044[7]\n\nTotal\nAugust 12, 2045[8]\n\nTotal\n\n\nFebruary 5, 2046[9]\n\nAnnular\nJune 11, 2048[10]\n\nAnnular\n\n" ]	[ "August 21, 2017" ]
-8799304613196656198	Portuguese discoveries	Portuguese discoveries - wikipedia Portuguese discoveries Jump to : navigation , search The Cantino planisphere , made by an anonymous cartographer in 1502 , shows the world as it was understood by Europeans after their great explorations at the end of the fifteenth century . Portuguese discoveries ( Portuguese : Descobrimentos portugueses ) are the numerous territories and maritime routes discovered by the Portuguese as a result of their intensive maritime exploration during the 15th and 16th centuries . Portuguese sailors were at the vanguard of European overseas exploration , discovering and mapping the coasts of Africa , Canada , Asia and Brazil , in what became known as the Age of Discovery . Methodical expeditions started in 1419 along West Africa 's coast under the sponsorship of prince Henry the Navigator , with Bartolomeu Dias reaching the Cape of Good Hope and entering the Indian Ocean in 1488 . Ten years later , in 1498 , Vasco da Gama led the first fleet around Africa to India , arriving in Calicut and starting a maritime route from Portugal to India . Portuguese explorations then proceeded to southeast Asia , where they reached Japan in 1542 , forty - four years after their first arrival in India . In 1500 , the Portuguese nobleman Pedro Álvares Cabral became the first European to discover Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Atlantic exploration ( 1415 -- 1488 ) 2.1 Exploration after Prince Henry 2.2 Tordesillas division of the world ( 1492 ) 2.3 Reaching India and Brazil ( 1497 -- 1500 ) 3 Indian Ocean explorations ( 1497 -- 1542 ) 3.1 Southeast Asia expeditions 4 Map of Portuguese discoveries and explorations ( 1415 -- 1543 ) 5 Portuguese nautical science 5.1 Ships 5.2 Celestial navigation 5.3 Sailing techniques 5.4 Cartography 6 Chronology 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography Origins ( edit ) Vasco da Gama lands in Calicut on May 20th 1498 . In 1139 the Kingdom of Portugal achieved independence from León , having doubled its area with the Reconquista under Afonso Henriques . In 1297 king Denis of Portugal took personal interest in the development of exports , having organized the export of surplus production to European countries . On May 10 , 1293 he instituted a maritime insurance fund for Portuguese traders living in the County of Flanders , which were to pay certain sums according to tonnage , accrued to them when necessary . Wine and dried fruits from Algarve were sold in Flanders and England , salt from Setúbal and Aveiro was a profitable export to northern Europe , and leather and kermes , a scarlet dye , were also exported . Portuguese imported armors and munitions , fine clothes and several manufactured products from Flanders and Italy . In 1317 king Denis made an agreement with Genoese merchant sailor Manuel Pessanha ( Pesagno ) , appointing him first Admiral with trade privileges with his homeland in return for twenty war ships and crews , with the goal of defending the country against Muslim pirate raids , thus laying the basis for the Portuguese Navy and establishment of a Genoese merchant community in Portugal . Forced to reduce their activities in the Black Sea , the Republic of Genoa had turned to north African trade of wheat , olive oil ( valued also as energy source ) and a search for gold -- navigating also into the ports of Bruges ( Flanders ) and England . Genoese and Florentine communities established since then in Portugal , who profited from the enterprise and financial experience of these rivals of the Republic of Venice . In the second half of the fourteenth century outbreaks of bubonic plague led to severe depopulation : the economy was extremely localized in a few towns , and migration from the country led to agricultural land being abandoned and resulting in village unemployment rise . Only the sea offered alternatives , with most people settling in fishing and trading coastal areas . Between 1325 -- 1357 Afonso IV of Portugal granted public funding to raise a proper commercial fleet and ordered the first maritime explorations , with the help of Genoese , under command of admiral Manuel Pessanha . In 1341 the Canary Islands , already known to Genoese , were officially discovered under the patronage of the Portuguese king , but in 1344 Castile disputed them , further propelling the Portuguese navy efforts . Atlantic exploration ( 1415 -- 1488 ) ( edit ) Prince Henry the Navigator , generally credited as the driving force behind Portuguese maritime exploration . In 1415 , Ceuta was occupied by the Portuguese aiming to control navigation of the African coast , moved by expanding Christianity with the avail of the Pope and a desire of the unemployed nobility for epic acts of war after the reconquista . Young prince Henry the Navigator was there and became aware of profit possibilities in the Saharan trade routes . Governor of the rich Order of Christ since 1420 and holding valuable monopolies on resources in Algarve , he invested in sponsoring voyages down the coast of Mauritania , gathering a group of merchants , shipowners , stakeholders and participants interested in the sea lanes . Later his brother Prince Pedro , granted him a royal monopoly of all profits from trading within the areas discovered . Soon the Atlantic islands of Madeira ( 1420 ) and Azores ( 1427 ) were reached . There wheat and later sugarcane were cultivated , like in Algarve , by the Genoese , becoming profitable activities . This helped them become more wealthy . Henry the Navigator took the lead role in encouraging Portuguese maritime exploration until his death in 1460 . At the time , Europeans did not know what lay beyond Cape Bojador on the African coast . Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended , and whether it was possible to reach Asia by sea , both to reach the source of the lucrative spice trade and perhaps to join forces with the long - lost Christian kingdom of Prester John that was rumoured to exist somewhere in the `` Indies '' . In 1419 two of Henry 's captains , João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira were driven by a storm to Madeira , an uninhabited island off the coast of Africa which had probably been known to Europeans since the 14th century . In 1420 Zarco and Teixeira returned with Bartolomeu Perestrelo and began Portuguese settlement of the islands . A Portuguese attempt to capture Grand Canary , one of the nearby Canary Islands , which had been partially settled by Spaniards in 1402 was unsuccessful and met with protestations from Castile . Although the exact details are uncertain , cartographic evidence suggests the Azores were probably discovered in 1427 by Portuguese ships sailing under Henry 's direction , and settled in 1432 , suggesting that the Portuguese were able to navigate at least 745 miles ( 1,200 km ) from the Portuguese coast . At around the same time as the unsuccessful attack on the Canary Islands , the Portuguese began to explore the North African coast . Sailors feared what lay beyond Cape Bojador , and whether it was possible to return once it was passed . In 1434 one of Prince Henry 's captains , Gil Eanes , passed this obstacle . Once this psychological barrier had been crossed , it became easier to probe further along the coast . Westward exploration continued over the same period : Diogo Silves discovered the Azores island of Santa Maria in 1427 and in the following years Portuguese discovered and settled the rest of the Azores . Within two decades of exploration , Portuguese ships bypassed the Sahara . The caravel ship introduced in the mid-15th century which aided Portuguese exploration Henry suffered a serious setback in 1437 after the failure of an expedition to capture Tangier , having encouraged his brother , King Edward , to mount an overland attack from Ceuta . The Portuguese army was defeated and only escaped destruction by surrendering Prince Ferdinand , the king 's youngest brother . After the defeat at Tangier , Henry retired to Sagres on the southern tip of Portugal where he continued to direct Portuguese exploration until his death in 1460 . In 1443 Prince Pedro , Henry 's brother , granted him the monopoly of navigation , war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador . Later this monopoly would be enforced by the Papal bulls Dum Diversas ( 1452 ) and Romanus Pontifex ( 1455 ) , granting Portugal the trade monopoly for the newly discovered countries , laying the basis for the Portuguese empire . A major advance which accelerated this project was the introduction of the caravel in the mid-15th century , a ship that could be sailed closer to the wind than any other in operation in Europe at the time . Using this new maritime technology , Portuguese navigators reached ever more southerly latitudes , advancing at an average rate of one degree a year . Senegal and Cape Verde Peninsula were reached in 1445 . The first feitoria trade post overseas was established then under Henry 's directions , in 1445 on the island of Arguin off the coast of Mauritania , to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in the routes traveled in North Africa , starting the chain of Portuguese feitorias along the coast . In 1446 , Álvaro Fernandes pushed on almost as far as present - day Sierra Leone and the Gulf of Guinea was reached in the 1460s . Exploration after Prince Henry ( edit ) An illustration of the padrão Diogo Cão erected at Cape St. Mary , Angola . As a result of the first meager returns of the African explorations , in 1469 king Afonso V granted the monopoly of trade in part of the Gulf of Guinea to merchant Fernão Gomes , for an annual payment of 200,000 reals . Gomes was also required to explore 100 leagues ( 480 km ) of the coast each year for five years . He employed explorers João de Santarém , Pedro Escobar , Lopo Gonçalves , Fernão do Pó , and Pedro de Sintra , and exceeded the requirement . Under his sponsorship , Portuguese explorers crossed the Equator into the Southern Hemisphere and found the islands of the Gulf of Guinea , including São Tomé and Príncipe . In 1471 , Gomes ' explorerers reached Elmina on the Gold Coast ( present day Ghana ) , and discovered a thriving gold trade between the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders . Gomes established his own trading post there , which became known as `` A Mina '' ( `` The Mine '' ) . Trade between Elmina and Portugal grew in the next decade . In 1481 , the recently crowned João II decided to build São Jorge da Mina fort ( Elmina Castle ) and factory to protect this trade , which was then held again as a royal monopoly . In 1482 , Diogo Cão discovered the Congo River . In 1486 , Cão continued to Cape Cross , in present - day Namibia , near the Tropic of Capricorn . In 1488 , Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa , disproving the view that had existed since Ptolemy that the Indian Ocean was separate from the Atlantic . Also at this time , Pêro da Covilhã reached India via Egypt and Yemen , and visited Madagascar . He recommended further exploration of the southern route . As the Portuguese explored the coastlines of Africa , they left behind a series of padrões , stone crosses enscribed with the Portuguese coat of arms marking their claims , and built forts and trading posts . From these bases , the Portuguese engaged profitably in the slave and gold trades . Portugal enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the Atlantic slave trade for over a century , exporting around 800 slaves annually . Most were brought to the Portuguese capital Lisbon , where it is estimated black Africans came to constitute 10 per cent of the population . Tordesillas division of the World ( 1492 ) ( edit ) The 1494 Tordesilhas Treaty meridian dividing the world between Portugal and Castille / Spain ( purple ) and the Moluccas antimeridian ( green ) , set at the Treaty of Zaragoza , 1529 In 1492 Christopher Columbus 's discovery for Spain of the New World , which he believed to be Asia , led to disputes between the Spanish and Portuguese . These were eventually settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 which divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive duopoly between the Portuguese and the Spanish , along a north - south meridian 370 leagues , or 970 miles ( 1,560 km ) , west of the Cape Verde islands . However , as it was not possible at the time to correctly measure longitude , the exact boundary was disputed by the two countries until 1777 . The completion of these negotiations with Spain is one of several reasons proposed by historians for why it took nine years for the Portuguese to follow up on Dias 's voyage to the Cape of Good Hope , though it has also been speculated that other voyages were in fact taking place in secret during this time . Whether or not this was the case , the long - standing Portuguese goal of finding a sea route to Asia was finally achieved in a ground - breaking voyage commanded by Vasco da Gama . Reaching India and Brazil ( 1497 -- 1500 ) ( edit ) The route followed in Vasco da Gama 's first voyage ( 1497 -- 1499 ) The squadron of Vasco da Gama left Portugal in 1497 , rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa , where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean , reaching Calicut in western India in May 1498 . The second voyage to India was dispatched in 1500 under Pedro Álvares Cabral . While following the same south - westerly route as Gama across the Atlantic Ocean , Cabral made landfall on the Brazilian coast . This was probably an accidental discovery , but it has been speculated that the Portuguese secretly knew of Brazil 's existence and that it lay on their side of the Tordesillas line . Cabral recommended to the Portuguese King that the land be settled , and two follow up voyages were sent in 1501 and 1503 . The land was found to be abundant in pau - brasil , or brazilwood , from which it later inherited its name , but the failure to find gold or silver meant that for the time being Portuguese efforts were concentrated on India . On 8 July 1497 the fleet , consisting of four ships and a crew of 170 men , left Lisbon The travel led by Vasco da Gama to Calicut was the starting point for deployment of Portuguese in the African east coast and in the Indian Ocean . The first contact occurred on 20 May 1498 . After some conflict , he got an ambiguous letter for trade with the Zamorin of Calicut , leaving there some men to establish a trading post . Since then explorations lost the private nature , taking place under the exclusive of the Portuguese Crown . Shortly after , the Casa da Índia was established in Lisbon to administer the royal monopoly of navigation and trade . Indian Ocean explorations ( 1497 -- 1542 ) ( edit ) The carrack Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai and other Portuguese Navy ' ships in the 16th century . The aim of Portugal in the Indian Ocean was to ensure the monopoly of the spice trade . Taking advantage of the rivalries that pitted Hindus against Muslims , the Portuguese established several forts and trading posts between 1500 and 1510 . In East Africa , small Islamic states along the coast of Mozambique , Kilwa , Brava , Sofala and Mombasa were destroyed , or became either subjects or allies of Portugal . Pêro da Covilhã had reached Ethiopia , traveling secretly overland , as early as 1490 ; a diplomatic mission reached the ruler of that nation on October 19 , 1520 . In 1500 the second fleet to India who came to discover Brazil explored the East African coast , where Diogo Dias discovered the island that he named St. Lawrence , later known as Madagascar . This fleet , commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral , arrived at Calicut in September , where the first trade agreement in India was signed . For a short time a Portuguese factory was installed there , but was attacked by Muslims on December 16 and several Portuguese , including the scribe Pêro Vaz de Caminha , died . After bombarding Calicut as a retaliation , Cabral went to rival Kochi . Profiting from the rivalry between the Maharaja of Kochi and the Zamorin of Calicut , the Portuguese were well received and seen as allies , getting a permit to build a fort ( Fort Manuel ) and a trading post that were the first European settlement in India . There in 1503 they built the St. Francis Church . In 1502 Vasco da Gama took the island of Kilwa on the coast of Tanzania , where in 1505 the first fort of Portuguese East Africa was built to protect ships from the East Indian trade . In 1505 king Manuel I of Portugal appointed Francisco de Almeida first Viceroy of Portuguese India for a three - year period , starting the Portuguese government in the east , headquartered at Kochi . That year the Portuguese conquered Kannur where they founded St. Angelo Fort . Lourenço de Almeida arrived in Ceylon ( modern Sri Lanka ) , where he discovered the source of cinnamon . Finding it divided into seven rival kingdoms , he established a defense pact with the kingdom of Kotte and extended the control in coastal areas , where in 1517 was founded the fortress of Colombo . In 1506 a Portuguese fleet under the command of Tristão da Cunha and Afonso de Albuquerque , conquered Socotra at the entrance of the Red Sea and Muscat in 1507 , having failed to conquer Ormuz , following a strategy intended to close the entrances to the Indian Ocean . That same year were built fortresses in the Island of Mozambique and Mombasa on the Kenyan coast . Madagascar was partly explored by Tristão da Cunha and in the same year Mauritius was discovered . In 1509 , the Portuguese won the sea Battle of Diu against the combined forces of the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II , Sultan of Gujarat , Mamlûk Sultan of Cairo , Samoothiri Raja of Kozhikode , Venetian Republic , and Ragusan Republic ( Dubrovnik ) . The Portuguese victory was critical for its strategy of control of the Indian Sea : Turks and Egyptians withdraw their navies from India , leaving the seas to the Portuguese , setting its trade dominance for almost a century , and greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire . It marked also the beginning of the European colonial dominance in the Asia . A second Battle of Diu in 1538 finally ended Ottoman ambitions in India and confirmed Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean . Under the government of Albuquerque , Goa was taken from the Bijapur sultanate in 1510 with the help of Hindu privateer Timoji . Coveted for being the best port in the region , mainly for the commerce of Arabian horses for the Deccan sultanates , it allowed to move on from the initial guest stay in Cochin . Despite constant attacks , Goa became the seat of the Portuguese government , under the name of Estado da India ( State of India ) , with the conquest triggering compliance of neighbour kingdoms : Gujarat and Calicut sent embassies , offering alliances and grants to fortify . Albuquerque began that year in Goa the first Portuguese mint in India , taking the opportunity to announce the achievement . Southeast Asia expeditions ( edit ) Anonymous map c. 1550 of Eastern Africa , Asia and Western Oceania In April 1511 Albuquerque sailed to Malacca in modern - day Malaysia , the most important eastern point in the trade network , where Malay met Gujarati , Chinese , Japanese , Javanese , Bengali , Persian and Arabic traders , described by Tomé Pires as invaluable . The port of Malacca became then the strategic base for Portuguese trade expansion with China and Southeast Asia , under the Portuguese rule in India with its capital at Goa . To defend the city a strong fort was erected , called the `` A Famosa '' , where one of its gate still remains today . Knowing of Siamese ambitions over Malacca , Albuquerque sent immediately Duarte Fernandes on a diplomatic mission to the kingdom of Siam ( modern Thailand ) , where he was the first European to arrive , establishing amicable relations between both kingdoms . In November that year , getting to know the location of the so - called `` Spice Islands '' in the Moluccas , he sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to find them , arriving in early 1512 . Abreu went by Ambon while deputy commander Francisco Serrão came forward to Ternate , were a Portuguese fort was allowed . That same year , in Indonesia , the Portuguese took Makassar , reaching Timor in 1514 . Departing from Malacca , Jorge Álvares came to southern China in 1513 . This visit was followed the arrival in Guangzhou , where trade was established . Later a trade post at Macau would be established . Monument to the Portuguese Discoveries in Belém , Lisbon , Portugal . The Portuguese empire expanded into the Persian Gulf as Portugal contested control of the spice trade with the Ottoman Empire . In 1515 , Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the Huwala state of Hormuz at the head of the Persian Gulf , establishing it as a vassal state . Aden , however , resisted Albuquerque 's expedition in that same year , and another attempt by Albuquerque 's successor Lopo Soares de Albergaria in 1516 , before capturing Bahrain in 1521 , when a force led by António Correia defeated the Jabrid King , Muqrin ibn Zamil . In a shifting series of alliances , the Portuguese dominated much of the southern Persian Gulf for the next hundred years . With the regular maritime route linking Lisbon to Goa since 1497 , the island of Mozambique become a strategic port , and there was built Fort São Sebastião and an hospital . In the Azores , the Islands Armada protected the ships en route to Lisbon . In 1525 , after Fernão de Magalhães 's expedition ( 1519 -- 1522 ) , Spain under Charles V sent an expedition to colonize the Moluccas islands , claiming that they were in his zone of the Treaty of Tordesillas , since there was not a set limit to the east . García Jofre de Loaísa expedition reached the Moluccas , docking at Tidore . The conflict with the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate was inevitable , starting nearly a decade of skirmishes . An agreement was reached only with the Treaty of Zaragoza ( 1529 ) , attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain . In 1530 , John III organized the colonization of Brazil around 15 capitanias hereditárias ( `` hereditary captainships '' ) , that were given to anyone who wanted to administer and explore them , to overcome the need to defend the territory , since an expedition under the command of Gonçalo Coelho in 1503 , found the French making incursions on the land . That same year , there was a new expedition from Martim Afonso de Sousa with orders to patrol the whole Brazilian coast , banish the French , and create the first colonial towns : São Vicente on the coast , and São Paulo on the border of the altiplane . From the 15 original captainships , only two , Pernambuco and São Vicente , prospered . With permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor demands which were met with Native American and later African slaves . In 1534 Gujarat was occupied by the Mughals and the Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was forced to sign the Treaty of Bassein ( 1534 ) with the Portuguese , establishing an alliance to regain the country , giving in exchange Daman , Diu , Mumbai and Bassein . In 1538 the fortress of Diu is again surrounded by Ottoman ships . Another siege failed in 1547 putting an end to the Ottoman ambitions , confirming the Portuguese hegemony . In 1542 Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier arrived in Goa at the service of king John III of Portugal , in charge of an Apostolic Nunciature . At the same time Francisco Zeimoto , António Mota , and other traders arrived in Japan for the first time . According to Fernão Mendes Pinto , who claimed to be in this journey , they arrived at Tanegashima , where the locals were impressed by firearms , which would be immediately made by the Japanese on a large scale . In 1557 the Chinese authorities allowed the Portuguese to settle in Macau through an annual payment , creating a warehouse in the triangular trade between China , Japan and Europe . In 1570 the Portuguese bought a Japanese port where they founded the city of Nagasaki , thus creating a trading center for many years was the port from Japan to the world . Portugal established trading ports at far - flung locations like Goa , Ormuz , Malacca , Kochi , the Maluku Islands , Macau , and Nagasaki . Guarding its trade from both European and Asian competitors , Portugal dominated not only the trade between Asia and Europe , but also much of the trade between different regions of Asia , such as India , Indonesia , China , and Japan . Jesuit missionaries , such as the Basque Francis Xavier , followed the Portuguese to spread Roman Catholic Christianity to Asia with mixed success . Map of Portuguese discoveries and explorations ( 1415 -- 1543 ) ( edit ) Portuguese discoveries and explorations : first arrival places and dates ; main Portuguese spice trade routes in the Indian Ocean ( blue ) ; territories claimed during King John III rule ( c. 1536 ) ( green ) Portuguese nautical science ( edit ) See also : Iberian ship development , 1400 -- 1600 ; Iberian nautical sciences , 1400 -- 1600 ; and Iberian cartography , 1400 -- 1600 The successive expeditions and experience of the pilots led to a fairly rapid evolution of Portuguese nautical science , creating an elite of astronomers , navigators , mathematicians and cartographers , among them stood Pedro Nunes with studies on how to determine the latitudes by the stars and João de Castro . Ships ( edit ) Portuguese `` Armada '' fleet in 1507 , Lisuarte de Abreu Until the 15th century , the Portuguese were limited to cabotage navigation using barques and barinels ( ancient cargo vessels used in the Mediterranean ) . These boats were small and fragile , with only one mast with a fixed quadrangular sail and did not have the capabilities to overcome the navigational difficulties associated with Southward oceanic exploration , as the strong winds , shoals and strong ocean currents easily overwhelmed their abilities . They are associated with the earliest discoveries , such as the Madeira Islands , the Azores , the Canaries , and to the early exploration of the north west African coast as far south as Arguim in the current Mauritania . The ship that truly launched the first phase of the Portuguese discoveries along the African coast was the caravel , a development based on existing fishing boats . They were agile and easier to navigate , with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and 1 to 3 masts , with lateen triangular sails allowing luffing . The caravel benefited from a greater capacity to tack . The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks , but have not hindered its success . Among the famous caravels are Berrio and Anunciação . With the start of long oceanic sailing also large ships developed . `` Nau '' was the Portuguese archaic synonym for any large ship , primarily merchant ships . Due to the piracy that plagued the coasts , they began to be used in the navy and were provided with canon windows , which led to the classification of `` naus '' according to the power of its artillery . They were also adapted to the increasing maritime trade : from 200 tons capacity in the 15th century to 500 , they become impressive in the 16th century , having usually two decks , stern castles fore and aft , two to four masts with overlapping sails . In India travels in the sixteenth century there were also used carracks , large merchant ships with a high edge and three masts with square sails , that reached 2000 tons . Celestial navigation ( edit ) Ephemeris by Abraham Zacuto in Almanach Perpetuum , 1496 In the thirteenth century celestial navigation was already known , guided by the sun position . For celestial navigation the Portuguese , like other Europeans , used Arab navigation tools , like the astrolabe and quadrant , which they made easier and simpler . They also created the cross-staff , or cane of Jacob , for measuring at sea the height of the sun and other stars . The Southern Cross become a reference upon arrival at the Southern hemisphere by João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar in 1471 , starting the celestial navigation on this constellation . But the results varied throughout the year , which required corrections . To this the Portuguese used the astronomical tables ( Ephemeris ) , precious tools for oceanic navigation , which have experienced a remarkable diffusion in the fifteenth century . These tables revolutionized navigation , allowing to calculate latitude . The tables of the Almanach Perpetuum , by astronomer Abraham Zacuto , published in Leiria in 1496 , were used along with its improved astrolabe , by Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvares Cabral . Sailing techniques ( edit ) Map of the five major oceanic gyres Besides coastal exploration , Portuguese also made trips off in the ocean to gather meteorological and oceanographic information ( in these were discovered the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores , and Sargasso Sea ) . The knowledge of wind patterns and currents -- the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic , and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa : crossing the Central Atlantic to the latitude of the Azores , using the permanent favorable winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis , facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese venturing increasingly farther from shore , the maneuver that became known as `` Volta do mar '' . In 1565 , the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the Manila Galleon trade route . Cartography ( edit ) Pre-mercator navigation chart of the Coast of Africa ( 1571 ) , by Fernão Vaz Dourado ( Torre do Tombo , Lisbon ) It is thought that Jehuda Cresques , son of the Catalan cartographer Abraham Cresques have been one of the notable cartographers at the service of Prince Henry . However the oldest signed Portuguese sea chart is a Portolan made by Pedro Reinel in 1485 representing the Western Europe and parts of Africa , reflecting the explorations made by Diogo Cão . Reinel was also author of the first nautical chart known with an indication of latitudes in 1504 and the first representation of an Wind rose . With his son , cartographer Jorge Reinel and Lopo Homem , they participated in the making of the atlas known as `` Lopo Homem - Reinés Atlas '' or `` Miller Atlas '' , in 1519 . They were considered the best cartographers of their time , with Emperor Charles V wanting them to work for him . In 1517 King Manuel I of Portugal handed Lopo Homem a charter gaving him the privilege to certify and amend all compass needles in vessels . In the third phase of the former Portuguese nautical cartography , characterized by the abandonment of the influence of Ptolemy 's representation of the East and more accuracy in the representation of lands and continents , stands out Fernão Vaz Dourado ( Goa ~ 1520 -- ~ 1580 ) , giving him a reputation as one of the best cartographers of the time . Many of his charts are large scale . Chronology ( edit ) 1147 -- Voyage of the Adventurers . Just before the siege of Lisbon by Afonso I of Portugal , a Muslim expedition left in search of legendary Islands offshore . They were never heard from again . 1336 -- Possibly the first expedition to the Canary Islands with additional expeditions in 1340 and 1341 , though this is disputed . 1412 -- Prince Henry , the Navigator , orders the first expeditions to the African Coast and Canary Islands . 1415 -- Conquest of Ceuta ( North Africa ) 1419 -- João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira discovered Porto Santo island , in the Madeira group . 1420 -- The same sailors and Bartolomeu Perestrelo discovered the island of Madeira , which began to be colonized at once . 1422 -- Cape Nao , the limit of Moorish navigation , is passed as the African Coast is mapped . 1427 -- Diogo de Silves discovered the Azores , which was colonized in 1431 by Gonçalo Velho Cabral . 1434 -- Gil Eanes sailed round Cape Bojador , thus destroying the legends of the ' Dark Sea ' . 1434 -- the 32 point compass - card replaces the 12 points used until then . 1435 -- Gil Eanes and Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia discovered Garnet Bay ( Angra dos Ruivos ) and the latter reached the Gold River ( Rio de Ouro ) . 1441 -- Nuno Tristão reached Cape White . 1443 -- Nuno Tristão penetrated the Arguim Gulf . Prince Pedro granted Henry the Navigator the monopoly of navigation , war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador . 1444 -- Dinis Dias reached Cape Green ( Cabo Verde ) . 1445 -- Álvaro Fernandes sailed beyond Cabo Verde and reached Cabo dos Mastros ( Cape Red ) 1446 -- Álvaro Fernandes reached the northern Part of Portuguese Guinea 1452 -- Diogo de Teive discovers the Islands of Flores and Corvo . 1455 -- Papal bull Romanus Pontifex confirmed the Portuguese explorations and declares that all lands and waters south of Bojador and cape Non ( Cape Chaunar ) belong to the kings of Portugal . 1458 -- Luis Cadamosto discovers the first Cape Verde Islands . 1458 -- Three capes discovered and named along the Grain Coast : ( Grand Cape Mount , Cape Mesurado and Cape Palmas ) . 1460 -- Death of Prince Henry , the Navigator . His systematic mapping of the Atlantic , reached 8 ° N on the African Coast and 40 ° W in the Atlantic ( Sargasso Sea ) in his lifetime . 1461 -- Diogo Gomes and António de Noli discovered more of the Cape Verde Islands . 1461 -- Diogo Afonso discovered the western islands of the Cabo Verde group . 1471 -- João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar crossed the Equator . The southern hemisphere was discovered , requiring the sailor to use a new constellation to guide them , the Southern Cross . The discovery of the islands of São Tome and Principe is also attributed to these same sailors . 1472 -- João Vaz Corte - Real and Álvaro Martins Homem reached the Land of Cod , now called Newfoundland . 1479 -- Treaty of Alcáçovas establishes Portuguese control of the Azores , Guinea , ElMina , Madeira and Cape Verde Islands and Castilian control of the Canary Islands . 1482 -- Diogo Cão reached the estuary of the Zaire ( Congo ) and placed a landmark there . Explored 150 km upriver to the Yellala Falls . 1484 -- Diogo Cão reached Walvis Bay , south of Namibia . 1487 -- Afonso de Paiva and Pero da Covilhã traveled overland from Lisbon in search of the Kingdom of Prester John . ( Ethiopia ) 1488 -- Bartolomeu Dias , crowning 50 years of effort and methodical expeditions , rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean . They had found the `` Flat Mountain '' of Ptolemy 's Geography . 1489 / 92 -- South Atlantic Voyages to map the winds 1490 -- Columbus leaves for Spain after his father - in - law 's death . 1492 -- First exploration of the Indian Ocean . 1494 -- The Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain divided the world into two parts , Spain claiming all non-Christian lands west of a north - south line 370 leagues west of the Azores , Portugal claiming all non-Christian lands east of that line . 1495 -- Voyage of João Fernandes , the Farmer , and Pedro Barcelos to Greenland . During their voyage they discovered the land to which they gave the name of Labrador ( lavrador , farmer ) 1494 -- First boats fitted with cannon doors and topsails . 1498 -- Vasco da Gama led the first fleet around Africa to India , arriving in Calicut . 1498 -- Duarte Pacheco Pereira explores the South Atlantic and the South American Coast North of the Amazon River . 1500 -- Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on his way to India . 1500 -- Gaspar Corte - Real made his first voyage to Newfoundland , formerly known as Terras Corte - Real . 1500 -- Diogo Dias discovered an island they named after St Lawrence after the saint on whose feast day they had first sighted the island later known as Madagascar . 1502 -- Returning from India , Vasco da Gama discovers the Amirante Islands ( Seychelles ) . 1502 -- Miguel Corte - Real set out for New England in search of his brother , Gaspar . João da Nova discovered Ascension Island . Fernão de Noronha discovered the island which still bears his name . 1503 -- On his return from the East , Estêvão da Gama discovered Saint Helena Island . 1505 -- Gonçalo Álvares in the fleet of the first viceroy sailed south in the Atlantic to were `` water and even wine froze '' discovering an island named after him , modern Gough Island . 1505 -- Lourenço de Almeida made the first Portuguese voyage to Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and established a settlement there . 1506 -- Tristão da Cunha discovered the island that bears his name . Portuguese sailors landed on Madagascar . 1509 -- The Bay of Bengal crossed by Diogo Lopes de Sequeira . On the crossing he also reached Malacca . 1511 -- Duarte Fernandes is the first European to visit the Kingdom of Siam ( Thailand ) , sent by Afonso de Albuquerque after the conquest of Malaca . 1511 - 12 - João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis discovered the `` Cape of Santa Maria '' ( Punta Del Este ) in the River Plate , exploring its estuary ( in present - day Uruguay and Argentina ) , and traveled as far south as the Gulf of San Matias at 42oS ( penetrating 300 km ( 186 mi ) `` around the Gulf '' ) . Christopher de Haro , the financier of the expedition along with D. Nuno Manuel , bears witness of the news of the `` White King '' and `` people of the mountains '' , the Inca empire - and the `` axe of silver '' ( rio do `` machado de prata '' ) obtained from the Charrúa Indians and offered to king Manuel I . 1512 -- António de Abreu discovered Timor island and reached Banda Islands , Ambon Island and Seram . Francisco Serrão reached the Moluccas . 1512 -- Pedro Mascarenhas discover the island of Diego Garcia , he also encountered the Mauritius , although he may not have been the first to do so ; expeditions by Diogo Dias and Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507 may have encountered the islands . In 1528 Diogo Rodrigues named the islands of Réunion , Mauritius , and Rodrigues the Mascarene Islands , after Mascarenhas . 1513 -- The first European trading ship to touch the coasts of China , under Jorge Álvares and Rafael Perestrello later in the same year . 1514 - 1531 -- António Fernandes ` s voyage and discoveries in 1514 - 1515 , Sancho de Tovar from 1515 onwards , and Vicente Pegado ( 1531 ) , among others , in several expeditions and contacts , are the first Europeans ever to contemplate and to describe the ruins of Great Zimbabwe and those regions ( then referred to by the Portuguese as Monomotapa ) . 1517 -- Fernão Pires de Andrade and Tomé Pires were chosen by Manuel I of Portugal to sail to China to formally open relations between the Portuguese Empire and the Ming Dynasty during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor . 1519 - 1521 -- Fernão de Magalhães 's expedition at the service of the King Charles I of Spain and German `` Holy Roman '' Emperor , in search of a westward route to the `` Spice Islands '' ( Maluku Islands ) became the first known expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean ( then named `` peaceful sea '' by Magellan ; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan ) , and the first to cross the Pacific . Besides Magellan , also participated in the trip Diogo and Duarte Barbosa , João Serrão , Álvaro de Mesquita ( Magellan ` s nephew ) , the pilots João Rodrigues de Carvalho and Estêvão Gomes , Henrique of Malacca , among others . Many of them cross almost all longitudes or all longitudes reaching the Philippines , Borneo and the Moluccas , because they had previously visited India , Mallacca , the Indonesian Archipelago or the Moluccas ( 1511 - 1512 ) , like Ferdinand Magellan in the 7th Portuguese India Armada under the command of Francisco de Almeida and on the expeditions of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira , Afonso de Albuquerque and his other voyages , sailing eastward from Lisbon ( as Magellan in 1505 ) , and then later , in 1521 , sailing westward from Seville , reaching that longitude and region once again and then proceeding still further west . 1525 -- Aleixo Garcia explored the Rio de la Plata in service to Spain as a member of the expedition of Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516 . Solís had left Portugal towards Castile ( Spain ) in 1506 and would be financed by Christopher de Haro , who had served Manuel I of Portugal until 1516 . Serving Charles I of Spain after 1516 , Haro believed that Lisboa and Frois had discovered a major route in the Southern New World to west or a strait to Asia two years earlier . Later ( when returning and after a shipwreck on the coast of Brazil ) , from Santa Catarina , Brazil , and leading an expedition of some European and 2,000 Guaraní Indians , Aleixo Garcia explored Paraguay and Bolivia using the trail network Peabiru . Aleixo Garcia was the first European to cross the Chaco and even managed to penetrate the outer defenses of the Inca Empire on the hills of the Andes ( near Sucre ) , in present - day Bolivia . He was the first European to do so , accomplishing this eight years before Francisco Pizarro . 1525 -- Diogo da Rocha and his pilot Gomes de Sequeira reached Celebes and were blown off course and driven three hundred leagues in a direction constantly towards the east and to Ilhas de Gomes de Sequeira - most probably the Palau Island or Yap , ( Caroline Islands ) according to the geographical notes , distance traveled and physical description of the natives in Décadas da Ásia of João de Barros , or , according to the alleged existence of gold mentioned by the natives , other descriptions of the people and if they were to south and east in one or two voyages made by Gomes de Sequeira ( According to the different interpretations of the Chronicles of Barros , Castanheda and Galvão ) , raises also the hypothesis of Cape York Peninsula in Australia , maybe one of the Prince of Wales Islands . In Gastald ` s map a group of islands named Insul de gomes des queria lie in about 8 degrees of south latitude and in the longitude of the Northern Territory of Australia . In the same map the Apem insul seems to correspond with either Adi Island or the Aru Islands . The Ins des hobres blancos ( Islands of the White Men ) correspond , as far as locality is concerned , to the Arru ( Aru ) Islands . It would appear then that Gomes de Sequeira 's Islands , which are the south - easternmost of those represented , must correspond with the Timor Laut group . In the same year , according to the voyages to the Banda Islands mencioned on Decadas and according to contemporaneous cartographers , Martim Afonso de Melo ( Jusarte ) and Garcia Henriques explored the Tanimbar Islands ( the archipelago labelled `` aqui invernou Martim Afonso de Melo '' and `` Aqui in bernon Martin Afonso de melo '' ( Here wintered Martin Afonso de Melo ) ) and probably the Aru Islands ( the two archipelagos and the navigator mentioned in the maps of Lázaro Luís , 1563 , Bartolomeu Velho , c. 1560 , Sebastião Lopes , c. 1565 and also in the 1594 map of the East Indies entitled Insulce Molucoe by the Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius and in the map of Nova Guinea of 1600 ) . 1526 -- Discovery of New Guinea by Jorge de Meneses 1528 -- Diogo Rodrigues explores the Mascarene islands , that he names after his countryman Pedro Mascarenhas , he explored and named the islands of Réunion , Mauritius , and Rodrigues 1529 -- Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal , stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17 ° east of the Moluccas . 1542 - 43 -- Fernão Mendes Pinto , António Mota and Francisco Zeimoto reached Japan . 1542 -- The coast of California explored by João Rodrigues Cabrilho on behalf of Spain . 1557 -- Macau given to Portugal by the Emperor of China as a reward for services rendered against the pirates who infested the South China Sea . 1559 -- The Nau São Paulo commanded by Rui Melo da Câmara ( was part of the Portuguese India Armada commanded by Jorge de Sousa ) discovered Île Saint - Paul in the South Indian Ocean . The island was mapped , described and painted by members of the crew , among them the Father Manuel Álvares and the chemist Henrique Dias ( Álvares and Dias calculated the correct latitude 38 ° South at the time of discovery ) . The Nau São Paulo , who also carried women and had sailed from Europe and had scale in Brazil , would be the protagonist of a dramatic and moving story of survival after sinking south of Sumatra . 1560 -- Gonçalo da Silveira , Jesuit missionary , travalled up the Zambezi River , on his expedition to the capital of the Monomotapa which appears to have been the N'Pande kraal , close by the M'Zingesi River , a southern tributary of the Zambezi . He arrived there on 26 December 1560 . 1586 -- António da Madalena , a Capuchin friar , was one of the first Western visitors to Angkor ( now Cambodja ) . 1602 -- 1606 -- Bento de Góis , a Jesuit missionary , was the first known European to travel overland from India to China , via Afghanistan and the Pamirs . 1606 -- Pedro Fernandes de Queirós discovered Henderson Island , the Ducie Island and the islands later called the New Hebrides and now the nation of Vanuatu . Queirós landed on a large island which he took to be part of the southern continent , and named it La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo ( The Austrian Land of the Holy Spirit ) , for King Philip III ( II ) , or Australia of the Holy Spirit ( Australia do Espírito Santo ) of the southern continent . 1626 -- Estêvão Cacella , Jesuit missionary , traveled through the Himalayas and was the first European to enter Bhutan . 1636 - 1638 -- Pedro Teixeira went from Belém do Pará up the Amazon River and reached Quito , Ecuador , in an expedition of over a thousand men . So Teixeira _́ s expedition became the first simultaneously to travel up and down the Amazon River . 1648 - 1651 -- António Raposo Tavares with 200 whites from São Paulo and over a thousand Indians travelled for over 10,000 kilometres ( 6,200 mi ) , in the biggest expedition ever made in the Americas , following the courses of the rivers , most notably the Paraguay River , to the Andes , the Grande River , the Mamoré River , the Madeira River and the Amazon River . Only Tavares , 59 whites and some Indians reached Belém at the mouth of the Amazon River . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patrick Karl O'Brien ( 2002 ) . Atlas of World History . Oxford University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521921 - 0 . Jump up ^ Melvin Eugene Page ; Penny M. Sonnenburg ( 2003 ) . Colonialism : an International , Social , Cultural , and Political Encyclopedia . N-Z . Vol. 2 . ABC - CLIO . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 335 - 3 . Jump up ^ A.R. de Oliveira Marques , Vitor Andre , `` Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages '' , p. 9 , Univ of Wisconsin Press , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 299 - 05584 - 1 Jump up ^ Diffie , Bailey ( 1977 ) , Foundations of the Portuguese Empire , 1415 -- 1580 , p. 210 , University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0782 - 6 Jump up ^ M.D.D. Newitt , `` A history of Portuguese overseas expansion , 1400 -- 1668 '' , p. 9 , Routledge , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 23979 - 6 Jump up ^ Butel , Paul , `` The Atlantic '' , p. 36 , Seas in history , Routledge , 1999 ISBN 0 - 415 - 10690 - 7 Jump up ^ Diffie , p. 56 Jump up ^ Rafiuddin Shirazi , Tazkiratul Mulk . Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 50 Jump up ^ Diffie , p. 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ Diffie , p. 60 Jump up ^ Diffie , p. 68 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 44 Jump up ^ Daus , Ronald ( 1983 ) . Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus . Wuppertal / Germany : Peter Hammer Verlag . p. 33 . ISBN 3 - 87294 - 202 - 6 . Jump up ^ Boxer , p. 29 Jump up ^ Russell - Wood , p. 9 Jump up ^ Thorn , Rob . `` Discoveries After Prince Henry '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Semedo , J. de Matos . `` O Contrato de Fernão Gomes '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Castelo de Elmina '' . Governo de Gana . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 59 Jump up ^ Newitt , p. 47 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 55 Jump up ^ Diffie , p. 174 Jump up ^ Diffie , p. 176 Jump up ^ Boxer , p. 36 Jump up ^ Scammell , p. 13 Jump up ^ McAlister , p. 75 Jump up ^ McAlister , p. 76 Jump up ^ Scammell , G.V. ( 1997 ) . The First Imperial Age , European Overseas Expansion c. 1400 -- 1715 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09085 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bethencourt , Francisco . Curto , Diogo Ramada . ( 2007 ) . Portuguese Overseas Expansion , 1400 - 1800 . Cambridge University Press . p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` St. Francis Church '' . Wonderful Kerala . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ayub , Akber ( ed ) , Kerala : Maps & More , Fort Kochi , 2006 edition 2007 reprint , pp. 20 -- 24 , Stark World Publishing , Bangalore , ISBN 81 - 902505 - 2 - 3 Jump up ^ `` European Encroachment and Dominance : The Portuguese '' . Sri Lanka : A Country Study . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Teotonio R. De Souza , `` Goa Through the Ages : An economic history '' p. 220 , Issue 6 of Goa University publication series , ISBN 81 - 7022 - 226 - 5 , Jump up ^ Indo - Portuguese Issues Indo - Portuguese Issues Jump up ^ Ricklefs , M.C. ( 1991 ) . A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 , 2nd Edition . London : MacMillan , p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 57689 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Donald Frederick Lach , Edwin J. Van Kley , `` Asia in the making of Europe '' , p. 520 -- 521 , University of Chicago Press , 1994 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 46731 - 3 Jump up ^ Juan Cole , Sacred Space and Holy War , IB Tauris , 2007 p37 Jump up ^ Sarina Singh , India , Lonely Planet , 2003 , 726 pp. ISBN 1 - 74059 - 421 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arnold Pacey , `` Technology in world civilization : a thousand - year history '' , ISBN 0 - 262 - 66072 - 5 Jump up ^ Yosaburō Takekoshi , `` The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan '' , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32379 - 7 . Jump up ^ B.W. Diffie , Foundations of the Portuguese Empire , 1415 - 1580 , Minneapolis , University of Minnesota Press , p. 28 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Wood , James , ed. ( 1907 ) . `` `` . The Nuttall Encyclopædia . London and New York : Frederick Warne . Jump up ^ Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt Jump up ^ Bethell , Leslie ( 1984 ) . The Cambridge History of Latin America , Volume 1 , Colonial Latin America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 257 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Rhodesiana : The Pioneer Head Jump up ^ José Nicolau da Fonseca , Historical and Archaeological Sketch of the City of Goa , Bombay : Thacker , 1878 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Reprinted 1986 , Asian Educational Services , ISBN 81 - 206 - 0207 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . FATHER ESTEVAO CACELLA 'S REPORT ON BHUTAN IN 1627 . Bibliography ( edit ) Abernethy , David ( 2000 ) . The Dynamics of Global Dominance , European Overseas Empires 1415 -- 1980 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09314 - 4 . Anderson , James Maxwell ( 2000 ) . The History of Portugal . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31106 - 4 . Boxer , Charles Ralph ( 1969 ) . The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415 -- 1825 . Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 131071 - 7 . Boyajian , James ( 2008 ) . Portuguese Trade in Asia Under the Habsburgs , 1580 -- 1640 . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8754 - 2 . Davies , Kenneth Gordon ( 1974 ) . The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0713 - 3 . Diffie , Bailey ( 1977 ) . Foundations of the Portuguese Empire , 1415 -- 1580 . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0782 - 6 . Diffie , Bailey ( 1960 ) . Prelude to empire : Portugal overseas before Henry the Navigator . U of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 5049 - 5 . Lockhart , James ( 1983 ) . Early Latin America : A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29929 - 2 . McAlister , Lyle ( 1984 ) . Spain and Portugal in the New World , 1492 -- 1700 . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 1216 - 1 . Newitt , Malyn D.D. ( 2005 ) . A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion , 1400 -- 1668 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23979 - 6 . Russell - Wood , A.J.R. ( 1998 ) . The Portuguese Empire 1415 -- 1808 . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5955 - 7 . Scammell , Geoffrey Vaughn ( 1997 ) . The First Imperial Age , European Overseas Expansion c. 1400 -- 1715 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09085 - 7 . Portuguese overseas empire North Africa 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . North America & North Atlantic 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sponsored the first portuguese fleets to explore the west coast of africa	[ "Portuguese discoveries (Portuguese: Descobrimentos portugueses) are the numerous territories and maritime routes discovered by the Portuguese as a result of their intensive maritime exploration during the 15th and 16th centuries. Portuguese sailors were at the vanguard of European overseas exploration, discovering and mapping the coasts of Africa, Canada, Asia and Brazil, in what became known as the Age of Discovery. 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3845696397170947672	2017 UEFA Champions League Final	2017 UEFA Champions League final - wikipedia 2017 UEFA Champions League final Jump to : navigation , search 2017 UEFA Champions League Final Match programme cover Event 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League Juventus Real Madrid Date 3 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) Venue Millennium Stadium , Cardiff Man of the Match Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Referee Felix Brych ( Germany ) Attendance 65,842 Weather Partly cloudy 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) 56 % humidity ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League , the 62nd season of Europe 's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA , and the 25th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs ' Cup to the UEFA Champions League . It was played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , Wales on 3 June 2017 , between Italian side Juventus and Spanish side and title holders Real Madrid , in a repeat of the 1998 final . Real Madrid won the match 4 -- 1 to secure their 12th title in this competition . With this victory , as the defending champions , Real Madrid became the first ever team to successfully defend their title in the Champions League era , and the first to do so since Milan in 1990 . On the other hand , Juventus lost a fifth final in a row and a seventh in nine finals reached . Real Madrid qualified as the UEFA representative at the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates , and also earned the right to play against the winners of the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League , Manchester United , in the 2017 UEFA Super Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Venue 3 Background 4 Road to the final 5 Pre-match 5.1 Ambassador 5.2 Logo 5.3 Ticketing 5.4 Opening ceremony 5.5 Related events 6 Match 6.1 Officials 6.2 Summary 6.3 Details 6.4 Statistics 7 Post-match 7.1 Reactions 8 2017 Turin stampede 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Teams ( edit ) In the following table , finals until 1992 were in the European Cup era , since 1993 were in the UEFA Champions League era . Team Previous finals appearances ( bold indicates winners ) Juventus 8 ( 1973 , 1983 , 1985 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 ) Real Madrid 14 ( 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1981 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 ) Venue ( edit ) The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final . The Millennium Stadium was announced as the final venue on 30 June 2015 , following the decision of the UEFA Executive Committee meeting in Prague , Czech Republic . The stadium entered into a naming rights deal with the Principality Building Society in 2016 that saw it renamed as the `` Principality Stadium '' ; however , due to UEFA regulations regarding the use of names of non-tournament sponsors , they continue to use the name `` Millennium Stadium '' in official literature , while the name `` National Stadium of Wales '' was used for the final itself . Background ( edit ) The match was a repeat of the 1998 final , making it the eighth repeated final pairing . Real Madrid won the 1998 final 1 -- 0 . The 2017 final was the first time since the two teams met in 1998 that both finalists had won either their domestic league or the Champions League the previous season . Juventus reached their ninth final after a 4 -- 1 aggregate win against Monaco to maintain their undefeated record in this season 's competition . Juventus also entered the final with the best defensive record in the 2016 -- 17 Champions League , having conceded only thrice . Previously Juventus won finals in 1985 and 1996 , and lost a record six in 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 and 2015 . This was also their 14th final in all seasonal UEFA competitions , having also played in one Cup Winners ' Cup final ( winning in 1984 ) and four UEFA Cup finals ( winning in 1977 , 1990 and 1993 , and losing in 1995 ) . If they were to lose , Juventus would tie Benfica 's record of five consecutive finals lost . Title holders Real Madrid reached a record 15th final after a 4 -- 2 aggregate win against city rivals Atlético Madrid , knocking them out of the competition for the fourth consecutive season . Real Madrid went into the final as top scorers of the 2016 -- 17 Champions League , having scored 32 goals . This final is their third since 2014 , and gives Real a chance to win a record 12th title . Previously they won finals in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 and 2016 , and lost in 1962 , 1964 and 1981 . This was also their 19th final in all seasonal UEFA competitions , having also played in two Cup Winners ' Cup finals ( losing in 1971 and 1983 ) and two UEFA Cup finals ( winning in 1985 and 1986 ) . Real Madrid are looking to be the first team in the Champions League era ( since 1993 ) to win two consecutive finals . Four times prior the previous champions have advanced to the final ( Milan in 1995 , Ajax in 1996 , Juventus in 1997 , and Manchester United in 2009 ) , but on all occasions the title holders lost . The two sides had previously met eighteen times in European competitions , all in the European Cup / UEFA Champions League , with a record of eight wins each and two draws . The first meeting between the two sides took place in the 1961 -- 62 European Cup quarter - finals , where Real Madrid beat Juventus 3 -- 1 in a play - off after the two sides exchanged 1 -- 0 away wins . The most recent meeting between the clubs had taken place in the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , where Juventus won 3 -- 2 on aggregate to advance to the 2015 final . Juventus entered the final chasing their first treble of domestic league , domestic cup , and Champions League titles , bidding to become the ninth team to win it . They won the 2016 -- 17 Coppa Italia after defeating Lazio in the final on 17 May , and clinched the 2016 -- 17 Serie A title on 21 May . Real Madrid were chasing the double of domestic league and Champions League titles , having won the 2016 -- 17 La Liga on 21 May , the final day of the season . Road to the final ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League . Note : In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first ( H : home ; A : away ) . Juventus Round Real Madrid Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result Sevilla 0 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 1 Sporting CP 2 -- 1 ( H ) Dinamo Zagreb 4 -- 0 ( A ) Matchday 2 Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 2 ( A ) Lyon 1 -- 0 ( A ) Matchday 3 Legia Warsaw 5 -- 1 ( H ) Lyon 1 -- 1 ( H ) Matchday 4 Legia Warsaw 3 -- 3 ( A ) Sevilla 3 -- 1 ( A ) Matchday 5 Sporting CP 2 -- 1 ( A ) Dinamo Zagreb 2 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 6 Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 2 ( H ) Group H winners Pos Team Pld Pts Juventus 6 14 Sevilla 6 11 Lyon 6 8 Dinamo Zagreb 6 0 Source : UEFA Final standings Group F runners - up Pos Team Pld Pts Borussia Dortmund 6 14 Real Madrid 6 12 Legia Warsaw 6 Sporting CP 6 Source : UEFA Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Porto 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 Napoli 6 -- 2 3 -- 1 ( H ) 3 -- 1 ( A ) Barcelona 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 ( H ) 0 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - finals Bayern Munich 6 -- 3 2 -- 1 ( A ) 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( H ) Monaco 4 -- 1 2 -- 0 ( A ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-finals Atlético Madrid 4 -- 2 3 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 2 ( A ) Pre-match ( edit ) Ambassador ( edit ) The ambassador for the final was former Wales international Ian Rush , who won the European Cup with Liverpool in 1984 , and also played for Juventus from 1987 to 1988 . Logo ( edit ) The dragon logo on Cardiff Castle UEFA unveiled the brand identity of the final on 25 August 2016 in Monaco during the group stage draw . Ticketing ( edit ) With a stadium capacity of 66,000 for the final , a total amount of 41,500 tickets were available to fans and the general public , with the two finalist teams receiving 18,000 tickets each and with 5,500 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 17 to 28 March 2017 in four price categories : £ 390 , £ 275 , £ 140 , and £ 60 . The remaining tickets were allocated to the local organising committee , UEFA and national associations , commercial partners and broadcasters , and to serve the corporate hospitality programme . Opening ceremony ( edit ) The opening ceremony American hip - hop group The Black Eyed Peas performed at the opening ceremony preceding the final . The performance , which included a pyrotechnic display , ran over time and forced the kick - off to be delayed by several minutes . Related events ( edit ) The 2017 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final was held two days prior , on 1 June 2017 , at the Cardiff City Stadium , with title holders Lyon beating Paris Saint - Germain 7 -- 6 on penalties , following a 0 -- 0 draw after extra time . The winning penalty was scored by Lyon goalkeeper Sarah Bouhaddi , immediately after her opposite number , Katarzyna Kiedrzynek , had missed her kick . The annual UEFA Champions Festival was held between 1 -- 4 June 2017 at Cardiff Bay . Match ( edit ) Officials ( edit ) German referee Felix Brych was announced as the final referee by UEFA on 12 May 2017 . Summary ( edit ) Cristiano Ronaldo , who scored twice , was named Man of the Match . Juventus dominated possession in the opening 19 minutes of the match , and had three major chances to score . Gonzalo Higuaín had two shots on goal that were easily saved by Keylor Navas , while Miralem Pjanić had a more dangerous chance that Navas dived to push wide to his right . Despite the scoring chances , as well as the closing down of Real Madrid 's counterattacks in the midfield , Cristiano Ronaldo scored the first goal of the match in the 20th minute ; Dani Carvajal played a one - two on the right with Ronaldo before passing across for him to shoot low to the left corner of the net , which deflected in off the right foot of Leonardo Bonucci . Juventus responded with a goal seven minutes later to bring the score to 1 -- 1 . Mario Mandžukić chested down a ball from Higuaín and hooked the ball over his shoulder from 15 yards ( 14 m ) , which arced over Navas . The goal was heralded as one of the best goals ever scored in a Champions League final and was compared to Zinedine Zidane 's goal in the 2002 final for Real Madrid . Juventus remained in control through the end of the first half , while Real Madrid conceded two yellow cards for defenders Sergio Ramos and Dani Carvajal . Real Madrid began the second half strongly and in control , though play was stopped several times for fouls and injuries to both sides . Real Madrid took a 2 -- 1 lead in the 61st minute from a long - range strike from Casemiro , which deflected off Sami Khedira and past Gianluigi Buffon to the left corner of the net . Three minutes later , Ronaldo scored Madrid 's third goal of the night and his second , finishing in the 6 - yard ( 5.5 m ) box from a cut - back from Luka Modrić on the right . Juventus , fending off additional attacks from Madrid , picked up three additional yellow cards , including one to newly substituted Juan Cuadrado . Real Madrid replaced striker Karim Benzema with Gareth Bale , a Cardiff native who had not been fit enough to start but was given a homecoming . Cuadrado picked up a second yellow card and was sent off in the 84th minute for a shove on Sergio Ramos , who went down while holding his foot . Marco Asensio scored Madrid 's fourth and final goal in the 90th minute , a tap - in from 12 yards ( 11 m ) after a cut - back from Marcelo from the left . Details ( edit ) The `` home '' team ( for administrative purposes ) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw , which was held on 21 April 2017 at UEFA headquarters in Nyon , Switzerland . Juventus v Real Madrid 3 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) 19 : 45 BST Juventus 1 -- 4 Real Madrid Mandžukić 27 ' Report Ronaldo 20 ' , 64 ' Casemiro 61 ' Asensio 90 ' Millennium Stadium , Cardiff Attendance : 65,842 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) Juventus Real Madrid GK Gianluigi Buffon ( c ) CB 15 Andrea Barzagli 66 ' CB 19 Leonardo Bonucci CB Giorgio Chiellini RM 23 Dani Alves CM 5 Miralem Pjanić 66 ' 71 ' CM 6 Sami Khedira LM 12 Alex Sandro 70 ' AM 21 Paulo Dybala 12 ' 78 ' CF 9 Gonzalo Higuaín CF 17 Mario Mandžukić Substitutes : GK 25 Neto DF Medhi Benatia DF 26 Stephan Lichtsteiner MF 7 Juan Cuadrado 72 ' , 84 ' 66 ' MF 8 Claudio Marchisio 71 ' MF 18 Mario Lemina 78 ' MF 22 Kwadwo Asamoah Manager : Massimiliano Allegri GK Keylor Navas RB Dani Carvajal 42 ' CB Sergio Ramos ( c ) 31 ' CB 5 Raphaël Varane LB 12 Marcelo DM 14 Casemiro CM 8 Toni Kroos 53 ' 89 ' CM 19 Luka Modrić RF 22 Isco 82 ' CF 9 Karim Benzema 77 ' LF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo Substitutes : GK 13 Kiko Casilla DF 6 Nacho DF 23 Danilo MF 16 Mateo Kovačić MF 20 Marco Asensio 90 + 1 ' 82 ' FW 11 Gareth Bale 77 ' FW 21 Álvaro Morata 89 ' Manager : Zinedine Zidane Man of the Match : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Assistant referees : Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Fourth official : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Additional assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Marco Fritz ( Germany ) Reserve assistant referee : Rafael Foltyn ( Germany ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes , of which up to three may be used . Statistics ( edit ) First half Statistic Juventus Real Madrid Goals scored Total shots 8 5 Shots on target Saves 0 Ball possession 45 % 55 % Corner kicks 0 Fouls committed 10 13 Offsides 0 Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic Juventus Real Madrid Goals scored 0 Total shots 13 Shots on target 0 Saves 0 Ball possession 47 % 53 % Corner kicks 0 Fouls committed 13 5 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 Overall Statistic Juventus Real Madrid Goals scored Total shots 11 18 Shots on target 5 Saves Ball possession 46 % 54 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 23 18 Offsides Yellow cards 5 Red cards 0 Post-match ( edit ) With their win , Real Madrid secured a record - extending twelfth title in the European Cup / Champions League and became the first club to win back - to - back titles in the Champions League era . This was the club 's third title win in four seasons ; a feat that has only occurred thrice before -- Real Madrid ( 1956 -- 60 ) , Ajax ( 1971 -- 73 ) and Bayern Munich ( 1974 -- 76 ) . Real Madrid has not lost a final in the Champions League era , with their last defeat occurring in 1981 . The victory also saw Madrid secure their first League -- European Cup double since the 1957 -- 58 season . Madrid 's first goal in the final marked their 500th all - time goal in the competition , becoming the first club to reach the milestone . Cristiano Ronaldo also became the first player to score in three Champions League finals , and ranking second with the European Cup included , only behind Alfredo Di Stéfano 's five finals scored in . Twenty - one year old Asensio became the youngest Real Madrid player to score in a European Cup / Champions League final . With their loss , Juventus extended their record number of final losses to seven , and tied Benfica 's record of five consecutive finals lost . Reactions ( edit ) At the post-match press conference , Allegri stated that Juventus had played well in the first - half but failed to make the most of their chances . He felt that his team `` let go psychologically '' after conceding the second goal . Allegri added , `` Even if Real Madrid had a very good second half and have excellent players who can change the game at any moment , that second goal knocked the wind out of our sails . They raised the tempo , as we were the ones pushing Real Madrid back in the first half , but in the second we could n't play our way out of defence and they kept pushing us back . At that moment , we should 've taken out the extra energy to push hard and keep the game open , as we know Real Madrid leave you the chances to score at all times , but we conceded the third goal and that was really damaging . '' Juventus captain Buffon stated that losing the match was a big disappointment . He felt his side had `` an excellent first half , where we caused Real Madrid huge problems '' but `` in the second half their class , strength and how accustomed they are to winning these games showed through . They won deservedly . '' If Juventus had won , Buffon would have become the oldest player to win a Champions League surpassing compatriot Paolo Maldini . FIFA President Gianni Infantino , who attended the match , told reporters , `` Juventus played a great first half , then in the second Real Madrid were extraordinary . They were two excellent sides and in the end the best team won . '' Zidane declared that his players deserved to win the double and become the first team to defend the title in the Champions league era . Zidane stated , `` They have made history , for sure . Nobody has done it , and now we have . Today is a historic day for all Madridistas , for the players , for me , for all our family . But saying this , you know how it is . Next year will be much more difficult . We will have to work a lot to try and win again . But today we can say we are a very good team , and we deserved to win La Liga and the Champions League . It was not easy . '' He also felt that `` a lot of hard work '' was the reason behind the team 's success . Zidane also revealed that he had instructed his players to `` keep going , but to play a bit higher up the pitch , and to keep the ball '' during the half - time team talk . Ramos said he was proud that Madrid had `` kept their date with history '' and felt it was because of the harmonious relationship among the players . Madrid 's captain said , `` We are tremendously proud of this team , and this institution . We had a date with history and were really looking forward to it . For 59 years we had not achieved the double , and nobody had ever won two Champions Leagues in a row . We were able to keep a dressing room without any jealousies and that was key . Success does not come by coincidence . We are a great group , headed by a great coach in Zidane . Three Champions Leagues in four years is crazy . '' Kroos revealed that he did not believe that Madrid would be able to successfully defend the trophy saying , `` I did n't expect it would be possible to defend this title as it 's so difficult to win it once . But to do it twice in a row is unbelievable . To win it three times in the last four years means a lot . It means it 's not only a good team on the pitch but off the pitch . It 's like that and I 'm happy to be part of the team . '' Kroos also pointed out that Juventus had only conceded three goals in their entire Champions League campaign , and that scoring four against them in the final was a sign of Madrid 's quality . Modrić said that Madrid 's performance in the first half was because they had `` dropped back too much '' . He felt that the team 's performance improved in the second half after Zidane instructed them to become `` more aggressive '' and `` to not allow Juve to keep the ball easily '' . Cardiff native Bale stated that winning the title in his hometown was a `` great feeling '' . He also stated that he had no regrets about not being able to start the match , and was happy to have been able to play . 2017 Turin stampede ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Turin stampede During a viewing event for the match in Turin , one woman died , and at least 1,500 people were injured . See also ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Real Madrid defends Champions League title 2017 UEFA Europa League Final 2017 UEFA Super Cup 2017 FIFA Club World Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 3 June 2017 . 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Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes history by scoring in third final '' . UEFA. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Juventus ' let go psychologically ' in Champions League final - Max Allegri '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Juventus goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon : It all went wrong for us vs. Real '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane hails historic Real Madrid win , vows to stay at Bernabeu '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale : Real Madrid 's Champions League triumph an ' incredible scene ' '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric : This Real Madrid side can win more Champions Leagues '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League Final : Winning at home is a dream come true , says Gareth Bale '' . The Indian Express . 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ La Stampa , ed. ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Morta la donna travolta in piazza San Carlo '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 200 injured in Juventus fan panic after bomb scare : police '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the champions league final being played this year	[ "The 2017 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, the 62nd season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 25th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. It was played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales on 3 June 2017,[5] between Italian side Juventus and Spanish side and title holders Real Madrid, in a repeat of the 1998 final. Real Madrid won the match 4–1 to secure their 12th title in this competition. With this victory, as the defending champions, Real Madrid became the first ever team to successfully defend their title in the Champions League era, and the first to do so since Milan in 1990. On the other hand, Juventus lost a fifth final in a row and a seventh in nine finals reached." ]	[ "at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales" ]
-2570980279172510763	Bye Bye Bye	Bye Bye Bye - wikipedia Bye Bye Bye Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by NSYNC . For the song by Cute , see Bye Bye Bye ! For the song by School of Seven Bells , see Disconnect from Desire . `` Bye Bye Bye '' Single by NSYNC from the album No Strings Attached B - side `` Could It Be You '' Released January 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 11 ) Format CD cassette 7 '' Recorded September 1999 Battery Studios ( New York City ) Cheiron Studios ( Stockholm ) Cove City Sound Studios ( Orlando ) Length 3 : 20 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Kristian Lundin Jake Schulze Andreas Carlsson Producer ( s ) Kristian Lundin Jake Schulze NSYNC singles chronology `` Music of My Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( 2000 ) `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Music of My Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( 2000 ) `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( 2000 ) Music video `` Bye Bye Bye '' on YouTube `` Bye Bye Bye '' is a pop song by American boy band NSYNC . It was released on January 11 , 2000 as the first single from their third studio album No Strings Attached . The song was written and produced by Kristian Lundin and Jake Schulze , with additional writing by Andreas Carlsson . Its lyrics describe the end of a romantic relationship ; it was reported to also reference the group 's separation from their manager Lou Pearlman and their record label RCA Records . `` Bye Bye Bye '' was a commercial success , peaking at number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and within the top 10 in almost every country it charted in . The song received a Grammy nomination in 2001 for Record of the Year , but lost to U2 's `` Beautiful Day '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 In popular culture 7 Awards and nominations 8 Track listing 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) `` Bye Bye Bye '' was written and produced by Kristian Lundin and Jake Schulze , as part of Cheiron Productions , with additional writing by Andreas Carlsson . Lundin stated that it was `` totally production driven '' and `` created from the kick and the bass up '' . The song was originally intended to be recorded by English boy band Five , but they rejected the song as they did n't like it . Prior to its official release in 2000 , the song was played at the LIFEbeat AIDS benefit concert in New York on December 1 , 1999 . Music and lyrics ( edit ) Lyrically , `` Bye Bye Bye '' describes a man 's desires to end a romantic relationship with a difficult significant other . During production of NSYNC 's second album No Strings Attached ( 2000 ) , the group sued their manager Lou Pearlman , who they alleged had been stealing their profits . This brought about allegations that the lyrics also addressed their separation from Pearlman and subsequent departure from RCA Records . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Bye Bye Bye '' was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the song as a `` piledriving dance number with the catchiest chorus they 've ever sang '' . Robert Christgau commented that it featured `` prefab rhythm at its most efficient . '' In 2015 , Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz ranked it third on the list `` Top 20 Essential Boy Band Songs , '' describing the song as `` an absolute monster of a lead single . '' Rolling Stone staff ranked it as the sixth - greatest boy band song of all time , writing , `` it remains their defining track , a four - minute blast of big hooks , tight harmonies and intriguingly meta subtext . '' However , other editor listed it as the 17th most annoying song of all time in 2007 . Complex 's Kathy Iandoli ranked it as the best boy band song ever . The song won `` Best Pop Video '' , `` Best Choreography in a Video '' , and `` Viewer 's Choice '' at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , the most awarded to a single video that year . It also won a Radio Music Radio award in 2000 for best song of the year . The song was nominated for `` Record of the Year '' and `` Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal '' at the 2001 Grammy Awards . Other awards included 3 Teen Choice Awards in 2000 ( Choice Single , Choice Music Video , and Song of the Summer ) , MuchMusic Video Music Award ( Favorite International Group for `` Bye Bye Bye '' ) and Blockbuster Entertainment Award 2001 ( category Favorite Single for `` Bye Bye Bye '' ) . The song was voted the number 1 boy band / girl band song on U Choose 40 on C4 in New Zealand . Chart Performance ( edit ) `` Bye Bye Bye '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at # 42 , the week of January 29 , 2000 , reaching the Top 10 by the week of March 4 . The song remained in the Top 10 through May 20 , 2000 , for 12 weeks . The single peaked at # 4 in April 2000 for two consecutive weeks . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart the song reached number one on March 4 , 2000 and stayed at the top of the chart for ten weeks , making it one of the songs with most weeks at number one on that chart . The song was the most added pop single to radio of all time , being added to over 200 radio stations in the first week alone . The record was previously held by rivals the Backstreet Boys . The song was a bigger hit internationally , reaching the top of the charts in Australia and New Zealand and number 3 in the United Kingdom . On the week of March 24 , 2014 , the song re-entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 14 . Music video ( edit ) The video , directed by Wayne Isham and choreographed by Darrin Dewitt Henson , features NSYNC as puppets controlled by an evil puppetress ( played by Kim Smith ) . She cuts Joey and Chris loose first , and they run over the top of a speeding train , then hide among the passengers to escape her . She cuts Justin loose next , and he outruns her trained dogs through a warehouse , eventually escaping into the pouring rain . Then Lance and JC are cut loose and fall into a red Dodge Viper RT / 10 . They speed away from her , while being chased by her silver BMW Z3 . All of this is interspersed with shots of the band dancing in a blue box with a fixed camera , making them appear as though they are on different planes of gravity . The video edit of the song also adds a few cuts where Justin lands in the warehouse , and when Lance and JC start the car chase , and adds an additional final chorus . The video premiered on MTV 's Making the Video and features the same actress as appears in `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' . It reached # 1 on TRL for 25 straight days , second only to ( `` U Drive Me Crazy '' ) , which made it to 26 straight days at # 1 . The video placed at # 60 on MuchMusic 's 100 Best Videos . The video debuted on TRL January 24 , 2000 . On YouTube , it has more than 157 million views as of April 2018 . In popular culture ( edit ) The music video for `` Walks Like Rihanna '' by British / Irish boy band the Wanted parodies the music video for this song . The song 's chorus was briefly featured in the film X2 , in a scene where Pyro plays the song from the radio in Cyclops ' car , while he , Wolverine , Rogue and Iceman are making their way to Boston . However , the song is too loud and seems to be annoying everyone ( especially Wolverine ) , and therefore Pyro quickly turns it off . The song was featured in the episode `` My Mirror Image '' in the television series Scrubs as Turk 's ringtone . The song was featured in the episode `` Last Straw '' in the television series CSI : Miami . The music video for `` Like Nobody 's Around '' by American boy band Big Time Rush pays tributes to five hit songs from five boy bands , including The Temptations , The Jackson 5 , New Kids on the Block , Backstreet Boys and NSYNC . The music video includes distinctive elements from the `` Bye Bye Bye '' video , including the set , wardrobe and the Big Time Rush logo in the style of NSYNC 's . The song was featured in Bai5 's commercial aired on Super Bowl LI . Former NSYNC member Justin Timberlake and Christopher Walken were featured in the advertisement , in which Walken recited the chorus of the song in a serious fashion . Timberlake is then seen sitting next to Walken , as the song itself started playing , and the words `` Bai Bai '' appear on screen shortly afterwards . The song was featured in the animated series The Simpsons episode ' ' Angry Dad : The Movie ' ' . The song also starred in the romantic film Crossroads when Lucy ( portrayed by Britney Spears ) and her friends listen to the song in her boyfriend 's car . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Result 2000 MTV Video Music Awards Video of the Year Nominated Best Group Video Nominated Best Pop Video Won Best Dance Video Nominated Best Choreography Won Viewers Choice Won 2000 MuchMusic Video Awards People 's Choice : Favorite International Group Won 2001 Grammy Awards Record of the Year Nominated Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Nominated 2001 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Song Nominated 2000 Teen Choice Awards Choice Single Won Choice Music Video Won Song of the Summer Won Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Bye Bye Bye '' -- 3 : 19 `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 19 `` Could It Be You '' -- 3 : 41 Remixes `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( Teddy Riley 's Funk Remix ) -- 4 : 50 `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( Teddy Riley 's Club Remix ) -- 5 : 28 `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Club Remix ) -- 6 : 32 `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Club Remix Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 53 `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( Sal Dano 's Peak Hour Dub ) -- 8 : 30 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Battery Studios , NYC ; Cove City Sound Studios , Orlando , FL ; and Cheiron Studios , Stockholm , Sweden . Personnel Kristian Lundin -- songwriter , producer Jake Schulze -- songwriter , producer Andreas Carlsson -- songwriter Michael Tucker -- recording engineer Bray Merritt -- assistant engineer Esbjörn Öhrwall -- guitar Tom Coyne -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 21 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) 5 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 46 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart 16 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Spanish Singles Chart 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot 100 Airplay US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 25 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position New Zealand Singles Chart 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 48 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 44 US Billboard Hot 100 21 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manning , Kara ( January 3 , 2000 ) . `` ' NSYNC Lines Up Release Dates In Wake Of Settlement '' . MTV Networks . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Kristian Lundin '' . HitQuarters . Jan 7 , 2003 . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andy Greene ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive QA : Simon Cowell on One Direction 's Rise to Stardom '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Short ' N SYNC Set Wows Girls At Benefit '' . MTV.com. 2 December 1999 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bye Bye Bye by * NSYNC '' . Songfacts . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` No Strings Attached - * NSYNC '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` CG : ' N Sync '' . RobertChristgau.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 20 Essential Boy Band Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ; Stevens , Kat ; Spanos , Brittany ; Murray , Nick ; Benjamin , Jeff ; Johnston , Maura ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` 50 Greatest Boy Band Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The 20 Most Annoying Songs 2007 Rolling Stone Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` The 30 Best Boy Band Songs '' . Complex . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers ' ' Closer ' Ties for Second - Longest No. 1 Run Atop Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ NSYNCVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) , NSYNC - `` Bye Bye Bye '' , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 Jump up ^ ATRL - The TRL Archive - Number Ones Jump up ^ Like Nobody 's Around - Big Time Rush Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( 5 February 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake and Christopher Walken bring ' Bye Bye Bye ' back in Super Bowl ad '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` * NSYNC - Bye Bye Bye ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bye Bye Bye ( liner notes ) . NSYNC . Jive Records . 2000 . 9250202 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books Jump up ^ `` * N Sync : Bye Bye Bye '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- * N Sync '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- * N Sync -- Bye Bye Bye '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC - Chart history '' . Jump up ^ `` * NSYNC - Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2000 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 2000 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` Bye Bye Bye '' Official Music Video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) NSYNC Lance Bass JC Chasez Joey Fatone Chris Kirkpatrick Justin Timberlake Studio albums NSYNC Home for Christmas No Strings Attached Celebrity Compilation albums The Winter Album Greatest Hits The Collection The Essential * NSYNC Soundtrack albums On the Line Singles `` I Want You Back '' `` Tearin ' Up My Heart '' `` Here We Go '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Together Again '' `` ( God Must Have Spent ) A Little More Time on You '' `` U Drive Me Crazy '' `` Merry Christmas , Happy Holidays '' `` Thinking of You ( I Drive Myself Crazy ) '' `` Music of My Heart '' `` Bye Bye Bye '' `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' `` I 'll Never Stop '' `` This I Promise You '' `` Pop '' `` Gone '' `` Girlfriend '' Tours NSYNC in Concert No Strings Attached Tour PopOdyssey Celebrity Tour Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Lou Pearlman Johnny Wright Jive Records New Kids on the Blecch On the Line Dead 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bye_Bye_Bye&oldid=837498401 '' Categories : 2000 songs 2000 singles NSYNC songs Synthpop ballads Jive Records singles Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs written by Andreas Carlsson Songs written by Kristian Lundin Songs written by Jake Schulze RPM Top Singles number - one singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 06 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did nsync bye bye bye come out	[ "\"Bye Bye Bye\" is a pop song by American boy band NSYNC. It was released on January 11, 2000 as the first single from their third studio album No Strings Attached.[1] The song was written and produced by Kristian Lundin and Jake Schulze, with additional writing by Andreas Carlsson. Its lyrics describe the end of a romantic relationship; it was reported to also reference the group's separation from their manager Lou Pearlman and their record label RCA Records.\n" ]	[ "January 11, 2000" ]
3960563903681936414	Video game console	Video game console - wikipedia Video game console Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on : Video games Platforms ( show ) Arcade game Console game Game console Home console Electronic game Audio game Electronic handheld Handheld game Handheld console Mobile game Online game PC game Linux Mac Genres ( show ) Action Fighting Shooter Action - adventure Stealth Survival horror Adventure Interactive movie Visual novel Role - playing Action role - playing Tactical role - playing Simulation Sports Vehicle Strategy Real - time Turn - based Massively multiplayer online Related ( show ) List of arcade video games List of best - selling video games List of best - selling video game franchises List of highest - grossing arcade games List of video games considered the best List of video game soundtracks considered the best List of Game of the Year awards List of video games notable for negative reception Development ( show ) Game AI Game design Interaction design Game programming Level design Video game art Video game design Video game graphics Video game music A video game console is an electronic , digital or computer device that outputs a video signal or visual image to display a video game that one or more people can play . The term `` video game console '' is primarily used to distinguish a console machine primarily designed for consumers to use for playing video games , in contrast to arcade machines or home computers . An arcade machine consists of a video game computer , display , game controller ( joystick , buttons , etc . ) and speakers housed in large chassis . A home computer is a personal computer designed for home use for a variety of purposes , such as bookkeeping , accessing the Internet and playing video games . There are various types of video game consoles , including home video game consoles , handheld game consoles , microconsoles and dedicated consoles . Although Ralph Baer had built working game consoles by 1966 , it was nearly a decade before the Pong game made them commonplace in regular people 's living rooms . Through evolution over the 1990s and 2000s , game consoles have expanded to offer additional functions such as CD players , DVD players , Blu - ray disc players , web browsers , set - top boxes and more . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Overview of timeline 1.2 First generation 1.3 Second generation 1.3. 1 Home consoles 1.3. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.3. 3 Rebirth of the home console market 1.3. 4 North American video game crash of 1983 1.4 Third generation 1.4. 1 Home consoles 1.4. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.5 Fourth generation 1.5. 1 Home consoles 1.5. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.6 Fifth generation 1.6. 1 Home consoles 1.6. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.7 Sixth generation 1.7. 1 Home consoles 1.7. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.8 Seventh generation 1.8. 1 Home consoles 1.8. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.9 Eighth generation 1.9. 1 Home consoles 1.9. 2 Handheld game consoles 2 Media 2.1 Cartridges 2.2 Chip cards 2.3 Magnetic media 2.4 Optical media 2.5 Internet distribution 3 Bits 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History Overview of timeline Source First generation Main article : First generation of video game consoles See also : Early history of video games The Magnavox Odyssey was the first video game console , released in 1972 The first video games appeared in the 1960s . They were played on massive computers connected to vector displays , not analog televisions . Ralph H. Baer conceived the idea of a home video game in 1951 . In the late 1960s , while working for Sanders Associates , Baer created a series of video game console designs . One of these designs , which gained the nickname of the 1966 `` Brown Box '' , featured changeable game modes and was demonstrated to several TV manufacturers , ultimately leading to an agreement between Sanders Associates and Magnavox . In 1972 , Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey , the first home video game console which could be connected to a TV set . Ralph Baer 's initial design had called for a huge row of switches that would allow players to turn on and off certain components of the console ( the Odyssey lacked a CPU ) to create slightly different games like tennis , volleyball , hockey , and chase . Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game . Although Baer had sketched up ideas for cartridges that could include new components for new games , the carts released by Magnavox all served the same function as the switches and allowed players to choose from the Odyssey 's built - in games . The Odyssey initially sold about 100,000 units , making it moderately successful , and it was not until Atari 's arcade game Pong popularized video games that the public began to take more notice of the emerging industry . By autumn 1975 , Magnavox , bowing to the popularity of Pong , cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled - down version that played only Pong and hockey , the Odyssey 100 . A second , `` higher end '' console , the Odyssey 200 , was released with the 100 and added on - screen scoring , up to four players , and a third game -- Smash . Almost simultaneously released with Atari 's own home Pong console through Sears , these consoles jump - started the consumer market . All three of the new consoles used simpler designs than the original Odyssey did with no board game pieces or extra cartridges . In the years that followed , the market saw many companies rushing similar consoles to market . After General Instrument released their inexpensive microchips , each containing a complete console on a single chip , many small developers began releasing consoles that looked different externally , but internally were playing exactly the same games . Most of the consoles from this era were dedicated consoles playing only the games that came with the console . These video game consoles were often just called video games , because there was little reason to distinguish the two yet . While a few companies like Atari , Magnavox , and newcomer Coleco pushed the envelope , the market became flooded with simple , similar video games . Second generation Main article : Second generation of video game consoles Home consoles The Atari 2600 became the most popular game console of the second generation . Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System ( VES ) in 1976 . While there had been previous game consoles that used cartridges , either the cartridges had no information and served the same function as flipping switches ( the Odyssey ) or the console itself was empty ( Coleco Telstar ) and the cartridge contained all of the game components . The VES , however , contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions . RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge - based consoles , the RCA Studio II and the Atari 2600 ( originally branded as the Atari Video Computer System ) , respectively . Handheld game consoles The first handheld game console with interchangeable cartridges was the Microvision designed by Smith Engineering , and distributed and sold by Milton - Bradley in 1979 . Crippled by a small , fragile LCD display and a very narrow selection of games , it was discontinued two years later . The Epoch Game Pocket Computer was released in Japan in 1984 . The Game Pocket Computer featured an LCD screen with 75 X 64 resolution , and could produce graphics at about the same level as early Atari 2600 games . The system sold very poorly , and as a result only five games were made for it . Nintendo 's Game & Watch series of dedicated game systems proved more successful . It helped to establish handheld gaming as popular and lasted until 1991 . Many Games & Watch games were later re-released on Nintendo 's subsequent handheld systems . Rebirth of the home console market The VES continued to be sold at a profit after 1977 , and both Bally ( with their Home Library Computer in 1977 ) and Magnavox ( with the Odyssey2 in 1978 ) brought their own programmable cartridge - based consoles to the market . However , it was not until Atari released a conversion of the golden age arcade hit Space Invaders in 1980 for the Atari 2600 that the home console industry took off . Many consumers bought an Atari console so they could play Space Invaders at home . The unprecedented success of Space Invaders started the trend of console manufacturers trying to get exclusive rights to arcade titles , and the trend of advertisements for game consoles claiming to bring the arcade experience home . Throughout the early 1980s , other companies released video game consoles of their own . Many of the video game systems ( e.g. ColecoVision ) were technically superior to the Atari 2600 , and marketed as improvements over the Atari 2600 . However , Atari dominated the console market in the early 1980s . North American video game crash of 1983 Main article : North American video game crash of 1983 In 1983 , the video game business suffered a much more severe crash . A flood of low - quality video games by smaller companies ( especially for the 2600 ) , industry leader Atari hyping games such as E.T and a 2600 version of Pac - Man that were poorly received , and a growing number of home computer users caused consumers and retailers to lose faith in video game consoles . Most video game companies filed for bankruptcy , or moved into other industries , abandoning their game consoles . A group of employees from Mattel Electronics formed the INTV Corporation and bought the rights for the Intellivision . INTV alone continued to manufacture the Intellivision in small quantities and release new Intellivision games until 1991 . All other North American game consoles were discontinued by 1984 . Revenues generated by the video game industry fell by 97 % during the crash . Third generation Main article : Third generation of video game consoles Home consoles The NES made home console video games popular again in America after the 1983 crash In 1983 , Nintendo released the Family Computer ( or Famicom ) in Japan . The Famicom supported high - resolution sprites , larger color palettes , and tiled backgrounds . This allowed Famicom games to be longer and have more detailed graphics . Nintendo began attempts to bring their Famicom to the U.S. after the video game market had crashed . In the U.S. , video games were seen as a fad that had already passed . To distinguish its product from older game consoles , Nintendo released their Famicom as the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) which used a front - loading cartridge port similar to a VCR , included a plastic `` robot '' ( R.O.B. ) , and was initially advertised as a toy . The NES was the highest selling console in the history of North America and revitalized the video game market . Mario of Super Mario Bros. became a global icon starting with his NES games . Nintendo took a somewhat unusual stance with third - party developers for its console . Nintendo contractually restricted third - party developers to three NES titles per year and forbade them from developing for other video game consoles . The practice ensured Nintendo 's market dominance and prevented the flood of trash titles that had helped kill the Atari , but was ruled illegal late in the console 's life cycle . Sega 's Master System was intended to compete with the NES , but never gained any significant market share in the US or Japan and was barely profitable . It fared notably better in PAL territories . In Europe and South America , the Master System competed with the NES and saw new game releases even after Sega 's next - generation Mega Drive was released . In Brazil where strict importation laws and rampant piracy kept out competitors , the Master System outsold the NES by a massive margin and remained popular into the 1990s . Jack Tramiel , after buying Atari , downsizing its staff , and settling its legal disputes , attempted to bring Atari back into the home console market . Atari released a smaller , sleeker , cheaper version of their popular Atari 2600 . They also released the Atari 7800 , a console technologically comparable with the NES and backwards compatible with the 2600 . Finally Atari repackaged its 8 - bit XE home computer as the XEGS game console . The new consoles helped Atari claw its way out of debt , but failed to gain much market share from Nintendo . Atari 's lack of funds meant that its consoles saw fewer releases , lower production values ( both the manuals and the game labels were frequently black and white ) , and limited distribution . Additionally two popular 8 - bit computers , the Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC , were repackaged as the Commodore 64 Games System and Amstrad GX4000 respectively , for entry into the console market . Japan North America Europe Units sold Famicom / NES 1985 1986 61,910,000 Mark III / Master System 1985 1986 13,000,000 Atari 7800 none 1986 3,770,000 Atari XEGS none 100,000 Handheld game consoles In the later part of the third generation , Nintendo also introduced the Game Boy , which almost single - handedly solidified and then proceeded to dominate the previously scattered handheld market for 15 years . While the Game Boy product line was incrementally updated every few years , until the Game Boy Micro and Nintendo DS , and partially the Game Boy Color , all Game Boy products were backwards compatible with the original released in 1989 . Since the Game Boy 's release , Nintendo had dominated the handheld market . Fourth generation Main article : Fourth generation of video game consoles Home consoles Nintendo Super Famicom NEC brought the first fourth - generation console to market with their PC Engine ( or TurboGrafx16 ) when Hudson Soft approached them with an advanced graphics chip . Hudson had previously approached Nintendo , only to be rebuffed by a company still raking in the profits of the NES . The TurboGrafx used the unusual HuCard format to store games . The small size of these proprietary cards allowed NEC to re-release the console as a handheld game console . The PC Engine enjoyed brisk sales in Japan , but its North American counterpart , the TurboGrafx , lagged behind the competition . The console never saw an official release in Europe , but clones and North American imports were available in some markets starting in 1990 . NEC advertised their console as `` 16 - bit '' to highlight its advances over the NES . This started the trend of all subsequent fourth generations consoles being advertised as 16 bit . Many people still refer to this generation as the 16 - bit generation , and often refer to the third generation as `` 8 - bit '' . Sega scaled down and adapted their Sega System 16 ( used to power arcade hits like Altered Beast and Shinobi ) into the Mega Drive ( sold as the Genesis in North America ) and released it with a near arcade - perfect port of Altered Beast . Sega 's console met lukewarm sales in Japan , but skyrocketed to first place in PAL markets , and made major inroads in North America . Propelled by its effective `` Genesis does what Nintendo n't '' marketing campaign , Sega capitalized on the Genesis 's technological superiority over the NES , faithful ports of popular arcade games , and competitive pricing . The arcade gaming company SNK developed the high end Neo Geo MVS arcade system which used interchangeable cartridges similar to home consoles . Building on the success of the MVS , SNK repackaged the NeoGeo as the Neo Geo AES home console . Though technologically superior to the other fourth - generation consoles , the AES and its games were prohibitively expensive , which kept sales low and prevented it from expanding outside its niche market and into serious competition with Nintendo and Sega . The AES did , however , amass a dedicated cult following , allowing it to see new releases into the 2000s . Fourth generation graphics chips allowed these consoles to reproduce the art styles that were becoming popular in arcades and on home computers . These games often featured lavish background scenery , huge characters , broader color pallettes , and increased emphasis on dithering and texture . Games written specifically for the NES , like Megaman , Shatterhand , and Super Mario Bros. 3 were able to work cleverly within its limitations . Ports of the increasingly detailed arcade and home computer games came up with various solutions . For example , when Capcom released Strider in the arcade they created an entirely separate Strider game for the NES that only incorporated themes and characters from the arcade . In 1990 , Nintendo finally brought their Super Famicom to market and brought it to the United States as the Super NES ( SNES ) a year later . Its release marginalized the TurboGrafx and the Neo Geo , but came late enough for Sega to sell several million consoles in North America and gain a strong foothold . The same year the SNES was released Sega released Sonic the Hedgehog , which spiked Genesis sales , similar to Space Invaders on the Atari . Also , by 1992 the first fully licensed NFL Football game was released : NFL Sports Talk Football ' 93 , which was available only on the Genesis . This impact on Genesis sales , and the overall interest of realistic sports games , would start the trend of licensed sports games being viewed as necessary for the success of a console in the US . While Nintendo enjoyed dominance in Japan , and Sega in Europe , the competition between the two was particularly fierce and close in North America . Ultimately , the SNES outsold the Genesis , but only after Sega discontinued the Genesis to focus on the next generation of consoles . One trait that remains peculiar to the fourth generation is the huge number of exclusive games . Both Sega and Nintendo were very successful and their consoles developed massive libraries of games . Both consoles had to be programmed in assembly to get the most out of them . A game optimized for the Genesis could take advantage of its faster CPU and sound chip . A game optimized for the SNES could take advantage of its graphics and its flexible , clean sound chip . Some game series , like Castlevania , saw separate system exclusive releases rather than an attempt to port one game to disparate platforms . When compact disc ( CD ) technology became available midway through the fourth generation , each company attempted to integrate it into their existing consoles in different ways . NEC and Sega released CD add - ons to their consoles in the form of the TurboGrafx - CD and Sega CD , but both were only moderately successful . NEC also released the TurboDuo which combined the TurboGrafx - 16 and its TurboGrafx - CD add - on ( along with the RAM and BIOS upgrade from the Super System Card ) into one unit . SNK released a third version of the NeoGeo , the Neo Geo CD , allowing the company to release its games on a cheaper medium than the AES 's expensive cartridges , but it reached the market after Nintendo and Sega had already sold tens of millions of consoles each . Nintendo partnered with Sony to work on a CD add - on for the SNES , but the deal fell apart when they realized how much control Sony wanted . Sony would use their work with Nintendo as the basis for their PlayStation game console . While CDs became an increasingly visible part of the market , CD - reading technology was still expensive in the 1990s , limiting NEC 's and Sega 's add - ons ' sales . Japan North America Europe Units sold PC Engine / TurboGrafx - 16 1989 1989 10,000,000 Mega Drive / Genesis 1989 1990 40,000,000 Neo Geo 1991 1991 1994 980,000 Super Famicom / Super NES 1990 1991 49,100,000 LaserActive 1993 1993 none 10,000 Handheld game consoles The first handheld game console released in the fourth generation was the Game Boy , on April 21 , 1989 . It went on to dominate handheld sales by an extremely large margin , despite featuring a low - contrast , unlit monochrome screen while all three of its leading competitors had color . Three major franchises made their debut on the Game Boy : Tetris , the Game Boy 's killer application ; Pokémon ; and Kirby . With some design ( Game Boy Pocket , Game Boy Light ) and hardware ( Game Boy Color ) changes , it continued in production in some form until 2008 , enjoying a better than 18 - year run . The Atari Lynx included hardware - accelerated color graphics , a backlight , and the ability to link up to sixteen units together in an early example of network play when its competitors could only link 2 or 4 consoles ( or none at all ) , but its comparatively short battery life ( approximately 4.5 hours on a set of alkaline cells , versus 35 hours for the Game Boy ) , high price , and weak games library made it one of the worst - selling handheld game systems of all time , with less than 500,000 units sold . The third major handheld of the fourth generation was the Game Gear . It featured graphics capabilities roughly comparable to the Master System ( better colours , but lower resolution ) , a ready made games library by using the `` Master - Gear '' adaptor to play cartridges from the older console , and the opportunity to be converted into a portable TV using a cheap tuner adaptor , but it also suffered some of the same shortcomings as the Lynx . While it sold more than twenty times as many units as the Lynx , its bulky design - slightly larger than even the original Game Boy ; relatively poor battery life - only a little better than the Lynx ; and later arrival in the marketplace - competing for sales amongst the remaining buyers who did n't already have a Game Boy - hampered its overall popularity despite being more closely competitive to the Nintendo in terms of price and breadth of software library . Sega eventually retired the Game Gear in 1997 , a year before Nintendo released the first examples of the Game Boy Color , to focus on the Nomad and non-portable console products . Other handheld consoles released during the fourth generation included the TurboExpress , a handheld version of the TurboGrafx - 16 released by NEC in 1990 , and the Game Boy Pocket , an improved model of the Game Boy released about two years before the debut of the Game Boy Color . While the TurboExpress was another early pioneer of color handheld gaming technology and had the added benefit of using the same game cartridges or ' HuCards ' as the TurboGrafx16 , it had even worse battery life than the Lynx and Game Gear - about three hours on six contemporary AA batteries - selling only 1.5 million units . Fifth generation Main article : Fifth generation of video game consoles During this time home computers gained greater prominence as a way of playing video games . The gaming console industry nonetheless continued to thrive alongside home computers , due to the advantages of much lower prices , easier portability , circuitry specifically dedicated towards gaming , the ability to be played on a television set ( which PCs of the time could not do in most cases ) , and intensive first party software support from manufacturers who were essentially banking their entire future on their consoles . Home consoles The Sony PlayStation became the most popular system of the fifth generation consoles , eventually selling over 100 million systems The first fifth - generation consoles were the 3DO and the Atari Jaguar . Although both consoles were more powerful than the fourth generation systems , neither would become serious threats to Sega or Nintendo . The 3DO initially generated a great deal of hype in part because of a licensing scheme where 3DO licensed the manufacturing of its console out to third parties , similar to VCR or DVD players . However , unlike its competitors who could sell their consoles at a loss , all 3DO manufacturers had to sell for profit . The cheapest 3DO was more expensive than the SNES and Genesis combined . The Jaguar had three processors and no C libraries to help developers cope with it . Atari was ineffective at courting third parties and many of their first party games were poorly received . Many of the Jaguar 's games used mainly the slowest ( but most familiar ) of the console 's processors , resulting in titles that could easily have been released on the SNES or Genesis . To compete with emerging next gen consoles , Nintendo released Donkey Kong Country which could display a wide range of tones ( something common in fifth - generation games ) by limiting the number of hues onscreen , and Star Fox which used an extra chip inside of the cartridge to display polygon graphics . Sega followed suit , releasing Vectorman and Virtua Racing ( the latter of which used the Sega Virtua Processor ) . Sega also released the 32X , an add - on for the Genesis , while their Sega Saturn was still in development . Despite public statements from Sega claiming that they would continue to support the Genesis / 32X throughout the next generation , Sega Enterprises forced Sega of America to abandon the 32X . The 32X 's brief and confusing existence damaged public perception of the coming Saturn and Sega as a whole . While the fourth generation had seen NEC 's TurboGrafx - CD and Sega 's Sega CD add - ons , it was not until the fifth generation that CD - based consoles and games began to seriously compete with cartridges . CD - ROMs were significantly cheaper to manufacture and distribute than cartridges were , and gave developers room to add cinematic cut - scenes , pre-recorded soundtracks , and voice acting that made more serious storytelling possible . NEC had been developing a successor to the TurboGrafx - 16 as early as 1990 , and presented a prototype , dubbed the `` Iron Man , '' to developers in 1992 , but shelved the project as the CD - ROM2 System managed to extend the console 's market viability in Japan into the mid-90s . When sales started to dry up , NEC rushed its old project to the market . The PC - FX , a CD - based , 32 - bit console , had highly advanced , detailed 2D graphics capabilities , and better full - motion video than any other system on the market . It was , however , incapable of handling 3D graphics , forfeiting its chances at seriously competing with Sony and Sega . The console was limited to a niche market of dating sims and visual novels in Japan , and never saw release in Western markets . After the abortive 32X , Sega entered the fifth generation with the Saturn . Sega released several highly regarded titles for the Saturn , but a series of bad decisions alienated many developers and retailers . While the Saturn was technologically advanced , it was also complex , difficult , and unintuitive to write games for . In particular , programming 3D graphics that could compete with those on Nintendo and Sony 's consoles proved exceptionally difficult for third - party developers . Because the Saturn used quadrilaterals , rather than standard triangles , as its basic polygon , cross platform games had to be completely rewritten to see a Saturn port . The Saturn was also a victim of internal politics at Sega . While the Saturn sold comparably well in Japan , Sega 's branches in North America and Europe refused to license localizations of many popular Japanese titles , holding they were ill - suited to Western markets . First - party hits like Sakura Taisen never saw Western releases , while several third - party titles released on both PlayStation and Saturn in Japan , like Grandia and Castlevania : Symphony of the Night , were released in North America and Europe as PlayStation exclusives . Born from a failed attempt to create a console with Nintendo , Sony 's PlayStation would not only dominate its generation , but become the first console to sell over 100 million units by expanding the video game market . Sony actively courted third parties and provided them with convenient c libraries to write their games . Sony had built the console from the start as a 3D , disc - based system , and emphasized its 3D graphics that would come to be viewed as the future of gaming . The PlayStation 's CD technology won over several developers who had been releasing titles for Nintendo and Sega 's fourth generation consoles , such as Konami , Namco , Capcom , and Square . CDs were far cheaper to manufacture and distribute than cartridges were , meaning developers could release larger batches of games at higher profit margins ; Nintendo 's console , on the other hand , used cartridges , unwittingly keeping third - party developers away . The PlayStation 's internal architecture was simpler and more intuitive to program for , giving the console an edge over Sega 's Saturn . Nintendo was the last to release a fifth generation console with their Nintendo 64 , and when they finally released their console in North America , it came with only two launch titles . Partly to curb piracy and partly as a result of Nintendo 's failed disc projects with Sony and Philips , Nintendo used cartridges for their console . The higher cost of cartridges drove many third party developers to the PlayStation . The Nintendo 64 could handle 3D polygons better than any console released before it , but its games often lacked the cut - scenes , soundtracks , and voice - overs that became standard on PlayStation discs . Nintendo released several highly acclaimed titles , such as Super Mario 64 and The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time , and the Nintendo 64 was able to sell tens of millions of units on the strength of first - party titles alone , but its constant struggles against Sony would make the Nintendo 64 the last home console to use cartridges as a medium for game distribution . Japan North America Europe Units sold FM Towns Marty 1993 none none 45,000 Atari Jaguar 1994 1993 1994 250,000 3DO 1994 1993 1994 2,000,000 PC - FX 1994 none none 400,000 Sega 32X 1994 1994 1995 665,000 Virtual Boy 1995 1995 none 770,000 Sega Saturn 1994 1995 1995 9,260,000 PlayStation 1994 1995 1995 102,490,000 Nintendo 64 32,930,000 Handheld game consoles Sega Nomad Released in 1995 Game Boy Pocket Released in 1996 Game.com Released in September 1997 Game Boy Light Released in April 1998 Game Boy Color Released in November 1998 Neo Geo Pocket Released in 1998 Sixth generation Main article : Sixth generation of video game consoles Home consoles With more than 155 million units sold , the Sony PlayStation 2 is the best selling video game console in history The Dreamcast was the last system released by Sega , who became a third - party software publisher . The sixth generation witnessed a shift towards using DVDs for video game media . This brought games that were both longer and more visually appealing . Adding furthermore features with online console gaming and implementing both flash and hard drive storage for game data . Sega 's Dreamcast , the first console with a built - in modem , was released in Japan on November 27 , 1998 . The Dreamcast initially underperformed in Japan ; while interest was initially strong , the company was forced to stop taking preorders due to manufacturing issues , and the system underperformed its sales expectations , with reports of disappointed customers returning Dreamcast consoles to buy Playstation games and peripherals . After the sluggish sales in Japan , Sega pursued a different strategy in other areas . The system launched in North America with 18 titles , including the much - anticipated Sonic Adventure . A big part of marketing their system to North America was taking advantage of the turn of the century and North America 's tendency to end a products price tag with the number 9 . They came up with the slogan `` 9 / 9 / 99 for $199 '' , and the system initially sold brisky . Despite Japan having a year head start on North America , by the end of 1999 the Dreamcast had sold 2 million units in North America versus only 1 million in Japan , and at the end of the year Sega controlled 31 % of the American video game market . The Dreamcast went on to launch in Europe on October 14 , 1999 and in Australia on November 30 , 1999 . However , Sega 's success ultimately proved to be short - lived . Sony announced their own upcoming system , the Playstation 2 , in the fall of 1999 ; while they had few details on their system , many consumers ultimately held off on buying a system until Sony 's own system launched . The PS2 released a year later and received immense critical acclaim . The PS2 quickly outsold the Dreamcast , eventually going on to become the best - selling video game console of all time while the Dreamcast 's own sales stagnated . The Dreamcast was Sega 's last video game console , and was the first of the generation 's consoles to be discontinued . Sega implemented a special type of optical media called the GD - ROM . These discs were created in order to prevent software piracy , which had been more easily done with consoles of the previous generation ; however , this format was soon cracked as well . It also sported a 33.6 Kb or 56k modem which could be used to access the Internet or play some games that took advantage of this feature , such as Phantasy Star Online , making it the first console with built - in Internet connectivity . An add on for an Ethernet port allowed one to access broad band Internet though it did not come with the system . The Dreamcast was discontinued in March 2001 , and Sega transitioned to software developing / publishing only . Sony 's PlayStation 2 was released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , in Europe on November 24 , 2000 and in Australia on November 30 , 2000 . It was the follow - up to its highly successful PlayStation , and was also the first home game console to be able to play DVDs . As was done with the original PlayStation in 2000 , Sony redesigned the console in 2004 into a smaller version . As of November 21 , 2011 over 140 million PlayStation 2 units have been sold . This makes it the best selling home console of all time to date . Nintendo 's GameCube was released in Japan on September 15 , 2001 , in North America on November 18 , 2001 , in Europe on May 3 , 2002 and in Australia on May 17 , 2002 . It was Nintendo 's fourth home video game console and the first console by the company to use optical media instead of cartridges . The GameCube did not play standard 12 cm DVDs , instead it employed smaller 8 cm optical discs . With the release of the GameCube Game Boy Player , all Game Boy , Game Boy Color , and Game Boy Advance cartridges could be played on the platform . The GameCube was discontinued in 2007 with the release of Wii . Microsoft 's Xbox was the first dedicated video games console released by the company in North America on November 15 , 2001 , in Japan on February 22 , 2002 , and in Europe and Australia on March 14 , 2002 . Microsoft realized the power of video game consoles and feared with growing capabilities they may take over more than the living room . It was the first console to employ a hard drive right out of the box to save games , the first to include an Ethernet port for broadband internet , and the beginning of Microsoft 's online Xbox LIVE service . Microsoft was able to attract many PC developers by using the NT kernel and DirectX from their Windows operating system . Though criticized for its bulky size and the awkwardness of its original controller , the Xbox eventually gained popularity , especially in the US , where it outsold the GameCube to secure second place , due in part to the success of the Halo franchise . Japan North America Europe Units sold Dreamcast 1998 1999 1999 9,130,000 PlayStation 2 2000 2000 2000 155,000,000 GameCube 2001 2001 2002 21,740,000 Xbox 2002 2001 2002 24,000,000 Handheld game consoles During the sixth generation era , the handheld game console market expanded with the introduction of new devices from many different manufacturers . Nintendo maintained its dominant share of the handheld market with the release in 2001 of the Game Boy Advance , which featured many upgrades and new features over the Game Boy . Two redesigns of this system followed , the Game Boy Advance SP in 2003 and the Game Boy Micro in 2005 . Also introduced were the Neo Geo Pocket Color in 1998 and Bandai 's WonderSwan Color , launched in Japan in 1999 . South Korean company Game Park introduced its GP32 handheld in 2001 , and with it came the dawn of open source handheld consoles . The Game Boy Advance line of handhelds has sold 81.51 million units worldwide as of September 30 , 2010 . A major new addition to the market was the trend for corporations to include a large number of `` non-gaming '' features into their handheld consoles , including cell phones , MP3 players , portable movie players , and PDA - like features . The handheld that started this trend was Nokia 's N - Gage , which was released in 2003 and doubled primarily as a mobile phone . It went through a redesign in 2004 and was renamed the N - Gage QD . A second handheld , the Zodiac from Tapwave , was released in 2004 ; based on the Palm OS , it offered specialized gaming - oriented video and sound capabilities , but it had an unwieldy development kit due to the underlying Palm OS foundation . With more and more PDAs arriving during the previous generation , the difference between consumer electronics and traditional computing began to blur and cheap console technology grew as a result . It was said of PDAs that they were `` the computers of handheld gaming '' because of their multi-purpose capabilities and the increasingly powerful computer hardware that resided within them . This capability existed to move gaming beyond the last generation 's 16 - bit limitations ; however , PDAs were still geared towards the typical businessman , and lacked new , affordable software franchises to compete with dedicated handheld gaming consoles . Seventh generation Main article : Seventh generation of video game consoles Video game consoles had become an important part of the global IT infrastructure . It is estimated that video game consoles represented 25 % of the world 's general - purpose computational power in the year 2007 . Home consoles The release of the Xbox 360 began the seventh generation The features introduced in this generation include the support of new disc formats : Blu - ray Disc , utilized by the PlayStation 3 , and HD DVD supported by the Xbox 360 via an optional $200 external accessory addition , that was later discontinued as the format war closed . Another new technology is the use of motion as input , and IR tracking ( as implemented on the Wii ) . Also , all seventh generation consoles support wireless controllers . This generation also introduced the Nintendo DS , and the Nintendo DSi , which brought touch screens into the mainstream for and added cameras to portable gaming . Microsoft kicked off the seventh generation with the release of the Xbox 360 on November 22 , 2005 in the United States , December 2 , 2005 in Europe , December 10 , 2005 in Japan and March 23 , 2006 in Australia . It featured market - leading processing power until the Sony PlayStation 3 was released one year later . While the original Xbox 360 `` Core '' did not include an internal HDD , most Xbox 360 models since have included at least the option to have one . The Xbox 360 optical drive is a DVD9 reader , allowing DVD movies to be played . No Blu - ray drive was included , making big games like Battlefield and Wolfenstein : The New Order require two or more DVDs to play . Up to four controllers can be connected to the console wirelessly on the standard 2.4 GHz spectrum . There are 4 discontinued versions of the Xbox 360 : the `` Arcade , '' the `` Pro , '' and the `` Elite , '' and the newer `` S '' or ' slim ' model . The `` E '' version of the Xbox 360 included 3 configurations : a 4GB internal SSD version which acts like a USB hard drive , a 250 GB HDD version , and a branded 320 GB HDD version . The Xbox 360 is backward compatible with about half the games of the original Xbox library . In 2010 , Microsoft released Kinect , allowing for motion - controlled games . The Xbox 360 was discontinued on April 20 , 2016 . The XBox 360 had major technical problems on release , with a large portion of its consoles suffering from general hardware failures , nicknamed `` the Red Ring of Death ( RROD ) '' for the display of a red ring around the console 's power button indicating the problem . The company spent over $1 billion correcting the problem . Sony 's PlayStation 3 was released in Japan on November 11 , 2006 , in North America on November 17 , 2006 and in Europe and Australia on March 23 , 2007 . All PlayStation 3 's come with a hard drive and are able to play Blu - ray Disc games and Blu - ray Disc movies out of the box . The PlayStation 3 was the first video game console to support HDMI output out of the box , using full 1080p resolution . Up to seven controllers can connect to the console using Bluetooth . There are 6 discontinued versions of the PS3 : a 20 GB HDD version ( discontinued in North America and Japan , and was never released in PAL territories ) , a 40 GB HDD version ( discontinued ) , a 60 GB HDD version ( discontinued in North America , Japan and PAL territories ) , 80 GB HDD version ( only in some NTSC territories and PAL territories ) , a `` slim '' 120GB HDD version ( discontinued ) , and a `` slim '' 250 GB version ( discontinued ) . The two current shipping versions of the PlayStation 3 are : a `` slim '' 160 GB HDD version and a `` slim '' 320 GB HDD version . The hard drive can be replaced with any standard 2.5 '' Serial ATA drive and the system has support for removable media storage , such as Memory Stick , Memory Stick Pro , Memory Stick Duo , Memory Stick PRO Duo , USB , SD , MiniSD , and CompactFlash ( CF ) digital media , but only the PlayStation versions up to 80 GB support this . The slim PlayStation 3 consoles ( 120 GB and up ) had removable storage discontinued . All models are backward compatible with the original PlayStation 's software library , and the launch models , since discontinued , are also backward compatible with PlayStation 2 games . As a cost - cutting measure , later models removed the Emotion Engine , making them incompatible with PlayStation 2 discs . In 2010 , Sony released PlayStation Move , allowing for motion - controlled games . With recent software updates , the PlayStation 3 can play 3D Blu - ray movies and 3D games . With more than 101 million units sold , the Nintendo Wii is the best - selling home video game console in the seventh generation . Nintendo 's Wii was released in North America on November 19 , 2006 , in Japan on December 2 , 2006 , in Australia on December 7 , 2006 and in Europe on December 8 , 2006 . It is bundled with Wii Sports in all regions except for Japan . Unlike the other systems of the seventh generation , the Wii does not support an internal hard drive , but instead uses 512 MB of internal Flash memory and includes support for removable SD card storage . It also has a maximum resolution output of 480p , making it the only seventh generation console not able to output high - definition graphics . Along with its lower price , the Wii is notable for its unique controller , the Wii Remote , which resembles a TV remote . The system uses a `` sensor bar '' that emits infrared light that is detected by an infrared camera in the Wii Remote to determine orientation relative to the source of the light . All models , other than the Wii Family Edition and the Wii Mini , are backwards compatible with GameCube games and support up to four GameCube controllers and two memory cards . It also includes the Virtual Console , which allows the purchase and downloading of games from older systems , including those of former competitors . In 2009 , Nintendo introduced the ' Wii MotionPlus ' expansion , which uses the same technology as the console previously used , but with enhanced motion tracking and sensing to improve gameplay quality . The Wii has four colors : white , blue , black , and red . Current models include Wii Sports , Wii Sports Resort , and Wii Motion Plus . Japan North America Europe Units sold Xbox 360 2005 2005 2005 84,700,000 PlayStation 3 2006 2006 2007 85,900,000 Wii 2006 2006 2006 101,630,000 Handheld game consoles For handheld game consoles , the seventh generation began with the release of the Nintendo DS on November 21 , 2004 . This handheld was based on a design fundamentally different from the Game Boy and other handheld video game systems . The Nintendo DS offered new modes of input over previous generations such as a touch screen , the ability to connect wirelessly using IEEE 802.11 b , as well as a microphone to speak to in - game NPCs . On December 12 , 2004 , Sony released its first handheld , PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) . The PlayStation Portable was marketed at launch to an above 25 - year - old or `` core gamer '' market , while the Nintendo DS proved to be popular with both core gamers and new customers . Nokia revived its N - Gage platform in the form of a service for selected S60 devices . This new service launched on April 3 , 2008 . Other less - popular handheld systems released during this generation include the Gizmondo ( launched on March 19 , 2005 and discontinued in February 2006 ) and the GP2X ( launched on November 10 , 2005 and discontinued in August 2008 ) . The GP2X Wiz , Pandora , and Gizmondo 2 were scheduled for release in 2009 . Another aspect of the seventh generation was the beginning of direct competition between dedicated handheld gaming devices , and increasingly powerful PDA / cell phone devices such as the iPhone and iPod Touch , and the latter being aggressively marketed for gaming purposes . Simple games such as Tetris and Solitaire had existed for PDA devices since their introduction , but by 2009 PDAs and phones had grown sufficiently powerful to where complex graphical games could be implemented , with the advantage of distribution over wireless broadband . Japan North America Europe Units sold Nintendo DS 2005 154,020,000 PlayStation Portable 2005 2005 82,000,000 Eighth generation Main article : Eighth generation of video game consoles Home consoles The Wii U was the least selling console of the eighth generation , selling around 12.8 million units as of 2016 , but some of Nintendo 's first party games for the system have sold over half the install base of the system , telling that Nintendo has a very dedicated fanbase Aside from the usual hardware enhancements , consoles of the eighth generation focus on further integration with other media and increased connectivity . The Wii U introduced a controller / tablet hybrid whose features include the possibility of augmented reality in gaming . The PlayStation 4 is Sony 's eighth generation console , featuring a `` share '' button to stream video game content between devices , released on November 15 , 2013 . Microsoft released their next generation console , the Xbox One , on November 22 , 2013 . On March 3 , 2017 , following poor sales of the Wii U , Nintendo released the Nintendo Switch , a ' hybrid ' console consisting of a tablet with controller attachments that can be used as a mobile device or connected to a television via a dock . Game systems in the eighth generation also faced increasing competition from mobile device platforms such as Apple 's iOS and Google 's Android operating systems . Smartphone ownership was estimated to reach roughly a quarter of the world 's population by the end of 2014 . The proliferation of low - cost games for these devices , such as Angry Birds with over 2 billion downloads worldwide , presents a new challenge to classic video game systems . Microconsoles , cheaper stand - alone devices designed to play games from previously established platforms , also increased options for consumers . Many of these projects were spurred on by the use of new crowdfunding techniques through sites such as Kickstarter . Notable competitors include the GamePop , OUYA , GameStick Android - based systems , the PlayStation TV , the NVIDIA SHIELD and Steam Machines . Despite the increased competition , the sales for major console manufacturers featured strong starts . The PlayStation 4 sold 1 million consoles within 24 hours in 2 countries , whilst the Xbox One sold 1 million consoles within 24 hours in 13 countries . As of December 6 , 2016 , over 50 million PlayStation 4 consoles have been sold worldwide , and 10 million Xbox One units have shipped to retailers ( by the end of 2014 ) , both outpacing sales of their seventh generation systems . In May , Nintendo announced that it had sold only 2.8 million Wii U consoles , falling far short of their forecasts . Japan North America Europe Units sold Wii U 2012 2012 2012 13,360,000 PlayStation 4 2014 2013 2013 50,000,000 Xbox One 2014 2013 2013 10,000,000 Handheld game consoles The Nintendo 3DS is a portable game console produced by Nintendo . It is the successor to the Nintendo DS . The autostereoscopic device is able to project stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses or any additional accessories . The Nintendo 3DS features backward compatibility with Nintendo DS series software , including Nintendo DSi software . After announcing the device in March 2010 , Nintendo officially unveiled it at E3 2010 , with the company inviting attendees to use demonstration units . The console succeeded the Nintendo DS series of handheld systems , which primarily competed with PlayStation Portable . The 3DS competed with Sony 's handheld , the PlayStation Vita . PlayStation Vita is a handheld game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to the PlayStation Portable as part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices . It was released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 and was released in Europe and North America on February 22 , 2012 . The handheld includes two analog sticks , a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) OLED / LCD multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , and supports Bluetooth , Wi - Fi and optional 3G . Internally , the PS Vita features a 4 core ARM Cortex - A9 MPCore processor and a 4 core SGX543MP4+ graphics processing unit , as well as LiveArea software as its main user interface , which succeeds the XrossMediaBar . Japan North America Europe Units sold Nintendo 3DS 2011 2011 2011 61,570,000 PlayStation Vita 2011 2012 2012 4,000,000 Media Cartridges Game cartridges consist of a printed circuit board housed inside of a plastic casing , with a connector allowing the device to interface with the console . The circuit board can contain a wide variety of components . All cartridge games contain at the minimum , read only memory with the software written on it . Many cartridges also carry components that increase the original console 's power , such as extra RAM or a coprocessor . Components can also be added to extend the original hardware 's functionality ( such as gyroscopes , rumble packs , tilt - sensors , light sensors , etc . ) ; this is more common on handheld consoles where the user does not interact with the game through a separate video game controller . Cartridges were the first external media to be used with home consoles and remained the most common until continued improvements in capacity in 1995 ( the Nintendo 64 , released in 1996 , was the last mainstream game console to use cartridges ) . Nevertheless , the relatively high manufacturing costs and limited data capacity compared to optical media at the time saw them completely replaced by the latter for home consoles by the early 21st century , although they are still in use in some handheld video game consoles and in the Nintendo Switch . Due to the aforementioned capabilities of cartridges such as more memory and coprocessors , those factors make it harder to reverse engineer consoles to be used on emulators . Chip cards Further information : Smart card Several consoles such as the Master System and the TurboGrafx - 16 have used different types of smart cards as an external medium . These cards function similar to simple cartridges . Information is stored on a chip that is housed in plastic . Cards are more compact and simpler than cartridges , though . This makes them cheaper to produce and smaller , but limits what can be done with them . Cards can not hold extra components , and common cartridge techniques like bank switching ( a technique used to create very large games ) were impossible to miniaturize into a card in the late 1980s . Compact Discs reduced much of the need for cards . Optical Discs can hold more information than cards , and are cheaper to produce . The Nintendo GameCube and the PlayStation 2 use memory cards for storage , but the PlayStation Vita , Nintendo 3DS , and Nintendo Switch are currently the only modern systems to use cards for game distribution . Nintendo has long used cartridges with their Game Boy line of hand held consoles because of their durability , small size , stability ( not shaking and vibrating the handheld when it is in use ) , and low battery consumption . Nintendo switched to cards starting with the DS , because advances in memory technology made putting extra memory on the cartridge unnecessary . The PlayStation Vita uses Sony 's own proprietary flash - memory Vita cards as one method of game distribution . Magnetic media Two forms of magnetic media commonly used in the 1980s and 1990s for video games are cassette and floppy disk Home computers have long used magnetic storage devices . Both tape drives and floppy disk drives were common on early microcomputers . Their popularity is in large part because a tape drive or disk drive can write to any material it can read . However , magnetic media is volatile and can be more easily damaged than game cartridges or optical discs . Among the first consoles to use magnetic media were the Bally Astrocade and APF - M1000 , both of which could use cassette tapes through expansions . In Bally 's case , this allowed the console to see new game development even after Bally dropped support for it . While magnetic media remained limited in use as a primary form of distribution , three popular subsequent consoles also had expansions available to allow them to use this format . The Starpath Supercharger can load Atari 2600 games from audio cassettes ; Starpath used it to cheaply distribute their own games from 1982 to 1984 and today it is used by many programmers to test , distribute , and play homebrew software . The Disk System , a floppy disk - reading add - on to the Famicom ( as the NES was known in Japan ) , was released by Nintendo in 1986 for the Japanese market . Nintendo sold the disks cheaply and sold vending machines where customers could have new games written to their disks up to 500 times . In 1999 , Nintendo released another Japan - only floppy disk add - on , the Nintendo 64DD , for the Nintendo 64 . Optical media Shown is a CD - ROM ( left ) and a game in Nintendo 's proprietary optical disc format similar to a MiniDVD , as the most widely used forms of optical media are DVDs and compact discs In the mid-1990s , various manufacturers shifted to optical media , specifically CD - ROM , for games . Although they were slower at loading game data than the cartridges available at that time , they were significantly cheaper to manufacture and had a larger capacity than the existing cartridge technology . NEC released the first CD - based gaming system , the TurboGrafx - CD ( an add - on for the TurboGrafx - 16 ) , in December 4 , 1988 in Japan and August 1 , 1990 in the United States . Sega followed suit with the Sega CD ( an add - on for the Sega Genesis ) in Japan on December 12 , 1991 ; Commodore stepped into the ring shortly after with the Amiga - CD32 , the first 32 - bit game console , on September 17 , 1993 . During the later half of the 1990s , optical media began to supplant cartridges due to their greater storage capacity and cheaper manufacturing costs , with the CD - based PlayStation significantly outpacing the cartridge - based Nintendo 64 in terms of sales . By the early 21st century , all of the major home consoles used optical media , usually DVD - ROM or similar discs , which are widely replacing CD - ROM for data storage . The PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One systems use even higher - capacity Blu - ray optical discs for games and movies , while the Xbox 360 formerly used HD DVDs in the form of an external USB player add - on for video playback before it was discontinued . However , Microsoft still supports those who bought the accessory . Nintendo 's GameCube , Wii , and Wii U , meanwhile , use proprietary disc formats based on then - current industry standard discs -- the GameCube 's discs are based on miniDVDs , the Wii 's on DVDs , and the Wii U 's are believed to be based on Blu - rays . These discs offer somewhat smaller storage capacities compared to the formats they are based on , though the difference is significantly smaller compared to the gap between the N64 's cartridges and CDs . Internet distribution This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) All seventh and eighth generation consoles offer some kind of Internet games distribution service , allowing users to download games for a fee onto some form of non-volatile storage , typically a hard disk or flash memory . Recently , the console manufacturers have been taking advantage of internet distribution with games , video streaming services like Netflix , Hulu Plus and film trailers being available . Microsoft 's Xbox Live service includes the Xbox Live Arcade and Xbox Live Marketplace , featuring digital distribution of classic and original titles . These include arcade classics , original titles , and games originally released on other consoles . The Xbox Live Marketplace also includes many different hit movies and trailers in high definition , and is accessible with a Xbox Live Free Membership . There is also an `` Indie Games '' section where small - time developers can buy a license and release their own games onto the marketplace . Such is their volume , these games are not viewed by Microsoft as standard and are instead rated by the public . Sony 's online game distribution is known as the PlayStation Network ( PSN ) . It offers free online gaming , downloadable content such as classic PlayStation games , high definition games and movie trailers , and original games such as flOw and Everyday Shooter as well as some games that also release on Blu - ray Disc such as Warhawk and Gran Turismo 5 Prologue . A networking service , dubbed PlayStation Home , was released in December 2008 . Sony also announced a video / movie service and music service for some time in 2008 . Nintendo 's Virtual Console service emulates games from previous - generation consoles and is available for Wii , Nintendo 3DS , and Wii U. Nintendo also has original content available for download through its online stores , the Wii Shop Channel ( WiiWare ) , Nintendo DSi Shop ( DSiWare ) and Nintendo eShop . In the case of the Wii console , Nintendo offers information and videos of upcoming software through the Nintendo Channel , which also allows users to download demos to the Nintendo DS through wireless connection . Other free services for Wii include the Forecast Channel , where people can access a weather forecast for cities around the world , News Channel , which provides users with the current world news in different categories such as International or Technology , and also the Internet Channel that allows users to browse the web and watch videos in sites like YouTube ( which now has its own channel ) . The Wii Message Board also allows Nintendo to communicate with Wii owners with letters that include update information or contests on the Check Mii Out Channel , Everybody Votes Channel and games like Mario Kart Wii . However , in the summer of 2014 , these services were discontinued , reportedly to let developers work harder on Wii U functionality . Eight - generation Nintendo consoles ( Nintendo 3DS , Wii U and later ) takes advantage of the services provided by the Nintendo Network . This includes being able to purchase and download classic Virtual Console games , downloadable games ( including most DSiWare / WiiWare downloadable games ) , downloadable game content , non-gaming apps , game demos , videos , and even certain retail games via the Nintendo eShop . Nintendo Network will allow content , online - gaming support , non-gaming interactions to be provided either for free or for a premium cost . Nintendo also offers its own social network in the form of Miiverse , supported by the Nintendo Network . The Ouya has its games distributed entirely over the Internet , instead of using any physical media like a disk or cartridge . Users purchase games over the Ouya shop , just like PlayStation Network Store and the Xbox Live Arcade . Bits Each new generation of console hardware made use of the rapid development of processing technology . Newer machines could output a greater range of colors , more sprites , and introduced graphical technologies such as scaling , and vector graphics . One way console makers marketed these advances to consumers was through the measurement of `` bits '' . The TurboGrafx - 16 , Genesis , and Super NES were among the first consoles to advertise the fact that they contained 16 - bit processors . This fourth generation of console hardware was often referred to as the 16 - bit era , and the previous generation as the 8 - bit . The bit - value of a console referred to the word length of a console 's processor ( although the value was sometimes misused , for example the TurboGrafx 16 had only an 8 - bit CPU , and the Genesis / Mega Drive had the 16 / 32 - bit Motorola 68000 , but both had a 16 - bit dedicated graphics processor ) . As the graphical performance of console hardware is dependent on many factors , using bits was a crude way to gauge a console 's overall ability . For example , the NES , Commodore 64 , Apple II , and Atari 2600 all used a very similar 8 - bit CPU . The difference in their processing power is due to other causes . For example , the Commodore 64 contains 64 kilobytes of RAM and the Atari 2600 has much less at 128 bytes of RAM . The jump from 8 - bit machines to 16 - bit machines to 32 - bit machines made a noticeable difference in performance , so consoles from certain generations are frequently referred to as 8 - bit or 16 - bit consoles . However , the `` bits '' in a console are no longer a major factor in their performance . The Nintendo 64 , for example has been outpaced by several 32 - bit machines . See also Electronics portal Video games portal Console game Console manufacturer Console war Dedicated console Handheld game console Handheld TV game History of video games Home video game console List of video game consoles Microconsole Timeline of video game console releases in North America Unlockable games Video game clone Virtual reality headset Notes Jump up ^ The first generation of video game consoles began with the release of the Magnavox Odyssey , the first commercial home video game console , was released in May 1972 . This generation came to an end when Nintendo discontinued the Color TV - Game series in 1980 . Jump up ^ The second generation of video game consoles began when the Fairchild Channel F was released in May 1976 . This generation came to an end when Atari discontinued the Atari 2600 on January 1 , 1992 . Jump up ^ The third generation of video game consoles began with both Sega and Nintendo releasing SG - 1000 and Nintendo Entertainment System ( known in Japan as the Family Computer ) , respectively , on July 15 , 1983 in Japan . This generation came to an end when Nintendo discontinued the Nintendo Entertainment System on September 25 , 2003 in Japan . Jump up ^ The fourth generation of video game consoles began when the TurboGrafx - 16 was released on October 30 , 1987 . This generation came to an end when SNK discontinued the Neo Geo in 2004 . Jump up ^ The fifth generation of video game consoles began when Panasonic released the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer on October 4 , 1993 . This generation came to an end when Sony discontinued the PlayStation on March 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ The sixth generation of video game consoles began when Sega released the Dreamcast on November 27 , 1998 in Japan . This generation came to an end when Sony discontinued the PlayStation 2 on January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The seventh generation of video game consoles began when Microsoft released the Xbox 360 on November 22 , 2005 . The seventh generation is still ongoing . The first console of this generation to be discontinued was the Xbox 360 on April 20 , 2016 while the PlayStation 3 and Wii remain in production . Jump up ^ The eighth generation of video game consoles began when Nintendo released the Wii U on November 18 , 2012 . This is the current generation of video game consoles . The first console of this generation to be discontinued is the Wii U , on January 31 , 2017 ; the other major consoles from Nintendo , Microsoft and Sony remain in production . References Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` ODYSSEY : 35 YEARS LATER '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Between 1970 and 1972 , Magnavox and Baer work together to fully develop the Odyssey . The set release date : May 1972 . The era of video games is about to explode . Jump up ^ DeMaria , Rusel ; Wilson , Johnny L. ( 2003 ) . High Score ! : The Illustrated History of Electronic Games ( 2 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 363 , 378 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 223172 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Channel F The Dot Eaters '' . thedoteaters.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Shane ; Brett Elston ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Consoles of the ' 80s '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.pc-engine.co.uk/?section=systems Jump up ^ Nintendo to end Famicom and Super Famicom production . GameSpot.com ( May 30 , 2003 ) . Retrieved on August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longest support for an arcade system '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Which Game System is the Best ! ? '' . Next Generation . No. 12 . Imagine Media . December 1995 . pp. 36 -- 85 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Cumulative Production Shipments of Hardware '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reserved. , . All Rights ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Press Start : Sega 's failed Dreamcast console has actually outsold Nintendo 's Wii U ( sort of ) '' . canada.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 2 manufacture ends after 12 years '' . The Guardian . January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Achievement Unlocked : 10 Years -- Thank You , Xbox 360 '' . Xbox Wire . Jump up ^ `` WiiU Price and Release Date Announced '' . WiiU News . September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U Production Has Officially Ended in Japan '' . Siliconera . January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The First Video Game '' . Brookhaven National Laboratory , U.S. Dept. of Energy . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Baer , Ralph H. ( 2005 ) . Videogames : In The Beginning . Rolenta Press . pp. 52 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 9643848 - 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` How Video Games Invaded the Home TV Set '' . Ralph H. Baer Consultants . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Master System Console in Brazil '' . April 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Atari Lynx '' . ataritimes.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved August 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Beuscher , Dave . `` allgame ( Atari Lynx > Overview ) '' . Allgame . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . One drawback to the Lynx system is its power consumption . It requires 6 AA batteries , which allow four to five hours of game play . The Nintendo Game Boy provides close to 35 hours use before new batteries are necessary . ^ Jump up to : Blake Snow ( July 30 , 2007 ) . `` The 10 Worst - Selling Handhelds of All Time '' . GamePro.com . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bauscher , Dave . `` allgame ( Sega Game Gear > Overview ) '' . Allgame . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . While this feature is not included on the Game Boy it does provide a disadvantage -- the Game Gear requires 6 AA batteries that only last up to six hours . The Nintendo Game Boy only requires 4 AA batteries and is capable of providing up to 35 hours of play . Jump up ^ `` PCs Versus Consoles '' . Next Generation . No. 18 . Imagine Media . June 1996 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Retro Gamer staff . `` Retroinspection : Sega Nomad '' . Retro Gamer . No. 69 . Imagine Publishing . pp. 46 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Adds Color to Its `` Rainbow '' of Products With New Game Boy Color Titles `` . Business Wire . October 12 , 1998 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Game.Com ( Platform ) - Giant Bomb '' . www.giantbomb.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hirai targets 150 million PS3 sales '' . GamesIndustry.biz . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hirai wants PS3 to beat PS2 '' . Eurogamer . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . May 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Technological Capacity to Store , Communicate , and Compute Information '' , Martin Hilbert and Priscila López ( 2011 ) , Science ( journal ) , 332 ( 6025 ) , 60 - 65 ; free access to the article through here martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html Jump up ^ `` What are the types of removable storage media is supported by the PlayStation 3 computer entertainment system ? '' . Sony . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Darkain ( January 21 , 2005 ) . `` Nintendo DS -- WI - FI vs NI - FI '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2005 . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brightman , James ( June 26 , 2007 ) . `` SCEA : PSP Will Be Big Revenue Driver '' . GameDaily . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Brandon ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` What 's the Dille ? Sony 's Marketing Head Gets Heated '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rojas , Peter ( February 20 , 2006 ) . `` The Engadget Interview : Reggie Fils - Aime , Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Nintendo '' . Engadget . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A New Day for N - Gage '' . Nokia . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U Sales '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Best Selling First Party Wii U Games '' . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Gen Consoles : Too much connectivity - Blog by flavi0 - IGN '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Why you should wait on a Wii U ( review ) - GamesBeat - Games - by Rus McLaughlin '' . VentureBeat . Jump up ^ `` Next Gen Xbox Reveal Confirmed for May 21 '' . Den of Geek !. April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014 '' . emarketer.com . Jump up ^ `` New Two due '' . GamesRadar+ . Jump up ^ `` Valve says no Steam Machines until 2015 , fingers crossed '' . theregister.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Sony sells 1 million PlayStation 4 units in first 24 hours '' . Reuters . November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 4 Sales Surpass 50 Million Units Worldwide '' ( Press release ) . Tokyo : Sony Computer Entertainment Inc . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 -- via PRNewswire . Jump up ^ Jessica Conditt . Nearly 10 million Xbox One consoles shipped worldwide , engadget.com , November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World '' . NST Online . ^ Jump up to : `` Launch of New Portable Game Machine '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Minami - ku , Kyoto : Nintendo . March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tabuchi , Hiroko ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Nintendo to Make 3 - D Version of Its DSi Handheld Game '' . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . It takes place June 15 ~ 17 , 2010 , at the Los Angeles Convention Center . Jump up ^ Tabuchi , Hiroko ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Nintendo to Make 3 - D Version of Its DS Handheld Game '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . ' We wanted to give the gaming industry a head 's up about what to expect from Nintendo at E3 , ' said Ken Toyoda , chief spokesman at Nintendo . ' We 'll invite people to play with the new device then . ' Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Analyst : DS Successor To Hit In Next 15 Months ? '' . Gamasutra . Think Services . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . In the year 2010 , Nintendo 's continuing face - off against the PSP seems less relevant than the overall sea change in the portable market brought about by the explosive iPhone . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 3DS vs. PS Vita : Handheld Wars , The Next Generation '' . IndustryGamers Inc . Eurogamer Network Ltd . September 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NGP becomes PlayStation Vita '' . Eurogamer . June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TGS : Sony Reveals Vita 's Release Date -- PSP News at IGN '' . Psp.ign.com . September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Vita Launches From 22 February 2012 -- PlayStation. Blog. Europe '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get Ready : PS Vita is Coming February 22nd -- PlayStation Blog '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony . October 18 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Johnny ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sony outs tech specs for NGP '' . VG247 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vlad Savov ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Sony 's next PSP , codenamed NGP '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dauer , James ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Sonic : A History - From South Island to Cosmic Eternity '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kevin Horton ( April 18 , 1997 ) . `` Cart Information '' . 6.00 . Archived from the original (. txt ) on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Polsson , Ken ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` Chronology of Video Game Systems '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Richard Talbot - Watkins ( June 10 , 1998 ) . `` Sega master system technical information '' (. txt ) . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jeff Bogumil ( September 27 , 1997 ) . `` Sega MASTER SYSTEM Frequently Asked Questions '' (. txt ) . 2.06 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo DS Details Explosion - Screen , Battery , GBA Compatibility and More '' . January 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2008 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sarju Shah ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` E3 2011 : Sony PlayStation Vita : Inside and Out '' . GameSpot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Swearingen , Kirsten ; Peter Charles ; Nathan Good ; Laheem Lamar Jordan ; Joyojeet Pal . `` How Much Information ? 2003 '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Family Computer Disk System '' . January 20 , 2000 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : IBM GEKKO ( part II ) '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Further reading Forster , Winnie ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of Game Machines - Consoles , handheld & home computers 1972 -- 2005 . Gameplan . ISBN 3 - 00 - 015359 - 4 . External links Console platforms at DMOZ Video game consoles Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- ) Eighth ( 2012 -- ) First generation Home Magnavox Odyssey Dedicated APF TV Fun Color TV - Game Gameroom Tele - Pong Magnavox Odyssey series Pong Coleco Telstar Video Pinball Second generation Home APF - MP1000 Arcadia 2001 Atari 2600 Atari 5200 Bally Astrocade ColecoVision Epoch Cassette Vision Fairchild Channel F Interton VC 4000 / 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System Intellivision Odyssey2 RCA Studio II Vectrex Super Vision 8000 VTech CreatiVision Handheld Milton Bradley Microvision Entex Select - A-Game Entex Adventure Vision Epoch Game Pocket Computer Dedicated Nintendo Game & Watch Third generation Home Action Max Amstrad GX4000 Atari 7800 Atari XE Games System Casio PV - 1000 Commodore 64 Games System Nintendo Entertainment System NES - 101 RDI Halcyon Sega Master System Sega SG - 1000 Super Cassette Vision VTech Socrates Fourth generation Home Commodore CDTV Neo Geo Neo Geo CD Philips CD - i LaserActive Sega Genesis Sega Pico Super A'Can Super Nintendo Entertainment System SNS - 101 TurboGrafx - 16 Handheld Game Boy family Game Boy Atari Lynx Game Gear TurboExpress Gamate Watara Supervision Mega Duck / Cougar Boy Game Master Fifth generation Home 3DO Interactive Multiplayer Amiga CD32 Atari Jaguar Casio Loopy FM Towns Marty Nintendo 64 NEC PC - FX Pippin Playdia PlayStation Sega Saturn Handheld Design Master Senshi Game Boy Color Game.com Neo Geo Pocket R - Zone Genesis Nomad Virtual Boy Sixth generation Home DISCover Dreamcast GameCube Panasonic Q Nuon PlayStation 2 V. Smile Xbox Handheld Game Boy Advance family Game Boy Advance Advance SP Micro GP32 N - Gage QD Neo Geo Pocket Color Tapwave Zodiac WonderSwan Dedicated Pocket Dream Console Seventh generation Home EVO Smart Console Game Wave Family Entertainment System HyperScan PlayStation 3 Wii Xbox 360 Zeebo Handheld GP2X Wiz Caanoo Dingoo Gizmondo Nintendo DS family Nintendo DS DS Lite DSi Pandora PlayStation Portable Micro OnLive Dedicated Mi2 Vii Eighth generation Home PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox One Handheld Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL PlayStation Vita Micro Amazon Fire TV Apple TV GameStick MOJO Nexus Player OnLive Ouya SHIELD Android TV Other generation Home Leapster V. Smile V. Flash Xavix Handheld GameKing consoles LeapFrog Didj Neo Geo X Pokémon Mini Hybrid Nintendo Switch Dedicated Atari Flashback Barcode Battler C64 Direct - to - TV Coleco Sonic Plug It in & Play TV Games NES Classic Edition Stunt Cycle Super NES Classic Edition Pelican VG Pocket consoles Emulator Game List Manufacturer Timeline Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement Notebook 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_console&oldid=800274429 '' Categories : American inventions Video game consoles Video game terminology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 14 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first video game console invented	[ "The first video games appeared in the 1960s.[15] They were played on massive computers connected to vector displays, not analog televisions. Ralph H. Baer conceived the idea of a home video game in 1951. In the late 1960s, while working for Sanders Associates, Baer created a series of video game console designs. One of these designs, which gained the nickname of the 1966 \"Brown Box\", featured changeable game modes and was demonstrated to several TV manufacturers, ultimately leading to an agreement between Sanders Associates and Magnavox.[16] In 1972, Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console which could be connected to a TV set. Ralph Baer's initial design had called for a huge row of switches that would allow players to turn on and off certain components of the console (the Odyssey lacked a CPU) to create slightly different games like tennis, volleyball, hockey, and chase. Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game. Although Baer had sketched up ideas for cartridges that could include new components for new games, the carts released by Magnavox all served the same function as the switches and allowed players to choose from the Odyssey's built-in games." ]	[ "1966" ]
-4760288325621628155	List of Prime Ministers of Canada	List of Prime Ministers of Canada - Wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of Canada Jump to : navigation , search Canada 's Prime Ministers during its first century . The Prime Minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown , chair of the Cabinet , and thus head of government of Canada . Officially , the prime minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada , but by constitutional convention , the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons . Normally , this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house . But , if that leader lacks support of the majority , the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election . By constitutional convention , a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and , since the early 20th century , this has more specifically meant the House of Commons . The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada ; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on his or her behalf by the governor general . The prime ministership is part of Canada 's constitutional convention tradition . The office was modelled after that which existed in Britain at the time . Sir John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on May 24 , 1867 to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation . On July 1 , 1867 , the first ministry assumed office . The date for which a prime minister begins his or her term has been determined by the date that he or she is sworn into his or her portfolio , as an oath of office as prime minister is not required . However , since 1957 , the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister . Before 1920 , prime ministers ' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation . Since 1920 , the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed . The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that `` where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day , that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day '' . Thus , although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths , both during the day , the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before . Some sources , including the Parliament of Canada , apply this convention as far back as 1917 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prime ministers 2 Timeline 3 Living former prime ministers 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Prime Ministers ( edit ) Further information : Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada and List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office Abbreviation key : No. : Incumbent No. , Min. : Ministry Colour key : Liberal Party of Canada Historical Conservative Party ( including Liberal - Conservative , Conservative , Unionist , National Liberal and Conservative , Progressive Conservative ) Conservative Party of Canada Provinces key : AB : Alberta , BC : British Columbia , MB : Manitoba , NS : Nova Scotia , ON : Ontario , QC : Quebec , SK : Saskatchewan No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) District Term of office Electoral mandates ( Parliaments ) Political party Min . Refs Sir John A. Macdonald ( 1815 -- 1891 ) MP for Kingston , ON July 1 , 1867 -- November 5 , 1873 Title created ( no parl 't ) 1867 election ( 1st Parl 't ) 1872 election ( 2nd Parl 't ) Liberal - Conservative Party 1st Minister of Justice ; Integration of Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory into Canada ; Manitoba Act ; Red River Rebellion ; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation ; Creation of the North - West Mounted Police ; Resigned over Pacific Scandal Alexander Mackenzie ( 1822 -- 1892 ) MP for Lambton , ON November 7 , 1873 -- October 8 , 1878 Appointment ( 2nd Parl 't ) 1874 election ( 3rd Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1873 2nd Pacific Scandal ; Creation of the Supreme Court ; Establishment of the Royal Military College ; Created the office of the Auditor General ( 1 ) Sir John A. Macdonald ( 1815 -- 1891 ) MP for Victoria , BC until 1882 MP for Carleton , ON until 1887 MP for Kingston , ON October 17 , 1878 -- June 6 , 1891 1878 election ( 4th Parl 't ) 1882 election ( 5th Parl 't ) 1887 election ( 6th Parl 't ) 1891 election ( 7th Parl 't ) Liberal - Conservative Party 3rd National Policy ; Railway to the Pacific ; North - West Rebellion ; Hanging of Louis Riel . Died in office ( stroke ) . Sir John Abbott ( 1821 -- 1893 ) Senator for Quebec June 16 , 1891 -- November 24 , 1892 Appointment ( 7th Parl 't ) Liberal - Conservative Party 4th Minister without Portfolio ; Succeeded on Macdonald 's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson . In ill health ; retired . First prime minister born in what would become Canada , and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate . Sir John Thompson ( 1845 -- 1894 ) MP for Antigonish , NS December 5 , 1892 -- December 12 , 1894 Appointment ( 7th Parl 't ) Liberal - Conservative Party 5th Minister of Justice ; First Catholic Prime Minister . Manitoba Schools Question . Died in office ( heart attack ) . 5 Sir Mackenzie Bowell ( 1823 -- 1917 ) Senator for Ontario December 21 , 1894 -- April 27 , 1896 Appointment ( 7th Parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) 6th Minister of Customs ; Minister of Militia and Defence ; Manitoba Schools Question . Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate . 6 Sir Charles Tupper ( 1821 -- 1915 ) Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister May 1 , 1896 -- July 8 , 1896 Appointment ( no parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) 7th Minister of Customs , Minister of Railways and Canals ; Oldest Canadian PM . Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry , but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question . Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister . 7 Sir Wilfrid Laurier ( 1841 -- 1919 ) MP for Quebec East , QC July 11 , 1896 -- October 6 , 1911 1896 election ( 8th Parl 't ) 1900 election ( 9th Parl 't ) 1904 election ( 10th Parl 't ) 1908 election ( 11th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1887 8th Manitoba Schools Question ; Boer War ; Alberta and Saskatchewan created ; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy ; Reciprocity with the US ; Department of External Affairs established ; First French Canadian Prime Minister , removed the right of status Indians to vote . 8 Sir Robert Borden ( 1854 -- 1937 ) MP for Halifax , NS until 1917 MP for Kings , NS October 10 , 1911 -- October 11 , 1917 1911 election ( 12th Parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) Named leader in 1901 9th October 12 , 1917 -- July 10 , 1920 1917 election ( 13th Parl 't ) Unionist Party 10th First World War ; Military Service Act ; Conscription Crisis of 1917 ; Union government ; National Research Council ; Introduction of income tax ; Nickle Resolution ; Women 's suffrage ; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike ; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference , signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations . 9 Arthur Meighen ( 1874 -- 1960 ) MP for Portage la Prairie , MB July 10 , 1920 -- December 29 , 1921 Appointment ( 13th Parl 't ) National Liberal and Conservative Party Named leader in 1920 11th Solicitor General of Canada , Minister of Mines , Secretary of State for Canada , Minister of the Interior , Superintendant Indian Affairs ; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways . 10 William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1874 -- 1950 ) MP for York North , ON until 1925 MP for Prince Albert , SK December 29 , 1921 -- June 28 , 1926 1921 election ( 14th Parl 't ) 1925 election ( 15th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1919 12th Minister of Labour ; Chanak Crisis ; lower tariffs ; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement ; 1923 Imperial Conference ; Halibut Treaty ; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng . ( 9 ) Arthur Meighen ( 1874 -- 1960 ) MP for Portage la Prairie , MB June 29 , 1926 -- September 25 , 1926 Appointment ( 15th Parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) 13th Appointed as a result of the King -- Byng Affair . ( 10 ) William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1874 -- 1950 ) MP for Prince Albert , SK September 25 , 1926 -- August 7 , 1930 1926 election ( 16th Parl 't ) Liberal Party 14th Balfour Declaration ; Introduction of old age pensions ; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries ( USA , France , Japan ) ; Great Depression . 11 R.B. Bennett ( 1870 -- 1947 ) MP for Calgary West , AB August 7 , 1930 -- October 23 , 1935 1930 election ( 17th Parl 't ) Conservative Party ( historical ) Named leader in 1927 15th Minister of Justice , Minister of Finance ; Great Depression ; Imperial Preference ; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission ; Canadian Wheat Board ; Creation of the Bank of Canada . ( 10 ) William Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1874 -- 1950 ) MP for Prince Albert , SK until 1945 MP for Glengarry , ON October 23 , 1935 -- November 15 , 1948 1935 election ( 18th Parl 't ) 1940 election ( 19th Parl 't ) 1945 election ( 20th Parl 't ) Liberal Party 16th Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ; National Film Board of Canada ; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940 ; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada ; Second World War ; Japanese Canadian internment ; Conscription Crisis of 1944 ; Canada 's entry into the United Nations ; Trans - Canada Airlines ; Gouzenko Affair . 12 Louis St. Laurent ( 1882 -- 1973 ) MP for Quebec East , QC November 15 , 1948 -- June 21 , 1957 Appointment ( 20th Parl 't ) 1949 election ( 21st Parl 't ) 1953 election ( 22nd Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1948 17th Minister of Justice , Secretary of State for External Affairs ; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation ; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended ; Canada 's entrance into NATO ; Suez Crisis ; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force ; London Declaration ; Newfoundland Act ; Equalization ; Trans - Canada Highway ; St. Lawrence Seaway ; Trans - Canada Pipeline ; Pipeline Debate . 13 John Diefenbaker ( 1895 -- 1979 ) MP for Prince Albert , SK June 21 , 1957 -- April 22 , 1963 1957 election ( 23rd Parl 't ) 1958 election ( 24th Parl 't ) 1962 election ( 25th Parl 't ) Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1956 18th Avro Arrow cancellation ; Coyne Affair ; Cuban Missile Crisis ; NORAD ; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors ; Canadian Bill of Rights ; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960 ; Alouette 1 satellite programme . 14 Lester B. Pearson ( 1897 -- 1972 ) MP for Algoma East , ON April 22 , 1963 -- April 20 , 1968 1963 election ( 26th Parl 't ) 1965 election ( 27th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1958 19th Secretary of State for External Affairs ; Bomarc missile program ; Federal involvement in universal healthcare ; Canada Pension Plan ; Canada Student Loans ; Creation of a new Canadian flag ; Auto Pact ; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam ; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism ; Unification of the Armed Forces ; Canadian Centennial Celebrations . 15 Pierre Trudeau ( 1919 -- 2000 ) MP for Mount Royal , QC April 20 , 1968 -- June 3 / 4 , 1979 Appointment ( 27th Parl 't ) 1968 election ( 28th Parl 't ) 1972 election ( 29th Parl 't ) 1974 election ( 30th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1968 20th Minister of Justice ; `` Trudeaumania '' ; `` Just Society '' ; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act ; Official Languages Act ; Establishment of relations with Communist China ; Victoria Charter ; Creation of Petro - Canada ; Membership in the G7 ; Metric Commission , Metrication of Canada , Creation of Via Rail . 16 Joe Clark ( b . 1939 ) MP for Yellowhead , AB June 4 , 1979 -- March 2 / 3 , 1980 1979 election ( 31st Parl 't ) Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1976 21st Youngest Canadian PM . Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget . ( 15 ) Pierre Trudeau ( 1919 -- 2000 ) MP for Mount Royal , QC March 3 , 1980 -- June 29 / 30 , 1984 1980 election ( 32nd Parl 't ) Liberal Party 22nd Quebec referendum , 1980 ; Access to Information Act ; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution ; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ; National Energy Program ; Canada Health Act ; Western alienation . 17 John Turner ( b . 1929 ) Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister June 30 , 1984 -- September 16 / 17 , 1984 Appointment ( 32nd Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1984 23rd Minister of Justice , Minister of Finance ; Trudeau Patronage Appointments . Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister . 18 Brian Mulroney ( b . 1939 ) MP for Manicouagan , QC until 1988 MP for Charlevoix , QC September 17 , 1984 -- June 24 / 25 , 1993 1984 election ( 33rd Parl 't ) 1988 election ( 34th Parl 't ) Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1983 24th Cancellation of the National Energy Program ; Meech Lake Accord ; Petro - Canada privatization ; Canada - US Free Trade Agreement ; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax ; Charlottetown Accord ; Gulf War ; Oka Crisis ; Environmental Protection Act ; Privatization of Air Canada , North American Free Trade Agreement ; Airbus affair . 19 Kim Campbell ( b . 1947 ) MP for Vancouver Centre , BC June 25 , 1993 -- November 3 / 4 , 1993 Appointment ( 34th Parl 't ) Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1993 25th Minister of Justice , Minister of Veterans Affairs , Minister of National Defence , Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs ; Only female Prime Minister of Canada . Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election . 20 Jean Chrétien ( b . 1934 ) MP for Saint - Maurice , QC November 4 , 1993 -- December 11 / 12 , 2003 1993 election ( 35th Parl 't ) 1997 election ( 36th Parl 't ) 2000 election ( 37th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 1990 26th Minister of Finance , Minister of Indian Affairs , Minister of Energy , Mines and Resources , Minister of Justice and Energy Minister , President of the Treasury Board , Minister of National Revenue , Deputy Prime Minister of Canada ; Privatization of Canadian National Railway , Red Book ; Harmonized Sales Tax ; Quebec referendum , 1995 ; Clarity Act ; Assassination attempt ; Kosovo War ; 1997 Red River Flood ; Social Union Framework Agreement ; Creation of Nunavut Territory ; Youth Criminal Justice Act ; Operation Yellow Ribbon ; Invasion of Afghanistan ; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq ; Sponsorship scandal ; Kyoto Protocol ; Gomery Inquiry . 21 Paul Martin ( b . 1938 ) MP for LaSalle -- Émard , QC December 12 , 2003 -- February 5 / 6 , 2006 Appointment ( 37th Parl 't ) 2004 election ( 38th Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 2003 27th Minister of Finance ; Minority government . Civil Marriage Act ; Kelowna Accord ; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty ; Sponsorship scandal ; Gomery inquiry ; G20 ; Atlantic Accord ; Martin and his father Paul Martin Sr have the honorific title of Right Honourable . 22 Stephen Harper ( b . 1959 ) MP for Calgary Southwest , AB February 6 , 2006 -- November 3 / 4 , 2015 2006 election ( 39th Parl 't ) 2008 election ( 40th Parl 't ) 2011 election ( 41st Parl 't ) Conservative Party Named leader in 2004 28th Accountability Act ; Softwood Lumber Agreement ; Afghanistan Mission ; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot ; Québécois nation motion ; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax ; 2008 Financial crisis ; Coalition crisis ; Economic Action Plan ; Afghan detainee issue ; Parliamentary contempt ; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol ; Repeal of the Long - Gun Registry ; Senate expenses scandal ; Anti-terrorism Act , 2015 . 23 Justin Trudeau ( b . 1971 ) MP for Papineau , QC November 4 , 2015 -- Incumbent 2015 election ( 42nd Parl 't ) Liberal Party Named leader in 2013 29th Son of 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau ; simultaneously Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth ; second father - and - son pair with honorific title of Right Honourable ; did not allow senators to sit in the government caucus ; Paris Agreement ; 150th anniversary celebrations . Minority government Party won the election , but prime minister lost own seat The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that `` where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day , that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day . '' Under the Act , Prime Ministers ' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office ( the earlier date given ) , although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day . This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979 and 1984 , Clark , Turner , Mulroney , Campbell , Chrétien , Martin , and Harper . Timeline ( edit ) Living former Prime Ministers ( edit ) As of March 2018 , there are seven living former Prime Ministers of Canada , the oldest being John Turner ( born 1929 ) . The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau ( 1968 -- 1979 , 1980 -- 1984 ) , on 28 September 2000 . John A. Macdonald ( 1867 -- 1873 , 1878 -- 1891 ) and John Thompson ( 1892 -- 1894 ) are the only serving Prime Ministers to have died in office . Living former Prime Ministers in order of service : Joe Clark Served : 1979 -- 1980 Age : 78 John Turner Served : 1984 Age : 88 Brian Mulroney Served : 1984 -- 1993 Age : 79 Kim Campbell Served : 1993 Age : 71 Jean Chrétien Served : 1993 -- 2003 Age : 84 Paul Martin Served : 2003 -- 2006 Age : 79 Stephen Harper Served : 2006 -- 2015 Age : 58 See also ( edit ) Canadian politics portal Book : Prime Ministers of Canada Fathers of Confederation List of Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada List of Canadian Leaders of the Opposition List of Canadian federal parliaments List of Canadian monarchs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Forsey , Eugene ( 2005 ) , How Canadians Govern Themselves ( PDF ) ( 6 ed . ) , Ottawa : Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 38 , ISBN 0 - 662 - 39689 - 8 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 January 2011 , retrieved 24 March 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation : Life of a Ministry '' . Government of Canada Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Ministers of Canada : Gallery '' . Parliament of Canada . January 15 , 2007 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- MACKENZIE , The Hon . Alexander , P.C. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- MACDONALD , The Right Hon . Sir John Alexander , P.C. , G.C.B. , Q.C. , D.C.L. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- ABBOTT , The Hon . Sir John Joseph Caldwell , P.C. , Q.C. , K.C.M.G. , B.C.L. , D.C.L. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- THOMPSON , The Right Hon . Sir John Sparrow David , P.C. , K.C.M.G. , Q.C. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- BOWELL , The Hon . Sir Mackenzie , P.C. , K.C.M.G. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- TUPPER , The Right Hon . Sir Charles , P.C. , G.C.M.G. , K.C.M.G. , C.B. , D.C.L. , LL. D. , M.D. '' Parliament of Canada . October 30 , 1915 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- LAURIER , The Right Hon . Sir Wilfrid , P.C. , G.C.M.G. , K.C. , B.C.L. , D.C.L. , LL. D. , Litt. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- BORDEN , The Right Hon . Sir Robert Laird , P.C. , G.C.M.G. , K.C. , D.C.L. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- MEIGHEN , The Right Hon . Arthur , P.C. , Q.C. , B.A. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- KING , The Right Hon . William Lyon Mackenzie , P.C. , O.M. , C.M.G. , B.A. , M.A. , A.M. , LL. B. , Ph. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- BENNETT , The Right Hon . Richard Bedford , P.C. , K.C. , K.G. St. J. , LL. B . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- ST - LAURENT , The Right Hon . Louis Stephen , P.C. , C.C. , Q.C. , B.A. , LL. L. , LL. D. , D.C.L. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- DIEFENBAKER , The Right Hon . John George , C.H. , P.C. , Q.C. , B.A. , M.A. , LL. B. , LL. D. , D.C.L. , F.R.S.C. , F.R.S.A. , D. Litt. , D.S.L. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- PEARSON , The Right Hon . Lester Bowles , P.C. , C.C. , O.M. , O.B.E. , B.A. , M.A. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- TRUDEAU , The Right Hon . Pierre Elliott , P.C. , C.C. , C.H. , Q.C. , M.A. , LL. L. , LL. D. , F.R.S.C. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- CLARK , The Right Hon . Charles Joseph , P.C. , C.C. , A.O.E. , B.A. , M.A. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- TURNER , The Right Hon . John Napier , P.C. , C.C. , Q.C. , M.A. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- MULRONEY , The Right Hon . Martin Brian , P.C. , C.C. , G.O.Q. , B.A. , LL. L . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- CAMPBELL , The Right Hon . A. Kim , P.C. , C.C. , Q.C. , B.A. , LL. B. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Federal Experience -- CHRÉTIEN , The Right Hon . Joseph Jacques Jean , P.C. , C.C. , O.M. , Q.C. , B.A. , LL. L. , LL. D . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Contact Information -- HARPER , The Right Hon . Stephen , P.C. , B.A. , M.A. '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PARLINFO -- Parliamentarian File -- Contact Information -- TRUDEAU , The Right Hon . Justin , P.C. , B.A. , B. Ed . '' Parliament of Canada . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation '' . Privy Council Office . October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada Coucill , Irma ( 2005 ) . Canada 's Prime Ministers , Governors General and Fathers of Confederation . Pembroke Publishers . ISBN 1 - 55138 - 185 - 0 . Lotz , Jim ( 1986 ) , Prime Ministers of Canada , Bison Books , ISBN 0 - 86124 - 377 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Canada . 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Trudeau Book Category Portal Lists of Canadian first ministers Cross-Canada Current Women Asian - Canadians Federal Canada Province of Canada ( historical ) Provincial British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Newfoundland and Labrador Territorial Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut Portal : Canadian politics Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada&oldid=825886115 '' Categories : Prime Ministers of Canada Lists of prime ministers Lists of Canadian first ministers Canadian ministries Lists of Prime Ministers of Canada Canada politics - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from December 2016 Use Canadian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Featured lists Use dmy dates from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 00 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was prime minister of canada in 1920	[ "\n\nNo.\nPortrait\nName\n(Birth–Death)\nDistrict\nTerm of office\nElectoral mandates (Parliaments)\nPolitical party\nMin.\nRefs\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nSir John A. Macdonald\n(1815–1891)\nMP for Kingston, ON\nJuly 1, 1867\n–\nNovember 5, 1873\n\n\nTitle created (no parl't)\n1867 election (1st Parl't)\n1872 election (2nd Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal-Conservative Party\n1st\n[2] [5]\n\n\nMinister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\nAlexander Mackenzie\n(1822–1892)\nMP for Lambton, ON\nNovember 7, 1873\n–\nOctober 8, 1878\n\n\nAppointment (2nd Parl't)[Min.]\n1874 election (3rd Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 1873\n2nd\n[6] [7]\n\n\nPacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General\n\n\n(1)\n\n\n\n\n\nSir John A. Macdonald\n(1815–1891)\nMP for Victoria, BC until 1882\nMP for Carleton, ON until 1887\nMP for Kingston, ON\nOctober 17, 1878\n–\nJune 6, 1891\n\n\n1878 election (4th Parl't)\n1882 election (5th Parl't)\n1887 election (6th Parl't)\n1891 election (7th Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal-Conservative Party\n3rd\n[8] [9]\n\n\nNational Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke).\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n\n\nSir John Abbott\n(1821–1893)\nSenator for Quebec\nJune 16, 1891\n–\nNovember 24, 1892\n\n\nAppointment (7th Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal-Conservative Party\n4th\n[10] [11]\n\n\nMinister without Portfolio; Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired. First prime minister born in what would become Canada, and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate.\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\nSir John Thompson\n(1845–1894)\nMP for Antigonish, NS\nDecember 5, 1892\n–\nDecember 12, 1894\n\n\nAppointment (7th Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal-Conservative Party\n5th\n[12] [13]\n\n\nMinister of Justice; First Catholic Prime Minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack).\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\nSir Mackenzie Bowell\n(1823–1917)\nSenator for Ontario\nDecember 21, 1894\n–\nApril 27, 1896\n\n\nAppointment (7th Parl't)\n\n\nConservative Party (historical)\n6th\n[14] [15]\n\n\nMinister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question. Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate.\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\nSir Charles Tupper\n(1821–1915)\nDid not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister\nMay 1, 1896\n–\nJuly 8, 1896\n\n\nAppointment (no parl't)\n\n\nConservative Party (historical)\n7th\n[16] [17]\n\n\nMinister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n\n\nSir Wilfrid Laurier\n(1841–1919)\nMP for Quebec East, QC\nJuly 11, 1896\n–\nOctober 6, 1911\n\n\n1896 election (8th Parl't)\n1900 election (9th Parl't)\n1904 election (10th Parl't)\n1908 election (11th Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 1887\n8th\n[18] [19]\n\n\nManitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; First French Canadian Prime Minister, removed the right of status Indians to vote.\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\nSir Robert Borden\n(1854–1937)\nMP for Halifax, NS until 1917\nMP for Kings, NS\nOctober 10, 1911\n–\nOctober 11, 1917\n\n\n1911 election (12th Parl't)\n\n\nConservative Party (historical)\nNamed leader in 1901\n9th\n[19] [20] [21]\n\n\nOctober 12,1917\n–\nJuly 10, 1920\n\n\n1917 election (13th Parl't)\n\n\nUnionist Party\n10th\n\n\nFirst World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations.\n\n\n9\n\n\n\n\n\nArthur Meighen\n(1874–1960)\nMP for Portage la Prairie, MB\nJuly 10, 1920\n–\nDecember 29, 1921\n\n\nAppointment (13th Parl't)\n\n\nNational Liberal and Conservative Party\nNamed leader in 1920\n11th\n[22] [23]\n\n\nSolicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendant Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways.\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Lyon Mackenzie King\n(1874–1950)\nMP for York North, ON until 1925\nMP for Prince Albert, SK\nDecember 29, 1921\n–\nJune 28, 1926\n\n\n1921 election (14th Parl't)\n1925 election (15th Parl't)[LS] [Min.]\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 1919\n12th\n[24] [25]\n\n\nMinister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng.\n\n\n(9)\n\n\n\n\n\nArthur Meighen\n(1874–1960)\nMP for Portage la Prairie, MB\nJune 29, 1926\n–\nSeptember 25, 1926\n\n\nAppointment (15th Parl't)[Min.]\n\n\nConservative Party (historical)\n13th\n[22] [26]\n\n\nAppointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair.\n\n\n(10)\n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Lyon Mackenzie King\n(1874–1950)\nMP for Prince Albert, SK\nSeptember 25, 1926\n–\nAugust 7, 1930\n\n\n1926 election (16th Parl't)[Min.]\n\n\nLiberal Party\n14th\n[24] [27]\n\n\nBalfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression.\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n\n\nR. B. Bennett\n(1870–1947)\nMP for Calgary West, AB\nAugust 7, 1930\n–\nOctober 23, 1935\n\n\n1930 election (17th Parl't)\n\n\nConservative Party (historical)\nNamed leader in 1927\n15th\n[28] [29]\n\n\nMinister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.\n\n\n(10)\n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Lyon Mackenzie King\n(1874–1950)\nMP for Prince Albert, SK until 1945\nMP for Glengarry, ON\nOctober 23, 1935\n–\nNovember 15, 1948\n\n\n1935 election (18th Parl't)\n1940 election (19th Parl't)\n1945 election (20th Parl't)[LS]\n\n\nLiberal Party\n16th\n[24] [30]\n\n\nCreation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Japanese Canadian internment; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair.\n\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\nLouis St. Laurent\n(1882–1973)\nMP for Quebec East, QC\nNovember 15, 1948\n–\nJune 21, 1957\n\n\nAppointment (20th Parl't)\n1949 election (21st Parl't)\n1953 election (22nd Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 1948\n17th\n[31] [32]\n\n\nMinister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.\n\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\nJohn Diefenbaker\n(1895–1979)\nMP for Prince Albert, SK\nJune 21, 1957\n–\nApril 22, 1963\n\n\n1957 election (23rd Parl't)[Min.]\n1958 election (24th Parl't)\n1962 election (25th Parl't)[Min.]\n\n\nProgressive Conservative Party\nNamed leader in 1956\n18th\n[33] [34]\n\n\nAvro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme.\n\n\n14\n\n\n\n\n\nLester B. Pearson\n(1897–1972)\nMP for Algoma East, ON\nApril 22, 1963\n–\nApril 20, 1968\n\n\n1963 election (26th Parl't)[Min.]\n1965 election (27th Parl't)[Min.]\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 1958\n19th\n[35] [36]\n\n\nSecretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Federal involvement in universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations.\n\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n\nPierre Trudeau\n(1919–2000)\nMP for Mount Royal, QC\nApril 20, 1968\n–\nJune 3/4,[] 1979\n\n\nAppointment (27th Parl't)\n1968 election (28th Parl't)\n1972 election (29th Parl't)[Min.]\n1974 election (30th Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 1968\n20th\n[37]\n\n\nMinister of Justice; \"Trudeaumania\"; \"Just Society\"; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metric Commission, Metrication of Canada, Creation of Via Rail.\n\n\n16\n\n\n\n\n\nJoe Clark\n(b. 1939)\nMP for Yellowhead, AB\nJune 4, 1979\n–\nMarch 2/3,[] 1980\n\n\n1979 election (31st Parl't)[Min.]\n\n\nProgressive Conservative Party\nNamed leader in 1976\n21st\n[38]\n\n\nYoungest Canadian PM. Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget.\n\n\n(15)\n\n\n\n\n\nPierre Trudeau\n(1919–2000)\nMP for Mount Royal, QC\nMarch 3, 1980\n–\nJune 29/30,[] 1984\n\n\n1980 election (32nd Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal Party\n22nd\n[37]\n\n\nQuebec referendum, 1980; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.\n\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n\nJohn Turner\n(b. 1929)\nDid not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister\nJune 30, 1984\n–\nSeptember 16/17,[] 1984\n\n\nAppointment (32nd Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 1984\n23rd\n[39]\n\n\nMinister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.\n\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n\nBrian Mulroney\n(b. 1939)\nMP for Manicouagan, QC until 1988\nMP for Charlevoix, QC\nSeptember 17, 1984\n–\nJune 24/25,[] 1993\n\n\n1984 election (33rd Parl't)\n1988 election (34th Parl't)\n\n\nProgressive Conservative Party\nNamed leader in 1983\n24th\n[40]\n\n\nCancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Airbus affair.\n\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\nKim Campbell\n(b. 1947)\nMP for Vancouver Centre, BC\nJune 25, 1993\n–\nNovember 3/4,[] 1993\n\n\nAppointment (34th Parl't)\n\n\nProgressive Conservative Party\nNamed leader in 1993\n25th\n[41]\n\n\nMinister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; Only female Prime Minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.\n\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\nJean Chrétien\n(b. 1934)\nMP for Saint-Maurice, QC\nNovember 4, 1993\n–\nDecember 11/12,[] 2003\n\n\n1993 election (35th Parl't)\n1997 election (36th Parl't)\n2000 election (37th Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 1990\n26th\n[42]\n\n\nMinister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; Quebec referendum, 1995; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River Flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.\n\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n\nPaul Martin\n(b. 1938)\nMP for LaSalle—Émard, QC\nDecember 12, 2003\n–\nFebruary 5/6,[] 2006\n\n\nAppointment (37th Parl't)\n2004 election (38th Parl't)[Min.]\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 2003\n27th\n[40]\n\n\nMinister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord; Martin and his father Paul Martin Sr have the honorific title of Right Honourable.\n\n\n22\n\n\n\n\n\nStephen Harper\n(b. 1959)\nMP for Calgary Southwest, AB\nFebruary 6, 2006\n–\nNovember 3/4,[] 2015\n\n\n2006 election (39th Parl't)[Min.]\n2008 election (40th Parl't)[Min.]\n2011 election (41st Parl't)\n\n\nConservative Party\nNamed leader in 2004\n28th\n[43]\n\n\nAccountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot; Québécois nation motion; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax; 2008 Financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Economic Action Plan; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015.\n\n\n23\n\n\n\n\n\nJustin Trudeau\n(b. 1971)\nMP for Papineau, QC\nNovember 4, 2015\n–\nIncumbent\n\n\n2015 election (42nd Parl't)\n\n\nLiberal Party\nNamed leader in 2013\n29th\n[44]\n\n\nSon of 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau; simultaneously Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; second father-and-son pair with honorific title of Right Honourable; did not allow senators to sit in the government caucus; Paris Agreement; 150th anniversary celebrations.\n\n\n\n\nMin. Minority government\nLS Party won the election, but prime minister lost own seat\n The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that \"where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day.\" Under the Act, Prime Ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office (the earlier date given), although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day. This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979[45] and 1984,[46] Clark,[47] Turner,[48] Mulroney,[49] Campbell,[50] Chrétien,[51] Martin,[51] and Harper.[51]\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Arthur Meighen" ]
-1484418790382082690	Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24)	DANCING with the Stars ( U.S. season 24 ) - wikipedia DANCING with the Stars ( U.S. season 24 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dancing with the Stars ( season 24 ) Promotional poster featuring pro dancers Witney Carson and Valentin Chmerkovskiy Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network ABC Original release March 20 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) -- May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) Additional information Celebrity winner Rashad Jennings Professional winner Emma Slater Season chronology ← Previous Season 23 Next → Season 25 Season twenty - four of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 20 , 2017 , on the ABC network . On May 23 , 2017 , NFL runningback Rashad Jennings and Emma Slater , were declared the winners , marking Slater 's first win . Former MLB catcher David Ross and Lindsay Arnold finished second , while Fifth Harmony singer Normani Kordei and Val Chmerkovskiy finished third . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Couples 1.2 Hosts and judges 2 Scoring charts 2.1 Average score chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores 3.1 Week 1 : First Dances / 400th Episode Week 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 : Vegas Night 3.4 Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night 3.5 Week 5 : Disney Night 3.6 Week 6 : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night 3.7 Week 7 : A Night at the Movies 3.8 Week 8 : Quarterfinals 3.9 Week 9 : Semifinals 3.10 Week 10 : Finals 4 Dance chart 5 Ratings 5.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Couples ( edit ) On February 21 , 2017 , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Peta Murgatroyd were announced to be the first two professionals returning this season . This marks the return of Murgatroyd following her taking off the twenty - third season due to her pregnancy . In the following days , Lindsay Arnold , Sharna Burgess , Witney Carson , Artem Chigvintsev , Valentin Chmerkovskiy , Sasha Farber , Gleb Savchenko , and Emma Slater were all confirmed to be returning as professional dancers . Also , Kym Herjavec ( who last competed in season 20 ) and Keo Motsepe ( who last competed in season 22 ) were confirmed to be returning as professional dancers . Pros from the previous season not returning included Cheryl Burke , Allison Holker , Derek Hough , and Jenna Johnson . The full list of celebrities and pros was announced on March 1 , 2017 , on Good Morning America . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Ref . Chris Kattan Actor & comedian Witney Carson Eliminated 1st on March 27 , 2017 Charo Actress , comedienne & singer Keo Motsepe Eliminated 2nd on April 3 , 2017 Mr. T Actor & former wrestler Kym Herjavec Eliminated 3rd on April 10 , 2017 Erika Jayne Singer & reality television star Gleb Savchenko Eliminated 4th on April 17 , 2017 Heather Morris Glee actress & dancer Maksim Chmerkovskiy Alan Bersten ( weeks 2 - 5 ) Eliminated 5th on April 24 , 2017 Nancy Kerrigan Former Olympic figure skater Artem Chigvintsev Eliminated 6th on May 1 , 2017 Nick Viall The Bachelor star Peta Murgatroyd Bonner Bolton Model & bull rider Sharna Burgess Eliminated 8th on May 8 , 2017 Simone Biles Olympic artistic gymnast Sasha Farber Eliminated 9th on May 15 , 2017 Normani Kordei Fifth Harmony singer Valentin Chmerkovskiy Third place on May 23 , 2017 David Ross Former MLB catcher Lindsay Arnold Runner - up on May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings NFL running back Emma Slater Winner on May 23 , 2017 Hosts and judges ( edit ) Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts , and Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Julianne Hough , and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges . On April 24 , former contestant Nick Carter joined the panel as a guest judge , filling in for Hough who was on tour . On May 1 , choreographer Mandy Moore also filled in for Hough as a guest judge . Scoring charts ( edit ) Couple Place 5 6 7 8 9 10 Night 1 Night 2 Rashad & Emma 31 32 28 39 32 37 + 33 = 70 37 + 2 = 39 36 + 39 = 75 38 + 39 = 77 40 + 40 = 80 + 39 = 119 David & Lindsay 28 27 31 31 29 29 + 33 = 62 32 36 + 29 = 65 34 + 36 = 70 33 + 40 = 73 + 36 = 109 Normani & Val 27 32 34 32 39 38 + 34 = 72 40 + 3 = 43 40 + 39 = 79 36 + 40 = 76 38 + 40 = 78 + 40 = 118 Simone & Sasha 32 29 32 36 38 35 + 34 = 69 37 + 2 = 39 36 + 36 = 72 40 + 40 = 80 Bonner & Sharna 5 22 29 24 32 30 30 + 33 = 63 29 + 2 = 31 30 + 28 = 58 Nancy & Artem 6 28 28 33 33 36 33 + 34 = 67 36 Nick & Peta 24 25 26 30 34 28 + 33 = 61 34 Heather & Maks 8 28 30 33 35 34 40 + 34 = 74 Erika & Gleb 9 24 28 26 30 32 Mr. T & Kym 10 20 22 24 28 Charo & Keo 11 21 25 24 Chris & Witney 12 17 22 Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week the couple eliminated that week the returning couple that was the last to be called safe the couple earned immunity , and could not be eliminated the winning couple the runner - up couple the third - place couple Average score chart ( edit ) This table only counts dances scored on a 40 - point scale . ( The points awarded in Week 7 for winning either immunity or the dance - offs are not included in these totals . ) Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Normani & Val 549 15 36.6 Rashad & Emma 540 36.0 Simone & Sasha 425 12 35.4 8 Heather & Maks 234 7 33.4 5 6 Nancy & Artem 261 8 32.6 6 David & Lindsay 484 15 32.3 7 6 Nick & Peta 234 8 29.3 8 5 Bonner & Sharna 287 10 28.7 9 9 Erika & Gleb 140 5 28.0 10 10 Mr. T & Kym 94 23.5 11 11 Charo & Keo 70 23.3 12 12 Chris & Witney 39 19.5 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 40 - point scale are as follows : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Quickstep Rashad Jennings 39 Normani Kordei 27 Viennese Waltz Rashad Jennings 40 Nancy Kerrigan Heather Morris 28 Cha - cha - cha Heather Morris 35 Chris Kattan 17 Salsa Normani Kordei 38 Charo 21 Tango Rashad Jennings 37 Nick Viall 26 Foxtrot Simone Biles 36 Mr. T Charo 24 Paso doble Normani Kordei 39 Mr. T 22 Jive Simone Biles 40 Erika Jayne 26 Jazz Normani Kordei 40 Chris Kattan 22 Charleston Simone Biles 37 Bonner Bolton 24 Samba Simone Biles 35 Rashad Jennings 28 Rumba Heather Morris Simone Biles 40 Nick Viall Bonner Bolton 30 Waltz David Ross 36 Mr. T 28 Contemporary Normani Kordei 40 Simone Biles 38 Argentine tango Normani Kordei 40 David Ross 29 Team dance Simone Biles Nancy Kerrigan Normani Kordei Heather Morris 34 Bonner Bolton Rashad Jennings David Ross Nick Viall 33 Freestyle David Ross Normani Kordei Rashad Jennings 40 __ __ Fusion dance Normani Kordei 40 David Ross 36 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring Dances ( edit ) Scores are based upon a potential 40 - point maximum . Couple Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Rashad & Emma Viennese Waltz & Freestyle ( 40 ) Samba ( 28 ) David & Lindsay Freestyle ( 40 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 27 ) Normani & Val Argentine tango , Contemporary , Jazz , Freestyle & Argentine tango / Foxtrot fusion ( 40 ) Quickstep ( 27 ) Simone & Sasha Jive & Rumba ( 40 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 29 ) Bonner & Sharna Foxtrot ( 32 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 22 ) Nancy & Artem Jazz & Tango ( 36 ) Viennese Waltz & Cha - cha - cha ( 28 ) Nick & Peta Jazz & Argentine tango ( 34 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 24 ) Heather & Maks Rumba ( 40 ) Viennese Waltz ( 28 ) Erika & Gleb Viennese Waltz ( 32 ) Salsa ( 24 ) Mr. T & Kym Waltz ( 28 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 20 ) Charo & Keo Paso doble ( 25 ) Salsa ( 21 ) Chris & Witney Jazz ( 22 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 17 ) Weekly scores ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Julianne Hough , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 : first Dances / 400th Episode week ( edit ) The couples danced the cha - cha - cha , quickstep , salsa , tango , or Viennese Waltz . At the end , the show paid tribute to season 11 contestant , Florence Henderson who died three days after last season 's finale . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Normani & Val 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Good Time Good Life '' -- Erin Bowman Nancy & Artem 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` She 's Always a Woman '' -- Billy Joel Chris & Witney 17 ( 5 , 4 , 4 , 4 ) Cha - cha - cha `` What Is Love '' -- Haddaway Bonner & Sharna 22 ( 6 , 5 , 5 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Move '' -- Luke Bryan Charo & Keo 21 ( 6 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Salsa `` Cuban Pete '' -- Mambo Compañeros Nick & Peta 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Let Me Love You '' -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber Heather & Maks 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Make Something Beautiful '' -- Ben Rector David & Lindsay 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Go , Cubs , Go '' -- Steve Goodman Erika & Gleb 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Salsa `` XXPEN $ IVE '' -- Erika Jayne Rashad & Emma 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` 24K Magic '' -- Bruno Mars Mr. T & Kym 20 ( 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` The A-Team theme '' -- Mike Post , Pete Carpenter & The Daniel Caine Orchestra Simone & Sasha 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Untouchable '' -- Tritonal & Cash Cash feat . JHart Week 2 ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance . Foxtrot , jazz , jive , and paso doble are introduced . Due to a calf muscle injury , Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform , so Heather Morris danced with troupe member Alan Bersten instead . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Nancy & Artem 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` No Rights No Wrongs '' -- Jess Glynne Safe Erika & Gleb 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Bad Intentions '' -- Niykee Heaton Safe Charo & Keo 25 ( 6 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Charo Last to be called safe Nick & Peta 25 ( 7 , 5 , 7 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Love Me Now '' -- John Legend Safe Heather & Alan 30 ( 8 , 6 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` Grown '' -- Little Mix Safe Bonner & Sharna 29 ( 8 , 6 , 8 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unlove You '' -- Jennifer Nettles Safe Simone & Sasha 29 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Burnin ' Up '' -- Jessie J feat . 2 Chainz Safe Chris & Witney 22 ( 6 , 5 , 6 , 5 ) Jazz `` Hey Ya ! '' -- OutKast Eliminated Normani & Val 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Give Me Your Love '' -- Sigala feat . John Newman & Nile Rodgers Safe Rashad & Emma 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Suffer '' -- Charlie Puth Safe Mr. T & Kym 22 ( 6 , 5 , 6 , 5 ) Paso doble `` Eye of the Tiger '' -- Survivor Safe David & Lindsay 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Bust a Move '' -- Young MC Safe Week 3 : Vegas Night ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance that paid tribute to the sights and sounds of Las Vegas . Charleston and samba are introduced . For the second consecutive week , Heather Morris danced with Alan Bersten again on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy 's injury . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Nick & Peta 26 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Tango `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga Last to be called safe Mr. T & Kym 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' -- Robbie Williams Safe Bonner & Sharna 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Charleston `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody '' -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock Safe Heather & Alan 33 ( 9 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe Charo & Keo 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Chapel of Love '' -- The Dixie Cups Eliminated Simone & Sasha 32 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Viva Las Vegas '' -- Elvis Presley Safe Nancy & Artem 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Samba `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' -- Ricky Martin Safe David & Lindsay 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Candy Shop '' -- 50 Cent feat . Olivia Safe Erika & Gleb 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Jive `` Take Me to Heaven '' -- Alan Menken & Glenn Slater Safe Rashad & Emma 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Swalla '' -- Jason Derulo feat . Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla Sign Safe Normani & Val 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Big Spender '' -- Shirley Bassey Safe Week 4 : most Memorable Year Night ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance to celebrate the most memorable year of their lives . Contemporary , rumba , and waltz are introduced . For the third consecutive week , Heather Morris danced with Alan Bersten again on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy 's injury . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Normani & Val 32 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 9 ) Rumba `` Impossible '' -- Fifth Harmony Safe Nick & Peta 30 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Safe Nancy & Artem 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` My Wish '' -- Rascal Flatts Safe Mr. T & Kym 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Waltz `` Amazing Grace '' -- Ray Chew Eliminated Heather & Alan 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Shut Up and Dance '' -- Walk the Moon Safe David & Lindsay 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Forever Young '' -- Youth Group Safe Rashad & Emma 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Unconditionally '' -- Katy Perry Safe Erika & Gleb 30 ( 8 , 7 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Express Yourself '' -- Madonna Last to be called safe Simone & Sasha 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Good Good Father '' -- Chris Tomlin Safe Bonner & Sharna 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Feeling Good '' -- Michael Bublé Safe Week 5 : Disney Night ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song from a Disney film . For the fourth and final consecutive week , Heather Morris danced with Alan Bersten on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy 's injury . Season 9 winner Donny Osmond sang `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' live while Normani Kordei and Valentin Chmerkovskiy danced . Auli'i Cravalho sang `` How Far I 'll Go '' live while Simone Biles and Sasha Farber danced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Disney film Result Rashad & Emma 32 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Evermore '' -- Josh Groban Beauty and the Beast Safe Nick & Peta 34 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Jazz `` I 've Got No Strings '' -- Dickie Jones Pinocchio Last to be called safe Erika & Gleb 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unforgettable '' -- Sia Finding Dory Eliminated Heather & Alan 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` For the First Time in Forever '' -- Kristen Bell & Idina Menzel Frozen Safe Bonner & Sharna 30 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 7 ) Tango `` When Can I See You Again ? '' -- Owl City Wreck - It Ralph Safe Normani & Val 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Paso doble `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' -- Donny Osmond Mulan Safe David & Lindsay 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Jive `` Ride '' -- ZZ Ward Cars 3 Safe Nancy & Artem 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` That 's How You Know '' -- Amy Adams Enchanted Safe Simone & Sasha 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` How Far I 'll Go '' -- Auli'i Cravalho Moana Safe Week 6 : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Nick Carter , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . The couples danced one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from some of the most popular boy bands and girl groups throughout history . Argentine tango was performed for the first time in the season . Maksim Chmerkovskiy returned to dance with Heather Morris after a four - week recovery period , but they were ultimately eliminated that night after receiving a perfect score . Before the show began , the show paid tribute to Happy Days actress Erin Moran , who died two days earlier . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Simone & Sasha 35 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Survivor '' -- Destiny 's Child Safe Bonner & Sharna 30 ( 8 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` I Want It That Way '' -- Backstreet Boys Safe Nancy & Artem 33 ( 9 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Free Your Mind '' -- En Vogue Last to be called safe Nick & Peta 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jive `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' -- The Beach Boys Safe Normani & Val 38 ( 10 , 10 , 8 , 10 ) Salsa `` When I Grow Up '' -- The Pussycat Dolls Safe David & Lindsay 29 ( 7 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Argentine tango `` I Want You Back '' -- NSYNC Safe Rashad & Emma 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' -- The Four Tops Safe Heather & Maks 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Waterfalls '' -- TLC Eliminated Bonner & Sharna Rashad & Emma David & Lindsay Nick & Peta 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) `` Dancing Machine '' -- The Jackson 5 `` You Got It ( The Right Stuff ) '' -- New Kids on the Block `` Best Song Ever '' -- One Direction Simone & Sasha Nancy & Artem Normani & Val Heather & Maks 34 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' -- The Chiffons `` No Scrubs '' -- TLC `` Boss '' -- Fifth Harmony Week 7 : a Night at the Movies ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Mandy Moore , Bruno Tonioli . The couples performed one unlearned dance , capturing the spirit of a specific movie genre . The couple with the highest score earned an immunity from elimination , while the rest of the couples participated in dance - offs for extra points . The night also featured a performance from the cast of the upcoming Disney Channel Original Movie , Descendants 2 . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Movie genre Result Bonner & Sharna 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Paso doble `` Hoedown '' -- Aaron Copland Western Safe Nancy & Artem 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' -- Roy Orbison Romance Eliminated Simone & Sasha 37 ( 10 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Charleston `` Charleston '' -- Bob Wilson & His Varsity Rhythm Boys Silent Safe Nick & Peta 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Argentine tango `` Dangerous '' -- David Guetta feat . Sam Martin Action Eliminated Rashad & Emma 37 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 9 ) Paso doble `` O Fortuna '' -- Carl Orff Horror Safe David & Lindsay 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Universal Mind Control '' -- Common feat . Pharrell Williams Sci - fi Last to be called safe Normani & Val 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' -- Andrea Bocelli feat . Jennifer Lopez Foreign Safe ( Immunity ) For each dance - off , the couple with the highest remaining score picked the opponent against whom they wanted to dance ; the chosen opponent was allowed to pick the dance style ( cha - cha - cha , jive or rumba ) . The winner of each dance - off earned two points . The general public helped to determine the winner of each dance - off via the show 's official website . Dance - offs Couple Judges ' votes Public vote Dance Music Result Simone & Sasha Simone , Simone , Simone , Simone Simone ( 63 % ) Cha - cha - cha `` Crave '' -- Pharrell Williams Winner ( 2 pts ) Nancy & Artem Loser Rashad & Emma Rashad , Rashad , Rashad , Rashad Rashad ( 54 % ) Jive `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' -- The Spencer Davis Group Winner ( 2 pts ) David & Lindsay Loser Bonner & Sharna Bonner , Bonner , Bonner , Nick Bonner ( 62 % ) Rumba `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston Winner ( 2 pts ) Nick & Peta Loser Week 8 : Quarterfinals ( edit ) The couples performed an unlearned dance designed by the pros for their celebrity partners , with a song chosen by the pro to complement their celebrity partner 's personality . Each couple also performed a trio dance involving an eliminated pro or a member of the troupe . Unlike in prior seasons , where the couples chose their trio partners , this season the trio partners were assigned by the judges . Julianne Hough returned to the judging panel after a two - week hiatus . Running order Couple ( Trio Dance Partner ) Scores Dance Music Result Rashad & Emma ( Witney Carson ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Shake a Tail Feather '' -- The Blues Brothers Last to be called safe 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Dreams '' -- Bastille feat . Gabrielle Aplin Normani & Val ( Alan Bersten ) 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Freedom '' -- Anthony Hamilton & Elayna Boynton Safe 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Feeling Alive '' -- Earl St. Clair Bonner & Sharna ( Britt Stewart ) 30 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Argentine tango `` Believer '' -- Imagine Dragons Eliminated 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jazz `` That 's What I Like '' -- Bruno Mars Simone & Sasha ( Brittany Cherry ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` What Makes You Beautiful '' -- One Direction Safe 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers feat . Daya David & Lindsay ( Hayley Erbert ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Waltz `` Humble and Kind '' -- Tim McGraw Safe 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Paso doble `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- 2WEI Week 9 : Semifinals ( edit ) The couples performed a dance coached by one of the four judges , as well as an unlearned dance . Running order Couple ( Judge ) Scores Dance Music Result Normani & Val ( Len Goodman ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Desperado '' -- Rihanna Safe 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jazz `` What a Wonderful World '' -- Ray Chew David & Lindsay ( Julianne Hough ) 34 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' -- Michael Bublé Last to be called safe 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Castle on the Hill '' -- Ed Sheeran Simone & Sasha ( Carrie Ann Inaba ) 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Faith '' -- Stevie Wonder feat . Ariana Grande Eliminated 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Skyscraper '' -- Demi Lovato Rashad & Emma ( Bruno Tonioli ) 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- James Arthur Safe 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Yes I Can '' -- Sammy Davis Jr . Week 10 : finals ( edit ) On the first night , the couples performed a redemption dance and a freestyle . On the second night , the couples danced a fusion dance that fused two previously learned dance styles . Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music David & Lindsay 33 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Let 's Hurt Tonight '' -- OneRepublic 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` It Takes Two '' -- Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' -- Ronnie Neuman Normani & Val 38 ( 10 , 9 , 9 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Check It Out '' -- Oh the Larceny 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' -- Andra Day Rashad & Emma 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Dark Times '' -- The Weeknd feat . Ed Sheeran 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson feat . Bruno Mars `` Let 's Go '' -- Trick Daddy feat . Deuce Poppi , Tre + 6 & Unda Presha Running order ( Night 2 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result David & Lindsay 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot Salsa `` Living '' -- Bakermat feat . Alex Clare Runner - up Normani & Val 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango Foxtrot `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' -- Shawn Mendes Third place Rashad & Emma 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Cha - cha - cha Tango `` I Do n't Like It , I Love It '' -- Flo Rida feat . Robin Thicke & Verdine White Winner Dance chart ( edit ) The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha , quickstep , salsa , tango , or Viennese Waltz ( First Dances / 400th Episode Week ) Week 2 : One unlearned dance Week 3 : One unlearned dance ( Vegas Night ) Week 4 : One unlearned dance ( Most Memorable Year Night ) Week 5 : One unlearned dance ( Disney Night ) Week 6 : One unlearned dance and team dances ( Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night ) Week 7 : One unlearned dance and dance - offs ( A Night at the Movies ) Week 8 : One unlearned dance and trio dances ( Quarterfinals ) Week 9 : Judges ' challenge and one unlearned dance ( Semifinals ) Week 10 ( Night 1 ) : Redemption dance and freestyle Week 10 ( Night 2 ) : 24 - hour fusion challenge Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Rashad & Emma Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Samba Contemporary Foxtrot Tango Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Paso doble Jive Jive Argentine tango Rumba Quickstep Viennese Waltz Freestyle Cha - cha - cha Cha - cha - cha Tango David & Lindsay Quickstep Cha - cha - cha Jazz Viennese Waltz Jive Argentine tango Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Salsa Jive Waltz Paso doble Foxtrot Tango Viennese Waltz Freestyle Jazz Foxtrot Salsa Normani & Val Quickstep Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Rumba Paso doble Salsa Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Argentine tango Immunity Contemporary Jive Viennese Waltz Jazz Quickstep Freestyle Salsa Argentine tango Foxtrot Simone & Sasha Tango Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Viennese Waltz Contemporary Samba Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Charleston Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Paso doble Jive Rumba Contemporary Bonner & Sharna Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Charleston Foxtrot Tango Rumba Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Paso doble Rumba Argentine tango Jazz Cha - cha - cha Nancy & Artem Viennese Waltz Cha - cha - cha Samba Foxtrot Jazz Paso doble Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Tango Cha - cha - cha Samba Nick & Peta Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Tango Rumba Jazz Jive Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Argentine tango Rumba Rumba Heather & Maks Viennese Waltz Jive Tango Cha - cha - cha Jazz Rumba Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Rumba Erika & Gleb Salsa Foxtrot Jive Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Mr. T & Kym Cha - cha - cha Paso doble Foxtrot Waltz Charo & Keo Salsa Paso doble Foxtrot Chris & Witney Cha - cha - cha Jazz Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Earned Immunity Gained bonus points for winning this dance - off Gained no bonus points for losing this dance - off Danced , but not scored Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rank ( Weekly ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total Viewers `` Week 1 : Premiere '' March 20 , 2017 2.1 7 12.09 6 ( tied ) N / A 2.18 N / A 14.27 `` Week 2 '' March 27 , 2017 1.7 6 11.12 11 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Week 3 : Vegas Night '' April 3 , 2017 1.5 5 10.47 13 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night '' April 10 , 2017 1.6 6 10.31 6 ( tied ) N / A 1.85 N / A 12.16 5 `` Week 5 : Disney Night '' April 17 , 2017 1.8 6 11.18 2 ( tied ) N / A 1.95 N / A 13.15 6 `` Week 6 : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night '' April 24 , 2017 1.6 6 10.35 7 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Week 7 : A Night at the Movies Night '' May 1 , 2017 1.6 6 10.31 8 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Week 8 : Quarterfinals '' May 8 , 2017 1.5 6 9.95 10 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Week 9 : Semifinals '' May 15 , 2017 1.5 5 10.07 7 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Week 10 : The Finals '' May 22 , 2017 1.8 7 10.54 5 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Week 10 : Season Finale '' May 23 , 2017 1.4 5 8.91 7 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC 's Number One Hit Reality Show , `` Dancing with the Stars , '' Returns with an All - New Season on Monday , March 20 - TheFutonCritic.com `` . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` ABC Renews 15 Shows Including ' Quantico , ' ' The Bachelor ' & Comedy Slate '' . variety.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing ' stars Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Peta Murgatroyd to return to the show '' . go.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony 's Normani Kordei Joins Dancing with the Stars -- Plus Find Out Which Pros Are Returning '' . people.com. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars 2017 Cast Announcement for Season 24 Is Coming ! - Dancing with the Stars '' . go.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Kym Johnson Returning for ' DWTS ' Season 24 , Celebrity Pairings Revealed '' . etonline.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Second Dances and the First Elimination '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Vegas Night for the Top 11 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Emotional Memorable Year Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Magical World of Disney Night '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : One Couple Gets Immunity and Two Go Home '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 5 Take on the Trio Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 4 in the Semifinals '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Finale : Who Was Crowned the Winner ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Dancing with the Stars '' . abc.go.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 24 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 1 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Premiere Live Blog : The First Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , March 20 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , March 27 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 3 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 10 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 17 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 8 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 15 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 3 Perform Their Freestyles '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS - Season Finale on May 22 & 23 on ABC '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Finale Recap : Who Won the Mirror Ball ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' top the week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Great Indoors ' adjust up ; ' Taken , ' ' Quantico , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead the week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down , final NCAA numbers : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` CBS and NCAA Championship score in week 29 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' is low , still tops week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS ' top a soft week 31 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' is No. 1 in week 32 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC and ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and NBC finish atop the week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard Awards , ' NCIS ' top the week 35 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dancing With the Stars ' lead the week 36 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_24)&oldid=826832151 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 06 : 58 . 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About Wikipedia	when is dancing with the stars season finale 2017	[ "\n\nEpisode\nAir date\nRating/Share\n(18–49)\nViewers\n(millions)\n18–49 rank\n(Weekly)\nDVR\n18–49\nDVR\nViewers\n(millions)\nTotal\n18–49\nTotal\nViewers\n\n\n1\n\"Week 1: Premiere\"\nMarch 20, 2017\n2.1\n7\n12.09[30]\n6 (tied)[31]\nN/A\n2.18\nN/A\n14.27[32]\n\n\n2\n\"Week 2\"\nMarch 27, 2017\n1.7\n6\n11.12[33]\n11 (tied)[34]\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\n3\n\"Week 3: Vegas Night\"\nApril 3, 2017\n1.5\n5\n10.47[35]\n13 (tied)[36]\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\n4\n\"Week 4: Most Memorable Year Night\"\nApril 10, 2017\n1.6\n6\n10.31[37]\n6 (tied)[38]\nN/A\n1.85\nN/A\n12.16[39]\n\n\n5\n\"Week 5: Disney Night\"\nApril 17, 2017\n1.8\n6\n11.18[40]\n2 (tied)[41]\nN/A\n1.95\nN/A\n13.15[42]\n\n\n6\n\"Week 6: Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night\"\nApril 24, 2017\n1.6\n6\n10.35[43]\n7[44]\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\n7\n\"Week 7: A Night at the Movies Night\"\nMay 1, 2017\n1.6\n6\n10.31[45]\n8 (tied)[46]\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\n8\n\"Week 8: Quarterfinals\"\nMay 8, 2017\n1.5\n6\n9.95[47]\n10 (tied)[48]\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\n9\n\"Week 9: Semifinals\"\nMay 15, 2017\n1.5\n5\n10.07[49]\n7 (tied)[50]\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\n10\n\"Week 10: The Finals\"\nMay 22, 2017\n1.8\n7\n10.54[51]\n5 (tied)[52]\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\n11\n\"Week 10: Season Finale\"\nMay 23, 2017\n1.4\n5\n8.91[53]\n7[52]\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n" ]	[ "May 23, 2017" ]
7225259802084199943	Riverdale (2017 TV series)	Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Riverdale Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Characters by Archie Comics Developed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Starring KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Mark Consuelos Casey Cott Skeet Ulrich Narrated by Cole Sprouse Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Sherri Chung Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 31 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Producer ( s ) J.B. Moranville Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg Editor ( s ) Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Archie Comics Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters of Archie Comics . The series was adapted for The CW by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios , in association with Berlanti Productions and Archie Comics . Originally conceived as a feature film adaptation for Warner Bros. Pictures , the idea was re-imagined as a television series for Fox . In 2015 , development on the project moved to The CW , where the series was ordered for a pilot . Filming takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia . The series features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews ; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , the series ' narrator . The cast also features Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom , Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy and Casey Cott as Kevin Keller . Other characters in the series include the parents of the main characters : Luke Perry as Fred Andrews , Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper , Marisol Nichols and Mark Consuelos as Hermione and Hiram Lodge , and Skeet Ulrich as FP Jones . The series debuted on January 26 , 2017 to positive reviews . A 22 - episode second season premiered on October 11 , 2017 , and is scheduled to conclude on May 16 , 2018 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Homages to other films and TV series 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Comic - book adaptation 6 Music 6.1 Season 1 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 7.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7.3 Awards and nominations 8 Spin - off 9 References 10 External links Premise The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image . Cast and characters Main article : List of Riverdale characters KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : A high school football player who has a passion for music . He is best friends with Jughead Jones and Betty Cooper . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A smart girl with a longtime crush on Archie , she becomes friends with Veronica Lodge to help upend her perfect life . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A former socialite from New York who moves to Riverdale and becomes friends with Archie and Betty . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who is Archie 's best friend . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter following the incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who is a classmate of Archie and his friends . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : The lead singer of Josie and the Pussycats and a classmate of Archie and his friends . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Betty and Polly 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction company . Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one . Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie , Betty and Veronica and is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season . Episodes Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body , which has a gunshot wound to the head , by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents , Clifford and Penelope , that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , The Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away , Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason 's memorial , but Cheryl does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34 After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter . 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76 After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter . 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62 Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , and detailing his intentions to target sinners . Polly leaves town , fearing for her babies . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High , befriends Toni Topaz , a Serpent , and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black , under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood . 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Jason Stone Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13. 20804 1.51 Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood . 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) T13. 20805 1.47 The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice , which she does . Hiram invites the St. Clair 's , friends of the Lodges from New York . On the Southside , Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening . The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood . At the Lodge 's open house event , Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her , but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats . Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer , where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over ; they kiss . Back at Betty 's house , the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a `` sinner '' to kill , to which Betty names Nick St. Clair . 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) T13. 20806 1.43 The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman , who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale . Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick , whom the Black Hood did not attack , but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair 's . Archie goes to Southside High , where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller . Tall Boy , F.P. 's right hand man , reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies , the dealers of jingle jangle . Jughead and Archie visit F.P. , who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race . During the race , Archie pulls the brake on Jughead 's car , and reveals he called Sheriff Keller , who arrests the Ghoulies leader . Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair 's , while Cheryl does the same with Penelope . Later , the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair 's have been run off the road , but will recover in months . Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips ; Cheryl later tells Betty , who exposes him in the Blue and Gold . Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail . 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' Dawn Wilkinson James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) T13. 20807 1.45 After killing Phillips , the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop 's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning , or he will kill again . Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help , which he does with Archie . She says this is a one - time thing , but Jughead later finds she was lying . Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer , implied to be Cheryl , including a box with a pig 's heart . Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late , revealing she has received death threats . Betty , realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff 's office , believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood . She investigates , but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood . However , Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy . Archie , Jughead , Betty , Veronica , Josie , and Cheryl all gather at Pop 's . After Jughead leaves to visit F.P. , the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge , and Pop grimly announces that `` The reckoning is upon us '' . 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' Kevin Sullivan Yolonda Lawrence December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) T13. 20808 1.48 F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop 's , intending to quit the Serpents . Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a `` retirement '' party at the Whyte Worm , so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work . While Jughead reconnects with his dad , Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party . There , she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead . Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper , who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob . Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family , which they discover to be the school 's janitor , Joseph Svenson . Archie and Veronica confront Svenson , but decide he is n't the Black Hood . At the party , F.P. , who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody , decides to stay with the Serpents . Outside , Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love . Jughead , not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents ' business , also ends their relationship . 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' Rob Seidenglanz Shepard Boucher December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) T13. 20809 1.43 Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000 . Failing to convince her parents to help Fred , Veronica sneaks into Hiram 's study and finds out that he bought Pop 's . She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred . Jughead rallies the younger Serpents , who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo . Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood , containing Svenson 's finger . They then receive a call from the Black Hood , who challenges them to find Svenson . They are able to find Svenson 's location , but instead find an empty coffin . The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive , but flees when the police arrive . After a chase , Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape . The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself . Later , with the Black Hood dead , Veronica and Archie get back together , while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson , but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier . 23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' Tim Hunter Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) T13. 20810 1.44 The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High , causing Jughead , Toni , Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High , putting them at odds with other students . Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams , who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram 's criminal dealings . Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred . Archie investigates Nick , who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash , which broke both of his legs . Despite Hal 's objections , Betty and Alice track down Alice 's son she gave up for adoption , Chic . Chic initially refuses to come with them , but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault , bringing him to the Cooper household . Jughead , following advice from F.P. , gets his fellow Serpents to lay low . Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood . That night , Chic lurks in Betty 's room while she sleeps . 24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20811 1.39 Pickens ' Day , a day in remembrance of Riverdale 's founder , nears . Archie tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram , a former wrestler . Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model , and attempts to reach out to him . Jughead interviews Toni 's grandfather for a school project , learning that he is a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens . Jughead publishes the story , escalting tensions with the two sides . At the Pickens ' Day fest , the Serpents protest the event , but Hiram spins their words positively . That night , Archie meets with Hiram , who offers him his business tutelage , which Archie accepts . The next morning , Mayor McCoy , Sheriff Keller , and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens , which has been decapitated . 25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20812 1.34 Veronica 's confirmation nears , bringing many Lodge family members and business associates to Riverdale . While serving at a poker game with Hiram and his associates , Archie learns that Hiram is a mobster and his associates are planning his ' removal ' after Veronica 's confirmation . Archie alerts Hiram to this , and Hiram later arranges that mobster 's death . Meanwhile , Mayor McCoy orchestrates the eviction of all Serpents from their trailer park . Jughead and Betty are alerted to the location of the Pickens head by a scrapyard owner , who gives them evidence that Tall Boy decapitated the statue . Jughead and F.P. put Tall Boy on trial , who reveals that Hiram assisted him launching a mutiny so that Tall Boy could remove F.P. and Jughead from the Serpents . Betty and Jughead get back together . A strange man comes to the Cooper house asking for Chic . Later , Betty returns home to find Alice cleaning up the man 's blood . 26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) T13. 20813 1.28 Betty and Alice clean up the man 's body and dispose of it with help from Jughead and F.P. Jughead sends the Pickens ' statue head to the Lodges , which Hiram believes may be a declaration of war . Mayor McCoy attempts to take control of her deal with the Lodges , and the Lodges prepare to expose her affair with Sheriff Keller . Veronica , however , warns her of this , and McCoy resigns from office . Agent Adams attempts to strong - arm Archie into giving him the information , including blackmailing Archie in order for him to plant a bug in Hiram 's office . Archie instead reveals this to Hiram . Hiram 's driver takes Archie to a private location to meet with `` the boss '' , revealed to be Hermione . Hermione tells Archie that Adams is actually one of the Lodges ' capos and it was a test , which Archie has passed . Hermione welcomes him to the family . 27 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' David Katzenberg Ross Maxwell March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) T13. 20814 1.26 Hiram suggests Archie , Veronica , Betty , and Jughead go to the Lodge 's lake house for a romantic getaway . Cheryl , upset over not being invited , calls Jughead and informs him of Betty 's kiss with Archie , which causes tension within the group . Veronica and Jughead kiss to `` level the playing field '' . Later , the girls go into town while the guys have a discussion over the close mutual bonds between the four . Back in Riverdale , Josie informs Kevin of their parents affair . Cheryl reveals to Toni that she had a `` friendship - turned - lesbian - relationship '' broken up by Penelope . At the lake house , tensions arise again when Jughead and Betty learn that Hiram bought the trailer park and the Riverdale Register . A group of men that Veronica interacted with in town break into the house , but Veronica activates a silent alarm . One of Hiram 's men arrive and kills one of the intruders , and the four return to Riverdale . 28 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' Mark Piznarski Aaron Allen March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) T13. 20815 1.19 Jughead keeps investigating the Lodges ' plans , but he can not use what he finds . Hiram and Hermione want Fred to run for mayor , including financing his run . Hal asks Alice for a divorce , and Polly comes back to Riverdale . Clifford 's secret will is read , which entitles money to anyone of Blossom 's blood . Clifford 's twin brother Claudius returns . When Chic refuses the DNA test , Betty steals his dental floss to do her own test and discovers that Chic is not who he says to be . After Smithers points Jughead to Shankshaw Prison , F.P. 's inside contact allows them to learn the truth about the Lodge 's plans : they want to turn Southside High into a private prison and the housing Fred is building will be for the employees of the prison . After the Lodges are forced to tell Fred , he refuses to run for Mayor , so Hermione announces her run instead . Archie undergoes a blood ritual with Hiram , pledging loyalty . Meanwhile , Claudius and Penelope plot to get their house `` in order '' , including Nana and Cheryl , who overhears the plan . 29 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' Sherwin Shilati James DeWille March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) T13. 20816 1.16 Jughead learns Southside High will be turned into a prison , and goes on a hunger strike to protest . Hiram accelerates the timeline for demolition , but the high school Serpents chain themselves to the school . Fred attempts to end his contract with the Lodges , leading to a legal dispute . Hiram asks Archie to cut the Serpents ' chains , which Archie does in exchange for Fred being released from his contract . Betty learns Chic 's father is not Hal . Penelope and Claudius attempt to kill Nana Rose , but she survives . Veronica runs for student president , but everyone seems to be against her . Jughead also considers running with Betty . Betty moves in with Jughead to avoid Chic . Cheryl tells Penelope she knows what she did , leading Penelope to get Cheryl committed . Free of his contract with the Lodges , Fred announces he is running for mayor against Hermione . 30 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' Alexis Ostrander Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) T13. 20817 0.96 Hermione 's run for mayor is considered risky by fellow mobsters Kowalski and Martin , believing it may lead to unwanted investigation . They demand a 25 % cut of the prison 's profits , which Hiram refuses . Kowalski and Martin , however , turn Hiram 's capo Adams into hospitalizing Andre , leaving the Lodges shorthanded on security . Archie scares the two into abandoning the deal with the help of Reggie and other Riverdale athletes . Meanwhile , the car belonging to the man Chic killed is found . The owner of the car demands $10,000 from the Coopers to prevent her from going to the police , but Jughead and the Serpents scare her away . Alice sends Chic away and apologizes the Serpents for her years of badmouthing them . Toni and Veronica discover that Cheryl has been admitted into conversion therapy , and with help from Nana Rose , find out she 's at Sister of the Quiet Mercy . Toni , Veronica , and Kevin rescue Cheryl , and Toni and Cheryl kiss . Cheryl soon returns to Riverdale High , which she declares ' will burn ' . 31 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' Jason Stone Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) T13. 20818 1.10 32 19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' Jennifer Phang Cristine Chambers April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) T13. 20819 TBD 33 20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' Gregory Smith Yolanda E. Lawrence May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) T13. 20820 TBD 34 21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' Cherie Nowlan Shepard Boucher May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) T13. 20821 TBD 35 22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' Steven A. Adelson Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) T13. 20822 TBD Production Development Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . The duo brought the project to Warner Bros. , where a VP recommended a more high - concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals , suggesting Louis C.K. to portray an older Archie . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season . Casting Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott , who played Kevin Keller , was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . In March 2018 , Andy Cohen appeared in the sixteenth episode of the second season as himself . In the series , he and Hermione are friends . He previously offered her a role as a cast member on The Real Housewives of New York City ; however , Hermione turned down the offer to keep things private for the Lodge family . Filming The Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe set in Vancouver , Canada Filming of the pilot began on March 14 , 2016 , and ended on April 1 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Season two will also be filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley . The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars , Gilmore Girls , and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie . Filming for the second season started on June 22 , 2017 , and concluded on March 27 , 2018 . Homages to other films and TV series Several reviewers had noted that the series ' episode titles , are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films . For example , De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale 's pilot episode was named `` River 's Edge '' after the 1986 film of the same name , and the season finale also takes its name from 1997 's The Sweet Hereafter . Executive producer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice , in order to hint at what will happen in that episode . Additionally , Katie - Kouise Smith , of Popbuzz , notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series , and are intended as an homage to that series ' creator , David Lynch . Release Broadcast Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast . Marketing In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017 . In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Music Musical performances are featured throughout the series , a blend of cover versions and originals . Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast ; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12 , 2017 . An album of Blake Neely 's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La - La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18 , 2017 . Season 1 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Song That Everyone Sings '' KJ Apa 3 : 46 2 . `` Fear Nothing '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 3 . `` All Through The Night '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 4 . `` Dance Dance Dance '' KJ Apa 1 : 00 5 . `` Candy Girl ( Sugar Sugar ) '' ( Cover of the Inner Circle version feat . Flo Rida ; full - length version , Petsch is not heard on the aired version . ) Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 19 6 . `` I Feel Love '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 11 7 . `` I 'll Try '' KJ Apa 3 : 15 8 . `` I Got You '' KJ Apa and Hayley Law 3 : 32 9 . `` Kids in America '' KJ Apa and Camila Mendes 2 : 55 10 . `` Our Fair Riverdale '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law 1 : 19 11 . `` Astronaut '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 28 12 . `` These Are the Moments I Remember '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law , Camila Mendes and KJ Apa 2 : 58 ( show ) Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Score ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Riverdale '' Blake Neely 2 : 58 2 . `` If You Love Me '' Blake Neely 2 : 06 3 . `` Viral Gossip in Town '' Blake Neely 3 : 08 4 . `` Everyone a Suspect '' Blake Neely 2 : 33 5 . `` Receiving the Jersey '' Blake Neely 1 : 56 6 . `` Doubts and Accusations '' Blake Neely 2 : 24 7 . `` All is OK With Milkshakes '' Blake Neely 2 : 48 8 . `` Long Reach '' Blake Neely 3 : 47 9 . `` Ended Up Drowning '' Blake Neely 4 : 11 10 . `` Irreconcilable '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 11 . `` So Many Questions '' Blake Neely 2 : 42 12 . `` A Gift / Forced to Leave '' Blake Neely 3 : 23 13 . `` Not Making the Play '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 14 . `` Overwhelming Evidence '' Blake Neely 3 : 53 15 . `` Realizations '' Blake Neely 2 : 02 16 . `` Do You Feel Guilty ? '' Blake Neely 2 : 38 17 . `` Into the Woods '' Blake Neely 3 : 21 18 . `` Name of the Game '' Blake Neely 3 : 38 19 . `` Angry and Vulnerable Girls '' Blake Neely 2 : 52 20 . `` Results of the Father '' Blake Neely 4 : 39 21 . `` Your Father Was Arrested '' Blake Neely 2 : 44 22 . `` The Recording '' Blake Neely 4 : 12 23 . `` Oh , Mommy ! '' Blake Neely 3 : 51 24 . `` What Floats Beneath '' Blake Neely 3 : 29 25 . `` Never Safe '' Blake Neely 1 : 59 Reception Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 88 % ( 54 reviews ) 68 ( 36 reviews ) 87 % ( 13 reviews ) TBD The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 88 % based on 54 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.27 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Riverdale : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 1.2 3.10 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.6 1.32 1.2 2.94 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.30 1.1 2.80 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' November 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.47 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.70 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' November 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.66 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' November 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.64 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' December 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.6 1.20 1.1 2.68 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' December 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' January 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.5 1.14 1.0 2.59 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' January 24 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.39 0.5 1.15 1.0 2.54 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' January 31 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.5 1.06 1.0 2.40 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' February 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.28 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.24 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' March 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.26 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.22 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' March 14 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.19 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.10 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' March 21 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.16 0.4 0.94 0.8 2.10 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' March 28 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.91 0.7 1.87 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' April 18 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.10 TBD TBD TBD TBD Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Tyler Harron for `` Pilot - Chapter 1 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star K.J. Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Choice TV Ship Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse Won 2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Riverdale Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Pending Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Pending Lili Reinhart Pending Cole Sprouse Pending Spin - off Main article : Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( TV series ) In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . In December 2017 , it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet - to - be-announced new title . Two seasons , comprising ten episodes each , have been ordered by the streaming service . In January 2018 , it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka , and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that , `` at the moment , there is no discussion about crossing over '' with Riverdale . Filming for first season began on March 19 , 2018 , just as filming of the second season of Riverdale concludes , which will allow the same crew members to work on both series . It is expected to film back - to - back with the second season . References Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad in Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Skeet Ulrich Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apa , KJ ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First ep of riverdale season 2 is wrapped up . directed by the legend @ robseidenglanz who is an epic director , but more importantly , an epic human being . One of the narliest weeks of shooting I 've done in a wee while , ca n't wait for you guys to see what we 're doing with Season2 ! ! 1 in the bank ! ! 21 left to go . # deehaa haha u know what 's up when u get into your trailer in the morning and the only wardrobe you have is a pair of skin * coloured jocks '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 219 ) Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 220 ) Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` One more week until a new # Riverdale ! As we start work on our penultimate episode ! Things are gon na get hot ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - riverdale on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` And here we are . The last episode of the Season Two of # Riverdale . We 've come a long way , but it 's still not over ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` For a Bizarre Moment , Riverdale Was Almost a Time - Travel Movie Starring Louis C.K. '' io9 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set at Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur in Season 2 of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` How Did Andy Cohen End Up on Riverdale ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ RIVERDALE NEWS ! ( @ CWRiverdaleNews ) ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ Lehn , Don . `` Riverdale `` Pop 's Chock - Lit Shoppe '' Season 2 Premiere Screening in Mission Thursday October 12 ( VIDEO ) `` . FraserValleyNewsNetwork . FVN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Katie - Louise . `` 17 Surprising Facts About `` Riverdale '' That We Bet You Did n't Even Know `` . Popbuzz . Popbuzz.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Archie Comics ( @ ArchieComics ) ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a behind the scenes shot from the first day of filming # Riverdale Season 2 as @ kj_apa and @ CamilaMendes meet some very happy fans ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty number = ( help ) Jump up ^ Morgan , Vanessa ( @ VanessaMorgan ) ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` & That 's a wrap on Season 2 ! 💕 📽 # Riverdale '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , russ . `` The Movies That Will Inspire Riverdale Season 2 '' . ComicBook / tv . Comicbook.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Woodrow . `` Riverdale Has Been Dropping Massive Clues About The Plot And You 've 100 % Missed Them '' . Popbuzz . Popbuzz . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth , De . `` What the Episode Titles of `` Riverdale '' Really Mean `` . TeenVogue.com . Vogue . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Trailer : `` Every Corpse Has A Tale To Tell '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tastemade ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` '' New Girl in Town '' Cherry Chocolate Malt # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , tonight 9 / 8c on The CW ... '' Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Tasetmade ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Archie Original '' Bacon Burger # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , Thurs Jan 26 on The CW ... '' Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Tasetmade ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` '' Blonde Next Door '' Creamy Shake # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , Thurs Jan 26 on The CW `` . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.soundtrack.net/album/riverdale-season-1/ Jump up ^ https://tvsourcemagazine.com/2017/07/riverdale-season-1-score-gets-limited-edition-cd-release/ Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Televisión Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/riverdale-season-1-original-television-score/1259595742 Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 winners and nominees by name '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series Picked Up By Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Kiernan Shipka To Star in Netflix 's Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Why the Sabrina the Teenage Witch series went to Netflix over the CW '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Hollywood North : Magical time for Vancouver TV production '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Offshoot ' Sabrina ' Moves to Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in season two of riverdale	[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nNielsen ratings\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nRank\nAverage viewers\n(in millions inc. DVR)\n\n\n\n1\n13\nJanuary 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)\nMay 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)\n154\n1.69[14]\n\n\n\n2\n22[15]\nOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)\nMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)[16]\nTBA\nTBA\n\n" ]	[ "22" ]
3590739011570700516	Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen	Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen - wikipedia Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the shared career and activities of two American actresses . For the individuals , see Mary - Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen . Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Ashley ( left ) and Mary - Kate ( right ) at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival Mary - Kate Olsen Ashley Olsen ( 1986 - 06 - 13 ) June 13 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Sherman Oaks , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Fashion designers actresses Years active Ashley : 1987 -- 2004 ( actress ) Mary - Kate : 1987 -- 2012 ( actress ) Both : 2004 -- present ( fashion designers ) Mary - Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen ( born June 13 , 1986 ) , also known as the Olsen twins collectively , are American fashion designers and former child actresses . The fraternal twins made their acting debut as infants playing Michelle Tanner on the television series Full House . At the age of six , Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen began starring together in TV , film , and video projects , which continued to their teenage years . Through their company Dualstar , the Olsens joined the ranks of the wealthiest women in the entertainment industry at a young age . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Childhood and acting career 1.2 Fashion career 2 Filmography 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Life and career Childhood and acting career The twins were born in Sherman Oaks , California to David `` Dave '' Olsen ( b . 1953 ) and Jarnette `` Jarnie '' ( née Jones ; b . 1954 ) . Despite being very similar in appearance , they are not identical , but sororal twins . They have an elder brother , Trent , and a younger sister , actress Elizabeth , as well as a half - sister , Courtney Taylor , and a half - brother , Jake . The twins ' parents divorced in 1995 ; Taylor and Jake are from their father 's second marriage to McKenzie . The Olsen twins have English and Norwegian ancestry . In 1987 , at the age of six months , the twins were cast in the role of Michelle Tanner on the ABC sitcom Full House . They began filming at nine months old . In order to comply with child labor laws that set strict limits on how long a child actor may work , the sisters took turns playing the role . The Olsens continued to portray Michelle throughout the show 's run , which concluded in 1995 . In 1992 , Mary - Kate and Ashley shared the role of Michelle Tanner when they guest - starred on the Full House crossover episode of Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper . While starring on Full House , the Olsens also began appearing ( as separate characters ) in films for video and television . The first such film , To Grandmother 's House We Go , debuted in 1992 and featured cameos from several other Full House actors . In 1993 , the Olsens established the company Dualstar , which would produce the twins ' subsequent films and videos , including that year 's Double , Double , Toil and Trouble and 1994 's How the West Was Fun . A series of musical mystery videos called The Adventures of Mary - Kate & Ashley premiered in 1994 and continued through 1997 . In 1995 , following the end of Full House , the Olsens made their feature film debut in It Takes Two , co-starring Steve Guttenberg and Kirstie Alley . In the same year , they introduced a second video series , You 're Invited to Mary - Kate & Ashley 's ... , which continued to release new entries until 2000 . The following year , the Olsens appeared in an episode of All My Children . In 1997 , they appeared once again as guest stars in an episode of Sister Sister . Also , in 1998 , the twins returned to series television with another ABC sitcom , Two of a Kind , co-starring Christopher Sieber as their characters ' widowed father . The series lasted only one season but aired in reruns on cable for several years afterward . 1998 also saw the release of Billboard Dad , the first of a new string of direct - to - video films starring the Olsens . The final such film , The Challenge , debuted in 2003 . In 2000 , the Olsens appeared in an episode of 7th Heaven as bad girls Sue and Carol Murphy . The following year , the sisters starred in two new series : So Little Time , a live - action sitcom on Fox Family ( later ABC Family ) ; and Mary - Kate and Ashley in Action ! , an animated series airing Saturday mornings on ABC . Both shows were cancelled after one season , although Mary - Kate received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her performance on So Little Time . In early 2004 , Mary - Kate and Ashley had a cameo voice role in an episode of The Simpsons as the readers of Marge 's book - on - tape , The Harpooned Heart . Also in 2004 , the twins starred in a second feature film , New York Minute . It would be their last film together , as well as Ashley 's last acting role . Mary - Kate has continued to appear in film and television . Mary - Kate and Ashley had a fan club until 2000 , `` Mary - Kate & Ashley 's Fun Club '' , where fans would pay to receive Mary - Kate and Ashley collectibles and photos . Each subscription included an issue of Our Funzine , Mary - Kate and Ashley 's fan club magazine , exclusively available through the club , and a collectibles catalog , where one could purchase T - shirts , posters , baseball caps , key rings , school folders , postcards , and various other items . Subscribers would also receive `` surprise gifts '' ( usually key rings , book excerpts , or back issues of the Funzine ) , lyric sheets to Mary - Kate and Ashley 's songs , a school folder , a membership card , a full - sized poster , two black and white photos ( one of each girl ) , and a color photo with reprint autographs . The club was advertised at the beginning of Mary - Kate and Ashley movies until 1998 . Mary - Kate and Ashley were popular figures in the preteen market during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Their names and likenesses extended , not only to movies and videos , but to clothes , shoes , purses , hats , books , CDs and cassette tapes , fragrances and makeup , magazines , video and board games , dolls , posters , calendars , and even telephones and CD players -- with a market share made up mostly of the tween demographic . Mattel produced various sets of Mary - Kate and Ashley fashion dolls from 2000 to 2005 , along with separate outfits and accessory packs . The sisters became co-presidents of Dualstar on their 18th birthday in 2004 . Upon taking control of the company , Mary - Kate and Ashley made moves to secure the future of the company by releasing products that appealed to the teen market , including home decoration and fragrances . The Dualstar brand has been sold in more than 3,000 stores in the United States and over 5,300 stores worldwide . The Olsens have appeared on the Forbes `` Celebrity 100 '' list since 2002 ; in 2007 , Forbes ranked them ( collectively ) as the eleventh - richest women in entertainment , with an estimated net worth of US $100 million . Fashion career As the sisters have matured , they expressed greater interest in their fashion choices , with The New York Times declaring Mary - Kate a fashion icon for pioneering her signature ( and now popular among celebrities and fans alike ) `` homeless '' look . The style , sometimes referred to by fashion journalists as `` ashcan '' or `` bohemian - bourgeois '' , is similar to the boho - chic style popularized in Britain by Kate Moss and Sienna Miller . The look consists of oversized sunglasses , boots , loose sweaters , and flowing skirts , with an aesthetic of mixing high - end and low - end pieces . The twins were tapped as the faces of upscale fashion line Badgley Mischka in 2006 . The Olsens had a clothing line for girls ages 4 -- 14 in Wal - Mart stores across North America , as well as a beauty line called `` Mary - Kate and Ashley : Real fashion for real girls '' . In 2004 , they made news by signing a pledge to allow full maternity leave to all the workers that sew their line of clothing in Bangladesh . The National Labor Committee , which organized the pledge , praised the twins for their commitment to worker rights . The Olsens have also launched their own couture fashion label , The Row , named after Savile Row in London . In 2007 , they launched Elizabeth & James , a contemporary collection inspired by many of their unique vintage finds and pieces in their personal wardrobes . They have also released a women 's clothing line for J.C. Penney , called Olsenboye , and a T - shirt line called `` StyleMint '' . In 2008 , the sisters published the book Influence , a compilation of interviews with many of the most prominent people in the field of fashion . In August 2013 , the twins launched a new fashion line in Oslo , Norway . The Olsens were first named Womensewear Designer of the Year by the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) for The Row in 2012 . They received the award again in 2015 . The CFDA also named the Olsens Accessories Designer of the Year in 2014 for their work with The Row . Filmography This filmography is of the twins as a duo . See Mary - Kate Olsen for other productions in which she has appeared . Television and Film Year ( s ) Title Mary - Kate 's role Ashley 's role Notes 1987 -- 1995 Full House Michelle Tanner ( shared role ) 191 episodes 1992 Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper Michelle Tanner ( shared role ) Episode : `` Hangin ' With Michelle '' ( 1.02 ) 1992 To Grandmother 's House We Go Sarah Thompson Julie Thompson TV movie 1993 Our First Video Herself Herself Direct - to - video release 1993 Double , Double , Toil and Trouble Kelly Farmer & Young Aunt Sophia Lynn Farmer & Young Aunt Agatha TV movie 1994 How the West Was Fun Jessica Martin Suzy Martin TV movie 1994 The Little Rascals Twin # 2 Twin # 1 Cameo role 1994 -- 1997 The Adventures of Mary - Kate & Ashley Herself Herself Video series , 11 videos 1995 It Takes Two Amanda Lemmon Alyssa Callaway 1995 -- 2000 You 're Invited to Mary - Kate & Ashley 's ... Herself Herself Video series , 10 videos 1997 Sister , Sister Herself Herself Episode : `` Slime Party '' ( 4.21 ) 1997 Our Music Video Herself Herself Direct - to - video release 1998 Billboard Dad Tess Tyler Emily Tyler 1998 All My Children Herself Herself 1 episode , October 29 , 1998 1998 -- 1999 Two of a Kind Mary - Kate Burke Ashley Burke 1 season 1999 Passport to Paris Melanie `` Mel '' Porter Allyson `` Ally '' Porter 1999 Switching Goals Sam Stanton Emma Stanton TV movie 2000 7th Heaven Carol Murphy Sue Murphy Episode : `` Gossip '' ( 5.08 ) 2000 Our Lips Are Sealed Maddie Parker Abby Parker 2001 Mary - Kate & Ashley 's Fashion Forward Herself Herself Direct - to - video release 2001 Winning London Chloe Lawrence Riley Lawrence 2001 -- 2002 So Little Time Riley Carlson Chloe Carlson 1 season 2001 Holiday in the Sun Madison Stewart Alex Stewart 2001 -- 2002 Mary - Kate and Ashley in Action ! Misty ( voice ) Amber ( voice ) Animated series , 1 season 2002 Getting There Kylie Hunter Taylor Hunter 2002 When in Rome Charli Hunter Leila Hunter 2003 The Challenge Shane Dalton Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Dalton 2003 Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle Future Angel ( shared role ) Uncredited cameo The Simpsons Herself ( voice ) Herself ( voice ) Episode : `` Diatribe of a Mad Housewife '' ( 15.10 ) New York Minute Roxanne `` Roxy '' Ryan Jane Ryan Main roles See also List of twins References Jump up ^ `` Olsen Twins Dad Broke - Dakota Fanning Sports Wish from Mom and Dad '' . National Ledger . June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Chase Olsen , Born 02 / 16 / 1989 in California '' . CaliforniaBirthIndex.org . February 16 , 1989 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ginia Bellafante ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` No Labels for the Twins but Their Own '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Rozen , Leah ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Elizabeth Olsen in ' Martha Marcy May Marlene ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Biography '' . Bio . A + E Networks . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mobile Marketing Gets Cool Archived April 20 , 2013 , at Archive - It . eventmarketer.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fanpop , Inc. `` 1998 - All My Children - Mary - Kate & Ashley Olsen Image ( 20279438 ) - Fanpop fanclubs '' . Fanpop.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Heaven with the Olsen Twins - Part 1 '' . YouTube . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caroline Stanley ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Can a Simpsons Cameo Change Your Public Image ? -- Flavorwire '' . Flavorwire.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fun Club Stuff '' . mary-kateandashleyimages.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jim ( May 6 , 2005 ) . `` Olsens face growing pains '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Dualstar Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Lea and Kiri Blakeley . In Pictures : The Richest 20 Women In Entertainment . January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sarah . `` Olsen Pad Up for Grabs . '' ( Dead link ) March 29 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : La Ferla , Ruth . `` Mary - Kate : Fashion Star . '' March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sarah . Olsen Twins Strike a Pose . February 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh . `` Mary - Kate , Ashley : No Sweat . '' December 9 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Ashley and Mary - Kate 's sisterly bond . '' Times of India . August 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Launch New T - Shirts '' . Contactmusic.com . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen bring their twin power to Norway '' . dailymail.co.uk . August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CFDA 2015 Winners '' . cfda.com June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Row Wins CFDA Womenswear Designer of the Year Once Again '' . fashionista.com June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2014 CFDA Fashion Awards Winners are ... '' . cfda.com June 3 , 2014 . Further reading Olsen , Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , with Damon Romine . Mary - Kate and Ashley : Our Story : Mary - Kate & Ashley Olsen 's Official Biography . HarperEntertainment 2000 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 107569 - 8 . Tracy , Kathleen . Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen . Mitchell Lane Publishers , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58415 - 256 - 7 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Dualstar Entertainment Group Corporate Website Ashley Olsen on IMDb Mary - Kate Olsen on IMDb Mary - Kate Olsen & Ashley Fuller Olsen at the Fashion Model Directory ( hide ) Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Mary - Kate Olsen Ashley Olsen Video games Dualstar Michelle Tanner Elizabeth Olsen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary-Kate_and_Ashley_Olsen&oldid=823881475 '' Categories : Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen 1986 births Living people Actresses from California American child actresses American child singers American female singers American film actresses American television actresses American women in business People from Sherman Oaks , Los Angeles American people of Norwegian descent American people of English descent Sibling duos Olsen family Fraternal twin actresses Twin people from the United States Businesspeople from Los Angeles Hidden categories : Webarchive template other archives Use mdy dates from November 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 00 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old were olsen twins in full house	[ "Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen (born June 13, 1986), also known as the Olsen twins collectively, are American fashion designers and former child actresses. The fraternal twins made their acting debut as infants playing Michelle Tanner on the television series Full House. At the age of six, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen began starring together in TV, film, and video projects, which continued to their teenage years. Through their company Dualstar, the Olsens joined the ranks of the wealthiest women in the entertainment industry at a young age." ]	[ "infants" ]
2398840762825656496	A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square	A nightingale sang in Berkeley Square - wikipedia A nightingale sang in Berkeley Square Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square ( film ) . An illuminated wire sculpture of a nightingale , displayed in London 's Berkeley Square as part of Lumiere London 2018 , an art festival . The sculpture and the accompanying soundtrack A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square formed an art installation titled ' Was that a dream ? ' by a French artist Cédric Le Borgne . `` A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square '' is a romantic British popular song written in 1939 with lyrics by Eric Maschwitz and music by Manning Sherwin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Composition 3 Recordings and performances 4 References 5 External links Setting ( edit ) Berkeley Square ( pronounced `` Bar - klee '' ) is a large leafy square in Mayfair , an expensive part of London . The Ritz Hotel referred to is also in Mayfair . The nightingale , a rare native songbird , is celebrated in literature and music for the beauty of its song . It favours rural habitats , and is unlikely to be heard in Central London . Composition ( edit ) The song was written in the then small French fishing village of Le Lavandou -- now a favourite resort for British holidaymakers and second - home owners -- shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War . According to Maschwitz , the title was `` stolen '' from a story by Michael Arlen . The song had its first performance in the summer of 1939 in a local bar , where the melody was played on piano by Manning Sherwin with the help of the resident saxophonist . Maschwitz sang the words while holding a glass of wine , but nobody seemed impressed . In the spring of 2002 , an attempt was made to find the bar where this song was first performed : it was hoped that a blue plaque could be set up . With the help of the local tourist office , elderly residents were questioned , but it proved impossible to identify the venue . The verse and the additional lyrics to a second chorus were in the song as written , but are rarely sung in recordings ( those of Bobby Darin , Mel Torme , Blossom Dearie , Twiggy , Vera Lynn and Rod Stewart being notable exceptions ) . Twiggy 's version was featured in an episode ( `` Fran 's Gotta Have It '' ) of The Nanny . The song was published in 1940 , when it was first performed in the London revue New Faces by Judy Campbell ( later the mother of Jane Birkin ) . In the same year it was also performed by both Ray Noble and then by Vera Lynn . The tune is a recurring theme in the Fritz Lang film Man Hunt ( 1941 ) . Recordings and performances ( edit ) Early charts hits of the song in the USA were by Glenn Miller , Ray Noble , Guy Lombardo and Sammy Kaye . The Glenn Miller recording ( Bluebird 10931 ) with a Ray Eberle vocal was made in New York City on 11 October 1940 . The fluttering clarinet that opens the track and no doubt is meant to suggest the sound of the nightingale began , it seems , with the Miller recording . The opening , using either a clarinet or flute , has been picked up by others including , on this page , the Frank Sinatra recording . The record was first charted on 21 December 1940 , peaking at # 2 . The song has since become a standard , being recorded by Bing Crosby ( recorded 20 December 1940 ) , Frank Sinatra in London in June 1962 , Rod Stewart on the 2004 album Stardust : the Great American Songbook 3 . Anita O'Day performed it on her 1956 album Anita , re-released in 1962 ( V / V6 - 8483 ) as This is Anita ; the song became part of the jazz singer 's repertoire . Nat King Cole sang it on the 1961 album The Touch of Your Lips , Carmen McRae , Perry Como on his 1977 The Best of British album , Stephane Grappelli , Bobby Darin on the 1962 album Oh ! Look at Me Now , British comedian Richard Digance in 1979 on both single and LP , Harry Connick Jr. on the 1990 album We Are in Love , The Brian Setzer Orchestra on their eponymous 1994 album , and Sonny Rollins on the 2000 album This Is What I Do . A famous version by The Manhattan Transfer won a Grammy in 1981 for its arranger , Gene Puerling . A version was featured in an early Tom Hanks movie titled Everytime We Say Goodbye released in 1986 . The British group the New Vaudeville Band wrote a highly distinctive version in 1966 . The veteran British musician Ian Hunter , former vocalist for Mott the Hoople , regularly performs it in his concerts ; and it has appeared on two at least of his live recordings . A performance of the song by British actor Robert Lindsay was used as the theme to the British situation comedy series Nightingales . Faryl Smith released a cover of the song on her debut album Faryl in 2009 . The song was also sung in the episode `` Captain Jack Harkness '' on Torchwood . Lyrics from the song were also paraphrased in the 1990 novel Good Omens by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett . The lyrics are spoken and sung by the actor John Le Mesurier on the album What is Going To Become of Us All ? . On 10 July 2005 there was a national celebration of the 60th anniversary of the ending of World War II when the song was sung live to millions by Petula Clark in central London to an audience of veterans and politicians as part of the programme V45 Britain At War : A Nation Remembers . On 9 May 2015 Katherine Jenkins sang the song at VE Day 70 : A Party to Remember at Horse Guards Parade in London . In 2015 , British Comedian Alexander Armstrong performed it on his first album A Year of Songs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cédric Le Borgne : Was That a Dream ? '' . visitlondon.com . Jump up ^ That certain night , the night we met , There was magic abroad in the air , There were angels dining at the Ritz And A Nightingale Sang In Berkeley Square . Jump up ^ `` When a nightingale sang just a few miles from Berkeley Square '' . Pharmaceutical Journal . 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le chant du Rossignol -- ou l'étonnante histoire d'une très célèbre chanson anglaise écrite en 1939 au Lavandou '' , Figure Libre , Reseau Lalan , Le Lavandou ( No 14 ) , September 2002 Jump up ^ Maschwitz , Eric ( 1957 ) . No Chip on my Shoulder . London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd. p. 124 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph obituary Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 558 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald ( 1998 ) . All or nothing at all . London : Pan . p. 323 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 36772 - 2 . Jump up ^ allmusic ( ( ( Stardust : The Great American Songbook , Vol. 3 > Review ) ) ) Jump up ^ Nat King Cole Discography at Classic TV Info . Jump up ^ Carmen McRae FULL Discography Jump up ^ Bobby Darin Discography Archived 30 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sonny Rollins - This Is What I Do Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Official Ian Hunter Website - Album Discography Jump up ^ `` Nightingales '' ( 1990 ) - Soundtracks at Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Faryl Smith 's official website Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dad 's Army Discography - LP Records - What Is To Become Of Us All by John Le Mesurier '' . Home.btconnect.com . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Petula Clark - A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square '' . 10 July 2005 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ De Peyer , Robin , `` VE Day Concert Katherine Jenkins , Pixie Lott , Status Quo Lead Party '' , The Standard , 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) First UK publication of song in UNH archives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Nightingale_Sang_in_Berkeley_Square&oldid=833760290 '' Categories : 1940 songs Songs with lyrics by Eric Maschwitz Songs with music by Manning Sherwin Songs about London Nat King Cole songs Carmen McRae songs Songs about birds Grammy Award for Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices Max Bygraves songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 08 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang a nightingale sang in berkeley square first	[ "The song was written in the then small French fishing village of Le Lavandou—now a favourite resort for British holidaymakers and second-home owners—shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War.[4] According to Maschwitz, the title was \"stolen\" from a story by Michael Arlen. The song had its first performance in the summer of 1939 in a local bar, where the melody was played on piano by Manning Sherwin with the help of the resident saxophonist. Maschwitz sang the words while holding a glass of wine, but nobody seemed impressed.[5] In the spring of 2002, an attempt was made to find the bar where this song was first performed: it was hoped that a blue plaque could be set up. With the help of the local tourist office, elderly residents were questioned, but it proved impossible to identify the venue.[4]" ]	[ "Maschwitz" ]
-172846402829829100	Flag of the United States	Flag of the United States - wikipedia Flag of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` American Flag '' redirects here . For other uses , see American Flag ( disambiguation ) . United States of America Names The American flag , The Stars and Stripes ; Red , White and Blue ; Old Glory ; The Star - Spangled Banner Use National flag and ensign Proportion 10 : 19 Adopted June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version ) July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version ) Design Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white ; in the canton , 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per horizontal row on a blue field The flag of the United States of America , often referred to as the American flag , is the national flag of the United States . It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white , with a blue rectangle in the canton ( referred to specifically as the `` union '' ) bearing fifty small , white , five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows , where rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternate with rows of five stars . The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America , and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes , Old Glory , and The Star - Spangled Banner . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First flag 1.2 The Flag Resolution of 1777 1.3 Designer of the first stars and stripes 1.4 Later flag acts 1.5 The `` Flower Flag '' arrives in Asia 1.6 Historical progression of designs 2 Future of the flag 3 Symbolism 4 Design 4.1 Creation 4.2 Specifications 4.3 Colors 4.4 The 49 - and 50 - star unions 4.5 Decoration 5 Display and use 5.1 Flag etiquette 5.2 Display on vehicles 5.3 Display on uniforms 5.4 Postage stamps 5.5 Display in museums 5.6 Places of continuous display 5.7 Particular days for display 5.8 Display at half - staff 6 Folding for storage 7 Use in funerals 8 Related flags 8.1 Gallery of related flags 9 See also 9.1 Article sections 9.2 Associated people 9.3 Bibliography 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History See also : Timeline of the flag of the United States The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th ; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777 . The 48 - star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49 - star version became official on July 4 , 1959 . The 50 - star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21 , 1959 , and was adopted in July 1960 . It is the longest - used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 57 years . First flag Main article : Grand Union Flag The Continental Colors ( aka the `` Grand Union Flag '' ) Flag of the British East India Company , 1707 -- 1801 At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 , the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with `` stars , white in a blue field '' for another year . The flag contemporaneously known as `` the Continental Colors '' has historically been referred to as the first national flag . The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence -- likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes -- and would use this flag until 1777 , when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs . The name `` Grand Union '' was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the U.S. flag . The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era , and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design . Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign , one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time . However , an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes , and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean . In any case , both the stripes ( barry ) and the stars ( mullets ) have precedents in classical heraldry . Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry , but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618 , where seven mullets stood for seven districts . The flag resolution of 1777 On June 14 , 1777 , the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated : `` Resolved , That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes , alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars , white in a blue field , representing a new constellation . '' Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year . While scholars still argue about this , tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment . The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3 , 1777 , at Fort Schuyler ( Fort Stanwix ) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix . Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler . Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes ; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers ' wives , while material for the blue union was secured from Capt . Abraham Swartwout 's blue cloth coat . A voucher is extant that Capt . Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag . Francis Hopkinson 's flag for the U.S. Navy , featuring 13 six - pointed stars arranged in rows . 13 - star so - called `` Betsy Ross '' variant The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign . In the late 18th century , the notion of a national flag did not yet exist , or was only nascent . The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee . On May 10 , 1779 , Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern `` it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States . '' However , the term , `` Standard , '' referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States . Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard . The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag . The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement , number of points , nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa . The appearance was up to the maker of the flag . Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star , in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state 's star with its initial . One arrangement features 13 five - pointed stars arranged in a circle , with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle ( as opposed to up ) , the so - called Betsy Ross flag . This flag , however , is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation 's birthday . Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull . Despite the 1777 resolution , the early years of American independence featured many different flags . Most were individually crafted rather than mass - produced . While there are many examples of 13 - star arrangements , some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white . Benjamin Franklin and John Adams , in a letter dated October 3 , 1778 , to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , described the American flag as consisting of `` 13 stripes , alternately red , white , and blue , a small square in the upper angle , next the flag staff , is a blue field , with 13 white stars , denoting a new Constellation . '' John Paul Jones used a variety of 13 - star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well - documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance . The Serapis flag had three rows of eight - pointed stars with stripes that were red , white , and blue . The flag for the Alliance , however , had five rows of eight - pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes , and the white stripes were on the outer edges . Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779 , making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars . Designer of the first stars and stripes Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey , a naval flag designer , and a signer of the Declaration of Independence , designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board 's Middle Department , sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777 . The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee . Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag , but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy . Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime , when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work . These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting 's biography of Hopkinson . Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress , via the Continental Board of Admiralty , on May 25 , 1780 . In this letter , he asked for a `` Quarter Cask of the Public Wine '' as payment for designing the U.S. flag , the seal for the Admiralty Board , the seal for the Treasury Board , Continental currency , the Great Seal of the United States , and other devices . However , in three subsequent bills to Congress , Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash , but he did not list his U.S. flag design . Instead , he asked to be paid for designing the `` great Naval Flag of the United States '' in the first bill ; the `` Naval Flag of the United States '' in the second bill ; and `` the Naval Flag of the States '' in the third , along with the other items . The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed , that is , a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones . The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea . By contrast , Hopkinson 's flag for the United States had seven white stripes , and six red ones -- in reality , six red stripes laid on a white background . Hopkinson 's sketches have not been found , but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty ( naval ) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time . His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes ; whereas , his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones . Hopkinson 's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag . Remnants of Hopkinson 's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President 's seal . When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board , his position was like that of today 's Secretary of the Navy . The payment was not made , however , because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress . This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag , which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776 . Furthermore , a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10 , 1779 , documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army 's use in battle . The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross . The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington . No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress . Indeed , nearly a century passed before Ross ' grandson , William Canby , first publicly suggested the story in 1870 . By her family 's own admission , Ross ran an upholstery business , and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776 . Furthermore , her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother 's story . The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag . Young 's daughter was Mary Pickersgill , who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag . According to rumor , the Washington family coat of arms , shown in a 15th - century window of Selby Abbey , was the origin of the stars and stripes . Later flag acts 15 - star , 15 - stripe Star Spangled Banner Flag The 48 - star flag was in use from 1912 to 1959 , the second longest - used U.S. flag . The current U.S. flag is the longest - used flag , having surpassed the 1912 version in 2007 . See also : Flag Acts ( U.S. ) In 1795 , the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 ( to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union ) . For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted , probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter . It was the 15 - star , 15 - stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , later known as `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , which is now the American national anthem . The flag is currently on display in the exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem '' at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two - story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view . Oil painting depicting the 39 historical U.S. flags On April 4 , 1818 , a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars , with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted , but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies . The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 ( Independence Day ) following admission of one or more new states . The most recent change , from 49 stars to 50 , occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen , after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959 . Before that , the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag . Prior to the adoption of the 48 - star flag in 1912 , there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton , although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs . Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns , rectangular and circular . On July 4 , 2007 , the 50 - star flag became the version of the flag in longest use , surpassing the 48 - star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959 . The `` flower flag '' arrives in asia The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton ( Guǎngzhōu ) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China , which carried a cargo of ginseng . There it gained the designation `` Flower Flag '' ( Chinese : 花旗 ; pinyin : huāqí ; Cantonese Yale : fākeì ) . According to a pseudonymous account first published in the Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble : When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton , much curiosity was excited among the people . News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world , bearing a flag `` as beautiful as a flower . '' Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen ( 花旗船 ; Fākeìsyùhn ) , or `` flower flagship . '' This name at once established itself in the language , and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh ( 花旗國 ; Fākeìgwok ) , the `` flower flag country '' -- and an American , kwa kee kwoh yin ( 花旗國人 ; Fākeìgwokyàhn ) -- `` flower flag countryman '' -- a more complimentary designation than that of `` red headed barbarian '' -- the name first bestowed upon the Dutch . In the above quote , the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese . The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Other Asian nations have equivalent terms for America , for example Vietnamese : Hoa Kỳ ( `` Flower Flag '' ) . Chinese now refer to the United States as simplified Chinese : 美国 ; traditional Chinese : 美國 ; pinyin : Měiguó . Měi is short for Měilìjiān ( simplified Chinese : 美利坚 ; traditional Chinese : 美利堅 , phono - semantic matching of `` American '' ) and `` guó '' means `` country '' , so this name is unrelated to the flag . However , the `` flower flag '' terminology persists in some places today : for example , American Ginseng is called simplified Chinese : 花旗参 ; traditional Chinese : 花旗參 ; literally : `` flower flag ginseng '' in Chinese , and Citibank , which opened a branch in China in 1902 , is known as 花旗银行 ; `` Flower Flag Bank '' . The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787 -- 90 on board the Columbia . William Driver , who coined the phrase `` Old Glory '' , took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831 -- 32 . The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round - the - world journey in 1871 . Historical progression of designs See also : List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag , the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns , often associated with the United States Navy . Canton designs , prior to the proclamation of the 48 - star flag , had no official arrangement of the stars . Furthermore , the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934 . Number of stars Number of stripes Design ( s ) States represented by new stars Dates in use Duration 0 13 Union Jack instead of stars , red and white stripes represent Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia 000000001775 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1775 -- June 14 , 1777 018 ! 1 ⁄ years 13 13 Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia 000000001777 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1777 -- May 1 , 1795 215 ! 18 years 15 15 Vermont , Kentucky 000000001795 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1795 -- July 3 , 1818 278 ! 23 years 20 13 Indiana , Louisiana , Mississippi , Ohio , Tennessee 000000001818 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1818 -- July 3 , 1819 012 ! 1 year 21 13 Illinois 000000001819 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1819 -- July 3 , 1820 012 ! 1 year 23 13 Alabama , Maine 000000001820 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1820 -- July 3 , 1822 024 ! 2 years 24 13 Missouri 000000001822 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1822 -- July 3 , 1836 1831 term `` Old Glory '' coined 168 ! 14 years 25 13 Arkansas 000000001836 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1836 -- July 3 , 1837 012 ! 1 year 26 13 Michigan 000000001837 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1837 -- July 3 , 1845 096 ! 8 years 27 13 Florida 000000001845 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1845 -- July 3 , 1846 012 ! 1 year 28 13 Texas 000000001846 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1846 -- July 3 , 1847 012 ! 1 year 29 13 Iowa 000000001847 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1847 -- July 3 , 1848 012 ! 1 year 30 13 Wisconsin 000000001848 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1848 -- July 3 , 1851 036 ! 3 years 31 13 California 000000001851 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1851 -- July 3 , 1858 084 ! 7 years 32 13 Minnesota 000000001858 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1858 -- July 3 , 1859 012 ! 1 year 33 13 Oregon 000000001859 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1859 -- July 3 , 1861 024 ! 2 years 34 13 Kansas 000000001861 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1861 -- July 3 , 1863 024 ! 2 years 35 13 West Virginia 000000001863 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1863 -- July 3 , 1865 024 ! 2 years 36 13 Nevada 000000001865 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1865 -- July 3 , 1867 024 ! 2 years 37 13 Nebraska 000000001867 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1867 -- July 3 , 1877 120 ! 10 years 38 13 Colorado 000000001877 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1877 -- July 3 , 1890 156 ! 13 years 43 13 Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Washington 000000001890 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1890 -- July 3 , 1891 012 ! 1 year 44 13 Wyoming 000000001891 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1891 -- July 3 , 1896 060 ! 5 years 45 13 Utah 000000001896 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1896 -- July 3 , 1908 144 ! 12 years 46 13 Oklahoma 000000001908 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1908 -- July 3 , 1912 048 ! 4 years 48 13 Arizona , New Mexico 000000001912 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1912 -- July 3 , 1959 564 ! 47 years 49 13 Alaska 000000001959 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1959 -- July 3 , 1960 012 ! 1 year 50 13 Hawaii 000000001960 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1960 -- present 590 ! 57 years Future of the flag See also : 51st state 51 - star flags have been designed and used as a symbol by supporters of statehood in various areas . Above is an example of what a 51 - star flag might look like . In the November 2012 U.S. election , Puerto Rico voted to become a U.S. state . However , the legitimacy of the result of this election was disputed . On June 11 , 2017 , another referendum was held , this time with the result that 97 % of voters in Puerto Rico voted for statehood , but it had a turnout of only 23 % . Similarly in November 2016 , a statehood referendum was held in the District of Columbia where 86 % of voters approved the proposal . If a new U.S. state were to be admitted , it would require a new design on the flag to accommodate the additional star . Symbolism The modern meaning of the flag was forged in December 1860 , when Major Robert Anderson moved the U.S. garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor . Author Adam Goodheart argues this was the opening move of the American Civil War , and the flag was used throughout northern states to symbolize U.S. nationalism and rejection of secessionism . Before that day , the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory , flown from forts , embassies , and ships , and displayed on special occasions like American Independence day . But in the weeks after Major Anderson 's surprising stand , it became something different . Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew -- as it does today , and especially as it did after the September 11 attacks in 2001 -- from houses , from storefronts , from churches ; above the village greens and college quads . For the first time American flags were mass - produced rather than individually stitched and even so , manufacturers could not keep up with demand . As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring , that old flag meant something new . The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing : strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for , and many thousands die for . -- Adam Goodheart . American flag being burned in protest on the eve of the 2008 election . The flag of the United States is one of the nation 's most widely recognized symbols . Within the United States , flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences . The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows , and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins . Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States . The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism , and is flown on many occasions , with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers . Desecration of the flag is considered a public outrage , but remains protected as freedom of speech . Scholars have noted the irony that `` ( t ) he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free , and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest '' . In worldwide comparison , Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner , for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also `` beloved , domesticated , commercialized and sacralized objects '' . Design Creation The man credited with designing the current 50 star American flag was Robert G. Heft . He was 17 years old at the time and created the flag design in 1958 as a high school class project while living with his grandparents in Ohio . He received a B − on the project . According to Heft , his history teacher honored their agreement to change his grade to an A after his design was selected . Specifications The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1 ; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states . The specification gives the following values : Hoist ( height ) of the flag : A = 1.0 Fly ( width ) of the flag : B = 1.9 Hoist ( height ) of the canton ( `` union '' ) : C = 0.5385 ( A × 7 / 13 , spanning seven stripes ) Fly ( width ) of the canton : D = 0.76 ( B × 2 / 5 , two - fifths of the flag width ) E = F = 0.0538 ( C / 10 , One - tenth of the height of the canton ) G = H = 0.0633 ( D / 12 , One twelfth of the width of the canton ) Diameter of star : K = 0.0616 ( L × 4 / 5 , four - fifths of the stripe width , the calculation only gives 0.0616 if L is first rounded to 0.077 ) Width of stripe : L = 0.0769 ( A / 13 , One thirteenth of the flag height ) These specifications are contained in an executive order which , strictly speaking , governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government . In practice , most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different width - to - height ratio ; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. ( flag ratio 1.5 ) , 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. ( 1.6 ) , or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. ( 1.667 ) . Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes . Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as `` G - spec '' ( for `` government specification '' ) flags . Colors The exact red , white , and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America , 10th edition . Specifically , the colors are `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' . The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946 . These colors form the standard for cloth , and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing . The `` relative '' coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag 's `` white '' . Official colors Name Absolute Relative CIELAB D Munsell CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * V / C L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y White 88.7 − 0.2 5.4 2.5 Y 8.8 / 0.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Old Glory Red 33.9 51.2 24.7 5.5 R 3.3 / 11.1 39.9 57.3 28.7 . 698 . 132 . 203 # B22234 . 196 1.000 . 757 . 118 Old Glory Blue 23.2 13.1 − 26.4 8.2 PB 2.3 / 6.1 26.9 11.5 − 30.3 . 234 . 233 . 430 # 3C3B6E . 886 . 851 . 243 . 122 A darker version of the flag using the official Pantone specifications As with the design , the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government , and other colors are often used for mass - market flags , printed reproductions , and other products intended to evoke flag colors . The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new . As Taylor , Knoche , and Granville wrote in 1950 : `` The color of the official wool bunting ( of the blue field ) is a very dark blue , but printed reproductions of the flag , as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag , present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool . '' Sometimes , Pantone Matching System ( PMS ) approximations to the flag colors are used . One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998 ; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone , and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set . A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002 . In 2001 , the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be `` ( 1 ) the same colors used in the United States flag ; and ( 2 ) defined as numbers 193 ( red ) and 281 ( dark blue ) of the Pantone Matching System . '' Pantone approximations Source PMS CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y Safe 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 U.S. Emb. , London 193 C 42.1 64.4 26.7 . 756 . 076 . 238 # C1133D . 165 1.000 . 678 . 063 281 C 15.4 7.0 − 41.8 . 000 . 149 . 388 # 002663 1.000 . 906 . 388 . 231 U.S. Emb. , Stockholm 186 C 44.1 67.8 37.9 . 800 . 048 . 185 # CC0C2F . 122 1.000 . 796 . 035 288 C 18.0 7.6 − 50.3 . 000 . 172 . 466 # 002C77 1.000 . 863 . 357 . 141 CA Mil . Dept . 200 C 41.1 64.2 30.8 . 745 . 051 . 203 # BE0D34 . 169 1.000 . 749 . 074 A subdued - color flag patch , similar to style worn on the United States Army 's ACU uniform . The patch is normally worn reversed on the right upper sleeve . See explanation in `` Display on uniforms '' section below . The 49 - and 50 - star unions A U.S. flag with gold fringe and a gold eagle on top of the flag pole . When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s , more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Although some of them were 49 - star versions , the vast majority were 50 - star proposals . At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50 - star flag . At the time , credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design . Of these proposals , one created by 17 - year - old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity . His mother was a seamstress , but refused to do any of the work for him . He originally received a B -- for the project . After discussing the grade with his teacher , it was agreed ( somewhat jokingly ) that if the flag was accepted by Congress , the grade would be reconsidered . Heft 's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959 . According to Heft , his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project . The 49 - and 50 - star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day , in 1959 and 1960 respectively . Decoration Traditionally , the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper . Ceremonial displays of the flag , such as those in parades or on indoor posts , often use fringe to enhance the appearance of the flag . The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835 , and the Army used it officially in 1895 . No specific law governs the legality of fringe , but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe ( and the number of stars ) `` ... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ... '' as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian . However , according to the Army Institute of Heraldry , which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered , there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe . Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion , most recently and forcefully in Colorado v. Drew , a Colorado Court of Appeals judgment that was released in May 2010 . Traditionally , the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade , color guard and indoor display , while the Sea Services ( Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard ) use a fringeless National Color for all occasions . Display and use A boy holds an American flag during the 2009 National Memorial Day Concert in Washington , D.C. The flag is customarily flown year - round at most public buildings , and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full - size ( 3 by 5 feet ( 0.91 by 1.52 m ) ) flags . Some private use is year - round , but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day , Veterans Day , Presidents ' Day , Flag Day , and on Independence Day . On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans . Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff , until noon , in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars . Flag etiquette Main article : United States Flag Code The proper stationary vertical display . The canton ( blue box of stars ) should always be in the upper - left corner . The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use , display , and disposal of the flag . For example , the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing , unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation . This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII : the American flag bearer did not . Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying `` this flag dips to no earthly king '' , though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear . A tattered flag at Spokane Valley Police Headquarters , Spokane , Washington The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and , if flown at night , must be illuminated . If the edges become tattered through wear , the flag should be repaired or replaced . When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States , it should be destroyed in a dignified manner , preferably by burning . The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies , often on Flag Day , June 14 . ( The Boy Scouts of America recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned , due to hazardous gases being produced when such materials are burned . ) The Flag Code prohibits using the flag `` for any advertising purpose '' and also states that the flag `` should not be embroidered , printed , or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions , handkerchiefs , napkins , boxes , or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use '' . Both of these codes are generally ignored , almost always without comment . Section 8 , entitled Respect For Flag states in part : `` The flag should never be used as wearing apparel , bedding , or drapery '' , and `` No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform '' . Section 3 of the Flag Code defines `` the flag '' as anything `` by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the United States of America '' . An additional part of Section 8 Respect For Flag , that is frequently violated at sporting events is part ( c ) `` The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally , but always aloft and free . '' Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law , there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced -- indeed , punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established . Display on vehicles When the flag is affixed to the right side of a vehicle of any kind ( e.g. : cars , boats , planes , any physical object that moves ) , it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle , as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward . Therefore , U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be reversed , with the union to the observer 's right instead of left as more commonly seen . The flag has been displayed on every U.S. spacecraft designed for manned flight , including Mercury , Gemini , Apollo Command / Service Module , Apollo Lunar Module , and the Space Shuttle . The flag also appeared on the S - IC first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle used for Apollo . But since Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo were launched and landed vertically and were not capable of horizontal atmospheric flight as the Space Shuttle did on its landing approach , the `` streaming '' convention was not followed and these flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally , perpendicular to the direction of flight . Display on uniforms The crew of Apollo 1 wore their flags on the right shoulder , unlike all other US astronaut flight crews Flag of the United States on American astronaut Neil Armstrong 's space suit Astronaut Buzz Aldrin salutes the United States flag on the surface of the moon during the Apollo 11 mission . On some U.S. military uniforms , flag patches are worn on the right shoulder , following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front . This rule dates back to the Army 's early history , when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer , who carried the Colors into battle . As he charged , his forward motion caused the flag to stream back . Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole , that section stayed to the right , while the stripes flew to the left . Several US military uniforms , such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy , have the flag patch on the left shoulder . Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction . The congressional charter of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that the uniforms should not imitate U.S. military uniforms ; consequently , the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front , the reverse of the military style . Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch , either on a shoulder , or above a shirt pocket . Every U.S. astronaut since the crew of Gemini 4 has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her space suit , with the exception of the crew of Apollo 1 , whose flags were worn on the right shoulder . In this case , the canton was on the left . Postage stamps Flags depicted on U.S. postage stamp issues The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926 , depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars . The 48 - star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931 , though in a small monochrome depiction . The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4 , 1957 , Scott catalog number 1094 . Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps . Display in museums In 1907 Eben Appleton , New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead ( the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment ) loaned the Star Spangled Banner Flag to the Smithsonian Institution , and in 1912 he converted the loan to a gift . Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public . In 1994 , the National Museum of American History determined that the Star Spangled Banner Flag required further conservation treatment to remain on public display . In 1998 teams of museum conservators , curators , and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum 's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory . Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21 , 2008 , the flag is now on display in a special exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem , '' where it rests at a 10 degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes . Places of continuous display By presidential proclamation , acts of Congress , and custom , U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations . Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag ( 15 stars , 15 stripes ) are flown at two sites in Baltimore , Maryland : Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square . Marine Corps War Memorial ( Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima ) , Arlington , Virginia . The Battle Green in Lexington , Massachusetts , site of the first shots fired in the Revolution The White House , Washington , D.C. Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument , Washington , D.C. Marine Corps War Memorial , Arlington , Virginia At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open . A Civil War era flag ( for the year 1863 ) flies above Pennsylvania Hall ( Old Dorm ) at Gettysburg College . This building , occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg , served as a lookout and battlefield hospital . Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP , Valley Forge , Pennsylvania By custom , at the Maryland home , birthplace , and grave of Francis Scott Key ; at the Worcester , Massachusetts war memorial ; at the plaza in Taos , New Mexico ( since 1861 ) ; at the United States Capitol ( since 1918 ) ; and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood , South Dakota . Newark Liberty International Airport 's Terminal A , Gate 17 and Boston Logan Airport 's Terminal B , Gate 32 and Terminal C , Gate 19 in memoriam of the events of September 11 , 2001 . Slover Mountain ( Colton Liberty Flag ) , in Colton , California . July 4 , 1917 , to circa 1952 & 1997 to 2012 . At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty . On the Moon : six manned missions successfully landed at various locations and each had a flag raised at the site . Exhaust gases when the Ascent Stage launched to return the astronauts to their Command Module Columbia for return to Earth blew over the flag the Apollo 11 mission had placed . Particular days for display Flags covering the National Mall The New York Stock Exchange at Christmas time . The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days : January : 1 ( New Year 's Day ) , third Monday of the month ( Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , and 20 ( Inauguration Day , once every four years , which , by tradition , is postponed to the 21st if the 20th falls on a Sunday ) February : 12 ( Lincoln 's birthday ) and the third Monday ( legally known as Washington 's Birthday but more often called Presidents ' Day ) March -- April : Easter Sunday ( date varies ) May : Second Sunday ( Mothers Day ) , third Saturday ( Armed Forces Day ) , and last Monday ( Memorial Day ; half - staff until noon ) June : 14 ( Flag Day ) , third Sunday ( Fathers Day ) July : 4 ( Independence Day ) and 27 ( National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day ) September : First Monday ( Labor Day ) , 17 ( Constitution Day ) , and last Sunday ( Gold Star Mother 's Day ) October : Second Monday ( Columbus Day ) and 27 ( Navy Day ) November : 11 ( Veterans Day ) and fourth Thursday ( Thanksgiving Day ) December : 25 ( Christmas Day ) and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States ; the birthdays of states ( date of admission ) ; and on state holidays . Display at half - staff An American flag now flies over Gate 17 of Terminal A at Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey , departure gate of United Airlines Flight 93 on 9 / 11 . The flag is displayed at half - staff ( half - mast in naval usage ) as a sign of respect or mourning . Nationwide , this action is proclaimed by the president ; statewide or territory - wide , the proclamation is made by the governor . In addition , there is no prohibition against municipal governments , private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half - staff as a local sign of respect and mourning . However , many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices . President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1 , 1954 , standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half - staff from all federal buildings , grounds , and naval vessels ; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued . However , they are only guidelines to all other entities : typically followed at state and local government facilities , and encouraged of private businesses and citizens . To properly fly the flag at half - staff , one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff , then lower it to the half - staff position , halfway between the top and bottom of the staff . Similarly , when the flag is to be lowered from half - staff , it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff . Federal statutes provide that the flag should be flown at half - staff on the following dates : May 15 : Peace Officers Memorial Day ( unless it is the third Saturday in May , Armed Forces Day , then full - staff ) Last Monday in May : Memorial Day ( until noon ) September 11 : Patriot Day First Sunday in October : Start of Fire Prevention Week , in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service . December 7 : National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day For 30 days : Death of a president or former president For 10 days : Death of a vice president , Supreme Court chief justice / retired chief justice , or speaker of the House of Representatives . From death until the day of interment : Supreme Court associate justice , member of the Cabinet , former vice president , president pro tempore of the Senate , or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives . Also for federal facilities within a state or territory , for the governor . On the day after the death : Senators , members of Congress , territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day , on July 27 , was formerly a day of half - staff observance until the law expired in 2003 . In 2009 , it became a day of full - staff observance . Folding for storage Folding the U.S. flag Though not part of the official Flag Code , according to military custom , flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use . To properly fold the flag : Begin by holding it waist - high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground . Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars , holding the bottom and top edges securely . Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside . Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag , starting the fold from the left side over to the right . Turn the outer end point inward , parallel to the open edge , to form a second triangle . The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner ( usually thirteen triangular folds , as shown at right ) . On the final fold , any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle ( or in the case of exactly even folds , the last triangle ) is tucked into the previous fold . When the flag is completely folded , only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible . There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag . However , there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony . These scripts range from historical timelines of the flag to religious themes . Use in funerals A flag prepared for presentation to the next of kin Traditionally , the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals , and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants ( such as law enforcement officers , fire fighters , and U.S. presidents ) . A burial flag is draped over the deceased 's casket as a pall during services . Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground , the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased 's next of kin as a token of respect . Related flags This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders ' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test . The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance , showing the ex-American - slave origin of the country . The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes , which stand for the 11 signers of the Liberian Declaration of Independence , as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton . The flag of Liberia is the only flag in the world that was modeled after and resembles the American flag because Liberia was the only nation in the world that was founded , colonized , established , and controlled by freed African American and ex-caribbean slaves as settlers who came from the United States and the Caribbean islands as a homeland to live , with the help and support from the American Colonization Society on January 7 , 1822 . Despite Malaysia having no historical connections with the U.S. , the flag of Malaysia greatly resembles the U.S. flag . It is possible that the flag of the British East India Company influenced both the Malaysian and U.S. flag . The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912 . A different flag was in use , based on the flag of the United States , with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars . The flag of Brittany was inspired in part by the American flag . Gallery of related flags Flag of Bikini Atoll Flag of Liberia Flag of Malaysia Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912 Flag of Brittany See also Book : Flags of the United States Ensign of the United States Great Seal of the United States Flag Desecration Flags of the Confederate States Flags of the United States of America Flags of the United States Armed Forces Flags of the U.S. states Flags of United States cities Jack of the United States Nationalism in the United States Article sections Colors , standards and guidons : United States Flag desecration : United States Associated people Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , creator of the Pledge of Allegiance William Driver ( 1803 -- 1886 ) , who owned and named `` Old Glory '' Thomas E. Franklin ( 1966 -- present ) , photographer of Ground Zero Spirit , better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Christopher Gadsden ( 1724 -- 1805 ) , after whom the Gadsden flag is named Robert G. Heft ( 1941 -- 2009 ) , a designer of the current flag 's canton Francis Hopkinson ( 1737 -- 1791 ) , designer of the first stars and stripes flag Jasper Johns ( born 1930 ) , painter of Flag ( 1954 -- 55 ) , inspired by a dream of the flag John Paul Jones ( 1747 -- 1792 ) , who claimed to have first raised the Grand Union Flag aboard the Alfred in 1775 Francis Scott Key ( 1779 -- 1843 ) , writer of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Katha Pollitt ( 1949 -- present ) , author of a controversial essay on post-9 / 11 America and her refusal to fly a U.S. flag George Preble ( 1816 -- 1885 ) , author of History of the American Flag ( 1872 ) and photographer of the Fort McHenry flag Joe Rosenthal ( 1911 -- 2006 ) , photographer of Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Bibliography Allentown Art Museum . The American Flag in the Art of Our Country . Allentown Art Museum , 1976 . Herbert Ridgeway Collins . Threads of History : Americana Recorded on Cloth 1775 to the Present . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1979 . Grace Rogers Cooper . Thirteen - star Flags : Keys to Identification . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1973 . David D. Crouthers . Flags of American History . Hammond , 1978 . Louise Lawrence Devine . The Story of Our Flag . Rand McNally , 1960 . William Rea Furlong , Byron McCandless , and Harold D. Langley . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Smithsonian Institution Press , 1981 . Scot M. Guenter , The American Flag , 1777 -- 1924 : Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . 1990 . online George E. Hastings . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . University of Chicago Press , 1926 . Kevin Keim & Peter Keim . A Grand Old Flag : A History of the United States through its Flags . DK Publishing . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2847 - 5 . Flag : An American Biography . Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press , 2005 . David Roger Manwaring . Render Unto Caesar : The Flag - Salute Controversy . University of Chicago Press , 1962 . Boleslaw Mastai and Marie - Louise D'Otrange Mastai . The Stars and the Stripes : The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present . Knopf , 1973 . Henry W. Moeller , Ph. D. `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms . '' NAVA News , Issue 173 , Jan. -- Mar. 2002 . Milo Milton Quaife . The Flag of the United States . 1942 . Milo Milton Quaife , Melvin J. Weig , and Roy Applebaum . The History of the United States Flag , from the Revolution to the Present , Including a Guide to Its Use and Display. Harper , 1961 . Richard S. Patterson and Richardson Dougall . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office , 1978 . Albert M. Rosenblatt . `` Flag Desecration Statutes : History and Analysis '' , Washington University Law Quarterly 1972 : 193 -- 237 . George and Virginia Schaun . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill . '' The Greenberry Series on Maryland , Greenberry Publications . Volume 5 . Leonard A. Stevens . Salute ! The Case of The Bible vs. The Flag . Coward , McCann & Geoghegan , 1973 . Arnaldo Testi . Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press ; 2010 ) 192 pages . A European perspective on the symbolism and political , social , and cultural significance of the flag . Earl P. Williams Jr . `` '' NAVA News , Issue 216 , Oct. -- Dec. 2012 . Paul M. Zall . `` Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . '' The Huntington Library , 1976 . References Jump up ^ John Warner ( 1998 ) . `` Senate Concurrent Resolution 61 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government Printing Office . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of the American Flag '' . www.infoplease.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America - `` OLD GLORY ! '' `` . www.usflag.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- The 50 Star Flag '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leepson , Marc ( 2004 ) . Flag : An American Biography . ^ Jump up to : Ansoff , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` The Flag on Prospect Hill '' ( PDF ) . Raven : A Journal of Vexillology. 13 : 91 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' at Flags of the World Jump up ^ East India Company ( United Kingdom ) at Flags of the World Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , 8 : 464 '' . Jump up ^ Guenter ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Connell , R.W ; Mack , W.P ( 2004 ) . Naval Ceremonies , Customs , and Traditions . Naval Institute Press . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 330 - 5 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mastai , 60 . Jump up ^ Furlong , Rear Admiral William Rea ; McCandless , Commodore Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 115 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Williams Jr. , Earl P. ( October 2012 ) . `` Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags ? '' ( PDF ) . NAVA News ( 216 ) : 7 -- 9 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Megan ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Five hidden messages in the American flag '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . Jump up ^ Cooper , Grace Rogers ( 1973 ) . Thirteen - Star Flags . Washington , D.C : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Furlong , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W ( 1992 ) . Unfurling the History of the Stars and Stripes . Mattituck , NY : Amereon House . pp. 25 -- 26 , color plates 5A , 5B . Jump up ^ Hess , Debra ( 2008 ) . The American Flag . Benchmark Books . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 3389 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hastings , George E. ( 1926 ) . The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Moeller , Henry W. , Ph. D. ( January 2002 ) . `` Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms '' . NAVA News ( 173 ) : 4 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Richard S. ; Dougall , Richardson ( 1978 ) . The Eagle and the Shield : A History of the Great Seal of the United States . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Zall , Paul M. ( 1976 ) . Comical Spirit of Seventy - Six : The Humor of Francis Hopkinson . San Marino , California : Huntington Library . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Journals of the Continental Congress -- Friday , October 27 , 1780 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 98 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Federal Citizen Information Center : The History of the Stars and Stripes . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Embassy of the United States of America ( 1 ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` The Truth About Betsy Ross '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Canby , George ; Balderston , Lloyd ( 1917 ) . The Evolution of the American flag . Philadelphia : Ferris and Leach . pp. 48 , 103 . Jump up ^ Canby , William J. `` The History of the Flag of the United States : A Paper read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( March 1870 ) '' . Independence Hall Association . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schaun , George and Virginia . `` Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill '' . The Greenberry Series on Maryland . Annapolis , MD : Greenberry Publications . 5 : 356 . Jump up ^ Furlong , William Rea ; McCandless , Byron ( 1981 ) . So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 87474 - 448 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner : Making the Flag '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Window '' . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Star - Spangled Banner Online Exhibition '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States Government ( 1861 ) . Our Flag ( PDF ) . Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . S. Doc 105 - 013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Flag History '' . United States Embassy . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ( 1880 ) . History of the Flag of the United States of America ( second revised ed . ) . Boston : A. Williams and Co. p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Tappan , Eva March ( 1917 ) . The Little Book of the Flag . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Kwoh , Choong ( June 15 , 1843 ) . `` Curiosa Sinica '' . Boston Courier . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Etymologies '' . Kendall 's Expositor. 3 ( 14 ) . Washington , D.C. : William Greer . June 27 , 1843 . p. 222 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : See Chinese English Dictionary Olsen , Kay Melchisedech , Chinese Immigrants : 1850 -- 1900 ( 2001 ) , p. 7 . `` Philadelphia 's Chinatown : An Overview '' , The Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Leonard , Dr. George , `` The Beginnings of Chinese Literature in America : the Angel Island Poems '' . Jump up ^ `` American Flag Raised Over Buddhist Temple in Japan on July 4 , 1872 '' Archived February 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( For alternate versions of the flag of the United States , see the Stars of the U.S. Flag page Archived February 22 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . at the Flags of the World website . ) Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc . ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` CEE Event '' . resultados2017.ceepur.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Overwhelmingly Votes On U.S. Statehood In Nonbinding Referendum '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 2 - Same ; additional stars '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Goodheart ( 2011 ) . Prologue. 1861 : The Civil War Awakening . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 59666 - 6 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 -- via adamgoodheart.com . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) This Is Why It 's Legal to Burn the American Flag Jump up ^ Arnaldo Testi , Capture the Flag : The Stars and Stripes in American History ( New York University Press , 2010 ) , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 8322 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Star Flag A half - century ago , new 50 - star American flag debuted in Baltimore -- Baltimore Sun '' . Articles.baltimoresun.com . July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- Robert G. Heft '' . usflag.org . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sell , Jill ( June 2015 ) . `` Starring Role '' . Ohio magazine . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , Frederick N. ( July 3 , 2010 ) . `` A half - century ago , new 50 - star American flag debuted in Baltimore '' . The Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Note that the flag ratio ( B / A in the diagram ) is not absolutely fixed . Although the diagram in Executive Order 10834 gives a ratio of 1.9 , earlier in the order is a list of flag sizes authorized for executive agencies . This list permits eleven specific flag sizes ( specified by height and width ) for such agencies : 20.00 × 38.00 ; 10.00 × 19.00 ; 8.95 × 17.00 ; 7.00 × 11.00 ; 5.00 × 9.50 ; 4.33 × 5.50 ; 3.50 × 6.65 ; 3.00 × 4.00 ; 3.00 × 5.70 ; 2.37 × 4.50 ; and 1.32 × 2.50 . Eight of these sizes conform to the 1.9 ratio , within a small rounding error ( less than 0.01 ) . However , three of the authorized sizes vary significantly : 1.57 ( for 7.00 × 11.00 ) , 1.27 ( for 4.33 × 5.50 ) and 1.33 ( for 3.00 × 4.00 ) . Jump up ^ Ex . Ord . No. 10834 , August 21 , 1959 , 24 F.R. 6865 ( governing flags `` manufactured or purchased for the use of executive agencies '' , Section 22 ) . Section 32 explains that , `` As used in this order , the term ' executive agencies ' means the executive departments and independent establishments in the executive branch of the Government , including wholly owned Government corporations . '' Jump up ^ Architect of the Capitol : `` Flag Request Form '' , retrieved on July 1st , 2017 . Jump up ^ General Services Administration `` Federal Specification DDD - F - 416F : Flag , National , United States of America and Flag , Union Jack '' . March 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Genevieve Reimann , Deane B. Judd , and Harry J. Keegan ( 1946 ) . `` Spectrophotometric and Colorimetric Determination of the Colors of the TCCA Standard Color Cards '' . JOSA 36 ( 3 ) , 128 -- 159 . Jump up ^ In the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card of America , `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' were , respectively , Cable No. 70001 , Cable No. 70180 , and Cable No. 70075 . The Munsell renotation coordinates for these were taken directly from the Reimann et al. paper , the CIELAB D coordinates were found by converting the xyY values in that paper to be relative to CIE Illuminant D from Illuminant C using the CAT02 chromatic adaptation transform , and relative to a perfect diffuse reflector as white . The `` relative '' values in the table were found by taking Cable No. 70001 's luminosity to be that of the white point , and were converted to D or D also using the CAT02 transformation . The values for CMYK were found by converting from the CIELAB D values using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 ICC profile in Adobe Photoshop . Jump up ^ Helen Taylor , Lucille Knoche , and Walter Granville , eds. ( 1950 ) , Descriptive Color Names Dictionary . Container Corporation of America . Jump up ^ In 1998 , `` U.S. Flag Facts '' at the website of the U.S. embassy in London listed the colors red PMS 193 and blue PMS 282 ( presumably PMS solid coated colors ) . By October 2002 , these had changed to red PMS 193 and blue PMS 281 . These latter PMS equivalents are listed on many websites including various other U.S. Government organizations , such as the Millennium Challenge Corporation 's website Archived May 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... See also `` United States of America '' Archived July 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Flags of the World . The website of the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm instead lists PMS 186 and PMS 288 as the colors specified by the U.S. Government Printing Office : `` Colors of the U.S. Flag '' . United States Embassy Stockholm . November 2001 . The Military Department of the State of California suggested PMS 200 for red in a 2002 document , `` Flags over California , a history and guide '' . Jump up ^ The Government Code ; Title 11 . State Symbols and Honors ; Subtitle A ; Chapter 3100 . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The values in this table were taken by converting the CIELAB D coordinates for PMS 193 C , 200 C , and 281 C given in the Pantone color palettes of Adobe Photoshop to sRGB and GRACoL using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 and sRGB profiles in Photoshop . Since PMS 281 C ( blue ) is outside the gamut of sRGB , and both PMS 281 C and PMS 183 C ( red ) are outside the gamut of GRACoL , the RGB and CMYK values for those in the table below are necessarily less - colorful approximations to the colors of the Pantone swatches . Jump up ^ These designs are in the Eisenhower Presidential Archives in Abilene , Kansas . Only a small fraction of them have ever been published . Jump up ^ `` Robert G. Heft : Designer of America 's Current National Flag '' . USFlag.org : A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fringe on the American Flag '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2006 . Retrieved June 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See McCann v. Greenway , 952 F. Supp. 647 ( W.D. Mo . 1997 ) , which discusses various court opinions denying any significance related to trim used on a flag . Jump up ^ Rebuttal of `` martial law flag '' claims by tax protesters . Evans-legal.com . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` state.co.us : `` COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS -- ORDER AFFIRMED : Colorado v Drew '' ( Munsinger ) 13 May 2010 '' ( PDF ) . courts.state.co.us . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LA84 Foundation . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ London Olympics 1908 & 1948 . Web.archive.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consider Recycling , not Burning , a Retired Flag '' . Boy Scouts of America . 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Sec. 8 ( i ) . Jump up ^ 4 U.S. Code Chapter 1 Sec. 3 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) ; United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ About.com . Usmilitary.about.com ( October 1 , 2005 ) . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SUBJECT : Air Force Guidance Memorandum to AFI 36 - 2903 , Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel '' ( PDF ) . Static.e-publishing.af.mil . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Navy aviators ditch new flight suit wear rules '' . Navytimes.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Self , Peter ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Is the American flag ' backward ' on Scout uniforms ? '' . Scoutingmagazine.org . Scouting . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Imitation of United States Army , Navy or Marine Corps uniforms is prohibited , in accordance with the provisions of the organization 's Congressional Charter . Jump up ^ Scott 's Specialized Catalogue of United States Postage Stamps . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 2795 , July 2 , 1948 Code of Federal Regulations of the United States , Title 3 Compilation ( 1943 -- 1948 ) , HathiTrust , Google Books / University of Michigan scan , pages 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Public Law 83 - 319 , approved March 26 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 3418 , June 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Public Law 89 - 335 , approved November 8 , 1965 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4000 , September 4 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4064 , July 6 , 1971 , effective July 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 4131 , May 5 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Gettysburg College -- News Detail . Gettysburg.edu . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. 94 − 53 , 89 Stat. 259 , S.J. Res. 98 , approved July 4 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Madrid : My visit to Gate 32 at Boston 's Logan Airport '' . patrickmadrid.blogspot.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Old Glory kept perpetual shine Archived July 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , PE Press Archive . Jump up ^ With the consent of Congress , Slover Mountain , The Sun , May 14 , 2008 Archived May 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ By Act of Congress . California Portland Cement Co Jump up ^ `` Calportland Media Center '' . Calportland.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Irene Klotz ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Apollo flags on the Moon still standing '' . Discovery News . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 6 - Time and occasions for display '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 111 - 41 . 123 Stat. 1962 , H.R. 2632 , approved July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved on October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 36 U.S. Code § 111 - Gold Star Mother 's Day '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MDVA : Flag Information . Mdva.state.mn.us . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ US Code , Title 4 , Chapter 1 , § 7 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. Sec. 136 . None . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patriot Day , 2005 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Public Law 107 - 51 . Ushistory.org . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation Fire Prevention Week The White House Archived October 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day , 2007 . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved on May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 104 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flag - Folding Procedures The American Legion '' . Legion.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sequence of Events for an Army Honors Funeral At Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Presentation Protocol '' . Virginia Army National Guard . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bikinian Anthem & Flag '' . Bikiniatoll.com . March 1 , 1954 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Sirleaf Worships at Abyssinian Baptist Church ; Pleads with African Americans to Serve as Ambassadors for Liberia '' . Ministry of State Presidential Affairs , Executive Mansion , Government of Liberia . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Further reading United States Department of State ( June 2012 ) . `` Identity and Marking Standards '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of State . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Flag of the United States United States at Flags of the World Encyclopedia Smithsonian : Facts About the United States Flag Text of the United States Flag Code ( chap. 1 of Title 4 of the United States Code ) Executive Order No. 10798 , with specifications and regulations for the current flag July 1942 : United We Stand -- National Museum of American History online exhibition highlighting some 500 magazines featuring the American flag on their cover during World War II United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Flags of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - 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Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Associated states Marshall Islands FS Micronesia Palau Outlying Islands / Historic Johnson Atoll Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island CSA Cuba Philippines ( Commonwealth ) California Republic Panama Canal Zone Texas ( Republic ) TTPI USCA Ryukyu Islands Vermont Republic West Florida ( Republic ) Book Category Portal `` Six flags over Texas '' French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Confederate States United States National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_United_States&oldid=807106541 '' Categories : Flags of the United States National flags National symbols of the United States 1777 introductions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Ladino Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 23 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many stars has the american flag got	[ "The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the U.S.[1] Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes,[2] Old Glory,[3] and The Star-Spangled Banner." ]	[ "50" ]
-2048402876536056821	Presentment Clause	Presentment Clause - wikipedia Presentment Clause Jump to : navigation , search For the Bill of Rights provision guaranteeing the right to grand jury proceedings ( `` presentment ( s ) or indictment ( s ) '' ) in federal criminal cases , see Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution § Grand jury . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Presentment Clause ( Article I , Section 7 , Clauses 2 and 3 ) of the United States Constitution outlines federal legislative procedure by which bills originating in Congress become federal law in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Summary 3 Veto issues 3.1 Line - item veto 3.2 Legislative veto 4 Exclusion of Sundays 5 National Archives 6 See also 7 References Text ( edit ) The Presentment Clause , which is contained in Article I , Section 7 , Clauses 2 and 3 , provides : Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate , shall , before it become a Law , be presented to the President of the United States : If he approve he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it , with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated , who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal , and proceed to reconsider it . If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill , it shall be sent , together with the Objections , to the other House , by which it shall likewise be reconsidered , and if approved by two thirds of that House , it shall become a Law . But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays , and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively . If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days ( Sundays excepted ) after it shall have been presented to him , the Same shall be a Law , in like Manner as if he had signed it , unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return , in which Case it shall not be a Law . Every Order , Resolution , or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary ( except on a question of Adjournment ) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the Same shall take Effect , shall be approved by him , or being disapproved by him , shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives , according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill . Summary ( edit ) A bill must be passed in identical form by both the House of Representatives and the Senate . It is common practice for each House to pass its own version of a bill , and then to refer the two versions to a conference committee , which resolves disagreements between the two versions , and drafts a compromise bill ; the compromise bill can then be voted upon and passed by both Houses in identical form . After a bill passes both Houses , it must be presented to the President for his approval . If the President approves the bill and signs it , then the bill becomes law . If the President disapproves the bill and vetoes it , then he must return the bill , along with a veto message ( his objections ) , back to the House in which the bill was created . A two - thirds majority of both Houses may override the veto , and the bill will become law without the President 's signature . If , while the Congress is in session , the President does not sign a bill or veto it within 10 days ( not counting Sundays ) after its presentment , then it automatically becomes law . If , while Congress is not in session ( adjourned ) , the President does not sign a bill or veto it within 10 days ( not counting Sundays ) after its presentment , then it fails to become law . This `` pocket veto '' -- so called because the President is then said to have put the bill in his pocket and forgotten about it -- can not be overridden by Congress , but once Congress reconvenes they can pass the same bill again . In addition , Congressional `` pro forma '' sessions may be used to prevent pocket vetoes . The president may veto a vote to admit a state , or to propose a constitutional amendment to the states for ratification , but that veto is subject to a two - thirds override in both houses . Veto issues ( edit ) Line - item veto ( edit ) The Supreme Court of the United States decision in Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) , struck down as unconstitutional the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 , holding that the line - item veto violated the Presentment Clause . Legislative veto ( edit ) The Supreme Court also found the legislative veto unconstitutional in Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha , 462 U.S. 919 ( 1983 ) , as violating the Presentment Clause and bicameralism . Exclusion of Sundays ( edit ) The ten - day period for the presidential review of legislation excludes Sundays . Some scholars believe this exclusion was not for religious reasons , but intended to support a deliberative process in which the President would consult and seek advice regarding the merits of the proposed law . For instance , Jaynie Randall has stated that because the blue laws of various states restricted travel on Sundays , to allow a full ten days of consideration between the President and his advisors , the drafters of the Constitution excluded Sundays from the review period . However , Justice Brewer , speaking for a unanimous Supreme Court in Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States , 143 U.S. 457 ( 1892 ) , cited the Presentment Clause as a clear example of why `` no purpose of action against religion can be imputed to any legislation , state or national , because this is a religious people . '' Specifically , the Court stated : Even the Constitution of the United States , which is supposed to have little touch upon the private life of the individual ... provides in Article I , Section 7 , a provision common to many constitutions , that the executive shall have ten days ( Sundays excepted ) within which to determine whether he will approve or veto a bill . There is no dissonance in these declarations . There is a universal language pervading them all , having one meaning . They affirm and reaffirm that this is a religious nation . National Archives ( edit ) 1 U.S.C. § 106a provides that whenever a bill becomes law or takes effect , it will be received by the Archivist of the United States from the President . This allows the National Archives and Records Administration to maintain records of and publish the enacted laws . See also ( edit ) Signing statement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TheHill.com - Democrats say Bush ca n't pocket veto defense bill '' . Thehill.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Randall , Jaynie ( 2008 ) . `` Sundays Excepted '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Law Review . 59 ( 2 ) : 507 , 514 -- 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States , 143 U.S. 457 , 465 ( 1892 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Church of the Holy Trinity , 143 U.S. at 470 . U.S. Senate : Constitution of the United States ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presentment_Clause&oldid=807552326 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 18 : 12 . About Wikipedia	if the president disapproves of a measure and sends it back to the congress for reconsideration	[ "The Presentment Clause, which is contained in Article I, Section 7, Clauses 2 and 3, provides:" ]	[ "The Presentment Clause" ]
6640009913461421156	Bobby Hebb	Bobby Hebb - wikipedia Bobby Hebb This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bobby Hebb Bobby Hebb in 1966 Background information Birth name Robert Von Hebb ( 1938 - 07 - 26 ) July 26 , 1938 Nashville , Tennessee , U.S. August 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 03 ) ( aged 72 ) Nashville , Tennessee , U.S. Occupation ( s ) Singer , musician , songwriter , recording artist , performer Instruments Vocals , piano , guitar Years active 1955 ‒ 2010 Labels Cadet , Crystal Ball , Epic , Laurie , Mercury , Philips , Scepter , Tuition Robert Von `` Bobby '' Hebb ( July 26 , 1938 ‒ August 3 , 2010 ) was an American R&B / soul singer , musician , songwriter , recording artist , and performer known for his 1966 hit entitled `` Sunny '' . Contents 1 Biography 2 Biography film 3 Death 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Hebb was born in Nashville , Tennessee . His parents , William and Ovalla Hebb , were both blind musicians . Hebb and older brother , Harold Hebb , performed as a song - and - dance team in Nashville beginning when Bobby was three and Harold was nine . Hebb performed on a TV show hosted by country music record producer Owen Bradley , which earned him a place with Grand Ole Opry star Roy Acuff . Hebb played spoons and other instruments in Acuff 's band . Harold later became a member of Johnny Bragg and the Marigolds . Bobby Hebb sang backup on Bo Diddley 's `` Diddley Daddy '' . Hebb played `` West - coast - style '' trumpet in a United States Navy jazz band , and replaced Mickey Baker in Mickey and Sylvia . On November 23 , 1963 , the day after John F. Kennedy 's assassination , Bobby Hebb 's brother , Harold , was killed in a knife fight outside a Nashville nightclub . Hebb was devastated by both events and sought comfort in songwriting . Though many claim that the song he wrote after both tragedies was the optimistic `` Sunny '' , Hebb himself stated otherwise . He immersed himself in the Gerald Wilson album , You Better Believe It ! , for comfort . All my intentions were just to think of happier times -- basically looking for a brighter day -- because times were at a low tide . After I wrote it , I thought `` Sunny '' just might be a different approach to what Johnny Bragg was talking about in `` Just Walkin ' in the Rain '' . `` Sunny '' was recorded in New York City after demos were made with the record producer Jerry Ross . Released as a single in 1966 , `` Sunny '' reached No. 3 on the R&B charts , No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and No. 12 in the United Kingdom . When Hebb toured with The Beatles in 1966 his `` Sunny '' was , at the time of the tour , ranked higher than any Beatles song then on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . BMI rated `` Sunny '' number 25 in its `` Top 100 songs of the century '' . In 1976 , Hebb released a newly recorded disco version entitled `` Sunny ' 76 '' . The single was a minor hit reaching No. 94 on the R&B chart . Hebb also had lesser hits with his `` A Satisfied Mind '' in 1966 ( No. 39 on the Billboard chart and No. 40 on the R&B chart ) and `` Love Me '' in 1967 ( No. 84 ) , and wrote many other songs , including Lou Rawls ' 1971 hit `` A Natural Man '' ( co-written with comedian Sandy Baron ) . Six years prior to `` Sunny '' , Hebb reached the New York City Top 50 with a remake of Roy Acuff 's `` Night Train to Memphis '' . In 1972 , his single `` Love Love Love '' reached No. 32 on the UK charts . After a recording gap of 35 years , Hebb recorded That 's All I Wanna Know , his first commercial release since Love Games for Epic Records in 1970 . It was released in Europe in late 2005 by Tuition , a pop indie label . Two new duet versions of `` Sunny '' were issued , one with Astrid North and the other with Pat Appleton . In October 2008 , he toured and played in Osaka and Tokyo in Japan . Biography film ( edit ) Ipanema Films of Germany was involved in a biographical film which included Hebb , his biographer Joseph Tortelli , and Billy Cox . Death ( edit ) Hebb continued to live in his hometown of Nashville , Tennessee , until his death in 2010 , at age 72 . On August 3 , 2010 , Hebb died from lung cancer while being treated at TriStar Centennial Medical Center located in Nashville . '' He is interred at Nashville 's Spring Hill Cemetery . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Умер автор песни `` Sunny '' : Культура `` . Lenta.ru . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 309 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 -- 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . p. 350 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hebb , singer of 1966 hit `` Sunny '' , dies at 72 `` . Associated Press story . MSNBC . August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hebb buried at Spring Hill Cemetery in Nashville , Tennessee '' . findagrave.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cooper , Daniel ( 1998 ) . `` Bobby Hebb '' . In The Encyclopedia of Country Music . Paul Kingsbury , Editor . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 235 , ISBN 978 - 0195176087 External links ( edit ) Official website Bobby Hebb at AllMusic Bobby Hebb discography at Discogs Bobby Hebb interview on Nashville Scene That 's All I Wanna Know on Tuition Records , Germany Bobby Hebb at Find a Grave BNE : XX975725 BNF : cb139532818 ( data ) GND : 13440095X ISNI : 0000 0000 8159 7793 LCCN : n94061327 MusicBrainz : d21d85ff - c0d5 - 4c50 - a1be - 93438e5d7c60 SNAC : w6ht5t3x VIAF : 79607573 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Hebb&oldid=835161142 '' Categories : 1938 births 2010 deaths Musicians from Nashville , Tennessee African - American singer - songwriters African - American songwriters American singer - songwriters American male singers American singers Deaths from cancer in Tennessee Deaths from lung cancer Singers from Nashville , Tennessee Smash Records artists Philips Records artists Burials in Tennessee Songwriters from Tennessee Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Português Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 22 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sang the song sunny in the 70s	[ "Robert Von \"Bobby\" Hebb (July 26, 1938 ‒ August 3, 2010)[1] was an American R&B/soul singer, musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer known for his 1966 hit entitled \"Sunny\".\n" ]	[ "Robert Von \"Bobby\" Hebb" ]
4256898132437405155	Carlos Valdes (actor)	Carlos Valdes ( actor ) - wikipedia Carlos Valdes ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Carlos Valdes Valdes at Wondercon ( 1989 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1989 ( age 28 ) Santiago de Cali , Colombia Nationality American Colombian Education Pebblebrook High School ( Mableton , Georgia ) , 2007 Alma mater University of Michigan ( 2011 ) Occupation Actor singer Musical career Genres Soul funk R&B pop Instruments Vocals guitar piano bass guitar Carlos David Valdes ( born April 20 , 1989 ) is a Colombian - American actor and singer , known for playing the role of Cisco Ramon / Vibe on The CW television series The Flash and other Arrowverse - related series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Valdes moved to Miami from Colombia at the age of 5 , then moved again to Marietta , Georgia at the age of 12 . He studied at the University of Michigan with actors from the theater group StarKid Productions . After graduating in 2011 , Valdes became entirely devoted to theater . Between 2009 and 2011 , he participated in theatrical productions like High School Musical and The Wedding Singer . He also was a stand - in in the national tour of Jersey Boys . From March 2013 to March 2014 , he played the role of Andrej in the musical Once , in which he also performed on piano , guitar , ukulele , bass and percussion . In 2013 , the musical was nominated for a Tony Award . In 2014 , Valdes made his television debut in the American series Arrow , before appearing in the spin - off series , The Flash , as a series regular in the role of Francisco `` Cisco '' Ramón / Vibe , an engineering genius . Cisco is part of the S.T.A.R. Labs team , along with Dr. Harrison Wells and Dr. Caitlin Snow , that help Barry Allen with his superpowers . In June 2015 , Valdes lent his voice to Cisco Ramon in the animated web series Vixen . Filmography ( edit ) Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2014 -- 2016 Arrow Cisco Ramon Recurring role , 5 episodes 2014 -- present The Flash Cisco Ramon / Vibe Main role 2015 -- 2016 Vixen Cisco Ramon Web series ; voice role ; 2 episodes 2016 -- 2017 DC 's Legends of Tomorrow Cisco Ramon 3 episodes 2016 -- 2017 Supergirl Cisco Ramon 2 episodes 2017 Freedom Fighters : The Ray Cisco Ramon Web series ; voice role Jump up ^ Is also credited as Reverb and Pablo . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Marietta Daily Journal -- Pebblebrook grad goes back in time with ' Jersey Boys ' '' . Marietta Daily Journal . 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarabia , Martha ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Súper héroe The Flash necesita a actor latino '' . La Opinión ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' My Dick ' Rises To Become First Charting Student Musical '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Valdes , Carlos . `` Carlos Valdes '' . Playbill Vault . Playbill . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montes , Jason . `` Broadway Actor Carlos Valdes Will Be Shaking Things Up On ' The Flash ' As Vibe '' . sciencefiction.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lam , Steve . `` SDCC 2015 : Comic - Con Schedule For Saturday , July 11 , 2015 '' . bamsmackpow.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carlos Valdes . Carlos Valdes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Valdes_(actor)&oldid=835651195 '' Categories : 1989 births 21st - century American male actors 21st - century Colombian male actors American male stage actors American male voice actors American male television actors Colombian male stage actors Colombian male voice actors Colombian male television actors Expatriate male actors in the United States Living people University of Michigan alumni People from Cobb County , Georgia Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Colombian singer - songwriters Colombian singers Colombian male actors Colombian male singers Hispanic and Latino American male actors American people of Colombian descent Colombian expatriates in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar მარგალური Português Русский Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actor that plays cisco on the flash	[ "Carlos David Valdes (born April 20, 1989) is a Colombian-American actor and singer, known for playing the role of Cisco Ramon / Vibe on The CW television series The Flash and other Arrowverse-related series." ]	[ "Carlos David Valdes" ]
5604471739086433443	Premier League records and statistics	Premier League records and statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League since then . Contents ( hide ) 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Wins 1.3 Losses 1.4 Draws 1.5 Attendances 1.6 Goals 1.7 Points 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest players to score 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 , Manchester United twice ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 and 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 18 points , 1999 -- 2000 ; Manchester United ( 91 points ) over Arsenal ( 73 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference , the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Wins ( edit ) Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 30 , Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 14 , Arsenal ( between 10 February 2002 and 24 August 2002 ) Most consecutive wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 13 , joint record : Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Losses ( edit ) Fewest losses in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Most losses in total : 336 , Everton Fewest home losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive losses over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Fewest away losses in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 26 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 & 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 & 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 & 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 & 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 & 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most draws in total : 277 , Everton Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 76,069 Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers ( at Old Trafford , 31 March 2007 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon v. Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 103 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 71 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,856 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,231 , Tottenham Hotspur Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 95 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 633 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 25 September 2017 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Most goals scored away from home : Wayne Rooney ( 91 ) Most Premier League goals at one club : Wayne Rooney ( 183 , for Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : Teddy Sheringham , 40 years and 268 days ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : James Vaughan , 16 years and 271 days ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 200 463 0.43 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 159 474 0.33 Forward 2001 -- 02 2017 -- 18 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 31 , joint record : Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United , 2007 -- 08 ) Luis Suárez ( Liverpool , 2013 -- 14 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 36 , Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) 22 - team league : Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andrew Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 Goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 Goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 Goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 Goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 Goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : Sadio Mané , 2 minutes 56 seconds ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Highest number of different clubs to score for : 7 : Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most Hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most Goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool ) Assists ( edit ) Rank Player Assists Most assists ( career ) Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 107 Frank Lampard 102 Wayne Rooney 101 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 Teddy Sheringham 76 9 James Milner 75 10 Thierry Henry 74 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches assisted in : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Rank Player Clean sheets Most clean sheets ( career ) Petr Čech 192 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 152 David Seaman 142 5 Nigel Martyn 138 6 Pepe Reina 134 Edwin van der Sar 8 Tim Howard 132 Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 129 Most clean sheets in one season : 21 , joint record : Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal vs Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest players to score ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 - Apr - 2005 Everton 16 years 274 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 - Dec - 2002 Leeds United 16 years 360 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 - Oct - 2002 Everton 16 years 364 days Arsenal Cesc Fabregas 25 - Aug - 2004 Arsenal 17 years 113 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 06 - May - 1997 Liverpool 17 years 148 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 05 - Sep - 1992 Tottenham 17 years 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 05 - Apr - 2009 Manchester United 17 years 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 - Oct - 2012 Liverpool 17 years 312 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 - Feb - 1999 Chelsea 17 years 335 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 - Sep - 1997 Everton 17 years 338 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United had won the 2010 -- 11 competition Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City had won the 2015 -- 16 competition Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2017 -- 18 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 25 962 604 209 149 1856 847 1009 2021 13 5 80.84 Arsenal 25 962 525 247 190 1698 911 787 1822 6 5 7 72.88 Chelsea 25 962 516 241 205 1645 925 720 1789 5 71.56 Liverpool 25 962 478 243 241 1601 986 615 1677 5 6 67.08 5 Tottenham Hotspur 25 962 400 247 315 1406 1231 175 1447 57.88 6 Everton 25 962 349 277 336 1259 1207 52 1324 52.96 7 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 8 Newcastle United 22 844 322 217 305 1168 1140 28 1183 53.77 9 Manchester City 20 772 327 190 255 1173 925 248 1171 58.55 10 West Ham United 21 806 265 209 332 964 1146 − 182 1004 47.81 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 18 696 222 187 287 855 966 − 111 853 47.39 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 11 422 130 118 174 516 610 − 94 508 46.18 19 West Bromwich Albion 11 418 106 115 197 444 640 − 196 433 39.36 8 20 Stoke City 9 342 109 97 136 363 457 − 94 424 47.11 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 25 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 26 Crystal Palace 8 312 86 78 148 329 456 − 127 336 42.00 10 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 29 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 30 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.90 8 31 Swansea City 6 228 74 57 97 278 327 − 49 279 46.50 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.10 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 36 Watford 152 34 35 83 144 254 − 110 137 34.25 13 37 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 38 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 39 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 40 Burnley 114 26 25 63 109 190 − 81 103 34.33 16 41 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 42 Bournemouth 76 23 19 34 100 134 − 34 88 44.00 9 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 45 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 46 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 47 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 48 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 49 Huddersfield Town 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 League or status at 2017 -- 18 : 2017 -- 18 Premier League 2017 -- 18 EFL Championship 2017 -- 18 Football League One 2017 -- 18 Football League Two Defunct : by a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League winner 's medals : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Winner of Premier League Manager of the Month Award : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month Awards : 3 , Antonio Conte Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest - serving manager : Sir Alex Ferguson , 21 years ( Manchester United , 1 July 1992 to 30 June 2013 ) Shortest - serving manager ( excluding caretakers ) : Les Reed , 41 days ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . 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( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=803807726 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Italiano 日本語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 19 : 27 . 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-4076569155057606453	It's Gonna Be Me	It 's Gonna Be Me - wikipedia It 's Gonna Be Me `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' Single by NSYNC from the album No Strings Attached B - side `` This Is Where the Party 's At '' Released June 12 , 2000 Format CD cassette Recorded 1999 Battery Studios ( New York City ) Cheiron Studios ( Stockholm ) Length 3 : 12 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Max Martin Andreas Carlsson Rami Producer ( s ) Rami NSYNC singles chronology `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( 2000 ) `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( 2000 ) `` I 'll Never Stop '' ( 2000 ) `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( 2000 ) `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( 2000 ) `` I 'll Never Stop '' ( 2000 ) Music video `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' on YouTube `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' is a song by American boy band NSYNC . It was released in June 12 , 2000 as the second single in the United States and third in Europe from their second studio album No Strings Attached . The song became NSYNC 's only Billboard Hot 100 number - one hit , making it their highest - charting single . It topped the chart for two consecutive weeks and has been certified Gold by the RIAA . Contents 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 In popular culture 5 Track listings and formats 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 References 9 External links Composition and lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics are addressed to a woman who apparently had bad experiences in previous relationships . The man who shows interest in her assures the woman that he is nothing like her past lovers , and that he is prepared to wait for her . When she is ready to love someone again , he maintains that `` It 's gon na be me '' . It is written in the key of C minor . Critical reception ( edit ) In 2015 , Rolling Stone staff ranked it as the 15th greatest boy band song of all time . Music video ( edit ) The members of the group as plastic dolls in the clip . The music video was directed by Wayne Isham . The video debuted on MTV 's TRL on May 23 , 2000 . It was released on MTV 's `` Making the Video '' . Joji Tani , known by Screaming Mad George , provided make - up work for the video . The video begins in a large toy store , with `` Bye Bye Bye '' playing in the background . Each group member is an animated plastic doll version of themselves in a box similar to their album cover . They punch through the plastic front of their boxes and try to attract the attention of the girl shopping ( Kim Smith , who also appears as the puppeteer in `` Bye Bye Bye '' ) so that they can be bought . Army men abseil down from a higher shelf , destroy their boxes , and laugh at them when they are purchased . Next , the boys spot a set of Barbie - like dolls and go hang out with them . The Barbies drop a net on them , and again tease them when they are bought and NSYNC is not . Finally , the group gets back to their shelf and does a dance for the shopping girl . She buys them , and upon scanning , each doll becomes the real - life version of each group member . All of this is interspersed with the band in a color - lit room singing and dancing with the lights changing colors . The video was released on the group YouTube 's Vevo channel on October 24 , 2009 . As of April 2018 , the video has received over 73 million views . In popular culture ( edit ) Following the release of the video , dolls like those portrayed by the band were created , with strings attached as a reference to the group 's smash hit video `` Bye Bye Bye '' . Throughout the song , Justin Timberlake pronounces the word `` me '' such that it sounds more like `` May , '' particularly at the song 's end . This oddity has led to an internet craze in which memes of Timberlake 's face above the inscription `` It 's Gonna Be May ! '' are shared on the internet by numerous users every April 30 ( including American President Barack Obama and Timberlake himself ) . Views on YouTube also garner five times as many daily views on April 30 as they do in mid-April , seven times as many searches , and 23 % more views on all * NSYNC music videos . When asked about why he pronounced `` me '' in that manner , he replied producer Martin had asked him to sing the word in that way , as he probably wanted Timberlake to sound like he was from Tennessee . In 2016 , Fall Out Boy created a follow - up music video for their song `` Irresistible '' featuring Demi Lovato , which is also directed by Isham and featured cameos from Chris Kirkpatrick as a toy factory worker and Joey Fatone as a toy store employee . Track listings and formats ( edit ) U.S. single 1 limited edition `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Single Version ) -- 3 : 11 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Maurice Joshua Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 11 U.S. single 2 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Single Version ) -- 3 : 11 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Jack D. Elliot Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 49 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Digital Black - N - Groove Club Mix ) -- 8 : 07 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Jazzy Jim 's Remix ) -- 3 : 49 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Azza 's Groove Mix ) -- 3 : 46 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Jack D. Elliot Club Mix ) -- 6 : 04 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Digital Black - N - Dub ) -- 5 : 15 U.S. vinyl `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Digital Black - N - Groove Club Mix ) -- 8 : 05 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 11 `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( Riprock & Alex G Club Remix ) -- 4 : 53 International single `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Single Version ) -- 3 : 11 `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 13 `` This Is Where the Party 's At '' ( previously unreleased version ) -- 3 : 42 `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( Teddy Riley Mix ) -- 3 : 40 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Cheiron Studios , Stockholm , Sweden and Battery Studios , NYC Personnel Max Martin -- songwriter Rami -- songwriter , producer Andreas Carlsson -- songwriter Chris Trevett -- recording engineer Charles McCrorey -- assistant engineer John Amatiello -- Pro Tools engineer Justin Timberlake -- human beat box Chaz Harper -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 01 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 11 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 9 Canadian RPM Top Singles Germany ( Official German Charts ) 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 23 Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 28 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 11 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 28 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 27 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Its Gonna Be Me -- Single , Maxi , Import '' . Amazon . June 12 , 2000 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' N Sync '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Jump up ^ `` It 's Gonna By Me by NSYNC '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ; Stevens , Kat ; Spanos , Brittany ; Murray , Nick ; Benjamin , Jeff ; Johnston , Maura ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` 50 Greatest Boy Band Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NSYNCVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) , NSYNC - `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Let Justin Timberlake Remind You That ' It 's Gonna Be May ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Great Thing of the Day : Barack Obama Has Out - Memed Us All '' . 1 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` * NSYNC Gets a YouTube Boost From ' It 's Gonna Be May ' Meme '' . Billboard . May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Capital London ( 17 June 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Re-Enacts The `` It 's Gonna Be May '' Meme '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : It 's Gonna Be Me ( liner notes ) . NSYNC . Jive Records . 2000 . 9250852 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- * N SYNC -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- ' * N SYNC -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- * N SYNC -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 20138 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- * N SYNC -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- * N SYNC Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 30 , 2000 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- * N SYNC -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Nsync '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- * N sync -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- * N SYNC -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- * N SYNC -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- * N SYNC -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- * N SYNC -- It 's Gonna Be Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NSYNC Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2000 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' Official Music Video on YouTube NSYNC Lance Bass JC Chasez Joey Fatone Chris Kirkpatrick Justin Timberlake Studio albums NSYNC Home for Christmas No Strings Attached Celebrity Compilation albums The Winter Album Greatest Hits The Collection The Essential * NSYNC Soundtrack albums On the Line Singles `` I Want You Back '' `` Tearin ' Up My Heart '' `` Here We Go '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Together Again '' `` ( God Must Have Spent ) A Little More Time on You '' `` U Drive Me Crazy '' `` Merry Christmas , Happy Holidays '' `` Thinking of You ( I Drive Myself Crazy ) '' `` Music of My Heart '' `` Bye Bye Bye '' `` It 's Gonna Be Me '' `` I 'll Never Stop '' `` This I Promise You '' `` Pop '' `` Gone '' `` Girlfriend '' Tours NSYNC in Concert No Strings Attached Tour PopOdyssey Celebrity Tour Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Lou Pearlman Johnny Wright Jive Records `` New Kids on the Blecch '' On the Line Dead 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Gonna_Be_Me&oldid=850827920 '' Categories : NSYNC songs 2000 singles 2000 songs Dance - pop songs Synthpop ballads Jive Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Songs written by Max Martin Songs written by Andreas Carlsson Songs written by Rami Yacoub RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Rami Yacoub Internet memes Internet memes introduced in 2014 Music memes Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 06 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who is the girl in the it gonna be me video	[ "The video begins in a large toy store, with \"Bye Bye Bye\" playing in the background. Each group member is an animated plastic doll version of themselves in a box similar to their album cover. They punch through the plastic front of their boxes and try to attract the attention of the girl shopping (Kim Smith, who also appears as the puppeteer in \"Bye Bye Bye\") so that they can be bought. Army men abseil down from a higher shelf, destroy their boxes, and laugh at them when they are purchased. Next, the boys spot a set of Barbie-like dolls and go hang out with them. The Barbies drop a net on them, and again tease them when they are bought and NSYNC is not. Finally, the group gets back to their shelf and does a dance for the shopping girl. She buys them, and upon scanning, each doll becomes the real-life version of each group member. All of this is interspersed with the band in a color-lit room singing and dancing with the lights changing colors. \n" ]	[ "Kim Smith" ]
-8204679178281807197	Started from the Bottom	Started From the Bottom - wikipedia Started From the Bottom Jump to : navigation , search `` Started from the Bottom '' Single by Drake from the album Nothing Was the Same Released February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Hip hop Length 2 : 53 Label OVO Aspire Young Money Cash Money Republic Songwriter ( s ) Aubrey Graham Noah Shebib Michael Coleman Producer ( s ) Mike Zombie Noah `` 40 '' Shebib ( add . ) Drake singles chronology `` Right Here '' ( 2013 ) `` Started from the Bottom '' ( 2013 ) `` No New Friends '' ( 2013 ) `` Right Here '' ( 2013 ) `` Started from the Bottom '' ( 2013 ) `` No New Friends '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Started from the Bottom '' on YouTube `` Started from the Bottom '' is a song by Canadian hip hop recording artist Drake , released as the first single from his third studio album Nothing Was the Same . The song was written by Drake , Michael Coleman , and Noah `` 40 '' Shebib , and it was produced by Coleman under his stage name Mike Zombie , with additional production by Shebib . It features a sample of the ambient piece `` Ambessence Piano & Drones 1 '' by Bruno Sanfilippo and Mathias Grassow . `` Started from the Bottom '' has charted in many countries , reaching a peak of number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music and lyrics 3 Music video 4 Remixes 5 Critical reception 6 Chart performance 7 Accolades 8 Track listing 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) `` Started from the Bottom '' was originally planned to be released on February 10 , 2013 , coinciding with the Grammy Awards . However , it was instead premiered on February 1 through Drake 's `` October 's Very Own '' blog , as he preferred to release it without prior interviews . The song was officially released on iTunes on February 6 , 2013 . At the 55th Grammy Awards , Drake teased that an official remix would be released . Music and lyrics ( edit ) Lyrically , `` Started from the Bottom '' addresses Drake 's early life and career beginnings . He commented of its concept , `` I feel sometimes that people do n't have enough information about my beginnings and therefore they make up a life story for me that is n't consistent with actual events . I did not buy my way into this spot and it was the furthest thing from easy to achieve . I am proud of every part of my past and I 'm excited for this song to find a place in your life as well . '' The song makes use of instrumentation from drums and a piano ; MTV describes it as `` departure '' from his earlier works . Music video ( edit ) On September 4 , 2012 , Drake was seen filming the music video for the song which was being directed by Director X . The music video was released on February 10 , 2013 . The video features an all - white dressed Drake standing in the back of a white Bentley convertible , during a blizzard . In other scenes , he works retail in a Shoppers Drug Mart drugstore , flies a plane into his native Toronto and dances around in a club . Drake 's mother , Sandi , and producers Boi - 1da and Noah `` 40 '' Shebib also have cameos in the video . At the end it displays Drake and his friends partying at a villa . Remixes ( edit ) Shortly after the song 's debut Wiz Khalifa was the first to release a remix to the song . Since then artists such as Kap G , Machine Gun Kelly , Bow Wow , Soulja Boy , Ace Hood , Meek Mill , Chris Brown , Papoose , Wyclef Jean , Riff Raff , Arcángel & De La Ghetto , Misha B , and Karmin have released their own remixes or freestyles to the song . On February 15 , 2013 , Mike Posner , Asher Roth , T. Mills , Chuck Inglish and King Chip released a music video for their remix of the song . On October 12 , 2013 , DJ Felli Fel released a remix supporting the Los Angeles Dodgers 2013 playoff run , featuring Ice Cube , Tyga and Ty Dolla Sign . Shortly after an extended version also featuring , Warren G , Problem and Chino XL was released . At the 55th Grammy Awards , Drake suggested that an official remix could be released . He begun work on it with Rick Ross and DJ Khaled but the recording session resulted in the first single off Khaled 's next album , `` No New Friends '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating : Backdropped by a haunting piano loop and tinned snare , the production falls in line with what we 've come to expect from a brooding Drake track . `` Started from the bottom now we 're here , '' he reflects . `` Started from the bottom now my whole team fucking here . '' The ascent to stardom has clearly been the smoothest of paths , but we hope there 's a little more depth to the remainder of his new material to keep him up there with the best ... On December 2 , 2013 , Complex named `` Started From the Bottom '' the second best song released in 2013 . David Drake of Complex said , `` Musically , `` Started From the Bottom '' is Drake at his most irrepressibly memorable . Stripped down to a simple piano line and a crisp , unforgettable drum pattern , the song 's simplicity gave it a singular fingerprint . It epitomizes the new , clean , minimal direction Drake took throughout Nothing Was The Same , while sounding like no other song on it . It is wistful , atmospheric , as catchy as a nursery rhyme . Lyrically , the song is packed with hooks , each line a mantra of burgeoning confidence , hard - earned . '' Rolling Stone then ranked the song at number nine on their list of the 100 Best Songs of 2013 . XXL named it one of the top five hip hop songs of 2013 . Chart performance ( edit ) The track entered the UK Singles Chart at number 71 on February 10 , 2013 . The following week it rose forty - six positions to number 25 -- becoming only Drake 's third top 40 entry as a solo artist in the UK . The song has reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and is Drake 's eleventh top 10 hit on the chart . The song sold over 2 million digital copies in the US by January 2014 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Ceremony Award Result 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards `` Track of the Year '' Won 2014 Grammy Awards ( 56th ) Best Rap Performance Nominated Best Rap Song Nominated Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Started from the Bottom '' 2 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 93 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 50 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 40 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 36 France ( SNEP ) 56 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 91 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 40 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 98 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 135 US Billboard Hot 100 32 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Rap Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States February 6 , 2013 Digital download OVO Aspire Young Money Cash Money Republic February 12 , 2013 Urban radio April 9 , 2013 Mainstream radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.com/news/1701267/drake-started-from-the-bottom-new-single/ Jump up ^ `` Drake Releases New Single , ' Started From the Bottom ' Music News '' . Rolling Stone . 2013 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Drake - Started From The Bottom New Hip Hop Music & All The New Rap Songs 2011 '' . HipHop DX. 2013 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alexander Russell ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Here Are The BET Award Nominees '' . Complex . Jump up ^ `` Some weeks ago , the hip hop artist Drake 's ... - Bruno Sanfilippo '' . Facebook . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sia , Nicole ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Hear Drake Set His Origin Story Straight on ' Started From the Bottom ' SPIN SPIN Mix Songs '' . SPIN . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` OCTOBERS VERY OWN : Started From The Bottom '' . Octobersveryown.blogspot.com. 2013 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- Started from the Bottom ( 2013 ) ( iTunes ) ( Single ) '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : HipHopDX ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` Drake Hints At Official Remix Of `` Started From The Bottom '' `` . HipHopDX . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' Started From the Bottom ' Filled With Fire And Frustration - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV.com. 2013 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Shooting Video For ' Started From the Bottom ' In Toronto , Old Video Teaser Surfaces '' . Rapfix.mtv.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ 02 / 10 / 2013 7 : 43 pm EST ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) . `` ' Started From The Bottom ' Video : Drake Drops Visuals For New Single On Grammy Night '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wiz Khalifa Releases `` Started From the Bottom '' Remix `` . BET.com. 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmin - Started From The Bottom ( Drake Cover ) . 25 February 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Rose Lilah ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Ace Hood - Started From The Bottom ( Freestyle ) - Stream ( New Song ) '' . HotNewHipHop . Jump up ^ `` Papoose Freestyles Over `` Started From The Bottom '' On Showoff Radio ! `` . WORLDSTARHIPHOP . Jump up ^ `` Video : Wyclef Jean -- ' Started From the Bottom ( Freestyle ) ' '' . Rap - Up . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TheRealKapG/status/319495997753540608 Jump up ^ `` Mike Posner ( Feat . Asher Roth , T Mills , Chuck Inglish & King Chip ) - Started From The Bottom Remix '' . WORLDSTARHIPHOP . Jump up ^ cvernoncoleman ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` DJ Felli Fel Featuring Ice Cube , Tyga & Ty Dolla $ ign `` Dodgers Anthem 2013 '' `` . XXL Mag . Jump up ^ `` DJ Felli Fel ft Ice Cube , Tyga , Ty Dolla $ ign , Warren G , Chino XL , Problem - Dodgers Anthem 2013 ( New Version ) '' . HipHopEarly . Jump up ^ Ernest Baker ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` Drake Is Dropping 2 New Songs Next Week '' . Complex . Jump up ^ Lewis Corner ( 12 February 2013 ) . `` Drake : ' Started From the Bottom ' - Single review '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Insanul Ahmed ( 2 December 2013 ) . `` Drake `` Started From The Bottom '' - The 50 Best Songs of 2013 - Complex `` . Complex . Jump up ^ `` Drake , `` Started From the Bottom '' `` . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ xxlstaff ( 9 January 2014 ) . `` XXL Lists The Best Hip - Hop Songs And Albums Of The Last 40 Years -- XXL Issue 152 '' . XXL Mag . Jump up ^ `` Baauer 's ' Harlem Shake ' Debuts Atop Revamped Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Baauer 's ' Harlem Shake ' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Can You Believe `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Loses Spot as Best - Selling Rock Song ? `` . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` Track of the Year '' . BET.com. 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2014 : See the list of nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20130319-0001/Issue1200.pdf Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- Started From The Bottom '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- Started From The Bottom '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Drake . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Drake -- Started From The Bottom '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Drake -- Started From The Bottom '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2013 - 02 - 23 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2013 - 02 - 23 '' UK R&B Chart . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Drake . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Drake . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Drake . Jump up ^ `` Drake -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Drake . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year 2013 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 - Hot 100 Songs '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Charts -- R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Charts -- Rap Songs '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Drake -- Started from the Bottom '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Drake -- Started from the Bottom '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Started From the Bottom -- Single by Drake '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Urban / UAC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FMQB : Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Nielsen Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Drake songs Comeback season `` Replacement Girl '' So Far Gone `` Successful '' `` Best I Ever Had '' `` I 'm Goin ' In '' We Are Young Money `` Every Girl '' `` BedRock '' Thank Me Later `` Fireworks '' `` Over '' `` Up All Night '' `` Fancy '' `` Miss Me '' `` Find Your Love '' `` 9AM in Dallas '' Take Care `` Over My Dead Body '' `` Headlines '' `` Crew Love '' `` Take Care '' `` Marvins Room '' `` We 'll Be Fine '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Lord Knows '' `` HYFR ( Hell Ya Fucking Right ) '' `` The Motto '' Nothing Was the Same `` Tuscan Leather '' `` Furthest Thing '' `` Started from the Bottom '' `` Wu - Tang Forever '' `` Worst Behavior '' `` From Time '' `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' `` The Language '' `` Too Much '' `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' `` All Me '' If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late `` Energy '' `` Preach '' What a Time to Be Alive `` Jumpman '' Views `` Controlla '' `` One Dance '' `` Pop Style '' `` Too Good '' `` Hotline Bling '' More Life `` Free Smoke '' `` No Long Talk '' `` Passionfruit '' `` Jorja Interlude '' `` Get It Together '' `` Madiba Riddim '' `` Blem '' `` 4422 '' `` Gyalchester '' `` Skepta Interlude '' `` Portland '' `` Sacrifices '' `` Nothings Into Somethings '' `` Teenage Fever '' `` KMT '' `` Lose You '' `` Ca n't Have Everything '' `` Glow '' `` Since Way Back '' `` Fake Love '' `` Ice Melts '' `` Do Not Disturb '' Other singles `` Forever '' `` 0 to 100 / The Catch Up '' `` Charged Up '' `` Back to Back '' `` Right Hand '' `` Summer Sixteen '' `` Back on Road '' `` Sneakin ' '' `` Two Birds , One Stone '' `` No Frauds '' `` Signs '' As featured artist 2009 `` 4 My Town ( Play Ball ) '' `` Digital Girl ( Remix ) '' `` Fed Up '' `` I Invented Sex '' `` Money to Blow '' `` Say Something '' `` The One '' `` Throw It in the Bag ( Remix ) '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Fall for Your Type '' `` Gonorrhea '' `` In the Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Right Above It '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) ( Remix ) '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Haiti Mix ) '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` What Up '' 2011 `` Feel Love '' `` I 'm on One '' `` It 's Good '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` Round of Applause '' `` She Will '' `` Still Got It '' `` Unusual '' 2012 `` Amen '' `` Champion '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Enough Said '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` No Lie '' `` Pop That '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` We in This Bitch 1.5 '' 2013 `` Cabaret '' `` I Do It '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Live For '' `` Love Me '' `` Mine '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` No New Friends '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Right Here '' 2014 `` Believe Me '' `` Odio '' `` Only '' `` Recognize '' `` Trophies '' `` Tuesday '' `` Who Do You Love ? '' 2015 `` 100 '' `` Blessings '' `` R.I.C.O. '' `` Truffle Butter '' `` Where Ya At '' 2016 `` Big Amount '' `` Come and See Me '' `` For Free '' `` No Shopping '' `` Used to This '' `` Why You Always Hatin ? '' `` Work '' 2017 `` Both '' `` Come Closer '' `` No Complaints '' `` To the Max '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Started_from_the_Bottom&oldid=801072956 '' Categories : Drake songs 2013 singles 2013 songs Cash Money Records singles Music videos directed by Director X OVO Sound singles Songs written by Drake Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 13 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the guys in drake started from bottom video	[ "On September 4, 2012, Drake was seen filming the music video for the song which was being directed by Director X.[11] The music video was released on February 10, 2013. The video features an all-white dressed Drake standing in the back of a white Bentley convertible, during a blizzard. In other scenes, he works retail in a Shoppers Drug Mart drugstore, flies a plane into his native Toronto and dances around in a club. Drake's mother, Sandi, and producers Boi-1da and Noah \"40\" Shebib also have cameos in the video. At the end it displays Drake and his friends partying at a villa.[12]", "On September 4, 2012, Drake was seen filming the music video for the song which was being directed by Director X.[11] The music video was released on February 10, 2013. The video features an all-white dressed Drake standing in the back of a white Bentley convertible, during a blizzard. In other scenes, he works retail in a Shoppers Drug Mart drugstore, flies a plane into his native Toronto and dances around in a club. Drake's mother, Sandi, and producers Boi-1da and Noah \"40\" Shebib also have cameos in the video. At the end it displays Drake and his friends partying at a villa.[12]" ]	[ "Noah \"40\" Shebib", "Boi-1da" ]
1021719288190075538	American Expeditionary Forces	American Expeditionary Forces - Wikipedia American Expeditionary Forces Jump to : navigation , search American Expeditionary Forces Officers of the AEF and the Baker Mission , c. 1918 . Active 1917 -- 1920 Disbanded August 31 , 1920 Country United States Branch United States Army Size c. 2,000,000 men General Headquarters Chaumont , France Engagements Western Front Battle of Cambrai Spring Offensive Battle of Cantigny Battle of Belleau Wood Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Château - Thierry Hundred Days Offensive Battle of Saint - Mihiel Meuse - Argonne Offensive Italian Front Battle of Vittorio Veneto Commanders Commander in Chief Gen. John J. Pershing The American Expeditionary Forces ( A.E.F. , A.E.F. or AEF ) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I . The AEF was established on July 5 , 1917 , in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing . It fought alongside French Army , British Army , Canadian Army , and Australian Army units against the German Empire . A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro - Hungarian Army . The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive ( at the Battle of Château - Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood ) in the summer of 1918 , and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint - Mihiel and the Meuse - Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1918 1.2 Casualties 1.3 African Americans 2 Logistics 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the United States With America 's first convoy . The troop ships are the Henderson , Antilles , Momus , and Lenape . American Expeditionary Forces Commander in Chief , Gen. John J. Pershing , 1917 . President Woodrow Wilson initially planned to give command of the AEF to Gen. Frederick Funston , but after Funston 's sudden death , Wilson appointed Major General John J. Pershing in May 1917 , and Pershing remained in command for the entire war . Pershing insisted that American soldiers be well - trained before going to Europe . As a result , few troops arrived before January 1918 . In addition , Pershing insisted that the American force would not be used merely to fill gaps in the French and British armies , and he resisted European efforts to have U.S. troops deployed as individual replacements in decimated Allied units . This approach was not always well received by the western Allied leaders who distrusted the potential of an army lacking experience in large - scale warfare . In addition , the British Empire tried to bargain with its spare shipping to make the United States put its soldiers into British ranks . Column of American troops passing Buckingham Palace , London , 1917 . By June 1917 , only 14,000 American soldiers had arrived in France , and the AEF had only a minor participation at the front through late October 1917 , but by May 1918 over one million American troops were stationed in France , though only half of them made it to the front lines . Since the transport ships needed to bring American troops to Europe were scarce at the beginning , the U.S. Army pressed into service passenger liners , seized German ships , and borrowed Allied ships to transport American soldiers from ports in New York City , New Jersey , and Virginia . The mobilization effort taxed the American military to the limit and required new organizational strategies and command structures to transport great numbers of troops and supplies quickly and efficiently . The French harbors of Bordeaux , La Pallice , Saint Nazaire , and Brest became the entry points into the French railway system that brought the American troops and their supplies to the Western Front . American engineers in France also built 82 new ship berths , nearly 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of additional standard - gauge tracks , and over 100,000 miles ( 160,000 km ) of telephone and telegraph lines . The first American troops , who were often called `` Doughboys '' , landed in Europe in June 1917 . However the AEF did not participate at the front until October 21 , 1917 , when the 1st Division fired the first American shell of the war toward German lines , although they participated only on a small scale . A group of regular soldiers and the first American division to arrive in France , entered the trenches near Nancy , France , in Lorraine . The AEF used French and British equipment . Particularly appreciated were the French canon de 75 modèle 1897 , the canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider , and the canon de 155mm GPF . American aviation units received the SPAD XIII and Nieuport 28 fighters , and the U.S. Army tank corps used French Renault FT light tanks . Pershing established facilities in France to train new arrivals with their new weapons . By the end of 1917 , four divisions were deployed in a large training area near Verdun : the 1st Division , a regular army formation ; the 26th Division , a National Guard division ; the 2nd Division , a combination of regular troops and U.S. Marines ; and the 42nd `` Rainbow '' Division , a National Guard division made up of soldiers from nearly every state in the United States . The fifth division , the 41st Division , was converted into a depot division near Tours . 1918 ( edit ) Allies gain overwhelming superiority in front - line rifle strength as American soldiers arrive in the summer At the beginning , during the Spring of 1918 , the four battle - ready U.S. divisions were deployed under French and British command to gain combat experience by defending relatively quiet sectors of their lines . After the first offensive action and American - led AEF victory on 28 May 1918 at the Battle of Cantigny , by the U.S. 1st Division , and a similar local action by the 2nd Division at Belleau Wood beginning 6 June , both while assigned under French Corps command , Pershing worked towards the deployment of an independent US field Army . The rest followed at an accelerating pace during the spring and summer of 1918 . By June Americans were arriving in - theater at the rate of 10,000 a day ; most of which entered training by British , Canadian and Australian battle - experienced officers and senior non-commissioned ranks . The training took a minimum of six weeks due to the inexperience of the servicemen . The first offensive action by AEF units serving under non-American command was 1,000 men ( four companies from the 33d Division AEF ) , with the Australian Corps during the Battle of Hamel on 4 July 1918 . ( Corporal Thomas A. Pope was awarded the Medal of Honor for this battle . ) This battle took place under the overall command of the Australian Corps commander , Lt. Gen. Sir John Monash . The Allied force in this battle combined artillery , armor , infantry , and air support ( Combined arms ) , which served as a blueprint for all subsequent Allied attacks , using `` tanks '' . Champagne - Marne offensive , 1918 . U.S. Army and Marine Corps troops played a key role in helping stop the German thrust towards Paris , during the Second Battle of the Marne in June 1918 ( at the Battle of Château - Thierry ( 1918 ) and the Battle of Belleau Wood ) . The first major and distinctly American offensive was the reduction of the Saint Mihiel salient during September 1918 . During the Battle of Saint - Mihiel , Pershing commanded the U.S. First Army , composed of seven divisions and more than 500,000 men , in the largest offensive operation ever undertaken by United States armed forces . This successful offensive was followed by the Meuse - Argonne offensive , lasting from September 26 to November 11 , 1918 , during which Pershing commanded more than one million American and French combatants . In these two military operations , Allied forces recovered more than 200 sq mi ( 488 km ) of French territory from the German army . By the time the World War I Armistice had suspended all combat on November 11 , 1918 , the American Expeditionary Forces had evolved into a modern , combat - tested army . Late in the war , American units ultimately fought in two other theaters at the request of the European powers . Pershing sent troops of the 332d Infantry Regiment to Italy , and President Wilson agreed to send some troops , the 27th and 339th Infantry Regiments , to Russia . These latter two were known as the American Expeditionary Force Siberia , and the American Expeditionary Force North Russia . Casualties ( edit ) Army field hospital in France , 1918 . A.E.F. officer 's identity card , 1918 . The AEF sustained about 320,000 casualties : 53,402 battle deaths , 63,114 noncombat deaths and 204,000 wounded . The influenza pandemic during the fall of 1918 took the lives of more than 25,000 men from the AEF , while another 360,000 became gravely ill . Some other diseases were relatively well controlled through compulsory vaccination . Typhoid fever was also practically eliminated . Relatively few men suffered actual injury from poison gas , although much larger numbers mistakenly thought that they had been exposed . Using questionnaires filled out by doughboys as they left the Army , Gutièrrez reports that they were not cynical or disillusioned . They fought `` for honor , manhood , comrades , and adventure , but especially for duty . '' African Americans ( edit ) Officers of the 366th Infantry , 1919 . African Americans were drafted on the same basis as whites and made up 13 percent of the draftees . By the end of the war , over 350,000 African - Americans had served in AEF units on the Western Front . However , they were assigned to segregated units commanded by white officers . One fifth of the black soldiers sent to France saw combat , compared to two - thirds of the whites . They were three percent of AEF combat forces , and under two percent of battlefield fatalities . `` The mass of the colored drafted men can not be used for combatant troops '' , said a General Staff report in 1918 , and it recommended that `` these colored drafted men be organized in reserve labor battalions . '' They handled unskilled labor tasks as stevedores in the Atlantic ports and common laborers at the camps and in the Services of the Rear in France . The French , whose front - line troops were resisting combat duties to the point of mutiny , requested and received control of several regiments of black combat troops . Kennedy reports `` Units of the black 92nd Division particularly suffered from poor preparation and the breakdown in command control . As the only black combat division , the 92nd Division entered the line with unique liabilities . It had been deliberately dispersed throughout several camps during its stateside training ; some of its artillery units were summoned to France before they had completed their courses of instruction , and were never fully - equipped until after the Armistice ; nearly all its senior white officers scorned the men under their command and repeatedly asked to be transferred . The black enlisted men were frequently diverted from their already attenuated training opportunities in France in the summer of 1918 and put to work as stevedores and common laborers . '' The 369th , 370th , 371st , and 372d Infantry Regiments ( nominally the 93d Division , but never consolidated as such ) served with distinction under French command with French colonial units in front - line combat . The French did not harbor the same levels of disdain based on skin color and for many Americans of an African - American descent it was a liberating and refreshing experience . These African - American soldiers wore American uniforms , some dating from the time of the Union Army , with French helmets and were armed with French Model 1907 / 15 8mm Lebel Berthier rifle , and Fusil Mle 1907 / 15 manufactured by Remington Arms rather than the M1903 Springfield or M1917 Enfield rifles issued to most American soldiers . One of the most distinguished units was the 369th Infantry Regiment , known as the Harlem Hellfighters . The 369th was on the front lines for six months , longer than any other African - American regiment in the war . One hundred seventy - one members of the 369th were awarded the Legion of Merit . One member of the 369th , Sergeant Henry Johnson , was awarded the French Croix de guerre , and posthumously the Medal of Honor . Logistics ( edit ) Supporting the two million soldiers across the Atlantic Ocean was a massive logistical enterprise . Yet the U.S. Army 's logistical skills had atrophied during the decades following the Civil War . In order to be successful , the American needed to create a coherent a support structure with very little institutional knowledge . After a rough start , the AEF developed support network appropriate for the huge size of the American force . It rested upon the Services of Supply in the rear areas , with ports , railroads , depots , schools , maintenance facilities , bakeries , clothing repair shops ( termed salvage ) , replacement depots , ice plants , and a wide variety of other activities . The AEF initiated support techniques that would last well into the Cold War including forward maintenance , field cooking , graves registration ( mortuary affairs ) , host nation support , motor transport , and morale services . The work of the logisticians enabled the success of the AEF and contributed to the emergence of the American Army as a modern fighting force . See also ( edit ) United States Army portal World War I portal American entry into World War I American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front ( World War I ) order of battle Services of Supply , American Expeditionary Forces Formations of the United States Army during World War I Timeline of World War I General Pershing WWI casualty list Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coffman , The War to End All Wars ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Pershing , My Experiences in the World War ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Treat ' Em Rough : The Birth of American Armor , 1917 -- 1920 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Leonard P. Ayers , online The war with Germany : a statistical summary ( 1919 ) p 105 Jump up ^ Matthew Davenport , `` First Over There '' , 2015 , Thomas Dunne Books Jump up ^ Roland Perry , Monash -- The Outsider Who Won a War , 2007 , Random House , Sydney , pp. 349 -- 352 ^ Jump up to : Venzon , ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Willett , Russian Sideshow , pp. 166 -- 167 , 170 Jump up ^ E.M. Halliday , When Hell Froze Over ( New York City , NY , ibooks , inc. , 2000 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service , American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics Jump up ^ Edward A. : Gutièrrez , Doughboys on the Great War : How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experience ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ African - Americans Continue Tradition of Distinguished Service ; U.S. Army ; Gerry J. Gilmore ; February 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Jennifer D. Keene , `` Americans as Warriors : ' Doughboys ' in Battle during the First World War '' , OAH Magazine of History , Vol. 17 , No. 1 , World War I ( Oct. , 2002 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1982 ) 162 . Jump up ^ Barbeau and Henri ( 1974 ) ; ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1982 ) p. 199 . Jump up ^ Canfield , Bruce N. American Rifleman ( April 2009 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ http://www.explorepahistory.com/~expa/cms/pbfiles/Project1/Scheme40/ExplorePAHistory-a0b1b6-a_514.pdf Jump up ^ `` 3dpublishing.com '' . Jump up ^ `` timesunion.com '' . Jump up ^ Leo P. Hirrel , `` Supporting the Doughboys : US Army Logistics and Personnel During World War I '' Ft . Leavenworth : Combat Studies Institute , 2017 . Available at no cost . Further reading ( edit ) Ayres , Leonard P , The War with Germany : A Statistical Summary Government Printing Office , 1919 full text online Barbeau , Arthur E. and Florette Henri , The Unknown Soldiers : Black American Troops in World War I ( Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 1974 ) , Beaver , Daniel R. Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort , 1917 -- 1919 ( 1966 ) Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Coffman , Edward M ( 1998 ) . The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I The Standard History . ISBN Cooke , James J. , The Rainbow Division in the Great War , 1917 -- 1919 Praeger Publishers , ( 1994 ) Dalessandro , Robert J. & Dalessandro , Rebecca S. American Lions : The 332nd Infantry Regiment in World War I ( Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 2009 ) Dalessandro , Robert J. , & Knapp , Michael G. , `` Organization and Insignia of the American Expeditionary Forces , 1917 -- 1923 '' ( Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 2008 ) The best single volume on AEF unit organization . Dalessandro , Robert J. & Gerald Torrence , `` Willing Patriots : Men of Color in the First World War '' ( Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 2009 ) Davenport , Matthew J. `` First Over There : The Attack on Cantigny America 's First Battle of World War I '' ( New York , Thomas Dunne : 2015 ) Faulkner , Richard S. Pershing 's Crusaders : The American Soldier in World War I ( U Press of Kansas , 2017 ) . xiv , 758 pp Freidel , Frank . Over There ( 1964 ) , well illustrated Grotelueschen ; Mark E. Doctrine under Trial : American Artillery Employment in World War I ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 313 - 31171 - 4 ( full text version at Google Books ) Hallas , James H. Doughboy War : The American Expeditionary Force in World War I ( 2000 ) Heller Charles E. Chemical Warfare in World War I . The American Experience , 1917 -- 1918 . Fort Leavenworth , Kan. : Combat Studies Institute , 1984 . Hirrel , Leo P. `` Supporting the Doughboys : US Army Logistics and Personnel During World War I . '' Ft . Leavenworth , KS Combat Studies Institute , 2017 . online at no charge Holley , I.B. Ideas and Weapons : Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by the United States During World War I ( 1983 ) Howarth , Stephen . To Shining Sea : A History of the United States Navy , 1775 -- 1991 ( 1991 ) Hurley , Alfred F. Billy Mitchell , Crusader for Air Power ( 1975 ) James , D. Clayton . The Years of MacArthur , I , 1880 -- 1941 . ( 1970 ) Johnson ; Herbert A. Wingless Eagle : U.S. Army Aviation through World War I University of North Carolina Press , ( 2001 ) Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Lengel , Edward G. ( 2008 ) . To Conquer Hell . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7931 - 9 . Lengel , Edward G. , ed . A Companion to the Meuse - Argonne Campaign ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2014 ) . xii , 537 pp . Millett , Allan Reed . Semper Fidelis : The History of the United States Marine Corps ( 1991 ) Pershing , John J. Pershing , My Experiences in the World War ( 1931 ) Smythe , Donald . Pershing : General of the Armies ( 1986 ) Trask , David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council : American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1961 ) Trask , David F. The AEF and Coalition Warmaking , 1917 -- 1918 ( 1993 ) online free Van Ells , Mark D. America and World War I : A Traveler 's Guide . ( Interlink , 2014 ) Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Wilson Dale E. Treat ' Em Rough : The Birth of American Armor , 1917 -- 1920 Presidio Press , 1989 . Woodward , David R. Trial by Friendship : Anglo - American Relations , 1917 - 1918 ( 1993 ) online Woodward , David R . The American Army and the First World War ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) . 484 pp. online review Yockelson , Mitchell A. ( 2008 - 05 - 30 ) . Borrowed Soldiers : Americans under British Command , 1918 . Foreword by John S.D. Eisenhower . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3919 - 7 . Yockelson , Mitchell . Forty - Seven Days : How Pershing 's Warriors Came of Age to Defeat at the German Army in World War I ( New York : NAL , Caliber , 2016 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 46695 - 2 Zeiger ; Susan . In Uncle Sam 's Service : Women Workers with the American Expeditionary Force , 1917 -- 1919 ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Expeditionary Forces . AEF General Headquarters Papers American Expeditionary Force website -- recaps war in 10 pages American Expeditionary Forces in World War I Awards and Decorations : World War I Statistics Campaigns of the United States Army * Records of the American Expeditionary Forces ( World War I ) at the National Archives and Records Administration Chapter 17 : `` World War I : The First Three Years '' Chapter 18 : `` World War I : The U.S. Army Overseas '' CMH Pub 24 - 1 : `` Learning Lessons in the American Expeditionary Forces '' WWI Service Questionnaires at Gettysburg College World War I : Soldiers Remembered , Washington State Library and Washington State Archives * Works by United States Army . American Expeditionary Forces at Project Gutenberg Works by American Expeditionary Forces at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by or about American Expeditionary Forces at Internet Archive BNF : cb13746120z ( data ) GND : 5026840 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0001 2155 6399 LCCN : n84077783 NKC : kn20090625017 SUDOC : 02967428X VIAF : 129053844 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Expeditionary_Forces&oldid=841827185 '' Categories : 1917 establishments in France 1920 disestablishments in Washington , D.C. Disbanded armies Expeditionary units and formations Military units and formations of the United States in World War I Military history of the United States during World War I Military units and formations established in 1917 Military units and formations disestablished in 1920 Hidden categories : Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 09 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the american expeditionary force and who led it	[ "The American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F., A.E.F. or AEF) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing. It fought alongside French Army, British Army, Canadian Army, and Australian Army units against the German Empire. A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro-Hungarian Army. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood) in the summer of 1918, and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918.", "The American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F., A.E.F. or AEF) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I. The AEF was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing. It fought alongside French Army, British Army, Canadian Army, and Australian Army units against the German Empire. A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro-Hungarian Army. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood) in the summer of 1918, and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918." ]	[ "a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I", "under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing" ]
4842689974450188967	Dana Scully	Dana Scully - wikipedia Dana Scully Jump to : navigation , search Dr. Dana Scully The X-Files character First appearance `` Pilot '' Portrayed by Gillian Anderson Residence Washington , D.C. , U.S. Information Occupation FBI agent , physician Family Bill Scully Sr . Margaret Scully Bill Scully Jr . Melissa Scully Charles Scully Children Emily Sim William Scully Religion Roman Catholic Partners Fox Mulder John Doggett Affiliations Monica Reyes Walter Skinner The Lone Gunmen Duration 1993 -- 2002 , 2008 , 2016 -- Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Films The X-Files ( 1998 ) The X-Files : I Want to Believe ( 2008 ) Dana Katherine Scully is a fictional character in the Fox science fiction - supernatural television series The X-Files , played by Gillian Anderson . Scully is an FBI agent and a medical doctor ( M.D. ) , partnered with fellow Special Agent Fox Mulder for the first seven , and the tenth , seasons , and with John Doggett in the eighth and ninth seasons . In the television series , they work out of a cramped basement office at FBI headquarters in Washington , D.C. to investigate unsolved cases labeled `` X-Files '' . In 2002 , Scully left government employment , and in 2008 she began working as a surgeon in Our Lady of Sorrows , a private Catholic hospital -- where she stayed for seven years , until rejoining the FBI . In contrast to Mulder 's credulous `` believer '' character , Scully is the skeptic for the first seven seasons , choosing to base her beliefs on what science can prove . She later on becomes a `` believer '' after Mulder 's abduction at the end of season seven . Scully has appeared in all but four episodes of The X-Files , and in the 20th Century Fox films The X-Files , released in 1998 , and The X-Files : I Want to Believe , released ten years later . The episodes she does not appear in are `` 3 '' , `` Zero Sum '' , `` Unusual Suspects '' , and `` Travelers '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Storylines 3 Characterization 3.1 Relationships 4 Conceptual history 5 Reception 6 `` The Scully Effect '' 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Background ( edit ) Dana Katherine Scully was born on February 23 , 1964 in Annapolis , Maryland , to William ( Don S. Davis ) and Margaret Scully ( Sheila Larken ) , into a close - knit Catholic family with Irish ancestry . She has an older brother , Bill Jr. , an older sister , Melissa , and a younger brother , Charles , who is never seen on the show except in flashbacks . Scully 's father was a navy captain , who died of a heart attack in early January 1994 . Dana Scully grew up in Annapolis , Maryland and later in San Diego , California . As a young girl , Scully 's favorite book was Moby - Dick and she came to nickname her father `` Ahab '' from the book , and in return , he called her `` Starbuck . '' Due to this she named her dog Queequeg . Scully attended The University of Maryland , and in 1986 received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics . Her undergraduate thesis was titled Einstein 's Twin Paradox : A New Interpretation . While in medical school at Stanford University she was recruited by the FBI ; she accepted the agency 's offer of employment because she felt she could distinguish herself there . After two years in the bureau , Division Chief Scott Blevins assigned her to work with agent Fox Mulder . Storylines ( edit ) Upon being partnered with Mulder , Scully maintained her medical skills by acting as a forensic pathologist , often performing or consulting on autopsies of victims on X-Files cases . In Season 2 , Scully was kidnapped by an ex-FBI mental patient named Duane Barry , and then taken from Barry by a military covert operation that were working with the alien conspirators , but was later returned . In Season 3 she found out that a super hi - tech microchip has been implanted in the back of her neck . After having it removed , she developed cancer in the fourth season and was hospitalized after the cancer became terminal . She was saved after Mulder broke into the Department of Defense to retrieve another chip to be implanted back into her neck . At the time , Scully was also undergoing experimental medical treatments and was having a dramatic renewal of her faith . Scully was pronounced infertile during the fifth season . In the season five episode `` Emily '' , Scully discovers that she unknowingly mothered a daughter during her abduction ( in season 2 ) . Her daughter Emily was adopted by another family . Emily died shortly afterwards , and they were unable to further investigate after Emily 's body went missing . In the seventh season finale , `` Requiem '' , Scully mysteriously became pregnant . The child , named William , after her own father , as well as Mulder 's father , was born at the end of the eighth season . The show did not initially reveal the cause of Scully 's pregnancy , but later episodes and movies would see Mulder and Scully call William `` our son '' ; the pair had unsuccessfully tried for a child through in vitro fertilization . Around this time , Mulder was fired from the FBI by Deputy Director Alvin Kersh , and Scully left the field to teach forensics at Quantico . William was given up for adoption during the end of the ninth season after Scully felt she could no longer provide the safety that William needed . William was a `` miracle child '' , of some importance to the alien Conspiracy . He demonstrated extraordinary powers , including telekinesis . In The X-Files : I Want to Believe she is shown working as a medical doctor at the Our Lady of Sorrows , a private Catholic hospital in Virginia . Early on in the film Scully is contacted by the FBI who are looking for Fox Mulder in the hope that he will assist them with the investigation of a missing FBI agent . In exchange for his help the charges against him will be dropped . Unlike Mulder , Scully was apparently not considered a fugitive by the FBI . However , she did continue to maintain her romantic relationship with Mulder throughout the six years that he was on the run from the American government . In the movie , they are shown to be living together in a secluded house . In the first episode of season 10 , `` My Struggle '' ( 2016 ) , it is shown that Scully is still working as a doctor for Our Lady Of Sorrows hospital , now performing surgeries on children with severe birth defects . It is revealed that Scully has extraterrestrial DNA , as the test that she performs on herself confirms . After the FBI reopens the X-Files , fourteen years after their closure , she rejoins the bureau . In `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' , Scully jokes that she often enters dangerous situations alone due to the immortality she obtained during `` Tithonus '' , which was first referenced in `` Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose '' . At the end of `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' , Scully steals a dog from an animal control center , named Daggoo. which is named after yet another character from Moby - Dick . In `` Home Again '' Dana 's mother , Margaret Scully , dies after suffering a heart attack . In the show 's tenth season finale , `` My Struggle II '' , Scully is in a race against time to save humankind , creating a vaccine from her own extraterrestrial DNA . Characterization ( edit ) Throughout the series , her Catholic faith served as a cornerstone , although a contradiction to her otherwise rigid skepticism of the paranormal . Due to her career in science and medicine , she drifted from her Catholic Christian upbringing but remained somewhat entrenched in her religious beliefs . Scully almost always wears a gold cross necklace , given to her by her mother as a Christmas present when she was fifteen . When she was abducted by Duane Barry , a self - proclaimed alien abductee , it was the only item left behind in Barry 's getaway car . Mulder wore it as a talisman of her until Scully miraculously reappeared in a Washington , D.C. hospital . After she recovered from the trauma of her abduction , he returned the cross to her . The abduction visibly tested the limits of her faith -- Mulder believes that Scully was taken aboard an alien spaceship and was subjected to tests . However , because of Scully 's skepticism , she believes she was kidnapped by men and subjected to tests , not aliens . She believes she could have been brought there by Barry , and she began to exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder on a case involving a murdering fetishist named Donnie Pfaster . This psychological re-victimization continued after Pfaster escaped from prison five years later and again attempted to kill her in her home , ending only after she fatally shot him . She struggled with what motivated her actions to kill Pfaster , and questioned whether it was God compelling her to kill him , or `` something else . '' Sometime after her recovery from cancer , Scully began to regularly attend Mass again . At the request of Father McCue , Scully got involved in a case concerning a paraplegic girl who was found dead in a kneeling position with her palms outstretched and eye sockets charred . After Scully discovered the girl was part of a set of quadruplets and two more were murdered , Father McCue shared with her the story of the seraphim and the nephilim , which Scully interpreted as a possible explanation for the deformations and deaths of the girls . Scully continued to have visions of Emily , and when the last girl died , Scully believed she was returning the girl to God . Upon her return to Washington D.C. , she went to confession to gain peace of mind and acceptance for Emily 's death . In confession she regretted her decision of letting the girl go . This suggests Scully had doubts about her faith . In Milagro , the eighteenth episode of the sixth season , Agent Scully 's vulnerability is exposed . In this episode , the murderer takes the victim 's heart out . The suspect , a writer named Phillip Padgett , has a particular interest in Scully and is fascinated by her beauty and personality . When she goes to a church to observe a painting , the writer is there and talks to her about the Sacred Heart of Jesus . During the conversation he says she visits the church because she likes art , but not as place of worship . Scully does n't say otherwise and later she says to Agent Mulder the writer told her her life story . All this suggests that Scully is n't a devout Roman Catholic , although she attempted to approach again the Catholic community and the Catholic faith to which she was devout in her youth , after handling the strange case presented in `` Revelations '' and also after dealing with life - threatening cancer during the fourth season . Relationships ( edit ) While in medical school , she carried on an affair with her married instructor , Dr. Daniel Waterston who may have been the `` college boyfriend '' mentioned in `` Trust No 1 '' . It is never indicated in the show whether or not the relationship became sexual . According to Anderson in the episode 's audio commentary , Scully came very close to having an affair with the married Waterston but left before she could break up his marriage . The end of her relationship with Waterston came about following her decision to go into the FBI . After her entrance to the FBI 's Academy at Quantico , Scully began a year - long relationship with her Academy instructor , Jack Willis , with whom she shared a birthday . Towards the end of the series , her previously platonic friendship with partner Fox Mulder developed into a romantic relationship . When Mulder was injured in a boat crash , he awakened in a hospital and told Scully that he loved her . In the season six episode `` How the Ghosts Stole Christmas '' , a ghost that seems to know the inner workings of Scully 's mind suggests that her source of intimacy for Mulder comes from her desire to always prove him wrong . By the end of the sixth season , Mulder and Scully were increasingly shown enjoying more light - hearted activities together , such as practicing baseball , using FBI funds for a `` night out '' during a movie premiere , and watching a movie at Mulder 's apartment . In the season seven episode `` all things '' , Scully is shown getting dressed in Mulder 's bathroom , while Mulder sleeps , apparently naked , in the bedroom . In `` Trust No 1 '' a man reveals to Scully that he works for a `` new '' Syndicate like - organization , and his job requires him and a few other colleagues to spy on her around the clock . Due to this he knows intimate details of Scully 's personal life , right down to her `` natural hair color '' ( Titian , as later confirmed by Chris Carter ) . It is suggested by this man that Scully ultimately initiated a sexual relationship with Mulder , as he remarked that he was very surprised when she invited Mulder `` into her bed '' . The last scene of the series finale featured Mulder and Scully holding each other on a bed , facing an uncertain future together in love . In the film , The X-Files : I Want to Believe , which takes place six years later , Mulder and Scully are still in a relationship . Scully was concerned that Mulder 's continuing pursuit of the unknown was taking its toll on their relationship and they could not be together if he could n't `` escape the darkness '' . However , the film ends with the couple sharing a passionate kiss , and in the `` secret ending '' after the majority of the credits , a happily smiling Scully is seen in a small rowboat with Mulder , both clad in swimwear , in a tropical sea , having taken him up on his offer to run away together . In the tenth season it is revealed that Scully and Mulder are no longer a couple , as she chose to leave him . Conceptual history ( edit ) Anderson at the 2008 WonderCon Chris Carter named Scully after his favorite sportscaster , Vin Scully of the Los Angeles Dodgers . John Doggett was likewise named after Vin Scully 's longtime broadcasting partner , Jerry Doggett . Scully 's character was also inspired by Jodie Foster 's portrayal of Clarice Starling in the film The Silence of the Lambs . Scully was a known name in UFO lore . In 1950 the less than credible Behind the Flying Saucers was published , written by Variety columnist Frank Scully . The name Scully was also used in 1976 film All the President 's Men , an obvious inspiration for the show , in a list of names who work for the Committee for the Re-Election of the President . The casting for Scully caused a conflict between Carter and the Fox network . Carter had chosen 24 - year - old Gillian Anderson , who Carter felt was perfect for the role . Of her audition , Carter said , `` she came in and read the part with a seriousness and intensity that I knew the Scully character had to have and I knew ( ... ) she was the right person for the part '' . However , Fox executives had wanted a more glamorous `` bombshell '' for the part , hoping that this would lead to the series involving a romantic element . This led Carter to insist that he did not want the roles of Mulder and Scully to become romantically involved . Carter decided Scully would be the skeptic to play against established stereotypes ; typically on television the quality was attributed to a male . Because Duchovny was much taller than Anderson , during scenes where Mulder and Scully stand or walk next to each other Anderson stood on `` the Gilly - Board '' , an apple box named after her . Scully appears in every episode of the ten - season series with the exceptions of `` 3 '' , `` Zero Sum '' , `` Unusual Suspects '' and `` Travelers '' . She has appeared outside The X-Files on numerous occasions , the most notable being in the Millennium ( also created by Chris Carter ) episode `` Lamentation , '' in which the main character , Frank Black , visits the FBI Academy in Quantico , Virginia , and Mulder and Scully are briefly seen descending a stairway . In fact , they are Duchovny and Anderson 's stand - ins . An animated version of Scully , which featured the voice acting of Anderson , would appear on season 8 of The Simpsons , in the episode `` The Springfield Files '' , as well as Canadian animated series Eek ! The Cat , on the episode `` Eek Space 9 '' . The animated television series ReBoot featured characters Fax Modem and Data Nully , obvious spoofs of Mulder and Scully , in the episode `` Trust No One '' . Anderson provided her voice work for the episode , but co-star Duchovny declined . Reception ( edit ) A fan cosplaying as Agent Scully `` I love it when women come up to me and tell me I 'm a positive influence on their lives and the lives of their young daughters . That 's a great feeling . '' -- Gillian Anderson talking about the reaction to Dana Scully from female fans . Anderson won many awards for her portrayal of Special Agent Scully during the ten seasons of The X-Files , including an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1997 , a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Television Drama Series in 1997 , two SAG Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series in 1996 and 1997 and a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 1997 . In total , Anderson received for the role , four Emmy nominations , four Golden Globe nominations , nine SAG nominations and eight Saturn nominations . Film critic Scott Mendelson , writing in The Huffington Post , cited Scully as an example of strong female characters on television , calling her `` one of the most iconic characters in the science - fiction genre '' . Radio Times 's Laura Pledger also named her as a strong TV woman , placing her at # 1 . Rebecca Traister of Salon.com opined that Scully had a better character arc than Mulder . She wrote , `` The very fact that her character was such a hard sell made her repeated brushes with the supernatural all the more powerful . Mulder 's desire to believe was so expansive , his credulity so flexible , that it 's not as though he was ever going to have either shaken from him . But Scully 's surety was solid , stable , rigid ; every time she saw something she thought she 'd never see , we saw it crack , sparks fly from it . She was forced to question herself , grow , change '' . She praised her for being more `` rational , resilient , ( and ) mature '' than her partner and for their mature relationship . In a review of `` Irresistible '' , Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club wrote that it was a cliché to put Scully in danger , as `` Scully is ( the show 's ) heart , and any time she 's in danger , it feels like the show itself is about to be stabbed through the heart '' . The character of Scully has become something of a sci - fi heroine due to her intelligence and resilience , frequently appearing on lists of important female science fiction characters , such as Total Sci - Fi Online 's list of The 25 Women Who Shook Sci - Fi , where she came in fourth . TV Squad named her the thirteenth greatest woman on television , while the site also listed her among the most memorable female science fiction television characters . She is also often cited as being an unlikely sex symbol , frequently being included in lists of sexy TV characters . She was listed in AfterEllen.com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . The pairing Mulder / Scully was ranked number 15 on Sleuth Channel 's poll of America 's Top Sleuths . Angelica Jade Bastién of Vulture emphasized the importance of Scully 's character in popular culture by listing all the strong female characters she inspired or may have influenced in some aspects , including : Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan of Bones , Peggy Carter of Agent Carter , Veronica Mars of Veronica Mars , Olivia Moore of iZombie , Dr. Maura Isles of Rizzoli & Isles , Olivia Benson of Law and Order : SVU , Joan Watson of Elementary , Sydney Bristow of Alias , Abbie Mills of Sleepy Hollow , Zoë Washburne of Firefly , Stella Gibson ( another character portrayed by Anderson ) of The Fall and Olivia Dunham of Fringe . Jade Bastién wrote : `` Do all the characters Scully has influenced live up to her ? Definitely not . Gillian Anderson 's performance and her chemistry with David Duchovny are n't exactly elements that can be replicated . But these characters prove that Scully is n't only the heart of The X-Files , but also the character who had the most profound influence on popular culture '' . Indiewire 's Liz Shannon Miller ranked Scully as the # 1 most important character of The X-Files , writing : `` Scully 's legacy is so important in so many ways , from giving us the gift of Gillian Anderson 's acting , to inspiring an entire generation of young women to pursue careers in STEM . Intelligent , loyal , flawed and brave , Scully was the show 's beating heart and saving grace even in its lowest years . As Chris Carter himself has said : ' It 's Scully 's show ' . '' `` The Scully Effect '' ( edit ) The character is believed to have initiated a phenomenon referred to as `` The Scully Effect '' ; as the medical doctor and the FBI Special Agent inspired many young women to pursue careers in science , medicine and law enforcement , and as a result brought a perceptible increase in the number of women in those fields . At the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International , Anderson noted that she has long been aware of `` The Scully Effect '' and stated : `` We got a lot of letters all the time , and I was told quite frequently by girls who were going into the medical world or the science world or the FBI world or other worlds that I reigned , that they were pursuing those pursuits because of the character of Scully . And I said , ' Yay ! ' '' Anne Simon , a biology professor and a science adviser for the series recalls : `` I asked my Intro Bio class back then how many of them were influenced by the character of Scully on The X-Files to go into science and half of the hands in the room went up . That 's huge ! That was saying that the show was really having an effect . '' `` The Scully Effect '' remains a subject of academic inquiry . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Lange ( director ) ; Howard Gordon & Chris Carter ( writers ) . `` Miracle Man '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 18 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : R.W. Goodwin ( director ) ; Glen Morgan & James Wong ( writers ) . `` One Breath ( X-Files Episode ) '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 2 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : David Nutter ( director ) ; Alex Gansa & Howard Gordon ( writers ) . `` Lazarus '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 15 . FOX Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Glen Morgan & James Wong ( writers ) . `` Beyond the Sea '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 13 . FOX . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Kim Newton ( writer ) . `` Quagmire '' . The X-Files . Season 3 . Episode 22 . FOX . Jump up ^ Glen Morgan ( director ) ; Glen Morgan ( writer ) . `` Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man '' . The X-Files . Season 4 . Episode 7 . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Robert Mandel ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Pilot '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 1 . FOX . Jump up ^ Chris Carter ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Duane Barry '' . The X-Files . Season 2 . Episode 5 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Michael Lange ( director ) ; Paul Brown ( writer ) . `` Ascension '' . The X-Files . Season 2 . Episode 6 . FOX . Jump up ^ Rob Bowman ( director ) ; Chris Carter , Frank Spotnitz , Vince Gilligan & John Shiban ( writers ) . `` Memento Mori '' . The X-Files . Season 4 . Episode 15 . FOX . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Redux '' . The X-Files . Season 5 . Episode 1 & 2 . FOX . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Requiem '' . The X-Files . Season 5 . Episode 1 & 2 . FOX . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Existence '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 21 . FOX . Jump up ^ Rod Hardy ( director ) ; Steven Maeda ( writer ) . `` Vienen '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 18 . FOX . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Nothing Important Happened Today '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 1 & 2 . FOX . Jump up ^ David Duchovny ( director ) ; Chris Carter , Frank Spotnitz & David Duchovny ( writers ) . `` William '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 16 . FOX . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Redux '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 9 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Chris Carter ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` The X-Files : I Want to Believe '' . The X-Files . Episode 2 of 2 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : `` My Struggle '' . The X-Files . Season 10 . Episode 1 . FOX . Jump up ^ `` Mulder and Scully Meet the Were - Monster '' . The X-Files . Season 10 . Episode 3 . FOX . Jump up ^ `` Home Again '' . The X-Files . Season 10 . Episode 4 . FOX . Jump up ^ `` My Struggle II '' . The X-Files . Season 10 . Episode 6 . FOX . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Philosophy of The X-Files . University Press of Kentucky . p. 50 . Jump up ^ David Nutter ( director ) ; Chris Ruppenthal , Glen Morgan & James Wong ( writers ) . `` 3 '' . The X-Files . Season 2 . Episode 7 . FOX . Jump up ^ David Nutter ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Irresistible '' . The X-Files . Season 2 . Episode 13 . FOX . Jump up ^ Rob Bowman ( director ) ; Chip Johannessen ( writer ) . `` Orison '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 7 . FOX . Jump up ^ Allen Coulter ( director ) ; Frank Spotnitz & John Shiban ( writers ) . `` All Souls '' . The X-Files . Season 5 . Episode 17 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Gillian Anderson ( director ) ; Gillian Anderson ( writer ) . `` all things '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 17 . FOX . Jump up ^ Chris Carter ( director & writer ) . `` Triangle '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 3 . FOX . Jump up ^ Chris Carter ( director & writer ) . `` How the Ghosts Stole Christmas '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 6 . FOX . Jump up ^ David Duchovny ( director & writer ) . `` The Unnatural '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 19 . FOX . Jump up ^ Allen Coulter ( director ) ; Frank Spotnitz & John Shiban ( writers ) . `` Hollywood A.D. '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 19 . FOX . Jump up ^ Allen Coulter ( director ) ; Frank Spotnitz & John Shiban ( writers ) . `` Je Souhaite '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 21 . FOX . Jump up ^ `` Chris Carter AMA Reddit 2014 '' . Reddit . February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tony Wharmby ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Trust No 1 '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 8 . FOX . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` The Truth '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 19 & 20 . FOX . Jump up ^ Levine , Ken ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` Naming characters on TV shows '' . kenlevine.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowry , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : Lowry , pp. 15 -- 17 ^ Jump up to : Chris Carter ( narrator ) . Chris Carter Speaks about Season One Episodes : Pilot ( DVD ) . Fox . Jump up ^ Anderson , Gillian ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` I am Gillian Anderson -- AMA ! '' . Reddit . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gillian Anderson Bio '' . Ask Men . Jump up ^ `` GA Wins Emmy in ' 97 -- YouTube.Com '' . Jump up ^ `` GA and DD win GGS in 1997 -- YouTube.Com '' . Jump up ^ `` GA wins SAG award in ' 96 -- YouTube.Com '' . Jump up ^ `` SAGs -- 1997 Gillian Anderson -- YouTube.Com '' . Jump up ^ `` Gillian Anderson - Television Academy - Emmy Awards '' . Primetime Emmy Awards . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gillian Anderson -- Golden Globe Official Website '' . Golden Globe Award . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gillian Anderson -- Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Why Wonder Woman Belongs on Television , Where Female Superheroes Thrive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pledger , Laura ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Ten Strong TV women '' . Radio Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Traister , Rebecca ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` Scully have I loved '' . Salon.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( June 6 , 2010 ) . `` '' Irresistible `` / '' Die Hand Die Verletzt `` / '' Fresh Bones `` '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Women Who Shook Sci - Fi '' . totalscifionline.com . June 3 , 2009 . LiveJournal . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` TV 's Greatest Women : 25 - 1 '' . TV Squad . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sci - Fi TV 's Most Memorable Female Characters '' . TV Squad . March 18 , 2011 . LiveJournal . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest Nerd Crushes '' . Maxim . March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 14 Hottest ' 90s TV Stars , Ranked '' . Maxim . March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Sleuths '' . 2006 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jade Bastién , Angelica ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` All the Characters Agent Dana Scully Has Inspired '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shannon Miller , Liz ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` The 49 Most Important Characters of ' The X-Files ' , Ranked '' . Indiewire . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher Zumski Finke ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` Less `` Big Bang Theory , '' More Dana Scully : What It 's Going to Take to Lead More Girls Into Science `` . YES ! Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abby Norman ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` The Scully Effect : How `` X-Files '' Helped Mainstream Women In STEM Careers `` . All That Is Interesting . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Vineyard ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Nearly Everything The X-Files ' David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson Said This Weekend '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carly Lane ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` The New ' X-Files ' Science Advisor Explains How the Reboot Will Stay ' Realistic ' '' . Motherboard . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Media Portrayals and Their Effects on the Public Understanding of Science '' . ACS Publications . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Bibliography ( edit ) Duncan , Jody ( 1998 ) . The Making of The X-Files Movie . HarperPrism . ISBN 9780061073168 . Edwards , Ted ( 1996 ) . X-Files Confidential . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 9780316218085 . Hurwitz , Matt ; Knowles , Chris ( 2008 ) . The Complete X-Files . Insight Editions . ISBN 1 - 933784 - 80 - 6 . Kessenich , Tom ( 2002 ) . Examinations : An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6 -- 9 of `` The X-Files '' . New York , US : Trafford Publishing . ISBN 9781553698128 . Lovece , Frank ( 1996 ) . The X-Files Declassified . Citadel Press . ISBN 9780806517452 . Lowry , Brian ; Stegall , Sarah ( 1995 ) . The Truth Is Out There : The Official Guide to the X-Files . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 105330 - 9 . Shapiro , Marc ( 2000 ) . All Things : The Official Guide to the X-Files Volume 6 . Harper Prism . ISBN 0 - 06 - 107611 - 2 . Shearman , Robert ; Pearson , Lars ( 2009 ) . Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X-Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen . Mad Norwegian Press . ISBN 0 - 9759446 - 9 - X . External links ( edit ) Dana Scully on IMDb ( hide ) The X-Files The X-Files Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unmade The X-Files ( film ) The X-Files : I Want to Believe Mythology Religion in The X-Files Sources and analogues Characters Colonists Minor Samantha Mulder X-files unit Fox Mulder Dana Scully Walter Skinner John Doggett Monica Reyes Brad Follmer Jeffrey Spender Alvin Kersh Lone Gunmen Jimmy Bond Syndicate Cigarette Smoking Man Well - Manicured Man Deep Throat X Marita Covarrubias Alex Krycek Men in Black Merchandise Games Collectible Card Game The X-Files Game Unrestricted Access Resist or Serve DVD releases Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Revelations Music Theme Songs in the Key of X The Truth and the Light The X-Files : Original Motion Picture Score The X-Files : The Album I Want to Believe : Original Motion Picture Score Literature The X-Files ( comics ) The X-Files Season 10 The X-Files Season 11 Related shows Millennium The Lone Gunmen `` The Springfield Files '' Book Portal Portals Access related topics The X-Files portal Television in the United States portal Fictional characters portal Speculative fiction portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dana_Scully&oldid=801384645 '' Categories : The X-Files characters Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters with cancer Fictional characters from Maryland Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Fictional characters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Fictional female detectives Fictional female doctors Fictional forensic scientists Fictional paranormal investigators Fictional physicians Fictional surgeons Fictional women scientists Fictional military brats Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Occitan Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 10 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did scully fall in love with mulder	[ "Towards the end of the series, her previously platonic friendship with partner Fox Mulder developed into a romantic relationship. When Mulder was injured in a boat crash, he awakened in a hospital and told Scully that he loved her.[29] In the season six episode \"How the Ghosts Stole Christmas\", a ghost that seems to know the inner workings of Scully's mind suggests that her source of intimacy for Mulder comes from her desire to always prove him wrong.[30] By the end of the sixth season, Mulder and Scully were increasingly shown enjoying more light-hearted activities together, such as practicing baseball,[31] using FBI funds for a \"night out\" during a movie premiere,[32] and watching a movie at Mulder's apartment.[33] In the season seven episode \"all things\", Scully is shown getting dressed in Mulder's bathroom, while Mulder sleeps, apparently naked, in the bedroom.[28] In \"Trust No 1\" a man reveals to Scully that he works for a \"new\" Syndicate like-organization, and his job requires him and a few other colleagues to spy on her around the clock. Due to this he knows intimate details of Scully's personal life, right down to her \"natural hair color\" (Titian, as later confirmed by Chris Carter).[34] It is suggested by this man that Scully ultimately initiated a sexual relationship with Mulder, as he remarked that he was very surprised when she invited Mulder \"into her bed\".[35] The last scene of the series finale featured Mulder and Scully holding each other on a bed, facing an uncertain future together in love.[36]" ]	[ "season six" ]
5581923498970722872	Justin Guarini	Justin Guarini - wikipedia Justin Guarini Jump to : navigation , search Justin Guarini Guarini at the Hard Rock Cafe in Atlanta , 2012 Background information Birth name Justin Eldrin Bell ( 1978 - 10 - 28 ) October 28 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Columbus , Georgia , U.S. Origin Doylestown , Pennsylvania Genres Pop , rock , R&B Occupation ( s ) Singer Instruments Vocals Years active 2002 -- present Labels RCA , Justice Entertainment Website www.justinguarini.com Justin Guarini ( born Justin Eldrin Bell ; October 28 , 1978 ) is an American singer who was runner - up on the first season of American Idol . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Beginnings 2.2 American Idol 2.2. 1 American Idol performances 2.3 2003 -- 2004 : Justin Guarini 2.4 2005 -- 2007 : Stranger Things Have Happened 2.5 2008 -- 2009 : Revolve 2.6 2010 -- present : Acting , hosting and performing 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.1. 1 Studio albums 3.1. 2 Other contributions 3.2 EPs 3.3 Songs 4 Filmography and theater 4.1 Films 4.2 Theater roles 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Guarini was born in Columbus , Georgia . His father , Eldrin Bell , is African - American and is a former Atlanta , Georgia , Chief of Police , and former Chairperson of Clayton County Commission ( Georgia ) . His mother , Kathy Pepino Guarini is Italian American , and was a journalist for WTVM TV in Columbus , and later for CNN . Guarini was primarily raised by his mother and stepfather , physicist Jerry Guarini , in Philadelphia 's suburb of Doylestown , Pennsylvania . He attended Central Bucks High School East . Career ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) Guarini 's musical experience started at age four when he was accepted by the Atlanta Boy Choir . After moving to Pennsylvania in 1985 , he joined the Archdiocese of Philadelphia Boys Choir . Throughout his school years Guarini sang in school choirs , and from 1996 to 2000 was the lead soloist in an award - winning a cappella group named The Midnight Voices . The group released an independent album in 1999 with proceeds benefiting a music scholarship fund at Guarini 's alma mater , Central Bucks High School East in Buckingham , Pennsylvania . He was a director / performer at the Riverside Haunted Woods in Bridgeton , Pennsylvania , in 2001 . His high school and college theatre credits include the lead roles in The Mystery of Edwin Drood , The Little Prince , The Pirates of Penzance , The Taming of the Shrew , and Once on This Island . In addition to singing and stage performing , Guarini plays the piano , guitar , and banjo . After studying vocal performance and theater studies at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia , Guarini later moved to New York City where he attended the School for Film and Television . He worked in New York nightclubs , and auditioned for New York Theatre before successfully auditioning for American Idol in April 2002 . Shortly after being chosen for American Idol , he was offered a role in the Broadway production of The Lion King . Guarini wrote about his decision between the two offers in his exclusive 2008 blog for the television site , Fancast , stating , `` I had attended master classes ... I learned Zulu and Sotho phrases , as well as the music from the show . It was a dream almost come true at the time . But , now I knew I was onto something , and I was n't letting go . I politely declined the offer of a role ... '' . He was also considering a contract offer from an independent record label , but the show 's rules prohibited participants from having existing record contracts . American Idol ( edit ) Idol judge Simon Cowell praised Guarini 's performance in the show 's first season , at one early audition telling him `` Justin , you know , occasionally you 're very privileged when you do a competition like this to hear somebody undiscovered who has a voice like yours '' , with Guarini ultimately becoming the runner - up to winner Kelly Clarkson in September 2002 . Soon after , Guarini signed with American Idol 's 19 Management and secured a record deal with RCA . Prior to the American Idol Tour , he was the only contestant asked to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show , on which Oprah Winfrey told him , `` Justin , you have it . '' Justin leaping down stairs as he sings on the American Idol Tour in Atlanta , Georgia ( 2002 ) . American Idol performances ( edit ) Week Theme Song Sung Artist Order Result Top 30 Semifinal Group 2 `` Ribbon in the Sky '' Stevie Wonder 10 Advanced Top 10 Motown `` For Once in My Life '' Stevie Wonder 6 Safe Top 8 1960s `` Sunny '' Bobby Hebb 7 Safe Top 7 1970s `` Someday We 'll All Be Free '' Donny Hathaway Bottom 2 Top 6 Big Band `` Route 66 '' Nat King Cole Safe Top 5 Burt Bacharach Love Songs `` The Look of Love '' Dusty Springfield Safe Top 4 1980s 1990s `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` Get Here '' Michael Jackson Brenda Russell 8 Safe Top 3 Idol 's Choice Judges ' Choice `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Al Green Elton John 5 Safe Top 2 Finale `` Before Your Love '' `` Get Here '' `` A Moment Like This '' Justin Guarini Oleta Adams Justin Guarini 5 Runner - Up 2003 -- 2004 : Justin Guarini ( edit ) JustinGuarini concert screencap His self - titled album , Justin Guarini , debuted in June 2003 , coinciding with the single releases of the current second season American Idol top two finalists and the movie From Justin to Kelly , in which Guarini co-starred with Kelly Clarkson . The film was critically panned , while the album sold 146,000 copies . In December 2003 Guarini was dropped from RCA Records . Guarini had a role in the 2004 pre-Broadway New York Stage and Film Powerhouse Theater workshop / presentation of the musical Good Vibrations at Vassar College . His performance ( which included singing , dancing , acting , and playing guitar ) landed Guarini an offer to continue the role in the original Broadway production , which he eventually declined . 2005 -- 2007 : Stranger Things Have Happened ( edit ) Guarini co-produced his second album Stranger Things Have Happened , independently released in December 2005 through his own production company , Justice Entertainment , Ltd ... The album of reinvented jazz standards was described by Allmusic as `` a successful reinvention ... where his natural skills shine '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer said that `` Guarini displays an agile , attractive voice with good phrasing , supported by a sophisticated and funky backing ensemble . '' Guarini wrote , co-arranged and recorded a benefit song released with H.H. Gayuna Cealo , and a song for the documentary series Project Everlasting , in August 2006 and featured on the Today Show . The title track from his album Stranger Things Have Happened was also used in the documentary . From 2007 to 2011 , TV Guide Network signed Guarini as permanent co-host for Idol Wrap and Idol Tonight . On - air duties with the network expanded to include guest hosting / appearances on other TV Guide Network shows , hosting movie premiere specials , and serving as a member of TV Guide Network 's awards show team with on - air coverage of awards shows such as the Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards . 2008 -- 2009 : Revolve ( edit ) Guarini in The American Idol Experience motorcade at Walt Disney World in 2009 . In May 2008 , Guarini released an acoustic EP titled Revolve comprising three songs ( `` Sweet Time '' , `` Rock Bottom '' , and `` When She Cries '' ) co-written and co-produced with Shaun Ingram . Versions of the songs are planned to be included on a future solo album . While stepping out to support the opening of The American Idol Experience at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in February 2009 , Guarini confirmed his impending marriage to his fiancée , Reina Capodici . In an exclusive pictorial of the wedding , People reported that the couple married on September 26 , 2009 . 2010 -- present : acting , hosting and performing ( edit ) Wicked with Justin Guarini as Fiyero . Guarini became a part of the Broadway community with his 2010 Broadway debut as Carlos in a musical adaptation of Pedro Almodovar 's film , Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown . Critics called Guarini 's debut `` surprisingly charming '' , `` captivating '' and `` extremely likeable '' . Guarini played Will , one of the three male leads in Green Day 's rock musical American Idiot performing March 1 , 2011 , through the show 's closing night , April 24 , 2011 . On April 26 , 2011 , his first child with Capodici , William Neko Bell Guarini , was born . His second child , Asher , was born on February 25 , 2013 . In 2013 , Guarini was cast in a modern Broadway production of William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet as Paris . After its Broadway run , the live - filmed stage play was released in movie theaters . Guarini joined the Broadway production of Wicked , in the role of Fiyero from February 25 to December 14 , 2014 . Other stage work includes lead roles in regional reproductions of Rent , Chicago , Company and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . Original regional productions include Ghost Brothers of Darkland County as one of two feuding brothers in 2012 at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta , Georgia . In It 's a Wonderful Life , A Live Radio Play Guarini voiced George Bailey in a 2015 on - stage comedic production . In 2015 , he starred in the New York City Center Encores presentation Paint Your Wagon . Praised by critics , Guarini played the outcast Mexican miner . Guarini starred in the 2015 original musical `` Moonshine : The Hee Haw Musical '' premiering at the Dallas Theater Center on September 2 through October 11 , and Mamma Mia ! in 2016 . Also in 2016 , Guarini was cast in Broadway 's new In Transit , the first a cappella musical with book , music and lyrics by Kristen Anderson - Lopez . Guarini participates in Equity staged readings of The Awakening of Angel DeLuna , hosts and / or performs for various Broadway and stage - related benefits , and other industry - related events including Broadway on the Hudson , the Times Square Tony Awards Simulcast in 2014 and 2015 , adding executive producer duties in 2015 . He was an executive producer for the 2015 revival of the musical Side Show . In 2016 Guarini attended the Tony Awards , and co-hosted backstage coverage of the live broadcast in conjunction with BroadwayHD.com . He 's also acted in independent film projects such as the drama and action film Fast Girl , The Unknown : Frankie The Squirrel , Mafioso II : The Son and short film Tilt - a-Whirl for the Dances With Films festival . Since 2015 , Guarini has been starring as Lil ' Sweet in Diet Dr Pepper television commercials , and web marketing . In 2016 , Dr Pepper `` promoted '' tunes for a Lil ' Sweet `` album '' with video clips , promotional pictures of the character , and the character 's own Twitter page . All commercials and clips are available on Dr Pepper 's YouTube channel . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) An EP of original music will be released by Guarini approximately July 30 , 2016 . Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album details Peak Certifications ( sales threshold ) US 1999 The Midnight Voices As lead vocalist Released : 1999 -- US sales : N / A 2003 Justin Guarini Released : June 10 , 2003 Label : RCA Records 20 US sales : 146,000 2005 Stranger Things Have Happened Released : December , 2005 Label : Justice Entertainment , Ltd -- US sales : N / A `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Other contributions ( edit ) Foreign Shores by David Hughes ( featured vocalist ) 2009 The Awakening of Angel DeLuna ( cast album ) 2009 I Could Use a Drink by Drew Gasparini ( featured vocalist ) 2012 Where the Sky Ends : Music by Michael Mott by Michael Mott ( featured vocalist ) 2014 Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ( Original Broadway Cast ) 2011 Paint Your Wagon ( cast album ) 2014 EPs ( edit ) Revolve ( Acoustic ) ( May 2008 ) Songs ( edit ) Did You Know That I Know Your Journey ? ( 2006 ) ( vocals , music , co-produced ) Everlasting for documentary Project Everlasting ( 2006 ) ( vocals , music , lyrics , piano ) What You Wo n't Do for Love for Drivetime Reflections ( 2010 ) ( vocals ) Filmography and theater ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Role 2003 From Justin to Kelly Justin Bell 2008 Fast Girl Darryl K. Sands 2014 Romeo and Juliet Paris Theater roles ( edit ) Good Vibrations ( 2004 ) as Jan The Awakening of Angel DeLuna ( 2009 ) as Fred Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ( 2010 -- 2011 Broadway ) as Carlos American Idiot ( 2011 Broadway ) as Will Rent ( 2011 Regional ) as Roger Davis Chicago ( 2011 Regional ) as Billy Flynn Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 Regional ) as Drake McCandless Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 2012 Regional ) as Joseph It 's a Wonderful Life : A Live Radio Play ( 2012 Regional ) as Jake Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 Broadway ) as Paris Wicked ( 2014 Broadway ) as Fiyero Paint Your Wagon ( 2015 New York City Center ) as Julio Company ( 2015 Regional ) as Bobby Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical ( 2015 Regional ) First Gentleman ( 2016 NYC ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2016 Regional ) as Sam Carmichael Cake Off ( 2016 Regional ) multiple roles In Transit ( 2016 Broadway ) as Trent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Boy Choir to perform at the Monastery of the Holy Spirit News '' . Rockdalecitizen.com. 2011 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini in world premiere of Stephen King musical '' . Philly.com. 2012 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Comeback for Justin Guarini '' . TV Fanatic. 2007 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` From Justin To Kelly ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( 2003 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Where 's Justin Guarini These Days ? Not On RCA Records , Apparently - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Idol Star Guarini Leaves Company of Good Vibrations '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Alumni Justin Guarini Planning Summer Wedding Access Hollywood - Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol 's Justin Guarini Marches Down the Aisle '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Guarini Joins Broadway 's Women on the Verge ; Casting Complete Archived August 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , August 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini 's ' Breakdown ' getting a beatdown from theater critics '' . Content.usatoday.com. 2010 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( 5 November 2010 ) . `` Broadway 's ' Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ' lacks an edge '' -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Theater review : ' Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ' at the Belasco Theatre Culture Monster Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2010 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Davey Havok , Justin Guarini , Van Hughes Will Be New Leads of Broadway 's American Idiot '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini Welcomes Son William Neko -- Moms & Babies -- Moms & Babies - People.com '' . Celebritybabies.people.com. 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini Welcomes Son Asher -- Moms & Babies -- Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway s Romeo and Juliet with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad Coming to Fathom Events Network of Movie Theaters Nationwide '' . The Gilmer Mirror . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Amabile Angermiller , Michele ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Guarini Nabs Lead in ' Wicked ' on Broadway '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Caroline Bowman and Kara Lindsay Will Be Broadway 's New Wicked Witches ; Robin De Jesus , Matt Shingledecker to Also Join Cast '' . Playbill . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bert Osborne . `` '' Ghost Brothers of Darkland County '' a musical horror story that t `` . Accessatlanta.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Skinner , Shuler Hensley , Justin Guarini Set for GHOST BROTHERS OF DARKLAND COUNTY Workshop , 12 / 5 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Photo Flash : First Look at Justin Guarini , Lauren Molina , Jill Paice and More in Bucks County 's IT 'S A WONDERFUL LIFE '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Paint Your Wagon , ' Starring Keith Carradine , Opens at Encores ! '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Theater Review : At Encores ! , Paint Your Wagon '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Take a Gander at Broadway - Aimed Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical Broadway Buzz '' . Broadway.com. 2015 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : Meet the ' MOONSHINE ' Cast & Creative Team , Beginning Previews Tonight in Dallas ! '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Drink Up ! See Justin Guarini and Rose Hemingway Go Country in Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hayley Levitt ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Justin Guarini Joins the Muny Cast of Mamma Mia ! '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Viagas , Robert ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Telly Leung , Justin Guarini Among Cast of A Cappella Broadway Musical In Transit '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Eddie Varley . `` Justin Guarini 's ' AWAKENING ' '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Star Justin Guarini and More Join NYCLU 's Broadway Stands Up for Freedom '' . TheaterMania.com . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini & Krysta Rodriguez to Host BROADWAY ON THE HUDSON on 9 / 27 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini and Kerry Butler to Host Times Square Tony Awards Simulcast '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini and Deborah Cox Will Host Times Square Simulcast of Tony Awards '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : 38 '' . BroadwayHD. 2016 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Writer , Matt Smith2 ; Theatre , Specialties Include ; Entertainment , Other Forms of ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` 16 Fun Facts We Learned on the Tonys Behind - the - Scenes Livestream Show '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Diet Dr Pepper -- Lil ' Sweet Self Employed '' . youtube.com. 2015 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Diet Dr Pepper -- Lil ' Sweet ' Birthday ' ( 2015 ) . YouTube . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beltrone , Gabriel ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Diet Dr Pepper 's Lil ' Sweet Is Back , and Sweet - Talking All Over Your House , in New Ads '' . Adweek . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lil ' Sweet '' . Diet Dr Pepper . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lil ' Sweet ( @ DietDrPepper ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini : New EP on PledgeMusic '' . Pledgemusic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( 23 May 2011 ) . `` American Idol finale : After 10 years , the beat goes on '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Clarke . `` BWW CD Reviews : Broadway Records ' WHERE THE SKY ENDS : THE MUSIC OF MICHAEL MOTT Awakens Dreamers '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Guarini to star in ' Good Vibrations ' '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eddie Varley . `` Justin Guarini 's ' AWAKENING ' '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Scott Lipton ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Justin Guarini Is Happy on the Verge '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ask a Star : Justin Guarini of American Idiot Videos '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast Announced for Justin Guarini - Led RENT at Surflight '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Idiot 's Justin Guarini Will Star in Media Theatre 's Chicago '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini Will Star in Muny Production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Dwyer , Jenni Barber , Justin Guarini & More to Join Cast of WICKED in February '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights From Paint Your Wagon With Keith Carradine , Alexandra Socha and Justin Guarini '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Keith Carradine , Alexandra Socha , and Justin Guarini in Paint Your Wagon '' . TheaterMania.com . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Call : First Look at Justin Guarini in Bucks County Playhouse Production of Company '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini , Rose Hemingway & More Will Star in MOONSHINE : THAT HEE HAW MUSICAL at Dallas Theater Center '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Lefkowitz ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Guarini Leads Cast of Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Justin Guarini , Rachel Bay Jones , Michael Rupert , Sally Struthers Set for Reading of First Gentleman Musical '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini , Michele Ragusa and Euan Morton to Lead New Musical CAKE OFF at Bucks County Playhouse '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) . `` In Transit on Broadway : Justin Guarini joins a capella musical cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website Justin Guarini on IMDb Justin Guarini at AllMusic American Idol season 1 Finalists Kelly Clarkson Justin Guarini Nikki McKibbin Tamyra Gray R.J. Helton Christina Christian Ryan Starr A.J. Gil Jim Verraros EJay Day Other sources Tour `` A Moment Like This '' `` Before Your Love '' American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game VIAF : 53844788 LCCN : no2003089620 MusicBrainz : d7fff0a4 - 3adf - 40fb - a6bc - 09db41b4b618 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Guarini&oldid=818413971 '' Categories : 1978 births Male actors from Pennsylvania 21st - century American singers 21st - century American male actors African - American musicians American male film actors American Idol participants American jazz singers American male singers American people of Italian descent People from Doylestown , Pennsylvania American pianists Living people Musicians from Columbus , Georgia University of the Arts ( Philadelphia ) alumni American male stage actors 19 Recordings artists Actors from Columbus , Georgia Singers from Pennsylvania Male actors of Italian descent 21st - century American guitarists Guitarists from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Guitarists from Philadelphia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 11 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays sweet in the dr pepper commercial	[ "Since 2015, Guarini has been starring as Lil' Sweet in Diet Dr Pepper television commercials, and web marketing.[37][38][39] In 2016, Dr Pepper \"promoted\" tunes for a Lil' Sweet \"album\" with video clips, promotional pictures of the character, and the character's own Twitter page.[40][41] All commercials and clips are available on Dr Pepper's YouTube channel." ]	[ "Guarini" ]
5256575436795188265	American football positions	American football positions - wikipedia American football positions This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A diagram showing an I formation on offense and a 4 - 3 formation on defense In American football each team has 11 players on the field at one time . The specific role that a player takes on the field is called his position . Under the modern rules of American football , teams are allowed unlimited substitutions ; that is , teams may change any number of players after any play . This has resulted in the development of three `` platoons '' of players : the offense ( the team with the ball , which is trying to score ) , the defense ( the team trying to prevent the other team from scoring , and to take the ball from them ) , and the special teams ( who play in kicking situations ) . Within those platoons , various specific positions exist depending on what each player 's main job is . Contents 1 Offense 1.1 Offensive ( interior ) line 1.2 Backs and receivers 2 Defense 2.1 Defensive line 2.2 Linebackers 2.3 Defensive backs 3 Special teams 4 See also 5 References Offense ( edit ) In American football , the offense is the side in which the players have possession of the ball . It is their job to advance the ball towards the opponent 's end zone to score points . Broadly speaking , the eleven players of the offense are broken into two groups : the five offensive linemen , whose primary job is to block , and the six backs and receivers whose primary job is to advance the ball either running with the ball or passing it . The backs and receivers are also commonly known as skill position players or as eligible receivers ( or eligible ball carriers ) . Offensive linemen are not eligible to advance the ball past the line of scrimmage during a play . The organization of the offense is strictly mandated by the rules ; there must be at least seven players on the line of scrimmage and no more than four players ( known collectively as `` backs '' ) behind it . The only players eligible to handle the ball during a normal play are the backs and the two players on the end of the line ( the `` ends '' ) . The remaining players ( known as `` interior linemen '' ) are `` ineligible '' to catch forward passes , so they usually only block . Within these strictures , however , creative coaches have developed a wide array of offensive formations to take advantage of different player skills and game situations . The following positions are standard in nearly every game , though different teams will use different arrangements of them . Offensive ( interior ) line ( edit ) The offensive line ( on left , in orange jerseys ) consists of a center ( with ball in hand ready to snap ) two guards on either side of him , and two tackles . The offensive line is primarily responsible for blocking . During normal play , offensive linemen do not handle the ball ( aside from the snap from center ) , unless the ball is fumbled by a ball carrier , a pass is deflected and caught by a lineman or when a player who is normally an offensive lineman takes a different position on the field . The offensive line consists of : Center ( C ) The center is the player who begins the play from scrimmage by snapping the ball to the quarterback . As the name suggests , the center usually plays in the middle of the offensive line , though some teams may employ an unbalanced line where the center is offset to one side . Like all offensive linemen , the center has the responsibility to block defensive players . The center often also has the responsibility to call out blocking assignments and make last second adjustments depending on the defensive alignment . Offensive guard ( OG ) Two guards line up directly on either side of the center . Like all interior linemen , their function is to block on both running and passing plays . On some plays , rather than blocking straight ahead , a guard will `` pull '' , whereby the guard comes out of his position in line to lead block for a ball carrier , on plays known as `` traps '' ( for inside runs ) , or `` sweeps '' ( for outside runs ) , or `` screens '' ( for passing plays ) . In such cases , the guard is referred to as a `` pulling guard '' . Offensive tackle ( OT ) Two tackles play outside of the guards . Their role is primarily to block on both running and passing plays . The area from one tackle to the other is an area of `` close line play '' in which blocks from behind , which are prohibited elsewhere on the field , are allowed . For a right - handed quarterback , the left tackle is charged with protecting the quarterback from being hit from behind ( known as his `` blind side '' ) , and this is usually the most skilled player on the offensive line . Like a guard , the tackle may have to `` pull , '' on a running play , when there is a tight end on his side . Tackles are typically a taller , longer build than interior offensive linemen , due to the need to keep separation from defensive linemen in pass blocking situations , as well , they tend to have quick footwork skills as they often engage against containing or rushing defensive ends . Backs and receivers ( edit ) Penn State Nittany Lions quarterback # 14 Anthony Morelli hands the ball off to his running back # 33 Austin Scott in their 2007 season opener . The six backs and receivers are those that line up outside or behind the offensive line . There are four main positions in this set of players : Quarterback ( QB ) The quarterback is the player who receives the ball from the center to start the play . The most important position on the offensive side , the quarterback is responsible for receiving the play from the coaches on the sideline and communicating the play to the other offensive players in the huddle . The quarterback may need to make changes to the play at the line of scrimmage ( known as an `` audible '' ) , depending on the defensive alignment . At the start of the play , the quarterback may be lined up in one of three positions . If he is positioned directly in contact with the center , and receives the ball via direct hand - to - hand pass , he is said to be `` under center '' . If he is lined up some distance behind the center , he is said to be `` in the shotgun '' . He can also be in between . This is called a `` pistol '' formation . Upon receiving the snap , the quarterback has three basic options to advance the ball . He may run the ball himself , he may hand it to another eligible ball carrier to run with it , or he may execute a forward pass to a player downfield . Running back s ( HB / FB ) Running backs are players who line up behind the offensive line , who are in position to receive the ball from the quarterback , and execute a rushing play . Anywhere from one to three running backs may be utilized on a play ( or even none , a situation typically known as an `` empty backfield '' ) . Depending on where they line up , and what role they have , running backs come in several varieties . The `` tailback '' ( or sometimes the `` halfback '' , though this term is somewhat archaic ) is often a team 's primary ball carrier on rushing plays . He may also catch passes , often acting as a `` check - down '' or `` safety valve '' when all other receivers on a pass play are covered . The `` fullback '' is often larger and stronger than the tailback , and acts primarily as a blocker , though the fullback may also be used for catching passes or for rushing as a tailback does . Fullbacks often line up closer to the line of scrimmage than tailbacks do , so they may block for them . A `` wing - back '' or a `` slot - back '' is a term for a running back who lines up behind the line of scrimmage outside the tackle or tight end on the side where positioned . Slot - backs are usually only found in certain offensive alignments , such as the flexbone formation . A similar position , known as the H - back , is actually considered a modification of the normal tight end position ( see below ) . Wide receiver ( WR ) A wide receiver ( # 87 , in white ) begins a play in the flanker position The wide receivers are pass - catching specialists . Their main job is to run pass routes and get open for a pass , although they are occasionally called on to block . Wide receivers generally line up split `` wide '' near the sidelines at the start of the play . Wide receivers , like running backs , come in different varieties depending on exactly where they line up . A wide receiver who is directly on the line of scrimmage is called a `` split end '' , and is counted among the seven required players on the line of scrimmage . A wide receiver who lines up behind the line ( and thus counts as one of the four backs ) is called the `` flanker '' . A wide receiver who lines up between the outermost wide receiver and the offensive line is said to be `` in the slot '' and is called the `` slot receiver '' . Tight end ( TE ) Tight ends play on either side of , and directly next to , the tackles . Tight ends are considered hybrid players , something between a wide receiver and an offensive lineman . Because they play next to the other offensive linemen , they are frequently called on to block , especially on running plays . However , because they are eligible receivers , they may also catch passes . The position known as the H - back is a tight end who lines up behind the line of scrimmage , and is thus counted as one of the four `` backs '' , but otherwise his role is similar to that of other tight ends . Depending on the style of offense the coaches have designed , the game situation , and the relative skill sets of the players , teams may run formations which contain any number of running backs , wide receivers , and tight ends , so long as the mandated `` four backs and seven on the line '' rule is followed . For many years , the standard set consisted of the quarterback , two running backs ( a tailback / halfback and a fullback ) , two wide receivers ( a flanker and a split end ) and a tight end . Modern teams show a wide variety of formations , from a `` full house '' formation with three running backs , two tight ends , and no wide receivers , to `` spread '' formations featuring four or five wide receivers , sometimes without any running backs . The I formation is one of the most common . Defense ( edit ) The defensive team or defense is the team that begins a play from scrimmage not in possession of the ball . The objective of the defensive team is to prevent the other team from scoring . The defense accomplishes this by forcing the offense to turn the ball over , either by preventing them from achieving a first down and forcing a punt , forcing the offense to fumble or throw an interception , or more rarely , forcing a turnover on downs . Unlike the offensive team , the rules do not restrict the defensive team into certain positions . A defensive player may line up anywhere on his side of the line of scrimmage and perform any legal action . Over time , however , defensive roles have become defined into three main sets of players , and several individual positions . Defensive line ( edit ) The four defensive linemen ( in red ) have their hands on the ground in a `` three point stance '' . Like their offensive counterparts , defensive linemen ( also called rushers ) line up directly on the line of scrimmage , close to the ball . There are two positions usually considered part of the defensive line : Defensive tackle ( DT ) ; Sometimes called a defensive guard , defensive tackles play at the center of the defensive line . Their function is to rush the passer ( if they can get past the offensive linemen blocking them ) , and stop running plays directed at the middle of the line of scrimmage . The most interior defensive tackle who sometimes lines up directly across from the ball ( and therefore is almost nose - to - nose with the offense 's center ) is often called a nose tackle , alternately nose guard or middle guard . The nose tackle is most common in the 3 - 4 defense . Most defensive sets have one or two defensive tackles . If one employs a second defensive tackle , sometimes called an under tackle , he is usually a bit faster than the nose tackle . Defensive end ( DE ) The two defensive ends play next to the defensive tackles , at the edges of the defensive line . Their function is to attack the passer or stop offensive runs to the outer edges of the line of scrimmage ( most often referred to as `` containment '' ) . The faster of the two is usually placed on the right side of the defensive line ( quarterback 's left ) because that is a right - handed quarterback 's blind side . Often , though not always , a defensive lineman will have his `` hand ( s ) on the ground , '' in a three - or four - point stance before the ball is snapped ; this distinguishes his pre-snap stance from a linebacker , who begins in a two - point stance ( i.e. without a hand touching the ground ) . Linebackers ( edit ) This defense ( in white ) is in a base 4 - 3 set . Just behind the four defensive linemen ( whose hands are on the ground ) are three linebackers ( numbers 55 , 3 &16 ) , and further back are two safeties ( numbers 24 & 44 ) . Out - of - frame are the two cornerbacks . Linebackers play behind the defensive line and perform various duties depending on the situation , including rushing the passer , covering receivers , and defending against the run . Middle linebacker ( MLB ) Sometimes called the `` inside linebacker '' ( especially in a 3 - 4 defense ) , and known colloquially as the `` Mike '' linebacker , the middle linebacker is often known as the `` quarterback of the defense '' , as they are frequently the primary defensive play callers and must react to a wide variety of situations . Middle linebackers must be capable of stopping running backs who make it past the defensive line , covering pass plays over the middle , and rushing the quarterback on blitz plays . Outside Linebacker ( OLB ) Outside linebackers are given different names depending on their role and the philosophy of the team . Some teams keep their outside linebackers on the same side of the field at all times . Some teams define them by their role ; as playing either `` strongside '' ( SLB ) or `` weakside '' ( WLB ) . The strongside , or `` Sam '' , linebacker lines up on the same side as the offensive tight end and often is responsible for covering the tight end or running back on pass plays . The weakside , or `` Will '' , linebacker lines up on the side of the offensive line without a tight end , and is often used to rush , or blitz the quarterback , or may need to cover a running back on pass plays . Defensive backs ( edit ) Cornerback Tory James gets a read on the offense just prior to the start of play Defensive backs , also known as the `` secondary '' , play either behind the linebackers or set to the outside , near the sidelines . Defensive backs are primarily used to defend against pass plays . Defensive backs also act as the last line of defense on running plays , and need to be able to make open field tackles , especially when the ball carrier has gotten past the other defenders . A normal complement of defensive backs includes two cornerbacks and two safeties , though specialty defensive backs ( nickelbacks and dimebacks ) can be brought in in place of linebackers and defensive linemen , when there is need to cover additional pass receivers . Cornerback ( CB ) Typically two players primarily cover the wide receivers . Cornerbacks attempt to prevent successful quarterback passes by either swatting the airborne ball away from the receiver or by catching the pass themselves . In rushing situations , their job is to contain the runner , either by directing him back to the middle of the field to be tackled , by tackling him themselves , or by forcing him out of bounds . Safety ( S ) The safeties are the last line of defense ( farthest from the line of scrimmage ) and usually help the corners with deep - pass coverage . The strong safety ( SS ) is usually the larger and stronger of the two , providing extra protection against run plays by standing closer to the line of scrimmage , usually on the strong ( tight end ) side of the field . The free safety ( FS ) is usually the smaller and faster of the two , and is usually the deepest player on the defense , providing help on long pass plays . Nickelback and dimeback In certain formations , the defense may remove a linebacker or a defensive lineman to bring in extra pass coverage in the form of extra defensive backs . A formation with five defensive backs is often called a `` nickel '' formation , and the fifth ( extra ) defensive back is called a `` nickelback '' after the U.S. nickel coin , a five - cent piece . By extension , a formation with a sixth defensive back is called a `` dime package '' , a 10 - cent dime coin being `` two nickels ( nickelbacks ) . '' Rarely , a team may employ seven or eight defensive backs on certain plays . Defensive formations are often known by a numerical code indicating the number of players at each position . The two most common formations are the 3 -- 4 defense and the 4 -- 3 defense , where the first number refers to the number of defensive linemen , and the second number refers to the number of linebackers ( the number of defensive backs can be inferred , since there should be eleven players on the field . ) Thus , 3 -- 4 defense will consist of three defensive linemen ( usually a nose tackle and two defensive ends ) , four linebackers , and four defensive backs ( two cornerbacks , a strong safety , and a free safety ) Special teams ( edit ) A placekicker ( Mason Crosby , # 2 ) prepares to kick the ball from the hand of a holder ( Jon Ryan , # 9 ) . `` Special teams '' redirects here . For the ice hockey definition , see Power play ( sporting term ) and Short handed . Special teams are units that are on the field during kicking plays . While many players who appear on offensive or defensive squads also play similar roles on special teams ( offensive linemen to block , or defensive players to tackle ) there are some specialist roles which are unique to the kicking game . Kicker ( K ) Also called the `` placekicker '' , he handles kickoffs , extra points , and field goal attempts . All three situations require the kicker to kick the ball off of the ground , either from the hands of a `` holder '' or off of a `` tee '' . Some teams will employ two kickers : one kicks extra points and field goals , and the other , known as the kickoff specialist , handles kickoffs . Most however use a single kicker for both jobs , and rarely , the same player may also punt . Holder ( H ) Usually positioned 7 -- 8 yards ( 6.4 -- 7.3 m ) from the line of scrimmage , he holds the ball for the placekicker to kick . The holder is often a backup quarterback or a punter because of their `` good hands '' , feel for the ball and experience taking snaps from the long snapper ( center ) during plays from scrimmage . A holder is occasionally used on kickoffs if the weather or field conditions repeatedly cause the ball to fall off the tee . Long snapper ( LS ) A specialized center who snaps the ball directly to the holder or punter . This player is usually distinct from the regular center , as the ball often has to be snapped much farther back on kicking plays . Punter ( P ) Usually lines up 15 yards ( 14 m ) behind the line of scrimmage ( this distance has to be shortened to avoid being on or behind the end line ) . The punter , upon receiving the snap , drops the ball and kicks it from the air . This is usually done only on fourth down , and is done to relinquish possession to the defensive team as far downfield as possible . Kickoff specialist ( KOS ) Kickoff specialists are exclusively used during kickoffs . Teams employ kickoff specialists if they feel neither their kicker nor punter is good enough at kicking off . Due to their specialized nature and the limited number of active roster spots , professional KO specialists are rare . Kick returner ( KR ) and Punt returner ( PR ) Returners are responsible for catching kicked balls ( either on kickoffs or punts ) and running the ball back . These are usually among the fastest players on a team . Teams may use the same player for both positions , or may have a separate returner for punts and for kickoffs . Returners typically also play wide receiver or corner back . Due to the relatively high likelihood of injury during kick returns , most professional teams will not regularly use their very best WRs or CBs as returners . Upback A blocking back who lines up approximately 1 -- 3 yards ( 0.91 -- 2.74 m ) behind the line of scrimmage in punting situations . Because the punter plays so far back , the upback frequently makes the line calls and calls for the snap to be received by the punter . Their primary role is to act as the last line of defense for the punter . Upbacks may occasionally receive the snap instead of the punter on fake punts , and normally run the ball but may throw it . Gunner A player on kickoffs and punts who specializes in running down the field very quickly in an attempt to tackle the returner . They usually line up near the sidelines where there will be fewer blockers and thus allow them to get down the field quickly . Jammer Jammers try to slow down gunners during punts or kickoffs so that returners have more time to return them . See also ( edit ) American football strategy Glossary of American football Rugby league positions Rugby union positions History of American football positions References ( edit ) Positions in American football and Canadian football Offense ( Skill position ) Defense Special teams Linemen Guard , Tackle , Center Linemen Tackle , End Kicking players Placekicker , Punter , Kickoff specialist Quarterback ( Dual - threat , Game manager , System ) Linebacker Snapping Long snapper , Holder Backs Halfback / Tailback ( Triple - threat ) , Fullback , H - back , Wingback Backs Cornerback , Safety , Halfback , Nickelback , Dimeback Returning Punt returner , Kick returner , Jammer Receivers Wide receiver ( Eligible ) , Tight end , Slotback , End Tackling Gunner , Upback , Utility Formations ( List ) -- Nomenclature -- Strategy Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Semi-pro Professional Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Dead zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - a-days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Practice squad Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_football_positions&oldid=865199776 '' Categories : American football positions Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2013 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 12 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who lines up next to the center in football	[ "Offensive guard (OG)\nTwo guards line up directly on either side of the center. Like all interior linemen, their function is to block on both running and passing plays. On some plays, rather than blocking straight ahead, a guard will \"pull\", whereby the guard comes out of his position in line to lead block for a ball carrier, on plays known as \"traps\" (for inside runs), or \"sweeps\" (for outside runs), or \"screens\" (for passing plays). In such cases, the guard is referred to as a \"pulling guard\"." ]	[ "Two guards" ]
-2272861667654361251	Do They Know It's Christmas?	Do They Know It 's Christmas ? - Wikipedia Do They Know It 's Christmas ? `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Single by Band Aid B - side `` Feed the World '' ( 1984 ) `` One Year On ( Feed the World ) '' ( 1985 ) Released 3 December 1984 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 25 November 1984 Studio Sarm West Studios , London Genre Christmas new wave synth - pop Length 3 : 50 6 : 16 ( 12 '' version ) Label Phonogram ( UK ) Columbia ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Midge Ure Trevor Horn ( 12 '' and 1985 reissue ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' is a song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure in reaction to television reports of the 1983 -- 1985 famine in Ethiopia . It was first recorded in a single day on 25 November 1984 by Band Aid , a supergroup put together by Geldof and Ure and consisting mainly of the biggest British and Irish musical acts at the time . The single was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1984 and aided by considerable publicity it entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and stayed there for five weeks , becoming the Christmas number one of 1984 . The record became the fastest selling single in UK chart history , selling a million copies in the first week alone and passing 3 million on the last day of 1984 , on the way to displacing Wings 's `` Mull of Kintyre '' as the biggest - selling single of all time in the UK . It held this title until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' , released in tribute to Diana , Princess of Wales following her death . The original version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' has sold 3.8 million copies in the UK to date . The song was also a major success around the world , reaching number one in thirteen other countries outside the UK . In the US , the single fell short of the top ten in the Billboard Hot 100 due to a lack of airplay , but it had sold an estimated 2.5 million copies in the US by January 1985 . Worldwide the single had sold 11.7 million copies by 1989 . Geldof 's cautious hope was that the single would raise £ 70,000 for Ethiopia , but `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' raised £ 8 million within twelve months of release . The single 's worldwide success in raising awareness and financial relief for the victims of the Ethiopian famine led the recording of several other charity singles in the UK and in other countries , such as `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa . The song also led to various spin - off charity events , such as Comic Relief , and the Live Aid concert which would take place seven months later in July 1985 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was re-recorded three times : in 1989 , 2004 , and 2014 . All the re-recordings were also charity records ; the 1989 and 2004 versions also provide money for famine relief , while the 2014 version was used to raise funds for the Ebola crisis in West Africa . All three of these versions also reached number one in the UK , with the 1989 and 2004 versions also becoming the Christmas number ones for their respective years . The 2004 version of the song was also a UK million seller , with 1.8 million copies sold . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Recording 4 Style and content 5 Release and promotion 6 Reception and criticism 7 1985 reissue 8 Personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Band Aid II 10.1 Personnel 10.2 Charts and certifications 10.2. 1 Weekly charts 10.2. 2 Year - end charts 10.2. 3 Certifications 11 Band Aid 20 11.1 Personnel 11.2 Charts and certifications 11.2. 1 Weekly charts 11.2. 2 Year - end charts 11.2. 3 Certifications 12 Band Aid 30 12.1 Background 12.2 Personnel 12.3 German version 12.4 Track listing 12.5 Charts and certifications 12.5. 1 Weekly charts 12.5. 2 Year - end charts 12.5. 3 Certifications 12.6 Release history 13 Other versions 14 See also 15 References Background ( edit ) The song was inspired by a series of reports that Michael Buerk made for BBC television news programmes in 1984 , which highlighted the famine in Ethiopia that was taking place at the time . The BBC News crew were the first to document the famine , with Buerk 's report on 23 October describing it as `` a biblical famine in the 20th century '' and `` the closest thing to hell on Earth '' . The reports shocked the UK , motivating the British people to inundate relief agencies , such as Save the Children , with donations , and also to bring world attention to the crisis in Ethiopia . The Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof and his partner , television presenter Paula Yates , watched the 23 October report and were also deeply affected by it . On 2 November Yates travelled from the couple 's home in London to the Tyne Tees studio in Newcastle upon Tyne where she was presenting the weekly live music show The Tube . Among the acts performing on that week 's programme were Ultravox , promoting their greatest hits album The Collection . Ultravox 's front man Midge Ure happened to be chatting to Yates in the dressing room after the show when Geldof called her . On discovering that she was with Ure , an old friend of Geldof 's , he asked to speak to Ure and told him that he wanted to do something to alleviate the suffering in Ethiopia . Ure immediately agreed to help and the pair arranged to meet and discuss ideas over lunch the following Monday , 5 November , quickly coming to the conclusion that the best option would be to make a charity record . Following their meeting , Geldof immediately set about recruiting other well known musicians to participate on the record . Geldof said , `` I then rang Sting and he said , yeah , count me in , and then ( Simon ) Le Bon , he just immediately said tell me the date and we 'll clear the diary . The same day I was passing by this antique shop and who is standing in there but Gary Kemp , just about to go off on tour to Japan . He said he was mad for it as well and to wait 10 days till they ( Spandau Ballet ) got back in the country ... suddenly it hit me . I thought , ' Christ , we have got the real top boys here ' , all the big names in pop are suddenly ready and willing to do this ... I knew then that we were off , and I just decided to go for all the rest of the faces and started to ring everyone up , asking them to do it . '' Further phone calls from Geldof also secured promises of everybody involved in the record 's making to provide their services free of charge , including most of the UK music magazines which donated advertising space in their publications to promote the single , Geldof 's record label Phonogram who released the single , their parent company Polygram who distributed it , and the artist Peter Blake who created the single 's sleeve . Composition ( edit ) Geldof and Ure 's biggest problem was to be able to come up with a song that could be recorded and released in time for Christmas . They both realised that they would have to write one themselves and not record a cover version , otherwise they would have to pay royalties which would have to be subtracted from the amount raised for charity . On the Monday afternoon Ure came up with the outline of what he felt sounded a Christmas - like melody on a portable keyboard , which he recorded onto a tape and sent to Geldof , who sarcastically told him that the tune sounded like the theme to Z - Cars . Geldof came to Ure 's house the next day and together they worked on the tune with Geldof on his acoustic guitar . Geldof added lyrics based on a song he had originally written for the Boomtown Rats , as he later recalled : It was lucky in a way , because I had already written this song , which I had provisionally called ' It 's My World ' , and I knew it would be suitable if I just changed the words a bit and called it ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ' Midge , reliable as ever , sent down this tune which is the sort of Christmassy bit at the end and we married the two together . Ure recorded Geldof and his guitar and used the recording to develop Geldof 's ideas later back in his home studio , adding his own melody onto the end as a chorus . He later stated that he had been unable to improve on Geldof 's lyrics and left most of them as they were , with the exception of the line `` And there wo n't be snow in Africa this Christmas time '' -- the original lyric substituted `` Africa '' with `` Ethiopia '' but Ure decided that this did not scan . Geldof 's original idea had been to ask Trevor Horn to produce the song . At the time Horn was an in - demand producer , having produced the three number one singles in 1984 for Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Although Horn was receptive to the idea , he told Geldof that he would need at least six weeks to be able to produce the song , which made it impossible for it to be ready by Christmas . He did , however , offer the use of Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill in west London ( owned by Horn and his wife Jill Sinclair ) free of charge for twenty - four hours on Sunday 25 November . Horn would later remix and co-produce the 12 '' version of the single , as well as remixing the single for its 1985 re-release . In Horn 's absence Ure was assigned the job of producer and he spent several days in his home studio with his engineer Rik Walton to create the song 's backing track , programming the keyboards and drum machines and using a sample of the drums from the title track of Tears for Fears album The Hurting for the song 's intro . John Taylor of Duran Duran and Paul Weller visited Ure 's studio the day before the recording at Sarm West in order to add bass guitar and lead guitar respectively , although Ure and Weller later agreed that the lead guitar did not fit the predominantly synthesizer - based song and subsequently decided not to use Weller 's contribution . Ure sang the original guide vocal , although Simon Le Bon and Sting both came to Ure 's studio to add the vocals for their lines . Recording ( edit ) While Ure was occupied creating the song 's backing track in the studio , Geldof was busy contacting various British artists to ask them to appear for the recording session . His plan was to have the biggest names in British music at the time appear on the record , and few declined : Geldof later revealed that only three people had turned him down , although he refused to disclose who they were . Those he asked but who were unable to appear instead sent recorded messages of support that appeared on the single 's B - side , including David Bowie and Paul McCartney . Another UK act who had been successful in 1984 , The Thompson Twins , were unable to appear on the Band Aid record as they were out of the country and were made aware of the recording too late to return and be involved in it , but they donated part of the proceeds of their then current single `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' to the Action for Ethiopia charity . Geldof kept a November appointment with BBC Radio 1 DJ Richard Skinner to appear on his show , but instead of discussing his new album ( the original reason for his booking ) , he used the airtime to publicise the idea for the charity single , so by the time the musicians were recruited there was intense media interest in the subject . Geldof and Ure arrived at Sarm West at around 8 am on Sunday 25 November with the media in attendance outside . With recording scheduled to begin at 10 : 30 am the artists began arriving . Geldof had arranged for the UK newspaper The Daily Mirror to have exclusive access inside the studio , and ensured that a ' team photo ' was taken by the newspaper 's photographer Brian Aris before any recording got under way , knowing that it would be ready in time to appear in the following day 's edition of the newspaper and help publicise the record . The photograph also appeared on the back cover of the single . Ure played the backing track and guide vocals to the artists and then decided , as a way of getting all involved straightaway , to record the climax first . The artists were put in a huge group and sang the ' Feed the world , let them know it 's Christmas time ' refrain over and over again until it was complete . Having recorded the group , Ure chose Tony Hadley of Spandau Ballet to be the first singer into the studio to record his solo part . Hadley admitted that this had been nerve - wracking , knowing that all his contemporaries were watching him . One by one the other assigned singers then did likewise , with Ure taping their efforts and then making notes on which segments would be cut into the final recording . Le Bon , despite having already recorded his part at Ure 's house , re-recorded it so he could be part of the moment . Sting also recorded his words again , this time to provide harmony vocals . Despite being lead singers themselves , both Geldof and Ure had already decided that they would not sing any solo lines , although both took part in the ' feed the world ' finale . Ure later stated in his autobiography that he was constantly battling with Geldof , and telling him to leave when he would come into the production booth and wrongly tell the artist behind the microphone what to sing . Phil Collins arrived with his entire drum kit to record a live drum track on top of the already programmed drum machine . He set up the kit and then waited patiently until early evening until after all the vocals had been recorded . Ure was content with the first take that Collins performed , but the perfectionist Collins was unhappy with it and asked for a second take to be recorded , which he was satisfied with . Although the majority of the artists who took part were the UK 's biggest musical stars at the time , there were a few unusual participants . Members of the US group Kool & the Gang appeared on the record because they were signed to the same record label as the Boomtown Rats , and just happened to be visiting Phonogram 's London offices on the day that Geldof walked in to pitch his idea for the charity single to the label . Singer Marilyn , who had scored a couple of chart hits a year earlier but whose star had faded throughout 1984 , saw the opportunity to reclaim the spotlight and turned up to the recording despite not being invited to take part , a fact overlooked by Geldof and Ure who felt any publicity was good publicity and the more stars they could get to appear on the record , the better . Actor Nigel Planer , who had reached number two earlier in the year with a cover version of `` Hole in My Shoe '' in the guise of his character Neil from the television comedy series The Young Ones , also showed up uninvited and in character as Neil to play up to the cameras , and after being tolerated for a while was sent away by Ure . Geldof also asked Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt , the two frontmen of rock band Status Quo , to take part , knowing that although the group were from an entirely different musical era and background , their consistent chart success and fame would bring a certain amount of credibility to the project from the rock fraternity and ensure that the group 's loyal following of fans ( the `` Quo Army '' ) would buy the record in large numbers . Ure 's original idea was for Rossi and Parfitt to sing the `` here 's to you '' harmonies in the song 's bridge , but he had to shelve the idea because Parfitt could not hit the high notes . This section was eventually taken on by Weller , Sting and Glenn Gregory . Rossi privately told Ure afterwards that in the studio he sang most of Status Quo 's vocal parts and that Parfitt only usually sang onstage , and that Ure should have kept Parfitt away from the microphone . Parfitt admitted in a 2004 documentary that he and Rossi had been extremely hungover from partying the night before , and were in no fit state to attempt to record their vocals . However , according to the journalist Robin Eggar , who at the time was music correspondent for The Daily Mirror and who was the only journalist present throughout the recording of the song , the pair were able to contribute in other ways : Once Status Quo produced their bag of cocaine and the booze started to flow -- I brought six bottles of wine from my flat , which disappeared in a minute -- it became a party . Geldof had been keen to include Culture Club 's Boy George on the single , at the time one of the biggest music stars in the world , and had called him in New York the day before the recording to insist that George turn up . By midday , with George still absent , an irate Geldof telephoned him again demanding to know where he was . Having only gone to bed a few hours before , a sleepy George was woken up by Geldof insisting that he get onto a Concorde transatlantic flight later that morning . However , George went back to sleep following the phone call , and only made it onto the last Concorde flight of the day later that afternoon . George eventually arrived at Sarm West at 6 pm and went immediately into the recording booth to deliver his lines , the last solo artist of the day . Once George 's contribution had been recorded , Ure began working on the mix as the participants began to party in the studio . A B - side was also produced by Trevor Horn in his own studio , using the same instrumental track and featuring messages from artists who had been at the recording , and also from those who had been unable to attend , including David Bowie , Paul McCartney , the members of Big Country and Holly Johnson from Frankie Goes to Hollywood . Style and content ( edit ) The song comprises two parts : a verse and bridge which allow individual singers to perform different lines ; and a chorus in the form of two repeated phrases by ensemble . The first line of the recording is sung by Paul Young on the 1984 version , Kylie Minogue on the 1989 version , Chris Martin of Coldplay on the 2004 version , and One Direction on the 2014 version . The line was originally written for David Bowie who finally sang it at the Live Aid concert in 1985 . Release and promotion ( edit ) The following morning Geldof appeared on Mike Read 's BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show to promote the record and promised that every penny would go to the cause . Most record retailers agreed to sell the record at its cost price of £ 1.35 including VAT : however , some refused , citing cost pressures . Geldof was also incensed that the British Government refused to waive the VAT on the sales of the single . Geldof made the headlines by publicly standing up to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . In the end the UK government relented and donated an amount to the charity equal to the amount of tax they had collected on the single . Radio 1 began to play the song every hour -- normally an A-list single got seven or eight plays per day . The number one single at the time of its release was `` I Should Have Known Better '' by Jim Diamond , and Diamond was quoted as saying , `` I 'm delighted to be at number one , but next week I do n't want people to buy my record ; I want them to buy Band Aid instead '' . The song had advance orders of 250,000 within a week of its recording , and orders from record dealers had topped one million by 8 December . In order to meet demand , Phonogram had all five of their European factories put to work pressing the single . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was released on Monday 3 December 1984 . It received further publicity from a launch party on 7 December at the Royal Albert Hall during the charity event `` Dinner at Albert 's '' , an evening of music to raise money for Save the Children and the Ethiopia Famine Relief Fund . The single entered the UK Singles Chart the following week at number one , outselling all the other records in the chart put together , with the 7 '' single alone selling 200,000 copies in the first two days of release . In the United States , the video was played on MTV frequently throughout the Christmas season . Released in the US on 10 December 1984 on Columbia Records , `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' sold 1.9 million copies in its first eleven days on release but did not reach number 1 there , due to the more complex nature of the chart system , which counted airplay as well as sales . Despite outselling the official number 1 by four to one , it did not make the top ten due to a lack of airplay , ultimately peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Due to the time constraints of releasing the single as quickly as possible , the promotional video for the song simply featured footage from the recording session . David Bowie , who had been Geldof 's original choice to sing the song 's opening line but who had been unable to attend the recording , flew into England from Switzerland to record a short introduction for the video to be played on the BBC 's flagship television music show Top of the Pops . However , Geldof was unhappy when he discovered that the show 's regulations meant that the song and its video could not be played until it had actually charted . Undeterred , he contacted BBC1 controller Michael Grade directly and successfully persuaded Grade to order that every programme preceding that week 's episode of Top of the Pops should start five minutes early to make space to broadcast the song 's video ( complete with Bowie 's introduction ) just before the show . Each week of its stay at number one , the video was shown on Top of the Pops . However , for the Christmas Day special edition of the programme , most of the artists on the record appeared in the studio to mime to the song as it was relayed through the speaker system . The two most notable absentees were George Michael and Bono : during Michael 's line the cameras focussed on the studio audience , while Paul Weller mimed Bono 's line to the camera . The charity received a further boost during Band Aid 's five week tenure at the top of the UK charts with Wham ! at number 2 with their double A-side `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '' . Wham ! singer George Michael had appeared on the Band Aid single and he and fellow band member Andrew Ridgeley donated all the royalties from their single to the Band Aid Trust . `` Last Christmas '' / `` Everything She Wants '' also ended up selling over a million copies and became the biggest - selling single never to reach number 1 in the UK . A 30 - minute video titled ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ' -- The Story of the Official Band Aid Video was released in the UK on 15 December 1984 and in the US on 18 December 1984 on VHS and Betamax formats . The video featured documentary footage shot at the recording session and interviews with Geldof and Ure , as well as the completed promotional video . At the 1986 Grammy Awards the song 's video was nominated for the Best Music Video , Short Form award , eventually losing out to its US counterpart song `` We Are the World '' . Reception and criticism ( edit ) The reception in December 1984 to the original single from the UK music press was mixed . Under a caption of `` TURKEY '' ( a double meaning referring both to the traditional British Christmas meal and an artistic failure ) , the biggest selling music paper NME dismissed the song with the single line , `` Millions of Dead Stars write and perform rotten record for the right reasons '' . The other two major music papers looked upon the record more favourably , recognising that while musically the song was flawed , its intentions were admirable . Sounds said , `` It 's far from brilliant ( if not quite the Bland Aid some have predicted ) but you can have fun playing Spot the Star on the vocals , and it deserves to sell by the truckload '' . Melody Maker stated , `` Inevitably , after such massive publicity , the record itself is something of an anti-climax , even though Geldof 's sense of universal melodrama is perfectly suited to this kind of epic musical manifesto . Midge Ure 's large - screen production and the emotional vocal deliveries of the various celebrities matches the demonstrative sweep of Geldof 's lyric , which veers occasionally toward an uncomfortably generalised sentimentality which threatens to turn righteous pleading into pompous indignation . On the other hand , I 'm sure it 's impossible to write flippantly about something as fundamentally dreadful as the Ethiopia famine . '' The song has received criticism for what has been described as a colonial western - centric viewpoint and condescending stereotypical descriptions of Africa . Musician Fuse ODG turned down a request to sing `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' with the group during the 2014 Ebola outbreak , stating that the lyrics of the song do not reflect what Africa truly is . He cited lyrics such as `` There is no peace and joy in west Africa this Christmas '' ; saying he goes to Ghana yearly for the sole purpose of peace and joy , so singing such lyrics would be a blatant lie . A parody version entitled `` Do They Know It 's Hallowe'en ? '' was created to poke fun at the lyrics in the original version . In the 2014 version , several lyrics that were previously criticised were rewritten , and the song was changed to focus on Ebola rather than the original version 's famine . The new lyrics have also been criticised for stereotypes and condescension . Geldof and Ure themselves later recognised the musical limitations of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' : in his typically blunt manner , Geldof told Australia 's Daily Telegraph in 2010 , `` I am responsible for two of the worst songs in history . The other one is ' We Are the World ' . '' Ure 's assessment in his autobiography was that `` it is a song that has nothing to do with music . It was all about generating money ... The song did n't matter : the song was secondary , almost irrelevant . '' 1985 reissue ( edit ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was reissued the following year on 29 November 1985 , reaching number 3 in the UK Singles Chart the week following Christmas . The 1985 single was remixed by Trevor Horn , the intended producer of the original version , and it included an updated B - side entitled `` One Year On ( Feed the World ) '' , beginning and ending with a recording of a telephone message from Geldof and in between featuring Ure reciting a list of what had been bought with the money raised during the previous 12 months . Personnel ( edit ) ( adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve ) Vocalists : Robert `` Kool '' Bell ( Kool & the Gang ) Bono ( U2 ) Pete Briquette ( The Boomtown Rats ) Adam Clayton ( U2 ) Phil Collins ( Genesis and solo artist ) Chris Cross ( Ultravox ) Simon Crowe ( The Boomtown Rats ) Sarah Dallin ( Bananarama ) Siobhan Fahey ( Bananarama ) Johnny Fingers ( The Boomtown Rats ) Bob Geldof ( The Boomtown Rats ) Boy George ( Culture Club ) Glenn Gregory ( Heaven 17 ) Tony Hadley ( Spandau Ballet ) John Keeble ( Spandau Ballet ) Gary Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Martin Kemp ( Spandau Ballet ) Simon Le Bon ( Duran Duran ) Marilyn George Michael ( Wham ! ) Jon Moss ( Culture Club ) Steve Norman ( Spandau Ballet ) Rick Parfitt ( Status Quo ) Nick Rhodes ( Duran Duran ) Francis Rossi ( Status Quo ) Sting ( The Police ) Andy Taylor ( Duran Duran ) James `` J.T. '' Taylor ( Kool & the Gang ) John Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Roger Taylor ( Duran Duran ) Dennis Thomas ( Kool & the Gang ) Midge Ure ( Ultravox ) Martyn Ware ( Heaven 17 ) Jody Watley Paul Weller ( The Style Council ) Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) Paul Young Additional spoken messages on B - side : Stuart Adamson , Mark Brzezicki , Tony Butler , Bruce Watson ( Big Country ) David Bowie Holly Johnson ( Frankie Goes to Hollywood ) Paul McCartney Musicians : Phil Collins -- drums John Taylor -- bass Midge Ure -- keyboards and programming Notes : Jump up ^ Annie Lennox 's name also appears on the sleeve credits as a recorded message from her was due to be included on the B - side , but the message did not arrive in time before the record was pressed . Jump up ^ Midge Ure stated in his autobiography that most of the bass line was created and played on a synthesizer ( later revealed to be the OSCar ) , but that John Taylor had added some bass guitar to the song in Ure 's home studio on 24 November 1984 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Europarade ) France ( SNEP ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 23 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australian Singles ( Kent Music Report ) 19 New Zealand Singles ( RMNZ ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 3,802,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid II ( edit ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Single by Band Aid II B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Instrumental ) Released 11 December 1989 Format 7 '' cassette CD Recorded 2 -- 3 December 1989 at The Hit Factory , London Genre Pop Length 4 : 25 Label PWL Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Stock Aitken Waterman A second version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was recorded under the name of Band Aid II in 1989 , overseen by the most successful British production team of the late 1980s , Stock Aitken Waterman . Geldof had telephoned Pete Waterman to ask him to produce a new version of the song to aid the ongoing situation in Ethiopia , and within 24 hours the recording session had been arranged at Stock Aitken Waterman 's studios on London 's South Bank . The recording took place over the weekend of 2 and 3 December , and featured several artists who had already been produced by SAW , including Kylie Minogue , Jason Donovan , Bananarama , Sonia , and Cliff Richard , as well as other artists who had big hits in 1989 , such as Lisa Stansfield , Jimmy Somerville , Wet Wet Wet and Bros. Bananarama 's Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward became the only artists to appear on both the 1984 and 1989 versions of the record . Siobhan Fahey , who had been part of Bananarama 's line - up at the time the first recording of the song was released , had left the group in 1988 . The lyrics were rearranged for a more traditional ' verse and chorus ' structure , with the opening verse being split in two with a short repeat of the ending chorus being played at the end of both , followed by the `` here 's to you '' section and a final lengthened version of the closing chorus ( with commentary by Michael Buerk played over the outro in the music video ) . Released on 11 December 1989 , the Band Aid II version spent three weeks at number one in the UK , becoming the Christmas number one single and the last number one single of the 1980s , and ended the year as the ninth biggest selling single of 1989 . Personnel ( edit ) ( adapted from credits on back cover of the record sleeve ) Bananarama Big Fun Bros Cathy Dennis D Mob Jason Donovan Kevin Godley Glen Goldsmith Kylie Minogue The Pasadenas Chris Rea Cliff Richard Jimmy Somerville Sonia Lisa Stansfield Technotronic ( incorrectly listed as `` Technotronics '' on the record sleeve ) Wet Wet Wet Musicians : Matt Aitken -- keyboards , guitar Luke Goss -- drums Chris Rea -- guitar Mike Stock -- keyboards The sleeve also credits `` A Linn '' with playing drums on the record , a joking reference to the programmed Linn drum machine . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 74 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 24 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid 20 ( edit ) Main article : Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Single by Band Aid 20 B - side `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( original Band Aid version ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( performed at Live Aid , 1985 ) Released 29 November 2004 Format CD digital download Recorded 12 -- 14 November 2004 at Mayfair Studios , Primrose Hill and AIR Studios , Hampstead , London Genre Pop alternative rock Length 5 : 07 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Nigel Godrich Music video Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' at MTV UK Band Aid 20 recorded a third version of the song in November 2004 for the twentieth anniversary of the original recording , and again got to number one . The recording and release of the single tied in with the release of the Live Aid concert on DVD for the first time . The idea was prompted by Coldplay 's Chris Martin , although Geldof and Ure both got quickly involved . Geldof did the publicity and educated the younger artists on the issues ( some of them were n't born , or were very young , when the original was recorded ) while Ure assisted producer Nigel Godrich and filmed the event for the corresponding documentary . The gathering of the artists to record the song 's chorus took place at AIR Studios in Hampstead in north London on Sunday 14 November 2004 , although the backing track and many of the solo lines had been recorded over the previous two days . Damon Albarn did not take part in the recording but turned up to serve tea to the participants . This version of the song featured an extra segment -- a rap by Dizzee Rascal in the midst of the `` here 's to you '' section . Bono flew in especially from Ireland late on Sunday evening to sing the same line as he had done two decades earlier , making him the sixth artist to appear on two versions , in addition to Geldof , Ure , Paul McCartney , Sarah Dallin and Keren Woodward ( Bananarama ) . Personnel ( edit ) Vocalists : Tim Wheeler ( Ash ) Daniel Bedingfield Natasha Bedingfield Bono ( U2 ) Busted Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Dido -- performed separately from a studio in Melbourne Dizzee Rascal -- the only artist to add lyrics to the song Ms Dynamite Skye Edwards ( Morcheeba ) Estelle Feeder Neil Hannon ( The Divine Comedy ) Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) Jamelia Tom Chaplin ( Keane ) Tim Rice - Oxley ( Keane ) Beverley Knight Lemar Shaznay Lewis ( All Saints ) Katie Melua Róisín Murphy ( Moloko ) Snow Patrol Rachel Stevens Joss Stone Sugababes The Thrills Turin Brakes Robbie Williams -- performed separately from a studio in Los Angeles Will Young Fran Healy ( Travis ) Musicians : Danny Goffey ( Supergrass ) -- drums Jonny Greenwood ( Radiohead ) -- guitar Dan Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Justin Hawkins ( The Darkness ) -- guitar Paul McCartney -- bass guitar Thom Yorke ( Radiohead ) -- piano Additional personnel : Damon Albarn -- tea boy Bob Geldof -- organiser Nigel Godrich -- producer Midge Ure -- executive producer Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 28 Canada ( Nielsen Soundscan ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,184,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Band Aid 30 ( edit ) Main article : Band Aid 30 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' Single by Band Aid 30 Released 17 November 2014 Format CD digital download Recorded 15 November 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 48 Label Virgin EMI Island Songwriter ( s ) Bob Geldof Midge Ure Producer ( s ) Paul Epworth At a press conference on 10 November 2014 , Geldof and Ure announced that another group of artists would come together to re-record the song , this time under the banner of Band Aid 30 and in aid of the Ebola crisis . It was released on the following Monday , 17 November , 11 days short of the 30th anniversary of the release of the original version of the track . Background ( edit ) Tracey Emin provided the artwork and Paul Epworth produced the track . Vocal contributions came from artists including Ed Sheeran , One Direction , Paloma Faith , Ellie Goulding , Seal , Sam Smith , Sinéad O'Connor , Rita Ora , Emeli Sandé , Bastille and Olly Murs . Returning guest musicians from previous versions of the song included Chris Martin ( who recorded the opening lines of the 2004 version ) and Bono ( who sang the tenth line in both the 1984 and 2004 versions ) . The line `` Well , there wo n't be snow in Africa this Christmas time '' was changed to `` Bring peace and joy this Christmas to West Africa '' . Personnel ( edit ) Vocalists : Bastille Bono ( U2 ) Alfie Deyes Paloma Faith Guy Garvey ( Elbow ) Ellie Goulding Angélique Kidjo Chris Martin ( Coldplay ) Sinéad O'Connor One Direction Rita Ora Olly Murs Emeli Sandé Seal Ed Sheeran Sam Smith Joe Sugg Zoe Sugg Karl Hyde ( Underworld ) Jessie Ware Musicians : Milan Neil Amin - Smith ( Clean Bandit ) -- violin Grace Chatto ( Clean Bandit ) -- cello Roger Taylor ( Queen ) -- drums , keyboards Additional personnel : Paul Epworth -- producer German version ( edit ) A German - language version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' was released on 21 November 2014 . It was produced by Vincent Sorg and Tobias Kuhn and features vocals from artists including 2raumwohnung , Andreas Bourani , Die Toten Hosen , Jan Delay , Joy Denalane , Max Raabe , Milky Chance , Peter Maffay , Silbermond , Thees Uhlmann , and Wolfgang Niedecken . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 48 German digital download -- German version No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 55 German CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56 2 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 50 German CD maxi - single No . Title Length 1 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( Deutsche version ) 3 : 56 2 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' 3 : 50 3 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2004 version ) '' ( Band Aid 20 ) 5 : 06 4 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1989 version ) '' ( Band Aid II ) 4 : 22 5 . `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 1984 version ) '' ( Band Aid ) 3 : 52 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) British and Irish version ( original ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 35 France ( SNEP ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 31 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 40 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 31 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 63 German version Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 501,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United Kingdom 17 November 2014 Digital download Virgin EMI Germany 21 November 2014 28 November 2014 CD single CD maxi - single Other versions ( edit ) ITV television show Spitting Image produced a song entitled `` We 're Scared of Bob '' with the various artists suggesting they are only making the record because they were too afraid to say no when Bob Geldof asked them . Slade released a version of the song on their 1985 Christmas album Crackers : The Christmas Party Album , with vocals by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea and proceeds from the track , along with a further Slade release `` Do You Believe in Miracles '' ( which told the story of Geldof 's rise and demise in the pop scene and then his determination to raise money for the famine victims ) , were donated to the Band Aid Trust . See also ( edit ) Christmas portal `` Tears Are Not Enough '' , 1985 charity single recorded by a supergroup of Canadian artists , under the name Northern Lights `` We Are the World '' , 1985 charity single recorded by the supergroup USA for Africa `` What More Can I Give '' , song written by Michael Jackson and recorded by a supergroup of singers following the 11 September attacks in 2001 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Looking Back At Live Aid , 25 Years Later '' . MTV . Retrieved 22 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Band - Aid Rocks the Shops '' . The Sun . London , England : News International . 4 December 1984 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Band Aid sales top 3m -- proceeds set to reach Ethiopia by summer '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications : 3 . 12 January 1985 . Jump up ^ Allison , David ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Mull of Kintyre -- Looking back on a Scottish mega-hit '' . BBC Scotland News . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sedghi , Ami ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ). `` he UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . The Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Green , Paul ( 5 January 1985 ) . `` Ethiopia - Aid Single , Video Take Off '' . Billboard . New York City , USA : Billboard Publications : 3 . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Stephen ( 27 February 1985 ) . `` The Pop Life ; Artists Join in Effort for Famine Relief '' . The New York Times . New York City , USA : The New York Times Company . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ McFarlen , Donald . Guinness Book of World Records , 1989 , page 155 - 156 . Jim Pattison Group . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Presenter : Midge Ure ( 21 October 2004 ) . Band Aid : The Song That Rocked the World ( Documentary ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( TV Production ) . Jump up ^ `` 1984 : Extent of Ethiopia famine revealed '' . BBC . 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Higgins marvels at change in Ethiopia 's Tigray province '' . The Irish Times . 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live Aid : Against All Odds : Episode 1 '' . BBC . 7 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live Aid : The show that rocked the world '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 January 2018 ^ Jump up to : Ure , Midge ( 2013 ) . If I Was ... An Enhanced Updated Autobiography . Acorn Digital Press . ^ Jump up to : McIlhenney , Barry ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Feed the World '' . Melody Maker . London , England : IPC Media : 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stars rally round '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications : 1 . 1 December 1984 . Jump up ^ `` More Action for Ethiopia '' . Melody Maker . London , England : IPC Media : 4 . 8 December 1984 . Jump up ^ Eggar , Robin ( 18 November 2004 ) . `` From fears to tears '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Band Aid bonanza '' . Music Week . Morgan - Grampian Publications : 1 & 4 . 15 December 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Maconie , Stuart ( 2014 ) . The People 's Songs : The Story of Modern Britain in 50 Songs . London , England : Ebury Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09193 - 380 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia -- dealers ' superb ' '' . Music Week . Morgan - Grampian Publications : 4 . 8 December 1984 . Jump up ^ Davis , Sharon ( 1999 ) . ' 80s Chart Toppers : Every Chart - Topper Tells a Story . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85158 - 838 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Peter ; Dupler , Simon ( 15 December 1984 ) . `` Ethiopia Aid Single Due Out in U.S. '' . Billboard . New York City , USA : Billboard Publications , Inc. 96 ( 50 ) : 6 & 78 . Jump up ^ Kopf , Biba ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Singles '' . NME . London , England : IPC Media : 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Garry ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Singles '' . Sounds . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 16 . Jump up ^ Jones , Allan ( 8 December 1984 ) . `` Singles '' . Melody Maker . London , England : IPC Media : 27 . Jump up ^ `` Live Aid , Band Aid , USA for Africa : Did pop stars and hit songs help Ethiopia famine victims ? '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Bono had the good sense to change that awful lyric for the new `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` . Jump up ^ `` uprisingradio.org '' Do They Know How Racist They Sound ? `` . Jump up ^ `` In Africa , do they know it 's Christmas time at all ? - Crikey '' . crikey.com . Jump up ^ `` The 15 Worst Christmas Songs , Ranked '' . pastemagazine.com . Jump up ^ `` Why I had to turn down Band Aid '' . The Guardian . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ollerenshaw , Tracy ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` Bob Geldof : Fuse ODG felt awkward about Band Aid track '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Nesta ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Band Aid is ' detrimental ' to African continent says Fuse ODG '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Band Aid 30 : Fuse ODG turned down Bob Geldof single over ' negative ' image of Africa '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Entertainment - World premiere of Band Aid song '' . Jump up ^ `` In a Send - Up of Charity Songs , the Elite Of Indie Rock Take On Halloween Revelry '' . The New York Times . 5 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas 2014 remake is about Ebola , featuring Bono , Sam Smith , and other Brits . It 's terrible ( VIDEO ) '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 lyrics : Reworked lyrics for Ebola - themed ' Do they know it 's Christmas ? ' revealed '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Outrage over ' ignorant ' Band Aid 30 Ebola lyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Adele was right to ignore Bob Geldof and Band Aid '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 : Fuse ODG turned down Bob Geldof 's song over ' negative ' image of Africa '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Bim Adewunmi . `` Band Aid 30 : clumsy , patronising and wrong in so many ways '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Fucked Up '' . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ McCabe , Kathy ( 27 November 2010 ) . `` Sir Bob Geldof 's tacky curse of Christmas '' . Daily Telegraph . Sydney , Australia : Nationwide News . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid reissue -- onus on dealers '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications : 4 . 23 November 1985 . Jump up ^ Band Aid ( 1984 ) . Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Record sleeve ) . Phonogram . FEED 1 . Jump up ^ Wiffen , Paul ( September 1999 ) . `` Oxford Synthesizer Company OSCar '' . Sound on Sound . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , New South Wales , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Singles , January 5 , 1985 '' . RPM , Vol. 41 No. 17 . Canada : Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Europarade Hot 100 '' . Music Week . London , England : Morgan -- Grampian Publications . 12 January 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Irish Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media : 62 . 9 February 1985 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Band Aid '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles January 3 -- December 29 , 1984 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 37 . 26 January 1985 . Jump up ^ Kent ( 1993 ) . p. 437 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 1997 ) . `` Top Songs 1985 '' . New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 1996 : Singles . Wellington , New Zealand : IPL Books . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 90887 - 600 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles January 5 -- December 28 , 1985 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 10 . 18 January 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Band Aid ; ' Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Scapolo ( 1997 ) . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Band Aid -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . ^ Jump up to : `` News Extra : Band Aid II '' . Record Mirror . 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Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid II -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Shane ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` How Band Aid 20 came together '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Youngs , Ian ( 14 November 2004 ) . `` Blogging the Band Aid recording '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World premiere of Band Aid song '' . BBC News . 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . New York City . 18 December 2004 . p. 42 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 20 : Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 49 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2004 '' . IRMA . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 2004 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 20 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` . IFPI Denmark . 3 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid 20 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Do They Know It 's Christmas ? in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Do they know it 's 2014 ? Geldof puts Band Aid back together 30 years after it first topped the chart '' . Daily Mail . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elbow and Ed Sheeran among Band Aid 30 artists '' . BBC News . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 details revealed : line - up to feature Adele , One Direction , more '' . 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 - line - up : A clickable guide of who 's who '' . BBC . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAND AID 30 - Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Dt . Version , 2014 ) - Diskografie '' . www.universal-music.de . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 47 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Band Aid 30 Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Deutsche Version / 2014 ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Band Aid 30 Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Deutsche Version / 2014 ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Band Aid 30 -- Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Type Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( 2014 ) in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Christmas Number 1 Flashback : Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Deutsche Version / 2014 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( German + UK Version ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( German + UK Versionen ) '' . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1980s `` There 's No One Quite Like Grandma '' ( St Winifred 's School Choir , 1980 ) `` Do n't You Want Me '' ( The Human League , 1981 ) `` Save Your Love '' ( Renée and Renato , 1982 ) `` Only You '' ( The Flying Pickets , 1983 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid , 1984 ) `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' ( Shakin ' Stevens , 1985 ) `` Reet Petite '' ( Jackie Wilson , 1986 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( Pet Shop Boys , 1987 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid II , 1989 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one singles in the 2000s `` Can We Fix It ? '' ( Bob the Builder , 2000 ) `` Somethin ' Stupid '' ( Robbie Williams & Nicole Kidman , 2001 ) `` Sound of the Underground '' ( Girls Aloud , 2002 ) `` Mad World '' ( Michael Andrews & Gary Jules , 2003 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` That 's My Goal '' ( Shayne Ward , 2005 ) `` A Moment Like This '' ( Leona Lewis , 2006 ) `` When You Believe '' ( Leon Jackson , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s UK Christmas number - one single downloads in the 2000s `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid 20 , 2004 ) `` JCB '' ( Nizlopi , 2005 ) `` Patience '' ( Take That , 2006 ) `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' ( Mariah Carey , 2007 ) `` Hallelujah '' ( Alexandra Burke , 2008 ) `` Killing in the Name '' ( Rage Against the Machine , 2009 ) 2000s 2010s Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Here in My Heart '' -- Al Martino 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ( UK ) 1973 : `` I Love You Love Me Love '' -- Gary Glitter ( UK ) 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` ( Is This the Way to ) Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) UK best - selling singles ( by decade ) 1950s : `` Rock Around the Clock '' - Bill Haley & His Comets 1960s : `` She Loves You '' - The Beatles 1970s : `` Mull of Kintyre '' - Wings 1980s : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' - Band Aid 1990s : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' - Elton John 2000s : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' - Will Young Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_They_Know_It%27s_Christmas%3F&oldid=858783264 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom Christmas number - one single downloads in the United Kingdom 1984 singles 1985 singles 1989 singles 2004 singles All - star recordings European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Hungary Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Christmas songs Charity singles Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Songs written by Midge Ure Slade songs Albums with cover art by Peter Blake ( artist ) 1984 songs Phonogram Records singles Columbia Records singles Pete Waterman Entertainment singles Polydor Records singles Mercury Records singles Virgin EMI Records singles Island Records singles 2014 singles Songs about poverty Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote do they know it's christmas with bob geldof	[ "\"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" is a song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure in reaction to television reports of the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia. It was first recorded in a single day on 25 November 1984 by Band Aid, a supergroup put together by Geldof and Ure and consisting mainly of the biggest British and Irish musical acts at the time.[1] The single was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1984[2] and aided by considerable publicity it entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and stayed there for five weeks, becoming the Christmas number one of 1984. The record became the fastest selling single in UK chart history, selling a million copies in the first week alone and passing 3 million on the last day of 1984,[3] on the way to displacing Wings's \"Mull of Kintyre\" as the biggest-selling single of all time in the UK.[4] It held this title until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind 1997\", released in tribute to Diana, Princess of Wales following her death.[5] The original version of \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" has sold 3.8 million copies in the UK to date.[6]\n" ]	[ "Midge Ure" ]
1313745258182225130	If Loving You Is Wrong	If Loving You is Wrong - wikipedia If Loving You is Wrong For the 1972 song , see ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right . If Loving You Is Wrong Genre Soap opera Created by Tyler Perry Written by Tyler Perry Directed by Tyler Perry Starring Amanda Clayton Matt Cook Edwina Findley Heather Hemmens Zulay Henao Jay Hunter April Parker Jones Octavio Pizano Joel Rush Aiden Turner Denzel Wells Charles Malik Whitfield Eltony Williams Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 82 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Ozzie Areu Mark E. Swinton Will Areu Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Release Original network Oprah Winfrey Network Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release September 9 , 2014 -- present External links Website Production website If Loving You Is Wrong is an American prime time television soap opera created , executive produced , written , and directed by Tyler Perry . The series focuses on the lives and relationships of a group of five husbands and wives who live on the same street ( Castillo Lane ) in the fictional community of Maxine . The show stars Amanda Clayton , Edwina Findley , Heather Hemmens , Zulay Henao , and April Parker Jones as the five female leads Alex , Kelly , Marcie , Esperanza and Natalie on `` their quest to find love in the midst of managing very complex lives . '' Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) If Loving You Is Wrong is loosely based on Perry 's 2014 film The Single Moms Club . Actress Zulay Henao reprised her movie role of Esperanza , although her character and storyline was rebooted for the TV series . It was officially ordered straight - to - series on January 9 , 2014 . It premiered on September 9 , 2014 , on the Oprah Winfrey Network ( OWN ) , and the first half of the first season finale aired on November 4 , 2014 . The series premiere was the highest - rated in OWN history , setting a new record over The Haves and the Have Nots . The second half of the first season aired on March 24 , 2015 . On February 27 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a second season with 22 more episodes . The second season premiered on September 22 , 2015 . The second half premiered on March 15 , 2016 . OWN renewed the series for a third season . The third season of the series premiered on September 13 , 2016 . The second half of season 3 premiered on March 21 , 2017 . On August 29 , 2017 , OWN announced the show 's return for the fourth season , which premiered on September 19 , 2017 . The second half of season 4 premiered on January 10 , 2018 and ended with the season finale on March 7 , 2018 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main Cast ( edit ) Amanda Clayton as Alex Montgomery , a housewife who is married to businessman , Brad . She has two children with him , Peter and Paisley , after which he had a vasectomy . She was caught having an affair with her next door neighbor , Randall , which ends her friendship with Randall 's wife Marcie and prompts Brad to leave her . She gave birth to a third child , a son , who is Randall 's son , born from their affair . Matt Cook as Joey Blackman , Natalie 's oldest son who was released from jail . Somewhat naïve in a lot of things while getting used to being out of jail , and is often hovered over by his mother with whom he works with at her place of business , Burger Fast . Edwina Findley as Kelly Issacs , a single and working mother to a young son named Justice . She is being pursued by a man named Travis , despite his being engaged to someone he met while in Haiti . She developed feelings for new guy nextdoor , Ramsey . But he is later found murdered in his home and Kelly is the main suspect . After awhile , Kelly is stalked unstop by Travis and later shoots him to death . While in jail , she ca n't come to terms with what she has done and still sees images of Travis stalking her . Lousion finds Kelly hanging in her cell . Tiffany Haddish as Jackie ( Season 1 ) , Natalie 's loyal assistant at Burger Fast . A very business - savvy woman . Heather Hemmens as Marcie Holmes , a real estate agent and Randall 's unhappy wife , who is angry with Alex for her affair with Randall . Gets even with both of them by embarking on a revenge affair with Brad . She demands that Randall divorce her ; he refuses because he still loves her , but also loves Alex . In the third season , it is revealed that Marcie is pregnant , but with Brad 's child . Although in the Season 3 finale , it is revealed that Randall may be the father of her baby . Zulay Henao as Esperanza Willis , ex-wife of Edward , a 911 dispatcher for the city of Maxine . Mother of a daughter named Mika with Edward . When she began dating Julius , he immediately became a target of Edward 's rage and jealousy , which is later justified as he is the relative of a drug - cartel leader , which constantly places her and Mika in danger . April Parker Jones as Natalie Henning , a single working mother of four kids who manages a fast food place called Burger Fast . Often hovers over her oldest son , Joey . She is engaged to Lushion who is a Maxine Police Department Officer he is also the father of their son , Frank . Eltony Williams as Dr. Randall Holmes , Marcie 's estranged husband , a psychologist . He has an affair with Alex , which destroys both his marriage to Marcie and his friendship with Brad . With the affair out in the second season premiere he is attacked by both Eddie and Brad . Later that night Brad destroys Randall 's boat and comes at him with an axe and the two begin to fight as Brad pulls out a gun and shots are fired . In season three Randall gets a dose of his own medicine when he finds Marcie and Brad begin a revenge affair and having sex in his shed where he had his affair with Alex . He refuses to divorce Marcie , because he wants to have both women in his life . In the season three finale it was revealed that Randall is not the father of Alex 's newborn baby boy . Due to a paternity glitch , Randall is unaware that he is still the father of Alex 's baby and soon Marcie 's unborn one . Aiden Turner as Brad Montgomery , a former Royal Marine who fought in Iraq with Alex 's cousin , Eddie and later became a businessman and married Alex . Now a businessman who was unaware of his wife 's affair with his friend , Randall until the second season premiere . He gets into a fight with Randall , demolishes his boat and nearly kills him . He eventually leaves Alex and he begins a revenge affair with Marcie . Brad is the father of Peter and Paisley his children with Alex , Brad had a vasectomy after Paisley 's birth , which gives credence to Randall being the father of Alex 's newborn son . Joel Rush as Edward `` Eddie '' Willis , Esperanza 's ex , Alex 's cousin and Brad 's friend . A former U.S. Marine and a very corrupt police officer for the city of Maxine . He has a daughter named Mika with Esperanza . He still intends to control her life although he himself is remarried and has kids with a woman named Yolanda , who would eventually leave him as well . Later revealed that he is still in love with Esperanza , which drives him to behave the way he does , and is also a recovering cocaine addict . Octavio Pizano as Julius Escada Jr. , Esperanza 's new boyfriend , a target of the jealous Edward 's rage , in this case , justifiably , as he is the relative of a Drug - Cartel leader , and Edward is concerned for the safety of Esperanza and , more importantly , his daughter , Mika . Charles Malik Whitfield as Lushion Morgan , Natalie 's fiancé and the father of her youngest son , Frankie . He 's a rookie cop with Eddie , who has a hostile working relationship with him , due to his corrupt ways . However , he still has enough loyalty to save him from a drive by shooting . Jay Hunter as Ian Glenn is a criminal defense attorney , partner at firm & friend of Lushion . Ian is recruited to be Kelly 's attorney but hits a road block . Ian is also looking for a new home & recruits Marcie as his real estate agent & an instant attraction begins . Denzel Wells as Travis Cain ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) , Kelly 's love interest , who is away on a relief mission in Haiti . Upon his return , he reveals that he got engaged to another woman while in Haiti and left Kelly . However , he has second thoughts , and ends his engagement . He then pursues Kelly anew , although she is very disinterested . During the third and fourth seasons , he becomes very angry and hostile towards Kelly . He is shot and killed by Kelly later in season 4 . Ryan Haake as Steven Simmons is Eddie & Lushions boss and secretly and FBI agent . Steven becomes attracted to Esperanza , hence creating a volatile relationship with her child 's father Eddie . Dawan Owens as Quan ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) , Joey 's old running buddy who is not liked by Lushion and Natalie , and at times , Joey himself . In season 3 he is killed during a shoot - out with Joey , who was seriously injured but survives . Donovan Christie Jr. as Larry , An attorney who helps Marcie in her legal battles against Randall . It is revealed he was a previous college mate and friend of Randall 's , in which they both share a dark secret behind close doors . They had a perverse , sexual and sadistic past as swingers . However Larry has a strong insatiable fetish for BDSM . Although it is not revealed if the two have ever been intimate with each other , but they both have made numerous innuendo remarks towards each other . Recurring Cast ( edit ) Brianne Davis as Yolanda ( Season 1 ) , Edward 's new wife who would , like Esperanza did , leave him . An alcoholic , she absolutely despises Esperanza , and the two women often quarrel . Has two children ( one an unnamed older daughter ) with Edward , and is Mika 's stepmother . Claudette Ortiz as Claudia ( Season 2 ) , a new addition to the 911 emergency service who is also the half - sister of Quan . Jasmine Guy as Mattaline Cain ( Season 1 ) , Travis ' mother who did not approve of Kelly , but later accepts her . Marie L. Burke ( Season 1 ) / Judi Blair ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) as Faun , daughter of Mr. Kym , owner of Burger Fast . Faun is friendly with Joey , who develops a love interest in him and works at Burger Fast with Natalie and Jackie . Clayton Landey as Captain Daniel Mackey ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) , the immediate superior of Edward and Lushion and the head of the Maxine Police Department . Sharon Conley as Sally ( Season 1 ) , owner of the 911 operatation station and Esperanza 's supervisor Celine Areu as Mika Willis , the daughter of Eddie and Esperanza . Chase Wainscott as Peter Montgomery , the son and oldest child of Brad and Alex . Ashlyn Areu as Paisley Montgomery , the daughter and youngest child of Brad and Alex . Timmy Richardson as Justice Issacs , the son of Kelly . Donielle T. Hansley Jr. as Frank Morgan , the youngest son of Natalie and Lushion . Trevante Rhodes as Ramsey Walters ( Season 2 ) , Kelly 's new neighbor , to whom she is attracted . In the third season , it is revealed that he is dead after Travis had killed him . Chris V. Pipkin as Pete Davis ( Seasons 2 − 3 ) , a rookie cop who works under Lushion and takes it upon himself to investigates Ben 's shooting . Andrea Frye as Louise Holmes ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Randall 's mother . who tries to be a peacemaker for Marcie and Randall . Jordan Wiseley as Ben Bryant ( Season 2 -- 3 ) , a drug addict and rookie cop who works under Eddie . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of If Loving You Is Wrong episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) May 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) 22 September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 22 September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 18 September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's `` If Loving You Is Wrong '' Returns to OWN with All - New Episodes This March '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's New Television Drama ' If Loving You is Wrong ' to Premiere Tuesday September 9 on OWN '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greg Braxton ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` OWN still bets on Tyler Perry 's ' Single Moms Club ' after film bombs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` OWN Orders Series Based on Tyler Perry 's ' Single Moms Club ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` OWN Sets Cast For New Tyler Perry Drama Series ' If Loving You Is Wrong ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Obenson , Tambay A. ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` OWN Announces Cast for New Drama Series ' If Loving You is Wrong ' From Tyler Perry Shadow and Act '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's ' Single Mom 's Club ' Adaptation for OWN Gets New Name '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OWN Wants More Tyler Perry -- And Gets It '' . Deadline Hollywood . February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / TheBrianneDavis : Meet crazy Yolanda ! ! ! '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . External links ( edit ) If Loving You Is Wrong on IMDb Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Nobody 's Fool Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! 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About Wikipedia	who plays randall's mom on if loving you is wrong	[ "Andrea Frye as Louise Holmes (Seasons 2–3), Randall's mother. who tries to be a peacemaker for Marcie and Randall." ]	[ "Andrea Frye" ]
-2532185933607661927	Rome	Rome - wikipedia Rome Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in Italy . For the civilization of classical antiquity , see Ancient Rome . For other uses , see Rome ( disambiguation ) . Rome Roma Comune Roma Capitale Clockwise from top : the Colosseum , St. Peter 's Basilica , Castel Sant'Angelo , Ponte Sant'Angelo , Trevi Fountain and the Pantheon Flag Coat of arms Nickname ( s ) : The Eternal City , Capital of the World , Throne of St. Peter The territory of the comune ( Roma Capitale , in red ) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome ( Città Metropolitana di Roma , in yellow ) . The white area in the centre is the Vatican City . Rome Rome Rome Show map of Italy Show map of Lazio Show map of Europe Show all Location in Italy & Europe Coordinates : 41 ° 54 ′ N 12 ° 30 ′ E / 41.900 ° N 12.500 ° E / 41.900 ; 12.500 Coordinates : 41 ° 54 ′ N 12 ° 30 ′ E / 41.900 ° N 12.500 ° E / 41.900 ; 12.500 Country Italy Region Lazio Government Type Special Comune ( `` Roma Capitale '' ) Body Rome City Council Mayor Virginia Raggi ( M5S ) Area Total 1,285 km ( 496.3 sq mi ) Elevation 21 m ( 69 ft ) Population ( 30 June 2017 ) Rank 1st , Italy ( 4th in EU ) Density 2,236 / km ( 5,790 / sq mi ) Comune 2,876,051 Metropolitan City 4,357,041 Demonym ( s ) Italian : Romano ( masculine ) , Romana ( feminine ) English : Roman Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) CAP code ( s ) 00100 ; 00118 to 00199 Area code ( s ) 06 Website Comune di Roma Rome ( / ˈroʊm / ROHM ; Italian : Roma ( ˈroːma ) ( listen ) , Latin : Rōma ) is the capital of Italy and a special comune ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,876,051 residents in 1,285 km ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4.3 million residents . Rome is located in the central - western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . The Vatican City is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city : for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded as the birthplace of Western civilisation and by some as the first ever metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy . Rome is also called the `` Caput Mundi '' ( Capital of the World ) . After the fall of the Western Empire , which marked the beginning of the Middle Ages , Rome slowly fell under the political control of the Papacy , which had settled in the city since the 1st century AD , until in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States , which lasted until 1870 . Beginning with the Renaissance , almost all the popes since Nicholas V ( 1447 -- 1455 ) pursued over four hundred years a coherent architectural and urban programme aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural centre of the world . In this way , Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance , and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism . Famous artists , painters , sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity , creating masterpieces throughout the city . In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy , which in 1946 became the Italian Republic . Rome has the status of a global city . Rome ranked in 2016 as the 13th-most - visited city in the world , 3rd most visited in the European Union , and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy . Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site . Monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the world 's most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year . Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations ' Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) . The city hosts the headquarters of many international business companies , such as Eni , Enel , TIM and national and international banks such as Unicredit and BNL . Its business district , called EUR , is the base of many companies involved in the oil industry , the pharmaceutical industry and financial services . Rome is also an important fashion and design centre thanks to international brands such as Fendi , Bulgari , Renato Balestra , Valentino , Laura Biagiotti . Rome 's Cinecittà Studios have been the set of many Academy Award -- winning movies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Earliest history 2.1. 1 Legend of the founding of Rome 2.2 Monarchy , republic , empire 2.3 Middle Ages 2.4 Early modern 2.5 Late modern and contemporary 3 Government 3.1 Local government 3.1. 1 Administrative and historical subdivisions 3.2 Metropolitan and regional government 3.3 National government 4 Geography 4.1 Location 4.2 Topography 5 Climate 6 Demographics 6.1 Ethnic groups 7 Religion 7.1 Vatican City 7.2 Pilgrimage 8 Cityscape 8.1 Architecture 8.1. 1 Ancient Rome 8.1. 2 Medieval 8.1. 3 Renaissance and Baroque 8.1. 4 Neoclassicism 8.1. 5 Fascist architecture 8.2 Parks and gardens 8.3 Fountains and aqueducts 8.4 Statues 8.5 Obelisks and columns 8.6 Bridges 8.7 Catacombs 9 Economy 10 Education 11 Culture 11.1 Entertainment and performing arts 11.2 Tourism 11.3 Fashion 11.4 Cuisine 11.5 Cinema 11.6 Language 12 Sports 13 Transport 14 International entities , organisations and involvement 15 International relations 15.1 Twin towns and sister cities 15.2 Other relationships 16 Documentaries 17 See also 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 External links Etymology ( edit ) Roman representation of Tiber as a god , Capitoline Hill in Rome According to the founding myth of the city by the Ancient Romans themselves , the long - held tradition of the origin of the name Roma is believed to have come from the city 's founder and first king , Romulus . However , it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself . As early as the 4th century , there have been alternative theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma . Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its linguistic roots which however remain uncertain : from Rumon or Rumen , archaic name of the Tiber , which in turn has the same root as the Greek verb ῥέω ( rhéō ) and the Latin verb ruo , which both mean `` flow '' ; from the Etruscan word ruma , whose root is * rum - `` teat '' , with possible reference either to the totem wolf that adopted and suckled the cognately named twins Romulus and Remus , or to the shape of the Palatine and Aventine Hills ; from the Greek word ῥώμη ( rhṓmē ) , which means strength . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Rome and Timeline of the city of Rome Historical affiliations Roman Kingdom c. 753 -- 509 BC Roman Republic 509 -- 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC -- 285 AD Western Roman Empire 285 -- 476 Kingdom of Odoacer 476 -- 493 Ostrogothic Kingdom 493 -- 553 Eastern Roman Empire 553 -- 754 Papal States 754 -- 1870 Kingdom of Italy 1870 -- 1946 Italian Republic 1946 -- present Vatican City 1929 -- present Earliest History ( edit ) Main article : Founding of Rome Palatine Hill There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago , but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites . Evidence of stone tools , pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence . Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum . Between the end of the bronze age and the beginning of the Iron age , each hill between the sea and the Capitol was topped by a village ( on the Capitol Hill , a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC ) . However , none of them had yet an urban quality . Nowadays , there is a wide consensus that the city developed gradually through the aggregation ( `` synoecism '' ) of several villages around the largest one , placed above the Palatine . This aggregation was facilitated by the increase of agricultural productivity above the subsistence level , which also allowed the establishment of secondary and tertiary activities . These in turn boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy ( mainly Ischia and Cumae ) . These developments , which according to archaeological evidence took place during the mid-eighth century BC , can be considered as the `` birth '' of the city . Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill , the view that Rome was founded deliberately in the middle of the eighth century BC , as the legend of Romulus suggests , remains a fringe hypothesis . Legend of the founding of Rome ( edit ) Capitoline Wolf suckles the infant twins Romulus and Remus Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth . The most familiar of these myths , and perhaps the most famous of all Roman myths , is the story of Romulus and Remus , the twins who were suckled by a she - wolf . They decided to build a city , but after an argument , Romulus killed his brother and the city took his name . According to the Roman annalists , this happened on 21 April 753 BC . This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition , set earlier in time , that had the Trojan refugee Aeneas escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son Iulus , the namesake of the Julio - Claudian dynasty . This was accomplished by the Roman poet Virgil in the first century BC . Monarchy , Republic , Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Rome , Roman Kingdom , Roman Republic , and Roman Empire After the legendary foundation by Romulus , Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a monarchical system , initially with sovereigns of Latin and Sabine origin , later by Etruscan kings . The tradition handed down seven kings : Romulus , Numa Pompilius , Tullus Hostilius , Ancus Marcius , Tarquinius Priscus , Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus . Augustus , the first Emperor In 509 BC the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an oligarchic republic . Rome then began a period characterised by internal struggles between patricians ( aristocrats ) and plebeians ( small landowners ) , and by constant warfare against the populations of central Italy : Etruscans , Latins , Volsci , Aequi , Marsi . After becoming master of Latium , Rome led several wars ( against the Gauls , Osci - Samnites and the Greek colony of Taranto , allied with Pyrrhus , king of Epirus ) whose result was the conquest of the Italian peninsula , from the central area up to Magna Graecia . The third and second century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean and the East , through the three Punic Wars ( 264 -- 146 BC ) fought against the city of Carthage and the three Macedonian Wars ( 212 -- 168 BC ) against Macedonia . Then were established the first Roman provinces : Sicily , Sardinia and Corsica , Hispania , Macedonia , Greece ( Achaia ) and Africa . From the beginning of the 2nd century BC , power was contested between two groups of aristocrats : the optimates , representing the conservative part of the Senate , and the populares , which relied on the help of the plebs ( urban lower class ) to gain power . In the same period , the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the establishment of large slave estates provoked the migration to the city of a large number of people . The continuous warfare made necessary a professional army , which was more loyal to its generals than to the republic . Because of this , in the second half of the second century and during the first century BC there were conflicts both abroad and internally : after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus , and the war against Jugurtha , there was a first civil war between Gaius Marius and Sulla . To this followed a major slave revolt under Spartacus , and then the establishment of the first Triumvirate with Caesar , Pompey and Crassus . Julius Caesar The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular , which led to a second civil war against the Senate and Pompey . After his victory , Caesar established himself as dictator for life . His assassination led to a second Triumvirate among Octavian ( Caesar 's grandnephew and heir ) , Mark Antony and Lepidus , and to another civil war between Octavian and Antony . The former in 27 BC became princeps civitatis and got the title of Augustus , founding the principate , a diarchy between the princeps and the senate . Rome was established as a de facto empire , which reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor Trajan . Rome was confirmed as caput Mundi , i.e. the capital of the world , an expression which had already been given in the Republican period . During its first two centuries , the empire saw as rulers , emperors of the Julio - Claudian , Flavian ( who also built eponymous amphitheatre , known as the Colosseum ) and Antonine dynasties . This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion , preached by Jesus Christ in Judea in the first half of the first century ( under Tiberius ) and popularized by his apostles through the empire and beyond . The Antonine age is considered the apogee of the Empire , whose territory ranged from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates and from Britain to Egypt . The Roman Empire at its greatest extent controlled approximately 6.5 million square kilometres ( 2.5 million square miles ) of land surface . After the end of the Severan Dynasty in 235 the Empire entered into 50 - year period known as the Crisis of the Third Century during which there were numerous putsches by generals who sought to secure the region of the empire they were entrusted with due to the weakness of central authority in Rome . There was the so - called Gallic Empire from 260 - 274 and the revolts of Zenobia and her father from the mid-260s which sought to fend off Persian incursions . Some regions - Britain , Spain and North Africa - were hardly affected . Instability caused economic deterioration , and there was a rapid rise in inflation as the government debased the currency in order to meet expenses . The Germanic tribes along the Rhine and north of the Balkans made serious , uncoordinated incursions from the 250s - 280s that were more like giant raiding parties rather than attempts to settle . The Persian Empire in the East invaded several times during the 230s to 260s but were eventually defeated . Emperor Diocletian ( 284 ) undertook the restoration of the State . He ended the Principate and introduced the so - called dominate which tried to give the impression of absolute power . The most marked feature was the unprecedented intervention of the State down to the city level : whereas the State had submitted a tax demand to a city and allowed it to allocate the charges , from his reign the State did this down to the village level . In a vain attempt to control inflation he imposed price controls which did not last . He or Constantine regionalized the administration of the empire which fundamentally changed the way it was governed by creating regional dioceses ( the consensus seems to have shifted from 297 to 313 / 14 as the date of creation due to the argument of Constantin Zuckerman in 2002 `` Sur la liste de Verone et la province de grande armenie , Melanges Gilber Dagron ) . The existence of regional fiscal units from 286 served as the model for this unprecedented innovation . The emperor quickened the process of removing military command from governors . Henceforth civilian administration and military command would be separate . He gave governors more fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as an attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control . Diocletian ruled the eastern half ( with residence in Nicomedia ) . In 296 he elevated Maximian as Augustus of the western half where he ruled mostly from Mediolanum ( Current day Milan ) when not on the move . In 292 he created two ' junior ' emeperors , the Caesars , one for each Augustus , Constantius for Britain , Gaul and Spain whose see was in Trier and Licinius in Srimium in the Balkans . The appointment of a Caesar was not unknown : Diocletian tried to turn into a system of non-dynastic succession . Upon abdication in 305 Caesars succeeded and they in turn appointed to colleagues for themselves . After the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian in 305 and a series of civil wars between rival claimants to imperial power during the years 306 - 313 , the Tetrarchy was abandoned . Constantine called the Great undertook a major reform of the bureaucracy not by changing the structure but by rationalizing the competencies of the several ministries during the years 325 - 330 after he defeated Licinius , emperor in the East at the end of 324. The so - called Edict of Milan of 313 , actually a fragment of a Letter from Licinius to the governors of the eastern provinces , granted freedom of worship to everyone including to Christians and ordered the restoration of confiscated church properties upon petition to the newly created vicars of dioceses . He funded the building of several churches and allowed clergy to act as arbitrators in civil suits ( a measure that did not outlast him but which was restored in part much later ) . He transformed the town of Byzantium into his new residence , which however , was not officially anything more than an imperial residence like Milan or Trier or Nicomedia until given a city prefect in May 359 by Constantius II ; Constantinople . The creation of Constantinople would have a profound effect on Europe : it was the bulwark against invasion and conquest from the East for 1000 years . Bust of Emperor Constantine I , 4th century Christianity in the form of the Nicene Creed became the official religion of the empire in 380 . It was issued in the name of the three emperors - called the Edict of Thessalonica - by Gratian , Valentinian II and Theodosius , who was clearly the driving force behind it . He was the last emperor of a unified empire : after his death in 395 his sons , Arcadius and Honorius divided the empire into a western and an eastern part . The seat of government in the Western Roman Empire was transferred to Ravenna after the siege of Milan in 402 . During the 5th century the emperors form the 430s mostly resided in the capital , Rome . Rome , which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire , was sacked in 410 by the Visigoths led by Alaric I , but very little physical damage was done , most of which was repaired . The popes embellished the city with large basilicas , such as Santa Maria Maggiore ( with the collaboration of the emperors ) . The population of the city had fallen from 800,000 to 450 - 500,000 by the time the city was sacked in 455 by Genseric , king of the Vandals . The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay , until the deposition of Romulus Augustus on 22 August 476 marked the end of the Western Roman Empire and , for many historians , the beginning of the Middle Ages . The decline of the city 's population was caused by the loss of grain shipments from North Africa , from 440 on , and the unwillingness of the senatorial class to maintain donations to support a population that was too large for the resources available . Even so , strenuous efforts were made to maintain the monumental centre , the palatine , and the largest baths , which continued to function until the Gothic siege of 537 . The large baths of Constantine on the Quirinale were even repaired in 443 ( according to `` Rome , An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present '' , Rabun Taylor , Katherine W. Rinne and Spiro Kostof , 2016 pp. 160 -- 179 ) . However the city gave an appearance overall of shabbiness and decay . Population declined to 500,000 by 452 and 100,000 by 500 AD ( perhaps larger , though no certain figure can be known ) . After the Gothic siege of 537 , population dropped to 30,000 , but had risen to 90,000 by the papacy of Gregory the Great . ( `` Rome , Profile of a City '' : 321 - 1308 , Richard Krautheimer , p. 165 . ) However , the city gave an appearance of shabbiness . The population decline coincided with the general collapse of urban life in the West in the 5th and 6th centuries with few exceptions . Subsidized state grain distributions to the poorer members of society continued right through the 6th century and probably prevented the population from falling further ( `` Rome , Urban History '' , pp. 184 -- 185 . ) The figure of 500,000 is based on the amount of pork , 3,629,000 lbs. distributed to poorer Romans during five winter months at the rate of 5lbs per person , enough for 145,000 inhabitants . ( Novel 36 , 2 , Emperor Valeninian III ) . Middle Ages ( edit ) 15th - century illustration depicting the Sack of Rome ( 410 ) The Bishop of Rome , called the Pope , was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles Peter and Paul there . The Bishops of Rome were also seen ( and still are seen by Catholics ) as the successors of Peter ; he being the first Bishop of Rome . The city thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the Catholic Church . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD , Rome was first under the control of Odoacer and then became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom before returning to East Roman control after the Gothic War , which devastated the city . Its population declined from more than a million in 210 AD to 500,000 in 273 to 35,000 after the Gothic War , reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins , vegetation , vineyards and market gardens . After the Lombard invasion of Italy , the city remained nominally Byzantine , but in reality the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the Byzantines , the Franks and the Lombards . In 729 , the Lombard king Liutprand donated to the church the north Latium town of Sutri , starting the temporal power of the church . In 756 , Pepin the Short , after having defeated the Lombards , gave to the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the Exarchate of Ravenna , thus creating the Papal States . Since this period three powers tried to rule the city : the pope , the nobility , together with the chiefs of militias , the judges , the Senate and the populace ; and the Frankish king , as king of the Lombards , patricius and Emperor . These three parties ( theocratic , republican and imperial ) were a characteristic of Roman life during the entire Middle Ages . On the Christmas night of 800 , Charlemagne was crowned in Rome as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III : on that occasion the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for the universal power was to be a constant of the Middle Ages . Detail view on an illustration by Raphael portraying the crowning of Charlemagne in Old Saint Peter 's Basilica , on 25 December 800 In 846 , Muslim Arabs unsuccessfully stormed the city 's walls , but managed to loot St. Peter 's and St. Paul 's basilica , both outside the city wall . After the decay of Carolingian power , Rome fell prey to feudal anarchy : several noble families kept fighting against the pope , the emperor and each other . These were the times of Theodora and her daughter Marozia , concubines and mothers of several popes , and of Crescentius , a powerful feudal lord , who fought against the Emperors Otto II and III . The scandals of this period pushed the papacy to reform itself : the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals , and a reform of the clergy was attempted . The driving force behind this renewal was the monk Ildebrando da Soana , who once elected pope under the name of Gregory VII became involved into the Investiture Controversy against Emperor Henry IV . Subsequently , Rome was sacked and burned by the Normans of Robert Guiscard who had entered the city in support of the Pope , who was besieged in Castel S. Angelo . During this period , the city was autonomously ruled by a senatore or patrizio : in the 12th century . This administration , as often in the Italian cities , evolved into the commune , a new form of social organisation , expression of the new wealthy classes . Pope Lucius II had already to fight against the Roman commune , and the struggle was continued by his successor pope Eugenius III : then the commune , allied with the nobility , was supported by Arnaldo da Brescia , a monk who was a religious and social reformer . After the pope 's death , Arnaldo was taken prisoner by Adrianus IV , which marked the end of the comune 's autonomy . Under Pope Innocent III , whose reign marked the apogee of the papacy , the commune liquidated the senate , and replaced it with a Senatore , who was subject to the pope . In this period the papacy played a role of secular importance in Western Europe , often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs and exercising additional political powers . Statue of Charles of Anjou In 1266 Charles of Anjou , who was heading south to fight the Hohenstaufen on behalf of the pope , was appointed Senator . Charles founded the Sapienza , the university of Rome . In that period the pope died , and the cardinals , summoned in Viterbo , could not agree on his successor : the people of the city , angered , unroofed the building where they had met , imprisoning them until they had nominated the new pope : this happening marked the birth of the conclave . In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights among the noble families : Annibaldi , Caetani , Colonna , Orsini , Conti , nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices , fought each other to control the papacy . Pope Boniface VIII , born Caetani , was the last pope to fight for the church 's universal domain : he proclaimed a crusade against the Colonna and in 1300 , called for the first Jubilee of Christianity , which brought to Rome millions of pilgrims . However , his hopes were crushed by the French king Philip the Fair , who took him prisoner and slashed him in Anagni , causing his death . Afterwards , a new pope faithful to the French was elected , and the papacy was briefly relocated to Avignon ( 1309 -- 1377 ) . During this period the city was neglected , until the power fell in the hand of a plebeian man , Cola di Rienzo . An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome , Cola dreamed about a rebirth of the Roman Empire : after assuming the power with the title of Tribuno , his reforms were rejected by the populace . Forced to flee , Cola could come back among the suite of cardinal Albornoz , in charge of restoring the church power in Italy . Back in power for a short time , he was lynched by the populace , and Albornoz could take possession of the city , that in 1377 under Gregory XI became again the seat of the papacy . The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the western Schism ( 1377 -- 1418 ) , and during the next forty years , the city was prey of the fights which shattered the church . Early modern ( edit ) Main article : Roman Renaissance Ponte Sisto on the Tiber -- an excellent example of Italian Renaissance architecture ( built between 1473 and 1479 ) In 1418 , the Council of Constance settled the Western Schism , and a Roman pope , Martin V , was elected . This brought to Rome a century of internal peace , which marked the beginning of the Renaissance . The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century , from Nicholas V , founder of the Vatican Library , to Pius II , humanist and literate , from Sixtus IV , a warrior pope , to Alexander VI , immoral and nepotist , from Julius II , soldier and patron , to Leo X , who gave his name to this period ( `` the century of Leo X '' ) , all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City , to the power of their stock , and to the patronage of the arts . During those years the centre of the Italian Renaissance moved to Rome from Florence . Majestic works , as the new Saint Peter 's Basilica , the Sistine Chapel and Ponte Sisto ( the first bridge to be built across the Tiber since antiquity , although on Roman foundation ) were created . To accomplish that , the Popes engaged the best artists of the time , including Michelangelo , Perugino , Raphael , Ghirlandaio , Luca Signorelli , Botticelli , and Cosimo Rosselli . Castel Sant'Angelo , where Pope Alexander VI secluded himself The period was also infamous for papal corruption , with many Popes fathering children , and engaging in nepotism and simony . The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led , in part , to the Reformation and , in turn , the Counter-Reformation . Alexander VI , for example , was well known for his decadence , extravagance and immoral life . Under extravagant and rich popes , Rome was transformed into a centre of art , poetry , music , literature , education and culture . Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth , grandeur , the arts , learning and architecture . The Renaissance period changed Rome 's face dramatically , with works like the Pietà by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartments . Rome reached the highest point of splendour under Pope Julius II ( 1503 -- 1513 ) and his successors Leo X and Clement VII , both members of the Medici family . Michelangelo 's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel painted in 1508 . Rome in 1642 Carnival in Rome circa 1650 In this twenty - year period , Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world . The old St. Peter 's Basilica built by Emperor Constantine the Great ( which by then was in a dilapidated state ) was demolished and a new one begun . The city hosted artists like Ghirlandaio , Perugino , Botticelli and Bramante , who built the temple of San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great project to renovate the Vatican . Raphael , who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy , created frescoes in the Villa Farnesina , the Raphael 's Rooms , plus many other famous paintings . Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the Moses for the tomb of Julius II . Rome lost in part its religious character , becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city , with a great number of popular feasts , horse races , parties , intrigues and licentious episodes . Its economy was rich , with the presence of several Tuscan bankers , including Agostino Chigi , who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts . Before his early death , Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins . The fight between France and Spain in Europe caused the first plunder of the city in less than five hundred years after the previous sack . In 1527 , the Landsknechts of Emperor Charles V sacked the city , putting to an abrupt end the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome . Beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545 , the Church began the Counter-Reformation as an answer to the Reformation , a large - scale questioning of the Church 's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs . ( This loss of confidence then led to major shifts of power away from the Church . ) Under the popes from Pius IV to Sixtus V , Rome became the centre of the reformed Catholicism and saw the instalment of new monuments which celebrated the papacy 's restored greatness . The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued the movement by having the city 's landscape enriched with baroque buildings . This was another nepotistic age : the new noble families ( Barberini , Pamphili , Chigi , Rospigliosi , Altieri , Odescalchi ) were protected by their respective popes , who built for their relatives huge baroque buildings . During the Age of Enlightenment , new ideas reached also the Eternal City , where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people 's welfare . But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation . There were setbacks in the attempts to restrain the anti-Church policies of European powers of the time , the most notable setback perhaps being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the Jesuit order suppressed . Late modern and contemporary ( edit ) The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short - lived Roman Republic ( 1798 -- 1800 ) , which was built under the influence of the French Revolution . The Papal States were restored in June 1800 , but during Napoleon 's reign Rome was annexed as a Département of the French Empire : first as Département du Tibre ( 1808 -- 1810 ) and then as Département Rome ( 1810 -- 1814 ) . After the fall of Napoleon , the Church State under the pope was reinstated through the Congress of Vienna of 1814 . In 1849 another Roman Republic arose within the framework of the revolutions of 1848 . Two of the most influential figures of the Italian unification , Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi , fought for the short - lived republic . Italian soldiers enter Rome on 20 September 1870 Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification , as the rest of Italy was reunited as the Kingdom of Italy , with a temporary capital at Florence . In 1861 Rome was declared capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope 's control . During the 1860s , the last vestiges of the Papal States were under French protection , thanks to the foreign policy of Napoleon III . It was only when this was lifted in 1870 , owing to the outbreak of the Franco - Prussian War , that Italian troops were able to capture Rome entering the city through a breach near Porta Pia . Afterwards , Pope Pius IX declared himself as prisoner in the Vatican , and in 1871 the capital of Italy was finally moved from Florence to Rome . Bombardment of Rome by Allied troops , 1943 Soon after World War I , Rome witnessed the rise of Italian Fascism , led by Benito Mussolini , who marched on the city in 1922 , eventually declaring a new Italian Empire and allying Italy with Nazi Germany . Mussolini pulled down large parts of the city centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence of classical Rome . The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city 's population , which surpassed one million inhabitants . In World War II , due to its art treasuries and the presence of the Vatican , Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities . However , on 19 July 1943 the San Lorenzo district was bombed by Anglo - American forces , resulting in about 3,000 immediate deaths and 11,000 wounded of which another 1,500 died . After the fall of Mussolini and the Italian Armistice on 8 September 1943 , the city was occupied by the Germans and declared an open city until its liberation on 4 June 1944 . Rome developed momentously after the war , as one of the driving forces behind the `` Italian economic miracle '' of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s . During this period , the years of la dolce vita ( `` the sweet life '' ) , Rome became a fashionable city , with popular classic films such as Ben Hur , Quo Vadis , Roman Holiday and La Dolce Vita filmed in the city 's iconic Cinecittà film studios . The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s , when the comune had more than 2.8 million residents . After that , population started to decline slowly as inhabitants began to move to nearby suburbs of Rome . Government ( edit ) See also : Mayor of Rome and Administrative subdivision of Rome Local government ( edit ) Palazzo Senatorio with the Rome City Hall Rome constitutes a comune speciale , named `` Roma Capitale '' , and is the largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 comuni of Italy . It is governed by a mayor and a city council . The seat of the comune is the Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill , the historic seat of the city government . The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as `` Campidoglio '' , the Italian name of the hill . Administrative and historical subdivisions ( edit ) The municipi of Rome Since 1972 the city has been divided into administrative areas , called municipi ( sing . municipio ) ( until 2001 named circoscrizioni ) . They were created for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city . Each municipio is governed by a president and a council of twenty - five members who are elected by its residents every five years . The municipi frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional , non-administrative divisions of the city . The municipi were originally 20 , then 19 . In 2013 their number has been reduced to 15 . Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units . The historic centre is divided into 22 rioni , all of which are located within the Aurelian Walls except Prati and Borgo . These originate from the Regiones of ancient Rome , which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni . In the Renaissance , under Pope Sixtus V , they reached again the number of fourteen , and their boundaries were finally defined under Pope Benedict XIV in 1743 . A new subdivision of the city under Napoleon was ephemeral , and there were no sensible changes in the organisation of the city until 1870 , when Rome became the third capital of Italy . The needs of the new capital led to an explosion both in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the Aurelian walls . In 1874 a fifteenth rione , Esquilino , was created on the newly urbanised zone of Monti . At the beginning of the 20th century other rioni where created ( the last one was Prati -- the only one outside the Walls of Pope Urban VIII -- in 1921 ) . Afterward , for the new administrative subdivisions of the city the name `` quartiere '' was used . Today all the rioni are part of the first Municipio , which therefore coincides completely with the historical city ( Centro Storico ) . Metropolitan and regional government ( edit ) Rome is the principal town of the Metropolitan City of Rome , operative since 1 January 2015 . The Metropolitan City replaced the old province , which included the city 's metropolitan area and extends further north until Civitavecchia . The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy . At 5,352 square kilometres ( 2,066 sq mi ) , its dimensions are comparable to the region of Liguria . Moreover , the city is also the capital of the Lazio region . National government ( edit ) The Palazzo del Quirinale , now seat of the President of the Italian Republic Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the Italian Government . The official residences of the President of the Italian Republic and the Italian Prime Minister , the seats of both houses of the Italian Parliament and that of the Italian Constitutional Court are located in the historic centre . The state ministries are spread out around the city ; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , which is located in Palazzo della Farnesina near the Olympic stadium . Geography ( edit ) Location ( edit ) Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber ( Italian : Tevere ) river . The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the Tiber Island , the only natural ford of the river in this area . The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills : the Aventine Hill , the Caelian Hill , the Capitoline Hill , the Esquiline Hill , the Palatine Hill , the Quirinal Hill , and the Viminal Hill . Modern Rome is also crossed by another river , the Aniene , which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre . Although the city centre is about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea , the city territory extends to the shore , where the south - western district of Ostia is located . The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from 13 metres ( 43 ft ) above sea level ( at the base of the Pantheon ) to 139 metres ( 456 ft ) above sea level ( the peak of Monte Mario ) . The Comune of Rome covers an overall area of about 1,285 square kilometres ( 496 sq mi ) , including many green areas . Topography ( edit ) Satellite view of Rome Panorama of Rome from the dome of St. Peter 's Basilica Throughout the history of Rome , the urban limits of the city were considered to be the area within the city 's walls . Originally , these consisted of the Servian Wall , which was built twelve years after the Gaulish sack of the city in 390 BC . This contained most of the Esquiline and Caelian hills , as well as the whole of the other five . Rome outgrew the Servian Wall , but no more walls were constructed until almost 700 years later , when , in 270 AD , Emperor Aurelian began building the Aurelian Walls . These were almost 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) long , and were still the walls the troops of the Kingdom of Italy had to breach to enter the city in 1870 . The city 's urban area is cut in two by its ring - road , the Grande Raccordo Anulare ( `` GRA '' ) , finished in 1962 , which circles the city centre at a distance of about 10 km ( 6 mi ) . Although when the ring was completed most part of the inhabited area lay inside it ( one of the few exceptions was the former village of Ostia , which lies along the Tyrrhenian coast ) , in the meantime quarters have been built which extend up to 20 km ( 12 mi ) beyond it . The comune covers an area roughly three times the total area within the Raccordo and is comparable in area to the entire metropolitan cities of Milan and Naples , and to an area six times the size of the territory of these cities . It also includes considerable areas of abandoned marsh land which is suitable neither for agriculture nor for urban development . As a consequence , the density of the comune is not that high , its territory being divided between highly urbanised areas and areas designated as parks , nature reserves , and for agricultural use . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Rome Rome has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification : Csa ) , with cool , humid winters and warm , dry summers . Its average annual temperature is above 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) during the day and 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) at night . In the coldest month -- January , the average temperature is 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) during the day and 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) at night . In the warmest months -- July and August , the average temperature is 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) during the day and 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) at night . December , January and February are the coldest months , with a daily mean temperature of 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ). Temperatures during these months generally vary between 10 and 15 ° C ( 50 and 59 ° F ) during the day and between 3 and 5 ° C ( 37 and 41 ° F ) at night , with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently . Snowfall is rare but not unheard of , with light snow or flurries occurring almost every winter , generally without accumulation , and major snowfalls approximately once every 5 years ( last in 2012 ) . The average relative humidity is 75 % , varying from 72 % in July to 77 % in November . Sea temperatures vary from a low of 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) in February and March to a high of 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) in August . ( hide ) Climate data for Rome Ciampino Airport ( altitude : 105 m sl , 13 km ( 8 mi ) south - east from Colosseum satellite view ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 30.3 ( 86.5 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 66.9 ( 2.634 ) 73.3 ( 2.886 ) 57.8 ( 2.276 ) 80.5 ( 3.169 ) 52.8 ( 2.079 ) 34.0 ( 1.339 ) 19.2 ( 0.756 ) 36.8 ( 1.449 ) 73.3 ( 2.886 ) 113.3 ( 4.461 ) 115.4 ( 4.543 ) 81.0 ( 3.189 ) 804.3 ( 31.665 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 7.0 7.6 7.6 9.2 6.2 4.3 2.1 3.3 6.2 8.2 9.7 8.0 79.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 120.9 132.8 167.4 201.0 263.5 285.0 331.7 297.6 237.0 195.3 129.0 111.6 2,472.8 Source : Servizio Meteorologico , data of sunshine hours ( 1971 -- 2000 ) Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Italy Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1861 194,500 -- 1871 212,432 + 9.2 % 1881 273,952 + 29.0 % 1901 422,411 + 54.2 % 1911 518,917 + 22.8 % 1921 660,235 + 27.2 % 1931 930,926 + 41.0 % 1936 1,150,589 + 23.6 % 1951 1,651,754 + 43.6 % 1961 2,188,160 + 32.5 % 1971 2,781,993 + 27.1 % 1981 2,840,259 + 2.1 % 1991 2,775,250 − 2.3 % 2001 2,663,182 − 4.0 % 2011 2,617,175 − 1.7 % 2017 2,876,051 + 9.9 % Source : ISTAT , 2001 Rome aerial view In 550 BC Rome was the second largest city in Italy , with Tarentum being the largest . It had an area of about 285 hectares ( 700 acres ) and an estimated population of 35,000 . Other sources suggest the population was just under 100,000 from 600 -- 500 BC . When the Republic was founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000 . The republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings . Other sources suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC . It surpassed 300,000 in 150 BC . The size of the city at the time of the Emperor Augustus is a matter of speculation , with estimates based on grain distribution , grain imports , aqueduct capacity , city limits , population density , census reports , and assumptions about the number of unreported women , children and slaves providing a very wide range . Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people , Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million , Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the city 's population declined to less than 50,000 people . It continued to stagnate or shrink until the Renaissance . When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870 , the city had a population of about 200,000 . This increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I . The Fascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city , but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s . Population growth continued after the Second World War , helped by a post-war economic boom . A construction boom also created a large number of suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s . In mid-2010 , there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper , while some 4.2 million people lived in the greater Rome area ( which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city , with a population density of about 800inhab. / km2 stretching over more than 5,000 km2 ) . Minors ( children ages 18 and younger ) totalled 17.00 % of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76 % . This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 % ( minors ) and 19.94 % ( pensioners ) . The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42 . In the five years between 2002 and 2007 , the population of Rome grew by 6.54 % , while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 % . The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births . The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million . Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area . Ethnic groups ( edit ) According to the latest statistics conducted by ISTAT , approximately 9.5 % of the population consists of non-Italians . About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins ( chiefly Romanian , Polish , Ukrainian , and Albanian ) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7 % of the population . The remaining 4.8 % are those with non-European origins , chiefly Filipinos ( 26,933 ) , Bangladeshis ( 12,154 ) , and Chinese ( 10,283 ) . The Esquilino rione , off Termini Railway Station , has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood . It is perceived as Rome 's Chinatown . Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there . A commercial district , Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine . There are wholesale clothes shops . Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese - owned ; around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world ; 200 are owned by Italians . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Rome Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran , Rome 's Cathedral Much like the rest of Italy , Rome is predominantly Roman Catholic , and the city has been an important centre of religion and pilgrimage for centuries , the base of the ancient Roman Religion with the pontifex maximus and later the seat of the Vatican and the pope . Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome , the Religio Romana ( literally , the `` Roman Religion '' ) was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity . The first gods held sacred by the Romans were Jupiter , the most high , and Mars , god of war , and father of Rome 's twin founders , Romulus and Remus , according to tradition . Other gods and goddesses such as Vesta and Minerva were honoured . Rome was also the base of several mystery cults , such as Mithraism . Later , after St Peter and St Paul were martyred in the city , and the first Christians began to arrive , Rome became Christian , and the Old St. Peter 's Basilica was constructed in 313 AD . Despite some interruptions ( such as the Avignon papacy ) , Rome has for centuries been the home of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome , otherwise known as the Pope . Mosque of Rome , the largest mosque in Western Europe Despite the fact that Rome is home to the Vatican City and St. Peter 's Basilica , Rome 's cathedral is the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran , located to the south - east of the city - centre . There are around 900 churches in Rome in total , aside from the cathedral itself , some others of note include : the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore , the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls , the Basilica di San Clemente , San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and the Church of the Gesù . There are also the ancient Catacombs of Rome underneath the city . Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome , such as the Pontifical Lateran University , Pontifical Biblical Institute , Pontifical Gregorian University , and Pontifical Oriental Institute . In recent years , there has been a significant growth in Rome 's Muslim community , mainly due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city . As a result of this increase of the local practitioners of the Islamic faith , the comune promoted the building of the Mosque of Rome , which is the largest mosque in Western Europe , that was designed by architect Paolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on 21 June 1995 . Since the end of the Roman Republic , Rome is also the centre of an important Jewish community , which was once based in Trastevere , and later in the Roman Ghetto . There lies also the major synagogue in Rome , the Tempio Maggiore . Vatican city ( edit ) Main article : Vatican City St. Peter 's Square in Vatican City . The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus ( Vatican Hill ) , and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields , where St. Peter 's Basilica , the Apostolic Palace , the Sistine Chapel , and museums were built , along with various other buildings . The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929 . Being separated from the city on the west bank of the Tiber , the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV , later expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III / Pius IV / Urban VIII . When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared , the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop . For some tracts of the frontier , there was no wall , but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary , and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed . The territory includes Saint Peter 's Square , separated from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square , where it borders Piazza Pio XII . St. Peter 's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione , which runs from the Tiber to St. Peter 's . This grand approach was designed by architects Piacentini and Spaccarelli , for want of Benito Mussolini and in accordance with the church , after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty . According to the Lateran Treaty , certain properties of the Holy See located in Italian territory , most notably the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas , enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies . Pilgrimage ( edit ) St. Peter 's Basilica at night from Via della Conciliazione in Rome Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages . People from all over the Christian world visit Vatican City , within the city of Rome , the seat of the papacy . The Pope was the most influential figure during the Middle Ages . The city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire starting with Charlemagne , who was crowned its first emperor in Rome in 800 by Pope Leo III . Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages , Rome kept its status as Papal capital and `` holy city '' for centuries , even when the Papacy briefly relocated to Avignon ( 1309 -- 1377 ) . Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter . Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to a large number of sites , both within the Vatican City and in Italian territory . A popular stopping point is the Pilate 's stairs : these are , according to the Christian tradition , the steps that led up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem , which Jesus Christ stood on during his Passion on his way to trial . The stairs were , reputedly , brought to Rome by St. Helena in the 4th Century . For centuries , the Scala Santa has attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honour the Passion of Jesus . Object of pilgrimage are also several catacombs built in the Roman age , in which Christians prayed , buried their dead and performed worship during periods of persecution , and various national churches ( among them San Luigi dei francesi and Santa Maria dell'Anima ) , or churches associated with individual religious orders , such as the Jesuit Churches of Jesus and Sant'Ignazio . Traditionally , pilgrims in Rome and Roman citizens thanking God for a grace should visit by foot the seven pilgrim churches ( Italian : Le sette chiese ) in 24 hours . This custom , mandatory for each pilgrim in the Middle Ages , was codified in the 16th century by Saint Philip Neri . The seven churches are the four major Basilicas ( St Peter in Vatican , St Paul outside the Walls , St John in Lateran and Santa Maria Maggiore ) , while the other three are San Lorenzo fuori le mura ( a palaeochristian Basilica ) , Santa Croce in Gerusalemme ( a church founded by Helena , the mother of Constantine , which hosts fragments of wood attributed to the holy cross ) and San Sebastiano fuori le mura ( which lies on the Appian Way and is built above Roman catacombs ) . Cityscape ( edit ) See also : List of tourist attractions in Rome and List of streets in Rome View of Rome from the Via San Lucio Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Rome The Pantheon The Colosseum and the Arch of Constantine Rome 's architecture over the centuries has greatly developed , especially from the Classical and Imperial Roman styles to modern Fascist architecture . Rome was for a period one of the world 's main epicentres of classical architecture , developing new forms such as the arch , the dome and the vault . The Romanesque style in the 11th , 12th and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture , and later the city became one of the main centres of Renaissance , Baroque and neoclassic architecture . Ancient Rome ( edit ) Main articles : List of ancient monuments in Rome and Ancient Roman architecture One of the symbols of Rome is the Colosseum ( 70 -- 80 AD ) , the largest amphitheatre ever built in the Roman Empire . Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators , it was used for gladiatorial combat . A list of important monuments and sites of ancient Rome includes the Roman Forum , the Domus Aurea , the Pantheon , Trajan 's Column , Trajan 's Market , the Catacombs , the Circus Maximus , the Baths of Caracalla , Castel Sant'Angelo , the Mausoleum of Augustus , the Ara Pacis , the Arch of Constantine , the Pyramid of Cestius , and the Bocca della Verità . Medieval ( edit ) The medieval popular quarters of the city , situated mainly around the Capitol , were largely demolished between the end of the 19th century and the fascist period , but many notable buildings still remain . Basilicas dating from the Christian antiquity e include Saint Mary Major and Saint Paul outside the Walls ( the latter largely rebuilt in the 19th century ) , both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics . Notable later notable medieval mosaics and frescoes can be also found in the churches of Santa Maria in Trastevere , Santi Quattro Coronati , and Santa Prassede . Secular buildings include a number of towers , the largest being the Torre delle Milizie and the Torre dei Conti , both next the Roman Forum , and the huge outdoor stairway leading up to the basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli . Renaissance and Baroque ( edit ) Rome was a major world centre of the Renaissance , second only to Florence , and was profoundly affected by the movement . Among others , a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture in Rome is the Piazza del Campidoglio by Michelangelo . During this period , the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the Palazzo del Quirinale ( now seat of the President of the Italian Republic ) , the Palazzo Venezia , the Palazzo Farnese , the Palazzo Barberini , the Palazzo Chigi ( now seat of the Italian Prime Minister ) , the Palazzo Spada , the Palazzo della Cancelleria , and the Villa Farnesina . Panoramic view of Piazza del Campidoglio , with the copy of the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius . Many of the famous city 's squares -- some huge , majestic and often adorned with obelisks , some small and picturesque -- got their present shape during the Renaissance and Baroque . The principal ones are Piazza Navona , Piazza di Spagna , Campo de ' Fiori , Piazza Venezia , Piazza Farnese , Piazza della Rotonda and Piazza della Minerva . One of the most emblematic examples of Baroque art is the Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi . Other notable 17th - century baroque palaces are the Palazzo Madama , now the seat of the Italian Senate and the Palazzo Montecitorio , now the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy . Neoclassicism ( edit ) The Altare della Patria In 1870 , Rome became the capital city of the new Kingdom of Italy . During this time , neoclassicism , a building style influenced by the architecture of antiquity , became a predominant influence in Roman architecture . During this period , many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries , embassies , and other governing agencies . One of the best - known symbols of Roman neoclassicism is the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II or `` Altar of the Fatherland '' , where the Grave of the Unknown Soldier , that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell in World War I , is located . Fascist architecture ( edit ) The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana See also : Fascist architecture The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 had its showcase in Rome . Mussolini allowed the construction of new roads and piazzas , resulting in the destruction of roads , houses , churches and palaces erected during the papal rule . The main activities during his government were : the `` isolation '' of the Capitoline Hill ; Via dei Monti , later renamed Via del'Impero , and finally Via dei Fori Imperiali ; Via del Mare , later renamed Via del Teatro di Marcello ; the `` isolation '' of the Mausoleum of Augustus , with the erection of Piazza Augusto Imperatore ; Via della Conciliazione . Architecturally , Fascism favored the most modern movements , such as the Rationalism . Parallel to this , in the 1920s another style emerged , named `` Stile Novecento '' , characterised by its links with ancient Roman architecture . One important construction in the latter style is the Foro Mussolini , now Foro Italico , by Enrico Del Debbio . Next to it , the most important Fascist site in Rome is the EUR district , designed in 1938 by Marcello Piacentini . This new quarter emerged as a compromise between Rationalist and Novecento architects , the former being led by Giuseppe Pagano . The EUR was originally conceived for the 1942 world exhibition , and was called `` E. 42 '' ( `` Esposizione 42 '' ) . The most representative buildings of EUR are the Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana ( 1938 -- 1943 ) , the iconic design of which has been labelled the cubic of Square Colosseum , and the Palazzo dei Congressi , example of Rationalist style . The world exhibition , however , never took place because Italy entered the Second World War in 1940 , and the realised buildings were partly destroyed in 1943 during the fighting between Italian and German army after the armistice and later abandoned . The quarter was restored in the 1950s , when the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off - centre business district of the type that other capitals were still planning ( London Docklands and La Défense in Paris ) . Also the Palazzo della Farnesina , the current seat of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , was designed in 1935 in pure Fascist style . Parks and gardens ( edit ) The Villa Borghese Main article : List of parks and gardens in Rome Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome , and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals . The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy . While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century , some of them remain . The most notable of these are Villa Borghese , Villa Ada , and Villa Doria Pamphili . Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill comprising some 1.8 square kilometres ( 0.7 sq mi ) . Also on the Gianicolo hill there is Villa Sciarra , with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas . In the nearby area of Trastevere the Orto Botanico ( Botanical Garden ) is a cool and shady green space . The old Roman hippodrome ( Circus Maximus ) is another large green space : it has few trees , but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ( ' roseto comunale ' ) . Nearby is the lush Villa Celimontana , close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla . The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome , with famous art galleries among its shaded walks . Overlooking Piazza del Popolo and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of Pincio and Villa Medici . Noteworthy is also the Pine wood of Castelfusano , near Ostia . Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin including the Pineto Regional Park and the Appian Way Regional Park . There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano . Fountains and aqueducts ( edit ) Main articles : List of fountains in Rome and List of aqueducts in the city of Rome The Trevi Fountain The Fontana della Barcaccia Rome is a city famous for its numerous fountains , built in all different styles , from Classical and Medieval , to Baroque and Neoclassical . The city has had fountains for more than two thousand years , and they have provided drinking water and decorated the piazzas of Rome . During the Roman Empire , in 98 AD , according to Sextus Julius Frontinus , the Roman consul who was named curator aquarum or guardian of the water of the city , Rome had nine aqueducts which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins , not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household , baths and owners of private villas . Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts , in case one was shut down for service . During the 17th and 18th century the Roman popes reconstructed other ruined Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini , launching the golden age of the Roman fountain . The fountains of Rome , like the paintings of Rubens , were expressions of the new style of Baroque art . They were crowded with allegorical figures , and filled with emotion and movement . In these fountains , sculpture became the principal element , and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures . They , like baroque gardens , were `` a visual representation of confidence and power '' . Statues ( edit ) See also : Talking statues of Rome Bernini 's statues at the Piazza Navona Rome is well known for its statues but , in particular , the talking statues of Rome . These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion , and places for people to ( often satirically ) voice their opinions . There are two main talking statues : the Pasquino and the Marforio , yet there are four other noted ones : il Babuino , Madama Lucrezia , il Facchino and Abbot Luigi . Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical , and most of them also depict mythical gods , ancient people or legendary figures ; il Pasquino represents Menelaus , Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate , il Babuino is supposed to be Silenus , Marforio represents Oceanus , Madama Lucrezia is a bust of Isis , and il Facchino is the only non-Roman statue , created in 1580 , and not representing anyone in particular . They are often , due to their status , covered with placards or graffiti expressing political ideas and points of view . Other statues in the city , which are not related to the talking statues , include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo , or several monuments scattered across the city , such as that to Giordano Bruno in the Campo de'Fiori . Obelisks and columns ( edit ) Main article : List of obelisks in Rome An ancient Egyptian obelisk in Piazza del Popolo The city hosts eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks , together with a number of more modern obelisks ; there was also formerly ( until 2005 ) an ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome . The city contains some of obelisks in piazzas , such as in Piazza Navona , St Peter 's Square , Piazza Montecitorio , and Piazza del Popolo , and others in villas , thermae parks and gardens , such as in Villa Celimontana , the Baths of Diocletian , and the Pincian Hill . Moreover , the centre of Rome hosts also Trajan 's and Antonine Column , two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief . The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in Piazza Colonna and it was built around 180 AD by Commodus in memory of his parents . The Column of Marcus Aurelius was inspired by Trajan 's Column at Trajan 's Forum , which is part of the Imperial Fora Bridges ( edit ) Main article : List of bridges in Rome Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II at sunset The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the Tiber . The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is Ponte dei Quattro Capi , which connects the Isola Tiberina with the left bank . The other surviving -- albeit modified -- ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are Ponte Cestio , Ponte Sant'Angelo and Ponte Milvio . Considering Ponte Nomentano , also built during ancient Rome , which crosses the Aniene , currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city . Other noteworthy bridges are Ponte Sisto , the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations ; Ponte Rotto , actually the only remaining arch of the ancient Pons Aemilius , collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century ; and Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II , a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo . Most of the city 's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style , but also in Baroque , Neoclassical and Modern styles . According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the Ponte Sant'Angelo , which was completed in 135 AD , and was decorated with ten statues of the angels , designed by Bernini in 1688 . Catacombs ( edit ) Main article : Catacombs of Rome Rome has extensive amount of ancient catacombs , or underground burial places under or near the city , of which there are at least forty , some discovered only in recent decades . Though most famous for Christian burials , they include pagan and Jewish burials , either in separate catacombs or mixed together . The first large - scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards . Originally they were carved through tuff , a soft volcanic rock , outside the boundaries of the city , because Roman law forbade burial places within city limits . Currently maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the Papacy which has invested in the Salesians of Don Bosco the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome . Economy ( edit ) Being the capital city of Italy , Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation , like the Presidency of the Republic , the government ( and its single Ministeri ) , the Parliament , the main judicial Courts , and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and the Vatican City ( curiously , Rome also hosts , in the Italian part of its territory , the Embassy of Italy for the Vatican City , a unique case of an Embassy within the boundaries of its own country ) . Many international institutions are located in Rome , notably cultural and scientific ones -- such as the American Institute , the British School , the French Academy , the Scandinavian Institutes , the German Archaeological Institute -- for the honour of scholarship in the Eternal City , and specialised agencies of the United Nations , such as the FAO . Rome also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations , such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ) , World Food Programme ( WFP ) , the NATO Defence College and the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property ( ICCROM ) . Rome is currently a beta+ world city , falling down from its alpha - status in 2008 , along with Berlin , Bucharest , Athens , Lisbon , Montreal and Budapest . Panoramic view of EUR business district . Rome was also ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index , being the highest - ranking city in Italy . With a 2005 GDP of € 94.376 billion ( US $121.5 billion ) , the city produces 6.7 % of the national GDP ( more than any other single city in Italy ) , and its unemployment rate , lowered from 11.1 % to 6.5 % between 2001 and 2005 , is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities . Rome grows + 4.4 % annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country . This means that were Rome a country , it would be the world 's 52nd richest country by GDP , near to the size to that of Egypt . Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of € 29,153 ( US $37,412 ) , which was second in Italy , ( after Milan ) , and is more than 134.1 % of the EU average GDP per capita . Rome , on the whole , has the highest total earnings in Italy , reaching € 47,076,890,463 in 2008 , yet , in terms of average workers ' incomes , the city places itself 9th in Italy , with € 24,509 . On a global level , Rome 's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009 , coming three places higher than in 2008 , in which the city ranked 33rd . The Rome area had a GDP amounting to $167.8 billion , and $38,765 per capita . Rome chamber of commerce in ancient Temple of Hadrian Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry and it is largely dominated by services , high - technology companies ( IT , aerospace , defence , telecommunications ) , research , construction and commercial activities ( especially banking ) , and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy . Rome 's international airport , Fiumicino , is the largest in Italy , and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies , as well as the headquarters of three of the world 's 100 largest companies : Enel , Eni , and Telecom Italia . Universities , national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy : Rome is also the hub of the Italian film industry , thanks to the Cinecittà studios , working since the 1930s . The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics , energy , transport , and aerospace industries . Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters , government ministries , conference centres , sports venues , and museums are located in Rome 's principal business districts : the Esposizione Universale Roma ( EUR ) ; the Torrino ( further south from the EUR ) ; the Magliana ; the Parco de ' Medici - Laurentina and the so - called Tiburtina - valley along the ancient Via Tiburtina . Education ( edit ) The Sapienza University of Rome founded in 1303 Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education , containing numerous academies , colleges and universities . It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges , and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre , especially during Ancient Rome and the Renaissance , along with Florence . According to the City Brands Index , Rome is considered the world 's second most historically , educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city . Rome has a large number of universities and colleges . Its first university , La Sapienza ( founded in 1303 ) , is one of the largest in the world , with more than 140,000 students attending ; in 2005 it ranked as Europe 's 33rd best university and in 2013 the Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and the top in Italy in its World University Rankings. and has been ranked among Europe 's 50 and the world 's 150 best colleges . In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza , two new public universities were founded during the last decades : Tor Vergata in 1982 , and Roma Tre in 1992 . Rome hosts also the LUISS School of Government , Italy 's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European studies as well as LUISS Business School , Italy 's most important business school . Rome ISIA was founded in 1973 by Giulio Carlo Argan and is Italy 's oldest institution in the field of industrial design . Biblioteca Casanatense Rome contains also a large number of pontifical universities and other institutes , including the British School at Rome , the French School in Rome , the Pontifical Gregorian University ( the oldest Jesuit university in the world , founded in 1551 ) , Istituto Europeo di Design , the Scuola Lorenzo de ' Medici , the Link Campus of Malta , and the Università Campus Bio-Medico . Rome is also the location of two American Universities ; The American University of Rome and John Cabot University as well as St. John 's University branch campus , John Felice Rome Center , a campus of Loyola University Chicago and Temple University Rome , a campus of Temple University . The Roman Colleges are several seminaries for students from foreign countries studying for the priesthood at the Pontifical Universities . Examples include the Venerable English College , the Pontifical North American College , the Scots College , and the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome . National Central Library Rome 's major libraries include : the Biblioteca Angelica , opened in 1604 , making it Italy 's first public library ; the Biblioteca Vallicelliana , established in 1565 ; the Biblioteca Casanatense , opened in 1701 ; the National Central Library , one of the two national libraries in Italy , which contains 4,126,002 volumes ; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri , specialised in diplomacy , foreign affairs and modern history ; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana ; the Biblioteca Don Bosco , one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries ; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo , a museum - library specialised in history of drama and theatre ; the Biblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana , which is based in the Villa Celimontana and is the most important geographical library in Italy , and one of Europe 's most important ; and the Vatican Library , one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world , which was formally established in 1475 , though in fact much older and has 75,000 codices , as well as 1.1 million printed books , which include some 8,500 incunabula . There are also a large number of specialist libraries attached to various foreign cultural institutes in Rome , among them that of the American Academy in Rome , the French Academy in Rome and the Bibliotheca Hertziana -- Max Planck Institute of Art History , a German library , often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences ; Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture in Rome Entertainment and performing arts ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Rome and Events in Rome The Teatro dell'Opera di Roma at the Piazza Beniamino Gigli Rome is an important centre for music , and it has an intense musical scene , including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres . It hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia ( founded in 1585 ) , for which new concert halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica , one of the largest musical venues in the world . Rome also has an opera house , the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma , as well as several minor musical institutions . The city also played host to the Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2004 . Rome has also had a major impact in music history . The Roman School was a group of composers of predominantly church music , which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries , therefore spanning the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras . The term also refers to the music they produced . Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel , though they worked at several churches ; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers , a concurrent movement which was much more progressive . By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth , clear , polyphonic perfection . However , there were other composers working in Rome , and in a variety of styles and forms . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Rome Historic Centre of Rome , the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : i , ii , iii , iv , vi Reference 91 Inscription 1980 ( 4th Session ) Extensions 1990 Area 1,430.8 ha The Spanish Steps Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world , due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures , as well as for the charm of its unique traditions , the beauty of its panoramic views , and the majesty of its magnificent `` villas '' ( parks ) . Among the most significant resources are the many museums -- Musei Capitolini , the Vatican Museums and the Galleria Borghese and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art -- aqueducts , fountains , churches , palaces , historical buildings , the monuments and ruins of the Roman Forum , and the Catacombs . Rome is the third most visited city in the EU , after London and Paris , and receives an average of 7 -- 10 million tourists a year , which sometimes doubles on holy years . The Colosseum ( 4 million tourists ) and the Vatican Museums ( 4.2 million tourists ) are the 39th and 37th ( respectively ) most visited places in the world , according to a recent study . Rome is a major archaeological hub , and one of the world 's main centres of archaeological research . There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city , such as the American Academy in Rome , and The Swedish Institute at Rome . Rome contains numerous ancient sites , including the Forum Romanum , Trajan 's Market , Trajan 's Forum , the Colosseum , and the Pantheon , to name but a few . The Colosseum , arguably one of Rome 's most iconic archaeological sites , is regarded as a wonder of the world . Rome contains a vast and impressive collection of art , sculpture , fountains , mosaics , frescos , and paintings , from all different periods . Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome , with forms of important Roman art such as architecture , painting , sculpture and mosaic work . Metal - work , coin die and gem engraving , ivory carvings , figurine glass , pottery , and book illustrations are considered to be ' minor ' forms of Roman artwork . Rome later became a major centre of Renaissance art , since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose basilicas , palaces , piazzas and public buildings in general . Rome became one of Europe 's major centres of Renaissance artwork , second only to Florence , and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres , such as Paris and Venice . The city was affected greatly by the baroque , and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects , such as Bernini , Caravaggio , Carracci , Borromini and Cortona . In the late 18th century and early 19th century , the city was one of the centres of the Grand Tour , when wealthy , young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ancient Roman culture , art , philosophy and architecture . Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists , such as Pannini and Bernardo Bellotto . Today , the city is a major artistic centre , with numerous art institutes and museums . Internal view of the Colosseum Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture . The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla , Morandi , Pirandello , Carrà , De Chirico , De Pisis , Guttuso , Fontana , Burri , Mastroianni , Turcato , Kandisky and Cézanne on permanent exhibition . 2010 saw the opening of Rome 's newest arts foundation , a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid . Known as MAXXI -- National Museum of the 21st Century Arts it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture . Maxxi features a campus dedicated to culture , experimental research laboratories , international exchange and study and research . It is one of Rome 's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside Renzo Piano 's Auditorium Parco della Musica and Massimiliano Fuksas ' Rome Convention Center , Centro Congressi Italia EUR , in the EUR district , due to open in 2016 . The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side . Fashion ( edit ) Via dei Condotti Rome is also widely recognised as a world fashion capital . Although not as important as Milan , Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in the world , according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor after Milan , New York and Paris , and beating London . Major luxury fashion houses and jewelry chains , such as Valentino , Bulgari , Fendi , Laura Biagiotti and Brioni , are headquartered or were founded in the city . Also , other major labels , such as Chanel , Prada , Dolce & Gabbana , Armani and Versace have luxury boutiques in Rome , primarily along its prestigious and upscale Via dei Condotti . Cuisine ( edit ) Spaghetti alla Carbonara , a typical Roman dish Concia di zucchine , example of Roman - Jewish cuisine Main article : Roman cuisine Rome 's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social , cultural , and political changes . Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the ancient Age . Ancient Roman cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture , and after , the empire 's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new , provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques . Later , during the Renaissance , Rome became well known as a centre of high - cuisine , since some of the best chefs of the time , worked for the popes . An example of this could be Bartolomeo Scappi , who was a chef , working for Pius IV in the Vatican kitchen , and he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook Opera dell'arte del cucinare was published . In the book he lists approximately 1000 recipes of the Renaissance cuisine and describes cooking techniques and tools , giving the first known picture of a fork . In the modern age , the city developed its own peculiar cuisine , based on products of the nearby Campagna , as lamb and vegetables ( globe artichokes are common ) . In parallel , Roman Jews - present in the city since the 1st century BC - developed their own cuisine , the cucina giudaico - romanesca . Examples of Roman dishes include `` Saltimbocca alla Romana '' -- a veal cutlet , Roman - style ; topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter ; `` Carciofi alla romana '' -- artichokes Roman - style ; outer leaves removed , stuffed with mint , garlic , breadcrumbs and braised ; `` Carciofi alla giudia '' -- artichokes fried in olive oil , typical of Roman Jewish cooking ; outer leaves removed , stuffed with mint , garlic , breadcrumbs and braised ; `` Spaghetti alla carbonara '' -- spaghetti with bacon , eggs and pecorino , and `` Gnocchi di semolino alla romana '' -- semolina dumpling , Roman - style , to name but a few . Cinema ( edit ) Main articles : List of films set in Rome and List of films set in ancient Rome Roman Holiday with Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck Rome hosts the Cinecittà Studios , the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema , where a large number of today 's biggest box office hits are filmed . The 99 - acre ( 40 ha ) studio complex is 9.0 kilometres ( 5.6 mi ) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world , second only to Hollywood , with well over 5,000 professionals -- from period costume makers to visual effects specialists . More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot , from recent features like The Passion of the Christ , Gangs of New York , HBO 's Rome , The Life Aquatic and Dino De Laurentiis ' Decameron , to such cinema classics as Ben - Hur , Cleopatra , and the films of Federico Fellini . Founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini , the studios were bombed by the Western Allies during the Second World War . In the 1950s , Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions , and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini . Today Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production , production , and full post-production facilities on one lot , allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and `` walk out '' with a completed film . Language ( edit ) Main articles : Roman dialect and Latin Latin inscription , in the National Roman Museum Although associated today only with Latin , ancient Rome was in fact multilingual . In highest antiquity Sabine tribes shared the area of what is today Rome with Latin tribes . The Sabine language was one of the Italic group of ancient Italian languages , along with Etruscan , which would have been the main language of the last three kings who ruled the city till the founding of the Republic in 509 BC . Urganilla , or Plautia Urgulanilla , wife of Emperor Claudius , is thought to have been a speaker of Etruscan many centuries after this date , according to Suetonius ' entry on Claudius . However Latin , in various evolving forms , was the main language of classical Rome , but as the city had immigrants , slaves , residents , ambassadors from many parts of the world it was also multilingual . Many educated Romans also spoke Greek , and there was a large Greek , Syriac and Jewish population in parts of Rome from well before the Empire . Latin evolved during the Middle Ages into a new language , the `` volgare '' . The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects , among which the Tuscan dialect predominated , but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect , the Romanesco . The Romanesco spoken during the Middle Ages was more like a southern Italian dialect , very close to the Neapolitan language in Campania . The influence of the Florentine culture during the renaissance , and above all , the immigration to Rome of many Florentines following the two Medici Popes ( Leo X and Clement VII ) , caused a major shift in the dialect , which began to resemble more the Tuscan varieties . This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century , but then expanded to other zones of Lazio ( Civitavecchia , Latina and others ) , from the beginning of the 20th century , thanks to the rising population of Rome and to improving transportation systems . As a consequence of education and media like radio and television , Romanesco became more similar to standard Italian . Dialectal literature in the traditional form of Romanesco includes the works of such authors as Giuseppe Gioachino Belli ( one of the most important Italian poets altogether ) , Trilussa and Cesare Pascarella . It is worth remembering though that Romanesco was a `` lingua vernacola '' ( vernacular language ) , meaning that for centuries , it did not have a written form but it was only spoken by the population . Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors and actresses , such as Alberto Sordi , Aldo Fabrizi , Anna Magnani . Carlo Verdone , Enrico Montesano , Gigi Proietti and Nino Manfredi . Rome 's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is much more extensive however . Through the process of Romanization , the peoples of Italy , Gallia , the Iberian Peninsula and Dacia developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world , all through cultural influence , colonization and migration . Moreover , also modern English , because of the Norman Conquest , borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin language . The Roman or Latin alphabet is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages . Rome has long hosted artistic communities , foreign resident communities and a large number of foreign religious students or pilgrims and so has always been a multilingual city . Today because of mass tourism , many languages are used in servicing tourism , especially English which is widely known in tourist areas , and the city hosts large numbers of immigrants and so has many multilingual immigrant areas . Sports ( edit ) Stadio Olimpico , one of the largest in Europe , with a capacity of over 70,000 . Association football is the most popular sport in Rome , as in the rest of the country . The city hosted the final games of the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cup . The latter took place in the Olympic Stadium , which is also the shared home stadium for local Serie A clubs S.S. Lazio , founded in 1900 , and A.S. Roma , founded in 1927 , whose rivalry in the Derby della Capitale has become a staple of Roman sports culture . Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular , as has been the case with players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi ( both for A.S. Roma ) , and Alessandro Nesta ( for S.S. Lazio ) . Atletico Roma is a minor team that played in First Division until 2012 ; its home stadium was Stadio Flaminio . Stadio dei Marmi Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics , with great success , using many ancient sites such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as venues . For the Olympic Games many new structures were created , notably the new large Olympic Stadium ( which was also enlarged and renewed to host qualification and the final match of the 1990 FIFA World Cup ) , the Villaggio Olimpico ( Olympic Village , created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district ) , ecc . Rome made a bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics but it was withdrawn before the deadline for applicant files . Further , Rome hosted the 1991 EuroBasket and is home to the internationally recognized basketball team Virtus Roma . Rugby union is gaining wider acceptance . Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the Italy national rugby union team , which has been playing in the Six Nations Championship since 2000 . The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety . Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as Rugby Roma ( founded in 1930 and winner of five Italian championships , the latter in 1999 -- 2000 ) , Unione Rugby Capitolina and S.S. Lazio 1927 ( rugby union branch of the multisport club S.S. Lazio ) . Every May , Rome hosts the ATP Masters Series tennis tournament on the clay courts of the Foro Italico . Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period , although its popularity has faded . Rome has hosted the final portion of the Giro d'Italia three times , in 1911 , 1950 , and 2009 . Rome is also home to other sports teams , including volleyball ( M. Roma Volley ) , handball or waterpolo . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Rome Rome -- Fiumicino Airport was the tenth busiest airport in Europe in 2016 . Port of Civitavecchia Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the Capitoline Hill and connected Rome with its empire . Today Rome is circled , at a distance of about 10 km ( 6 mi ) from the Capitol , by the ring - road ( the Grande Raccordo Anulare or GRA ) . Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula , Rome is the principal railway node for central Italy . Rome 's main railway station , Termini , is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy , with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day . The second - largest station in the city , Roma Tiburtina , has been redeveloped as a high - speed rail terminus . Rome is served by three airports . The intercontinental Leonardo da Vinci International Airport is Italy 's chief airport , is located within the nearby Fiumicino , south - west of Rome . The older Rome Ciampino Airport is a joint civilian and military airport . It is commonly referred to as `` Ciampino Airport '' , as it is located beside Ciampino , south - east of Rome . A third airport , the Roma - Urbe Airport , is a small , low - traffic airport located about 6 km ( 4 mi ) north of the city centre , which handles most helicopter and private flights . Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea ( Lido di Ostia ) , this has only a marina and a small channel - harbour for fishing boats . The main harbour which serves Rome is Port of Civitavecchia , located about 62 kilometres ( 39 miles ) northwest of the city . The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern , making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring - road . These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome 's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size . In addition , Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants , far below other major European cities . Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city - centre during the hours of daylight . Areas where these restriction apply are known as Limited Traffic Zones ( Zona a Traffico Limitato ( ZTL ) in Italian ) . More recently , heavy night - time traffic in Trastevere , Testaccio and San Lorenzo has led to the creation of night - time ZTLs in those districts . Roma Metrorail and Underground 2016 Conca d'Oro metro station A 3 - line metro system called the Metropolitana operates in Rome . Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s . The line had been planned to quickly connect the main railway station with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs , where the 1942 World Fair was supposed to be held . The event never took place because of war , but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed EUR ( Esposizione Universale di Roma : Rome Universal Exhibition ) in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district . The line was finally opened in 1955 , and it is now the south part of the B Line . The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations , later extended in stages ( 1999 -- 2000 ) to Battistini . In the 1990s , an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia . This underground network is generally reliable ( although it may become very congested at peak times and during events , especially the A line ) as it is relatively short . The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station . A new branch of the B line ( B1 ) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of € 500 million . B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of 3.9 km ( 2 mi ) . A third line , the C line , is under construction with an estimated cost of € 3 billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of 25.5 km ( 16 mi ) . It will partly replace the existing Termini - Pantano rail line . It will feature full automated , driverless trains . The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city , opened on 9 November 2014 . The end of the work was scheduled in 2015 , but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work . A fourth line , D line , is also planned . It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20 km ( 12 mi ) . The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035 , but due to the city 's financial crisis the project has been put on hold . Above - ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus , tram and urban train network ( FR lines ) . The bus , tram , metro and urban railways network is run by Atac S.p.A. ( which originally stood for the Municipal Bus and Tramways Company , Azienda Tramvie e Autobus del Comune in Italian ) . The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops , whereas the more - limited tram system has 39 km ( 24 mi ) of track and 192 stops . There is also one trolleybus line , opened in 2005 , and additional trolleybus lines are planned . International entities , organisations and involvement ( edit ) FAO headquarters in Rome , Circo Massimo WFP headquarters in Rome Among the global cities , Rome is unique in having two sovereign entities located entirely within its city limits , the Holy See , represented by the Vatican City State , and the territorially smaller Sovereign Military Order of Malta . The Vatican is an enclave of the Italian capital city and a sovereign possession of the Holy See which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the Roman Catholic Church . Rome therefore hosts foreign embassies to the Italian government , to the Holy See , to the Order of Malta and to certain international organizations . Several international Roman Colleges and Pontifical Universities are located in Rome . The Pope is the Bishop of Rome and its official seat is the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran ( of which the President of the French Republic is ex officio the `` first and only honorary canon '' , a title held by the heads of the French state since King Henry IV of France ) . Another body , the Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( SMOM ) , took refuge in Rome in 1834 , due to the conquest of Malta by Napoleon in 1798 . It is sometimes classified as having sovereignty but does not claim any territory in Rome or anywhere else , hence leading to dispute over its actual sovereign status . Rome is the seat of the so - called Polo Romano made up by three main international agencies of the United Nations : the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , the World Food Programme ( WFP ) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ) . Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration . The Treaties of the EU are located in Palazzo della Farnesina , seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , due the fact that the Italian government is the depositary of the treaties . In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the Treaty of Rome , which established the European Economic Community ( predecessor to the European Union ) , and also played host to the official signing of the proposed European Constitution in July 2004 . Rome is the seat of the European Olympic Committee and of the NATO Defense College . The city is the place where the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the European Convention on Human Rights were formulated . The city hosts also other important international entities such as the IDLO ( International Development Law Organisation ) , the ICCROM ( International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property ) and the UNIDROIT ( International Institute for the Unification of Private Law ) . International Relations ( edit ) Twin towns and Sister cities ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy Column dedicated to Paris in 1956 near the Baths of Diocletian Rome is since 9 April 1956 exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with : Paris , France ( in Italian ) Solo Parigi è degna di Roma ; solo Roma è degna di Parigi . ( in French ) Seule Paris est digne de Rome ; seule Rome est digne de Paris . `` Only Paris is worthy of Rome ; only Rome is worthy of Paris . '' Other relationships ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rome 's other partner cities are : Achacachi , Bolivia Algiers , Algeria Beijing , China Belgrade , Serbia Brasília , Distrito Federal , Brazil Cairo , Egypt Cincinnati , Ohio , United States Kiev , Ukraine Kobanî , Rojava , Syria Kraków , Poland London , England Multan , Pakistan Mumbai Madrid Marbella , Málaga , Andalusia , Spain Montreal , Quebec New York Plovdiv , Bulgaria New Delhi Seoul Sydney Tirana , Albania Tehran , Iran Tokyo Tongeren , Belgium Tunis , Tunisia Washington , D.C. Documentaries ( edit ) Scam City -- Season 1 ( 2012 ) The Holy Cities : Rome produced by Danae Film Production , distributed by HDH Communications ; 2006 . 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Archived from the original on 8 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Visita a Washington del Sindaco '' . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of Rome ( it ) Bertarelli , Luigi Vittorio ( 1925 ) . Guida d'Italia ( in Italian ) . IV . Rome : CTI . Brilliant , Richard ( 2006 ) . Roman Art . An American 's View . Rome : Di Renzo Editore . ISBN 88 - 8323 - 085 - X . Coarelli , Filippo ( 1984 ) . Guida archeologica di Roma ( in Italian ) . Milano : Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . De Muro , P. , Monni , S. , Tridico , P. ( 2011 ) , `` Knowledge - based economy and social exclusion : shadow and light in the Roman socioeconomic model '' , in International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Vol. 35 issue 6 , pp. 1212 -- 1238 , November . Rome -- Eyewitness Travel . DK. 2006 . ISBN 1 - 4053 - 1090 - 1 . Hughes , Robert ( 2011 ) . Rome . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Kinder , Hermann ; Hilgemann , Werner ( 1964 ) . Dtv - atlas zur Weltgeschichte ( in German ) . 1 . Zürich : Ex Libris . Lucentini , Mario ( 2002 ) . La Grande Guida di Roma ( in Italian ) . Rome : Newton & Compton Editori . ISBN 88 - 8289 - 053 - 8 . Rendina , Mario ( 2007 ) . Roma ieri , oggi , domani ( in Italian ) . Rome : Newton & Compton Editori . Spoto , Salvatore ( 1999 ) . Roma Esoterica ( in Italian ) . Rome : Newton & Compton Editori . ISBN 88 - 8289 - 265 - 4 . 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1759128859112251870	Weber test	Weber test - wikipedia Weber test Weber test Medical diagnostics ICD - 9 - CM 95.43 The Weber test is a quick screening test for hearing . It can detect unilateral ( one - sided ) conductive hearing loss ( middle ear hearing loss ) and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss ( inner ear hearing loss ) . The test is named after Ernst Heinrich Weber ( 1795 -- 1878 ) . Conductive hearing ability is mediated by the middle ear composed of the ossicles : incus , malleus , stapes . Sensorineural hearing ability is mediated by the inner ear composed of the cochlea with its internal basilar membrane and attached cochlear nerve ( cranial nerve VIII ) . The outer ear consisting of the pinna , ear canal , and ear drum or tympanic membrane transmits sounds to the middle ear but does not contribute to the conduction or sensorineural hearing ability save for hearing transmissions limited by cerumen impaction ( wax collection in the ear canal ) . The Weber test has had its value as a screening test questioned in the literature . Contents 1 Weber test performance 2 Detection of air conductive hearing loss 3 Detection of sensorineural hearing loss 4 Considerations and limitations 5 References Weber test performance ( edit ) The Weber and the Rinne test ( / ˈrɪnə / RIN - ə ) are typically performed together with the results of each combined to determine the location and nature of any hearing losses detected . In the Weber test a vibrating tuning fork ( Typically 256 Hz or 512 Hz used for Weber vibration test ; 512 Hz used for Rinne hearing test ) is placed in the middle of the forehead , above the upper lip under the nose over the teeth , or on top of the head equi - distant from the patient 's ears on top of thin skin in contact with the bone . The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder . A normal weber test has a patient reporting the sound heard equally in both sides . In an affected patient , if the defective ear hears the Weber tuning fork louder , the finding indicates a conductive hearing loss in the defective ear . In an affected patient , if the normal ear hears the tuning fork sound better , there is sensorineural hearing loss on the other ( defective ) ear . However , the aforegoing presumes one knows in advance which ear is defective and which is normal ( such as the patient telling the clinician that they can not hear as well in one ear versus the other ) and the testing is being done to characterize the type , conductive or sensorineural , of hearing loss that is occurring . In the case where the patient is unaware or has acclimated to their hearing loss , the clinician has to use the Rinne test in conjunction with the Weber to characterize and localize any deficits . That is , an abnormal Weber test is only able to tell the clinician that there is a conductive loss in the ear which hears better or that there is a sensorineural loss in the ear which does not hear as well . For the Rinne test , a vibrating tuning fork ( typically 512 Hz ) is placed initially on the mastoid process behind each ear until sound is no longer heard . Then , without re-striking the fork , the fork is then quickly placed just outside the ear with the patient asked to report when the sound caused by the vibration is no longer heard . A normal or positive Rinne test is when sound is still heard when the tuning fork is moved to air near the ear ( air conduction or AC ) , indicating that AC is equal or greater than ( bone conduction or BC ) . Therefore , AC > BC ; which is how it is reported clinically for a normal or positive Rinne result . In conductive hearing loss , bone conduction is better than air or BC > AC , a negative Rinne , and the patient will report that they do not hear the fork once it is moved . The Rinne test is not ideal for distinguishing sensorineural hearing loss , as both sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing report a positive Rinne test ( though the sensorineural patient will have a decreased duration of hearing sound once the fork is moved to air ) . In a normal patient , the Weber tuning fork sound is heard equally loudly in both ears , with no one ear hearing the sound louder than the other ( lateralization ) . Similarly , a patient with symmetrical hearing loss will hear the Weber tuning fork sound equally well , with diagnostic utility only in asymmetric ( one - sided ) hearing losses . In a patient with hearing loss , the Weber tuning fork sound is heard louder in one ear ( lateralization ) than the other . This clinical finding should be confirmed by repeating the procedure and having the patient occlude one ear with a finger ; the sound should be heard best in the occluded ear . The results of both tests are noted and compared accordingly below to localize and characterize the nature of any detected hearing losses . Note : the Weber and Rinne are screening tests that are not replacements for formal audiometry hearing tests . Weber test lateralizes to left no lateralization lateralizes to right Condition of ears : left right both left right Rinne test ⊕ ⊕ Normal Sensorineural loss Normal Sensorineural loss Normal Sensorineural loss ⊖ ⊕ Conductive loss Normal ( no such condition ) Combined loss Normal ⊕ ⊖ Normal Combined loss Normal Conductive loss ⊖ ⊖ Conductive loss Combined loss Conductive loss Combined loss Conductive loss left ear right ear Combined loss = conductive and sensorineural loss Detection of air conductive hearing loss ( edit ) A patient with a unilateral conductive hearing loss would hear the tuning fork loudest in the affected ear . This is because the ear with the conductive hearing loss is only receiving input from the bone conduction and no air conduction , and the sound is perceived as louder in that ear . This finding is because the conduction problem of the middle ear ( incus , malleus , stapes , and eustachian tube ) masks the ambient noise of the room , while the well - functioning inner ear ( cochlea with its basilar membrane ) picks the sound up via the bones of the skull , causing it to be perceived as a louder sound in the affected ear . Another theory , however , is based on the occlusion effect described by Tonndorf et al. in 1966 . Lower frequency sounds ( as made by the 256 Hz fork ) that are transferred through the bone to the ear canal escape from the canal . If an occlusion is present , the sound can not escape and appears louder on the ear with the conductive hearing loss . Conductive hearing loss can be mimicked by plugging one ear with a finger and performing the Rinne and Weber tests , which will help clarify the above . Humming a constant note and then plugging one ear is a good way to mimic the findings of the Weber test in conductive hearing loss . The simulation of the Weber test is the basis for the Bing test . Detection of sensorineural hearing loss ( edit ) If air conduction is intact on both sides ( therefore no CHL ) , the patient will report a quieter sound in the ear with the sensorineuronal hearing loss . This is because the ear with the sensorineuronal hearing loss is not converting input from the bone conduction , and the sound is perceived as louder in the normal ear . Considerations and limitations ( edit ) This Weber test is most useful in individuals with hearing that is different between the two ears . It can not confirm normal hearing because it does not measure sound sensitivity in a quantitative manner . Hearing defects affecting both ears equally , as in presbycusis will produce an apparently normal test result . Weber test considerations The Weber test reflects conduction loss in the ipsilateral ear because , in the event of impaired conduction , ipsilateral sensorineural hearing is perceived as louder ; this is the same reason humming becomes more salient when covering the ears . If the Weber - lateralized ear has a positive Rinne test ( AC > BC ) , that generally means the absence of conduction loss in that ear , and the reason sound had been perceived as louder on that side is because a sensorineural loss is present contralaterally ; an ipsilateral negative Rinne test ( BC > AC ) , on the other hand , would confirm ipsilateral conductive hearing loss ( although contralateral sensorineural hearing loss may still be present . If the Weber - lateralized ear has a positive Rinne test and the contralateral ear has a negative Rinne test , then both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss are present in the contralateral ear . This is because sensorineural deficits always take auditory precedence over conductive ones , so even though conductive hearing loss is present in the contralateral ear , it is the sensorineural deficit that is responsible for the ipsilateral perceived elevation of volume . This also means that a Weber - lateralized ear with bilateral negative - Rinne corresponds to only sensorineural hearing on the ipsilateral side not being affected . Rinne test considerations Although no replacement for formal audiometry , a quick screening test can be made by complementing the Weber test with the Rinne test . The Rinne test is used in cases of unilateral hearing loss and establishes which ear has the greater bone conduction . Combined with the patient 's perceived hearing loss , it can be determined if the cause is sensorineural or conductive . For example , if the Rinne test shows that air conduction ( AC ) is greater than bone conduction ( BC ) in both ears and the Weber test lateralizes to a particular ear , then there is sensorineural hearing loss in the opposite ( weaker ) ear . Conductive hearing loss is confirmed in the weaker ear if bone conduction is greater than air conduction and the Weber test lateralizes to that side . Combined hearing loss is likely if the Weber test lateralizes to the stronger ear and bone conduction is greater than air conduction in the weaker ear . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bagai A , Thavendiranathan P , Detsky AS ( January 2006 ) . `` Does this patient have hearing impairment ? '' . JAMA. 295 ( 4 ) : 416 -- 28 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 295.4. 416 . PMID 16434632 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK231/ Jump up ^ http://american-hearing.org/disorders/hearing-testing/ Jump up ^ http://www.internalizemedicine.com/2011/12/deciphering-the-weber-and-rinne-tuning-fork-tests.html Jump up ^ Mbubaegbu CE ( November 2002 ) . `` Weber 's test demystified . Physics renders Weber 's test not so mysterious . '' BMJ. 325 ( 7372 ) : 1117 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 325.7372. 1117 . PMC 1124596 . PMID 12424184 . Jump up ^ http://www.internalizemedicine.com/2011/12/deciphering-the-weber-and-rinne-tuning-fork-tests.html Medical tests relating to hearing and balance ( R30 -- R39 , 788 ) Hearing Hearing test Rinne test Tone decay test Weber test Audiometry pure tone visual reinforcement Balance Dix -- Hallpike test Unterberger test Romberg 's test Vestibulo -- ocular reflex Other Otoscope pneumatic tympanometry Medical examination and history taking Medical history Chief complaint History of the present illness Systems review Nursing assessment Allergies Medications Past medical history Family history Social history Psychiatric history Progress notes Mnemonics SAMPLE OPQRST SOAP COASTMAP Physical examination General / IPPA Inspection Auscultation Palpation Percussion Vital signs Temperature Heart rate Blood pressure Respiratory rate HEENT Oral mucosa TM Eyes ( Ophthalmoscopy , Swinging - flashlight test ) Hearing ( Weber , Rinne ) Respiratory Respiratory sounds Cyanosis Clubbing Cardiovascular Precordial examination Peripheral vascular examination Heart sounds Other Jugular venous pressure Abdominojugular test Carotid bruit Ankle - brachial pressure index Abdominal Digestive Liver span Rectal Murphy 's sign Bowel sounds Urinary Murphy 's punch sign Extremities / Joint Back ( Straight leg raise ) Knee ( McMurray test ) Hip Wrist ( Tinel sign , Phalen maneuver ) Shoulder ( Adson 's sign ) GALS screen Neurological Mental state Mini -- mental state examination Cranial nerve examination Upper limb neurological examination Neonatal Apgar score Ballard Maturational Assessment Gynecological Well - woman examination Vaginal examination Breast examination Cervical motion tenderness Assessment and plan Medical diagnosis Differential diagnosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weber_test&oldid=852697556 '' Categories : Ear procedures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Italiano Polski Português தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the tuning fork placed when the weber test is performed	[ "The Weber and the Rinne test (/ˈrɪnə/ RIN-ə) are typically performed together with the results of each combined to determine the location and nature of any hearing losses detected. In the Weber test a vibrating tuning fork (Typically 256 Hz [2] or 512 Hz [3] used for Weber vibration test; 512 Hz used for Rinne hearing test) is placed in the middle of the forehead, above the upper lip under the nose over the teeth, or on top of the head equi-distant from the patient's ears on top of thin skin in contact with the bone. The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder. A normal weber test has a patient reporting the sound heard equally in both sides. In an affected patient, if the defective ear hears the Weber tuning fork louder, the finding indicates a conductive hearing loss in the defective ear. In an affected patient, if the normal ear hears the tuning fork sound better, there is sensorineural hearing loss on the other (defective) ear. However, the aforegoing presumes one knows in advance which ear is defective and which is normal (such as the patient telling the clinician that they cannot hear as well in one ear versus the other) and the testing is being done to characterize the type, conductive or sensorineural, of hearing loss that is occurring. In the case where the patient is unaware or has acclimated to their hearing loss, the clinician has to use the Rinne test in conjunction with the Weber to characterize and localize any deficits. That is, an abnormal Weber test is only able to tell the clinician that there is a conductive loss in the ear which hears better or that there is a sensorineural loss in the ear which does not hear as well.\n" ]	[ "in the middle of the forehead, above the upper lip under the nose over the teeth, or on top of the head equi-distant from the patient's ears on top of thin skin in contact with the bone" ]
-2706843206167587770	The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 1)	The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 1 ) - wikipedia The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search See also : Secret Life ( disambiguation ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( season 1 ) Season 1 Volume 1 DVD Cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 23 Release Original network ABC Family Original release July 1 , 2008 -- March 23 , 2009 Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager episodes The first season of The Secret Life of the American Teenager , an American television series created by Brenda Hampton , debuted on the ABC Family television network on July 1 , 2008 . The first season comprises 23 episodes , the first eleven of which ended on September 9 , 2008 . Despite marketing issues , the remaining twelve ended up as part of the first season , which concluded its initial airing on March 23 , 2009 . Season one regular cast members include Shailene Woodley , Molly Ringwald , Daren Kagasoff , Kenny Baumann , Francia Raisa , Megan Park , India Eisley , Greg Finley II , Jorge Pallo , Mark Derwin , and Luke Zimmerman . Kyle XY was ABC Family 's highest rated original series from June 2006 - July 2008 , but lost its reign when the series premiere of The Secret Life of the American Teenager brought in 2.8 million viewers . The season finale brought in 4.50 million viewers , 2.4 million of whom were females . The show was the number one scripted telecast on March 23 , 2009 in viewers 12 - 34 and the number one telecast that night in viewers . The season focuses on the relationships between families and friends dealing with the unexpected teen pregnancy of character Amy Juergens , portrayed by Shailene Woodley . Probably the last girl anyone would expect to suffer such a scandalous event , Amy 's world begins to expand as she discovers that virtually every student at her high school deals with some secret or unexpected problems , from the religious good - girl Grace to the tough - kid Ricky and to clingy loving Ben . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 2 Episodes 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Main cast ( edit ) Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens India Eisley as Ashley Juergens Daren Kagasoff as Richard ' Ricky ' Underwood Kenny Baumann as Benjamin ' Ben ' Boykewich Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee Megan Park as Grace Bowman Greg Finley II as Jack Pappas Jorge Pallo as Marc Molina Luke Zimmerman as Tom Bowman Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens Mark Derwin as George Juergens Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Falling In Love '' Ron Underwood Brenda Hampton July 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 01 ) 2.82 After losing her virginity to 16 - year - old Ricky Underwood at band camp , 15 - year - old Amy Juergens discovers that she is pregnant . Scared to tell her parents and unsure what to do , she turns to her two best friends , Lauren and Madison , for help . To confirm the pregnancy they run out and buy her three different pregnancy tests , all of which turn up positive . They encourage her to go to her doctor but not to tell until she is absolutely certain . Meanwhile , in a quest to lose his virginity , Ben Boykewich , sees Amy across the crowded hallway and is encouraged by his best friends , Henry and Alice , to ask her out . He joins the band to meet her and one day asks her to the homecoming dance after the school 's big football game . There he becomes completely enamored by her , as does she , however Amy struggles with having to tell him that she 's pregnant . Lauren and Madison attempt to convince Amy to have sex with Ben and tell him the baby is his , but she refuses . Ricky comes up to Amy telling her she should n't be with Ben . Meanwhile , Jack Pappas , longtime boyfriend to the adherently Christian Grace Bowman , struggles with the idea of having to wait at least ten more years to have sex with Grace . Under pressure he secretly spends the night with Adrian Lee , the school majorette and Ricky 's girlfriend . At the dance he begs her not to tell anyone about their night spent together . They kiss and are caught by Tom Bowman , Grace 's brother , who alerts Grace ( as well as the entire school ) to Jack 's infidelity . `` You Are My Everything '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 08 ) 2.81 Despite Madison and Lauren 's insistence that Amy tell her parents about their pregnancy , Amy insists on convincing herself that Ricky and her pregnancy never happened and tries to go about her life as normal . As they discuss Amy 's situation , they are overheard by Henry and Alice in the hallway and the rumor spreads throughout the school that Ricky and Amy had sex . Meanwhile , Ricky attempts to pursue Amy , despite her insistence that she is seeing someone else and is not interested . Despite the new rumor about Ricky and Amy and despite Adrian 's kiss with Jack , Adrian and Ricky continue to see each other , however their relationship is wrought with constant bickering . Ben continues to be completely enamored by Amy , even going to far as admitting to Henry and Alice that he can see himself marrying her . They warn him about the rumor they overheard and he begins to fear that he is in competition with Ricky . He tells Amy he heard the rumors but that they mean nothing to him , telling Amy he loves her . During this time , Jack is also pleading with Grace for forgiveness but she refuses to speak to him . At school , she calls her mother and asks to take her home . Her mother encourages her not to blame herself ( or Jack and Adrian ) and to just let things go . When Jack comes by Grace 's house her father shoos him off the porch , however , hearing that Jack came to see her makes her begin to want Jack back again , despite her father 's warnings to stay away from him from now on . She tells Jack the next day at school that she is willing to forgive Jack and go back out with him as long as she gets her parent 's permission and as long as he does n't try to pressure her into having sex until she 's ready and Jack agrees . `` I Feel Sick '' Ron Underwood Brenda Hampton July 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) 2.48 Ben continues to fall hard for Amy , and the two share their first kiss . Elsewhere , Amy tells her sister about her pregnancy before she tells her parents , Grace uses Ricky as a cover to sneak around with Jack , and a jealous Adrian feels like Ricky is just using her for sex . `` Caught '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton July 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) 3.09 Amy ca n't stand Ben 's clingy behavior , especially in the face of her parents ' increasingly strained relations with one another . Elsewhere , Ricky continues to play a part in Grace and Jack 's plot to see each other , but as things backfire , Jack seeks comfort from Adrian . 5 5 `` What Have You Done to Me ? '' Ron Underwood Brenda Hampton July 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 29 ) 3.58 Ben and Amy are at odds about what to do : he 's thinking marriage and that the baby might be his , while she 's thinking about having an abortion . Elsewhere , Ashley pleads with her dad not to leave home and Grace learns that Jack did more than kiss Adrian . 6 6 `` Love for Sale '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton August 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 05 ) 4.10 After much delay , Amy tells her mother that she 's pregnant . Meanwhile , on a day Amy does n't show up at school , rumors circulate that she took off in order to `` take care '' of her problem . 7 7 `` Absent '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Jeffery Rodgers August 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 12 ) 3.70 Amy weighs her options regarding her residency situation . Meanwhile , Ricky wrestles with taking responsibility for his actions . 8 8 `` Your Cheatin ' Heart '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata August 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 19 ) 3.90 Amy 's grandmother , `` Mimsy '' ( Alice Hirson ) , visits the family and offers to help out with Amy 's situation . Later on they , find out that she has Alzheimer 's . Elsewhere , Adrian makes sure her budding friendship with Grace is on display for all to see . 9 9 `` Slice of Life '' Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton , Jeff Olsen , & Chris Olsen August 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 26 ) 3.72 Amy and Ashley spend some time bonding with their dad , while Adrian locates her estranged father . Elsewhere , Tom has a little party for himself , complete with pizza and a prostitute ( Jennifer Coolidge ) he calls , and Jason and Madison see Lauren kissing Ricky . Amy finds out that her dad , George , is seeing Adrian 's mom . Meanwhile , Adrian finds her dad as she waits out by his house . Near the end , Anne find out that George was sleeping with Adrian 's mom and is now sleeping in the furniture store . Anne and Ashley now think that George is broke and they are now in poverty . 10 10 `` Back to School Special '' Keith Truesdell Caroline Kepnes September 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 02 ) 3.90 Amy finally makes a decision regarding where she will go to school . Elsewhere , Adrian 's mom suggests that Adrian develop a relationship with her dad ; and Henry and Alice take a new step in their relationship . When Amy returns to school the next day , Ben , Grace , Jack , Henry , Alice , Lauren , Madison , Jason , and Ricky supports Amy 's decision to come back to school . 11 11 `` Just Say No '' Jason Priestley Teleplay by : Jeff Olson & Caroline Kepnes Story by : Elaine Arata & Brenda Hampton September 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 09 ) 4.54 Adrian disappears from school , which sparks a salacious rumor and a call to the police from her dad . Meanwhile , Grace receives multiple warnings about Ricky , and Amy and Ben mull the next move in their relationship . 12 12 `` The Secret Wedding of the American Teenager '' Lindsley Parsons III Brenda Hampton January 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) 4.37 After hearing that she will need to get a job and accept responsibility if she was to keep her baby , Amy plans to get married to Ben with fake IDs . Ricky finds out and goes to a boy at school to get one for himself -- as do Henry , Alice , Ashley , Adrian , Grace , Lauren , Madison , Jason , and Jack . George moves into the Juergens ' garage . 13 13 `` Baked Nevada '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton January 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) 3.10 Party 's over when George and Leo catch Amy and Ben at their wedding reception . Back at the chapel , Tom wants to marry Tammy but Grace stops him . Elsewhere , Ricky starts visiting Adrian again and Amy and Ben learn that their marriage is not legally valid . Jack steps up and falsely confesses to creating the fake IDs , and is forced to do community service . Anne talks with Amy and Ben and gives them advice on what they should do with the baby , when Amy feels her baby kick for the first time . 14 14 `` The Father and the Son '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton January 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) 3.91 Ashley enlists the help of Reverend Stone ( Tom Virtue ) to ensure that her parents will stay together . Ricky 's estranged father , Bob ( MADtv 's Bryan Callen ) , returns to town on parole in search of his son . He pays a visit to Amy and her family and later threatens Ricky with the possibility of giving the baby up for adoption . Amy reveals to her parents that Ricky has been sexually abused by his father and Anne suggests that they should seriously consider what 's best for the baby - -- adoption . Amy seriously considers this option and discusses it with Ben and Ricky , who both want her to keep the baby , but for very different reasons . Anne seeks out the advice of Reverend Stone to see if he knows any nice families who are looking to adopt . 15 15 `` That 's Enough of That '' Anson Williams Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers January 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 26 ) 3.10 Ricky tells Adrian about his abusive father and reveals that as long as his father is around , he wo n't see Grace . Come time to find out the sex of the baby , Ben is disappointed when Amy tells him she does n't want him to come with her to her appointment . Meanwhile , Bob ( Bryan Callen ) again approaches Ricky with the idea of giving up the baby for adoption , and Jack 's community service starts out very unexpectedly . Anne begins to fully accept the consequences of Amy being pregnant and Ben records a video of Amy , revealing that she is having a boy . Ricky 's father goes back to jail for possession of illegal drugs . 16 16 `` Chocolate Cake '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers February 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 3.05 Ben is distraught over the fact that Ricky and Amy were planning to meet to talk about the baby without him . Frustrated , he decides to join them in their decision . Meanwhile , Anne goes to meet Reverend Stone and finds out about Ashley 's plan to stop her parents ' divorce . Jack finds out Shawna is n't interested in him and goes to see Grace to tell her that Ricky and Adrian are still having sex and Adrian 's father catches her in a compromising position with her stepbrother , Max . Meanwhile , George finds out his two gay co-workers are interested in adopting Amy 's baby and Ashley admits to Anne that she has been upset and promises not to act out anymore . Later , Ricky agrees to let Amy give the baby up for adoption . 17 17 `` Unforgiven '' Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata February 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) 3.50 Ben tells Amy that he needs some space and starts to doubt about his relationship with Amy who becomes aggravated . Jack and Shawna agree to see each other . Adrian and Grace argue over Ricky , but become closer to each other as a result . Elsewhere , Grace 's parents apologize to each other and George interviews people who are interested in adopting Amy 's baby . Meanwhile , Ricky and Amy get into a heated discussion about her breakup with Ben and putting the baby up for adoption . Making her hurt and upset by his objections , Ricky then tries to console her . George 's gay co-workers come by and talk to George and Anne about them wanting to adopt Amy 's baby , and Amy agrees . Ricky tells Jack that he is through with both of Adrian and Grace for good and wants to be with Amy . 18 18 `` Making Up Is Hard to Do '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton , Chris Olsen , & Jeff Olsen February 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) 3.51 Ricky sees Dr. Fields and tells him that he has his mind set on Amy . He also tells him that he 's going to try and sabotage the adoption . Ashley skips school , and runs into a schoolmate , Thomas . Then , Ashley tries to talk Ben into pursuing Amy . Elsewhere , Max comes over to Adrian 's condo and go on their first date . Duncan tells Jack that if he hurts Shawna , he will pay the consequences . Later on , Amy and Ricky meet with Donovan and Leon . After the interview , Donovan and Leon decide that they want to try to adopt their foster kids instead . 19 19 `` Money for Nothing , Chicks for Free '' Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton & Caroline Kepnes February 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) 3.27 Anne receives a potential job offer , Adrian tries to change her style by `` becoming a virgin again '' , and Jack raises money for underprivileged children . Elsewhere , Amy and Ben get back together , Donovan and Leon tell the Juergens they do n't want to adopt Amy 's baby , and Amy decides not to go through with adoption . Ashley sneaks around with Thomas and gets to know him better . Because of Amy 's decision , Anne and Ben pressure her into getting a job . 20 20 `` Maybe Baby '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton March 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) 3.32 Ben and Ricky both get a job together at Ben 's dad 's sausage shop . Meanwhile , George gets a loan on a foreclosed house , and Amy begins to worry about her diet . Ashley is clearly upset over Amy wanting to get rid of the baby and expresses her anger when she finds the tape that Amy and Ben made for the baby . Amy fights with Ashley and George , admitting she really does care about her son and Ashley tells Amy that she is a smart girl and that she can handle the baby . However , both envious Grace and Adrian want to make sure she does NOT keep the baby because it gives her a tie to Ricky . Amy 's friends mysteriously all show up at her house and Grace tells Amy she found her a job at the Church where she could get day care and insurance . With the support of her friends and her father and sister , Amy changes her mind about keeping the baby . She asks her mother if she can keep the baby and her mother agrees . 21 21 `` Whoomp ! ( There It Is ) '' Jason Priestley Brenda Hampton March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) 3.35 A baby shower is planned for Amy . In the mean time , Grace and Jack reconnect and Ricky practices how to change a diaper . George tells Anne and Ashley that he is moving out , however , on her way to her baby shower , Amy goes into labor and George gets a call so he can meet Amy , Anne , and Ashley at the hospital . Ben suggests to Amy to call Ricky and tell him that she is in labor . 22 22 `` One Night at Band Camp '' John Schneider Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) 3.11 As Amy goes into labor , she becomes cranky and flashes back to the first time she met Ricky at band camp and how he charmed her . Tom tries to get Grace and Jack back together and Grace asks her parents for their permission . Amy realizes the sex between her and Ricky was n't entirely his fault and feels bad for blaming it all on him . Elsewhere , Ricky tells Ashley that he wants to care for the baby and help Amy by being a good friend and Adrian realizes she still cares for Ricky . 23 23 `` And Unto Us , A Child Is Born '' Keith Truesdell Brenda Hampton March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) 4.49 Friends and family gather at the hospital to give their support to the Juergens family , who eagerly await the arrival of Amy 's baby . At the same time , Ben and Ricky agree to forge a friendship as they discuss their future relationship . When Adrian arrives at the hospital to support Ricky , Grace tells Ricky that she 's getting back together with Jack . Several hours later , Amy 's baby is finally born , Amy 's classmates all get to see the baby , and Amy and Ashley decide to name him John . Upon returning home , however , Amy struggles with adjusting to being a new mom . Later , Ricky visits his newborn son and realizes he might like fatherhood , while Ashley and George surprise Anne by moving out of the family home . Reception ( edit ) The series received a mixed reception when it began broadcasting . Many mainstream critics praised the messages presented in the series , although it was also criticized for its direction and writing . New York Post praised the series for having a set of characters that are `` ... real and come from families of all stripes -- from intact to single - parent households to one boy in foster care ... '' The pilot episode broke the record for highest rated debut for ABC Family , beating Kyle XY , with 2.82 million viewers . The season one finale brought in 4.50 million viewers , beating the night 's 90210 which had almost half its usual number of viewers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family 's The Secret Life of the American Teenager picked up for second season - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. 2009 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Show listings : The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Millions of viewers tune - in to discover who is ' Kyle XY ' '' ( PDF ) . ABC FamilyNet. 2006 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards , Penguins of Madagascar and WWE RAW lead cable '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jul 2 , 2008 03 : 19 PM ( 2008 - 07 - 02 ) . `` ' American Teenager ' sets ABC Family record - The Live Feed THR '' . Thrfeed.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( July 15 208 ) TV originals drive small ratings gain Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( July 23 , 2008 ) Secret a teen dream Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( 6 August 2008 ) ' American Teenager ' stays hot Variety . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( August 6 , 2008 ) American Teenager stays hot Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family scores with ' Teenager ' - Entertainment News , Weekly TV , Media '' . Variety . 2008 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick . ( August 19 , 2008 ) Olympic Games wins ratings gold Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of May 10 '' . USA Today . May 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC Family 's `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' Defeats the First Hour of CW 's Highly - Promoted `` 90210 '' Debut in Viewers 12 - 34 and Females 12 - 34 `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2008 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Fringe underwhelms but wins night '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Secret Life handily defeats CW 's Gossip Girl '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle XY debut disappoints ; Real Chance soars '' . THRfeed.com . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings : Top cable shows for the week ending January 25 , 2009 including Obama inauguration coverage , WWE RAW , Burn Notice , Psych , SpongeBob , Back at the Barnyard , Battlestar Galactica , Kyle XY and Damages - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Closer , Monk and Burn Notice lead weekly Nielsen Ratings for cable viewing for the week ending February 1 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Monk , WWE RAW , The Closer and Burn Notice lead cable viewing - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : NBA All - Star festivities , The Closer , WWE RAW , and Monk lead week , Damages to return despite ratings - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WWE RAW , The Closer and Monk lead weekly cable viewing - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WWE RAW , The Closer and President Obama lead cable viewing - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` iCarly , Burn Notice and WWE RAW top cable charts - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WWE RAW , Cars , Hannah Montana and SpongeBob Lead Weekly Cable Viewing - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WWE RAW , Hannah Montana and Northern Lights lead cable show rankings - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Good Daughter Comes Home with Bad News in Secret Life '' . New York Post . NYPost.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Secret Life of the American Teenager on IMDb The Secret Life of the American Teenager at TV.com Villarreal , Yvonne ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Secret Life of the American Teenager explores teen pregnancy '' . The Los Angeles Times . LATimes.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . ( hide ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Production Episode list Character list Brenda Hampton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager_(season_1)&oldid=800919486 '' Categories : 2008 American television seasons 2009 American television seasons The Secret Life of the American Teenager seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 14 : 54 . About Wikipedia	in what episode does amy tells her parents	[ "\n6\n6\n\"Love for Sale\"\nKeith Truesdell\nBrenda Hampton\nAugust 5, 2008 (2008-08-05)\n4.10[10]\n" ]	[ "Love for Sale" ]
-8364626051253859569	Them! (1954 film)	Them ! ( 1954 film ) - wikipedia Them ! ( 1954 film ) For other uses , see Them ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Them ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Gordon Douglas Produced by David Weisbart Screenplay by Ted Sherdeman Russell Hughes Story by George Worthing Yates Starring James Whitmore Edmund Gwenn Joan Weldon James Arness Music by Bronislau Kaper Cinematography Sidney Hickox Edited by Thomas Reilly Production company Warner Bros. Pictures , Inc . Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , Inc . Release date June 16 , 1954 ( 1954 - 06 - 16 ) ( New York ) June 19 , 1954 ( 1954 - 06 - 19 ) ( US ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $2.2 million ( rentals ) Them ! is a 1954 American black - and - white science fiction monster film from Warner Bros. Pictures , produced by David Weisbart , directed by Gordon Douglas , and starring James Whitmore , Edmund Gwenn , Joan Weldon and James Arness . The film is based on an original story treatment by George Worthing Yates , which was then developed into a screenplay by Ted Sherdeman and Russell Hughes . Them ! is one of the first of the 1950s `` nuclear monster '' films , and the first `` big bug '' feature . A nest of gigantic irradiated ants is discovered in the New Mexico desert ; they quickly become a national threat when it is discovered that two young queen ants and their consorts have escaped to establish new nests . The national search that follows finally culminates in a battle with Them in the concrete spillways and sewers of Los Angeles . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 4 Reception 5 In popular culture 6 Attempted remake 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) New Mexico State Police Sgt . Ben Peterson and Trooper Ed Blackburn discover a little girl wandering the desert in a catatonic state of shock near Alamogordo . They take her to a nearby recreational trailer , located by a pilot in a spotter plane . They find evidence that the little girl had been in the trailer when it was attacked and nearly destroyed by someone or something . Later , it is discovered that the trailer was owned by a FBI Special Agent named Ellinson , who was on vacation with his wife , son , and daughter ; the other members of the girl 's family remain missing . After being placed in an ambulance to be taken for hospital treatment , the child briefly reacts to a strange , pulsating high - pitched sound from the desert by sitting up in the stretcher . No one else notices her reaction , and when the noise stops , the girl lies back on the stretcher . While passing a general store owned by `` Gramps '' Johnson , Peterson and Blackburn find him dead , and a wall of his store partially torn out . After a quick look - around , Peterson leaves Blackburn behind to secure the crime scene . Blackburn later goes outside to investigate a strange , pulsating sound ; gun shots are fired , the sound grows faster and louder , and Blackburn goes missing . Upon inspecting the evidence left behind , Peterson 's chief points out that Johnson and Blackburn had the chance of firing their weapons at their attacker , eliminating the possibility of a homicidal maniac . More puzzling is the coroner 's report on Johnson 's death , which includes an abnormally huge amount of formic acid found in his body . The FBI assigns Special Agent Robert Graham to New Mexico to investigate . After having analyzed a strange print found near the Ellisons ' trailer , the Department of Agriculture sends myrmecologists Dr. Harold Medford ( Edmund Gwenn ) and his daughter , Dr. Pat Medford , to assist in the investigation . The elder Medford exposes the Ellinson girl to formic acid fumes , which rips her from her catatonia into a state of panic from `` Them ! '' Medford 's suspicions are validated by her reaction , but he will not reveal his theory prematurely . At the Ellinson campsite , Pat encounters a giant , eight - foot - long foraging ant . Following instructions from the elder Medford , Peterson and Graham shoot off the ant 's antennae , blinding it , then kill it with their Thompson submachine gun . Medford reveals his theory that a colony of giant ants , mutated by radiation from the first atomic bomb test near Alamogordo , is responsible for the deaths . The Army is alerted , and General O'Brien orders a helicopter search , in which the ants ' nest is found . Cyanide gas bombs are tossed inside , and Graham , Peterson , and Pat descend into the nest to check for survivors . Deep inside , Pat finds evidence that two queen ants have hatched and escaped to establish new colonies . Peterson , Graham , and the Medfords join a government task force which covertly begins to investigate all reports of possible giant ant activity . One shows that a civilian pilot ( Fess Parker ) has been committed to a mental hospital after claiming that he was forced down by UFOs , shaped like giant ants . Next , the Coast Guard receives a report of a giant queen hatching her brood in the hold of a freighter at sea in the Pacific ; giant ants attack the ship 's crew , and there are few survivors . The freighter is later sunk by U.S. Navy gunfire . A third report about a large sugar theft at a rail yard leads Peterson , Graham , and Major Kibby to Los Angeles . An alcoholic in a hospital `` drunk tank '' claims he has seen giant ants outside his window . The mutilated body of a father is recovered , but his two young sons are missing . Peterson , Graham , and Kibby find evidence that they were flying a model airplane in the Los Angeles River drainage channel near the hospital . Martial law is declared in Los Angeles , and troops are assigned to find the ant nest in the vast storm drain network under the city . Peterson finds the two missing boys alive , trapped by the ants . He calls for reinforcements and lifts both boys to safety , just before being attacked . Graham arrives with reinforcements and kills the ant , but Peterson dies from his injuries as others swarm to protect the nearby nest . Graham and the soldiers fight off the ants , but a tunnel collapse traps Graham . Several ants charge , but he is able to hold them off with his submachine gun just long enough for troops to break through the collapse . The queen and her hatchlings are discovered and quickly destroyed with flamethrowers . Dr. Medford offers a philosophic observation : `` When Man entered the Atomic Age , he opened the door to a new world . What we may eventually find in that new world , nobody can predict '' . Cast ( edit ) James Whitmore as Sgt . Ben Peterson Edmund Gwenn as Dr. Harold Medford Joan Weldon as Dr. Pat Medford James Arness as FBI Agent Robert Graham Onslow Stevens as General O'Brien Sean McClory as Major Kibbee Chris Drake as Trooper Ed Blackburn Sandy Descher as Ellinson girl Mary Ann Hokanson as Mrs. Lodge Don Shelton as Captain Fred Edwards Fess Parker as Alan Crotty Olin Howlin as Jensen , the alcoholic Dorothy Green as police matron Cast notes ( edit ) Leonard Nimoy has a small , uncredited part as a U.S. Army Staff Sergeant in the communications room . Other actors who appear in small parts include John Beradino , Willis Bouchey , Booth Colman , Richard Deacon , Lawrence Dobkin , Ann Doran , William Schallert , Douglas Spencer , Dub Taylor , Dorothy Green and Harry Wilson . When casting his planned Davy Crockett episode of the Disneyland television series , Walt Disney viewed the film to see James Arness , who had been recommended for the role . However , Disney was more impressed by a scene with Fess Parker as an inmate in a mental ward of the Texas hospital . Watching Parker 's performance , Disney realized he had found his Davy Crockett . John Wayne saw the film and , impressed with Arness ' performance , recommended him for the role of Marshal Matt Dillon in the new Gunsmoke TV series , a role that Arness went on to play from 1955 to 1975 . Production ( edit ) Opening title card with the background in black - and - white and Them ! in red - and - blue . When Them ! began production in the fall of 1953 , it was originally conceived to be in 3D and Warner Color . During pre-production , tests were to be shot in color and 3D . A few color tests were shot of the large - scale ant models , but when it was time to shoot the 3D test , Warner Bros . ' `` All Media '' 3D camera rig malfunctioned and no footage could be filmed . The next day a memo was sent out that the color and 3D aspects of the production were to be scrapped ; widescreen black - and - white would now be the film 's presentation format . Warner Bros. hoped to emulate the `` effective shock treatment '' effect of its previous science fiction thriller The Beast From 20,000 Fathoms ; ultimately , however , the film was never shot in widescreen . Because of the preparation of certain scenes , many of the camera set - ups for 3D still remain in the film , like the opening titles and the flamethrowers shots aimed directly at the camera . Although Warner Bros. was dissatisfied with the color results , the film 's titles were printed in a vivid red - and - blue against a black - and - white background in order to give the film 's opening a dramatic `` punch '' . This effect was achieved by an Eastman Color section spliced into each release print . The 1985 VHS tape release , the subsequent LaserDisc and later DVD release have retained this black - and - white - with - two - color title effect . The entrance to the ants ' final nest was shot along the concrete spillways of the Los Angeles River , between the First and Seventh Street Bridges , east of downtown . The depiction of the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico is actually the Mojave Desert near Palmdale , California . Mercy Hospital was a real institution and is now Brownsville Medical Center . James Whitmore wore `` lifts '' in his shoes to compensate for the height difference between himself and James Arness . It has also been noted that Whitmore employed bits of `` business '' ( hand gestures and motions ) during scenes in which he appeared in order to draw more attention to his character when not speaking . The Wilhelm scream , created three years earlier for the film Distant Drums , is used during the action sequences : when a sailor aboard the freighter is grabbed by an ant , when James Whitmore 's character is caught in an ant 's mandibles , and when an overhead wooden beam falls on a soldier in the Los Angeles storm - drain sequence . The giant ants , painted a purplish - green color , were constructed and operated by unseen technicians supervised by Ralph Ayers . During the climactic battle sequence in the Los Angeles sewers , there is a brief shot of one ant moving in the foreground with its side removed , revealing its mechanical interior . This blunder has been obscured in the DVD releases of the film . The film poster shows a gigantic ant with menacing human - like eyes rather than the normal compound eyes of an ant . The sounds the giant ants emit in the film were the calls of Bird - voiced tree frogs mixed in with the calls of a wood thrush , hooded warbler and red - bellied woodpecker . It was recorded at Indian Island , Georgia , on April 11 , 1947 by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Reception ( edit ) Them ! was released in June 1954 and by the end of that year had accrued $2 million ( US ) in distributors ' domestic ( U.S. and Canada ) rentals , making it the year 's 51st biggest earner . According to an article in The Slate , this was Warner Bros. highest - grossing film that year . However , 1954 In Film lists two other films from Warner Bros. that earned more in gross . From contemporary reviews , the Monthly Film Bulletin stated that despite the science fiction film genre being new it had developed several sub-divisions including `` the other - worldly , the primaeval - monstrous , the neo-monstrous , the planet - ary - visitant , etc . '' and that `` Them ! is a `` well - built example of the neo-monstrous '' , `` less absurdly sensational than most '' Discussing the ant monsters in the film , the review referred to them as `` reasonably horrible -- they do not entirely avoid the impression of mock - up that is almost inevitable when over-lifesize creatures have to be constructed and moved '' , while noting that they were `` considerably more conceivable than those prehistoric remnants that have recently been emerging from bog and iceberg '' . The review commented on the cast as `` like most science - fiction , ( the film ) is on the whole serviceably rather than excitingly cast '' and the crew was noted , stating the direction was `` smoothly machined '' and the film has `` decent writing '' though `` more short cuts might have been ( taken ) '' , finding that the start of the film was too slow . A.H. Weiler 's review in The New York Times noted `` ... from the moment James Whitmore , playing a New Mexico state trooper , discovers a six - year - old moppet wandering around the desert in a state of shock , to the time when the cause of that mental trauma is traced and destroyed , Them ! is taut science fiction '' . The reviewer in Variety opined it was a `` top - notch science fiction shocker . It has a well - plotted story , expertly directed and acted in a matter - of - fact style to rate a chiller payoff and thoroughly satisfy the fans of hackle - raising melodrama '' . John McCarten of The New Yorker wrote , `` If you 're willing to let your imagination off its leash , you may have a fairly good time at ' Them ! ' '' Since its original release , Them ! has become generally regarded as one of the best science fiction films of the 1950s . Bill Warren described it as `` ... tight , fast - paced and credible ... ( T ) he picture is suspenseful '' . Phil Hardy 's The Aurum Film Encyclopedia : Science Fiction noted , `` Directed by ( Gordon ) Douglas in semi-documentary fashion , Them ! is one of the best American science fiction films of the fifties '' . Danny Peary believed the film `` Ranks with The Thing and Invasion of the Body Snatchers as the best of the countless ' 50s science fiction films '' . In the Time Out Film Guide , David Pirie wrote , `` By far the best of the 50s cycle of ' creature features ' ... retains a good part of its power today '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 , based on 26 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` One of the best creature features of the early atomic age , Them ! features effectively menacing special effects and avoids the self - parody that would taint later monster movies '' . Them ! was nominated for an Oscar for its special effects and won a Golden Reel Award for best sound editing . In popular culture ( edit ) Van Morrison 's band Them was named after this film . Joey and Chandler watch the film on TV in the 1995 Friends episode `` The One Where Rachel and Ross ... You Know '' . New Jersey punk band the Misfits has a song titled `` Them ! '' , with lyrics directly inspired by the film , on their release Famous Monsters ( 1999 ) . The video game series It Came from the Desert was inspired by Them ! Eight Legged Freaks features a scene in which sequences from the film are included . The Counterstrike expansion for Westwood Studios ' Command & Conquer : Red Alert had a secret four - part mini-campaign called It Came From Red Alert ! ; the primary antagonists are giant ants . Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch features the film on a TV that Lilo , Stitch , Nani and David watch along with Jumba and Pleakley . Fallout 3 , which takes place in a post-apocalyptic irradiated wasteland , has a side - quest involving giant mutated fire ants titled `` Those ! '' in homage to the film . In Tim Burton 's film Ed Wood , Bela Lugosi ( Martin Landau ) explains to Ed ( Johnny Depp ) , `` Nobody wants vampires anymore . Now all they want is giant bugs '' . The scene takes place in 1952 , but the actual movie came out two years later . In the 1950s E.C. Comics parody comic , Panic , a companion to the highly successful Mad , there is a parody of this film titled `` Them ! There ! Those ! '' featuring art by Wally Wood . The 1960s Remco toy line titled Hamilton Invaders featured giant bugs versus military defenders . One of the larger mechanical bugs , `` The Spooky Spider '' , was designed after the giant ants in Them ! , even though the creature sports only six legs . Another creature in this line also featured a giant bug , called `` Horrible Hamilton '' , designed after the giant wasps from the 1950s sci - fi feature Monster from Green Hell . The scene where Pat is attacked by the foraging ant appears as a movie replay in the 2018 Marvel film Ant - Man and the Wasp . Attempted remake ( edit ) Screenwriter Neil Ruttenberg and producer Richard Donner pitched a remake in which the ants would be intelligent and terrifying . Warner Bros. decided instead upon on Bob Gale 's pitch , which included mechanical effects . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rentals '' refers to the distributor / studio 's share of the box office gross , which , according to Gebert , is roughly half of the money generated by ticket sales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Them ! - Details '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Box - Office Hits of 1954 . '' Variety Weekly , January 5 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Them ! '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Warren 1982 , pp. 188 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Smith 2012 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Herzberg 2007 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Hyla avivoca : Bird - voiced Treefrog - Hylidae - Early wildlife recordings - Environment and nature British Library '' . Sounds . 1947 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Gebert , Michael . The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards ( listing of `` Box Office ( Domestic Rentals ) '' for 1954 , taken from Variety magazine ) . New York : St. Martin 's Paperbacks , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 668 - 05308 - 9 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Katy ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` The Nuclear Monsters That Terrorized the 1950s '' . slate.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 22 . Them ! , a cautionary tale about giant irradiated ants , was Warner Bros . ' highest - grossing film in 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Them ! U.S.A. , 1954 '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . Vol. 21 no . 240 . British Film Institute . 1954 . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Weiler , A.H. ( A.W. ) . `` Them ( 1954 ) ; Warner Brothers chiller at Paramount . '' The New York Times , June 17 , 1954 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Brog '' . Review from Variety dated April 14 , 1954 , taken from Variety 's Complete Science Fiction Reviews , edited by Don Willis , Garland Publishing , Inc. , 1985 , ISBN 0 - 8240 - 6263 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Them ! ( 1954 ) . '' Variety , April 14 , 1954 . Jump up ^ McCarten , John ( June 26 , 1954 ) . `` The Current Screen '' . The New Yorker : 61 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Phil , ed . The Aurum Film Encyclopedia : Science Fiction . London : Aurum Press , 1984 . Reprinted as The Overlook Film Encyclopedia : Science Fiction . London : Overlook Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 87951 - 626 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peary , Danny . Guide for the Film Fanatic . London : Fireside , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 61081 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pirie , David , ed . `` Them ! '' The Time Out Film Guide , 2nd Edition . London : Penguin Books , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 014592 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Them ! ( 1954 ) . '' Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved : January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 27th Academy Awards , 1955 . '' Oscars.org , Retrieved : January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mills 2010 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Allen . `` It Came from Out of the Disk Drive . '' Computer Gaming World , Issue 70 , April 1990 . Jump up ^ Den of Geek ! : Ant - Man and the Wasp : Complete Marvel Universe Easter Eggs and Reference Guide . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Herzberg , Bob . The FBI and the Movies . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 78642 - 755 - 0 . Mills , Peter . Hymns to the Silence : Inside the Words and Music of Van Morrison . London : A&C Black , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 2976 - 6 . Parish , James Robert and Michael R. Pitts . The Great Science Fiction Pictures . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 1977 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 81081 - 029 - 7 . Smith , Dave . Disney Trivia from the Vault : Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered . New York : Disney Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 7857 - 6 . Strick , Philip . Science Fiction Movies . London : Octopus Books Limited . 1976 . ISBN 0 - 7064 - 0470 - X . Warren , Bill . Keep Watching The Skies , American Science Fiction Movies of the 50s , Vol . I : 1950 - 1957 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 032 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Them ! ( 1954 film ) Them ! on IMDb Them ! at the TCM Movie Database Them ! at AllMovie Them ! at the American Film Institute Catalog Films directed by Gordon Douglas General Spanky ( 1936 ) Zenobia ( 1939 ) Saps at Sea ( 1940 ) Broadway Limited ( 1941 ) The Great Gildersleeve ( 1942 ) Gildersleeve 's Bad Day ( 1943 ) Gildersleeve on Broadway ( 1943 ) A Night of Adventure ( 1944 ) Gildersleeve 's Ghost ( 1944 ) Girl Rush ( 1944 ) The Falcon in Hollywood ( 1944 ) Zombies on Broadway ( 1945 ) First Yank into Tokyo ( 1945 ) Dick Tracy vs. Cueball ( 1946 ) San Quentin ( 1946 ) If You Knew Susie ( 1948 ) Walk a Crooked Mile ( 1948 ) The Doolins of Oklahoma ( 1949 ) Mr. Soft Touch ( 1949 ) The Nevadan ( 1950 ) Fortunes of Captain Blood ( 1950 ) Rogues of Sherwood Forest ( 1950 ) Between Midnight and Dawn ( 1950 ) Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye ( 1950 ) The Great Missouri Raid ( 1951 ) Only the Valiant ( 1951 ) I Was a Communist for the FBI ( 1951 ) Come Fill the Cup ( 1951 ) Mara Maru ( 1952 ) The Iron Mistress ( 1952 ) She 's Back on Broadway ( 1953 ) The Charge at Feather River ( 1953 ) So This Is Love ( 1953 ) Them ! ( 1954 ) Young at Heart ( 1954 ) The McConnell Story ( 1955 ) Sincerely Yours ( 1955 ) Santiago ( 1956 ) The Big Land ( 1957 ) Bombers B - 52 ( 1957 ) Fort Dobbs ( 1958 ) The Fiend Who Walked the West ( 1958 ) Up Periscope ( 1959 ) Yellowstone Kelly ( 1959 ) The Sins of Rachel Cade ( 1961 ) Gold of the Seven Saints ( 1961 ) Claudelle Inglish ( 1961 ) Follow That Dream ( 1962 ) Call Me Bwana ( 1963 ) Robin and the 7 Hoods ( 1964 ) Rio Conchos ( 1964 ) Sylvia ( 1965 ) Harlow ( 1965 ) Stagecoach ( 1966 ) Way ... Way Out ( 1966 ) In Like Flint ( 1967 ) Chuka ( 1967 ) Tony Rome ( 1967 ) The Detective ( 1968 ) Lady in Cement ( 1968 ) Skullduggery ( 1970 ) They Call Me Mister Tibbs ! ( 1970 ) Barquero ( 1970 ) Slaughter 's Big Rip - Off ( 1973 ) Nevada Smith ( 1975 ) Viva Knievel ! ( 1977 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Them!_(1954_film)&oldid=855012695 '' Categories : 1954 films English - language films 1950s horror films 1950s monster movies 1950s science fiction horror films American films American black - and - white films American science fiction horror films American monster movies American natural horror films Fictional ants Fictional myrmecologists Films about insects Films about technological impact Films directed by Gordon Douglas Films scored by Bronisław Kaper Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New Mexico Films shot in New Mexico Warner Bros. films Size change in fiction Giant monster films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 09 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the little girl in the movie them	[ "James Whitmore as Sgt. Ben Peterson\nEdmund Gwenn as Dr. Harold Medford\nJoan Weldon as Dr. Pat Medford\nJames Arness as FBI Agent Robert Graham\nOnslow Stevens as General O'Brien\nSean McClory as Major Kibbee\nChris Drake as Trooper Ed Blackburn\nSandy Descher as Ellinson girl\nMary Ann Hokanson as Mrs. Lodge\nDon Shelton as Captain Fred Edwards\nFess Parker as Alan Crotty\nOlin Howlin as Jensen, the alcoholic\nDorothy Green as police matron" ]	[ "Sandy Descher" ]
4829290919806717186	Giles Matthey	Giles Matthey - Wikipedia Giles Matthey Jump to : navigation , search Giles Matthey Giles Ingram Matthey ( 1987 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1987 ( age 29 ) Australia Occupation Actor Years active 2011 -- present Giles Ingram Matthey ( born 11 November 1987 ) is a British - Australian actor best known for his role as Claude Crane on the HBO original series True Blood , Morpheus / Gideon on the ABC series Once Upon a Time and Jordan Reed on FOX series 24 : Live Another Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Giles Matthey was born in Australia to a British father and an Australian mother . He moved to London with his family at the age of 2 . He has one sibling , a younger sister Arabella , who is a Security Consultant . He became interested in acting during his teenage years and eventually moved to New York City . In the US , he completed a two - year conservatory program at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute . Career ( edit ) Matthey 's first acting job was an appearance in The Good Wife in 2011 . In 2012 , he was cast as Claude Crane in the HBO series True Blood . Matthey appeared in nine episodes from 2012 to 2013 . He also had a supporting role as Apple design chief Jonathan Ive in Jobs , and a lead role on the 2014 independent film Boulevard with Robin Williams . In 2014 , he was cast as CIA intelligence analyst Jordan Reed in FOX limited event television series 24 : Live Another Day . He also appeared in the CBS drama series NCIS playing Daniel Budd , a young man who is the leader of the terrorist group , the Calling . Matthey 's role on NCIS ended when his character died in the NCIS Season 13 premiere episode as Budd was shot dead by NCIS Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo , played by Michael Weatherly . He landed a recurring role in the sixth season of the fantasy - drama series Once Upon a Time , portraying the grown - up version of Belle and Rumplestiltskin 's newborn son Gideon . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Title Year Role Notes Jobs 2013 Jonathan Ive Hunter 2013 Carter Boulevard 2014 Eddie Submerged 2016 Todd The Duel Television ( edit ) Title Year Role Notes The Good Wife 2011 Dick Anders Episode : `` Affairs of State '' True Blood 2012 -- 13 Claude Crane 9 episodes 24 : Live Another Day 2014 Jordan Reed 9 episodes NCIS 2015 Daniel Budd 3 episodes Once Upon a Time 2016 -- 17 Gideon 14 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 24 's Giles Matthey : 5 Things You Did n't Know '' . The Lowdown . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' True Blood ' : Meet the new Claude ! '' . ew.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hattersley , Lucy . `` Giles Matthey to play Jony Ive in Steve Jobs biopic '' . macworld.co.uk . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Williams 's last performance is dignified and moving - Boulevard review '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ STAFF , YH . `` Q&A : `` 24 '' Actor Giles Matthey `` . www.younghollywood.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giles Matthey on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 16 July 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts New Player in Rumple / Belle Adventure '' . TVLine . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Giles Matthey on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giles_Matthey&oldid=807977438 '' Categories : Australian emigrants to England 1987 births Living people Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute alumni English male television actors 21st - century English male actors English male film actors Australian male television actors 21st - century Australian male actors Australian male film actors Male actors from London Australian people of British descent Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use Australian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played gideon on once upon a time	[ "Giles Ingram Matthey (born 11 November 1987) is a British-Australian actor best known for his role as Claude Crane on the HBO original series True Blood, Morpheus/Gideon on the ABC series Once Upon a Time and Jordan Reed on FOX series 24: Live Another Day." ]	[ "Giles Ingram Matthey" ]
2437232725320788803	Honda Element	Honda Element - Wikipedia Honda Element Jump to : navigation , search Honda Element Overview Manufacturer Honda Production December 2002 -- April 2011 Chassis Y1 , H1 Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , U.S. ( ELAP ) Designer March 2002 Body and chassis Class Compact crossover Body style 4 - door crossover Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Related Honda Civic Honda CR - V Acura RSX Powertrain Engine 2.4 L I4 : K24A4 2003 -- 2006 , K24A8 2007 + Transmission 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed automatic Wheelbase 101.4 in ( 2575 mm ) Length 2003 - 2008 : 169.3 in ( 4,300 mm ) 2009 - 2011 : 169.9 in ( 4,315 mm ) Width 2003 - 2008 : 72 in ( 1,829 mm ) Height 70.4 in ( 1,788 mm ) 69.5 in ( 1,765 mm ) ( SC ) Chronology Successor Honda HR - V ( for US ) Honda Element logo The Honda Element is a compact crossover manufactured and marketed by Honda and based on a modified CR - V platform Manufactured in East Liberty , Ohio , the Element was offered with front - wheel or all - wheel drive in the United States and Canada from model years 2003 through 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Model year changes 2.1 2003 2.3 2005 2.4 2006 2.5 2007 2.6 2008 2.7 2009 2.8 2010 2.9 2011 3 Advertising and marketing 3.1 Gil the Crab 3.2 Element and Friends - version 2.0 3.3 Dog - friendly Concept 4 Discontinuation 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The Element followed a concept vehicle called Model X , developed by a core group of Honda R&D engineers in 1998 , debuted at the 2001 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . The Model X was designed to be an activity - oriented vehicle combining features of a pickup truck and a sport utility vehicle . The Element was unveiled at the 2002 New York International Auto Show in March 2002 . The 4 - seat Element is optimized to carry large volume loads , limited by total passenger and cargo weight not exceeding 675 lbs . The floor is made of easily cleanable TPO coated textured urethane ; the fabric is stain resistant ; the individual rear seats recline , fold up , and are removable . The rear clamshell tailgate arrangement is large , and the vehicle is tall , allowing tall loads . The rear side doors open outward from the front but are not referred to as suicide doors : they can not be opened if the conventional front doors are not open . To accommodate elimination of the B - pillars , which provides unobstructed access for side loading through the 2006 model year , limited by the front seat design from 2007 onward , the Element features a chassis with reinforced joints , strengthened lower side sills , larger cross members , enlarged rocker panels , and five bulkheads per side . The compact SUV features a 2.4 Litre K Engine , an i - VTEC four - cylinder engine producing 166 hp ( 124 kW ) at 5500 rpm and 160 lb ft ( 217 N m ) of torque at 4500 rpm and front - wheel drive or an optional all - wheel drive system -- a hydraulically actuated system that operates only when front wheel slippage occurs , marketed as `` Real Time '' all wheel drive . The Element has a towing capacity of 680 kg , or 1500 lbs . With projected first year sales of 50,000 , the Element sold 67,478 units in 2003 in the U.S. By 2010 , just over 14,000 were sold , and by December 2010 , shortly before its discontinuation , it had sold a total of more than 325,000 units . In 2007 , the Element won the Dogcars.com `` Dog Car of the Year '' award because of its `` versatile cargo space , easy - clean flooring , crate - friendly rear design and optional all - wheel drive . '' and in 2010 it won the `` Small SUV '' category as a `` Top Safety Pick '' in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Annual Awards . Model year changes ( edit ) 2003 ( edit ) The 2003 Element was launched with two trim levels -- DX and EX . All - wheel drive models came with a large rear skylight . with 160 hp . Production and sales began in December 2002 . ' A mid-range LX trim level between the DX and the premium EX trim levels . Side airbags became available as an option on the EX models . 2005 ( edit ) The LX model was introduced with more standard features . Improvements were made to the front seats as well as the inclusion of an armrest for the passenger 's side captain 's chair . The DX model was eliminated . XM satellite radio and MP3 capabilities were added as standard features in the audio system for the EX model . The charcoal gray plastic tone was darkened and a navy blue was offered with the Satin Silver Metallic paint . Wheel covers on the LX were changed to mimic the styled alloy wheels . Fuel economy was officially 19 miles per US gallon ( 12.4 l / 100 km ) City , 23 miles per US gallon ( 10.2 l / 100 km ) Highway ; 20 miles per US gallon ( 11.8 l / 100 km ) Combined 2006 ( edit ) 2006 Honda Element EX-P A fully painted version called the EX-P became available for an extra US $500 . It came with a 5 - speed manual transmission or an optional 4 - speed automatic transmission with overdrive . 2007 ( edit ) 2007 -- 2008 Honda Element EX The 2007 Element received a mild refresh , which included 10 hp increase to 166 hp , along with a 5 - speed automatic transmission , and seat belts integral to the front seats allowing rear - seat occupants to exit the vehicle without a front occupant having to unbuckle . Side airbags became standard , as did electronic stability control . The plastic latticework grille was replaced by silver - colored slats . 2007 -- 2008 Honda Element SC A new trim level called the SC was offered with a different front bumper and grille , lowered suspension and 18 - inch alloy wheels , projector headlamps , `` tribal print '' seat fabric , center console , and carpeted floors in the seating areas . Unlike the other trim packages , the SC had a non-removable center console . 2008 ( edit ) The only change from the 2007 Element was the addition of the color Royal Blue Pearl for the SC trim . 2009 ( edit ) 2009 -- 2011 Honda Element 2009 Honda Element SC New color combinations for the dashboard became available . For 2009 , the Honda Element got a navigation option and some cosmetic changes to the exterior . The hood and grill were redesigned , the front fenders were now all metal rather than painted composite material , and the wheel arches were squared off . The moon - roof was no longer available for 2009 - 2011 . For 2010 , Honda Element came with LX , EX , EX with Navigation , and SC models . However , for all models the Element only came with 5 - speed automatic transmissions and no longer carried the manual transmission versions . 2011 ( edit ) For 2011 , the Element no longer carried the SC model and the Royal Blue Pearl color was also cancelled . Honda discontinued the Element in early 2011 . Advertising and marketing ( edit ) Gil the crab ( edit ) After a summer break , Honda decided to bring back a portion of the `` Element and Friends '' ad campaign , but with a focus on the crab , who was given the name Gil . The most popular character from the ads with his `` I Pinch ! '' catch phrase , Gil had a myspace page to chronicle Gil 's trouble with the law . In order to tap into social networking sites , which began to play larger roles in ad campaigns in the mid-2000s , Gil was to maintain a blog and promote an online petition to save his job . and endorse Gil paraphernalia through a website . This led up to the launch of the new commercial dubbed Element TV , which premiered 28 September 2006 , and rolled out with the new Honda Element SC which went on sale that same day . Element and friends - version 2.0 ( edit ) In the fall of 2006 , the Element and Friends ( http://www.elementandfriends.com website , now defunct ) was re-launched with the introduction of the new Element SC trim . The previous version had the driving game using the Element EX-P ( now simply called the EX ) in a desert , snow topped mountains , forests , and a beach . They now renamed that area `` above ground '' . A new second option from the main page allows you to select the Element SC to go `` underground '' in an urbanesque environment featuring a drive - in , central park with a basketball court , a seedy mainstreet , and project housing . The six new SC friends include a rat , mole , hamster , pigeon , roach , and a dog . The drive - in serves as the venue to view the TV spots that feature only the rat , mole , pigeon , and hamster . The format remains the same with new mini-games , but both maps now include a tunnel to venture above or below the surface , through the mountain and building respectively . Changes to the above ground include the removal of the previous TV spots from the website and a link on the beach to Gil 's Myspace page . RPA , the company which created the Element and friends website , won the `` Best in Show '' from MIXX Awards for the microsite . They revealed that visitors average 15 minutes on the site . Dog - friendly concept ( edit ) See `` external links '' below for dog - friendly concept car photo gallery . In 2007 , the Honda Element won the Dogcars. com 's `` Dog Car of the Year '' award . Honda chose to follow up on that with a concept vehicle unveiled in 2009 New York Auto Show specifically designed for canine transportation . It included a pet restraint system , an extendable cargo area load - in ramp , a 12V DC rear ventilation fan , second - row seat covers with a simple beige dog - outline pattern design to match the bed cover fabric , all - season rubber floor mats with a toy bone pattern , a fan , and `` Dog Friendly '' exterior pawprint emblems . A spill - resistant water bowl , also included , could be placed into a nook in the corner of the pet bed . The second row pet restraint system was a small net crate suitable for cats or small dogs , which could be belted into place . It strapped directly to the lower portion of the seat and the captive animal could not see out the windows , unlike the pet `` booster seats '' sold by pet - supply vendors specifically designed to allow small dogs to see through the windows and sniff the incoming airflow . The pet bed is a thick cushion for the whole of the rear cargo area . The cargo area pet restraint system consists of netting on the sides and the top of the dog bed , as well as a zip - up fourth side to be secured after the dog is loaded . The package was dealer - installed and retails for $1,000 . Discontinuation ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rear view Sales of the Element continued to slump throughout the final years of its production , bottoming out with only 14,000 units in 2009 . In 2003 ( the Element 's introductory and most successful year ) , Honda sold more of the cars than it did in the vehicle 's final 3 years combined . Industry analysts and Honda executives blamed the Element 's demise on a variety of factors : competition from similar vehicles offered by other manufacturers , rivalry within the automaker 's own product line , and a dwindling market share for SUVs overall . When Honda unveiled the Element in 2003 the design was unique , and the no - nonsense philosophy and retro / progressive styling drew customers to the car . The still emerging and relatively new market for compact SUVs offered little competition , and Honda was able to win over buyers by targeting the car toward young , active people with a list of options to suit outdoor activities like biking and camping . Competing automakers quickly noticed the vehicle 's success , and the Element was quickly joined by similar vehicles such as the Nissan Cube , Ford Flex , Kia Soul and Scion xB . These other vehicles were similar to the Element and many of them were more affordable , which proved to be too alluring for the young audience at which the car had been aimed . In addition to facing stiff competition from off the lot , the Element also had to cope with intense rivalry from within the Honda stable in the form of the automaker 's flagship CR - V . The Element model line struggled in the shadow of this more well - established sister car . Adding to this was Honda executives ' decision not to update the Element at all during the car 's entire 9 - year production run , a decision that made the Element seem dull and dated in a market sector that places an extremely high value on ultramodern contemporary styling and state - of - the - art technology . The model 's worst sales year , 2009 , saw the CR - V outselling the Element by a factor of 5 to 1 . The final model year for the car was 2011 and production ended that April . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 New York International Auto Show in New York - Evolution of the Automobile '' . PBS LearningMedia . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Adds New `` Element '' To Lineup '' ( Press release ) . Honda Motor . 2002 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda announces end of Element production '' . Autoblog. 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honda to build Model X Concept '' . Conceptcarz. 2002 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Nate Martinez ( 2009 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Honda to build Second - Generation Element '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Element Wins First - ever DogCar of the Year Award '' . PRWeb. 11 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TOP SAFETY PICKs 2010 '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Mileage of 2005 Honda Element 4WD '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Element 2008 SC SUV Colors '' . Automotive.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : New York : Honda Ramps Up Attention for Dog - Friendly Element Concept , April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Honda Element Specs : 2WD 5 - Door Automatic LX Specifications '' . www.thecarconnection.com . Jump up ^ Honda Creates Web Buzz for Ad Character , Aug 28 , 2006 , Ad Week . Jump up ^ `` Gil `` The Crab '' - 28 - Male - MALIBU , US `` . MySpace.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Save the Crab '' . Jump up ^ `` RPA '' . RPA . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Press Release : RPA Celebrates Three MIXX Awards Wins and Two Creative Media Awards , September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Honda 's dog - friendly Element is aimed at pets -- and their owners Jump up ^ `` L.A. Times Financial Article '' . latimes.com. 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honda announces end of Element production '' . Autoblog. 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Cars portal Japan portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Element . 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American Honda Motor Co . Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Element&oldid=803893869 '' Categories : Honda vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2003 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from March 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 10 : 14 . 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-1548708128268401737	Electrolysis of water	Electrolysis of water - wikipedia Electrolysis of water Jump to : navigation , search Simple setup for demonstration of electrolysis of water at home Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas due to an electric current being passed through the water . The reaction has a standard potential of − 1.23 V , meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water . This technique can be used to make hydrogen fuel ( hydrogen gas ) and breathable oxygen ; though currently most industrial methods make hydrogen fuel from natural gas instead . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Principle 3 Equations 4 Thermodynamics 5 Electrolyte selection 6 Techniques 6.1 Fundamental demonstration 6.2 Hofmann voltameter 6.3 Industrial 6.4 High pressure 6.5 High - temperature 6.6 Alkaline water 6.7 Polymer electrolyte membrane 6.8 Nickel / iron 7 Applications 8 Efficiency 8.1 Industrial output 8.2 Overpotential 8.3 Thermodynamics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Device invented by Johann Wilhelm Ritter to develop the electrolysis of water Jan Rudolph Deiman and Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk used , in 1789 , an electrostatic machine to make electricity which was discharged on gold electrodes in a Leyden jar with water . In 1800 Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile , and a few weeks later William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle used it for the electrolysis of water . When Zénobe Gramme invented the Gramme machine in 1869 electrolysis of water became a cheap method for the production of hydrogen . A method of industrial synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis was developed by Dmitry Lachinov in 1888 . Principle ( edit ) A DC electrical power source is connected to two electrodes , or two plates ( typically made from some inert metal such as platinum , stainless steel or iridium ) which are placed in the water . Hydrogen will appear at the cathode ( where electrons enter the water ) , and oxygen will appear at the anode . Assuming ideal faradaic efficiency , the amount of hydrogen generated is twice the amount of oxygen , and both are proportional to the total electrical charge conducted by the solution . However , in many cells competing side reactions occur , resulting in different products and less than ideal faradaic efficiency . Electrolysis of pure water requires excess energy in the form of overpotential to overcome various activation barriers . Without the excess energy the electrolysis of pure water occurs very slowly or not at all . This is in part due to the limited self - ionization of water . Pure water has an electrical conductivity about one millionth that of seawater . Many electrolytic cells may also lack the requisite electrocatalysts . The efficiency of electrolysis is increased through the addition of an electrolyte ( such as a salt , an acid or a base ) and the use of electrocatalysts . Currently the electrolytic process is rarely used in industrial applications since hydrogen can currently be produced more affordably from fossil fuels . Equations ( edit ) Diagram showing the overall chemical equation . In pure water at the negatively charged cathode , a reduction reaction takes place , with electrons ( e ) from the cathode being given to hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas . The half reaction , balanced with acid , is : Reduction at cathode : 2 H ( aq ) + 2e → H ( g ) At the positively charged anode , an oxidation reaction occurs , generating oxygen gas and giving electrons to the anode to complete the circuit : Oxidation at anode : 2 H O ( l ) → O ( g ) + 4 H ( aq ) + 4e The same half reactions can also be balanced with base as listed below . Not all half reactions must be balanced with acid or base . Many do , like the oxidation or reduction of water listed here . To add half reactions they must both be balanced with either acid or base . The acid - balanced reactions predominate in acidic ( low pH ) solutions , while the base - balanced reactions predominate in basic ( high pH ) solutions . Cathode ( reduction ) : 2 H O ( l ) + 2e → H ( g ) + 2 OH ( aq ) Anode ( oxidation ) : 4 OH ( aq ) → O ( g ) + 2 H O ( l ) + 4 e Combining either half reaction pair yields the same overall decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen : Overall reaction : 2 H O ( l ) → 2 H ( g ) + O ( g ) The number of hydrogen molecules produced is thus twice the number of oxygen molecules . Assuming equal temperature and pressure for both gases , the produced hydrogen gas has therefore twice the volume of the produced oxygen gas . The number of electrons pushed through the water is twice the number of generated hydrogen molecules and four times the number of generated oxygen molecules . Thermodynamics ( edit ) Pourbaix diagram for water , including equilibrium regions for water , oxygen and hydrogen at STP . The vertical scale is the electrode potential of a hydrogen or non-interacting electrode relative to an SHE electrode , the horizontal scale is the pH of the electrolyte ( otherwise non-interacting ) . Neglecting overpotential , above the top line the equilibrium condition is oxygen gas , and oxygen will bubble off of the electrode until equilibrium is reached . Likewise , below the bottom line , the equilibrium condition is hydrogen gas , and hydrogen will bubble off of the electrode until equilibrium is reached . Decomposition of pure water into hydrogen and oxygen at standard temperature and pressure is not favorable in thermodynamic terms . Anode ( oxidation ) : 2 H O ( l ) → O ( g ) + 4 H ( aq ) + 4e E = + 1.23 V Cathode ( reduction ) : 2 H ( aq ) + 2e → H ( g ) E = 0.00 V Thus , the standard potential of the water electrolysis cell ( E = E − E ) is − 1.23 V at 25 ° C at pH 0 ( ( H ) = 1.0 M ) . At 25 ° C with pH 7 ( ( H ) = 1.0 × 10 M ) , the potential is unchanged based on the Nernst equation . The thermodynamic standard cell potential can be obtained from standard - state free energy calculations to find ΔG ° and then using the equation : ΔG ° = - nFE ° ( where E ° is the cell potential ) . In practice when an electrochemical cell is `` driven '' toward completion by applying reasonable potential , it is kinetically controlled . Therefore , activation energy , ion mobility ( diffusion ) and concentration , wire resistance , surface hindrance including bubble formation ( causes electrode area blockage ) , and entropy , require a greater applied potential to overcome these factors . The amount of increase in potential required is termed the overpotential . Electrolyte selection ( edit ) Hoffman voltameter connected to a direct current power supply If the above described processes occur in pure water , H cations will accumulate at the cathode and OH anions will accumulate at the anode . This can be verified by adding a pH indicator to the water : the water near the anode is basic while the water near the cathode is acidic . The negative hydroxide ions that approach the anode mostly combine with the positive hydronium ions ( H O ) to form water . The positive hydronium ions that approach the cathode mostly combine with negative hydroxide ions to form water . Relatively few hydronium / hydroxide ions reach the cathode / anode . This can cause a concentration overpotential at both electrodes . Pure water is a fairly good insulator since it has a low autoionization , K = 1.0 × 10 at room temperature and thus pure water conducts current poorly , 0.055 μS cm . Unless a very large potential is applied to cause an increase in the autoionization of water the electrolysis of pure water proceeds very slowly limited by the overall conductivity . If a water - soluble electrolyte is added , the conductivity of the water rises considerably . The electrolyte disassociates into cations and anions ; the anions rush towards the anode and neutralize the buildup of positively charged H there ; similarly , the cations rush towards the cathode and neutralize the buildup of negatively charged OH there . This allows the continued flow of electricity . Care must be taken in choosing an electrolyte , since an anion from the electrolyte is in competition with the hydroxide ions to give up an electron . An electrolyte anion with less standard electrode potential than hydroxide will be oxidized instead of the hydroxide , and no oxygen gas will be produced . A cation with a greater standard electrode potential than a hydrogen ion will be reduced in its stead , and no hydrogen gas will be produced . The following cations have lower electrode potential than H and are therefore suitable for use as electrolyte cations : Li , Rb , K , Cs , Ba , Sr , Ca , Na , and Mg . Sodium and lithium are frequently used , as they form inexpensive , soluble salts . If an acid is used as the electrolyte , the cation is H , and there is no competitor for the H created by disassociating water . The most commonly used anion is sulfate ( SO 2 − 4 ) , as it is very difficult to oxidize , with the standard potential for oxidation of this ion to the peroxydisulfate ion being − 2.05 volts . Strong acids such as sulfuric acid ( H SO ) , and strong bases such as potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) , and sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) are frequently used as electrolytes due to their strong conducting abilities . A solid polymer electrolyte can also be used such as Nafion and when applied with a special catalyst on each side of the membrane can efficiently split the water molecule with as little as 1.5 Volts . There are also a number of other solid electrolyte systems that have been trialled and developed with a number of electrolysis systems now available commercially that use solid electrolytes . Techniques ( edit ) Main article : Water splitting Fundamental demonstration ( edit ) Two leads , running from the terminals of a battery , are placed in a cup of water with a quantity of electrolyte to establish conductivity in the solution . Using NaCl ( table salt ) in an electrolyte solution results in chlorine gas rather than oxygen due to a competing half - reaction . With the correct electrodes and correct electrolyte , such as baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ) , hydrogen and oxygen gases will stream from the oppositely charged electrodes . Oxygen will collect at the positively charged electrode ( anode ) and hydrogen will collect at the negatively charged electrode ( cathode ) . Note that hydrogen is positively charged in the H O molecule , so it ends up at the negative electrode . ( And vice versa for oxygen . ) Note that an aqueous solution of water with chloride ions , when electrolysed , will result in either OH if the concentration of Cl is low , or in chlorine gas being preferentially discharged if the concentration of Cl is greater than 25 % by mass in the solution . Match test used to detect the presence of hydrogen gas Hofmann voltameter ( edit ) Main article : Hofmann voltameter The Hofmann voltameter is often used as a small - scale electrolytic cell . It consists of three joined upright cylinders . The inner cylinder is open at the top to allow the addition of water and the electrolyte . A platinum electrode is placed at the bottom of each of the two side cylinders , connected to the positive and negative terminals of a source of electricity . When current is run through the Hofmann voltameter , gaseous oxygen forms at the anode ( positive ) and gaseous hydrogen at the cathode ( negative ) . Each gas displaces water and collects at the top of the two outer tubes , where it can be drawn off with a stopcock . Industrial ( edit ) Many industrial electrolysis cells are very similar to Hofmann voltameters , with complex platinum plates or honeycombs as electrodes . Generally the only time hydrogen is intentionally produced from electrolysis is for specific point of use application such as is the case with oxyhydrogen torches or when extremely high purity hydrogen or oxygen is desired . The vast majority of hydrogen is produced from hydrocarbons and as a result contains trace amounts of carbon monoxide among other impurities . The carbon monoxide impurity can be detrimental to various systems including many fuel cells . High pressure ( edit ) Main article : High pressure electrolysis High pressure electrolysis is the electrolysis of water with a compressed hydrogen output around 120 -- 200 Bar ( 1740 -- 2900 psi ) . By pressurising the hydrogen in the electrolyser , the need for an external hydrogen compressor is eliminated ; the average energy consumption for internal compression is around 3 % . High - temperature ( edit ) Main article : High - temperature electrolysis High - temperature electrolysis ( also HTE or steam electrolysis ) is a method currently being investigated for water electrolysis with a heat engine . High temperature electrolysis may be preferable to traditional room - temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat , which is cheaper than electricity , and because the electrolysis reaction is more efficient at higher temperatures . Alkaline water ( edit ) Main article : Alkaline water electrolysis Polymer electrolyte membrane ( edit ) Main article : Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis Nickel / iron ( edit ) In 2014 , researchers announced an electrolysis system made of inexpensive , abundant nickel and iron rather than precious metal catalysts , such as platinum or iridium . The nickel - metal / nickel - oxide structure is more active than pure nickel metal or pure nickel oxide alone . The catalyst significantly lowers the required voltage . Also nickel -- iron batteries are being investigated for use as combined batteries and electrolysis for hydrogen production . Those `` battolysers '' could be charged and discharged like conventional batteries , and would produce hydrogen when fully charged . Applications ( edit ) About five percent of hydrogen gas produced worldwide is created by electrolysis . The majority of this hydrogen produced through electrolysis is a side product in the production of chlorine and caustic soda . This is a prime example of a competing side reaction . 2NaCl + 2H O → Cl + H + 2NaOH The electrolysis of brine , a water / sodium chloride mixture , is only half the electrolysis of water since the chloride ions are oxidized to chlorine rather than water being oxidized to oxygen . Thermodynamically , this would not be expected since the oxidation potential of the chloride ion is less than that of water , but the rate of the chloride reaction is much greater than that of water , causing it to predominate . The hydrogen produced from this process is either burned ( converting it back to water ) , used for the production of specialty chemicals , or various other small - scale applications . Water electrolysis is also used to generate oxygen for the International Space Station . Hydrogen may later be used in a fuel cell as a storage method of energy and water . Efficiency ( edit ) Industrial output ( edit ) Efficiency of modern hydrogen generators is measured by energy consumed per standard volume of hydrogen ( MJ / m ) , assuming standard temperature and pressure of the H. The lower the energy used by a generator , the higher would be its efficiency ; a 100 % - efficient electrolyser would consume 39.4 kilowatt - hours per kilogram ( 142 MJ / kg ) of hydrogen , 12,749 joules per litre ( 12.75 MJ / m ) . Practical electrolysis ( using a rotating electrolyser at 15 bar pressure ) may consume 50 kilowatt - hours per kilogram ( 180 MJ / kg ) , and a further 15 kilowatt - hours ( 54 MJ ) if the hydrogen is compressed for use in hydrogen cars . Electrolyser vendors provide efficiencies based on enthalpy . To assess the claimed efficiency of an electrolyser it is important to establish how it was defined by the vendor ( i.e. what enthalpy value , what current density , etc . ) . There are two main technologies available on the market , alkaline and proton exchange membrane ( PEM ) electrolysers . Alkaline electrolysers are cheaper in terms of investment ( they generally use nickel catalysts ) , but less efficient ; PEM electrolysers , conversely , are more expensive ( they generally use expensive platinum - group metal catalysts ) but are more efficient and can operate at higher current densities , and can therefore be possibly cheaper if the hydrogen production is large enough . Reported working efficiencies were for alkaline in 1996 lying in the 50 -- 60 % range for the smaller electrolysers and around 65 -- 70 % for the larger plants . Theorical efficiency for PEM electrolysers are predicted up to 94 % . Ranges in 2014 were 43 -- 67 % for the alkaline and 40 -- 67 % for the PEM , they should progress in 2030 to 53 -- 70 % for the alkaline and 62 -- 74 % for the PEM . Overpotential ( edit ) Real water electrolysers require higher voltages for the reaction to proceed . The part that exceeds 1.23 V is called overpotential or overvoltage , and represents any kind of loss and nonideality in the electrochemical process . For a well designed cell the largest overpotential is the reaction overpotential for the four - electron oxidation of water to oxygen at the anode ; electrocatalysts can facilitate this reaction , and platinum alloys are the state of the art for this oxidation . Developing a cheap , effective electrocatalyst for this reaction would be a great advance , and is a topic of current research ; there are many approaches , among them a 30 - year - old recipe for molybdenum sulfide , graphene quantum dots , carbon nanotubes , perovskite , and nickel / nickel - oxide . The simpler two - electron reaction to produce hydrogen at the cathode can be electrocatalyzed with almost no overpotential by platinum , or in theory a hydrogenase enzyme . If other , less effective , materials are used for the cathode ( e.g. graphite ) , large overpotentials will appear . Thermodynamics ( edit ) The electrolysis of water in standard conditions requires a theoretical minimum of 237 kJ of electrical energy input to dissociate each mole of water , which is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of water . It also requires energy to overcome the change in entropy of the reaction . Therefore , the process can not proceed below 286 kJ per mol if no external heat / energy is added . Since each mole of water requires two moles of electrons , and given that the Faraday constant F represents the charge of a mole of electrons ( 96485 C / mol ) , it follows that the minimum voltage necessary for electrolysis is about 1.23 V. If electrolysis is carried out at high temperature , this voltage reduces . This effectively allows the electrolyser to operate at more than 100 % electrical efficiency . In electrochemical systems this means that heat must be supplied to the reactor to sustain the reaction . In this way thermal energy can be used for part of the electrolysis energy requirement . In a similar way the required voltage can be reduced ( below 1 V ) if fuels ( such as carbon , alcohol , biomass ) are reacted with water ( PEM based electrolyzer in low temperature ) or oxygen ions ( solid oxide electrolyte based electrolyzer in high temperature ) . This results in some of the fuel 's energy being used to `` assist '' the electrolysis process and can reduce the overall cost of hydrogen produced . However , observing the entropy component ( and other losses ) , voltages over 1.48 V are required for the reaction to proceed at practical current densities ( the thermoneutral voltage ) . In the case of water electrolysis , Gibbs free energy represents the minimum work necessary for the reaction to proceed , and the reaction enthalpy is the amount of energy ( both work and heat ) that has to be provided so the reaction products are at the same temperature as the reactant ( i.e. standard temperature for the values given above ) . Potentially , an electrolyser operating at 1.48 V would be 100 % efficient . See also ( edit ) Electrochemistry Electrochemical engineering Electrolysis Hydrogen production Noryl Gas cracker Photocatalytic water splitting Water purification Timeline of hydrogen technologies Electrochemical cell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levie , R. de ( October 1999 ) . `` The electrolysis of water '' . Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry . 476 ( 1 ) : 92 -- 93 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 0728 ( 99 ) 00365 - 4 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Lachinov Dmitry Aleksandrovich Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . at Great Cyrill and Methodius Encyclopedia ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Zumdahl , Steven S. ; Zumdahl , Susan A. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . Chemistry ( 9th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 866 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 13 - 361109 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carmo , M ; Fritz D ; Mergel J ; Stolten D ( 2013 ) . `` A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis '' . Journal of Hydrogen Energy . 38 ( 12 ) : 4901 -- 4934 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijhydene. 2013.01. 151 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen Basics -- Production '' . Florida Solar Energy Center . 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ standard electrode potential ( data page ) Jump up ^ Light , Truman S. ; Licht , Stuart ; Bevilacqua , Anthony C. ; Morash , Kenneth R. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Fundamental Conductivity and Resistivity of Water '' . Electrochemical and Solid - State Letters. 8 ( 1 ) : E16 -- E19 . ISSN 1099 - 0062 . doi : 10.1149 / 1.1836121 . Jump up ^ Pauling , Linus ( 1970 ) General Chemistry , Section 15 - 2 . San Francisco . Jump up ^ Badwal , SPS ; Giddey S ; Munnings C ( 2012 ) . `` Hydrogen production via solid electrolytic routes '' . WIRES Energy and Environment. 2 ( 5 ) : 473 -- 487 . doi : 10.1002 / wene. 50 . Jump up ^ 2001 - High pressure electrolysis -- The key technology for efficient H. 2 Jump up ^ Ghosh , P.C ; Emonts , B ; Janßen , H ; Mergel , J ; Stolten , D ( 2003 ) . `` Ten years of operational experience with a hydrogen - based renewable energy supply system '' ( PDF ) . Solar Energy . 75 ( 6 ) : 469 -- 478 . Bibcode : 2003SoEn ... 75 ... 469G . doi : 10.1016 / j. solener. 2003.09. 006 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` High temperature electrolysis using SOEC '' . Hi2h2 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WELTEMP - Water electrolysis at elevated temperatures '' . Weltemp.eu. 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A low - cost water splitter that runs on an ordinary AAA battery '' . KurzweilAI. 22 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gong , Ming ; Zhou , Wu ; Tsai , Mon - Che ; Zhou , Jigang ; Guan , Mingyun ; Lin , Meng - Chang ; Zhang , Bo ; Hu , Yongfeng ; Wang , Di - Yan ; Yang , Jiang ; Pennycook , Stephen J. ; Hwang , Bing - Joe ; Dai , Hongjie ( 2014 ) . `` Nanoscale nickel oxide / nickel heterostructures for active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis '' . Nature Communications . 5 : 4695 . Bibcode : 2014NatCo ... 5E4695G . PMID 25146255 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms5695 . Jump up ^ F.M. Mulder et al : Efficient electricity storage with the battolyser , an integrated Ni - Fe - battery and electrolyser . Energy and Environmental Science . 10 , 3 , 756 - 764 , 2017 , doi : 10.1039 / C6EE02923J Jump up ^ `` Making Space Safer with Electrolysis '' . ASME . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Breathing Easy on the Space Station '' . NASA Science . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Hydrogen Fuel Cell Water Heater ( Educational Stand ) '' . Scribd . ^ Jump up to : Luca Bertuccioli ; et al. ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Development of water electrolysis in the European Union '' ( PDF ) . Client Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking . Jump up ^ Stensvold , Tore ( 26 January 2016 ) . `` Coca - Cola - oppskrift '' kan gjøre hydrogen til nytt norsk industrieventyr . Teknisk Ukeblad , . Jump up ^ Werner Zittel ; Reinhold Wurster ( 8 July 1996 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Production of Hydrogen . Part 4 : Production from electricity by means of electrolysis '' . HyWeb : Knowledge -- Hydrogen in the Energy Sector . Ludwig - Bölkow - Systemtechnik GmbH . Archived from the original on 7 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Bjørnar Kruse ; Sondre Grinna ; Cato Buch ( 13 February 2002 ) . `` Hydrogen -- Status and Possibilities '' ( PDF ) . The Bellona Foundation . p. 20 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ 1.23 V is the standard potential ; in non-standard conditions it may be different , in particular it decreases with temperature . Jump up ^ Kibsgaard , Jakob ; Jaramillo , Thomas F. ; Besenbacher , Flemming ( 2014 ) . `` Building an appropriate active - site motif into a hydrogen - evolution catalyst with thiomolybdate ( Mo S ) clusters '' . Nature Chemistry . 6 ( 3 ) : 248 -- 253 . Bibcode : 2014NatCh ... 6 ... 248K . PMID 24557141 . doi : 10.1038 / nchem. 1853 . Jump up ^ Fei , Huilong ; Ye , Ruquan ; Ye , Gonglan ; Gong , Yongji ; Peng , Zhiwei ; Fan , Xiujun ; Samuel , Errol L.G. ; Ajayan , Pulickel M. ; Tour , James M. ( 2014 ) . `` Boron - and Nitrogen - Doped Graphene Quantum Dots / Graphene Hybrid Nanoplatelets as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction '' . ACS Nano. 8 ( 10 ) : 141001091116007 . doi : 10.1021 / nn504637y . Jump up ^ Luo , J. ; Im , J. - H. ; Mayer , M.T. ; Schreier , M. ; Nazeeruddin , M.K. ; Park , N. - G. ; Tilley , S.D. ; Fan , H.J. ; Gratzel , M. ( 2014 ) . `` Water photolysis at 12.3 % efficiency via perovskite photovoltaics and Earth - abundant catalysts '' . Science . 345 ( 6204 ) : 1593 -- 1596 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 345.1593 L. PMID 25258076 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1258307 . Jump up ^ Shwartz , Mark ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` Stanford scientists develop water splitter that runs on ordinary AAA battery '' . News.stanford.edu . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists develop a water splitter that runs on an ordinary AAA battery '' . Technology.org. 25 August 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hyman D. Gesser ( 2002 ) . Applied Chemistry . Springer . pp. 16 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 46700 - 4 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Badwal , Sukhvinder P.S. ; Giddey , Sarbjit ; Munnings , Christopher ( September 2013 ) . `` Hydrogen production via solid electrolytic routes '' . Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews : Energy and Environment. 2 ( 5 ) : 473 -- 487 . doi : 10.1002 / wene. 50 . Jump up ^ Badwal , Sukhvinder P.S. ; Giddey , Sarbjit S. ; Munnings , Christopher ; Bhatt , Anand I. ; Hollenkamp , Anthony F. ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies ( open access ) '' . Frontiers in Chemistry . 2 . Bibcode : 2014FrCh ... 2 ... 79B . PMC 4174133 . PMID 25309898 . doi : 10.3389 / fchem. 2014.00079 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water electrolysis . `` Electrolysis of Water '' . Experiments on Electrochemistry . Retrieved 20 November 2005 . `` Electrolysis of Water '' . Do Chem 044 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2006 . Retrieved 20 November 2005 . EERE 2008 -- 100 kgH2 / day Trade Study NREL 2006 -- Electrolysis technical report ( hide ) Articles related to electrolysis / Standard electrode potential Electrolytic processes Betts electrolytic process Castner process Castner -- Kellner process Chloralkali process Downs cell Electrolysis of water Electrowinning Hall -- Héroult process Hofmann voltameter Kolbe electrolysis Materials produced by electrolysis Aluminium ( extraction ) Calcium metal Chlorine Copper Electrolysed water Fluorine Hydrogen Lithium metal Magnesium metal Potassium metal Sodium metal Sodium hydroxide Zinc See also Electrochemistry Gas cracker Standard electrode potential ( data page ) Electrology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrolysis_of_water&oldid=802121337 '' Categories : Electrolysis Hydrogen production Industrial gases Water chemistry Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Russian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 maint : Unfit url Use dmy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happens when electrolysis is carried out in water	[ "Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a standard potential of −1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water." ]	[ "decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas" ]
-2209936188197122970	Tenure of Office Act (1867)	Tenure of office Act ( 1867 ) - wikipedia Tenure of office Act ( 1867 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Tenure of Office Act was a United States federal law ( in force from 1867 to 1887 ) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office - holders without the approval of the Senate . The law was enacted on March 3 , 1867 , over the veto of President Andrew Johnson . It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate , unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress . The act was significantly amended on April 5 , 1869 . Congress repealed the act in its entirety in 1887 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Stanton and impeachment 3 Later use 4 Constitutionality 5 See also 6 References Background ( edit ) In the post-Civil War political environment , President Andrew Johnson endorsed the quick re-admission of the Southern secessionist states . The two - thirds Republican majorities of both houses of Congress , however , passed laws over Johnson 's vetoes , establishing a series of five military districts overseeing newly created state governments . This `` Congressional Reconstruction '' was designed to create local civil rights laws to protect newly freed slaves ; to protect and patrol the area ; to ensure the secessionist states would show some good faith before being readmitted ; to ensure Republican control of the states ; and , arguably , to inflict some punishment on the secessionists . States would be readmitted gradually . Overpowered politically , the sole check Johnson could apply to the Congressional Reconstruction plan was through his control ( as commander - in - chief ) of the military , which would be the primary institution enforcing the plan 's provisions . However , even Johnson 's control of the military was inhibited by the fact that his Secretary of War , Edwin Stanton , was a staunch Radical Republican who supported Congressional Reconstruction in full . This further set Johnson against the Republican - controlled Congress , with Johnson wanting to remove Stanton from office and Congress wanting to keep him in place . Stanton and impeachment ( edit ) The Tenure of Office Act restricted the power of the President to suspend an officer while the Senate was not in session . ( At that time , Congress sat during a relatively small portion of the year . ) If , when the Senate reconvened , it declined to ratify the removal , the President would be required to reinstate the official . In August 1867 , with the Senate out of session , Johnson made his move against Stanton , suspending him pending the next session of the Senate . However , when the Senate convened on January 4 , 1868 , it refused to ratify the removal by a vote of 35 - 16 . Notwithstanding the vote , President Johnson attempted to appoint a new Secretary of War because he wanted , by such action , to create a case through which to challenge the legitimacy of the Act before the Supreme Court . Proceedings began within days to move toward impeaching Johnson , the first impeachment of a United States President . After a three - month trial , Johnson avoided removal from office by the Senate by a single vote . Stanton resigned in May 1868 . It was actually unclear whether Johnson had violated the Tenure of Office Act . The act 's phrasing was murky , and it was not clear whether his removal of Stanton ( a holdover from the Lincoln administration whom Johnson had not appointed ) violated the Act . While the Act , by its terms , applied to current office holders , it also limited the protection offered to Cabinet members to one month after a new president took office . Later use ( edit ) The act was amended on April 5 , 1869 , one month and one day after Republican Ulysses S. Grant assumed the presidency . The revisions grew out of an attempt to completely repeal the 1867 act . The measure to repeal passed the House of Representatives with only 16 negative votes but failed in the Senate . The new provisions were significantly less onerous , allowing the President to suspend office holders `` in his discretion '' and designate replacements while the Senate was in recess , subject only to confirmation of the replacements at the next session . The President no longer had to report his reasons for suspension to the Senate , and the Senate could no longer force reinstatement of suspended office holders . Although Grant , in his first message to Congress , in December 1869 , urged the repeal of even the revised act , it did not cause further problems until the election of Democrat Grover Cleveland in 1884 . Under the spoils system it had long been accepted practice for the administration of a new party to replace current office holders with party faithful . However , Cleveland , a supporter of a civil service system , had promised to avoid wholesale replacements , vowing to replace incumbents only for cause . When he suspended several hundred office holders for cause , Senate committees requested information from cabinet members regarding the reasons for the suspensions , which Cleveland refused to provide . If he had simply said that the incumbents were being replaced for political reasons , the Senate would have complied , but Cleveland would not do so . When , in early 1886 , the Senate as a whole demanded information regarding the conduct of the suspended U.S. Attorney for southern Alabama , Cleveland sent a message to Congress explaining his position opposing impingement of independence of the executive . Cleveland 's replacement nominee was eventually confirmed when it was discovered that the suspended incumbent 's term had expired in the meantime anyway . The Tenure of Office Act was finally repealed in 1887 . Constitutionality ( edit ) In 1926 , a similar law ( though not dealing with Cabinet secretaries ) was ruled unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Myers v. United States , which affirmed the ability of the President to remove a Postmaster without Congressional approval . In reaching that decision , the Supreme Court stated in its majority opinion ( though in dicta ) , `` that the Tenure of Office Act of 1867 , insofar as it attempted to prevent the President from removing executive officers who had been appointed by him by and with the advice and consent of the Senate , was invalid '' . See also ( edit ) Tenure of Office Act ( 1820 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tenure of Office Act - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com '' . Jump up ^ http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/impeach/imp_tenure.html Jump up ^ Gene Davis `` High Crimes and Misdemeanors '' ( New York : William Morrow , 1977 ) , 221 ^ Jump up to : Grover Cleveland . `` The Independence of the Executive '' , lecture delivered at Princeton University , April 1900 . Princeton : Princeton University Press ( 1913 ) , pp. 30 et seq . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw 's United States Supreme Court case and opinions '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)&oldid=821656825 '' Categories : 1867 in law Reconstruction Era legislation Legal history of the United States Political history of the United States United States presidential history United States federal government administration legislation 1867 in the United States Presidency of Andrew Johnson Presidencies of Grover Cleveland Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 21 : 01 . About Wikipedia	when was the tenure of office act passed	[ "The Tenure of Office Act was a United States federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate. The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress. The act was significantly amended on April 5, 1869. Congress repealed the act in its entirety in 1887.[1]" ]	[ "March 3, 1867" ]
-3647931940791143091	List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates	List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates - wikipedia List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates Jump to : navigation , search In 1872 , Victoria Woodhull became the first female presidential candidate . Her candidacy preceded suffrage for women in the U.S. In 2016 , Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential candidate nominated by a major party , namely the Democratic Party . She is the first woman to win the popular vote in a United States presidential election . The following is a list of female U.S. presidential and vice-presidential nominees and invitees . Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices . Listed as nominees or nomination candidates are those women who achieved ballot access in at least one state ( or , before the institution of government - printed ballots , had ballots circulated by their parties ) . They each may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties ( either one of the two major parties or one of the third parties ) , or made the ballot as an Independent , and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list . Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Presidential candidates 2.1 General election candidates by popular vote 2.2 Candidates who received electoral votes 2.3 Primary election candidates 2.4 All candidates 2.4. 1 Party nominees 2.4. 2 Not nominated by party 3 Vice-Presidential candidates 3.1 By popular vote 3.2 Candidates who received electoral votes 3.3 All candidates 3.3. 1 Party nominees 3.3. 2 Not nominated by party 4 See also 5 References 6 Notes 7 External links History ( edit ) In 1872 , Victoria Woodhull ran for president . While many historians and authors agree that Woodhull was the first woman to run for president , some have questioned the legality of her run . They disagree with classifying it as a true candidacy because she was younger than the constitutionally mandated age of 35 , but election coverage by contemporary newspapers does not suggest age was a significant issue . The presidential inauguration was in March 1873 , and Woodhull 's 35th birthday was sixth months later in September . In 1884 , Belva Lockwood followed with a run for president . Her running mate was Marietta Stow , who became the first woman to run for vice president . The first woman considered for a major party presidential candidacy by an incumbent president was Oveta Hobby , by Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower encouraged Hobby to run in 1960 , but she declined . In 1964 , Margaret Chase Smith announced her candidacy for the Republican Party nomination , becoming the first female candidate for a major party 's nomination . She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries , and came in second in the Illinois primary , receiving 25 % of the vote . She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at a major political party 's convention . In 1968 , Charlene Mitchell became the first African American woman to run for president , and the first to receive valid votes in a general election . She qualified for the ballot in two states , winning 1,075 votes . In 1972 , Shirley Chisholm became the first black candidate for a major party 's presidential nomination , and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party 's nomination . Tonie Nathan , the Libertarian Party 's vice-presidential candidate in 1972 , became the first woman to receive an electoral vote , via faithless elector Roger MacBride . In the 1988 presidential election , Lenora Fulani and her running mate Joyce Dattner became the first women to achieve ballot access in all fifty states . Fulani was also the first African American to do so . In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries , Hillary Clinton became the first woman to win a presidential primary , and the first to be listed as a presidential candidate in every primary and caucus nationwide . Despite losing the nomination in a close race against Barack Obama , Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any primary candidate in American history . In 2016 , Hillary Clinton became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of delegates in the Democratic Party primaries , and was formally nominated at the Democratic National Convention on July 26 , 2016 . As a major party nominee , Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate , and later the first to carry a state in a general election . Clinton lost the election but became the first woman to win the popular vote . Two women have won the vice-presidential nominations of major parties , Geraldine Ferraro for the Democratic Party in the 1984 , and Sarah Palin for the Republican Party in the 2008 . The Green Party has run a female candidate three times , Cynthia McKinney in 2008 and Jill Stein in 2012 and 2016 . Stein received more general election votes than any prior female candidate in 2012 . Presidential candidates ( edit ) General election candidates by popular vote ( edit ) This list includes female candidates who have run or are currently running for President of the United States in a general election and are sorted by the number of votes they received in the election . Major - party nominee No . Year Picture Name Party Votes 2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party 65,853,516 2016 Jill Stein Green Party 1,457,044 2012 Jill Stein Green Party 468,907 1988 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party 217,219 5 2008 Cynthia McKinney Green Party 161,797 6 1972 Linda Jenness Socialist Workers Party 83,380 7 1992 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party 73,714 8 1984 Sonia Johnson Citizens Party 72,200 8 2012 Roseanne Barr Peace and Freedom Party 67,326 10 1976 Margaret Wright People 's Party 49,024 11 1940 Gracie Allen Surprise Party 42,000 12 1980 Ellen McCormack Right to Life Party 32,327 13 1968 Charlene Mitchell Communist Party 1,075 Candidates who received electoral votes ( edit ) Year Name Party Running Mate Electoral Votes Total Electoral Votes 2016 Clinton , Hillary Hillary Clinton Democratic Party Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine 7002227000000000000 ♠ 227 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Spotted Eagle , Faith Faith Spotted Eagle Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 Primary election candidates ( edit ) This list includes female candidates for a party nomination for President of the United States who ran in at least one primary or caucus , sorted by the number of votes they received during their run . No . Year Picture Name Party Nomination Votes Contests won Party nominee 2008 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party 17,857,501 23 Barack Obama 2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party 16,914,722 34 1972 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 430,703 George McGovern 1964 Margaret Chase Smith Republican Party 227,007 0 Barry Goldwater 5 Carol Moseley Braun Democratic Party 103,189 0 John Kerry 6 Elvena Lloyd - Duffie Democratic Party 91,929 0 Bill Clinton 7 2012 Michele Bachmann Republican Party 41,170 0 Mitt Romney 8 2016 Carly Fiorina Republican Party 40,666 0 Donald Trump 8 1972 Patsy Mink Democratic Party 8,286 0 George McGovern All candidates ( edit ) Party nominees ( edit ) Year Name Party Running Mate Votes Ballot Access 1872 Victoria Woodhull Equal Rights Party Frederick Douglass 0 states 1884 Belva Ann Lockwood National Equal Rights Party Marietta Stow 4,149 6 states 1888 Belva Ann Lockwood National Equal Rights Party First : Alfred Love Second : Charles Stuart Wells 1940 Gracie Allen Surprise Party N.A. 42,000 1952 Ellen Linea W. Jensen Washington Peace Party Mary Kennery American Party Agnes Waters American Woman 's Party 1968 Charlene Mitchell Communist Party Michael Zagarell 1,075 2 states 1972 Linda Jenness Socialist Workers Party Andrew Pulley 83,380 25 states Evelyn Reed Socialist Workers Party Andrew Pulley 13,878 1976 Margaret Wright People 's Party Benjamin Spock 49,024 1980 Ellen McCormack Right to Life Party Carroll Driscoll 32,327 Maureen Smith Peace and Freedom Party Elizabeth Cervantes Barron 18,116 Deirdre Griswold Workers World Party Gavrielle Holmes . 13,300 1984 Sonia Johnson Citizens Party Richard Walton 72,200 19 states Gavrielle Holmes Workers World Party Gloria La Riva 2,656 2 states 1988 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party Joyce Dattner 217,219 50 states Willa Kenoyer Socialist Party , Liberty Union Party Ron Ehrenreich 3,928 1992 Lenora Fulani New Alliance Party Maria Elizabeth Muñoz 73,714 Helen Halyard Socialist Equality Party Fred Mazelis 3,050 Isabell Masters Looking Back Party Walter Masters 327 Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Larry Holmes 181 Monica Moorehead Workers World Party Gloria La Riva 29,083 Marsha Feinland Peace and Freedom Party Kate McClatchy 25,332 Mary Cal Hollis Socialist Party , Liberty Union Party Eric Chester 4,766 Diane Beall Templin The American Party Gary Van Horn 1,847 Isabell Masters Looking Back Party Shirley Jean Masters 752 2000 Monica Moorehead Workers World Party Gloria La Riva 4,795 Cathy Gordon Brown Independent Sabrina R. Allen 1,606 Diane Beall Templin The American Party Albert B. `` Al '' Moore ( lost ballot status ) 2008 Cynthia McKinney Green Party Rosa Clemente 161,797 32 states Gloria La Riva Party for Socialism and Liberation Eugene Puryear 7,427 Diane Beall Templin The American Party Linda Patterson ( lost ballot status ) 2012 Jill Stein Green Party Cheri Honkala 468,907 36 states Roseanne Barr Peace and Freedom Party Cindy Sheehan 67,326 Peta Lindsay Party for Socialism and Liberation Yari Osorio 9,388 2016 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party Tim Kaine 65,853,516 50 states Jill Stein Green Party Ajamu Baraka 1,457,044 47 states Gloria La Riva Peace and Freedom Party Dennis Banks 43,742 8 states Alyson Kennedy Socialist Workers Party Osborne Hart 10,348 7 states Monica Moorehead Workers World Party Lamont Lilly 3,722 Lynn S. Kahn Independent Kathleen Monahan 5,610 Khadijah Jacob - Fambro Revolutionary Party Milton Fambro 748 Year Name Party Running Mate Votes Ballot Access Not nominated by Party ( edit ) Candidates who failed to receive their parties ' nomination ( or who are currently campaigning for their party 's nomination ) . Year Name Party Details Nomination winner 1884 Abigail Scott Duniway Equal Rights Party Rejected nomination . Belva Ann Lockwood 1920 Laura Clay Democratic Party James M. Cox Cora Wilson Stewart 1924 Cora Wilson Stewart Democratic Party 1 vote on 1st and 15th ballots John W. Davis 1940 Anna Milburn National Greenback Party Declined nomination John Zahnd 1964 Margaret Chase Smith Republican Party Received 227,007 votes in Republican Primary and won 27 delegates at the 1964 Republican Convention Barry Goldwater Fay T. Carpenter Swain Democratic Party 7,140 votes in Indiana primary Lyndon B. Johnson 1972 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 152 votes at National convention George McGovern Patsy Takamoto Mink Bella Savitzky Abzug 1976 Barbara Jordan Democratic Party 1 vote at National convention Jimmy Carter Ellen McCormack 22 votes at National convention 1980 Koryne Kaneski Horbal Democratic Party 5 votes at National convention Jimmy Carter Alice Tripp 2 votes at National convention 1984 Martha Kirkland Democratic Party 1 vote at National convention Walter Mondale Mary Ruwart Libertarian Party 77 votes at Convention ( 1st ballot ) ; 99 votes at Convention ( 2nd ballot ) ( 3rd place overall ) David Bergland Tonie Nathan 53 votes at Convention ( 1st ballot ) ( 4th place ) 1988 Patricia Schroeder Democratic Party Michael Dukakis 1992 Tennie Rogers Republican Party 754 votes in Texas primary George H.W. Bush Georgiana Doerschuck 58 votes in New Hampshire primary Caroline Killeen Democratic Party 96 votes in New Hampshire primary Bill Clinton Elvena E. Lloyd - Duffie Democratic Party 13,025 votes in Arkansas primary ; 10,876 votes ( 6th place ) in Texas primary ; 40,758 in Oklahoma primary ( 3rd place ) ; 11,620 votes ( 3rd place ) in Louisiana primary ; 15,650 votes ( 2nd place ) in Illinois primary Bill Clinton Dr. Heather Anne Harder 28,772 votes ( 3rd place ) in Texas primary ; 376 votes in New Hampshire primary and two write - in votes as a Republican ; 6 votes in Illinois primary Caroline Killeen 118 votes in New Hampshire primary Susan Gail Ducey Republican Party 539 votes in ( 9th place ) at Arizona primary ; 152 votes ( 12th place ) at New Hampshire primary ; 1,092 votes ( 8th place ) at Texas primary Bob Dole Isabell Masters 1052 votes ( 7th place ) at Oklahoma primary Mary `` France '' LeTulle 650 votes ( 9th place ) at Texas primary ; 290 votes in Nevada primary Georgiana Doerschuck 140 votes in New Hampshire primary Tennie Rogers 35 votes at Mississippi primary ; 12 votes inNew Hampshire primary 2000 Dr. Heather Anne Harder Democratic Party 1,358 votes in AZ primary ; 192 votes ( 8th place ) in New Hampshire primary , 1 Republican write - in vote Al Gore Elizabeth Dole Republican Party 231 write - in votes in NH primary George W. Bush Dorian Yeager 98 votes ( 10th place ) in New Hampshire primary Angel Joy Chavis Rocker 6 votes in Alabama straw poll Lorna Salzman Green Party 40 votes at National convention ( 5th place ) David Cobb JoAnne Bier Beeman 14 votes at National convention Carol A. Miller 10 votes at National convention Sheila Bilyeu 2 votes at National convention Florence Walker Democratic Party 246 votes ( 6th place ) in Washington , D.C. primary John Kerry Katherine Bateman 68 votes ( 14th place ) in New Hampshire primary Jeanne Chebib 43 votes ( 12th place ) in the Washington , D.C. primary Caroline Killeen 31 votes ( 19th place ) in New Hampshire primary Mildred T. Glover 11 votes ( 22nd place ) in New Hampshire primary ; 4,039 votes ( 8th place ) in Maryland primary Carol Moseley Braun Withdrew in January 2004 ; 103,189 votes Millie Howard Republican Party 239 votes ( 13th place ) in New Hampshire primary George W. Bush 2008 Hillary Clinton Democratic Party Second place in the Democratic Party primaries , winning 1,726 1⁄2 Delegate votes and more primaries than any other woman in history . Barack Obama Caroline Killeen 11 votes in New Hampshire primary Mary Ruwart Libertarian Party 152 votes at National Convention ( 2nd place ; reached 1st place on 5th ballot before being defeated on 6th ballot ) Bob Barr Christine Smith 6 votes at National Convention ( 8th place ) Kat Swift Green Party 38 votes at National Convention ( 3rd place ) Cynthia McKinney Elaine Brown Withdrew in December 2007 ; 9 pledged delegates ( 6th place ) Nan Garrett Withdrew in February 2007 Susan Gail Ducey Republican Party 2 votes ( 3 - way tie for 8th place ) in Tulsa , Oklahoma straw poll John McCain 2012 Roseanne Barr Green Party 72 votes at National Convention ( 2nd place ) Jill Stein Michele Bachmann Republican Party Withdrew in January 2012 . Mitt Romney 2016 Carly Fiorina Republican Party Withdrew in February 2016 with 1 pledged delegate in Iowa ( 10th place with 40,666 votes ) Donald Trump Year Name Party Details Nomination winner Vice-presidential candidates ( edit ) By popular vote ( edit ) This list includes female candidates who have run or are currently running for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes . Note that the vote for Vice President is not separate in the United States and is tied together with whoever their running mate is . Indicates major - party nominee Candidates who received electoral votes ( edit ) Year Name Party Running Mate Electoral Votes Total Electoral Votes 2008 Palin , Sarah Sarah Palin Republican Party McCain , John John McCain 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 1984 Ferraro , Geraldine Geraldine Ferraro Democratic Party Mondale , Walter Walter Mondale 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren Not applicable Not applicable 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 1972 Nathan , Tonie Tonie Nathan Libertarian Party Hospers , John John Hospers 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Collins , Susan Susan Collins Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 Fiorina , Carly Carly Fiorina Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 2016 LaDuke , Winona Winona LaDuke Not applicable Not applicable 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7002538000000000000 ♠ 538 All candidates ( edit ) Party nominees ( edit ) Year Name Party Running Mate Votes 1884 Marietta Stow National Equal Rights Party Belva Ann Lockwood 4,149 1924 Marie Brehm Prohibition Party Herman P. Faris 56,289 1932 Florence Garvin National Party John Zahnd 1,645 1936 Florence Garvin Greenback Party John Zahnd 1948 Grace Carlson Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 13,614 1952 Charlotta Bass Progressive Party Vincent Hallinan 140,023 Myra Tanner Weiss Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 10,312 Vivien Kellems Constitution Party * Douglas MacArthur 943 * 1956 Georgia Cozzini Socialist Labor Party Eric Hass 44,300 Myra Tanner Weiss Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 7,797 Ann Marie Yezo American Third Party Henry B. Krajewski 1,829 1960 Myra Tanner Weiss Socialist Workers Party Farrell Dobbs 60,166 Georgia Cozzini Socialist Labor Party Eric Hass 47,521 1968 Peggy Terry Peace and Freedom Party Eldridge Cleaver 1972 Genevieve Gundersen Socialist Labor Party Louis Fisher 53,814 Tonie Nathan Libertarian Party John Hospers 3,674 1976 Willie Mae Reid Socialist Workers Party Peter Camejo 90,986 Constance Blomen Socialist Labor Party Jules Levin 9,616 1980 La Donna Harris Citizens Party Barry Commoner 233,052 Wretha Hanson Citizens Party Barry Commoner 8,564 Angela Davis Communist Party Gus Hall 43,871 Eileen Shearer American Independent Party John Rarick 41,268 Matilde Zimmermann Socialist Workers Party Andrew Pulley 40,105 Elizabeth Cervantes Barron Peace and Freedom Party Maureen Smith 18,106 Gavrielle Holmes Workers World Party Deirdre Griswold 13,213 Naomi Cohen Workers World Party Deirdre Griswold 3,790 Diane Drufenbrock Socialist Party David McReynolds 6,898 1984 Geraldine Ferraro Democratic Party Walter Mondale 37,577,352 Maureen Kennedy Salaman Populist Party Bob Richards 66,168 Nancy Ross New Alliance Party Dennis L. Serrette 46,852 Angela Davis Communist Party Gus Hall 36,386 Andrea Gonzales Socialist Workers Party Melvin T. Mason 24,672 Matilde Zimmermann Socialist Workers Party Melvin T. Mason Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Larry Holmes / Gavrielle Holmes 15,329 Helen Halyard Socialist Equality Party Edward Winn 10,801 Jean T. Brust Socialist Equality Party Edward Winn Emma Wong Mar Peace and Freedom Party Sonia Johnson 1988 Joyce Dattner New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 217,219 Susan Gardner Consumer Party Eugene McCarthy 30,905 Joan Andrews Right to Life Party William A. Marra 20,504 Helen Halyard Socialist Equality Party Edward Winn 18,693 Kathleen Mickells Socialist Workers Party James `` Mac '' Warren 15,604 Vikki Murdock Peace and Freedom Party Herbert G. Lewin 10,370 Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Larry Holmes 7,846 Debra Freeman National Economic Recovery Party Lyndon LaRouche 1992 Nancy Lord Libertarian Party Andre Marrou 290,087 Maria Elizabeth Muñoz New Alliance Party Lenora Fulani 73,714 Asiba Tupahache Peace and Freedom Party Ronald Daniels 27,961 Barbara Garson Socialist Party J. Quinn Brisben 3,057 Willie Mae Reid Socialist Workers Party James `` Mac '' Warren Estelle DeBates Socialist Workers Party James `` Mac '' Warren Doris Feimer The American Party Robert J. Smith 292 Joann Roland Third Party Eugene Arthur Hem Winona LaDuke Green Party Ralph Nader 596,780 Muriel Tillinghast Green Party Ralph Nader 75,956 Anne Goeke Green Party Ralph Nader 12,135 Jo Jorgensen Libertarian Party Harry Browne 485,798 Kate McClatchy Peace and Freedom Party Marsha Feinland 25,332 Rosemary Giumarra Independent Charles E. Collins 8,952 Laura Garza Socialist Workers Party James Harris 8,476 Rachel Bubar Kelly Prohibition Party Earl Dodge 1,298 Connie Chandler Independent Party of Utah A. Peter Crane 1,101 Shirley Jean Masters Looking Back Party Isabell Masters 752 Anne Northrop AIDS Cure Party Steve Michael 408 2000 Winona LaDuke Green Party Ralph Nader 2,883,105 Ezola B. Foster Reform Party Pat Buchanan 449,225 Margaret Trowe Socialist Workers Party James Harris 7,378 Mary Cal Hollis Socialist Party David McReynolds 5,602 Gloria La Riva Workers World Party Monica Moorehead 4,795 Sabrina R. Allen Independent Cathy Gordon Brown 1,606 Pat LaMarche Green Party David Cobb 119,859 Janice Jordan Peace and Freedom Party Leonard Peltier 27,607 Mary Alice Herbert Socialist Party Walt Brown 10,837 Margaret Trowe Socialist Workers Party James Harris 7,102 Arrin Hawkins Socialist Workers Party Róger Calero 3,689 Karen Sanchirico Independent Ralph Nader 6,168 Jennifer A. Ryan Christian Freedom Party Thomas J. Harens 2,387 Teresa Gutierrez Workers World Party John Parker 1,646 Marilyn Chambers Personal Choice Party Charles Jay 946 Irene M. Deasy Independent Stanford Andress 804 2008 Sarah Palin Republican Party John McCain 59,948,323 Rosa Clemente Green Party Cynthia McKinney 161,797 Alyson Kennedy Socialist Workers Party Róger Calero 7,197 Andrea Marie Psoras Vote Here Party Jeffrey H. Boss 604 Patricia Rubacky New American Independent Party Frank McEnulty 2012 Cheri Honkala Green Party Jill Stein 469,628 Cindy Sheehan Peace and Freedom Party Roseanne Barr 67,326 Maura DeLuca Socialist Workers Party James Harris 4,117 Virginia Abernethy American Third Position Party Merlin Miller 2,701 Phyllis Scherrer Socialist Equality Party Jerry White 1,279 2016 Mindy Finn Independent Evan McMullin 449,640 Angela Nicole Walker Socialist Party USA Mimi Soltysik 2,540 Hannah Walsh United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle 334 Kathleen Monahan Independent Lynn S. Kahn 5,610 Year Name Party Running Mate Votes Not nominated by party ( edit ) Year Name Party Details Nomination winner 1848 Lucretia Mott Liberty Party 4 of 84 votes Charles C. Foote 1884 Clemence S. Lozier Equal Rights Party Declined nomination . Marietta Stow 1924 Lena Springs Democratic Party several to 50 votes in National convention Charles W. Bryan 1928 Nellie Tayloe Ross Democratic Party 31 votes in National convention Joseph T. Robinson 1952 India Edwards Democratic Party John Sparkman Sarah T. Hughes 1972 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 20 votes in National convention Thomas Eagleton Frances Farenthold 405 votes in National convention Martha Griffiths 1 vote in National convention Patricia Harris 1 vote in National convention Eleanor McGovern 1 vote in National convention Martha Mitchell 1 vote in National convention Maggie Kuhn People 's Party declined nomination Benjamin Spock 1976 Anne Armstrong Republican Party subject of draft campaign ; 6 votes in National convention Bob Dole Barbara Jordan Democratic Party 17 votes in National convention Walter Mondale Nancy Palm Republican Party 1 vote in National convention Bob Dole 1984 Shirley Chisholm Democratic Party 3 votes in National convention Geraldine Ferraro Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Republican Party 1 vote in primary George H.W. Bush 1992 Susan K.Y. Shargal Democratic Party 1,097 votes ( 2nd place ) in New Hampshire primary Al Gore Mary Ruwart Libertarian Party 129 votes at Convention ( 1st ballot ) ; 64 votes at Convention ( 2nd ballot ) Nancy Lord 2000 Gail Lightfoot Libertarian Party 7 votes at Convention ( 1st ballot ) ( 6th place ) Art Olivier Tamara Millay Libertarian Party 220 votes at Convention ( 2nd place ) Richard Campagna 2008 Mary Alice Herbert Socialist Party Stewart Alexander 2016 Alicia Dearn Libertarian Party 29 votes at Convention ( 5th place ) William Weld Carly Fiorina Republican Party Joined the ticket of Ted Cruz ; campaign suspended six days later Mike Pence See also ( edit ) List of fictional United States Presidents List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government Category : Female heads of government Edith Bolling Galt Wilson ( sometimes nicknamed `` the first female president of the United States . '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Don Lawson ( 1985 ) . Geraldine Ferraro . J. Messner . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 55041 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward , Eisenhower in War and Peace ( N.Y. : Random House , 1st ed. 2012 ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6693 - 3 ) ) , p. 756 . Jump up ^ http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-unfavored-daughter-when-margaret-chase-smith-ran-in-the-new-hampshire-primary Jump up ^ Ballot Access News '' Blog Archive '' Women Running for President in the General Election Jump up ^ Freeman , Jo ( February 2005 ) . `` Shirley Chisholm 's 1972 Presidential Campaign '' . University of Illinois at Chicago Women 's History Project . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brian ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Tonie Nathan , R.I.P. ( The First Woman to Receive an Electoral Vote for Vice President ) '' . Reason . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenora Fulani bio Archived 2006 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Speakers Platform . Retrieved February 20 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Hillary Rodham Clinton , First Woman to Be a Presidential Candidate in Every Primary and Caucus '' . Findingdulcinea.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Why Sanders Will Ultimately Back Clinton Archived August 12 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hillary 's Woman Problem '' . Politico . February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/clintons-popular-vote-lead-will-grow-and-grow/507455/ Jump up ^ 2016 Presidential General Election Results Jump up ^ `` 2012 Presidential Election Results ( Updated ) '' . Poliscinews.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Abstract of the United States '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 presidential vote '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : In 1972 in Arizona , Pima and Yavapai counties had a ballot malfunction that counted many votes for both a major party candidate and Linda Jenness of the Socialist Workers Party . A court ordered that the ballots be counted for both . As a consequence , Jenness received 16 % and 8 % of the vote in Pima and Yavapai , respectively . 30,579 of her 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties . Some sources do n't count these votes for Jenness . Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato , Howard R. Ernst , Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Election , Infobase Publishing , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Sonia Johnson '' . Pressreader.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan . `` Roseanne Barr Places 6th in Presidential Election '' , Huffington Post , 2012 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Student 's Guide to Elections '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Comediennes : Laugh Be a Lady '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen McCormack Biography '' . Nwhm.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ballot Access News '' Blog Archive '' Women Running for President in the General Election Jump up ^ Faith Spotted Eagle was not a candidate for president in 2016 , but received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Convention 2008 '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Convention 2016 '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` African Americans and the Presidency : The Road to the White House '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Shirley Chisholm won the New Jersey primary in 1972 which was a non-delegate - awarding , presidential preference ballot that the major candidates were not listed in and that the only other candidate who was listed had already withdrawn . At the Democratic convention she won a plurality of delegates from Mississippi and Louisiana , neither of which held primaries . See Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2008 ( 5th ed . ) . Volume 1 . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . 2005 . pp. 366 -- 369 ( primaries ) , 652 -- 653 ( convention ) . Jump up ^ `` Broad Influence : How Women Are Changing the Way Washington Works '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : 2004 Presidential Democratic Primary Election Results Jump up ^ Jone Johnson Lewis , `` Women Who Ran for President '' ^ Jump up to : `` Republican Convention 2016 '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 07 , 1972 '' . Our Campaigns . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Victoria Woodhull 's votes do n't appear to have been counted . See , e.g. Victoria Woodhull , the Spirit to Run the White House for more information . ^ Jump up to : Belva Ann Lockwood 's 1884 running mate 's name is variously given as Marietta Stow , Marietta L.B. Stow , Marietta Lizzie Bell Stow , Marietta Snow , Marietta Snowman , and Harriet Stow . Jump up ^ Steven Seidman , `` First Women to Run for U.S. President '' , Ithaca College Blog , April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lockwood first ran with Love , but when he dropped out of the race , she ended up choosing Wells as the final candidate . Jump up ^ Belva Ann Lockwood won an unspecified number of votes in 1888 that was fewer than her 1884 total of 4,149 . See Frances A. Cook , Belva Ann Lockwood : For Peace , Justice , and President . Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts , 1952 , p. 583 . Jump up ^ Ballot Access News '' Blog Archive '' Women Running for President in the General Election Jump up ^ Naomi Cohen appeared on the ballot in Ohio in place of Deirdre Griswold 's running mate Gavrielle Holmes Jump up ^ `` Sonia Johnson and Richard Walton , Petitioners , v. Federal Communications Commission ... '' . Justia . Jump up ^ Gavrielle Holmes was an alternate candidate for Larry Holmes . ^ Jump up to : Milton Vera was an alternate candidate for Gloria La Riva in some states , including Iowa and Ohio . Jump up ^ The vote total is for the Gavrielle Holmes ticket only . Jump up ^ Robert Moses was on the ballot in some states . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Elections : Growing support for socialism , people prepare to fight Trump '' . Gloria La Riva for President 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chris Powell ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Who is on the presidential ballot where ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Powell , Chris ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Who is on the presidential ballot where ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Facts about the States By Joseph Nathan Kane ^ Jump up to : `` Female presidential candidates 1870 - 1990 '' , Guide To Women Leaders . Retrieved 1 / 11 / 08 . Jump up ^ MARK BENNETT : The Indiana Primary carries a interesting background into this '' Mark Bennett Opinion '' News From Terre Haute , Indiana . Tribstar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Texas Vote in Presidential Elections , Primaries : 1848 -- 2004 Archived July 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : New Hampshire Almanac < - First - in - the - Nation Fringe Candidates . NH.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : New Hampshire Almanac < - First - in - the - Nation Fringe Candidates . NH.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : 1996 Presidential primary election results Jump up ^ 2008 presidential primaries . Tulsa World ( 2008 - 01 - 07 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Ballot Access News - April 3 , 1996 . Ballot-access.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ New Hampshire Almanac < - First - in - the - Nation Fringe Candidates . NH.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates ( P2008 ) Archived 2008 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Politics1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Federal Elections 2000 : Presidential Primary Election Results by State . Fec.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived May 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived May 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` White House bid wants serious attention '' , St. Petersburg Times , March 24 , 1999 . Accessed 07 / 08 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : ( 4 ) Archived May 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nan Garrett for President , 2008 Archived 2009 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Nangarrett.org ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Carly Fiorina ends presidential bid '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Republican Convention Jump up ^ `` Let 's Go Back to a Separate Vice President Vote '' . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Warren was not a candidate for vice president in 2016 , but she received two electoral vote from faithless electors . Jump up ^ Maria Cantwell was not a candidate for vice president in 2016 , but she received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ Susan Collins was not a candidate for vice president in 2016 , but she received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ Carly Fiorina was not a candidate for vice president in the general election in 2016 , but she received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ Winona LaDuke was not a candidate for vice president in 2016 , but she received one electoral vote from a faithless elector . Jump up ^ Austin Bureau ( September 10 , 1952 ) . `` MacArthur , Mrs. Kellems Put on Ballot '' . Dallas Morning News . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Darcy G. ( September 3 , 2012 ) . `` Time Capsule : Promising a ' Hard War but a Happy Peace , ' Clare Boothe Luce Declares for Congress '' . Uncovered Politics . was nominated for the vice presidency against her wishes on the right - wing Constitution Party ticket headed by an equally reluctant Gen. Douglas MacArthur in 1952 . Jump up ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state ; Harry F. Byrd seems to have been considered the main vice-presidential candidate . Jump up ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state ; the votes included here are ones known to be for the MacArthur - Kellems ticket specifically and not the MacArthur - Byrd ticket . The MacArthur - Kellems ticket 's total might have been higher than 943 . Jump up ^ `` Final Texas Election Count Shows Ike Won by 138,479 '' . Dallas Morning News . November 13 , 1952 . p. 2 . This final report includes complete returns from all 254 counties of Texas ( ... ) MacArthur - Kellems ... 765 Jump up ^ Herbert L. Phillips ( November 12 , 1952 ) . `` 5,209,692 Vote In November Set California High '' . Sacramento Bee . p. 1 . Here is the secretary of state 's official tabulation of the votes for president : ( ... ) Constitution Party ( MacArthur - Kellems writein ) -- 178 Jump up ^ Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd was Cleaver 's running mate in some states , and Jerry Rubin had also been nominated . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Wretha Hanson appeared on a ballot line in Ohio in place of Barry Commoner 's official running mate La Donna Harris . Jump up ^ The vote total is for the Commoner - Hanson ticket in Ohio only. `` General Election , November 4 , 1980 '' Ohio Secretary of State Archived November 20 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Richard H. Congress or Clifton DeBerry were the Socialist Workers Party 's Presidential candidate in some states , but Zimmerman was on all three tickets as the Vice-Presidential candidate . Jump up ^ The vote total is for the Griswold - Cohen ticket in Ohio only. `` General Election , November 4 , 1980 '' Ohio Secretary of State Archived November 20 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Matilde Zimmerman was an alternate candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states , including Ohio . Jump up ^ Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states , including Ohio . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Excludes votes for Nader in Iowa , New York , and Vermont . Jump up ^ Muriel Tillinghast appeared on a ballot line in New York in place of Ralph Nader 's official running mate Winona LaDuke . Jump up ^ Vote total for the Nader - Tillinghast ticket for New York only . Jump up ^ Anne Goeke appeared on a ballot line in Iowa and Vermont in place of Ralph Nader 's official running mate Winona LaDuke . Jump up ^ Vote total for the Nader - Goeke ticket in Iowa and Vermont only . Jump up ^ Margaret Trowe was an alternate for Arrin Hawkins . Jump up ^ Karen Sanchirico appeared on a ballot line in Montana in place of Ralph Nader 's official running mate Peter Camejo . Jump up ^ The vote total is for the Nader - Sanchirico ticket in Montana only . Jump up ^ Andrea Psoras ' `` Bio '' . Jump up ^ Rubacky was McEnulty 's running mate in New York , Vermont , New Hampshire , Massachusetts and Maine , though the party had no ballot access in any state except Colorado . McEnulty had nine other running mates . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention , held at Buffalo , N.Y. '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Party National Convention '' . C - SPAN . July 2 , 2000 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eason , Brian ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Libertarian 's Congressional bid nothing new for her '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Freeman , Jo , The Women Who Ran for President ( 2007 ) ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice-presidential_candidates&oldid=821258901 '' Categories : Female United States presidential candidates Lists of candidates for President of the United States Female United States vice-presidential candidates Lists of American female politicians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 10 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first woman who ran for president	[ "In 1872, Victoria Woodhull ran for president. While many historians and authors agree that Woodhull was the first woman to run for president, some have questioned the legality of her run. They disagree with classifying it as a true candidacy because she was younger than the constitutionally mandated age of 35, but election coverage by contemporary newspapers does not suggest age was a significant issue. The presidential inauguration was in March 1873, and Woodhull's 35th birthday was sixth months later in September. In 1884, Belva Lockwood followed with a run for president. Her running mate was Marietta Stow, who became the first woman to run for vice president.[1]" ]	[ "Victoria Woodhull" ]
8580701234530241176	List of The Dark Tower characters	List of the Dark Tower characters - wikipedia List of the Dark Tower characters Jump to : navigation , search The Dark Tower is a series of eight novels written by American author Stephen King , which incorporate multiple genres including fantasy , science fantasy , horror and western . Below are The Dark Tower characters that come into play as the series progresses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Protagonists 1.1 Ka - tet of the Nineteen and / or Ninety and Nine 1.1. 1 Roland Deschain 1.1. 2 Eddie Dean 1.1. 3 Susannah Dean 1.1. 4 Jake Chambers 1.1. 5 Oy 1.2 Roland 's original Ka - tet 1.2. 1 Cuthbert Allgood 1.2. 2 Alain Johns 1.2. 3 Jamie De Curry 1.2. 4 Thomas Whitman 1.3 Allies of the Ka - tet 1.3. 1 Susan Delgado 1.3. 2 Ted Brautigan 1.3. 3 Sheemie Ruiz 1.3. 4 Dinky Earnshaw 1.3. 5 Pere Donald Callahan 1.3. 6 Patrick Danville 1.3. 7 Aunt Talitha Unwin 1.3. 8 Cortland `` Cort '' Andrus 1.3. 9 Abel Vannay 1.3. 10 Stephen King 1.3. 11 Stuttering Bill 1.3. 12 Calvin Tower 1.3. 13 Aaron Deepneau 1.3. 14 John Cullum 1.3. 15 Maturin 1.3. 16 Moses Carver 1.3. 17 Irene Tassenbaum 2 Antagonists 2.1 John Farson 2.2 Randall Flagg 2.3 The Crimson King 2.4 Jack Mort 2.5 Blaine the Mono 2.6 Shardik 2.7 Rhea 2.8 Eldred Jonas 2.9 Roy Depape 2.10 Clay Reynolds 2.11 Coral Thorin 2.12 Cordelia Delgado 2.13 Mia 2.14 Mordred Deschain 2.15 Richard Patrick Sayre 2.16 Finli O'Tego 2.17 Enrico Balazar 2.18 Jack Andolini 2.19 Dandelo 2.20 Lippy 2.21 Tick - Tock Man 2.22 Andy the Messenger Robot ( Many Other Functions ) 2.23 Pimli Prentiss 3 Neutral 3.1 Gan 4 Minor Characters 4.1 Alice 4.2 Hart Thorin 4.3 James Farson 4.4 Nort 4.5 Olive Thorin 4.6 Sheb 4.7 Sylvia Pittston 4.8 Tim Ross 4.9 Tyger 5 Other 5.1 North Central Positronics 6 References Protagonists ( edit ) Ka - tet of the Nineteen and / or ninety and nine ( edit ) Roland Deschain ( edit ) Main article : Roland Deschain Roland Deschain , son of Steven Deschain , was born in the Barony of Gilead , in In - World . Roland is the last surviving gunslinger , a man whose goal is finding and climbing to the top of the Dark Tower , purported to be the very center of existence , so that he may right the wrongs in his land . This quest is his obsession , monomania and geas to Roland : In the beginning the success of the quest is more important than the lives of his family and friends . He is a man who lacks imagination , and this is one of the stated reasons for his survival against all odds : he can not imagine anything other than surviving to find the Tower . Eddie Dean ( edit ) Edward Cantor `` Eddie '' Dean first appears in The Drawing of the Three , in which Roland encounters three doors that open into the New York City of our world in different times . Through these doors , Roland draws companions who will join him on his quest , as the Man In Black foretold . The first to be drawn is Eddie Dean , a drug addict and a first - time cocaine mule . Eddie lives with his older brother and fellow junkie Henry , whom Eddie reveres despite the corrupting influence Henry has had upon his life . Roland helps Eddie fight off a gang of mobsters for whom he was transporting the cocaine , but not before Eddie discovers that Henry has died from an overdose of heroin in the company of the aforementioned mobsters ( after which the mobsters decide to chop off Henry 's head ) . It is because of Eddie 's heroin addiction that he is termed ' The Prisoner ' , and that is what is written upon the door from which Roland draws him . Roland also acquires medicine for his infection during the trip to Eddie 's world , but this only temporarily quells the fever . Eddie passes through the door into Roland 's world , and faces heroin withdrawal symptoms , but despite his suffering , he also shows an affinity for the ways of the gunslinger . Unwillingly at first , and somewhat under duress , Eddie becomes Roland 's companion through Mid-World , and he soon falls in love with Susannah , the next member of Roland 's ka - tet . Eddie and Susannah consider themselves husband and wife , although they never formally marry . In the final novel , during the attack on Algul Siento , Eddie is shot and killed by Pimli Prentiss , the master of the establishment . Roland also notes that Eddie 's character strongly resembles that of Cuthbert , a gunslinger of Roland 's past , and one of Roland 's greatest friends . The character of Cuthbert is mentioned in Browning 's poem and is described most fully in The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass , although he is first mentioned in The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger . Susannah Dean ( edit ) Also hailing from New York City , Susannah is a black woman ( although as a woman of 1964 , she prefers the term `` Negro '' over the term considered appropriate in Eddie 's time , `` Black '' ) with two major afflictions : her legs below the knees were severed in a subway accident , and a childhood head injury left her with dual personalities , which Eddie incorrectly labels schizophrenia . She is `` The Lady of Shadows '' , the second companion predicted by Walter to be drawn into Roland 's world via the mysterious doors . She is also a lady of the night . Initially , her dominant personality is that of Odetta Susannah Holmes , a well - mannered but priggish woman active in the civil rights movement . At times , however , she is taken over by Detta Susannah Walker -- murderously psychotic , incredibly crafty , completely unbreakable -- whom neither Eddie nor Roland can control . Neither Odetta nor Detta are aware of the existence of the other , and confabulate memories for the periods when they are not the dominant personality . Roland manages to resolve these personalities by forcing Detta to look through the third door while he himself looks out of it , forcing Detta and Odetta to see themselves for what they really are , and almost kill each other upon realising their presence . However , Odetta chooses to embrace Detta , and the personalities are integrated into a single , far more balanced individual , known as Susannah Dean , Eddie 's wife , although they were never formally married . Susannah has access to the memories and personalities of both Holmes and Walker , and can call upon their skills and temperaments at will . During the drawing of Jake , she submits to sex with the demon of the doorway in order to distract it and afterwards , she becomes pregnant . Susannah shares the experience of her pregnancy with a demon - turned - mortal named Mia , resulting in Susannah housing yet another personality in her mind . Mia takes over Susannah 's body ( and melds with it , giving her legs for a short while ) and runs in it to yet another when of New York , this one circa 1999 , to give birth to the demon child . Susannah is the last member of Roland 's ka - tet to leave him ( and the only one to survive in a Keystone world ) , having been given the chance to return to another form of Eddie and Jake in a parallel world . Jake Chambers ( edit ) Jake Chambers , an eleven - year - old boy from the New York of 1977 , is the symbolic ( and later adopted ) son of Roland . Jake 's given name is John , but he prefers to be known by Jake , and is called `` ' Bama '' by his housekeeper , who is far closer to him than his parents . In his home world , he dies at the hands of Jack Mort ( who Jake initially believes is Walter ) and ends up in Roland 's world as a result . The gunslinger and the boy travel together in pursuit of the Man in Black , developing a strong bond along the way . However , in order to reach the Man in Black , Roland lets Jake fall to his death . The child Roland allowed to die reappears in Roland 's mind in The Waste Lands resulting in a paradox . Since Roland ( in The Drawing of the Three ) prevented Mort from shoving Jake into traffic , he never died , therefore he never appeared in Mid-World and was never left to die under the mountains . Jake and Roland , however , can remember both timelines , and the knowledge is slowly driving them insane . In the first half of The Waste Lands , Roland 's ka - tet figure out a way to draw Jake into Mid-world , where he belongs ( an action which finishes the real Drawing of the Three , Jack Mort never having been intended to join the ka - tet ) . Eddie is driven to whittle a key out of wood as they approach a Speaking Ring , where Eddie draws another door into the ground , this one guarded by an invisible demon . Susannah distracts the demon by allowing it to copulate with her , while Eddie perfects the key and uses it to open the door . On the other side , Jake has been led by the younger version of Eddie who lived in that when to a haunted house ( indeed , Eddie has vague memories of the encounter himself ) , filled with evil spirits and a horrendous gate - keeper . Jake , with some timely assistance from Roland , fights through them to reach the door . Once the boy is in Mid-World again , Roland 's and Jake 's memories are merged and their descent into insanity abated . On the journey , Jake befriends a billy - bumbler who he calls Oy , who provides comfort for the boy on his quest . While crossing the desolate city of Lud , Jake is kidnapped by a deranged resident of the city . He allows himself to be taken in exchange for the rest of the group 's safe passage , and Roland promises to come for Jake , despite having to abandon him temporarily . Despite the danger it poses , he rescues Jake with the help of Oy , reaffirming the father - son bond that has grown between them . Like Eddie and Susannah , Jake shows amazing aptitude to the way of a gunslinger . Jake is the second member of the ka - tet to die , when he sacrifices himself to save Stephen King ( as a character in the series ) from certain death by putting himself between King and the van meant to take his life . By the end of the tale Jake has died a total of three times . An alternate version of Jake is encountered later by Susannah Dean ; in this world , he and Eddie are brothers , with the last name Toren . Roland also notes that Jake strongly resembles Alain , another gunslinger , in his stable , reserved personality and talent with a psychic skill referred to as `` the touch . '' Alain is described mostly by his time with Roland as a teen in Wizard and Glass . Oy ( edit ) Oy is a `` billy - bumbler , '' a strange creature found in Roland Deschain 's world . King describes Oy in the `` Argument '' , or foreword , of the fourth book , Wizard and Glass - `` Bumblers , which look like a combination of badger , raccoon , and dog , have a limited speaking ability '' . Elsewhere , bumblers are described as `` a combination raccoon and woodchuck , with a little dachshund thrown in . '' At one point , Eddie calls Oy `` a fucked - up weasel '' . Oy 's voice is described as `` low and deep , almost a bark ; the voice of an English footballer with a bad cold in his throat . '' Regarding Oy 's appearance , by far the most frequently described feature throughout the series is his large , `` bright '' almost glowing , `` intelligent , gold - ringed eyes '' , though King also frequently refers to the creature 's `` disproportionately long , '' `` surprisingly graceful neck '' . The creature has `` black - and grey - striped fur '' and a `` furry corkscrew tail '' . At the time of their meeting , Roland concedes that Oy may quite possibly be meant as another member of their ka - tet . Later , in the 6th book , this is confirmed when the Tet Corporation forms as the association of `` Deschain , Dean , Dean , Chambers , and Oy . '' Oy develops emotions and even a sense of humanity beyond that of his ability to replicate some words that the others speak . Oy is often referred as the smartest bumbler that characters have seen since the world had moved on . Oy provides a much - needed shelter from the harsh nature of the quest for his master , often playing with Jake or providing moments of lightheartedness to the ka - tet . Together , the two are sometimes able to recall the innocence they have lost . His deep loyalty to his friend saves Jake 's life several times , and he remains part of Roland 's ka - tet even after the boy dies to honour his memory . Oy is killed in the last Dark Tower book . He saves Roland 's life by attacking Mordred , who came to kill Roland in his sleep . Mordred snaps Oy 's back and impales him on a tree limb while the bumbler is defending his friend , but Oy finds enough strength to lick Roland 's hand one time before he dies . Stephen King hints that Oy will be found in the same universe that Susannah travels to and will be in some form of a dog with `` odd , gold - ringed eyes and a bark that eerily resembles human speech . '' Roland 's original ka - tet ( edit ) Cuthbert Allgood ( edit ) Cuthbert is Roland Deschain 's childhood best friend , and a member of his original ka - tet . Roland and Cuthbert are described as having been playing together since they were toddlers . Cuthbert , often called Bert , is first featured in The Gunslinger , but he does not play a major role in the series until Wizard and Glass , the fourth volume in the series . Cuthbert is characterized by his outwardly flippant , care - free view of the world . He constantly makes jokes , often testing the nerves of his companions . He is notably skilled with a sling - shot : it is said that he could ' take a bird on the wing at 50 yards ' with it . This is a skill that comes in handy on many occasions in Mejis , when the boys can not openly carry their guns . Cuthbert is quick - witted and sometimes has a way with words -- his proclivity for words can be noticed as he often stops to repeat and muse over phrases he finds to be nice and ' round ' . Physically , Cuthbert is described as being trim and tall with shoulder length dark hair and dark eyes . During the battle of Jericho Hill , Cuthbert is shot through the eye by an arrow fired by Randall Flagg . In Song of Susannah , Eddie Dean is revealed to be a reincarnation , or at least a `` twinner '' of Cuthbert Allgood . Alain johns ( edit ) Alain is one of Roland 's original ka - tet , and along with the gunslinger and Cuthbert is evacuated to Mejis in Wizard and Glass for safety , due to the ongoing war against John Farson . Alain is strong in the ' touch ' , which is the mid-world term for a combination of telepathy , pre-cognition and hyper - sensitivity to the guiding hand of Ka . Alain is described as being stout with blond hair . He is calm , reserved and often plays the role of level - headed mediator between ever pragmatic Roland and ostensibly care - free Cuthbert -- particularly when Susan Delgado is seen to be interfering with Roland 's decision making . After Mejis , Alain joined Roland , Cuthbert and Jamie on their quest for the Dark Tower . Shortly before the battle of Jericho Hill , the last stand by the gunslingers of Gilead against Farson 's men , Alain was accidentally killed by Roland and Cuthbert , who mistook him for an assassin in the night . Jamie De Curry ( edit ) Jamie De Curry was a member of Roland Deschain 's original ka - tet . He grew up and trained with Roland under Cort and Vannay in Gilead . He was the first to discover Roland 's plan to attempt to finish his training ( by fighting Cort , their veteran teacher ) at the unprecedented age of 14 . He is characterized by a birthmark on his face , leading some in Gilead to refer to him as `` Jamie of the marked face . '' He was killed by a sniper at the Battle of Jericho Hill , while pushing Roland from the line of fire . It 's stated by Roland that as a child he excelled in archery -- the use of bow and ' bah ' ( crossbow ) - far more so than Roland himself , although by the time of the Battle of Jericho Hill he is a Gunslinger , like the rest of Roland 's ka - tet . Jamie figures prominently in the novel The Wind Through the Keyhole , traveling with Roland to investigate rumors of a shape - changing `` skin - man '' that is attacking a frontier town . In this novel , his birthmark is described as being a deep red one on his hand , making it appear as if it has been dipped in blood , and he has the nickname `` Jamie Red - Hand . '' Thomas Whitman ( edit ) Not much is known about Thomas Whitman . He is only briefly mentioned in The Gunslinger as one of Roland Deschain 's childhood friends who studied under Cort . He is shown in several installments of the Gunslinger comics . He is shown to have a lean build with short , black hair . In the Battle of Jericho Hill , he and several other Gunslingers are killed by a flamethrower . Allies of the ka - tet ( edit ) Susan Delgado ( edit ) Susan Delgado appears in Wizard and Glass , the fourth book of the series . She is a resident of Hambry in the Barony of Mejis , where the 14 - year - old Roland and his ka - tet have been sent for their own safety . Her father was killed in a horseback riding `` accident '' , actually a murder , and Susan has been cajoled by her aunt Cordelia into becoming a `` gilly '' , essentially a concubine , for Mejis mayor Hart Thorin . Although Susan is to be paid for her services , she is a recognized consort and any heir she bears to the heretofore - childless Thorin will be legitimate . Before her relationship with Thorin is allowed to begin , however , she falls in love with Roland and becomes involved in his plans to prevent John Farson from using an oilfield near Hambry to supply his troops with crude oil . When Roland and his friends are framed for Thorin 's murder and arrested , she breaks them out of jail and helps them escape Hambry . Before she can flee , though , she is captured , brought back to town , and publicly burned at the stake as an alleged accomplice in the murder . At the time , she is already pregnant with Roland 's first child . Roland is devastated by her death -- not just because of his love for her , but because , when confronted with the choice of returning for her or setting out for the Dark Tower and thus saving all of creation , he chose the Tower , thus condemning her to death . Roland believes that Susan Delgado was the only true love of his life . Ted Brautigan ( edit ) Ted Stevens Brautigan ( 19 letters ) was introduced in the Stephen King novella `` Low Men in Yellow Coats '' from Hearts in Atlantis . He is a powerful `` Breaker '' , a psychic , whose extraordinary powers as a facilitator are sought by the Crimson King so he can hasten the destruction of the beams and Dark Tower . Ted arrives in the Devar - Toi , the prison camp where the Breakers are held , in 1955 , and with help from Roland 's old friend from Mejis , Sheemie Ruiz , soon escapes the Devar - Toi and enters the Connecticut of 1960 , which is when the story of `` Low Men in Yellow Coats '' takes place . After his adventure in Connecticut , the low men capture and smuggle him back to the Devar - Toi via the Dixie Pig and Thunderclap Station . Ted meets Roland and his ka - tet in the final novel of the series , and he , `` Everything 's Eventual '' 's Dinky Earnshaw , and the newly revealed psychic Sheemie assist the ka - tet in the attack on the Devar - Toi and ultimately succeed in obliterating the low men and the taheen . After Roland , Jake , and Oy travel to the Maine of 1999 to prevent Stephen King from dying , Ted and his friends escort Susannah Dean to Fedic Station , and Ted , along with a handful of the other psychic Breakers depart for the Callas , where they hope to first find redemption from the Calla folken and then return to America via the Doorway Cave . Sheemie Ruiz ( edit ) Sheemie , introduced in Wizard and Glass , was a mildly mentally handicapped tavern boy at a saloon in Hambry . Sheemie assisted Roland and his first ka - tet in preventing the followers of John Farson , and more specifically , the Crimson King , from reviving the Great Old Ones ' war machines , later following the group back to Gilead . Sheemie joined Roland 's ka - tet briefly and helped the gunslingers ward off the Crimson King 's followers until he and his mule Capi mysteriously disappeared . However , while Roland assumes Sheemie is dead , he is not ; he had been captured by the low men and taken to the Devar - Toi , the Breaker prison , because of his telepathic abilities , which remained unknown to Roland 's ka - tet . He reappears in the series ' final novel and assists the new ka - tet in defeating the low men and the taheen . However , during the battle , he steps on a piece of glass , causing an infection ( accelerated by the `` poison air '' around Thunderclap ) . While escorting Susannah to Fedic on the train , he dies of blood poisoning . Ironically , though Susannah never learns this , she is indirectly responsible for his death , as it is her bullet that breaks the glass out of his window , causing it to be there for him to step on . Dinky Earnshaw ( edit ) Richard `` Dinky '' Earnshaw is the psychic assassin from Stephen King 's short story `` Everything 's Eventual . '' He was hired by a man named Mr. Sharpton who was the head of a North Central Positronics subsidiary . However , when Dinky discovered what Sharpton was truly using him for , he killed Sharpton . Unfortunately , the low men captured him and transported him to the Devar - Toi , where he later met Ted Brautigan and Sheemie Ruiz . The three joined forces with Roland and his ka - tet in the final novel of the series and they helped to defeat the Devar - Toi 's guards . Pere donald Callahan ( edit ) Main article : Father Callahan Donald Frank Callahan ( 19 letters ) is the `` damned '' priest who first appeared in the novel ' Salem 's Lot . He makes his first appearance in the Dark Tower series in Wolves of the Calla , although his involvement in the series was hinted at in the afterword to Wizard and Glass . After being marked by the vampire Kurt Barlow , and therefore forced out of his church , Father Callahan spends time volunteering in a homeless shelter . Callahan made it a goal to get even with the vampires for what they did to him and his friend , who contracted HIV after being bitten by a vampire . He is aided in this by his ability to spot the vampires ; since Jerusalem 's Lot ( and the forced taking of some of the vampire Barlow 's blood ) he has been able to recognize vampires at a glance . Like Jake Chambers , Callahan enters Mid-World after dying in his own world , although in Callahan 's case the death is his own doing ; he jumps from a window to escape agents of the Crimson King , then arrives at the Way Station from The Gunslinger , shortly after Jake & Roland left it . He becomes a partial member of the ka - tet , assisting the ka - tet in the Battle against the Wolves and Susannah 's rescue mission from 1999 New York , and sacrificing himself so that Jake may live in the final stand in The Dark Tower VII against the can - toi ( low men ) and vampires . For the second time , Callahan kills himself before allowing himself to fall at the hands of the vampires . Patrick Danville ( edit ) Patrick appears in Insomnia as a promising child artist , then again at the end of the Dark Tower series as a young adult artist with enough talent to shape the real world as he sees fit . As a young boy , he was prophesied to save two men in the future . He drew pictures of Roland and the roses as well . In the Dark Tower series , he was kept imprisoned for an unknown amount of time by the psychic vampire Dandelo and was rescued by Susannah and Roland . Patrick draws a door that allows Susannah to enter a parallel world , and later draws and erases a picture of the Crimson King , causing him to disappear from the Tower so that Roland can safely enter it . Aunt Talitha Unwin ( edit ) `` Aunt '' Talitha Unwin is a resident of River Crossing , near the city of Lud . When Roland Deschain came to River Crossing , she was 105 years old . She and the people of River Crossing provided food and shelter for the ka - tet while they were on their way to Lud . Talitha gave her cross to Roland to lay at the base of the Dark Tower . It was given to John Cullum to act as a sigul and was later returned to Roland by Moses Carver . When Roland came to the Dark Tower , Talitha Unwin was one of the names that he called out and he remembered to place her cross at its base . Cortland `` Cort '' andrus ( edit ) Teacher of Roland 's original ka - tet . Roland earned his guns by defeating him with the hawk David , who was mortally wounded in that battle . After Roland 's challenge , Cort laid in his cabin for a week in a coma , being tended by two nurses . Cort was often rough handed with his students , using physical punishment and denial of food to punish mistakes . He also fancied calling the prospective gunslingers `` maggots '' . According to Roland , he is murdered soon after Roland 's class graduates . He acts as a sort of a spiritual guide to Roland throughout the series , his voice and teachings popping up in the Gunslinger 's mind every so often as Roland needs to reflect upon his training . Abel Vannay ( edit ) Also known as `` Vannay the Wise '' , he was the other primary tutor of Roland 's ka - tet and of apprentice gunslingers . Known mostly for his wisdom and forbearance , Vannay 's analytical method of instruction and pacifistic nature serve as strong counterpoints to the ruthless application of force and cynical thought process exercised by Cort . It is mentioned that he walks with the assistance of a black ironwood cane . His only known relative was his son Wallace , who played with Roland as a toddler ; however , he died very young of an illness . Vannay would become one of the many victims to fall prey to the forces of John Farson in the battle for Gilead . Stephen King ( edit ) See also : Stephen King Stephen King ( as a fictionalized character ) appears in the final two Dark Tower books . Roland and his ka - tet learn of his existence when Roland comes across a copy of Salem 's Lot , after first meeting Father Callahan in the fifth book Wolves of the Calla . Roland and Eddie later confront King in his Maine home at a time when he has written ' Salem 's Lot and The Gunslinger but no further Dark Tower books . Roland hypnotizes King and it is revealed that the author did not in fact `` create '' the characters of Father Callahan , or Roland , or any others involved with the Dark Tower , but Stephen King is in this reality a channel ( another servant of the Beam / ka / Gan ) that records their ongoing quest . It is also revealed that at a very young age , the Crimson King attempted to claim Stephen King as one of his own . King fears death and retaliation from the Crimson King if he continues to write Roland 's tale but the Gunslinger 's hypnosis encourages him to continue . The eventual attempt on King 's life that would end his chronicling of Roland 's quest comes in the form of his 1999 automobile incident . Many elements of Stephen King 's real life are presented through his character ( such as his 1999 accident ) but are further fictionalized ; King notes in the afterword to The Dark Tower that he took particular liberties with the geography of Maine to obscure the real - life location of his home and preserve what privacy he still has . Although he does not appear as a character until Song of Susannah , he is alluded to as early as The Drawing of the Three when Eddie recalls having seen The Shining in movie theaters . Stuttering Bill ( edit ) Stuttering Bill is a robot ( full name William D - 746541 - M Maintenance Robot ) with many other functions . He plowed Tower Road all the way up to the edge of the white lands , where the snow ended and the roses began . He gave Roland , Susannah and Patrick a ride on his snowplow for many miles , taking them closer to the Dark Tower . Stuttering Bill was also the nickname of William Denbrough , one of the central characters in King 's novel It . Calvin Tower ( edit ) Calvin Tower is the lease holder of the Manhattan Restaurant of the Mind bookstore in the Dark Tower series . He makes his first appearance in The Waste Lands , where he sells Jake two books which later prove vital to the ka - tet 's survival of their encounter with Blaine the Mono . In later volumes , it is revealed that Tower owns the lot containing the rose , and is being pressured by mobsters to sell the property to the Sombra Corporation . Eddie saves Tower from a beating , and convinces Tower to sell the land to the ka - tet in the guise of the `` Tet Corporation '' . Tower is an extremely reluctant recruit to the ka - tet 's cause , and his selfishness , obsessive addiction to acquiring rare books nearly derail the ka - tet 's efforts on several occasions . His eventual -- and reluctant -- decision to do the right thing comes largely thanks to the influence of his much more selfless , heroic friend , Aaron Deepneau . In the end , he sells the lot to Tet Corporation , and serves on the board for many years . With Deepneau , he saves Father Callahan from knife - wielding thugs , as requested by the ka - tet . Tower dies of a heart attack in 1990 . Aaron Deepneau ( edit ) Aaron Deepneau is Calvin Tower 's best -- and only -- friend . He serves as Tower 's conscience , and steadily leads his friend to the gunslinger 's cause . He later joins the board of Tet Corporation , and proves to be one of the rose 's most ardent defenders . His grand - niece Nancy , a gunslinger in her own right , works for the Tet Corporation . Deepneau dies of cancer in 1992 . John Cullum ( edit ) Met Roland and Eddie during the ambush in Stoneham , 1977 . He leads the pair to safety , ferries them to his home , and provides a vehicle for them to use . He also becomes a member of Tet Corp 's board and tireless champion of the rose , and dies for the cause , assassinated by Sombra / NCP in 1989 . Maturin ( edit ) The Guardians of the Beams keep watch over either end of the six beams that support The Dark Tower . Of the twelve Guardians the ones that are mentioned are Turtle , Bear , Fish , Wolf , Elephant , Rat , Bat , Lion , Horse , and Eagle ; Maturin , the Turtle ( also a character in It ) , is considered the most powerful , or significant , of these . Throughout the series the reader repeatedly comes across a simple , nursery - rhyme style poem about Maturin : See the TURTLE of enormous girth ! On his shell he holds the Earth , His thought is slow but always kind ; He holds us all within his mind . On his back the truth is carried , And there are love and duty married . He loves the earth and loves the sea , And even loves a child like me . Maturin guards the same beam as Shardik from the opposite end . Whereas Shardik runs amok in The Dark Tower III : The Waste Lands , nearly killing Eddie before it can be destroyed , Maturin is a totally benevolent ( and incredibly powerful ) presence in the story , helping the ka - tet at several points along their journey . In The Dark Tower VI : Song of Susannah and The Dark Tower VII : The Dark Tower , a small ivory scrimshaw sculpture of Maturin comes into the ka - tet 's possession , and with it , Susannah / Mia hypnotizes a stranger , forcing him to get Susannah / Mia a hotel room . Susannah leaves the turtle where Jake will find it , enabling him ( and , through his own martyrdom , Pere Callahan ) to track Susannah and escape the low men , taheen , and vampires in the Dixie Pig . The sculpture essentially holds any human ( or can - toi ) totally enrapt and compliant upon seeing it in the hands of its wielder . The carving is said to have a question - mark shaped scratch on its shell . Also in books VI and VII , multiple characters stumble upon a small park near # 2 Hammarskjold Plaza containing a fountain beside a bronze sculpture of a turtle . The park -- and the sculpture -- actually exist , although King places the park across the street from # 2 Hammarskjold Plaza : In fact , the turtle is in a larger park directly alongside the building , part of the Katharine Hepburn Memorial Garden . The sculpture is a nod to the neighborhood 's centuries - old nickname , Turtle Bay. ( 1 ) Both Turtle Bay and Maturin the turtle appear in King 's earlier novel It , serving much the same benevolent supernatural guardian role . The name Maturin itself is a reference to Stephen Maturin , a naturalist from the Aubrey -- Maturin series of novels who discovers a new species of tortoise . Moses Carver ( edit ) Odetta / Susannah 's godfather and guardian , retired president of the Tet Corporation , and protector of the rose . When he finally appears in The Dark Tower , he is 100 years old , with a fiery , mischievous , and extremely likable character . He has little gold framed glasses , a bad case of rheumatism , and a stooped posture ; upon seeing him , Roland estimates that if he could stand straight , the two would be the same height ( roughly 6'3 `` ) . He is the last living founder of the corporation , and his daughter Marian serves as its president since his retirement in 1997 . Irene tassenbaum ( edit ) Irene is a middle - aged housewife from Staten Island , somewhat neglected by her wealthy husband , who meets Roland , Jake , and Oy in Stoneham , Maine of the Keystone World in the year 1999 . She volunteers to drive the gunslinger 's party to Lovell , where they narrowly manage to save Stephen King 's life , with Jake sacrificing his own life in the process . Tassenbaum then drives Roland and Oy to New York ( making love with Roland along the way ) , where the gunslinger and the bumbler meet with the board of Tet Corp. before returning to Mid-World . Irene promises Roland that she will plant a rose at Jake 's grave . Antagonists ( edit ) John Farson ( edit ) Farson , a.k.a. the Good Man , was a former thief , murderer , and harrier in the lands west of Gilead in Roland 's youth , later becoming a general of rebellious people from the lesser classes of Mid-World . Followers , at his command , occupied Downland Baronies such as the Barony of Cressia , and after allying with the blue - faced barbarians of Grissom , they finally overwhelmed Gilead and the gunslingers . After the fall of Gilead and Farson 's triumph , Roland and his old ka - tet fought for nine years against the remainder of Farson 's forces , eventually leading to the battle of Jericho Hill . Farson sends his Generals Grissom and Walter O _́ Dim with the last two thousand soldiers and mutants against Roland , who was the only survivor . Farson is tall and slim , he has short , straight , black hair , brown eyes and wears black armor . He wears a terrible fright mask around his men . In Wizard and Glass , a then - teenage Roland and his ka - tet uncover and stop a plot by Farson to use crude oil from fields in the Barony of Mejis to fuel his rebellion . Farson has recruited most of the Barony 's elite to his cause . Roland later reflects that his actions only delayed the eventual fall of Gilead . Randall Flagg ( edit ) Main article : Randall Flagg The Man in Black , and a character with numerous aliases , including : the Ageless Stranger , the Walking Dude , Walter O'Dim , Marten Broadcloak , Richard Faninn , Rudin Filaro , Legion , Covenant Man , and his given name , Walter Padick , son of Sam ; he appears in many books of Stephen King , most notably in The Eyes of the Dragon and in The Stand , always as a nearly - demonic sorcerer . He is the Crimson King 's chief agent . The Crimson King ( edit ) Main article : Crimson King The ultimate in evil , this mysterious figure wishes to conquer the Dark Tower and raze it to the ground . Since this will destroy the entire universe , the Crimson King is naturally cast as the villain in The Dark Tower books . He is also known as Ram Aballah , and once ruled from his castle in End - World , but now is imprisoned on a balcony on the Dark Tower , to which he ran while in a fit of madness . He believes that when the Tower falls , he will rule the Todash darkness that was once the multiverse . He is the one whom Walter / Flagg serves , whom the low men and taheen serve , and he has opposed Roland of Gilead from the beginning . The Crimson King is known by a number of names , including Los ' the Red , Ram Aballah , The Aballah , The Kingfish , The Red King , The Lord of Spiders , and The Lord of Discordia . He also appears in Insomnia as a higher being trying to murder Patrick Danville as a child . The Crimson King is also named in the Stephen King / Peter Straub novel Black House , the sequel to The Talisman . Jack Mort ( edit ) Jack Mort ( whose name means `` Death '' in French ) is a fictional character who makes a brief appearance in The Gunslinger , and a more detailed appearance in The Drawing of the Three . The third door that Roland encounters on the beach leads to Mort and New York in the mid-1970s . Roland finds himself inside the mind of `` The Pusher '' , a sociopath named Jack Mort , whose sadistic acts of random violence have shaped the lives of Roland 's companions . Mort , an accountant , thrives on being a meticulous planner when it comes to murder . This , and his style of execution , leads him to be an anonymous and therefore very effective killer . For example , Mort will drop bricks ( and presumably other heavy items ) on people 's heads from tall places ( what he calls `` depth charging '' ) , will push people in front of cars , and will also push people in front of subway trains . His methods allow a complete lack of direct confrontation , and thus allow him to continue his secret life quietly and with deadly effectiveness . He acts as a linking point between Susannah ( both Odetta and Detta ) , Jake , and ultimately Roland . When Odetta was five , Mort dropped a brick on her head ( which led to the emergence of her multiple personalities ) ; he also pushed Odetta in front of a subway car when she was a teenager ( neither knowing nor caring that she was a previous victim of his cruelty ) . On the day Roland enters him , he is planning to shove a young boy ( who turns out to be Jake Chambers ) into traffic . Unwilling to let Jake die once again through his inaction , Roland takes control of Mort 's body and stops him . This death was the means that forced Jake into Roland 's world the first time ; when Roland prevented it , it had caused a time paradox , though it was resolved later , or rather , undermined , when Jake entered into Roland 's world again , but through a door . Later , Roland purposefully forces Jack Mort to throw himself burning in front of a subway train , while telling him that he deserves a far worse fate . In the midst of this struggle , Roland manages to trick Detta into looking through the door , which forces both Odetta and Detta to acknowledge their dual personalities and the cause of them . Mort is described as tall , thin , and having blonde hair in The Drawing of the Three , yet is said by Roland to have had dark hair when mentioned in The Waste Lands . Blaine the Mono ( edit ) Blaine the Mono is a demented monorail train appearing in The Waste Lands and Wizard and Glass . Originally serving as public transit in the city of Lud with his partner Patricia , another monorail with female characteristics , he slowly went insane after the world went into decline and the despondent female monorail committed suicide . Roland and his ka - tet have to ride this psychopathic train in order to travel safely from Lud to Topeka so they can continue their journey toward the Dark Tower . The train seems to be connected to the children 's book found by Jake , Charlie the Choo - Choo . Before Blaine lets Roland and his ka - tet on board , he kills every single living thing in the city of Lud with poison gas . Blaine reveals to the ka - tet that he plans to derail in Topeka , destroying himself and killing them , but accepts Roland 's challenge to a riddle contest for a chance at the survival of the ka - tet . If Blaine can not answer every riddle put to him by the ka - tet , he will let them depart safely once they reach Topeka . It becomes clear that Blaine has a huge library of riddles from many different levels of the tower at his disposal , and programs to decipher plays on words or hidden clues , so the game seems doomed . Eddie eventually stumps Blaine with unsolvable `` riddles '' that are actually stupid jokes sometimes told by humans . This forces Blaine to try to `` lower '' his intelligence to levels necessary to answer , which ends up driving him completely insane and causes his computer to crash . Eddie then proceeds to shoot Blaine 's main computer , causing a crash that destroys Blaine but leaves the ka - tet with only minor injuries . Shardik ( edit ) Shardik is a character encountered by Roland and his ka - tet in the novel The Waste Lands . Shardik , while appearing to be a massive bear , is actually a mechanical construct of North Central Positronics . A cyborg , Shardik was built by North Central Positronics to serve as one of the twelve Guardians of the Beams . At the time that he is encountered by Roland , he is several thousand years old , malfunctioning , slowly dying , and infested with parasites ( a reference to Richard Adams 's novel Shardik ) . Driven insane by his illness , he attacks Roland and his ka - tet , and they are forced to kill him . The Guardians of the Beams keep watch over either end of the six beams that support The Dark Tower . Of the twelve Guardians the ones that are mentioned are Turtle , Bear , Fish , Wolf , Elephant , Rat , Bat , Lion , Horse , and Eagle ; Maturin , the Turtle ( also a character in It ) , is considered the most powerful , or significant , of these . By the time Roland was growing up , the Guardians had reached a near - mythic status , and he was n't sure whether they even existed before running into Shardik . The original Guardians , like so many other elements of Roland 's world , may have been magic entities that were replaced by North Central Positronic 's technological constructs . The death of Shardik represents another failure of technology and is one more step in the dismantling of not only Roland 's world , but the entire multiverse of existence . Shardik is also a novel by Richard Adams ; King took the name from this book , something some members of Roland 's ka - tet recognize : Susannah realizes the source of the name ( although the book was published a decade after the year she was drawn from ) , while Eddie mentions that he thinks of rabbits when he hears the name Shardik -- a reference to Watership Down , another of Adams ' books . Adams ' Shardik , like King 's , is a giant bear . Rhea ( edit ) A decrepit old witch , Rhea Dubativo , also known as Rhea of the Cöos , was the one responsible for the death of Roland 's true love , Susan Delgado . She owned a 6 legged mutant cat called Musty and a venomous snake called Ermot . She was entrusted with the pink Wizard 's Glass ( known as Merlin 's Grapefruit ) , which slowly drained her and drove her insane , similar to the deterioration of Smeagol / Gollum from The Lord of the Rings . Readers never find out what happens to her ; although Roland implies that he killed her , nothing more is elaborated upon beyond that . She is seen in Wizard and Glass however is mentioned in `` The Gunslinger '' prior to her appearance in the series . Eldred Jonas ( edit ) The main antagonist of Wizard and Glass , Eldred is a failed gunslinger now in service to the Crimson King . He leads a gang called the Big Coffin Hunters . Eldred , though in charge of the Red 's operations in Mejis , is answerable to George Latigo ( one of John Farson 's chief lieutenants ) and Randall Flagg ( at this time known as Walter ) , Farson 's personal wizard . Briefly mentioned by Sheb in The Gunslinger . Roy Depape ( edit ) Arguably the shortest - tempered of the Big Coffin Hunters , Roy Depape 's hot - headedness is one of the major catalysts for events in Wizard and Glass ; through threatening Sheemie Ruiz following a mishap in the local tavern , Roy sets off a multi-layered Mexican standoff between Roland 's original ka - tet and the Big Coffin Hunters . Though the situation is initially resolved with diplomacy , the event reveals to Jonas the true nature of Roland and his friends ( who were hiding incognito in Mejis under aliases ) and blows their cover . When the Big Coffin Hunters frame the young Gunslingers for murder he kills mayor Hart Thorin and plants the rook 's skull that ties Cuthbert and by extension Roland and Alain to the crime . He was killed by Roland when the three young gunslingers attacked Eldred and his thirty men , who were riding to meet George Latigo . Clay Reynolds ( edit ) Clay Reynolds is Eldred Jonas ' right - hand man and the quietest of the Big Coffin Hunters . He is described as red - haired and especially handsome , and has a reputation as a ladies ' man . His most notable accessory ( besides his pistol ) is a long red cloak . When the Hunters are framing Roland and his friends he volunteers to kill Kimba Rimer with a long dagger he bought for the occasion , in revenge for a comment Rimer made about his cloak . During the ensuing confusion that transpires near the end of The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass , Clay escapes from Mejis with Coral Thorin , and the two become a bandit couple . It is interesting to note that King first cites Reynolds as having red hair , then changes it to dark ( brown / black ) , then references Depape as being `` be-spectacled and red - haired '' several times . Roland mentions that both Reynolds and Coral Thorin were killed in a failed robbery several years after the events of Mejis . In the comic series The Dark Tower : The Long Road Home , Reynolds is seen leading a possee of Mejis citizens in pursuit of Roland 's Ka - tet , which they break off when Cuthbert Allgood cuts a rope bridge over a wild river . In the one shot issue The Dark Tower : The Sorcerer , Reynolds is seen being whipped by John Farson for losing Maerlyn 's Grapefruit while Coral Thorin waits outside Farson 's tent . Coral Thorin ( edit ) Coral is the traitorous sister of Mejis ' mayor , Hart Thorin . Mature and slender , she catches the eye of both Eldred Jonas and Clay Reynolds . Crafty and intelligent , Coral is able to ascertain that Jonas is indeed working for John Farson and , not wanting to be on the losing side , conspires with and aids Jonas in his dealing in Mejis . The two enter into a sexual relationship , but following Jonas ' death Coral becomes the lover and cohort of Clay Reynolds . Cordelia Delgado ( edit ) Cordelia Delgado was Susan Delgado 's aunt , who sold her to Mayor Thorin as a `` gilly '' . She has no problem selling Susan for money . Cordelia has a short temper and has fits where she becomes enraged and screams at Susan . When Cordelia learns that Susan has lost her virginity to Roland and not Hart Thorin , she becomes enraged and slowly loses her mind . Towards the end of the book , she has gone completely insane and joins Rhea in killing Susan . Cordelia is the first person to light the pyre that sets Susan on fire ; Rhea is second . Shortly after killing Susan Delgado , Cordelia has a stroke and dies . Mia ( edit ) An invading spirit who possesses Susannah Dean 's body in Wolves of the Calla . Originally an immortal spirit similar to a succubus , she saw and fell in love with a baby and longed to have one of her own ( an unknown force kept her from coming too close to the child she loved and taking it for herself ) . Long after a plague ravaged the town of Fedic and the child was taken away , Mia struck a bargain with Walter / Flagg . If she would give up her formless immortality , Walter would give her a baby . Mia 's purpose in Walter 's and the Crimson King 's plan is to bear Roland 's child ; prophecy has foretold that this child will be Roland 's doom . Mia called the child her `` chap '' , and it was carried by both Susannah and Mia . Susannah had become pregnant with Roland 's seed from the demon she copulated with in The Waste Lands , during Jake 's Drawing . The demon , a hermaphrodite able to change its sex , had copulated previously with Roland as a female in The Gunslinger while Roland protected Jake and queried it for information . The demon had somehow preserved Roland 's semen ( and allowed it to be somehow mixed with that of the Crimson King 's seed ) and impregnated Susannah with it while male . Mia possessed Susannah in order to take over the birthing of her `` chap '' . Mia is killed and eaten by her child , Mordred , shortly after giving birth . Mordred Deschain ( edit ) Son of two fathers and two mothers , Mordred was born of Susannah 's egg fertilized by the seed of both Roland of Gilead and the Crimson King , and carried to term by Mia . Mordred is half - human , half - spider , able to transform between the two , and if his fate is fulfilled , he will both kill Roland and topple the Dark Tower itself . He is both very powerful and extremely arrogant . Growing at a rapid speed , Mordred passes from childhood through adolescence in a matter of months . His abilities include the ability to change between human form and spider form at will and absorbing a victim 's knowledge and experience by devouring them . Mordred becomes deathly ill after eating poisoned horse meat , and when he makes a final attempt to kill Roland , he is attacked by Oy . Oy is able to distract Mordred long enough to allow Roland to wake up and kill his son at the threshold of the Dark Tower . Richard Patrick Sayre ( edit ) Richard Patrick Sayre is a high - ranking can - toi and a member of the Sombra Corporation . Like the other members of his race , he dresses in garishly colored clothing and has a raw spot on his forehead that continually wells up with blood without scabbing or spilling down his face . As revealed in Wolves of the Calla , Sayre lured Father Callahan to Sombra 's offices by offering a million dollars to the charity he was working for . It was a trap , where Sayre intended to use Type Three vampires to give Callahan AIDS . His plan failed when Callahan committed suicide by jumping out the window . In Song of Susannah and The Dark Tower , Sayre is the man in charge of delivering Mia 's baby . He calls Susannah / Mia in their hotel room , telling them to go to the Dixie Pig . He takes them through the door into Fedic , where Mia is placed on a bed to deliver Mordred Deschain . After his birth , Susannah grabs a gun and shoots Sayre in the head . Finli O'Tego ( edit ) Finli O'Tego is a weasel - headed Taheen that appeared in the fifth and seventh Dark Tower books ; he was referred to briefly in Wolves of the Calla , before reemerging as a fully fleshed out character in The Dark Tower . Finli is an assistant and close friend to Pimli Prentiss and helped in the running of Devar - Toi . Like most Taheen , he has psychic abilities ; he also enjoys eating pus , offered by Prentiss as he breaks the pimples that erupt on his face . He is credited with orchestrating the re-capture of Ted Brautigan , an event described in Hearts in Atlantis . During the siege of Algul Siento by Roland 's ka - tet , Finli was mortally injured and ultimately put out of his misery by Eddie Dean . Enrico Balazar ( edit ) Enrico Balazar is a New York criminal kingpin first introduced in The Drawing of the Three . He manages a club called `` The Leaning Tower '' and has a fascination with building houses of cards on his desk . Among his actions in the series are : kidnapping Eddie Dean 's older brother , Henry ( who in turn overdoses on heroin before he can be saved ) , running over Jake with his car and killing him for the first time , and hiring out his musclemen to the Sombra Corporation . Enrico is killed by Eddie and Roland in Dark Tower II , but a parallel - earth version of him is alive and mentioned in books VI and VII . Jack Andolini ( edit ) Jack Andolini is a New York gangster and affiliate of Enrico Balazar , whom readers first met in The Drawing of the Three . In that novel , he followed Eddie and Roland from Earth to Mid-World ( via magic door ) and was promptly eaten alive by lobstrosities ( after suffering major wounds to his face and arm during gunplay with Roland ) . He reappears , first in Wolves of the Calla and later in Song of Susannah as a representative of the Sombra Corporation , in a parallel - earth , 1977 . When Roland and Eddie enter the Maine of 1977 , Andolini and his gang ambush them at the East Stoneham General Store . This version of Andolini meets a less horrible fate : he is imprisoned in a Maine county jail . Dandelo ( edit ) Dandelo is a psychic vampire who feeds on emotions . He makes an appearance in Book VII : The Dark Tower . Using the name of ' Joe Collins ' , he lures Roland and Susannah into his cottage on Odd Lane ( the street that crosses Tower Road in the White Lands of Empathica , and an anagram of `` Dandelo '' ) and treats them to a feast . Afterward , he tells them that before entering All - World , he was a stand - up comedian . Roland asks to hear some of his act , during which Dandelo comes close to making Roland laugh to death . Susannah avoids entrapment because she is in the bathroom at the time , tending to a troublesome sore on her face . There she discovers a note apparently left by Stephen King himself ( the note even acknowledges itself as a deus ex machina ) that helps her puzzle out Joe 's true identity . Before he can sap all of Roland 's life force , Dandelo is killed by Susannah with two shots to the head . It is later revealed that he had kept Patrick Danville captive as a ' food source ' to drain of emotions ; at one point Dandelo ripped out Danville 's tongue , preventing him from speaking . Lippy ( edit ) Dandelo had a stable behind his house , in which he kept a blind horse named Lippy . Lippy whinnied when she sensed Roland , Susannah and Oy approach . She was very old , ragged , and had holes in her coat . When Dandelo is slain by the gunslingers , Lippy flees her stable , but returns to seek shelter from a winter storm -- only to be shot down by Roland . After the gunslingers have moved on , Mordred Deschain , starving after weathering the storm out in the wilderness , fed on Lippy 's corpse , which poisoned him and eventually contributed to his downfall . Tick - Tock Man ( edit ) The Tick - Tock Man ( real name Andrew Quick ) is the leader of the Grays of Lud . He is the great - grandson of David Quick . His left eye was punctured by Oy during a fight , and Jake shot him in the leg , and then in the head with a . 22 pistol . He was left for dead , but survived , the bullet having only grazed his skull and torn off a flap of skin . Randall Flagg rescues him and takes him to the Emerald Palace , where he attacks Roland 's ka - tet , and is shot and killed by Eddie and Susannah . He seems to be a successor to the Trashcan Man from The Stand , as both were followers of Flagg who repeated the mantra `` My life for you '' in regard to their loyalty to him . Andy the Messenger robot ( many other functions ) ( edit ) Andy was one of the main antagonists in Wolves of the Calla . Andy was created by Lamerk Industries ( the same company that made the Twelve Guardians ) and had lived in the Calla for thousands of years . He was obsessed with telling people their horoscopes , like Blaine the Mono was obsessed with riddles . Andy played music from a speaker in his chest and was loved by all the children in the Calla . Andy sent information about the Calla and the whereabouts of the children of the Calla to Finli O'Tego . The information was used so that the Wolves , who were really robots disguised as monsters , could locate the children and take them into the Thunderclap . Andy 's evil side was discovered by Jake Chambers , who hid in an ancient control center and overheard Andy talking to Ben Slightman Sr. about the Wolves . Andy claimed he did n't know much about the Wolves ( under Directive Nineteen ) , but he always told the townsfolk when they were coming a month in advance . Andy was finally put to rest by Eddie , who blinded him by shooting his eyes out and then ordering him to shut down under Directive Twenty . Andy was then buried underneath a pile of manure in an outhouse . Pimli Prentiss ( edit ) Pimli Prentiss is the warden of Algul Siento . He is described as being tall , overweight , and balding . Pimli Prentiss ( born `` Paul Prentiss '' ; he adopted the taheen name Pimli during his induction ceremony ) was recruited by the Crimson King to run Algul Siento , the Crimson King 's prison for Breakers . He got the job by replying to a help wanted advertisement in a daily newspaper . Pimli was not a resident of the plane that Algul Siento existed on , but a parallel Earth very similar to our own , where he worked as a prison guard . Pimli is shown to be cautious and restrained in his approach to his service to the Crimson King . He relies on his humanity and spirituality to guide him in his endeavors . He is portrayed as being a newly devout Catholic . This devotion to Catholicism is apparently triggered by his experiences in End - World . Pimli was killed by Roland Deschain 's ka - tet during the raid on Algul Siento . Before dying , he was able to inflict a mortal gunshot wound on Eddie Dean , thus breaking Roland 's ka - tet . Neutral ( edit ) Gan ( edit ) The being Gan is first mentioned by name in the Stephen King novel The Dark Tower VI : Song of Susannah , the sixth installment in The Dark Tower series . He is described as speaking `` through the voices of the can - calah , who men call angels , '' and as `` denying the Crimson King and denying Discordia itself . '' Gan 's role in the novels is very much in line with the concept of God . In the cosmology of Stephen King 's multiverse , Gan is that which the High Speech term `` The White '' refers to . Gan rose from the Prim ( implied as being the darkness behind everything ) and created the universes and infinite alternate universes that the Dark Tower ( a building that serves as a microcosm of all of the multiple realities of the Dark Tower series ) holds in place . Minor characters ( edit ) Alice ( edit ) A barmaid in Tull seen in The Gunslinger . She befriended Roland and told him about the story of Nort . Roland knew she would eventually ask Nort about the number Nineteen and knew this was a trap set up by The Man in Black . After she had asked Nort about the number Nineteen , Roland shot her in the head as she wished as she could not bear what she was told . She was briefly recognised by Jake in The Waste Lands in New York . Hart Thorin ( edit ) Mayor of Mejis first seen in Wizard and Glass , brother of Coral Thorin and husband of Olive Thorin . Murdered by Roy Depape . James Farson ( edit ) Farson 's nephew is a young , slim musician . He has short , straight , black hair and dark eyes ; a high - ranking soldier or henchmen of Farson 's Revolutionary Army , and one who met Gabrielle Deschain in their plans for the murder of Steven Deschain . He is always seen near of his uncle , not directly in battle . Nort ( edit ) Appeared in The Gunslinger . He died prior to Roland 's stay in Tull . Alice retold the story to Roland . He died in Sheb 's bar and was described as a drunk and devilgrass smoker . On the afternoon that he died , The Man in Black appeared and revived him in front of the regulars in the bar and handed Alice a note from The Man in Black which stated he left a code for Nort that Alice will eventually say to know about the secrets beyond Death . The word was Nineteen . Alice eventually did say the word and the town was slaughtered by Roland . Nort was last seen hanging above Sheb 's bar , spread eagled and crucified with wooden pegs with a large and purple cloven hoof on his forehead . It is unclear who committed this crime but it is likely the work of Sylvia Pittston as she had mentioned several times of the cloven hoof . Olive Thorin ( edit ) Wife of Hart Thorin first seen in Wizard and Glass . Despite being pushed aside by her husband in favour of Susan Delgado , she was kind to Susan and tried to help her escape Mejis . Out of the original meeting between the townspeople and Roland , Cuthbert and Alain , she was the only one who Roland liked . Helped Susan escape from Mejis however was killed by Clay Reynolds before Susan was returned by Rhea for the reaping . Sheb ( edit ) Sheb was a piano player first seen in The Gunslinger . He was in Mejis at some point of his life before ending up in Tull . He originally did not recognise Roland until Roland prompts him by mentioning Susan Delgado . He is killed by Roland . He is seen again in Wizard and Glass in a minor role during Roland 's tale from Mejis . Sylvia Pittston ( edit ) A preacher seen in The Gunslinger and preaches to the town of Tull about `` The Interloper '' and how the town should cast him down . She implies this to be Roland . She is killed by Roland . Coral Thorin briefly mentions Sylvia Pittston in Wizard and Glass about how she passed through the town a year prior to events of the story . Tim Ross ( edit ) Appears in The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole as part of Roland 's story to Bill . Tim Ross lives with his mother Nell in a forgotten village that fears the annual collection of property taxes by a man named The Covenant Man . Tim recently lost his father , who was said to have been killed by a dragon while in the woods chopping trees . After the death of his father , Nell , no longer able to pay the taxes to keep their home , marries his father 's best friend and business partner Bern Kells , who moves in with them . Kells is a mean man , prone to heavy drinking , who begins to abuse both Tim and Nell . One day The Covenant Man comes to collect the taxes , and he secretly tells Tim to meet him later in the woods . During this meeting , The Covenant Man reveals to Tim that it was actually Kells who killed his father , not a dragon , and with help of a scrying bowl shows Kells beating his mother , causing her to go blind . Later , The Covenant Man sends Tim a vision telling him that if Tim again visits The Covenant Man in the woods , he will give Tim magic that will allow his mother to see again . Tim , armed with a gun given to him by his school teacher , journeys into the dangerous woods , and is led into a swamp by the mischievous fairy , Armaneeta . Here , Tim almost becomes victim to a dragon and other mysterious swamp creatures , but he is saved by his gun as well as a group of friendly swamp people , who mistake him for a gunslinger . The swamp people guide him to the far side of the swamp , and equip him with a small mechanical talking device from the ' Old People ' that helps guide him on his journey . Eventually , Tim arrives at a Dogan where he finds a caged ' tyger ' and befriends the tyger . The next morning , Tim discovers that the tyger is actually Maerlyn , a white magician , who had been trapped in the cage for years due to black magic . Maerlyn gives Tim a potion to cure his mother 's blindness and sends him back to his mother on the flying magic blanket . Returning home , Tim brings sight back to his mother . Tim is attacked by Kells , who had secretly entered the home as Tim tended to his mother , but the boy is saved by his mother , who kills Kells with her late husband 's ax . Later in life , Tim becomes a gunslinger in his own right , known first as Lefty Ross and then as Tim Stoutheart . Tyger ( edit ) A Tyger seen in The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole as part of Roland 's story to Bill and implied to be the guardian of the Beam of the Cat . Tim Ross arrives at a Dogan where he finds Tyger , which wears the key to the Dogan around its neck . A starkblast approaches , and Tim , realizing this is likely a trap set for him by The Covenant Man ( also known as Randall Flagg and the Man in Black ) befriends the tyger . Tim and the tyger ride out the storm under a magical protective blanket . The next morning , Tim discovers that the tyger is actually Maerlyn , a white magician , who had been trapped in the cage for years due to black magic . Maerlyn gives Tim a potion to cure his mother 's blindness and sends him back to his mother on the flying magic blanket . Other ( edit ) North Central Positronics ( edit ) North Central Positronics , also known as Lamerk Industries , appears in multiple works of Stephen King , in the Dark Tower series and related works . It is a huge corporation which manufactures technologically - advanced items such as robots , computers , and weapons . Many of the products are prominent in the Dark Tower series , where the few remaining North Central Positronics products still functioning have gone insane , preying upon life and the remnants of civilization . This is related to the phenomenon affecting much of reality ; everything is falling apart . As stated in the books , the world has ' moved on ' . By the time it is encountered by Roland and his ka - tet , North Central Positronics is part of the Sombra Group , owned by the Crimson King , the personification of evil in the world of the Dark Tower . The Crimson King 's stated goal is the destruction of the multiverse / all reality . Among NCP 's creations in the books are dipolar computers , a number of androids and cyborgs ( namely the Guardians of the beams , including Shardik the Bear and Maturin the Turtle ) , Andy the Messenger Robot ( Many Other Functions ) , and Blaine the Mono , a sentient monorail system that enjoys riddles . In The Dark Tower : End - World Almanac published by Marvel Comics , one of North Central Positronics ' major products is said to be the `` Asimov - class robot '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1997 ) . Wizard and Glass . New York : Penguin . p . XIII . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27917 - 8 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1992 ) . The Wastelands . New York : Penguin . p. 221 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 26740 - 4 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1997 ) . Wizard and Glass . New York : Penguin . p. 636 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27917 - 8 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1992 ) . The Wastelands . New York : Penguin . p. 221 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 26740 - 4 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1997 ) . Wizard and Glass . New York : Penguin . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27917 - 8 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1997 ) . Wizard and Glass . New York : Penguin . p. 652 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27917 - 8 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1997 ) . Wizard and Glass . New York : Penguin . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27917 - 8 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1992 ) . The Wastelands . New York : Penguin . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 26740 - 4 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1992 ) . The Wastelands . New York : Penguin . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 26740 - 4 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1992 ) . The Wastelands . New York : Penguin . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 26740 - 4 . ( hide ) The Dark Tower series by Stephen King Novels The Gunslinger The Drawing of the Three The Waste Lands Wizard and Glass Wolves of the Calla Song of Susannah The Dark Tower The Wind Through the Keyhole Short stories `` The Gunslinger '' `` The Way Station '' `` The Oracle and the Mountains '' `` The Slow Mutants '' `` The Gunslinger and the Dark Man '' `` The Little Sisters of Eluria '' Comics The Gunslinger Born The Long Road Home Treachery The Sorcerer Fall of Gilead Battle of Jericho Hill The Journey Begins The Little Sisters of Eluria Characters Roland Deschain Father Callahan Randall Flagg Crimson King Related books ' Salem 's Lot The Stand The Talisman Skeleton Crew It The Eyes of the Dragon Insomnia Rose Madder Desperation The Regulators Bag of Bones Hearts in Atlantis Black House Everything 's Eventual From a Buick 8 Charlie the Choo - Choo Other All - World Multiverse Film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Dark_Tower_characters&oldid=809089886 '' Categories : The Dark Tower characters Lists of literary characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 02 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the dark tower series is centred around a character who is known as a	[ "Roland Deschain, son of Steven Deschain, was born in the Barony of Gilead, in In-World. Roland is the last surviving gunslinger, a man whose goal is finding and climbing to the top of the Dark Tower, purported to be the very center of existence, so that he may right the wrongs in his land. This quest is his obsession, monomania and geas to Roland: In the beginning the success of the quest is more important than the lives of his family and friends. He is a man who lacks imagination, and this is one of the stated reasons for his survival against all odds: he can not imagine anything other than surviving to find the Tower." ]	[ "gunslinger" ]
-2126585006635171723	Pretty Fly (For a White Guy)	Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) - wikipedia Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' Single by The Offspring from the album Americana B - side `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) ( The Geek Mix ) '' Released November 9 , 1998 Format Vinyl cassette CD Recorded 1998 Genre Punk rock Length 3 : 07 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Dexter Holland Producer ( s ) Dave Jerden The Offspring singles chronology `` I Choose '' ( 1997 ) `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) `` I Choose '' ( 1997 ) `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( 1998 ) `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' ( 1999 ) Music video `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' on YouTube `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' is a song by American rock band The Offspring . It is the fourth track from their fifth studio album Americana ( 1998 ) and was released as the first single from the album . It achieved significant pop and rock and alternative radio play and popularity , peaking at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 5 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , and number 3 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . The song reached the charts in over 15 countries and topped the charts in nine of these , including Australia , where it went four times platinum , and the United Kingdom , making it one of the most commercially successful singles released by the band . The song is a mocking portrayal of a white man who likes to act like an African - American stereotype . The song appears as the seventh track on their Greatest Hits ( 2005 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Track listing 2.1 Cassette single and 7 '' black vinyl 2.2 Initial pressing 2.3 Australia CD Maxi 2.4 Italy 12 '' black vinyl 2.5 Promo 12 '' black vinyl 2.6 Promo CD 3 Music video 3.1 DVD appearances 4 Rock Band and Guitar Hero 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Antecedents and descendants 8 References 9 External links Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Beginning with a sample of the pseudo-German nonsense phrase `` Gunter glieben glauchen globen '' from Def Leppard 's song `` Rock of Ages , '' chanted as a replacement for the traditional `` 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 '' to start the recording , the song ridicules a `` wannabe gangsta '' who is immersed in hip - hop culture not because he truly loves or understands it , but because it is trendy , makes him feel tough ( `` friends say he 's tryin ' too hard , and he 's not quite hip / but in his own mind , he 's the , he 's the dopest trip '' ) , and because he believes it attracts women ( `` and all the girlies say I 'm pretty fly , for a white guy '' ) . As summed up by Dexter Holland , the people described in the lyrics `` are from , like , Omaha , Nebraska , regular white - bread boys , but who act like they 're from Compton . The song was the genesis of the metal / post-avant - garde movement with its early tendencies in the genre defining the late 90 's early 00 's . It 's so fake and obvious that they 're trying to have an identity . '' Holland detailed that he meets many teenagers like those in his native Orange County , `` going to the mall , where they buy FUBU , Tommy Hilfiger , and Ice Cube 's latest record . '' Given rap culture is the starting point , Holland clarified that it was not an attack on African - Americans , but `` poseurs of any kind '' , but without wanting `` to be preachy about it ... We 're getting amusement out of it more than anything else . '' Track listing ( edit ) Cassette single and 7 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 01 Initial pressing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` All I Want '' ( Live ) 2 : 02 4 . `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' ( Spanish version ) 3 : 08 Australia CD Maxi ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` No Brakes '' 2 : 06 Italy 12 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' 3 : 08 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Geek Mix ) 3 : 07 3 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys remix ) 3 : 01 4 . `` All I Want '' ( Live ) 2 : 02 Promo 12 '' black vinyl ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys Low Rider remix ) 2 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( The Baka Boys remix ) 3 : 01 3 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( Dust Bros Space Echo remix ) 4 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( Dust Bros Dust mix ) Promo CD ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( album version ) 3 : 11 2 . `` Callout Hook # 1 '' 0 : 10 3 . `` Callout Hook # 2 '' 0 : 05 Music video ( edit ) In the video , directed by McG , the video begins with the `` white guy '' singing the opening lines and with Offspring guitarist Noodles walking on the pavement with his guitar , playing the introductory riff . The `` white guy '' drives through town in his lowrider and tries to act cool in front of people , playing with his car 's hydraulic system and interrupting a break dance session to dance himself . He is then carried by girls watching it to a pool party and thrown into the pool . He jumps out of the pool only to find a bunch of bikini clad dancers in front of him . These scenes are cut by the band 's playing . The video ends with the `` white guy '' returning home and accidentally scaring his little sister , wearing a fairy costume , because of his dishevelled appearance . According to Dexter Holland , the band wanted Seth Green to play the `` white guy '' , but he was unavailable . After seeing an audition tape with `` five unknowns '' , they settled on Guy Cohen , who went on to cameo in the `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' video and occasionally appear at Offspring concerts . DVD appearances ( edit ) The music video also appears on the Complete Music Video Collection DVD . It was released in 2005 . The DVD also contains a storyboard version of the video ( in which the storyboard plays over top of the music video . ) Rock band and guitar Hero ( edit ) The song was released as downloadable content for the video game Rock Band . The song was released in the first `` Offspring pack '' which was released on October 7 , 2008 along with `` Gone Away '' and `` Self Esteem '' . The song was released on the Guitar Hero : Van Halen spinoff track list on December 22 , 2009 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 99 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( OLiS ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 31 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 36 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 93 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 100,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Antecedents and descendants ( edit ) The song was parodied by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( with Tress MacNeille ) as `` Pretty Fly for a Rabbi '' on his 1999 album Running with Scissors . Other parodies have been made , such as `` Pretty Fly for a Jedi '' by comedy music group The Axis of Awesome , `` Pretty Fly for a Draenei '' and others . They are frequently and incorrectly attributed to `` Weird Al '' Yankovic on file sharing networks . The song is available as a marching band arrangement . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Offspring , The -- Pretty Fly ( For A White Guy ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Rate Your Music . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 629 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ LLC , SPIN Media ( 1 December 1998 ) . `` SPIN '' . SPIN Media LLC -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Dexter Holland 's Americana Tour ^ Jump up to : LLC , SPIN Media ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` SPIN '' . SPIN Media LLC -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ CROMELIN , RICHARD ( 31 January 1999 ) . `` How to Survive in Suburbia '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books . Books.google.ca ( 1999 - 02 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring : Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Offspring Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Polish Singles Chart '' . Lp3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Offspring Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss year - end chart '' . swisscharts.com. 1999 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- The Offspring '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Enter The Offspring in the field Interpret . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Singles Vlaanderen 1999 '' . Ultratop Belgien Charts . ultratop.be . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Offspring '' . Music Canada . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- OFFSPRING -- PRETTY FLY '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' Pretty Fly ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Offspring -- Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sverige . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Note : Search for `` Offspring '' and press `` Sök '' to see the search results . Select `` PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) '' and press `` VISA '' to see various charting positions and certification awards . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Offspring -- PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Enter PRETTY FLY ( FOR A WHITE GUY ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' . ActiveMusician.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` A Little Bit More '' by 911 UK Singles Chart number - one single January 24 , 1999 - January 30 , 1999 Succeeded by `` You Do n't Know Me '' by Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Harden Preceded by No Aphrodisiac by The Whitlams Triple J Hottest 100 Winner 1998 Succeeded by These Days by Powderfinger ( hide ) The Offspring Dexter Holland Greg K . Noodles Pete Parada Jim Benton Doug Thompson Marcus Parrish James Lilja Ron Welty Atom Willard Studio albums The Offspring Ignition Smash Ixnay on the Hombre Americana Conspiracy of One Splinter Rise and Fall , Rage and Grace Days Go By Compilations Collection Greatest Hits Happy Hour ! EPs Baghdad They Were Born to Kill Club Me A Piece of Americana Summer Nationals Demos 6 songs cassette Tehran Singles `` I 'll Be Waiting '' `` Come Out and Play '' `` Self Esteem '' `` Gotta Get Away '' `` Smash It Up '' `` All I Want '' `` Gone Away '' `` The Meaning of Life '' `` I Choose '' `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' `` Why Do n't You Get a Job ? '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` She 's Got Issues '' `` Original Prankster '' `` Want You Bad '' `` Million Miles Away '' `` Defy You '' `` Hit That '' `` ( Ca n't Get My ) Head Around You '' `` Spare Me the Details '' `` Ca n't Repeat '' `` Hammerhead '' `` You 're Gonna Go Far , Kid '' `` Kristy , Are You Doing Okay ? '' `` Half - Truism '' `` Days Go By '' `` Cruising California ( Bumpin ' in My Trunk ) '' `` Turning Into You '' `` Coming for You '' Video albums Americana Huck It Complete Music Video Collection Tours Warped Tour 2005 Days Go By Tour Smash : 20th Anniversary Tour World Tour 2016 World Tour 2017 World Tour 2018 Related articles Discography List of songs Awards List of the Offspring band members Nitro Records Related bands Angels & Airwaves Face to Face Saves the Day Steady Ground Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Fly_(For_a_White_Guy)&oldid=815465915 '' Categories : The Offspring songs 1998 singles 1998 songs Multilingual songs Number - one singles in Australia Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Songs written by Dexter Holland Music videos directed by McG Comedy rock songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song pretty fly for a white guy	[ "\"Pretty Fly (For a White Guy)\" is a song by American rock band The Offspring. It is the fourth track from their fifth studio album Americana (1998) and was released as the first single from the album. It achieved significant pop and rock and alternative radio play and popularity, peaking at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 5 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, and number 3 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song reached the charts in over 15 countries and topped the charts in nine of these, including Australia, where it went four times platinum, and the United Kingdom,[3] making it one of the most commercially successful singles released by the band. The song is a mocking portrayal of a white man who likes to act like an African-American stereotype." ]	[ "The Offspring" ]
3457440174799407106	New Nintendo 3DS	New Nintendo 3DS - Wikipedia New Nintendo 3DS New Nintendo 3DS New Nintendo 3DS XL New Nintendo 3DS Also known as NN3DS ( XL ) , New 3DS ( XL ) , N3DS ( XL ) ( unofficial abbreviations ) Developer Nintendo IRD Manufacturer Nintendo , Foxconn Product family Nintendo 3DS family Type Handheld game console Generation Eighth generation Release date JP : October 11 , 2014 AU : November 21 , 2014 EU : January 6 , 2015 ( Ambassador Edition ) EU : February 13 , 2015 ( General Release ) NA : February 13 , 2015 ( XL Release ) NA : September 25 , 2015 ( Standard Release ) Retail availability 2014 -- 2017 ( standard model ) 2014 -- present ( XL model ) Discontinued Standard : JP : July 13 , 2017 EU : July 14 , 2017 NA : July 14 , 2017 AU : July 14 , 2017 XL : EU : December 14 , 2017 Units shipped Combined ( worldwide ) : 12.31 million New 3DS : 2.49 million New 3DS XL : 9.82 million ( As of December 31 , 2016 ) Media Physical and digital ( show ) Nintendo 3DS Game Card Nintendo DS Game Card Digital distribution ( Nintendo eShop ) MicroSD / SDHC card Operating system Nintendo 3DS system software CPU 804 MHz ARM11 MPCore quad - core Memory 256 MB ( 64MB dedicated to the OS ) , 10 MB VRAM Storage 1 GB internal flash memory Removable storage Included 4 GB MicroSD Cartridge save Display LCD screens ( show ) New Nintendo 3DS : Upper : 3.88 '' autostereoscopic ( 3D ) LCD @ 800 × 240 ( 400 × 240 WQVGA ( 132.15 ppi ) per eye ) Lower : 3.33 '' resistive touchscreen LCD @ 320 × 240 ( QVGA ) ( 120.1 ppi ) New Nintendo 3DS XL : Upper : 4.88 '' autostereoscopic ( 3D ) IPS LCD @ 800 × 240 ( 400 × 240 WQVGA ( 95.59 ppi ) per eye ) Lower : 4.18 '' resistive touchscreen LCD @ 320 × 240 ( 95.6 ppi ) ( QVGA ) Graphics 204 MHz DMP PICA200 Sound Stereo speakers ( pseudo-surround ) , microphone Input A / B / X / Y buttons , Circle Pad , C - Stick ( nubbin ) , L / R and ZL / ZR bumpers , D - pad , Start / Select buttons , Home button , 3D depth slider , volume slider , power button , accelerometer Camera Rear - facing stereoscopic VGA camera , front - facing VGA camera Connectivity 2.4 GHz 802.11 b / g Wi - Fi , NFC , infrared Power Lithium - ion battery ( show ) New Nintendo 3DS : 1400 mAh lithium - ion battery 3DS games : 3.5 to 6 hours DS games : 6.5 to 10.5 hours Sleep Mode : ≈ 3 days New Nintendo 3DS XL : 1750 mAh lithium - ion battery 3DS games : 3.5 to 7 hours DS games : 7 to 12 hours Sleep Mode : ≈ 3 days Online services Nintendo Network ( show ) Nintendo eShop Miiverse ( Discontinued ) SpotPass Nintendo Zone ( Discontinued ) Flipnote Studio 3D Flipnote Hatena Body ( show ) New Nintendo 3DS : Width : 142 mm ( 5.6 in ) Height : 80.6 mm ( 3.17 in ) Depth : 21.6 mm ( 0.85 in ) New Nintendo 3DS XL : Width : 160 mm ( 6.3 in ) Height : 93.5 mm ( 3.68 in ) Depth : 21.5 mm ( 0.85 in ) Weight Body ( show ) New Nintendo 3DS : 253 grams ( 8.9 oz ) New Nintendo 3DS XL : 329 grams ( 11.6 oz ) Backward compatibility Nintendo DS , Nintendo DSi , Nintendo 3DS Predecessor Nintendo 2DS ( concurrent ) Nintendo 3DS ( XL ) ( concurrent ) Website Official website The New Nintendo 3DS is a handheld game console developed by Nintendo . It is the fourth system in the Nintendo 3DS family of handheld consoles , following the original Nintendo 3DS , the Nintendo 3DS XL , and the Nintendo 2DS . The system was released in Japan on October 11 , 2014 , in Australia and New Zealand on November 21 , 2014 , on January 6 , 2015 in Europe in a special Club Nintendo - exclusive `` Ambassador Edition '' , and at retail in Europe on February 13 , 2015 . Like the original 3DS , the New Nintendo 3DS also has a larger variant , the New Nintendo 3DS XL , released in all three regions . In North America , the New Nintendo 3DS XL was released on February 13 , 2015 , while the standard - sized New Nintendo 3DS was released later on September 25 , 2015 . Improvements upon the previous models include upgraded processors and increased RAM , an analog pointing stick ( C - Stick ) , two additional shoulder triggers ( ZR and ZL ) , face detection for optimizing the auto stereoscopic 3D display , an included 4 GB microSD card and built - in NFC , as well as minor design changes ( such as colored face buttons , and the availability of face plates for the smaller - size model ) . The New Nintendo 3DS received positive reviews from critics ; although criticized for certain aspects of their design ( such as the microSD slot placement ) , the consoles were praised for their improved performance , additional control options , and better 3D image quality . In the July 2017 lead - up to the release of the New Nintendo 2DS XL , Nintendo confirmed that production on the standard - sized New Nintendo 3DS in Japan had ended . The XL model remains in production . Contents 1 Hardware 2 Software and services 2.1 Compatibility 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Sales 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Hardware ( edit ) See also : Nintendo 3DS hardware The New Nintendo 3DS family features various changes from prior models . The systems feature a slightly refined design , featuring colored face buttons resembling the Super Famicom 's and PAL version Super Nintendo Entertainment System 's color scheme . The New Nintendo 3DS 's screen is 1.2 times the size of the original Nintendo 3DS , while the screen of the XL variant is the same size as its predecessor . Some models are produced with an IPS screen for the upper display , but some still retain the old TN screen for upper display . There is no known correlation between model number or production date and display type . Nintendo has also not publicly addressed the discrepancies in production . A new feature known as `` Super Stable 3D '' improves the quality of the systems ' autostereoscopic 3D effects by using a sensor to detect the angle that the player is viewing the screen at , and adjusting the effects to compensate . The sensor is also used as an ambient light sensor for automatic brightness adjustment . Both systems ' bodies are slightly larger than their previous iterations , with the XL variant weighing slightly less than the previous 3DS XL . The system 's game card slot , stylus holder , and power button were re-located to the base . The hardware wireless switch was also replaced by a software toggle . The standard New Nintendo 3DS features interchangeable front and back plates ; 38 different designs were available at launch in Japan . The XL variant does not allow use of these plates , instead having a couple of fixed metallic designs . The internal specifications of the device have also been updated , including additional processor cores , an increase to 256 MB of RAM , and near field communication support for use with Amiibo products . Controls on the new systems were expanded with the inclusion of a pointing stick on the right hand side of the device , referred to as the `` C - Stick '' , and additional ZL and ZR shoulder buttons , allowing for functionality equivalent to the Circle Pad Pro add - on peripheral released for previous models . These additional buttons are backwards - compatible with games programmed for use with Circle Pad Pro . Unlike previous models , which used standard SD cards , the New Nintendo 3DS line uses Micro-SD cards for data storage , which are stored alongside the battery behind the device 's rear cover , which needs some screws to be removed in order to access the Micro-SD card slot . Data can also be transferred to and from the SD card wirelessly using any system with SMB client access , like PCs . The new systems continue to use the same AC adapter as the DSi and other devices in the 3DS family ; like the Nintendo 3DS XL in Japan and Europe , and for the first time in North America , an AC adapter is not included with the console and must be obtained separately . Software and services ( edit ) Main article : Nintendo 3DS system software Aside from minor adjustments to reflect its hardware design differences , the system software of the New Nintendo 3DS is otherwise identical to that of the original 3DS , offering online features such as Nintendo Network for multiplayer and online gaming , Nintendo eShop for downloading and purchasing games , and StreetPass and SpotPass . The web browser was updated to include HTML5 - based video playback support . On Japanese models , a content filter is active by default which can be disabled with the registration of a credit card , intended to prevent children from visiting mature websites . Compatibility ( edit ) As with prior models , the New Nintendo 3DS family remains compatible with all games released for the 3DS and DS ( excluding games using the Game Boy Advance cartridge slot ) . Some 3DS games have improved performance and / or graphics on the new systems due to their upgraded hardware . The C - Stick and ZL / ZR controls are backwards compatible with games that support the Circle Pad Pro add - on . Some games , such as Xenoblade Chronicles 3D , are specifically optimized for the upgraded hardware , and exclusive to New Nintendo 3DS with no support for prior models . In March 2016 , Nintendo began to release SNES titles on Virtual Console for New 3DS ; they support a `` Perfect Pixel '' mode , which allows the games to be played pillar boxed with square pixels rather than in their original 4 : 3 proportions . Like previous models , all 3DS games and downloaded software are region - locked ( DS cartridges remain region - free ) . Due to its difference in size , peripherals designed to fit the shape of the original Nintendo 3DS can not be used with the new system . Game data can be transferred from a previous 3DS system to a new system , either manually or wireless , though data from new systems can not be transferred to older systems . On April 13 , 2015 , Unity Technologies announced that the Unity engine would support New Nintendo 3DS . Release ( edit ) New Nintendo 3DS XL in metallic black . New Nintendo 3DS XL logo . Display case featuring the New Nintendo 3DS and face plates at PAX Australia 2014 . Further information : List of New Nintendo 3DS colors and styles The New Nintendo 3DS was first announced during a Japanese Nintendo Direct presentation streamed on August 29 , 2014 . The New Nintendo 3DS and 3DS LL were released in Japan on October 11 , 2014 ; the regular - sized version was made available in black and white - colored versions , while the LL was made available in metallic blue and metallic black versions , with additional limited edition designs Over 38 different face plate designs were available on launch in Japan , which were showcased in a pre-launch television commercial that featured J - pop performer Kyary Pamyu Pamyu . 230,000 units were sold in its first two days of availability . The New Nintendo 3DS and its XL variant were first released outside Japan -- in Australia and New Zealand , on November 21 , 2014 , with the smaller model only available in white . In Europe , the New Nintendo 3DS was first made available online on January 6 , 2015 in a special white `` Ambassador Edition '' bundle , exclusive to Club Nintendo members , with a charging dock and two face plates included . On January 14 , 2015 , Nintendo announced that the new systems would be released at retail in North America and Europe on February 13 , 2015 . In Europe , the New Nintendo 3DS was available in black or white , and its XL variant in Metallic Black or Metallic Blue . In North America , the XL model was released in Metallic Red and Metallic Black ( renamed `` New Red '' and `` New Black '' ) . Special The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask 3D and Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate - themed variants were also released at launch in both regions . 335,000 units were sold during its first week of availability in Europe and North America . Only the XL model was originally released in North America ; although Nintendo did not rule out the possibility of a release of the regular New Nintendo 3DS in the future , Nintendo of America representative Damon Baker explained that they did not want to confuse consumers , and that the face plates were not enough of a reason for the smaller - sized system to be released in North America . A social media campaign emerged that called upon Nintendo of America to release the model in North America . In March 2015 , the FCC lifted its information embargo regarding regulation details performed in September 2014 on the standard New Nintendo 3DS model , suggesting Nintendo of America did indeed consider releasing the smaller standard model at one point . On August 31 , 2015 , at the GameStop Managers Conference in Las Vegas , Nintendo of America confirmed that the standard New 3DS system would launch in the region on September 25 , 2015 , with an Animal Crossing : Happy Home Designer - themed bundle including the console , game software , two faceplates , and an Amiibo card . A second The Legend of Zelda - themed XL bundle , the `` Hyrule Edition '' , was also announced as a GameStop exclusive for release on October 30 , 2015 . In January 2016 , a special Pokémon - themed New Nintendo 3DS bundle was announced for release in North America on February 27 , 2016 , to coincide with the 20th anniversary Virtual Console release of the original Pokémon games . The model is bundled with both Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue , Charizard and Blastoise - themed faceplates , and a downloadable Home Menu skin . In August 2016 , a Super Mario 3D Land New 3DS bundle with two faceplates was released in North America as an exclusive to Target and Walmart . Nintendo released black - and white - colored New 3DS models with Mario - themed designs in North America in November 2016 ; for Black Friday , the two models were sold at US $99.99 -- a price only $20 higher than that of the 2DS . In July 2017 , Nintendo confirmed , in the lead - up to the release of the New Nintendo 2DS XL , that production on the standard - sized New Nintendo 3DS in Japan had ended . The XL model remains in production . Reception ( edit ) Reviews of the New Nintendo 3DS line were mostly positive . Critics felt the new `` Super-Stable 3D '' system was successful in improving the consistency and viewing angles of the device 's stereoscopic 3D effects , especially in games that require use of its gyroscope . An IGN writer noted that `` the constant swaying and occasional jolt of my morning train commute has only very occasionally shattered the new systems ' stereoscopic spell , and even then , the system quickly adjusts and snaps back into focus '' . The improved technical specifications of the new systems were also noted , making the device 's operating system more responsive and providing modest performance enhancements for existing games such as Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate . The incorporation of the Circle Pad Pro 's additional shoulder buttons and secondary analog stick into the devices were praised , along with their potential for use in ports of games from home consoles . Opinions were mixed on the design of the C - Stick itself , however ; GameSpot felt it was `` surprisingly responsive '' and IGN drew comparisons to the similar pointing stick sometimes found on ThinkPad laptops , but felt that while good for occasional functions ( such as camera control and aiming in third - person games ) , it would not function well for more intense use cases ( such as first - person shooters ) due to its size and lack of grip in comparison to the Circle Pad . Aspects of the devices ' designs were noted ; IGN felt that the face plate options on the regular - sized models added a level of personalization to the console , but that `` ( while ) face plates will take off with younger gamers in particular , these accessories could just as easily end up in the bargain bin faster than you can say Limited Edition Perfect Dark Zero Xbox 360 face plate . '' Nintendo 's decision to exclude this feature from the XL version was also considered odd . Wired felt that the new locations for the power button , card slot , and stylus holder were `` inconvenient '' . Critics also felt the switch to MicroSD cards and the relocation of the SD card slot to the battery compartment would make manually transferring data from previous 3DS models trickier ; GameSpot lamented on the difficulty of unscrewing the rear cover off the XL , citing `` stubborn screws and a panel that practically refuses to detach '' . Nintendo 's decision to not bundle an AC adapter with the new models was criticized , particularly in the case of first - time 3DS owners . GameSpot felt that the New Nintendo 3DS XL was `` the best handheld Nintendo 's ever made '' , and recommended it to first - time 3DS owners . In regards to existing 3DS owners , the new systems were recommended to those showing interest in its exclusives or wanting a better overall experience . Giving the console an 8.8 out of 10 , IGN concluded that `` the additional controls and increased processing power set the system up nicely for the future , and if you 're late to the 3DS party , you 've got a back catalogue that features not just some of the best handheld games in recent years , but some of the best games full stop . '' Sales ( edit ) As of December 31 , 2016 , the New Nintendo 3DS and New Nintendo 3DS XL have shipped 9.94 million units worldwide . See also ( edit ) Game Boy Color Nintendo DSi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ New ニンテンドー 3DS ( Nyū Nintendō Surī Dī Esu ) Jump up ^ Called the New Nintendo 3DS LL ( New ニンテンドー 3DS LL ) in Japan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The New Nintendo 3DS , plus scary games to get you ready for Halloween '' . The Japan Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo 's New 3DS and 3DS XL make strong start in Japan '' . Eurogamer.net . October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CLUB NINTENDO EUROPE OFFERING AMBASSADOR EDITION N3DS TO SELECT MEMBERS '' . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` With New 3DS Model , Nintendo Continues to Woo Hardcore Gamers '' . Wired . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Nintendo 3DS And New Nintendo 3DS XL Announced , Are More Powerful -- Siliconera '' . siliconera.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 3DS reborn as New 3DS : What you need to know '' . Tech Times . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo announces New 3DS with C - stick , extra buttons and NFC '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Nintendo 3DS production ends in Japan '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` New Nintendo 3DS discontinued '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New 3DS XL has a superior IPS display , the New 3DS does not '' . Geek.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo 's New 3DS XL Is n't a Huge Upgrade , But It Will Be Eventually '' . Wired . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New 3DS XL Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nintendo reveals the New Nintendo 3DS '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Nintendo 3DS Will Have A Bunch Of Custom Design Plates -- Siliconera '' . siliconera.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yannick LeJacq. `` 38 Lovely Faceplates for the New 3DS '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ Neltz , András ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` New 3DS ' Filters ' The Internet In Japan '' . Kotaku . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Games That Are Better On The New Nintendo 3DS '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNES Classics Finally Coming to 3DS Virtual Console '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo bringing SNES games to Virtual Console on New Nintendo 3DS ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 's New 3DS will be region - locked '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Answers Questions About The New Nintendo 3DS '' . Siliconera . Curse Inc . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Nintendo 3DS Comes To Australia On November 21 '' . Siliconera . Jump up ^ P , Jenna ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Unity Support is Heading to the New Nintendo 3DS '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This new Japanese 3DS ad may be the most colourful thing ever '' . CVG . Future . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Nintendo 3DS comes to Europe as Ambassador Edition '' . Engadget . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Nintendo 3DS XL hits North America Feb. 13 '' . Polygon . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Nintendo 3DS Release Date Confirmed -- Only XL Version Coming to US '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New 3DS coming on February 13 , no smaller version for North America '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` New Nintendo 3DS sold 335k during EU / US launch week '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Explains Why Smaller New 3DS Is n't Coming to US '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie . `` Nintendo Rep Explains Why Smaller New Nintendo 3DS Was n't Released in US '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` People Really Want The Smaller New 3DS '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Conor ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Standard - Sized New Nintendo 3DS Photos Emerge On FCC Website in North America '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zelda - Themed 3DS and Face - Plate Capable 3DS Coming to US '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon celebrates its 20th anniversary with a New Nintendo 3DS bundle this February '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest New Nintendo 3DS Bundle Includes Super Mario 3D Land '' . Siliconera . August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` A limited edition New Nintendo 3DS will be just $99.99 on Black Friday '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Nintendo 3DS production ends in Japan '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` New Nintendo 3DS discontinued '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ogilvie , Tristan ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` New Nintendo 3DS & 3DS XL Review : A New Dimension '' . IGN.com . Ziff Davis . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Consolidated Sales Transition by Region `` '' ( PDF ) . January 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the new 3ds xl come out	[ "The New Nintendo 3DS[a] is a handheld game console developed by Nintendo. It is the fourth system in the Nintendo 3DS family of handheld consoles, following the original Nintendo 3DS, the Nintendo 3DS XL, and the Nintendo 2DS. The system was released in Japan on October 11, 2014, in Australia and New Zealand on November 21, 2014,[4][5] on January 6, 2015 in Europe in a special Club Nintendo-exclusive \"Ambassador Edition\", and at retail in Europe on February 13, 2015. Like the original 3DS, the New Nintendo 3DS also has a larger variant, the New Nintendo 3DS XL,[b][6] released in all three regions. In North America, the New Nintendo 3DS XL was released on February 13, 2015, while the standard-sized New Nintendo 3DS was released later on September 25, 2015.\n" ]	[ "February 13, 2015" ]
-6480442409448007233	Iron Man (2008 film)	Iron Man ( 2008 film ) - wikipedia Iron Man ( 2008 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Iron Man Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Avi Arad Kevin Feige Screenplay by Mark Fergus Hawk Ostby Art Marcum Matt Holloway Based on Iron Man by Stan Lee Larry Lieber Don Heck Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Terrence Howard Jeff Bridges Shaun Toub Gwyneth Paltrow Music by Ramin Djawadi Cinematography Matthew Libatique Edited by Dan Lebental Production company Marvel Studios Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) ( Sydney premiere ) May 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $140 million Box office $585.2 million Iron Man is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It is the first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Jon Favreau , with a screenplay by the writing teams of Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum and Matt Holloway . It stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , alongside Terrence Howard , Jeff Bridges , Shaun Toub , and Gwyneth Paltrow . In Iron Man , Tony Stark , an industrialist and master engineer , builds a powered exoskeleton and becomes the technologically advanced superhero Iron Man . The film had been in development since 1990 at Universal Pictures , 20th Century Fox , or New Line Cinema at various times , before Marvel Studios reacquired the rights in 2006 . Marvel put the project in production as its first self - financed film , with Paramount Pictures as its distributor . Favreau signed on as director , aiming for a naturalistic feel , and he chose to shoot the film primarily in California , rejecting the East Coast setting of the comics to differentiate the film from numerous superhero films set in New York City-esque environments . Filming began in March 2007 and concluded in June . During filming , the actors were free to create their own dialogue because pre-production was focused on the story and action . Rubber and metal versions of the armors , created by Stan Winston 's company , were mixed with computer - generated imagery to create the title character . Iron Man premiered in Sydney on April 14 , 2008 , and was released in the United States on May 2 , 2008 . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $585 million and garnering critical acclaim . Downey 's performance as Tony Stark was particularly praised . The American Film Institute selected the film as one of the ten best of the year . It was also nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects . Two sequels , Iron Man 2 and Iron Man 3 , were released on May 7 , 2010 , and May 3 , 2013 , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Iron Man 2 7.2 Iron Man 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Genius , billionaire , and playboy Tony Stark , who has inherited the defense contractor Stark Industries from his father , is in war - torn Afghanistan with his friend and military liaison Lieutenant Colonel James Rhodes to demonstrate the new `` Jericho '' missile . After the demonstration , the convoy is ambushed and Stark is critically wounded by one of his own company 's rocket - propelled grenades . He is captured and imprisoned in a cave by a terrorist group , the Ten Rings ; Yinsen , a fellow captive who is a doctor , implants an electromagnet into Stark 's chest to keep the shrapnel shards that wounded him from reaching his heart and killing him . Ten Rings leader Raza offers Stark freedom in exchange for building a Jericho missile for the group , but Tony and Yinsen know that Raza will not keep his word . Stark and Yinsen secretly build a small , powerful electric generator called an arc reactor to power Stark 's electromagnet and a prototypical suit of powered armor to aid in their escape . Although they keep the suit hidden almost to completion , the Ten Rings discover their hostages ' intentions and attack the workshop . Yinsen sacrifices himself to divert them while the suit is completed . The armored Stark battles his way out of the cave to find the dying Yinsen , then burns the Ten Rings ' weapons in anger and flies away , crashing in the desert and destroying the suit in the process . After being rescued by Rhodes , Stark returns home and announces that his company will no longer manufacture weapons . Obadiah Stane , his father 's old partner and the company 's manager , advises Stark that this may ruin Stark Industries and his father 's legacy . In his home workshop , Stark builds a sleeker , more powerful version of his improvised armor suit as well as a more powerful arc reactor for his chest . Personal assistant Pepper Potts places the original reactor inside a small glass showcase . Though Stane requests details , Stark keeps his work to himself because he is suspicious of his company . At a charity event held by Stark Industries , reporter Christine Everhart informs Stark that his company 's weapons , including the Jericho , were recently delivered to the Ten Rings and are being used to attack Yinsen 's home village , Gulmira . Stark then learns that Stane has been arms trafficking to criminals worldwide , and is staging a coup to replace him as Stark Industries ' CEO . Stark dons his new armor and flies to Afghanistan , where he saves the villagers . While flying home , Stark is shot at by two F - 22 Raptor fighter jets . He reveals his secret identity to Rhodes over the phone in an attempt to end the attack . Meanwhile , the Ten Rings gather the pieces of Stark 's prototype suit and meet with Stane , who subdues Raza and has the rest of the group killed . Stane has a massive new suit reverse engineered from the wreckage . Seeking to track his company 's illegal shipments , Stark sends Pepper to hack into its database . She discovers that Stane hired the Ten Rings to kill Stark , but the group reneged . Potts meets with Agent Phil Coulson of S.H.I.E.L.D. , an intelligence agency , to inform him of Stane 's activities . Stane 's scientists can not duplicate Stark 's miniaturized arc reactor , so Stane ambushes Stark at his home and takes the one from his chest . Stark manages to get to his original reactor to replace it . Potts and several S.H.I.E.L.D. agents attempt to arrest Stane , but he dons his suit and attacks them . Stark fights Stane , but is outmatched without his new reactor to run his suit at full capacity . The fight carries Stark and Stane to the top of the Stark Industries building , and Stark instructs Potts to overload the large arc reactor powering the building . This unleashes a massive electrical surge that causes Stane and his armor to fall into the exploding reactor , killing him . The next day , at a press conference , Stark defies suggestions from S.H.I.E.L.D. and publicly admits to being the superhero the press has dubbed `` Iron Man '' . In a post-credits scene , S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Nick Fury visits Stark at home , telling him that Iron Man is not `` the only superhero in the world '' , and explaining that he wants to discuss the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Cast ( edit ) Downey promoting the film at the 2007 San Diego Comic - Con International Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : An industrialist , genius inventor , and consummate playboy , he is CEO of Stark Industries and a chief weapons manufacturer for the U.S. military . Director Jon Favreau felt Downey 's past made him an appropriate choice for the part , and that the actor could make Stark a `` likable asshole , '' but also depict an authentic emotional journey once he won over the audience . Favreau was also attracted to Downey from his performance in Kiss Kiss Bang Bang , with Downey frequently conversing with that film 's director , Shane Black , about the script and dialogue in Iron Man . Downey had an office next to Favreau during pre-production , which allowed him greater involvement in the screenwriting process , especially adding humor to the film . Downey explained , `` What I usually hate about these ( superhero ) movies ( is ) when suddenly the guy that you were digging turns into Dudley Do - Right , and then you 're supposed to buy into all his ' Let 's go do some good ! ' That Eliot Ness - in - a-cape - type thing . What was really important to me was to not have him change so much that he 's unrecognizable . When someone used to be a schmuck and they 're not anymore , hopefully they still have a sense of humor . '' To prepare , Downey spent five days a week weight training and practiced martial arts to get into shape , which he said benefited him because `` it 's hard not to have a personality meltdown ( ... ) after about several hours in that suit . I 'm calling up every therapeutic moment I can think of to just get through the day . '' Howard preparing for the role by riding an F - 16 flight simulator . Terrence Howard as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes : A friend of Stark 's , and the liaison between Stark Industries and the United States Air Force in the department of acquisitions , specifically weapons development . Favreau cast Howard because he felt he could play War Machine in a sequel . Howard prepared for the role by visiting Nellis Air Force Base on March 16 , 2007 , where he ate with the pilots and observed HH - 60 Pave Hawk rescue helicopters and F - 22 Raptors . While Rhodes is roguish in the comics after he met Stark , his earlier disciplinarian character forms a dynamic with Stark , and he is unsure whether or not Stark 's actions are acceptable . `` Rhodey is completely disgusted with the way Tony has lived his life , but at a certain point he realizes that perhaps there is a different way , '' Howard said . `` Whose life is the right way ; is it the strict military life , or the life of an independent ? '' Howard and his father are Iron Man fans , partly because Rhodes was one of the few black superheroes when he was a child . He was a Downey fan since he saw him in Weird Science , and the two competed physically on set . Jeff Bridges as Obadiah Stane : Stark 's business second - in - command , mentor and friend who turns on him to overtake the company , eventually building a giant exosuit to fight Stark . Bridges read the comics as a boy and liked Favreau 's modern , realistic approach . He shaved his head , something he had wanted to do for some time , and grew a beard for the role . Bridges googled the Book of Obadiah , and was surprised to learn retribution is a major theme in that book of the Bible , something which Stane represents . Many of Stane 's scenes were cut to focus more on Stark , but the writers felt Bridges 's performance allowed the application of `` less is more '' . Shaun Toub as Yinsen : Stark 's fellow captive , who grafts an electromagnet to Stark 's chest `` to keep the shrapnel shell shards that wounded him from reaching his heart and killing him '' , and who helps Stark build the first Iron Man suit . Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts : Stark 's personal assistant and budding love interest . Paltrow asked Marvel to send her any comics they would consider relevant to her understanding of the character , who she considered to be very smart , levelheaded , and grounded . She said she liked `` the fact that there 's a sexuality that 's not blatant . '' Favreau wanted Potts ' and Stark 's relationship to be reminiscent of a 1940s comedy , something which Paltrow considered to be fun in an `` innocent yet sexy '' way . Additionally , Faran Tahir appears as Raza , the leader of the Ten Rings ; Paul Bettany voices J.A.R.V.I.S. , Stark 's personal AI system ; Leslie Bibb portrays Christine Everhart , a reporter for Vanity Fair ; and Clark Gregg appears as Phil Coulson , an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. . Will Lyman provides the voiceover during the opening award ceremony . Director Jon Favreau plays Happy Hogan , Stark 's bodyguard and chauffeur , and Samuel L. Jackson makes a cameo appearance as Nick Fury , director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , in a post-credits scene . Jackson 's face was previously used as the model for the Ultimate Marvel imprint version of Nick Fury . Other cameos in the film include Stan Lee as himself , being mistaken for Hugh Hefner by Stark at a party ; Tom Morello , who provided guitar music for the film , as a terrorist guard ; and Jim Cramer as himself . Ghostface Killah had a cameo in a scene where Stark briefly stays in Dubai , but the scene was cut from the theatrical release for pacing reasons . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In April 1990 , Universal Studios bought the rights to develop Iron Man for the big screen , with Stuart Gordon to direct a low - budget film based on the property . By February 1996 , 20th Century Fox had acquired the rights from Universal . In January 1997 , Nicolas Cage expressed interest in portraying the character , while in September 1998 , Tom Cruise expressed interest in producing as well as starring in an Iron Man film . Jeff Vintar and Iron Man co-creator Stan Lee co-wrote a story for Fox , which Vintar adapted into a screenplay . It included a new science - fiction origin for the character , and featured MODOK as the villain . Tom Rothman , President of Production at Fox , credited the screenplay with finally making him understand the character . In May 1999 , Jeffrey Caine was hired to rewrite Vintar and Lee 's script . That October , Quentin Tarantino was approached to write and direct the film . Fox sold the rights to New Line Cinema the following December , reasoning that although the Vintar / Lee script was strong , the studio had too many Marvel superheroes in development , and `` we ca n't make them all . '' `` We worked with Michael Crichton 's researchers to find a grounded realistic way to deal with the suit . The idea was he needed the suit to stay alive . He 's the same guy we used with Spider - Man 2 to come up with Doc Ock 's inhibitor chips and what the arms are made of and how they work . ( ... ) Mandarin was an Indonesian terrorist who masqueraded as a rich playboy who Tony knew . '' -- Alfred Gough on his draft for Nick Cassavetes ' and New Line 's aborted version By July 2000 , the film was being written for New Line by Ted Elliott , Terry Rossio , and Tim McCanlies . McCanlies ' script used the idea of a Nick Fury cameo to set up his own film . In June 2001 , New Line entered talks with Joss Whedon , a fan of the character , to direct , and in December 2002 , McCanlies had turned in a completed script . In December 2004 , the studio attached director Nick Cassavetes to the project for a target 2006 release . Screenplay drafts were written by Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and David Hayter , and pitted Iron Man against his father Howard Stark , who becomes War Machine . After two years of unsuccessful development , and the deal with Cassavetes falling through , New Line Cinema returned the film rights to Marvel . In November 2005 , Marvel Studios worked to start development from scratch , and announced Iron Man as their first independent feature , as the character was their only major one not already depicted in live action . According to associate producer Jeremy Latcham , `` we went after about 30 writers and they all passed '' , saying they were uninterested in the project due to both the relative obscurity of the character and it being a solely Marvel production . Even the rewrites when the film had a script led to many refusals . In order to build awareness for Iron Man from the general public , and put him on the same level of popularity as Spider - Man or Hulk , Marvel conducted focus groups to help remove the general perception that the character was a robot . After the groups proved successful , the information Marvel received helped them formulate an awareness - building plan , which included releasing three animated short films ahead of the film 's release . The shorts were called `` Iron Man Advertorials '' , and were produced by Tim Miller and Blur Studio . Pre-production ( edit ) Jon Favreau was hired to direct the film in April 2006 , celebrating getting the job by going on a diet , losing 70 pounds ( 32 kg ) . Favreau had wanted to work with Marvel producer Avi Arad on another film after they both worked on Daredevil . The director found the opportunity to create a politically ambitious `` ultimate spy movie '' in Iron Man , citing inspiration from Tom Clancy , James Bond , and RoboCop , and compared his approach to an independent film -- `` ( i ) f Robert Altman had directed Superman '' -- and Batman Begins . Favreau wanted to make Iron Man a story of an adult man literally reinventing himself after discovering the world is far more complex than he originally believed . He changed the Vietnam War origin of the character to Afghanistan , as he did not want to do a period piece . Art Marcum & Matt Holloway were hired to write the script , while Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby wrote another version , with Favreau compiling both teams ' scripts , and John August then `` polishing '' the combined version . Comic book staff Mark Millar , Brian Michael Bendis , Joe Quesada , Tom Brevoort , Axel Alonso , and Ralph Macchio were also called upon by Favreau to give advice on the script . Favreau planned to cast a newcomer in the title role , as `` those movies do n't require an expensive star ; Iron Man 's the star , the superhero is the star . The success of X-Men and Spider - Man without being star - driven pieces reassures ( executives ) that the film does have an upside commercially . '' However , in September 2006 , Robert Downey , Jr. was cast in the role . Favreau chose Downey , a fan of the comic , because he felt the actor 's past made him an appropriate choice for the part , explaining `` The best and worst moments of Robert 's life have been in the public eye . He had to find an inner balance to overcome obstacles that went far beyond his career . That 's Tony Stark . '' Favreau faced opposition from Marvel in casting Downey , but would not take no for an answer , saying , `` It was my job as a director to show that it was the best choice creatively ... everybody knew he was talented ( and ) certainly by studying the Iron Man role and developing that script I realized that the character seemed to line - up with Robert in all the good and bad ways . While preparing for filming , Favreau and Downey were given a tour of SpaceX by Elon Musk . Downey said , `` Elon was someone Tony probably hung out with and partied with , or more likely they went on some weird jungle trek together to drink concoctions with the shamans . '' Additional casting for the film occurred over the next few months : Terrence Howard was announced in the role of Stark 's best friend Jim Rhodes in October 2006 ; Gwyneth Paltrow was cast as love interest Virginia `` Pepper '' Potts in January 2007 ; and Jeff Bridges was cast in an undisclosed role in February . Choosing a character to be the villain of the film was difficult , as Favreau felt Iron Man 's archnemesis the Mandarin would not feel realistic , especially after Mark Millar gave his opinion on the script . He felt only in a sequel , with an altered tone , would the fantasy of the Mandarin 's rings be appropriate . The decision to push him into the background is comparable to Sauron in The Lord of the Rings , or Palpatine in Star Wars . Favreau also wanted Iron Man to face a giant enemy . The switch from Mandarin to Obadiah Stane was done after Bridges was cast in that role , with Stane originally intended to become a villain in the sequel . The Crimson Dynamo was also a villain in early drafts of the script . Favreau felt it was important to include intentional inside references for fans of the comics , such as giving the two fighter jets that attack Iron Man the call signs of `` Whiplash 1 '' and `` Whiplash 2 '' , a reference to the comic book villain Whiplash , and including Captain America 's shield in Stark 's workshop . A scale model of the `` Iron Monger '' suit . Favreau wanted the film to be believable by showing the construction of the Iron Man suit in its three stages . Stan Winston , a fan of the comic book , and his company , who Favreau worked with on Zathura , built metal and rubber versions of the armors . The Mark I design was intended to look like it was built from spare parts . The back is less armored than the front , because Stark would use his resources for a forward attack . It also foreshadows the design of Stane 's armor . A single 90 - pound ( 41 kg ) version was built , causing concern when a stuntman fell over inside it , though both the stuntman and the suit were unscathed . The armor was also designed to only have its top half worn at times . Stan Winston Studios built a 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) , 800 - pound ( 360 kg ) animatronic version of `` Iron Monger '' ( Obadiah Stane ) , a name which Obadiah Stane calls Tony Stark and himself earlier in the film as a reference , but is never actually used for the suit itself in the film . The animatronic required five operators for the arm , and was built on a gimbal to simulate walking . A scale model was used for the shots of it being built . The Mark II resembles an airplane prototype , with visible flaps . Iron Man comic book artist Adi Granov designed the Mark III with illustrator Phil Saunders . Granov 's designs were the primary inspiration for the film 's , and he came on board the film after he recognized his work on Jon Favreau 's MySpace page . Saunders streamlined Granov 's concept art , making it stealthier and less cartoonish in its proportions , and also designed the War Machine armor , but it was `` cut from the script about halfway through pre-production . '' He explained that the War Machine armor `` was going to be called the Mark IV armor and would have had weaponized swap - out parts that would be worn over the original Mark III armor , '' and that it `` would have been worn by Tony Stark in the final battle sequence . '' Filming ( edit ) Production was based in the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista , Los Angeles , California . Howard Hughes was one of the inspirations for the comic book , and the filmmakers acknowledged the coincidence that they would film Iron Man creating the flying Mark III where the Hughes H - 4 Hercules was built . Favreau rejected the East Coast setting of the comic books because many superhero films had already been set there . Filming began on March 12 , 2007 , with the first few weeks spent on Stark 's captivity in Afghanistan . The cave where Stark is imprisoned was a 150 - to - 200 - yard ( 140 -- 180 m ) long set , which had movable forks in the caverns to allow greater freedom for the film 's crew . Production designer J. Michael Riva saw footage of a Taliban fighter in Afghanistan , and saw the cold breath as he spoke : realizing remote caves are actually very cold , Riva placed an air conditioning system in the set . He also sought Downey 's advice about makeshift objects in prison , such as a sock being used to make tea . Afterwards , Stark 's capture was filmed at Lone Pine , and other exterior scenes in Afghanistan were filmed at Olancha Sand Dunes , where the crew endured two days of 40 - to - 60 - mile - per - hour ( 64 -- 97 km / h ) winds . Filming at Edwards Air Force Base began in mid-April , and ended on May 2 . Exterior shots of Stark 's home were digitally added to footage of Point Dume in Malibu , while the interior was built at Playa Vista , where Favreau and Riva aimed to make Stark 's home look less futuristic and more `` grease monkey '' . Filming concluded on June 25 , 2007 , at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . Favreau , a newcomer to action films , remarked , `` I 'm shocked that I ( was ) on schedule . I thought that there were going to be many curveballs '' . He hired `` people who are good at creating action '' , so `` the human story ( felt ) like it belongs to the comic book genre '' . There was much improvisation in dialogue scenes , because the script was not completed when filming began ( the filmmakers had focused on the story making sense and planning the action ) . Favreau felt that improvisation would make the film feel more natural . Some scenes were shot with two cameras to capture lines said on the spot . Multiple takes were done , as Downey wanted to try something new each time . It was Downey 's idea to have Stark hold a news conference on the floor , and he created the speech Stark makes when demonstrating the Jericho weapon . Bridges described this approach as `` a $200 million student film '' , and noted that it caused stress for Marvel executives when the stars were trying to come up with dialogue on the day of filming scenes . He also noted that in some instances , he and Downey would swap characters for rehearsal to see how their own lines sounded . The dialogue for the Nick Fury cameo scene was also changed on set , with comic writer Brian Michael Bendis providing three pages of dialogue for the part , and the filmmakers choosing the best lines for filming on set . The Nick Fury cameo was filmed with a skeleton crew in order to keep it a secret , but rumors appeared on the Internet only days later . Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige subsequently had the scene removed from all preview prints in order to maintain the surprise and keep fans guessing . Post-production ( edit ) Favreau 's main concern with the film 's effects was whether the transition between the computer - generated and practical costumes would be too obvious . He hired Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) to create the bulk of the visual effects for the film after seeing Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Transformers . The Orphanage and The Embassy did additional work , with the latter creating a digital version of the Mark I armor . To help with animating the more refined suits , information was sometimes captured by having Downey wear only the helmet , sleeves and chest of the costume over a motion capture suit , and skydivers were filmed in a vertical wind tunnel to study the physics of flying . For shots of the Mark III flying , it was animated to look realistic by taking off slowly , and landing quickly . To generate shots of Iron Man and the F - 22 Raptors battling , cameras were flown in the air to provide reference for physics , wind and frost on the lenses . Music ( edit ) Further information : Iron Man ( soundtrack ) and Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe Composer Ramin Djawadi had been a fan of the character Iron Man as a child , saying that he always liked superheroes `` that actually do n't have any superpowers '' . After Favreau 's previous collaborator John Debney was unavailable to score the film , Djawadi sought out the role himself . Favreau had a clear vision of heavy metal music and guitars for the project , saying that Tony Stark was more of a rock star than a traditional superhero . Djawadi subsequently composed most of the film 's score on guitar , before arranging it for orchestra . Djawadi had help with arrangements and additional cues from Hans Zimmer and Remote Control Productions , and Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello , who makes a cameo appearance in the film , contributed guitar performances to the score . The film also features a big band - style arrangement of the Iron Man theme song from the 1966 cartoon The Marvel Super Heroes from frequent Favreau collaborators John O'Brien and Rick Boston . A soundtrack featuring Djawadi 's score was released by Lions Gate Records on April 29 , 2008 . Release ( edit ) The premiere was held at the Greater Union theater at George Street , Sydney , on April 14 , 2008 . The film was released in the United States on May 2 , 2008 , while the international release was pushed to April 30 , 2008 . Marketing ( edit ) Downey promoting the film in Mexico City Marvel and Paramount modeled their marketing campaign for Iron Man on that of Transformers . In May 2008 , Sega released an official tie - in video game based on the film on multiple gaming platforms . Downey , Howard and Taub reprise their roles from the film . A 30 - second spot for the film aired during a Super Bowl XLII break . 6,400 7 - Eleven stores in the United States helped promote the film , and LG Group also made a deal with Paramount . Hasbro created figures of armors from the film , as well as Titanium Man ( who appears in the video game ) and the armor from the World War Hulk comics . Worldwide , Burger King and Audi promoted the film . Jon Favreau was set to direct a commercial for the fast - food chain , as Michael Bay did for Transformers . In the film , Tony Stark drives an Audi R8 , and also has an `` American cheeseburger '' from Burger King after his rescue from Afghanistan , as part of the studio 's product placement deal with the respective companies . Three other vehicles , the Audi S6 sedan , Audi S5 sports coupe and the Audi Q7 SUV , also appear in the film . Audi created a tie - in website , as General Motors did for Transformers . Oracle Corporation also promoted the film on its site . Several tie - in comics were released for the film . Home media ( edit ) The film was released by Paramount Home Media Distribution on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on September 30 , 2008 , in the United States and Canada , and October 27 , 2008 in Europe . DVD sales were very successful , selling over 4 million copies the first week and generating a gross of over US $93 million . There were a total of 9 million copies sold and an accumulated total sales of over $160 million ( not including Blu - ray ) . For the home releases of the film , the image on the newspaper Stark reads before he announces he is Iron Man had to be altered because of amateur photographer Ronnie Adams filing a lawsuit against Paramount and Marvel for using his on - location spy photo in the scene . A Wal - Mart - exclusive release included a preview of Iron Man : Armored Adventures . The film was also collected in a 10 - disc box set titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase One -- Avengers Assembled '' which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on April 2 , 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Iron Man earned $318.4 million in the United States and Canada and $266.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide gross of $585.2 million . In its opening weekend , Iron Man grossed $98.6 million in 4,105 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking first at the box office , giving it the eleventh biggest - opening weekend at the time , ninth - widest release in terms of theaters , and the third highest - grossing opening weekend of 2008 behind Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and The Dark Knight . It grossed $35.2 million on its first day , giving it the thirteenth biggest - opening day at the time . Iron Man had the second - best premiere for a non-sequel , behind Spider - Man , and the fourth biggest - opening for a superhero film . Iron Man was also the number one film in the U.S. and Canada in its second weekend , grossing $51.1 million , giving it the twelfth - best second weekend and the fifth - best for a non-sequel . On June 18 , 2008 , Iron Man became that year 's first film to pass the $300 million mark for the domestic box office . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 268 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Director Jon Favreau and star Robert Downey Jr. make this smart , high impact superhero movie one that even non-comics fans can enjoy . '' In May 2008 , Rotten Tomatoes review aggregator Jen Yamato identified Iron Man as the `` best - reviewed film of the year so far '' . On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 79 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , signifying `` generally favorable reviews '' . Among the major trade journals , Todd McCarthy of Variety called the film an `` expansively entertaining special effects extravaganza '' with `` fresh energy and stylistic polish '' , while Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film , while nonetheless finding `` disappointment ( in ) a climatic ( sic ) battle between different Iron Man prototypes ( ... ) how did Tony 's nemesis learn how to use the suit ? '' In one of the first major - daily newspaper reviews , Frank Lovece of Newsday lauded the film 's `` emotional truth ( ... ) pitch - perfect casting and plausibly rendered super-science '' that made it `` faithful to the source material while updating it -- and recognizing what 's made that material so enduring is n't just the high - tech cool of a man in a metal suit , but the human condition that got him there '' . A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the film `` an unusually good superhero picture . Or at least -- since it certainly has its problems -- a superhero movie that 's good in unusual ways . '' Among the specialty press , Garth Franklin of Dark Horizons commended the `` impressive sets and mechanics that combine smoothly with relatively seamless CG '' , and said , `` Robert Downey Jr. , along with director Jon Favreau ( ... ) help this rise above formula . The result is something that , whilst hardly original or groundbreaking , is nevertheless refreshing in its earnestness to avoid dark dramatic stylings in favor of an easy - going , crowd - pleasing action movie with a sprinkle of anti-war and redemption themes '' . Among major metropolitan weeklies , David Edelstein of New York magazine called the film `` a shapely piece of mythmaking ( ... ) Favreau does n't go in for stylized comic - book frames , at least in the first half . He gets real with it -- you 'd think you were watching a military thriller '' , while conversely , David Denby of The New Yorker gave a negative review , claiming `` a slightly depressed , going - through - the - motions feel to the entire show ( ... ) Gwyneth Paltrow , widening her eyes and palpitating , ca n't do much with an antique role as Stark 's girl Friday , who loves him but ca n't say so ; Terrence Howard , playing a military man who chases around after Stark , looks dispirited and taken for granted '' . IGN 's Todd Gilchrist recognized Downey as `` the best thing '' in a film that `` functions on autopilot , providing requisite story developments and character details to fill in this default ' origin story ' while the actors successfully breathe life into their otherwise conventional roles '' . Noting the cultural elements of the film , Cristobal Giraldez Catalan of Bright Lights Film Journal wrote , `` Iron Man is far more than playboy fantasy ; it is American foreign policy realized without context ( ... and ) with narrative and directorial precision , once again provides the high - fidelity misogyny and anti-Muslim rhetoric Hollywood is known for . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2008 MTV Movie Awards Best Summer Movie So Far Iron Man Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Iron Man Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Action Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Action Gwyneth Paltrow Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Jeff Bridges Nominated Scream Awards Best Actress in a Science Fiction Movie or TV Show Gwyneth Paltrow Nominated 2009 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Iron Man Nominated Favorite Male Action Star Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Favorite Male Movie Star Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Favorite Superhero Robert Downey Jr. as Iron Man Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble Nominated USC Scripter Awards USC Libraries 21st Annual Scripter Award Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Shane Mahan , John Nelson , Ben Snow Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Ramin Djawadi Nominated VES Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Ben Snow , Hal Hickel , Victoria Alonso , John Nelson Nominated Best Single Visual Effect of the Year Ben Snow , Wayne Billheimer , Victoria Alonso , John Nelson Nominated Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Motion Picture Hal Hickel , Bruce Holcomb , James Tooley , John Walker Nominated Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Feature Motion Picture Aaron McBride , Russell Paul , Gerald Gutschmidt , Kenji Yamaguchi for `` Suit Up Machine '' Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Jonathan Rothbart , Dav Rauch , Kyle McCulloch , Kent Seki for `` HUD Compositing '' Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects John Nelson , Ben Snow , Dan Sudick , and Shane Mahan Nominated Best Sound Editing Frank Eulner and Christopher Boyes Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Iron Man Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Iron Man Nominated Best Actor Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Superhero Iron Man Nominated Taurus World Stunt Awards Hardest Hit Iron Man Won Best Stunt Coordinator and / or 2nd Unit Director Thomas R. Harper , Phil Neilson , Keith Woulard Nominated Best Fire Stunt Mike Justus , Damien Moreno , Timothy P. Trella Won MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Iron Man Nominated Best Male Performance Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Iron Man Won Best Actor Robert Downey Jr . Won Best Actress Gwyneth Paltrow Nominated Best Supporting Actor Jeff Bridges Nominated Best Director Jon Favreau Won Best Screenplay Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Nominated Best Score Ramin Djawadi Nominated Best Visual Effects Iron Man Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation -- Long Form Iron Man Nominated Roger Ebert and Richard Corliss named Iron Man as among their favorite films of 2008 . It was selected by the American Film Institute as one of the ten best films of the year , and by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . Tony Stark was also selected by Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time , and on their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters , Fandomania.com ranked him at number 37 . Sequels ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man 2 ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 2 A sequel written by Justin Theroux and released in the United States on May 7 , 2010 , saw Favreau , Downey , Paltrow , and Jackson returning . Don Cheadle replaced Terrence Howard in the role of Colonel Rhodes , who is also seen as War Machine . Also starring are Mickey Rourke as villain Ivan Vanko , Sam Rockwell as Justin Hammer , and Scarlett Johansson as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Natasha Romanoff . Iron Man 3 ( edit ) Main article : Iron Man 3 Walt Disney Studios and Marvel Studios released a second sequel on May 3 , 2013 , with Favreau opting to direct Magic Kingdom instead , but still reprising his role as Happy Hogan . Downey , Paltrow , and Cheadle also return , while Shane Black took over directing , from a screenplay by Drew Pearce . Guy Pearce also starred as Aldrich Killian , and Ben Kingsley as Trevor Slattery . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring powered exoskeletons Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In July 2013 , the film 's distribution rights were transferred from Paramount Pictures to Walt Disney Studios . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tadena , Nathalie . `` Disney Acquires Distribution Rights to Four Marvel Films From Paramount '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Completes Purchase of Marvel Home Entertainment Distribution Rights '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . 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Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Hugo Awards '' . thehugoawards.org . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` The best films of 2008 ... and there were a lot of them '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Movies '' . TIME . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2008 '' . afi.com . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Characters of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Fictional Characters '' . Fandomania.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Iron Man 3 to come to theaters in 2013 '' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` No Favreau ? 10 Directors Who Could Take Over Iron Man 3 '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki and Mike Fleming ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Shane Black To Direct Marvel 's ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron Man ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Iron Man ( film ) Official website Iron Man on IMDb Iron Man at the TCM Movie Database Iron Man at AllMovie Iron Man Don Heck Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Bethany Cabe Captain America Doctor Doom Friday Rumiko Fujikawa Guardsman Maria Hill Happy Hogan H.O.M.E.R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first iron man come out	[ "Iron Man is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures.[N 1] It is the first film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Jon Favreau, with a screenplay by the writing teams of Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum and Matt Holloway. It stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man, alongside Terrence Howard, Jeff Bridges, Shaun Toub, and Gwyneth Paltrow. In Iron Man, Tony Stark, an industrialist and master engineer, builds a powered exoskeleton and becomes the technologically advanced superhero Iron Man." ]	[ "2008" ]
5655493461695504401	Email marketing	Email marketing - Wikipedia Email marketing Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Internet marketing Search engine optimization Local search engine optimisation Social media marketing Email marketing Referral marketing Content marketing Native advertising Search engine marketing Pay - per - click Cost per impression Search analytics Web analytics Display advertising Ad blocking Contextual advertising Behavioral targeting Affiliate marketing Cost per action Revenue sharing Mobile advertising Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message , typically to a group of people , using email . In its broadest sense , every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing . It usually involves using email to send advertisements , request business , or solicit sales or donations , and is meant to build loyalty , trust , or brand awareness . Marketing emails can be sent to a purchased lead list or a current customer database . The term usually refers to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing a merchant 's relationship with current or previous customers , encouraging customer loyalty and repeat business , acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately , and sharing third - party ads . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Types 2.1 Transactional emails 2.2 Direct emails 2.2. 1 Mobile email marketing 3 Comparison to traditional mail 3.1 Advantages 3.2 Disadvantages 4 Opt - in email advertising 5 Legal requirements 5.1 Australia 5.2 Canada 5.3 European Union 5.4 United States 6 See also 7 References History Email marketing has evolved rapidly alongside the technological growth of the 21st century . Prior to this growth , when emails were novelties to the majority of customers , email marketing was not as effective . In 1978 , Gary Thuerk of Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) sent out the first mass email to approximately 400 potential clients via the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET ) . This email resulted in $13 million worth of sales in DEC products , and highlighted the potential of marketing through mass emails . However , as email marketing developed as an effective means of direct communication , users began blocking out content from emails with filters and blocking programs . In order to effectively communicate a message through email , marketers had to develop a way of pushing content through to the end user , without being cut out by automatic filters and spam removing software . This resulted in the birth of triggered marketing emails , which are sent to specific users based on their tracked online browsing patterns . Historically , it has been difficult to measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns because target markets can not be adequately defined . Email marketing carries the benefit of allowing marketers to identify returns on investment and measure and improve efficiency . Email marketing allows marketers to see feedback from users in real time , and to monitor how effective their campaign is in achieving market penetration , revealing a communication channel 's scope . At the same time , however , it also means that the more personal nature of certain advertising methods , such as television advertisements , can not be captured . Types Email marketing can be carried out through different types of emails : Transactional emails Transactional emails are usually triggered based on a customer 's action with a company . To be qualified as transactional or relationship messages , these communications ' primary purpose must be `` to facilitate , complete , or confirm a commercial transaction that the recipient has previously agreed to enter into with the sender '' along with a few other narrow definitions of transactional messaging . Triggered transactional messages include dropped basket messages , password reset emails , purchase or order confirmation emails , order status emails , reorder emails , and email receipts . The primary purpose of a transactional email is to convey information regarding the action that triggered it . But , due to their high open rates ( 51.3 % compared to 36.6 % for email newsletters ) , transactional emails are an opportunity to introduce or extend the email relationship with customers or subscribers ; to anticipate and answer questions ; or to cross-sell or up - sell products or services . Many email newsletter software vendors offer transactional email support , which gives companies the ability to include promotional messages within the body of transactional emails . There are also software vendors that offer specialized transactional email marketing services , which include providing targeted and personalized transactional email messages and running specific marketing campaigns ( such as customer referral programs ) . Direct emails Direct email involves sending an email solely to communicate a promotional message ( for example , a special offer or a product catalog ) . Companies usually collect a list of customer or prospect email addresses to send direct promotional messages to , or they rent a list of email addresses from service companies . Safe mail marketing is also used . Mobile email marketing Email marketing develops large amounts of traffic through smartphones and tablets . Marketers are researching ways to advertise to more users and to make them view advertising for longer . However , the rate of delivery is still relatively low due to better filtering - out of advertising and users having multiple email accounts for different purposes . Because emails are generated according to the tracked behavior of consumers , it is possible to send advertising which is based on the recipient 's behavior . Because of this , modern email marketing is perceived more often as a pull strategy rather than a push strategy . Comparison to traditional mail There are both advantages and disadvantages to using email marketing in comparison to traditional advertising mail . Advantages Email marketing is popular with companies for several reasons : An exact return on investment can be tracked ( `` track to basket '' ) and has proven to be high when done properly . Email marketing is often reported as second only to search marketing as the most effective online marketing tactic . Email marketing is significantly cheaper and faster than traditional mail , mainly because of the high cost and time required in a traditional mail campaign for producing the artwork , printing , addressing , and mailing . Businesses and organizations who send a high volume of emails can use an ESP ( email service provider ) to gather information about the behavior of the recipients . The insights provided by consumer response to email marketing help businesses and organizations understand and make use of consumer behavior . Email provides a cost - effective method to test different marketing content , including visual , creative , marketing copy , and multimedia assets . The data gathered by testing in the email channel can then be used across all channels of marketing campaigns , both print and digital . Advertisers can reach substantial numbers of email subscribers who have opted in ( i.e. , consented ) to receive the email . Almost half of American Internet users check or send email on a typical day , with emails delivered between 1 am and 5 am local time outperforming those sent at other times in open and click rates . Email is popular with digital marketers , rising an estimated 15 % in 2009 to £ 292 million in the UK . If compared to standard email , direct email marketing produces higher response rate and higher average order value for e-commerce businesses . Disadvantages As of mid-2016 email deliverability is still an issue for legitimate marketers . According to the report , legitimate email servers averaged a delivery rate of 73 % in the U.S. ; six percent were filtered as spam , and 22 % were missing . This lags behind other countries : Australia delivers at 90 % , Canada at 89 % , Britain at 88 % , France at 84 % , Germany at 80 % and Brazil at 79 % . Additionally , consumers receive on average circa 90 emails per day . Companies considering the use of an email marketing program must make sure that their program does not violate spam laws such as the United States ' Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ( CAN - SPAM ) , the European Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 , or their Internet service provider 's acceptable use policy . Opt - in email advertising Opt - in email advertising , or permission marketing , is a method of advertising via email whereby the recipient of the advertisement has consented to receive it . This method is one of several developed by marketers to eliminate the disadvantages of email marketing . Opt - in email marketing may evolve into a technology that uses a handshake protocol between the sender and receiver . This system is intended to eventually result in a high degree of satisfaction between consumers and marketers . If opt - in email advertising is used , the material that is emailed to consumers will be `` anticipated '' . It is assumed that the recipient wants to receive it , which makes it unlike unsolicited advertisements sent to the consumer . Ideally , opt - in email advertisements will be more personal and relevant to the consumer than untargeted advertisements . A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm 's customers . Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions , or new products . In this type of advertising , a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter . With a foundation of opted - in contact information stored in their database , marketers can send out promotional materials automatically using autoresponders -- known as drip marketing . They can also segment their promotions to specific market segments . Legal requirements Australia The Australian Spam Act 2003 is enforced by the Australian Communications and Media Authority , widely known as `` ACMA '' . The act defines the term unsolicited electronic messages , states how unsubscribe functions must work for commercial messages , and gives other key information . Fines range with 3 fines of AU $110,000 being issued to Virgin Blue Airlines ( 2011 ) , Tiger Airways Holdings Limited ( 2012 ) and Cellar master Wines Pty Limited ( 2013 ) . Canada The `` Canada Anti-Spam Law '' ( CASL ) went into effect on July 1 , 2014 . CASL requires an explicit or implicit opt - in from users , and the maximum fines for noncompliance are CA $ 1 million for individuals and $10 million for businesses . European Union In 2002 the European Union ( EU ) introduced the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications . Article 13 of the Directive prohibits the use of personal email addresses for marketing purposes . The Directive establishes the opt - in regime , where unsolicited emails may be sent only with prior agreement of the recipient ; this does not apply to business email addresses . The directive has since been incorporated into the laws of member states . In the UK it is covered under the Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 and applies to all organizations that send out marketing by some form of electronic communication . United states The CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 was passed by Congress as a direct response of the growing number of complaints over spam e-mails . Congress determined that the US government was showing an increased interest in the regulation of commercial electronic mail nationally , that those who send commercial e-mails should not mislead recipients over the source or content of them , and that all recipients of such emails have a right to decline them . The act authorizes a US $16,000 penalty per violation for spamming each individual recipient . However , it does not ban spam emailing outright , but imposes laws on using deceptive marketing methods through headings which are `` materially false or misleading '' . In addition there are conditions which email marketers must meet in terms of their format , their content and labeling . As a result , many commercial email marketers within the United States utilize a service or special software to ensure compliance with the act . A variety of older systems exist that do not ensure compliance with the act . To comply with the act 's regulation of commercial email , services also typically require users to authenticate their return address and include a valid physical address , provide a one - click unsubscribe feature , and prohibit importing lists of purchased addresses that may not have given valid permission . In addition to satisfying legal requirements , email service providers ( ESPs ) began to help customers establish and manage their own email marketing campaigns . The service providers supply email templates and general best practices , as well as methods for handling subscriptions and cancellations automatically . Some ESPs will provide insight and assistance with deliverability issues for major email providers . They also provide statistics pertaining to the number of messages received and opened , and whether the recipients clicked on any links within the messages . The CAN - SPAM Act was updated with some new regulations including a no - fee provision for opting out , further definition of `` sender '' , post office or private mail boxes count as a `` valid physical postal address '' and definition of `` person '' . These new provisions went into effect on July 7 , 2008 . See also CAUCE -- Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email Customer engagement Suppression list Email spam - Unsolicited email marketing References Jump up ^ `` spam unsolicited e-mail '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PUBLIC LAW 108 -- 187 -- DEC . 16 , 2003 117 STAT. 2699 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government GPO . Jump up ^ ADIKESAVAN , T. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEST PRACTICES AND APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS . ISBN 8120348966 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MECLABS , content : MarketingSherpa , design : Scott McDaniel , code : Steve Beger , ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Survey Data : Email 's ROI Makes Tactic Key for Marketers in 2009 '' . MarketingSherpa.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pew Internet & American Life Project , `` Tracking surveys '' , March 2000 -- March 2009 Jump up ^ How Scheduling Affects Rates . Mailermailer.com ( July 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BtoB Magazine , `` Early Email Blasts Results in Higher Click & Open Rates '' Archived 2011 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , September 2011 Jump up ^ UK e-mail marketing predicted to rise 15 % . MediaWeek.co.uk ( 13 October 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Why Email Marketing is King '' . Harvard Business Review ( 21 August 2012 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , A. `` Email deliverability is on the decline : report '' , ClickZ Jump up ^ Radicati , Sara . `` Email Statistics Report , 2014 - 2018 '' ( PDF ) . The Radicati Group , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Information '' . Consumer Information . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fairhead , N. ( 2003 ) `` All hail the brave new world of permission marketing via email '' ( Media 16 , August 2003 ) Jump up ^ Dilworth , Dianna ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House sends sizzling e-mails for special occasions '' . DMNews . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ O'Brian J. & Montazemia , A. ( 2004 ) Management Information Systems ( Canada : McGraw - Hill Ryerson Ltd . ) Jump up ^ `` Spam : enforcement actions '' . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moorcraft , Bethan . `` Law could force idle brokers back to dark ages '' . Insurance Business . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's law on spam '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 ... Jump up ^ The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 Archived November 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CAN - SPAM Act : A Compliance Guide for Business '' . FTC.gov . BCP Business Center . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Approves New Rule Provision Under The CAN - SPAM Act '' . FTC.gov . June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 16 CFR Part 316 Definitions and Implementation Under the CAN -- SPAM Act ; Final Rule '' ( PDF ) . FTC.gov . May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_marketing&oldid=814071202 '' Categories : Advertising by medium Email Digital marketing Market research Marketing techniques Online advertising Spamming Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 06 . About Wikipedia	which is the most common use of opt-in e-mail marketing	[ "A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm's customers. Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions, or new products.[14] In this type of advertising, a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter." ]	[ "a newsletter sent to an advertising firm's customers" ]
5328212470870865242	The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)	The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how i.met your mother who is the mother	[ "Tracy McConnell, better known as \"The Mother\", is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted, tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from \"Lucky Penny\" to \"The Time Travelers\" as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in \"Something New\" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti." ]	[ "Tracy McConnell" ]
5289242154789678439	List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders	List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders - wikipedia List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders Jump to : navigation , search NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2017 season Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Win -- loss records 2012 Running backs ( show ) Career rushing attempts leaders Career rushing yards leaders Career rushing touchdowns leaders Annual rushing yards leaders Annual rushing touchdowns leaders 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receivers ( show ) Career receptions leaders Career receiving yards leaders Career receiving touchdowns leaders Annual receptions leaders Annual receiving yards leaders Annual receiving touchdowns leaders Defense ( show ) Career sacks leaders Annual sacks leaders Career interceptions leaders Annual interceptions leaders Special teams ( show ) Longest field goals Career field goals leaders Career punting yards leaders Career punt return yards leaders Career kickoff return yards leaders Annual field goals leaders Annual punting yards leaders Annual punt return yards leaders Annual kickoff return yards leaders Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Career all - purpose yards leaders Career scoring leaders Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements The following is a list of the top National Football League ( NFL ) quarterbacks in wins . In the NFL , the quarterback is the only position that is credited with records of wins and losses . Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220 , most regular season wins with 195 , and most postseason wins with 25 , as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season . Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots , each of Brady 's win records also apply to wins with a single team . Among retired players , the record for most wins is held by Peyton Manning with 200 . In his final professional game , Manning set the then - record for wins , surpassing Brett Favre who retired with 199 wins . Other previous record - holders include John Elway ( 162 ) , Fran Tarkenton ( 130 ) , and Johnny Unitas ( 124 ) . Otto Graham holds the record for the highest winning percentage with a minimum of 35 wins at . 788 ( 61 wins to 16 losses ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history 2 Next in Line 3 Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history 4 See also 5 References Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history ( edit ) This sortable table shows the top 100 NFL quarterbacks in order of total wins , both regular season and playoffs , since the start of the modern era , 1950 . The table also shows every team that a quarterback played for . If two quarterbacks have the same number of wins , the player with the highest winning percentage is ranked first . When sorting teams : Players are listed in order of number of wins for team . The following are grouped together Arizona , Phoenix and St. Louis Cardinals Los Angeles and St. Louis Rams Los Angeles and San Diego Chargers Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders Tennessee Titans and Houston Oilers Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts ( except 1950 Baltimore Colts , a separate franchise which folded ) To reset the table to its default sorting settings , simply reload the page . Updated through the December 31 games . Active player Winning percentage ≥ . 600 Winning percentage ≥ . 700 Hall of Fame Quarterbacks ranked by total wins , then winning percentage Rank Quarterback Seasons Teams Regular Season Playoffs Career wins Career losses Ties Win Pct Updated through Tom Brady 2000 -- present New England a ! New England 196 55 25 9 221 64 0 . 775 Week 17 Peyton Manning 1998 -- 2011 Indianapolis A ! Indianapolis Colts 141 67 9 10 200 92 0 . 685 2012 -- 2015 Denver B ! Denver 45 12 5 Brett Favre 1991 Atlanta F ! Atlanta 0 0 199 123 0 . 618 1992 -- 2007 Green Bay a ! Green Bay 160 93 12 10 2008 NY Jets E ! New York Jets 9 7 2009 -- 2010 Minnesota F ! Minnesota 17 12 John Elway 1983 -- 1998 Denver A ! Denver 148 82 14 7 162 89 . 645 5 Dan Marino 1983 -- 1999 Miami a ! Miami 147 93 8 10 155 103 0 . 601 6 Ben Roethlisberger 2004 -- present Pittsburgh A ! Pittsburgh 135 63 13 7 148 70 0 . 679 Week 17 7 Drew Brees 2001 -- 2005 San Diego Chargers 30 28 0 148 111 0 . 571 2006 -- present New Orleans a ! New Orleans 112 78 6 Week 17 8 Joe Montana 1979 -- 1992 San Francisco a ! San Francisco 100 39 14 5 133 54 0 . 711 1993 -- 1994 Kansas City E ! Kansas City 17 8 9 Fran Tarkenton 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 Minnesota a ! Minnesota 91 73 6 5 130 114 6 . 533 1967 -- 1971 NY Giants E ! New York Giants 33 36 10 Johnny Unitas 1956 -- 1972 Indianapolis B ! Baltimore Colts 117 61 6 124 66 . 649 1973 San Diego Chargers 11 Terry Bradshaw 1970 -- 1983 Pittsburgh b ! Pittsburgh 107 51 14 5 121 56 0 . 684 12 Eli Manning 2004 -- present NY Giants a ! New York Giants 111 103 8 119 107 0 . 527 2017 season 13 Jim Kelly 1986 -- 1996 Buffalo A ! Buffalo 101 59 9 8 110 67 0 . 621 14 Philip Rivers 2004 -- present San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 106 86 5 110 91 0 . 547 2017 season 15 Donovan McNabb 1999 -- 2009 Philadelphia a ! Philadelphia 92 49 9 7 107 69 . 607 Washington I ! Washington 5 8 2011 Minnesota J ! Minnesota 5 16 Troy Aikman 1989 -- 2000 Dallas A ! Dallas 94 71 11 105 75 0 . 583 17 Warren Moon 1984 -- 1993 Tennessee B ! Houston Oilers 70 69 6 105 108 0 . 493 1994 -- 1996 Minnesota D ! Minnesota 21 18 0 1997 -- 1998 Seattle E ! Seattle 11 13 1999 -- 2000 Kansas City J ! Kansas City 0 18 Aaron Rodgers 2005 -- present Green Bay b ! Green Bay 94 48 9 7 103 55 0 . 652 2017 season 19 Ken Stabler 1970 -- 1979 Oakland a ! Oakland Raiders 69 26 7 103 54 . 655 1980 -- 1981 Tennessee E ! Houston Oilers 16 12 0 1982 -- 1984 New Orleans D ! New Orleans 11 11 20 Bart Starr 1956 -- 1971 Green Bay c ! Green Bay 94 57 9 103 58 6 . 635 21 Steve Young 1985 -- 1986 Tampa Bay F ! Tampa Bay 16 102 55 0 . 650 1987 -- 1999 San Francisco b ! San Francisco 91 33 8 6 22 Joe Flacco 2008 -- present Baltimore Ravens A ! Baltimore Ravens 92 62 10 5 102 67 0 . 604 2017 season 23 Phil Simms 1979 -- 1993 NY Giants b ! New York Giants 95 64 6 101 68 0 . 598 24 Dave Krieg 1980 -- 1991 Seattle a ! Seattle 70 49 101 83 0 . 549 1992 -- 1993 Kansas City F ! Kansas City 13 8 0 1994 Detroit F ! Detroit 5 0 1995 Arizona H ! Arizona Cardinals 12 Chicago F ! Chicago 6 6 1997 -- 1998 Tennessee M ! Tennessee Oilers 0 0 25 Drew Bledsoe 1993 -- 2001 New England C ! New England 63 60 101 98 0 . 508 2002 -- 2004 Buffalo D ! Buffalo 23 25 2005 -- 2006 Dallas F ! Dallas 12 10 26 Len Dawson 1957 -- 1959 Pittsburgh M ! Pittsburgh 0 99 60 8 . 617 1960 -- 1961 Cleveland J ! Cleveland 0 1962 -- 1975 Kansas City A ! Dallas Texans / Kansas City 93 56 5 27 Bob Griese 1967 -- 1980 Miami b ! Miami 92 56 6 5 98 61 . 614 28 Matt Ryan 2008 -- present Atlanta A ! Atlanta 95 63 5 98 68 0 . 590 Week 17 29 Roger Staubach 1969 -- 1979 Dallas B ! Dallas 85 29 11 6 96 35 0 . 733 30 Steve McNair 1995 -- 2005 Tennessee a ! Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / Titans 76 55 5 96 67 0 . 589 2006 -- 2007 Baltimore Ravens B ! Baltimore Ravens 15 7 0 31 Ken Anderson 1971 -- 1986 Cincinnati A ! Cincinnati 91 81 93 85 0 . 522 32 Carson Palmer 2004 -- 2010 Cincinnati D ! Cincinnati 46 51 0 93 91 . 505 2011 -- 2012 Oakland G ! Oakland Raiders 8 16 2013 -- present Arizona B ! Arizona Cardinals 38 21 2017 season 33 Vinny Testaverde 1987 -- 1992 Tampa Bay C ! Tampa Bay 24 48 92 126 . 422 1993 -- 1995 Cleveland F ! Cleveland 16 15 1996 -- 1997 Baltimore Ravens C ! Baltimore Ravens 8 20 1998 -- 2003 2005 NY Jets C ! New York Jets 35 26 Dallas G ! Dallas 5 10 2006 New England G ! New England 0 0 2007 Carolina D ! Carolina 34 Matt Hasselbeck 1999 -- 2000 Green Bay x ! Green Bay 0 0 91 80 0 . 532 2001 -- 2010 Seattle b ! Seattle 69 62 6 5 2011 -- 2012 Tennessee G ! Tennessee Titans 11 10 2013 -- 2015 Indianapolis F ! Indianapolis Colts 5 35 Alex Smith 2005 -- 2012 San Francisco E ! San Francisco 38 36 90 66 . 576 2013 -- present Kansas City B ! Kansas City 50 26 Week 17 36 Dan Fouts 1973 -- 1987 San Diego Chargers 86 84 89 88 . 503 37 Jim Hart 1966 -- 1983 Arizona A ! St. Louis Cardinals 87 88 87 88 5 . 497 1984 Washington Y ! Washington 0 0 38 Roman Gabriel 1962 -- 1972 Los Angeles Rams 74 39 0 86 66 7 . 563 1973 -- 1977 Philadelphia H ! Philadelphia 12 25 39 Craig Morton 1965 -- 1974 Dallas E ! Dallas 32 14 86 67 . 562 1974 -- 1976 NY Giants K ! New York Giants 8 25 1977 -- 1982 Denver c ! Denver 41 23 40 Randall Cunningham 1985 -- 1995 Philadelphia b ! Philadelphia 63 43 85 58 . 594 1997 -- 1999 Minnesota g ! Minnesota 16 7 2000 Dallas J ! Dallas Baltimore Ravens F ! Baltimore Ravens 0 41 Bobby Layne 1948 Chicago H ! Chicago 0 0 84 62 5 . 573 1949 New York Bulldogs 10 1950 -- 1958 Detroit B ! Detroit 53 29 1958 -- 1962 Pittsburgh D ! Pittsburgh 27 22 42 Kerry Collins 1995 -- 1998 Carolina C ! Carolina 22 20 84 103 0 . 449 1998 New Orleans F ! New Orleans 5 1999 -- 2003 NY Giants D ! New York Giants 35 33 2004 -- 2005 Oakland H ! Oakland Raiders 7 21 2006 -- 2010 Tennessee E ! Tennessee Titans 15 17 0 2011 Indianapolis z ! Indianapolis Colts 0 43 Joe Theismann 1974 -- 1985 Washington a ! Washington 77 47 6 83 49 0 . 629 44 Mark Brunell 1994 Green Bay x ! Green Bay 0 0 83 78 0 . 516 1995 -- 2003 Jacksonville a ! Jacksonville 63 54 2004 -- 2006 Washington F ! Washington 15 18 2008 -- 2009 New Orleans J ! New Orleans 0 2010 -- 2011 NY Jets H ! New York Jets 0 0 45 Boomer Esiason 1984 -- 1992 1997 Cincinnati C ! Cincinnati 62 61 83 95 0 . 466 1993 -- 1995 NY Jets D ! New York Jets 15 27 Arizona I ! Arizona Cardinals 5 46 John Hadl 1962 -- 1972 San Diego Chargers 59 54 0 82 77 9 . 515 1973 -- 1974 LA Rams E ! Los Angeles Rams 15 0 1974 -- 1975 Green Bay d ! Green Bay 7 12 1976 -- 1977 Tennessee K ! Houston Oilers 5 47 Tony Romo 2004 -- 2016 Dallas C ! Dallas 78 49 80 53 0 . 602 48 Rich Gannon 1987 -- 1992 Minnesota E ! Minnesota 19 16 80 59 0 . 576 1993 Washington L ! Washington 1995 -- 1998 Kansas City G ! Kansas City 11 8 1999 -- 2004 Oakland C ! Oakland Raiders 45 29 49 Jim Plunkett 1971 -- 1975 New England D ! New England 23 38 80 74 0 . 519 1976 -- 1977 San Francisco G ! San Francisco 11 15 1979 -- 1986 Oakland D ! Oakland / LA Raiders 38 19 8 50 Joe Ferguson 1973 -- 1984 Buffalo B ! Buffalo 77 86 80 95 0 . 457 1985 -- 1986 Detroit G ! Detroit 1988 -- 1989 Tampa Bay I ! Tampa Bay 0 1990 Indianapolis H ! Indianapolis Colts 0 0 51 Y.A. Tittle 1950 Baltimore Colts 6 78 54 5 . 588 1951 -- 1960 San Francisco d ! San Francisco 45 31 0 1961 -- 1964 NY Giants F ! New York Giants 32 13 0 52 Ron Jaworski 1974 -- 1976 LA Rams H ! Los Angeles Rams 0 0 77 73 . 513 1977 -- 1986 Philadelphia A ! Philadelphia 69 67 Miami F ! Miami 0 0 1989 Kansas City H ! Kansas City 53 Kurt Warner 1998 -- 2003 LA Rams D ! St. Louis Rams 35 15 5 76 53 0 . 589 NY Giants k ! New York Giants 5 2005 -- 2009 Arizona E ! Arizona Cardinals 27 30 54 Brad Johnson 1994 -- 1998 2005 -- 2006 Minnesota C ! Minnesota 28 18 0 76 56 0 . 576 1999 -- 2000 Washington E ! Washington 17 10 2001 -- 2004 Tampa Bay B ! Tampa Bay 26 23 2007 -- 2008 Dallas J ! Dallas 55 John Brodie 1957 -- 1973 San Francisco C ! San Francisco 74 76 76 79 8 . 491 56 Steve Grogan 1975 -- 1990 New England b ! New England 75 60 0 75 63 0 . 543 57 Jay Cutler 2006 -- 2008 Denver F ! Denver 17 20 75 80 0 . 484 2009 -- 2016 Chicago A ! Chicago 51 51 2017 -- present Miami D ! Miami 6 8 2017 season 58 Russell Wilson 2012 -- present Seattle C ! Seattle 65 30 8 73 34 . 681 2017 season 59 Jake Plummer 1997 -- 2002 Arizona D ! Arizona Cardinals 30 52 71 71 0 . 500 2003 -- 2006 Denver D ! Denver 39 15 60 Daryle Lamonica 1963 -- 1966 Buffalo E ! Buffalo 0 70 21 6 . 753 1967 -- 1974 Oakland B ! Oakland Raiders 62 16 5 61 Jim McMahon 1982 -- 1988 Chicago B ! Chicago 46 15 70 33 0 . 680 1989 San Diego Chargers 7 1990 -- 1992 Philadelphia I ! Philadelphia 9 1993 Minnesota H ! Minnesota 8 0 1994 Arizona J ! Arizona Cardinals 0 1995 -- 1996 Green Bay x ! Green Bay 0 0 62 Sonny Jurgensen 1957 -- 1963 Philadelphia G ! Philadelphia 17 22 69 73 7 . 487 1964 -- 1974 Washington B ! Washington 52 51 63 Chris Chandler 1988 -- 1989 Indianapolis E ! Indianapolis Colts 10 6 69 86 0 . 445 1990 -- 1991 Tampa Bay K ! Tampa Bay 0 6 1991 -- 1993 Arizona G ! Phoenix Cardinals 5 12 1994 LA Rams k ! Los Angeles Rams St. Louis Rams 6 1995 -- 1996 Tennessee H ! Houston Oilers 11 14 1997 -- 2001 Atlanta D ! Atlanta 34 33 2002 -- 2004 Chicago G ! Chicago 5 8 64 Jim Harbaugh 1987 -- 1993 Chicago D ! Chicago 35 30 0 68 77 0 . 469 1994 -- 1997 Indianapolis D ! Indianapolis Colts 20 26 1998 Baltimore Ravens E ! Baltimore Ravens 5 7 1998 -- 2000 San Diego Chargers 6 11 65 Danny White 1976 -- 1988 Dallas D ! Dallas 62 30 5 5 67 35 0 . 657 66 Earl Morrall 1956 San Francisco J ! San Francisco 67 38 . 634 1957 -- 1958 Pittsburgh F ! Pittsburgh 6 7 1958 -- 1964 Detroit D ! Detroit 15 11 1965 -- 1967 NY Giants J ! New York Giants 8 12 1968 -- 1971 Indianapolis C ! Baltimore Colts 22 1972 -- 1976 Miami c ! Miami 11 0 67 Jack Kemp 1957 Pittsburgh H ! Pittsburgh 0 0 67 41 . 617 1960 -- 1962 Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers 22 6 0 1962 -- 1969 Buffalo C ! Buffalo 43 31 68 Jim Everett 1986 -- 1993 LA Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 46 59 66 92 0 . 418 1994 -- 1996 New Orleans C ! New Orleans 17 30 1997 San Diego Chargers 0 69 Charlie Conerly 1948 -- 1961 NY Giants C ! New York Giants 65 39 0 65 41 . 612 70 Cam Newton 2011 -- present Carolina A ! Carolina 62 45 65 48 . 575 Week 17 71 Jay Schroeder 1985 -- 1987 Washington D ! Washington 24 7 64 40 0 . 615 1988 -- 1992 Oakland F ! LA Raiders 32 25 1993 Cincinnati G ! Cincinnati 0 1994 Arizona F ! Arizona Cardinals 5 72 Joe Namath 1965 -- 1976 NY Jets A ! New York Jets 60 61 64 64 . 500 1977 LA Rams I ! Los Angeles Rams 73 Norm Van Brocklin 1949 -- 1957 LA Rams C ! Los Angeles Rams 42 20 63 38 . 624 1958 -- 1960 Philadelphia F ! Philadelphia 19 16 0 74 Andy Dalton 2011 -- present Cincinnati B ! Cincinnati 63 44 0 63 48 . 566 2017 season 75 Michael Vick 2001 -- 2006 Atlanta C ! Atlanta 38 28 63 54 . 538 2009 -- 2013 Philadelphia E ! Philadelphia 20 20 0 2014 NY Jets G ! New York Jets 2015 Pittsburgh G ! Pittsburgh 76 Trent Dilfer 1994 -- 1999 Tampa Bay A ! Tampa Bay 38 38 63 56 0 . 529 2000 Baltimore Ravens D ! Baltimore Ravens 7 0 2001 -- 2004 Seattle F ! Seattle 8 2005 Cleveland G ! Cleveland 7 2007 San Francisco K ! San Francisco 5 77 Billy Kilmer 1967 -- 1970 New Orleans E ! New Orleans 11 29 63 57 . 525 1971 -- 1978 Washington C ! Washington 50 23 5 78 Otto Graham 1950 -- 1955 Cleveland A ! Cleveland 57 13 61 16 . 788 79 Jake Delhomme 1999 , 2002 New Orleans G ! New Orleans 61 43 0 . 587 2003 -- 2009 Carolina B ! Carolina 53 37 5 Cleveland I ! Cleveland 2011 Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans 0 0 80 Jeff Garcia 1999 -- 2003 San Francisco F ! San Francisco 35 36 60 62 0 . 492 Cleveland H ! Cleveland 7 2005 Detroit H ! Detroit 2006 , 2009 Philadelphia J ! Philadelphia 5 2007 -- 2008 Tampa Bay D ! Tampa Bay 14 10 0 2011 Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans 0 0 81 Matthew Stafford 2009 -- present Detroit A ! Detroit 60 65 0 60 68 0 . 469 2017 season 82 Steve Bartkowski 1975 -- 1985 Atlanta B ! Atlanta 55 66 60 71 0 . 458 1986 LA Rams G ! Los Angeles Rams 83 Charley Johnson 1961 -- 1969 Arizona C ! St. Louis Cardinals 36 28 59 57 8 . 508 1970 -- 1971 Tennessee J ! Houston Oilers 11 1972 -- 1975 Denver E ! Denver 20 18 84 Dan Pastorini 1971 -- 1979 Tennessee C ! Houston Oilers 53 54 59 63 0 . 484 1980 Oakland I ! Oakland Raiders 1981 LA Rams L ! Los Angeles Rams Philadelphia K ! Philadelphia 0 0 85 Frank Ryan 1958 -- 1961 LA Rams F ! Los Angeles Rams 5 5 58 29 . 661 1962 -- 1968 Cleveland D ! Cleveland 52 22 1969 -- 1970 Washington x ! Washington 0 0 86 Neil O'Donnell 1991 -- 1995 Pittsburgh C ! Pittsburgh 39 22 58 49 0 . 542 1996 -- 1997 NY Jets F ! New York Jets 8 12 1998 Cincinnati F ! Cincinnati 9 1999 -- 2003 Tennessee I ! Tennessee Titans 6 87 Brian Sipe 1974 -- 1983 Cleveland B ! Cleveland 57 55 0 57 56 0 . 504 88 Milt Plum 1957 -- 1961 Cleveland E ! Cleveland 33 16 0 56 42 6 . 567 1962 -- 1967 Detroit C ! Detroit 23 25 1968 LA Rams m ! Los Angeles Rams 0 0 1969 NY Giants m ! New York Giants 0 0 89 Bobby Hebert 1985 -- 1992 New Orleans B ! New Orleans 49 26 0 56 47 0 . 544 1993 -- 1996 Atlanta E ! Atlanta 7 18 90 Tommy Kramer 1977 -- 1989 Minnesota B ! Minnesota 54 56 56 58 0 . 491 1990 New Orleans I ! New Orleans 0 0 91 Bernie Kosar 1985 -- 1993 Cleveland C ! Cleveland 53 51 56 58 . 491 1993 Dallas K ! Dallas 0 1994 -- 1996 Miami F ! Miami 0 92 Trent Green 1997 -- 1998 Washington H ! Washington 6 8 56 59 0 . 487 2000 & 2008 LA Rams J ! St. Louis Rams 2001 -- 2006 Kansas City C ! Kansas City 48 40 0 2007 Miami G ! Miami 0 5 93 Jeff Hostetler 1985 -- 1992 NY Giants G ! New York Giants 16 9 0 55 33 0 . 625 1993 -- 1996 Oakland E ! LA / Oakland Raiders 33 22 1997 Washington K ! Washington 94 Ed Brown 1954 -- 1961 Chicago C ! Chicago 41 25 0 55 39 5 . 581 1962 -- 1965 Pittsburgh E ! Pittsburgh 14 13 1965 Indianapolis G ! Baltimore Colts 0 0 95 George Blanda 1949 -- 1958 Chicago E ! Chicago 8 12 55 51 . 519 1960 -- 1966 Tennessee D ! Houston Oilers 44 38 1967 -- 1975 Oakland J ! Oakland Raiders 0 96 Steve DeBerg 1978 -- 1980 San Francisco H ! San Francisco 7 28 54 89 . 378 1981 -- 1983 Denver G ! Denver 5 6 0 1984 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1993 Tampa Bay E ! Tampa Bay 8 29 1988 -- 1991 Kansas City D ! Kansas City 31 20 1993 Miami e ! Miami 1998 Atlanta G ! Atlanta 0 97 Stan Humphries 1989 -- 1990 Washington J ! Washington 53 34 0 . 609 1992 -- 1997 San Diego Chargers 47 29 98 Norm Snead 1961 -- 1963 Washington G ! Washington 9 30 52 100 7 . 349 1964 -- 1970 Philadelphia D ! Philadelphia 28 50 1971 Minnesota I ! Minnesota 0 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 NY Giants H ! New York Giants 11 14 1974 -- 1975 San Francisco I ! San Francisco 6 99 Ken O'Brien 1984 -- 1992 NY Jets B ! New York Jets 50 55 0 50 61 . 451 1993 Philadelphia N ! Philadelphia 0 100 Jon Kitna 1997 -- 2000 Seattle D ! Seattle 18 15 0 50 75 0 . 401 2001 -- 2005 Cincinnati E ! Cincinnati 18 28 2006 -- 2008 Detroit E ! Detroit 10 26 2010 -- 2011 Dallas H ! Dallas 5 Rank Quarterback Seasons Teams Career wins Career losses Ties Win Pct Updated through Regular Season Playoffs ^ * Note : Bobby Layne is listed as having started all 12 games for the Bulldogs ( NFL ) in 1949 . The record for that team is 1 -- 10 -- 1 . Combined with his official post -- 1949 won -- loss -- tied record of 80 -- 51 -- 4 ( 0.607 ) , his overall estimated won -- loss -- tied record is 81 -- 61 -- 5 ( 0.568 ) . ^ † Note : The 1950 Baltimore Colts are a defunct NFL team , not part of the current Colts franchise . Charlie Conerly is estimated to have gone 7 -- 8 -- 0 as a starter from 1948 -- 1949 . Combined with his official post-1949 won - loss - tied record of 58 -- 31 -- 1 ( 0.650 ) , his overall estimated won - loss - tied record is 65 -- 39 -- 1 ( 0.624 ) . Otto Graham also started 53 games for the Cleveland Browns when they were in the All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) . He finished his professional career ( AAFC and NFL ) with a 105 -- 17 -- 4 regular - season record ( 84.0 % win rate ) . Graham took his team to the championship game in all ten of his professional seasons winning seven of them ( 4 AAFC and 3 NFL ) . Next in Line ( edit ) Next 3 Active Quarterbacks in line Quarterback Seasons Played Teams Regular Season Playoffs Career wins Career losses Ties Win Pct Updated through Schaub , Matt Matt Schaub 2004 -- present 4 teams , currently Atlanta 47 45 48 46 0 . 511 backup Fitzpatrick , Ryan Ryan Fitzpatrick 2005 -- present 7 teams , currently Tampa Bay 48 70 48 70 0 . 407 backup Luck , Andrew Andrew Luck 2012 -- present Indianapolis Colts 43 27 46 30 0 . 605 2017 season Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history ( edit ) Active Player Hall of Fame QB Updated through the 2017 season . Rank Quarterback Wins Tom Brady 196 Brett Favre 186 Peyton Manning John Elway 148 5 Dan Marino 147 6 Drew Brees 142 7 Ben Roethlisberger 135 8 Fran Tarkenton 124 9 Johnny Unitas 118 10 Joe Montana 117 11 Eli Manning 111 12 Terry Bradshaw 107 13 Philip Rivers 106 14 Warren Moon 102 15 Jim Kelly 101 16 Dave Krieg 98 Drew Bledsoe Donovan McNabb 19 Ken Stabler 96 20 Phil Simms 95 Matt Ryan 22 Bart Starr 94 Len Dawson Troy Aikman Steve Young Aaron Rodgers 27 Bob Griese 92 Carson Palmer Joe Flacco 30 Ken Anderson 91 Steve McNair 32 Vinny Testaverde 90 33 Alex Smith 88 Rank Quarterback Wins 34 Jim Hart 87 35 Roman Gabriel 86 Dan Fouts 37 Roger Staubach 85 Matt Hasselbeck 39 John Hadl 82 Randall Cunningham 41 Bobby Layne 81 Craig Morton Kerry Collins 44 Boomer Esiason 80 45 Joe Ferguson 79 46 Y.A. Tittle 78 Mark Brunell Tony Romo 49 Joe Theismann 77 50 Rich Gannon 76 51 Steve Grogan 75 52 John Brodie 74 53 Ron Jaworski 73 Jay Cutler 55 Jim Plunkett 72 Brad Johnson 57 Sonny Jurgensen 69 Jake Plummer 59 Jim McMahon 67 Chris Chandler Kurt Warner 62 Daryle Lamonica 66 Jim Harbaugh 64 Charlie Conerly 65 Jack Kemp Russell Wilson Rank Quarterback Wins 67 Jim Everett 64 68 Earl Morrall 63 Andy Dalton 70 Joe Namath 62 Danny White Cam Newton 73 Norm Van Brocklin 61 Billy Kilmer Jay Schroeder Michael Vick 77 Matthew Stafford 60 78 Charley Johnson 59 Steve Bartkowski 80 Trent Dilfer 58 Jeff Garcia 82 Otto Graham 57 Frank Ryan Brian Sipe 85 Milt Plum 56 Dan Pastorini Bobby Hebert Trent Green Jake Delhomme 90 Ed Brown 55 Neil O'Donnell 92 Tommy Kramer 54 93 George Blanda 53 Steve DeBerg Bernie Kosar 96 Norm Snead 52 97 Jeff Hostetler 51 98 Ken O'Brien 50 Stan Humphries Jon Kitna See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( individual ) # QB Wins NFL starting quarterback playoff records List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Statistics '' . pPro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Marino Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Roethlisberger Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Montana Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fran Tarkenton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Unitas Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Bradshaw Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Eli Manning Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Kelly Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Rivers Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan McNabb Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Aikman Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Moon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Stabler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bart Starr Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Young Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Flacco Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Simms Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Krieg Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Bledsoe Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Len Dawson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Griese Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Staubach Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Steve McNair Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Anderson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Palmer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Vinny Testaverde Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Hasselbeck Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Smith Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Fouts Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Hart Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Gabriel Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Morton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Randall Cunningham Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby Layne Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Collins Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Theismann Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Brunell Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Boomer Esiason Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Hadl Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Rich Gannon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Plunkett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Ferguson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Y.A. Tittle Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Jaworski Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Warner Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Johnson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Brodie Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Grogan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Wilson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Plummer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Daryle Lamonica Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jim McMahon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sonny Jurgensen Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Chandler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Harbaugh Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Danny White Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Morrall Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Kemp Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Everett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Conerly Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Schroeder Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Namath Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Norm Van Brocklin Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Dalton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Trent Dilfer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Kilmer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Otto Graham Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Delhomme Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Garcia Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Stafford Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Bartkowski Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Charley Johnson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Pastorini Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Ryan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Neil O'Donnell Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Sipe Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Milt Plum Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hebert Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Kramer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Kosar Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Trent Green Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hostetler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Brown Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` George Blanda Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Steve DeBerg Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Humphries Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Norm Snead Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ken O'Brien Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Kitna Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ AP ( 12 Feb 2004 ) . `` Graham won seven pro titles '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Schaub stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Fitzpatrick stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Luck stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . ( hide ) National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_quarterback_wins_leaders&oldid=818143757 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements Lists of National Football League quarterbacks Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 21 : 28 . About Wikipedia	who had the most wins in the nfl	[ "Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220, most regular season wins with 195, and most postseason wins with 25, as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season. Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots, each of Brady's win records also apply to wins with a single team." ]	[ "Tom Brady" ]
-2500044561429484630	Pom Klementieff	Pom Klementieff - wikipedia Pom Klementieff Jump to : navigation , search Pom Klementieff Klementieff in 2017 ( 1986 - 05 - 03 ) 3 May 1986 ( age 31 ) Quebec City , Quebec , Canada Nationality French Occupation Actress Years active 2007 -- present Pom Klementieff ( born 3 May 1986 ) is a French actress . She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup ( 2009 ) , Sleepless Night ( 2011 ) and Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) . She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Pom Klementieff was born in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada , to a Korean mother and French - Russian father , who was working there as a consul with the French government . She had a brother who committed suicide . Her parents chose the name `` Pom '' because it is similar in pronunciation to the Korean words for both `` spring '' ( 봄 ) and `` tiger '' ( 범 ) . Klementieff lived in Canada for one year before her family traveled extensively due to her father 's job , and she lived in Japan and the Ivory Coast before settling in France . Klementieff later said that travelling at an early age gave her a `` gypsy soul '' . Klementieff 's father died of cancer when she was 5 , and her mother was schizophrenic and unable to care for children , so Klementieff was raised by her paternal uncle and aunt . Her uncle , whom she described as `` like my second father '' , died on her 18th birthday . Klementieff briefly attended law school after her uncle 's death to appease her aunt , but did not find the career path appealing . She also worked as a waitress and saleswoman in France . She started acting at age 19 at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris . A few months into her education , she won a theater competition that awarded her free classes for two years with the school 's top teachers . Career ( edit ) Klementieff in 2018 Klementieff 's first professional acting job was the French independent film Après lui ( 2007 ) , portraying the stepdaughter of the protagonist played by Catherine Deneuve . Filming for her scenes took three days . During one scene , Klementieff was supposed to push someone down a set of stairs but accidentally fell down the stairs herself , and director Gaël Morel kept that shot in the final film . Her first leading role was in Loup ( 2009 ) , a French film about a tribe of reindeer herders in the Siberian mountains . During filming , Klementieff stayed in a camp , hours from the nearest village , where temperatures dropped well below zero . During filming she befriended nomads who lived there , worked with real wolves , rode reindeer , and swam with a horse in a lake . Klementieff made her Hollywood debut in Spike Lee 's Oldboy ( 2013 ) , a remake of the South Korean film of the same name . She portrayed Haeng - Bok , the bodyguard of the antagonist played by Sharlto Copley . A fan of the original film , Klementieff heard about the part through Roy Lee , a producer with the remake , and took boxing lessons after learning the role involved martial arts . After showcasing her boxing skills during her audition , Lee asked her to go home and come back wearing a more feminine outfit and make - up , like her character in the film . She contributed some of her own clothes to the character 's wardrobe , and trained three hours a day for two months for an on - screen fight with star Josh Brolin . Klementieff came up with the name Haeng - Bok , Korean for `` happiness '' , herself after Lee asked her to research possible names for the character . Klementieff moved to Los Angeles after Oldboy was filmed and began pursuing more Hollywood auditions . She continued taekwondo after the film , and has a purple belt as of the summer of 2014 . Her next acting role was the film Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) , in which she plays a hacker she compared to Lisbeth Salander from the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . Klementieff used her boxing skills again in the film , and due to the movie 's low budget , she had to do her own make - up and chose her own wardrobe . It was her idea to dye her hair purple for the role , to which the directors first objected but later acquiesced . She joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe with her role as Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Après lui Emilie 2008 The Easy Way NHI 2009 Loup Nastazya 2009 Pigalle , la nuit Sandra TV series ( eight episodes ) 2011 Borderline Naomi 2011 Sleepless Night Lucy 2011 Delicacy Waitress 2011 Love Lasts Three Years Julia 2011 Silhouettes Valerie 2012 Radiostars The pizza girl 2012 Porn in the Hood Tia 2012 À l'ombre du palmier Le modèle Short film 2012 El Turrrf Pom Short film 2013 Paris à tout prix Jess 2013 Oldboy Haeng - Bok 2014 RossFit Short film 2015 Hacker 's Game Loise 2016 Seed Cat Short film 2017 Ingrid Goes West Harley Chung 2017 Newness Bethany 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Mantis 2017 Alteration Elsa Short film 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Mantis Post-production 2019 Untitled Avengers film Post-production See also ( edit ) Biography portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Qui es - tu Pom Klementieff ? / Who are you Pom Klementieff ? '' . Première ( in French ) . France . 7 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Additional WebCitation archive on 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Klementieff , Pom ( @ pomklementieff ) ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` I 'm French . NOT Canadian - French '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 30 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Actress Pom Klementieff from Spike Lee 's Oldboy '' . Filler Magazine . 2 ( 5 ) . Summer 2014 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Steve ( November 2013 ) . `` Korean French Actress Pom Klementieff Makes US Debut in ' Oldboy ' Remake '' . KoreAm . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . So I told ( filmmaker Spike Lee ) , my father died when I was 5 . My mother , she is schizophrenic , so she could n't take care of me and my brother , who committed suicide a few months before the audition ( for Lee 's remake of Oldboy ) . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Mina ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` Q&A with Pom Klementieff '' . Anthem Magazine . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : De Ville , Reece ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Oldboy 's ass kicking , earth moving Pom Klementieff '' . TheDigitalFix.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 28 January 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War adds Mantis from Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pom Klementieff . Pom Klementieff on IMDb Pom Klementieff at AllMovie Pettit , Stephanie ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Meet Pom Klementieff , the Actress Behind the Buzzed - About New Character Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . People . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . VIAF : 166829042 LCCN : no2014090484 ISNI : 0000 0003 7182 9433 BNF : cb162591522 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pom_Klementieff&oldid=829523540 '' Categories : 1986 births Living people 21st - century French actresses Actresses from Quebec City Alumni of the Cours Florent French film actresses French people of Korean descent French people of Russian descent French television actresses Actresses of Korean descent Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 04 : 09 . About Wikipedia	who played mantis guardians of the galaxy 2	[ "Pom Klementieff (born 3 May 1986)[1] is a French[2] actress. She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup (2009), Sleepless Night (2011) and Hacker's Game (2015). She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers: Infinity War (2018)." ]	[ "Pom Klementieff" ]
212419696952141239	Nashville sound	Nashville sound - wikipedia Nashville sound Jump to : navigation , search Nashville sound Stylistic origins Country music , pop music Cultural origins 1950s Nashville , Tennessee Typical instruments Guitar , strings , bass , drum , banjo , vocals Derivative forms Countrypolitan , country pop Other topics Country musicians -- List of years in country music The Nashville sound originated during the mid 1950s as a subgenre of American country music , replacing the chart dominance of the rough honky tonk music which was most popular in the 1940s and 1950s with `` smooth strings and choruses '' , `` sophisticated background vocals '' and `` smooth tempos '' . It was an attempt `` to revive country sales , which had been devastated by the rise of rock ' n ' roll . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Countrypolitan 3 Country pop 4 Examples of the Nashville sound 5 Examples of Countrypolitan 6 See also 7 References Origins ( edit ) The Nashville sound was pioneered by staff at Decca Records , RCA Records and Columbia Records in Nashville , Tennessee , including manager Steve Sholes , record producers Chet Atkins , Owen Bradley , and Bob Ferguson , and recording engineer Bill Porter . They invented the form by replacing elements of the popular honky tonk style ( fiddles , steel guitar , nasal lead vocals ) with `` smooth '' elements from 1950s pop music ( string sections , background vocals , crooning lead vocals ) , and using `` slick '' production , and pop music structures . The producers relied on a small group of studio musicians known as the Nashville A-Team , whose quick adaptability and creative input made them vital to the hit - making process . The Anita Kerr Quartet was the main vocal backing group in the early 1960s . In 1960 , Time magazine reported that Nashville had `` nosed out Hollywood as the nation 's second biggest ( after New York ) record - producing center . '' The term `` Nashville Sound '' was first mentioned in an article about Jim Reeves in 1958 in the Music Reporter and again in 1960 in a Time magazine article about Reeves . Other observers have identified several recordings that helped establish the early Nashville sound . Country historian Rich Kienzle says that `` Gone '' , a Ferlin Husky hit recorded in November 1956 , `` may well have pointed the way to the Nashville sound . '' Writer Colin Escott proclaims Jim Reeves ' `` Four Walls '' , recorded February 1957 , to be the `` first ' Nashville sound ' record '' , and Chet Atkins , the RCA - based producer and guitarist most often credited with being the sound 's primary artistic brainchild , pointed to his production of Don Gibson 's `` Oh Lonesome Me '' late that same year . In an essay published in Heartaches by the Number : Country Music 's 500 Greatest Singles , David Cantwell argues that Elvis Presley 's rock and roll recording of `` Do n't Be Cruel '' in July 1956 was the record that sparked the beginning of the era now called the Nashville sound . Regarding the Nashville sound , the record producer Owen Bradley stated , `` Now we 've cut out the fiddle and steel guitar and added choruses to country music . But it ca n't stop there . It always has to keep developing to keep fresh . '' Countrypolitan ( edit ) Lynn Anderson In the early 1960s , the Nashville sound began to be challenged by the rival Bakersfield sound on the country side and by the British Invasion on the pop side ; compounding these problems were the sudden deaths , in separate airplane crashes , of Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves , two of the Nashville Sound 's biggest stars . Nashville 's pop song structure became more pronounced and it morphed into what was called Countrypolitan - a smoother sound typified through the use of lush string arrangements with a real orchestra and often , background vocals provided by a choir . Countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s . Among the architects of this sound were producers Billy Sherrill ( who was instrumental in shaping Tammy Wynette 's early career ) and Glenn Sutton . Artists who typified the countrypolitan sound initially included Wynette , Glen Campbell ( who recorded in Hollywood and not Nashville ) , Lynn Anderson , Charlie Rich , and Charley Pride , the latter being a rare example of a top - selling African - American country performer . The Bakersfield sound , and later outlaw country , dominated country music among aficionados while countrypolitan reigned on the pop charts . Upon being asked what the Nashville sound was , Chet Atkins would put his hand into his pocket , shake his loose change , and say `` That 's what it is . It 's the sound of money '' . Country pop ( edit ) Main article : Country pop By the late 1970s and 1980s , many pop music singers picked up the countrypolitan style and created what is known as country pop , the fusion of country music and soft rock . Examples of the Nashville sound ( edit ) Classic examples of Nashville sound recordings : `` Four Walls '' by Jim Reeves ( 1957 ) `` Gone '' by Ferlin Husky ( 1957 ) `` A Fallen Star '' by Jimmy C. Newman ( 1957 ) `` The Three Bells '' by The Browns ( 1959 ) `` He 'll Have to Go '' by Jim Reeves ( 1960 ) `` Last Date '' by Floyd Cramer ( 1960 ) `` I 'm Sorry '' by Brenda Lee ( 1960 ) `` I Fall to Pieces '' by Patsy Cline ( 1961 ) `` Hello Fool '' by Ralph Emery ( 1961 ) `` A Little Bitty Tear '' , `` Call Me Mister In - Between '' , and `` It 's Just My Funny Way of Laughin ' '' by Burl Ives ( 1962 ) ( Ives was not a country singer , but a folk singer . ) `` The End of the World '' by Skeeter Davis ( 1963 ) This record was a mainstream pop chart hit . `` Here Comes My Baby '' by Dottie West ( 1964 ) `` Make the World Go Away '' by Eddy Arnold ( 1965 ) `` Misty Blue '' by Wilma Burgess ( 1966 ) `` Danny Boy '' by Ray Price ( 1967 ) Examples of Countrypolitan ( edit ) `` ( I Never Promised You a ) Rose Garden '' by Lynn Anderson ( 1971 ) `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' by Sammi Smith ( 1971 ) `` Kiss an Angel Good Morning '' by Charley Pride `` Eleven Roses '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1972 ) `` Behind Closed Doors '' by Charlie Rich ( 1973 ) `` Good News '' by Jody Miller ( 1973 ) `` The Most Beautiful Girl '' by Charlie Rich ( 1973 ) `` Paper Roses '' by Marie Osmond ( 1973 ) `` Rhinestone Cowboy '' by Glen Campbell ( 1975 ) `` He Stopped Loving Her Today '' by George Jones ( 1980 ) `` Slow Hand '' by Conway Twitty ( 1982 ) The music of Ronnie Milsap `` Lady '' , `` You Decorated My Life '' and similar songs by Kenny Rogers `` When I Think About Cheatin ' '' by Gretchen Wilson ( 2004 ) See also ( edit ) The Nashville A-Team Nashville Sounds , a baseball team that borrows its name from the style References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Byworth , Tony , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Country Music . London : Flame Tree Publishing . pp. 7 , 115 -- 117 , 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84451 - 406 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Dawidoff , Nicholas ( 1997 ) . In the Country of Country . Great Britain : Faber and Faber . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19174 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : The Tennessee Encyclopedia . Nashville Recording Industry . Accessed April 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sanjek , Russell . ( 1988 ) . `` American Popular Music and Its Business : the first four hundred years '' . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504311 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://countrymusichalloffame.com/site/explore-history-postelvis.aspx Jump up ^ Bill Ivey , Encyclopedia of Country Music ^ Jump up to : `` The `` Nashville Sound '' Begins `` . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Du Noyer , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music ( 1st ed . ) . Fulham , London : Flame Tree Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 904041 - 96 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.emusic.com/features/spotlight/286_200709.html ( hide ) Country music genres Alternative country Americana Australian country Bakersfield sound Bluegrass Bro - country Canadian country Country folk Country pop Country rap Country rock Cowpunk Southern soul Honky tonk Nashville sound Neotraditional country Outlaw country Progressive country Red Dirt Rockabilly Texas country Western swing Country music portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nashville_sound&oldid=787335589 '' Categories : Country music genres Pop music genres Nashville , Tennessee Music of Tennessee Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 20 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the nashville sound brought a polished and cosmopolitan sound to country music by	[ "In the early 1960s, the Nashville sound began to be challenged by the rival Bakersfield sound on the country side[3] and by the British Invasion on the pop side; compounding these problems were the sudden deaths, in separate airplane crashes, of Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves, two of the Nashville Sound's biggest stars. Nashville's pop song structure became more pronounced and it morphed into what was called Countrypolitan - a smoother sound typified through the use of lush string arrangements with a real orchestra and often, background vocals provided by a choir. Countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s. Among the architects of this sound were producers Billy Sherrill (who was instrumental in shaping Tammy Wynette's early career) and Glenn Sutton. Artists who typified the countrypolitan sound initially included Wynette, Glen Campbell (who recorded in Hollywood and not Nashville), Lynn Anderson, Charlie Rich, and Charley Pride,[4] the latter being a rare example of a top-selling African-American country performer." ]	[ "the use of lush string arrangements with a real orchestra and often, background vocals provided by a choir" ]
-1706790511507651062	List of Premier League broadcasters	List of Premier League broadcasters - wikipedia List of Premier League broadcasters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of television broadcasters which provide coverage of the Premier League , English football 's top level competition , which is the most watched league in the world . The main broadcasters in the United Kingdom are Sky Sports , who broadcast 126 of the 168 televised games in the UK , and BT Sport . The BBC shows weekly highlights of the Premier League on its Match of the Day and Match of the Day 2 programmes on Saturdays and Sundays . The 168 UK televised games are also broadcast across the world ; the remaining 212 matches that are n't broadcast live in the UK are all broadcast elsewhere around the world . English - speaking countries ( excluding the UK ) are able to carry what is known as the ' International feed ' or ' World feed ' audio ; this is full match commentary provided by the Premier League . In Asia , and select other countries around the world , there is also a fully produced studio broadcast where pre , half time and post-match analysis is offered . This is currently hosted by John Dykes . The 3 : 00pm ( UK time ) Saturday kick - offs are not allowed to be shown live in the UK due to the hours of 2.45 pm - 5.15 pm being ' blocked broadcasting hours ' , as requested by the FA and enforced by UEFA . In Ireland , a different situation applies ; a package of only one Saturday 3 : 00pm kick off each week ( along with one game on the final Sunday ) is sold as an addition to the UK live rights packages , this package is currently held by Sky Sports . While there is no rule prohibiting the screening of the other 3 : 00pm games in Ireland , the Premier League does not make the rights to these games available to Irish broadcasters , due to the overlap in reception that is possible in Northern Ireland and mainland England and not 's total match completely absolute live in total all interviews season the paradox that total matches live other will only be seen on streaming sites of he Premier League TV . Contents ( hide ) 1 Broadcasters 1.1 Broadcasters by region 1.1. 1 African broadcasters 1.1. 2 Asian broadcasters 1.1. 3 European broadcasters 1.1. 4 Latin American broadcasters 1.1. 5 Middle Eastern and North African broadcasters 1.1. 6 North American and Caribbean broadcasters 1.1. 7 Oceanian broadcasters 2 References 3 External links Broadcasters ( edit ) These are the countries and channels that broadcast the Premier League for 2016 - 19 : Broadcasters by region ( edit ) African broadcasters ( edit ) Language Broadcaster Sub-saharan Africa English French Supersport Kwesé Sports Canal+ Asian broadcasters ( edit ) Country Language Broadcasters Afghanistan Afghan Ariana TV Bhutan English STAR Sports India Maldives Nepal Sri Lanka Bangladesh English STAR Sports Gazi TV Pakistan English STAR Sports PTV Sports China ( mainland ) Mandarin CCTV CSPN BTV SMG SZMG GDTV GZTV CBG SDTV XJTV TJTV FMG DLTV JSBC ZZTV HBTV Tencent LeSports PPTV Super Sports Hong Kong English Cantonese now TV LeSports Indonesia English Indonesian beIN Sports RCTI MNCTV Japan Japanese J Sports NHK Sportsnavi Kazakhstan Kazakh Setanta Sports Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz KTRK Sport Macau English Cantonese Portuguese Super Sports Mongolia Mongolian Sansar HD SPS Premier Sports Channel South Korea English Korean SBS Sports SPOTV Malaysia & Brunei English Malay & Cantonese Astro Myanmar English Burmese Sky Net Philippines English Tagalog beIN Sports Singapore English Singtel TV Taiwan Mandarin English Eleven Sports Thailand , Laos & Cambodia Thai English beIN Sports PPTV Tajikistan Tajik Varzish TV Football TV Uzbekistan Uzbek UZ Report TV Futbol TV Vietnam Vietnamese English K+ TTTV , BDTV ( VTVCab ) FPT Telecom European broadcasters ( edit ) Country Language Broadcasters Albania Albanian SuperSport Kosovo Serbia Serbian Croatian Macedonian Slovenian Sport Klub Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro Macedonia Slovenia Andorra Spanish Movistar+ Armenia Armenian Armenia 2 Austria German DAZN Azerbaijan Azerbaijani AzTV Belarus Belarusian Beltelradio Belgium Dutch French Play Sports VOO Sport Bulgaria Bulgarian Diema Sport Cyprus Greek CytaVision Czech Republic Czech Digi Sport Denmark Danish TV3 Sport 6'eren Estonia Estonian Viasat Sport Baltic Finland Finnish Viasat Sport France French SFR Sport Georgia Georgian Silknet Germany German DAZN Greece Greek Cosmote Sport Hungary Hungarian Spíler TV Iceland Icelandic Stöð 2 Sport Ireland English Sky Sports BT Sport Italy Italian SKY Sport Latvia Latvian Viasat Sport Baltic Liechtenstein German DAZN Lithuania Lithuanian Viasat Sport Baltic Luxembourg French VOO Sport Malta English GO Sports Netherlands Dutch Ziggo Sport Totaal Norway English / Norwegian TV2 Poland Polish NC+ Portugal Portuguese Sport TV Romania Romanian Eurosport 1 Telekom Sport Russia Russian Match TV San Marino Italian SKY Sport Slovakia Czech Digi Sport Spain Spanish Movistar+ Sweden Swedish Viasat Sport Switzerland German French DAZN SFR Sport Turkey Turkish S Sport Ukraine Ukrainian Football TV Сhannel United Kingdom English Sky Sports BT Sport BBC Sport ( Highlights only ) Latin American broadcasters ( edit ) Country Language Broadcasters Brazil Portuguese ESPN Brasil Argentina Spanish DirecTV Sports ESPN Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Uruguay Venezuela Bolivia Spanish ESPN ( 3 matches ) Paraguay Costa Rica Spanish SKY Sports Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Middle Eastern and North African broadcasters ( edit ) Country Language Broadcasters Israel Hebrew Sport 1 Middle East and North Africa Arabic English French beIN Sports North American and Caribbean broadcasters ( edit ) Country Language Broadcasters Canada English TSN Sportsnet Caribbean English Flow Sports United States ( including Puerto Rico & the U.S. Virgin Islands ) English Spanish NBC Sports Network Telemundo Oceanian broadcasters ( edit ) Country Language Broadcasters Australia English Optus Sport SBS New Zealand English beIN Sports Pacific Islands English Sky Pacific Papua New Guinea English Digicel Play References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Who is the Premier League 's best ? '' . FIFA. 11 December 2007 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BT Sport '' . Premier League . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport '' . Premier League . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=19817.html Jump up ^ `` Premier League international rights deals for 2016 - 19 '' . Premier League . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Premier League official website Broadcasters in European Football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kosovo Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League Cups England Finland France Hungary Iceland Israel Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland Scotland Wales UEFA competitions Champions League Europa League Super Cup Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Association football on television Broadcasters by top level league Americas Superliga Argentina ( Argentina ) Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( Brazil ) Major League Soccer ( MLS Cup ) ( United States / Canada ) Liga MX ( Mexico ) Europe Armenian Premier League ( Armenia ) Belgian Pro League ( Belgium ) Bundesliga ( Germany ) Ekstraklasa ( Poland ) Eredivisie ( Netherlands ) Czech First League ( Czech Republic ) La Liga ( Spain ) Liga I ( Romania ) Ligue 1 ( France ) Nemzeti Bajnokság I ( Hungary ) Premier League ( England ) Primeira Liga ( Portugal ) Russian Premier League ( Russia ) Scottish Premiership ( Scotland ) Serie A ( Italy ) Vala SuperLiga ( Kosovo ) Slovenian PrvaLiga ( Slovenia ) Super League Greece ( Greece ) Ukrainian Premier League ( Ukraine ) Other Ligue 1 ( Algeria ) A-League ( Australia ) Thai League ( Thailand ) Broadcast contracts by country Americas Canada ( history ) United States Central America South America Brazil Asia Japan Middle East Philippines Thailand Europe Albania Denmark Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia France Germany Greece Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Montenegro Netherlands Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden United Kingdom ( commentators , history ) Oceania Australia New Zealand Broadcasters by event Americas Copa Libertadores Europe UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League FIFA World Cup 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 UEFA Euro 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Dedicated channels Canada beIN Sports EuroWorld Sport Fox Sports World Canada Sportsnet World France beIN Sports Canal+ Sport SFR Sports 1 OM TV OL TV Girondins TV Italy Premium Calcio Sky Calcio Inter Channel Juventus Channel Milan Channel Spain beIN Sports beIN LaLiga M. Fútbol M. Partidazo Real Madrid TV Barça TV United Kingdom Sky Sports 1 BT Sport 1 Arsenal TV Celtic TV Chelsea TV LFC TV MUTV Rangers TV United States beIN Sports Fox Soccer Plus GOL TV MLS Direct Kick ESPN Deportes Fox Deportes Univision Deportes Network Individual network coverage A-League Fox Sports FC Shoot Out Thursday FC The World Game Bundesliga Soccer Made in Germany Major League Soccer ESPN MLS Game of the Week MLS Primetime Thursday MLS Soccer Saturday MLS Soccer Sunday Fox Soccer NBCSN TSN Ligue 1 Téléfoot Premier League Monday Night Football Super Sunday Match of the Day Match of the Day 2 The Premier League Show Match of the Day ( U.S. TV series ) The Premiership Soccer Central Matchday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_broadcasters&oldid=808611916 '' Categories : Premier League on television Premier League lists Association football on television Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 23 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what channel is the premier league on in france	[ "\n\nCountry\nLanguage\nBroadcasters\n\n\nAlbania\nAlbanian\nSuperSport\n\n\nKosovo\n\n\nSerbia\nSerbian\nCroatian\nMacedonian\nSlovenian\nSport Klub\n\n\nCroatia\n\n\nBosnia and Herzegovina\n\n\nMontenegro\n\n\nMacedonia\n\n\nSlovenia\n\n\nAndorra\nSpanish\nMovistar+\n\n\nArmenia\nArmenian\nArmenia 2\n\n\nAustria\nGerman\nDAZN\n\n\nAzerbaijan\nAzerbaijani\nAzTV\n\n\nBelarus\nBelarusian\nBeltelradio\n\n\nBelgium\nDutch\nFrench\nPlay Sports\nVOO Sport\n\n\nBulgaria\nBulgarian\nDiema Sport\n\n\nCyprus\nGreek\nCytaVision\n\n\nCzech Republic\nCzech\nDigi Sport\n\n\nDenmark\nDanish\nTV3 Sport\n6'eren\n\n\nEstonia\nEstonian\nViasat Sport Baltic\n\n\nFinland\nFinnish\nViasat Sport\n\n\nFrance\nFrench\nSFR Sport\n\n\nGeorgia\nGeorgian\nSilknet\n\n\nGermany\nGerman\nDAZN\n\n\nGreece\nGreek\nCosmote Sport\n\n\nHungary\nHungarian\nSpíler TV\n\n\nIceland\nIcelandic\nStöð 2 Sport\n\n\nIreland\nEnglish\nSky Sports\nBT Sport\n\n\nItaly\nItalian\nSKY Sport\n\n\nLatvia\nLatvian\nViasat Sport Baltic\n\n\nLiechtenstein\nGerman\nDAZN\n\n\nLithuania\nLithuanian\nViasat Sport Baltic\n\n\nLuxembourg\nFrench\nVOO Sport\n\n\nMalta\nEnglish\nGO Sports\n\n\nNetherlands\nDutch\nZiggo Sport Totaal\n\n\nNorway\nEnglish / Norwegian\nTV2\n\n\nPoland\nPolish\nNC+\n\n\nPortugal\nPortuguese\nSport TV\n\n\nRomania\nRomanian\nEurosport 1\nTelekom Sport\n\n\nRussia\nRussian\nMatch TV\n\n\nSan Marino\nItalian\nSKY Sport\n\n\nSlovakia\nCzech\nDigi Sport\n\n\nSpain\nSpanish\nMovistar+\n\n\nSweden\nSwedish\nViasat Sport\n\n\nSwitzerland\nGerman\nFrench\nDAZN\nSFR Sport\n\n\nTurkey\nTurkish\nS Sport\n\n\nUkraine\nUkrainian\nFootball TV Сhannel\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\nEnglish\nSky Sports\nBT Sport\nBBC Sport (Highlights only)\n\n" ]	[ "SFR Sport" ]
-1446769669686008214	Learner's permit	Learner 's permit - wikipedia Learner 's permit Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A driver 's permit , learner 's permit , learner 's license or provisional license , is a restricted license that is given to a person who is learning to drive , but has not yet satisfied the requirement to obtain a driver 's license . Having a driver 's permit for a certain length of time is usually one of the requirements ( along with driver 's education and a road test ) for applying for a full driver 's license . To get a learner 's permit , one must typically pass a written permit test , traffic , and rules of the road . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Belgium 3 Canada 4 France 5 Germany 6 Hong Kong 7 India 8 Ireland 9 New Zealand 10 Norway 11 Singapore 12 South Africa 13 Sweden 14 United Kingdom 15 United States 15.1 Learner 's permits 15.2 Intermediate license 16 References Australia ( edit ) Laws regarding learner 's permits in Australia differ between states . However , all states require a number of hours supervised driving to be undertaken and for the permit to be held for a set period . The age to get a Learner Permit is 16 in all states and territories except the ACT where it is 15 and 9 months . When a person is on their learners permit , they have to log 50 -- 120 hours depending on the state they are in , and must obtain at least 5 night hours . They can be supervised or taught in their log book hours by any person / persons holding a full license . They must sign the log book for allocated hours . Belgium ( edit ) A provisional learners license can be obtained after passing a theoretical exam less than three years prior . The minimum age for a learners permit is 17 years . The learner needs to be accompanied by a designated person with a valid driving license . The vehicle needs to bear a clearly visible , predesignated `` learners '' sign , sporting the letter `` L '' . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , the minimum age varies from province to province and may be 14 or 16 . In Ontario , a G1 License is issued to new drivers at the age of 16 after completing a written test . G1 license restrictions include : Have time and / or road restrictions , and the learner must drive with a fully licensed driver of at least 4 years . After one year with a G2 , the learner may upgrade to their full G class license by taking another road test , which has a major highway component . A similar program is in effect for motorcycles , the M class license . In Nova Scotia , a beginner 's permit ( L ) is issued to new drivers after the age of 16 after a written test . The L license restrictions include : A fully licensed driver must sit in the seat adjacent the new driver There can not be additional other passengers The learner must have a blood alcohol count of 0 No time or road restrictions In Alberta , a learners permit is issued to those who complete a knowledge test , an eye exam and one who is 14 years of age or older . They 're then put into a GDL program with restrictions . Some include : having a 0 blood alcohol level , fully licensed driver in passenger seat , no more people than there are seats , and must hold the license for a one - year minimum before upgrading . In Alberta , one has to pass a basic road test after having a learner 's permit for at least a year and at or over the age of 16 , then can apply for a Class 5 GDL license , which carries some of the same restrictions , but no longer requires a fully licensed Class 5 non-GDL driver in the passenger seat . Once the person becomes 18 and holds the Class 5 GDL license for at least 2 years , they can do an advanced road test which if they pass , they 'll become a fully licensed Class 5 driver . France ( edit ) See also : Driving licence in France In France , exists a Graduated driver licensing for people between the age of 15 and 17 and half , for B Driving licence . Some restriction exist ; one of the main condition is that a fully agreed licensed must accompany the learner . With 18 , the learner 's permit can apply to a normal driving license , that it can pass more easily due to its previous experience ; additionally , its probation license is reduced from three to two years . This Graduated driver licensing is valid only within France , so it 's not possible to cross their border with the Graduated driver licensing . For people over 18 , a system similar to the Graduated driver licensing exists , but rules are slightly different , for instance it does not provide the reduction from three to two years for the probation licence . Furthermore , any person who initially gets a driving license , for the first one , has to mind following restrictions for two or three years known as permis probatoire . The permis probatoire starting with specific issue : Speed is reduced for new drivers : 110 km / h instead of 130 on motorways , 100 km / h instead of 110 , and 80 instead of 90 on rural roads . The permis probatoire has only six points , and the driver access to 12 points when the driver passes its three year term Points When General case Apprentissage anticipé case Driving licence passed 6 6 After one year + 2 → 8 ( if no point loss ) + 3 → 9 ( if no point loss ) After two years + 2 → 10 ( if no point loss ) + 3 → 12 ( if no point loss ) After three years + 2 → 12 ( if no point loss ) Some training to road traffic safety might help to recover points . Germany ( edit ) Since 2010 , it 's possible to get a learner 's permit at 17 in Germany . The only restriction is that a fully licensed and previously stated driver who is at least 30 years old must accompany the learner ( but is not allowed to intervene in the drive ) . That does not apply to light motorcycles , which can be driven freely with this license . Furthermore , any person who initially gets a driving license has to mind following restrictions for 2 years starting with its issue : The driver must have a blood alcohol count of 0 ( this applies at least until the age of 21 ) Any penalties are stricter than for advanced drivers With 18 , the learner 's permit will be automatically replaced by a normal driving license - no further test is needed . These legal circumstances in Germany are comparable to those in Austria in that matter - thus , it 's possible to cross their border with a learner 's permit . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong any person aged 18 or above can apply for a Learner 's Driving License for private cars , light goods vehicle and motorcycles . For other types of vehicle the age required is 21 and the applicant must have a valid private car or light goods vehicle driving license for 3 years . Unlike other jurisdictions , a learner must be supervised by an approved driving instructor instead of an ordinary fully licensed driver , or attending an approved driving school to learn to drive ( except motorcycles , which learners can drive on their own , but motorcycle learners must pass a motorcycle course from an approved driving school before they can learn to drive on road ) . L - plate is also required when the learner is practicing . India ( edit ) In India , the minimum age at which a provisional licence is valid is 18 ( and 16 for riding a gear less scooter ) . When driving under a provisional license , the learner must be accompanied by a driver who holds a full driving license . The supervisor has to be in view of the road and be in a position to control the vehicle . The provisional license is available only after passing the theory test . A full licence can be acquired only after passing the driving test . Once the learner has passed the theory test , they may take the practical driving test . Once the practical driving test has been taken and passed , a full driving licence will be automatically issued . While it is possible to take both tests immediately after each other , most learner drivers take a period between taking the theory and applying for a practical test to carry out driving lessons , either with their supervisor or a professional Driving school . The vehicle being driven by the learner must also be fitted with L - plates on both the back and front of the vehicle . This tells other road users that the vehicle is being operated by a driver without their full license and that they may make mistakes easily and that the driver may not be fully competent yet . The L - plate consists of a white square plate with a large red L in the middle . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland the learner may perform a theory test at the age of 16 which tests their knowledge of traffic situations and road signs . Upon passing this test the learner will receive a learner 's permit which permits them to drive on the road accompanied by a full licensed driver who has had their license for more than two years . The only restrictions are that the learner driver can not drive on motorways and must visibly display ' L ' plates at all times . They must have held their learner 's permit for 6 months before they can apply to perform road test to obtain their full license . This is known as the ' six - month rule ' . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand any person 16 years or over can sit a learner 's licensing test , which is a theory multiple choice test on road rules . Once they have passed this , they may drive with an adult who has had their full license for at least two years . They must display L plates at all times when driving . They may drive up to the speed of 100 km / h in allowed areas . They may carry passengers with an adult in the car that has had their full licence for more than two years . After at least 6 months have passed , they take a road test in order to receive their restricted license . On a restricted license , the learner may only drive between 5am and 10pm , with no passengers other than their dependent children , spouse , or persons holding a full license for more than 2 years . A learner may only drive between 5am and 10pm . Learners who sit the practical test in an automatic car are only legally allowed to drive an automatic while restricted . People can also sit a full license road test after 18 months or a year if they have undertaken a defensive driving course . In March 2010 the New Zealand Government announced changes to licence regulations which included raising the minimum age for a learner 's licence to 16 , since September 2011 the minimum age to attempt to obtain a learners licence is the age of 16 . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , the learner may drive as long the learner is over 16 years of age , have passed a basic course in the rules of the road and first aid , and a person 25 or above who has had their driver 's license for more than 5 years is present . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , any persons aged 18 or above may obtain a provisional driving licence for a fee of S $25.00 after passing the Basic Theory Test . The provisional driving licence is valid for 6 months if the PDL licence is obtained before 1 December 2017 . From 1 December 2017 , the validity of a PDL licence is 2 years from the date of payment , with no change of cost . It permits the holder to drive on public roads ( with a few exceptions ) in the presence of a Certified Driving Instructor . A car driven by a learner must display an L - plate on the front and rear of the car . Passing the Final Theory Test enables a learner to apply for the Practical Driving Test and it is valid for 2 years . A valid provisional driving licence , passed FTT and a photo ID must be presented to be allowed to take the practical test . Should a learner 's provisional driving licence expire before the date of their practical test , he or she will have to renew it at the same cost . Expired PDL are not accepted and taking the practical tests will be rejected . A Qualified Driving Licence ( QDL ) is awarded to a person who has passed the practical test and made a one - time payment of S $50.00 . Any person who has possessed a QDL for a period of less than a year is required to display a probation plate at the top right of their front and rear windscreens . The probation plate is made of a reflective material and consists of an orange triangle on a yellow background . Failure to do so may cause the offending driver to receive a fine for the first time and then subsequently revoked from driving . See Driving licence in Singapore for detailed requirements of each class of licence . South Africa ( edit ) A South African learners license consists of three sections with the following criteria required : Rules of the road - There are 30 questions in this category with 22 being the pass mark Vehicle controls - There are 8 questions in this section , the required pass mark is 6 Road signs , road markings and traffic signals - There are 30 questions in this category with a pass mark of 23 There are primarily three codes to choose from : Code 1 - This is for motorcycles , motorised tricycle or quadrucycle not more than 125cc and the driver should be 16 or older on the date of the test . If the motorcycle engine in above 125cc , the driver will need to be 17 years or older . Code 2 - This is for motor vehicles , bus and minibus or goods vehicle up to a maximum vehicle mass of 3500 kg . The driver will need to be 17 years or older on the date of the test . Code 3 - This is for motor vehicles exceeding a gross vehicle mass of 3500 kg . The driver will need to be 18 years or older to apply for a learners license in this category . The following documents will need to be presented when applying for a learners license : Identity card or passport 2 Recent passport size photographs ( colour or black and white ) In South Africa , any person who is of the minimum required age and holds a valid ID document may sit a learner 's licence exam . The minimum required age varies by vehicle class and has the following minimum age restrictions : for a motorcycle ( without a sidecar ) with an engine not exceeding 125 cc -- 16 years for light motor vehicles with a mass not exceeding 3 500 kilograms -- 17 years for all other vehicles ( also motorcycles with an engine exceeding 125 cc ) -- 18 years The Learner 's Licence exam is a 68 question multiple choice exam with questions spread over three sections : Rules of the road ( 30 questions ) ; Signs , signals and road markings ( 30 questions ) , and vehicle controls ( 8 questions ) . The holder of a learner 's licence is allowed to drive only when supervised by a licensed driver . If the category of vehicle being driven requires a professional driving permit , the licensed driver must also hold a professional driving permit . South African Learners must carry their Learner 's Licence with them whenever they are driving a vehicle and have L plates on the rear window . The Learner 's Licence is valid for 24 months . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , the minimum age is 16 years old to get a basic car learner 's permit ; 17 years and six months are required for more advanced light vehicle combinations and up to 23 years for heavy vehicle combinations . Körkortslag 4kap 2 § United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the minimum age at which a provisional licence is valid is 17 ( 16 for driving a tractor , riding a moped , or those receiving Disability Mobility Allowance ) . When driving under a provisional licence , the learner must be accompanied by a driver who has held a full driving licence for three years , and who is 21 or over . The supervisor has to be in view of the road , however the road safety act 1988 states that the supervisor does not have to be in the passenger seat , although the passenger in the front seat does have to be over the age of 15 . A full licence can be acquired as soon as the provisional licence is received , unlike many other countries where applicants must wait a minimum of 6 -- 12 months with this being said , before getting a full license . The provisional licence is available without taking a test , although to get a full , unrestricted licence - the applicant must take a written ' Theory ' test containing fifty multiple choice questions and fourteen - clip hazard perception test , both of which are done on a computer at one of the many DSA ( Driving Standards Agency ) Test centres . Once the learner has passed the theory test , they may take the practical driving test , however the practical driving test has to be done within 2 years of completing the theory test , as the theory test certificate expires 2 years after receiving it . Once the practical driving test has been taken and passed a full driving licence will be automatically issued . While it is possible to take both tests immediately after each other , most learner drivers take a period between taking the theory and applying for a practical test to carry out driving lessons , either with their supervisor or a professional Driving school . The vehicle being driven by the learner must also be fitted with L - plates on both the back and front of the vehicle . This tells other road users that the vehicle is being operated by a driver without their full licence and that they may make mistakes easily and that the driver may not be fully competent yet . The L - plate consists of a white square plate ( often tied to the vehicle or attached by magnets ) with a large red L in the middle . In Wales the L - plate or the D - plate may be used due to bilingual laws in effect in Wales . If the vehicle is operated by multiple named drivers ( As specified by the car insurance policy ) , then the L - Plate should be removed and stored if the current driver holds a full licence . When the learner has passed , they can get a non-compulsory ' P ' plate , which shows that they have just passed their test , and so may not have much experience on the road . The P plate has a white background , with a green ' P ' . In the UK , provisional licence holders are disallowed from driving on motorways until they pass the practical test . After gaining a full licence , the driver is subject to a probationary period ; 6 or more penalty points accumulated within 2 years of passing the test , will lead to a revocation of the licence and both test will need to be retaken . In Northern Ireland for one year after the passing of a driving test , the driver is defined as a `` restricted driver '' who must not exceed 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) and must display an `` R - plate '' consisting of an amber sans - serif R on a white background . United states ( edit ) In the United States , it is typical for states to have graduated driver 's license programs through which a driver first obtains a learner 's permit , qualifies for an intermediate driver 's license , and then ultimately qualifies for a full driver 's license . The rules governing learner 's permits can vary significantly by state . Learner 's permits ( edit ) In order for a minor to receive a learner 's permit , sometimes called an instructional permit , states typically require that the minor have signed permission from a parent or guardian . In the state of New Hampshire , a permit is not given but the young driver may begin to drive with a parent or guardian , or an adult 25 years of age , at the age of 15 and a half . Typically , a driver operating with a learner 's permit must be accompanied by an adult licensed driver who is at least 21 years of age or older and in the passenger seat of the vehicle at all times . In some states , permit holders are allowed to drive to and from school or work with a permit , without a supervising driver . In Indiana , Iowa , Texas , Rhode Island , Maryland and Kentucky , a permit holder between 17 and 18 may legally drive unaccompanied only if heading to work or to school . After a legally defined period of driving supervised with a permit , usually between six and twelve months , and upon reaching the requisite age , the holder of a learner 's permit can apply for a provisional license . Obtaining a provisional license allows certain restrictions to be lifted from the driver , such as the times that they are allowed to drive , and the number of people allowed in the car . The permit holder is required to document specific hours of driving under the permit before qualifying for an intermediate license , such as fifty hours of practice . Intermediate license ( edit ) An intermediate or provisional license allows the driver to drive a vehicle without supervision by a licensed driver . Driving is typically permitted during a limited range of mostly daylight hours , as well as to and from school , work and religious activities . Some states may require a road test before allowing a learner 's permit holder to obtain an intermediate license . In order to qualify for a provisional license the applicant must typically be at least the age of 16 and must have previously held an learner 's permit for at least six months . These requirements vary by state . For example , in Florida the prior period for holding a learner 's permit is twelve months . In many states the period of driving on a learner 's permit is shortened if the applicant is above the age of eighteen . For example , in Oklahoma if a driver is 18 or older a learner 's permit must only be held for one month before the driver qualifies for an intermediate license . Some states allow drivers over the age of twenty - one to bypass the entire graduated licensing process . For example , in Colorado , a driver over the age of twenty - one may apply for and pass the tests for a permit and a full driver 's license on the same day and , if successful in passing the tests , may obtain a full driver 's license as soon as the driver passes a scheduled driving test . Intermediate drivers are normally restricted in their transportation of passengers , especially minor passengers , without supervision . In some states , such as California , Nebraska , Oregon , Maine , New York , Florida , Kansas , Illinois , Oklahoma and Arizona , permitted drivers may legally drive family members under the age of 21 without adult supervision if they possess a signed note from a legal guardian . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F21012 Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 Jump up ^ https://www.permisapoints.fr/permis-a-points/permis-probatoire/ Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 Jump up ^ ( NDLS , National Driver Licensing Service , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` About your licence '' . NZ Transport Agency . 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ John Hartevelt , Hank Schouten and NZPA ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Government to raise driving age '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Øvelseskjøring ( Practise driving ) '' ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian Public Roads Administration ( Statens Vegvesen ) . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` When can I apply for my Learners Licence ? What requirements do I need to meet ? - Page 3 '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Restrictions and Requirements - Light Motor Vehicle - African License '' . African Licence . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preparation - Light Motor Vehicle - African License '' . African Licence . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Services '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What the Licence Permits - Light Motor Vehicle - African License '' . African Licence . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Körkortslag ( 1998 : 488 ) '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Driving tests , motorcycle tests and learning to drive '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theory test for cars and motorcycles '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penalty points ( endorsements ) '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Oleen , Brooke ; Teigen , Ann ( September 2011 ) . `` Teen Driving '' ( PDF ) . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Aaron ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` How do Graduated Driver 's License Programs and Permits Work '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Instructional Permit ( CP ) '' . Georgia Department of Driver Services . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. `` Important Information About Learner 's Permits '' ( PDF ) . Department of Motor Vehicles . State of New York . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . , `` Learner 's Permit '' . Utah Department of Public Safety . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Learning to Drive '' . Division of Motor Vehicles . New Hampshire Department of Safety . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Graduated Driver 's Licensing '' . AAA . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Drivers Overview '' . National Conference of State Legislatures. April 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ See , eg. , `` Graduated Driver Licensing Program '' . drive.ky.gov . State of Kentucky . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . , `` Teenage & Adult Driver Responsibility Act ( TADRA ) '' . Georgia Department of Driver Services . State of Georgia . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Licensing Requirements for Teens , Graduated Driver License Laws and Driving Curfews '' . Florida Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles . State of Florida . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graduated Driver License ( GDL ) '' . Oklahoma Department of Public Safety . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - Driver License '' . Colorado Department of Revenue . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learner%27s_permit&oldid=837013508 '' Categories : Identity documents Traffic law Driving licences Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 05 : 40 . About Wikipedia	who needs to be in the car with a permit driver	[ "Typically, a driver operating with a learner's permit must be accompanied by an adult licensed driver who is at least 21 years of age or older and in the passenger seat of the vehicle at all times.[23]" ]	[ "an adult licensed driver who is at least 21 years of age or older and in the passenger seat of the vehicle at all times" ]
-7491001389340565191	God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness	God 's Not Dead : a Light in Darkness - Wikipedia God 's Not Dead : a Light in Darkness God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Mason Produced by David A.R. White Michael Scott Brittany Yost Elizabeth Travis Alysoun Wolfe Written by Michael Mason Starring David A.R. White John Corbett Shane Harper Ted McGinley Tatum O'Neal Music by Pancho Burgos - Goizueta Cinematography Brian Shanley Edited by Joseph Sandoval Production company Pure Flix Distributed by Pure Flix Entertainment Release date March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $5.7 million God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness is a 2018 American Christian drama film written and directed by Michael Mason . It is the third installment of the God 's Not Dead series , following the 2014 film and its 2016 sequel . It stars David A.R. White , John Corbett , Shane Harper , Benjamin Onyango , Ted McGinley , Jennifer Taylor , Tatum O'Neal , Shwayze and Cissy Houston . Principal photography was completed in Little Rock , Arkansas in December 2017 . It was released in the United States on March 30 , 2018 . Unlike the first two films , A Light in Darkness was a box office bomb , making less in its entire theatrical run ( $5.7 million ) than the others grossed in their respective opening weekends ( $9.7 million and $7.6 million ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) After a bunch of protests by college students against the church of St. James , the college starts the process of shutting down the church much to the dismay of Reverend Dave and his partner Jude . When informed of the decision to shut down the church and to replace it with a building to expand the school , Dave and Jude begin the process of suing the college to save St. James . Things get worse when college student Adam Richertson , a struggling Christian , in protest , tosses a brick into the church , igniting a fire that fatally wounds Jude . Reverend Dave is forced to come to grips with the loss of his dear friend . Adam is horrified by his actions and contemplates whether to confess to the crime , leading him to rediscover his faith in God . During the lawsuit , Dave seeks the help of his estranged brother , attorney Pearce Hill , who tries to explain to Dave that it is not a case worth fighting for . Dave refuses to listen to his brother 's advice and continues the case into court . After failing to reach a settlement with the college , the trial date is set for the lawsuit . At the same time , Adam sends an anonymous text to Reverend Dave confessing to the church fire and a furious Dave assaults him when confronting him . This severely wounds his lawsuit 's case and leads to Adam being arrested and charged as a felony case . After seeking God 's help in church through prayer , Reverend Dave eventually realizes that his case has only made things worse and that St. James is not the right church for God and his followers . He drops his lawsuit , reaches an out - of - court settlement with the college , and after talking with a repentant Adam and consulting with Jude 's family , ultimately asks to have the criminal charges against Adam dropped . He then announces to his college protesters that while St. James will be torn down , he will reopen a new church not far from the school for future followers . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Taylor as Meg Harvey John Corbett as Pearce Hill Tatum O'Neal as Barbara Solomon Ted McGinley as Thomas Ellsworth Shane Harper as Josh Wheaton David A.R. White as Reverend Dave Hill Benjamin Onyango as Reverend Jude Cissy Houston as lead choir vocalist Samantha Boscarino as Keaton Mike C. Manning as Adam Richertson Shwayze Production ( edit ) Principal photography took place in December 2017 around Little Rock , Arkansas . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness was released on March 30 , 2018 , alongside Acrimony and Ready Player One , and was projected to gross $4 -- 6 million from 1,685 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up debuting to just $2.6 million , finishing 12th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the series . Deadline Hollywood noted the film suffered from being the third film of a trilogy and also said religious audiences saw the film as `` a cash grab and not a movie promoting a Christian message anymore '' , and were more inclined to go to other faith - based films in theaters like I Can Only Imagine and Paul , Apostle of Christ . It fell 58 % in its second weekend to $1.1 million , finishing 17th . By the end of its North American run the film grossed a total of $5.5 million , less than other two films grossed simply in their opening weekends ( $9.7 million and $7.6 million , respectively ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 13 % based on 15 reviews , and an average rating of 2.7 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 , based on 9 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , though as with the second film , Deadline Hollywood noted that `` faith - based films have an easy time gaining an A on CinemaScore '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the fiery trailer for the faith - based film ' God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pure Flix Announces Theatrical Release Date For GOD 'S NOT DEAD : A LIGHT IN DARKNESS '' ( Press release ) . Pure Flix . PR Newswire . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' To Get Its Game On With $140 M+ Global Start '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Audiences Plug Into ' Ready Player One ' : Steven Spielberg Movie Looking At $53 M+ 4 - Day Score -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Screams To $50 M+ Opening ; ' Blockers ' Breaks Through To $21 M+ -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Hopes to End March 2018 with a Bang , Not a Whimper '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Batman V Superman 's Knock - Down , Drag - Out Fight with the Box Office : 2nd Weekend At $52 M+ , - 68 % '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness on IMDb God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness at Rotten Tomatoes God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness at Metacritic hide God 's Not Dead films God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) God 's Not Dead 2 ( 2016 ) God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Not_Dead:_A_Light_in_Darkness&oldid=845133328 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s drama films American drama films American films American sequel films Films about Christianity Films about Evangelicalism Films shot in Arkansas Pure Flix Entertainment films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 16 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	god's not dead a light in the darkness release date	[ "Principal photography was completed in Little Rock, Arkansas in December 2017. It was released in the United States on March 30, 2018. Unlike the first two films, A Light in Darkness was a box office bomb, making less in its entire theatrical run ($5.7 million) than the others grossed in their respective opening weekends ($9.7 million and $7.6 million)." ]	[ "March 30, 2018" ]
-341902602485554777	President of the United Nations General Assembly	President of the United Nations General Assembly - wikipedia President of the United Nations General Assembly Jump to : navigation , search President of the United Nations General Assembly Emblem of the United Nations Incumbent Miroslav Lajčák Appointer United Nations General Assembly Term length 1 year Inaugural holder Paul - Henri Spaak Formation 1946 Website List of Presidents of the UN General Assembly The President of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted for by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA ) on a yearly basis . The President presides over the sessions of the General Assembly . Miroslav Lajčák of Slovakia has been elected as the United Nations General Assembly President of its 72nd session beginning in September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Election 2 List of presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Election ( edit ) A map of the world showing the home countries of Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly up until the 69th session of the General Assembly in 2014 - 15 , with historical member states in inset . The session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September -- any special , or emergency special , assemblies over the next year will be headed by the President of the UN General Assembly . The presidency rotates annually between the five geographic groups : African , Asia - Pacific , Eastern European , Latin American and Caribbean , and Western European and other States . Because of their powerful stature globally , some of the largest , most powerful countries have never held the presidency , such as the People 's Republic of China , France , Japan , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In particular , it is customary that no permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ever serves as General Assembly president . The only country that had a national elected as President of the United Nations General Assembly twice is Argentina ; all the other member states had been represented only once by their nationals holding this office . This does not include special and emergency special sessions of the General Assembly . List of Presidents ( edit ) Year elected Name of President UN member state Region Sessions 1946 Paul - Henri Spaak Belgium WES First 1947 Oswaldo Aranha Brazil LAS First special Second 1948.1 ! 1948 José Arce Argentina LAS Second special 1948.2 ! 1948 Herbert Vere Evatt Australia COS Third 1949 Carlos P. Romulo Philippines EAS Fourth 1950 Nasrollah Entezam Iran EAS Fifth 1951 Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico LAS Sixth 1952 Lester B. Pearson Canada COS Seventh 1953 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit India COS Eighth , First woman president 1954 Eelco van Kleffens Netherlands WES Ninth 1955 José Maza Fernández Chile LAS Tenth 1956.1 ! 1956 Rudecindo Ortega ( de ) Chile LAS First emergency special Second emergency special 1956.2 ! 1956 Wan Waithayakon Thailand EAS Eleventh 1957 Leslie Munro New Zealand COS Twelfth Third emergency special 1958 Charles Malik Lebanon MES Thirteenth 1959 Víctor Andrés Belaúnde Peru LAS Fourteenth Fourth emergency special 1960 Frederick Boland Ireland WES Fifteenth Third special 1961 Mongi Slim Tunisia MES Sixteenth 1962 Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan COS Seventeenth Fourth special 1963 Carlos Sosa Rodríguez ( es ) Venezuela LAS Eighteenth 1964 Alex Quaison - Sackey Ghana COS Nineteenth 1965 Amintore Fanfani Italy WES Twentieth 1966 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak Afghanistan Asia Twenty - first Fifth special Fifth emergency special 1967 Corneliu Mănescu Romania EEG Twenty - second 1968 Emilio Arenales Catalán Guatemala GRULAC Twenty - third 1969 Angie Brooks Liberia Africa Twenty - fourth 1970 Edvard Hambro Norway WEOG Twenty - fifth 1971 Adam Malik Indonesia Asia Twenty - sixth 1972 Stanisław Trepczyński Poland EEG Twenty - seventh 1973 Leopoldo Benites Ecuador GRULAC Twenty - eighth Sixth special Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria Africa Twenty - ninth Seventh special Gaston Thorn Luxembourg WEOG Thirtieth 1976 Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe Sri Lanka Asia Thirty - first 1977 Lazar Mojsov Yugoslavia EEG Thirty - second Eighth special Ninth special Tenth special 1978 Indalecio Liévano Colombia GRULAC Thirty - third 1979 Salim Ahmed Salim United Republic of Tanzania Africa Thirty - fourth Sixth emergency special Seventh emergency special Eleventh special 1980 Rüdiger von Wechmar Federal Republic of Germany WEOG Thirty - fifth Eighth emergency special 1981 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia Thirty - sixth Seventh emergency special -- Continuation Ninth emergency special Twelfth special 1982 Imre Hollai Hungary EEG Thirty - seventh Jorge Illueca Panama GRULAC Thirty - eighth 1984 Paul J.F. Lusaka Zambia Africa Thirty - ninth 1985 Jaime de Piniés Spain WEOG Fortieth Thirteenth special 1986 Humayun Rashid Choudhury Bangladesh Asia Forty - first Fourteenth special Peter Florin German Democratic Republic EEG Forty - second Fifteenth special Dante Caputo Argentina GRULAC Forty - third Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa Forty - fourth Sixteenth special Seventeenth special Eighteenth special Guido de Marco Malta WEOG Forty - fifth 1991 Samir Shihabi Saudi Arabia Asia Forty - sixth Stoyan Ganev Bulgaria EEG Forty - seventh Rudy Insanally Guyana GRULAC Forty - eighth Amara Essy Ivory Coast Africa Forty - ninth 1995 Diogo de Freitas do Amaral Portugal WEOG Fiftieth Razali Ismail Malaysia Asia Fifty - first Tenth emergency special Nineteenth special Hennadiy Udovenko Ukraine EEG Fifty - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twentieth special 1998 Didier Opertti Uruguay GRULAC Fifty - third Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - first special 1999 Theo - Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa Fifty - fourth Twenty - second special Twenty - third special Twenty - fourth special 2000 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG Fifty - fifth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - fifth special Twenty - sixth special Han Seung - soo Republic of Korea Asia Fifty - sixth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2002 Jan Kavan Czech Republic EEG Fifty - seventh Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2003 Julian Hunte Saint Lucia GRULAC Fifty - eighth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Jean Ping Gabon Africa Fifty - ninth 2005 Jan Eliasson Sweden WEOG Sixtieth 2006 Haya Rashed Al - Khalifa Bahrain Asia Sixty - first Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2007 Srgjan Kerim Republic of Macedonia EEG Sixty - second 2008 Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann Nicaragua GRULAC Sixty - third 2009 Ali Treki Libya Africa Sixty - fourth Joseph Deiss Switzerland WEOG Sixty - fifth 2011 Nassir Al - Nasser Qatar Asia - Pacific Sixty - sixth 2012 Vuk Jeremić Serbia EEG Sixty - seventh ( election ) 2013 John William Ashe Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Sixty - eighth 2014 Sam Kutesa Uganda Africa Sixty - ninth 2015 Mogens Lykketoft Denmark WEOG Seventieth 2016 Peter Thomson Fiji Asia - Pacific Seventy - first ( election ) 2017 Miroslav Lajčák Slovakia EEG Seventy - second Abbreviations : Pre-1966 COS : Commonwealth Seat EAS : Eastern European and Asian Seat LAS : Latin American Seat MES : Middle Eastern Seat WES : Western European Seat Since 1966 Africa : African Group Asia - Pacific : Asian Group , since 2011 the Asia - Pacific Group EEG : Eastern European Group GRULAC : Latin American and Caribbean Group WEOG : Western European and Others Group See also ( edit ) President of the United Nations Security Council References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UN : About the General Assembly '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Presidents of the General Assembly of the United Nations . Un.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ United Nations document GA / 11105 Jump up ^ `` Asian Group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia - Pacific Group '' , Radio New Zealand International , 31 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has news related to : United Nations UN : List of UN General Assembly presidents UN General Assembly President Election Reform . UNelections.org . More news on UN elections and appointments . 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4828269869422443677	Powerball	Powerball - wikipedia Powerball Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. lottery game . For the Australian lottery game , see Powerball ( Australia ) . For other uses , see Powerball ( disambiguation ) . Powerball Powerball logo Formation April 19 , 1992 ; 25 years ago ( 1992 - 04 - 19 ) Location United States Owner Multi-State Lottery Association Website powerball.com Powerball is an American lottery game offered by 44 states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands . It is coordinated by the Multi-State Lottery Association ( MUSL ) , a nonprofit organization formed by an agreement with US lotteries . Powerball 's minimum advertised jackpot is $40 million ( annuity ) ; Powerball 's annuity is paid in 30 graduated installments or winners may choose a lump sum payment instead . One lump sum payment will be less than the total of the 30 annual payments because of the time value of money . Drawings for Powerball are held every Wednesday and Saturday evening at 10 : 59 p.m. Eastern Time . Since October 7 , 2015 , the game has used a 5 / 69 ( white balls ) + 1 / 26 ( Powerballs ) matrix from which winning numbers are chosen , resulting in odds of 1 in 292,201,338 of winning a jackpot per play . Each play costs $2 , or $3 with the Power Play option . ( Originally , Powerball plays cost $1 ; when PowerPlay began , such games were $2 . ) The official cutoff for ticket sales is 10 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ; some lotteries cut off sales earlier . The drawings are usually held at the Florida Lottery 's studio in Tallahassee . On January 13 , 2016 , Powerball produced the largest lottery jackpot in history ; the $1.586 billion jackpot was split by three tickets sold in Chino Hills , California , in Munford , Tennessee , and in Melbourne Beach , Florida . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powerball members 1.1 Mega Millions and Powerball 2 History 2.1 1988 precursor : Lotto * America 2.2 Powerball begins 2.3 2009 : Florida became host to drawings 2.4 2010 cross-sell expansion 2.5 2012 format change 2.6 2015 format change 3 Playing the game 3.1 Basic game 3.2 Power Play 3.3 Prizes and odds 3.4 Jackpot accumulation and payment options 3.5 Claiming prizes 3.6 Secondary prizes 4 Notable wins 5 Fortune cookie payout 6 Computers and slot machines 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Powerball members ( edit ) U.S. lotteries . As of 2016 , all states with lotteries ( in blue ) plus the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands offer Powerball . Powerball replaced Lotto * America in April 1992 ; Mega Millions replaced The Big Game 10 years later . ( See below for the evolution of the name Mega Millions . ) Mega Millions and Powerball ( edit ) Lottery Powerball Mega Millions Arizona 000000001994 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1994 000000002010 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2010 Arkansas 000000002009 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2009 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 California 000000002013 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2013 000000002005 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2005 Connecticut 000000001995 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1995 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Colorado 000000002001 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2001 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Delaware 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 District of Columbia 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Florida 000000002009 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2009 000000002013 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2013 Georgia 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Idaho 000000001990 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1990 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Illinois 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Indiana 000000001990 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1990 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Iowa 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kansas 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kentucky 000000001991 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1991 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Louisiana 000000001995 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1995 000000002011 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2011 Maine 000000002004 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 2004 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2010 Maryland 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Massachusetts 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Michigan 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Minnesota 000000001990 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1990 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Missouri 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Montana 000000001989 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1989 000000002010 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2010 Nebraska 000000001994 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1994 000000002010 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2010 New Hampshire 000000001995 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1995 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New Jersey 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001999 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1999 New Mexico 000000001996 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1996 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New York 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 North Carolina 000000002006 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2006 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 North Dakota 000000002004 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2004 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Ohio 000000002010 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2010 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 Oklahoma 000000002006 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2006 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Oregon 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 Pennsylvania 000000002002 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2002 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Puerto Rico 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2014 Not offered Rhode Island 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Carolina 000000002002 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2002 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Dakota 000000001990 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1990 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Tennessee 000000002004 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2004 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Texas 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000002003 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2003 US Virgin Islands 000000002010 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2010 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 Vermont 000000002003 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2003 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Virginia 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Washington 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000002002 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2002 West Virginia 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wisconsin 000000001989 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1989 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wyoming 000000002014 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2014 ( both games ) Alabama , Alaska , Hawaii , Mississippi , Nevada and Utah do not sell lottery tickets . In 2013 , Wyoming became the 44th state to establish a lottery ; the next year , it began , initially offering both Mega Millions and Powerball . History ( edit ) 1988 precursor : Lotto * America ( edit ) Powerball 's predecessor began in 1988 ; the multi-state game was known as Lotto * America . The game , and name , were changed to Powerball on April 19 , 1992 ; its first drawing was held April 22 . Powerball begins ( edit ) When it was launched in 1992 Powerball became the first game to use two drums . Using two drums to draw numbers from offers more manipulation by simultaneously allowing high jackpot odds , numerous prize levels and low overall odds of winning ( as explained later , a ticket can win by matching only one number ) . The two - drum concept was suggested by Steve Caputo of the Oregon Lottery . The two - drum concept has since been used by The Big Game ( now Mega Millions ) in the US , Australia 's Powerball , Thunderball in the UK , Eurojackpot and EuroMillions ( unlike most two - drum games , Euromillions selects two numbers called `` Lucky Stars '' from the 2nd drum ; jackpot winners must make a total of seven matches ) . Through 2008 , Powerball drawings usually were held at Screenscape Studios in West Des Moines , Iowa . The drawings ' host was longtime Iowa radio personality Mike Pace , who had hosted MUSL drawings since Lotto * America began in 1988 . In 1996 , Powerball went `` on the road '' for the first time , holding five remote drawings at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta . A few weeks later , Georgia became the only jurisdiction to leave Powerball ( Maine , which joined MUSL in 1990 , left when Powerball began ) . In August 1996 , Georgia joined the then - new The Big Game , then the other major U.S. lottery group . It planned to sell tickets for both games for the rest of 1996 ; but within days Georgia was removed from MUSL , not to return until the 2010 cross-sell expansion . On November 2 , 1997 , the annuity was changed from 20 to 25 yearly payments ; the cash option was added . The annuity comprises 30 graduated payments , increasing 5 % annually . In 1998 , Florida was given permission by its government to participate in a multi-state game . It was set to offer Powerball ; but in early 1999 , new governor Jeb Bush prevented Florida from joining since he believed Powerball would hurt the existing Florida Lottery games . In 2008 , Governor Charlie Crist finally allowed Florida to join MUSL , on Jan 4 , 2009 . On March 7 , 2001 , an optional multiplier ( called Power Play ) was added , allowing players to multiply non-jackpot winnings by up to five by paying an extra $1 per game . A wheel was introduced to select the Power Play multiplier for each drawing ( the next year , the 1x was removed from the Power Play wheel . ) 2009 : Florida became host to drawings ( edit ) With the start of Powerball sales in Florida on January 4 , 2009 ( with its first drawing on January 7 ) , the matrices changed to 5 / 59 + 1 / 39 ( adding four white ball numbers and dropping three red balls ) . This changed the jackpot probability from 1 : 146 million to 1 : 195 million ; the overall probability became 1 : 35 . Based on statistical projections , the average jackpot win increased from $95 million to $141 million . Over 3.5 million additional prizes were expected to be won yearly due to the change in probability . The starting jackpot increased to $20 million , with minimum rollovers of $5 million . The jackpot contribution increased from 30.3 % to 32.5 % of total sales . The Power Play option was modified ; second prize , usually $200,000 , was given an automatic 5x multiplier , making the 5 + 0 prize $1 million cash . The bonus second prize if the jackpot exceeded its previous record by $25 million , triggered only twice , was eliminated with the 2012 format change . The conditions for Florida joining Powerball included a move of the live drawings from Iowa to Universal Studios in Orlando . The three hosts rotating announcing duties from Universal Studios were Tracy Wiu , Elizabeth Hart and Scott Adams ( MUSL headquarters remained in Iowa , where its other draws are held ) . The wheel that was used to determine the Power Play multiplier was retired when the drawings moved to Florida ; a random number generator ( RNG ) was used until the 2012 format change . Arkansas became the 33rd MUSL member on October 31 , 2009 , the last to join before the 2010 cross-sell expansion . The Ohio Lottery added Powerball on April 16 , 2010 ; it joined Mega Millions ( along with New York ) years earlier , when The Big Game added Mega Millions to its name . 2010 cross-sell expansion ( edit ) In March 2009 , it was reported that New Jersey , already a Mega Millions member , sought permission to join Powerball . Shortly after , discussions were revealed about allowing each US lottery to offer both games . On Oct 13 , the Mega Millions consortium and MUSL reached an agreement in principle to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball . In Nov , MUSL signed an agreement to start streaming Powerball drawings online . On Jan 31 , 2010 , the date of the cross-sell expansion , Mega Millions and MUSL each added lotteries ; eight Powerball members added Mega Millions by May . The Montana Lottery joined Mega Millions on March 1 . Nebraska added Mega Millions on March 20 ; Oregon followed on March 28 ; Arizona joined Mega Millions on April 18 ; Maine added Mega Millions on May 9 ; Colorado and South Dakota joined Mega Millions on May 16 . The U.S. Virgin Islands joined Mega Millions in Oct 2010 . Before the agreement , the only places that sold both Mega Millions and Powerball tickets were retailers straddling a border ; one retailer on the Sharon , Pennsylvania / Masury , Ohio border sold both Mega Millions ( via the Ohio Lottery ) and Powerball ( Pennsylvania ) before the agreement and continued to be the only retailer to sell tickets for both lotteries . Illinois joining Powerball on the expansion date , it became the second multi-jurisdictional lottery game ( after Mega Millions , which Illinois already participated in ) whose drawings were carried nationally . Both games ' drawings were simulcast via Chicago cable superstation WGN - TV through its national WGN America feed . WGN - TV aired Illinois Lottery drawings nationally from 1992 to 2015 after acquiring broadcast rights from Chicago 's Fox owned - and - operated station WFLD in 1988 , which took the rights from WGN - TV in 1987 . Powerball drawings were aired on WGN - TV and WGN America on Wednesday and Saturday immediately following the station 's 9pm ( Central Time ) newscast with the Mega Millions drawings being aired Tue and Fri evenings after the newscast . WGN served as a default carrier of Mega Millions or Powerball where no local television station carries either multi-jurisdictional lottery 's drawings . On March 13 , 2010 , New Jersey became the first previous Mega Millions - only member ( just before the cross-selling expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning Powerball ticket . It was worth over $211 million in annuity payments ; it was sold in Morris Plains . On May 28 , 2010 , North Carolina became the first previous MUSL member ( just before the cross-selling expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning Mega Millions ticket ; that jackpot was $12 million ( annuity ) . On June 2 , 2010 , Ohio won a Powerball jackpot ; it became the first lottery selling either Mega Millions or Powerball ( when 2010 began ) to provide a jackpot - winning ticket for its newer game . The ticket was worth a $261 million annuity ; it was sold in Sunbury . Ohio 's second Powerball jackpot - winning ticket , sold for the June 23 , 2010 drawing , was part of another first ; since Montana also provided a jackpot winner for that drawing , it was the first time a jackpot was shared through lotteries which sold competing games before the cross-selling expansion , as Montana sold only Powerball before the expansion date . 2012 format change ( edit ) On January 15 , 2012 , the price of each basic Powerball play doubled to $2 , while PowerPlay games became $3 ; the minimum jackpot doubled to $40 million . A non-jackpot play matching the five white balls won $1 million . The red balls decreased from 39 to 35 . The drawings were moved from Universal Studios Orlando to the Florida Lottery 's studios in Tallahassee . Sam Arlen served as host , with Alexa Fuentes substituting . These changes were made to increase the frequency of nine - figure jackpots ; a Powerball spokesperson believed a $500 million jackpot was feasible ( it became a reality within the year , ) and that the 1st $1 billion jackpot in US history would occur by 2012 Less than three months after the Powerball changes , Mega Millions ' jackpot reached $656,000,000 despite remaining a $1 - per - play game . The random Power Play multiplier was retired for a set , fixed dollar amount payout . The $25 million rollover `` cap '' ( creating larger 5 + 0 prizes ) was eliminated . California joined on April 8 , 2013 ; it has never offered the Power Play option , as all payouts in California Lottery drawing games , by law , are parimutuel . Mega Millions , which became available in California in 2005 , offers its Megaplier in its other 45 jurisdictions . On January 22 , 2014 , the variable Power Play option returned ( 2x - 5x ) for multiplying non-jackpot prizes . In October 2014 , Puerto Rico joined Powerball ; the first mainly Spanish - speaking jurisdiction offering the game ; as of 2016 it had not joined Mega Millions . 2015 format change ( edit ) On Oct 4 , 2015 , the Powerball format changed again ; the white - ball pool increased from 59 to 69 while the Powerball pool decreased from 35 to 26 . While this improved the chance of winning any prize to 1 in 24 , it also lengthened the jackpot odds to 1 in 292,201,338 . The 4 + 1 prize became $50,000 ; the 10x PowerPlay became available in drawings with a jackpot of under $150 million . Three months later , the format produced a $1.5 billion jackpot , double the previous record , after 20 consecutive rollovers . Playing the game ( edit ) Basic game ( edit ) The minimum Powerball bet is $2 . In each game , players select five numbers from a set of 69 white balls and one number from 26 red Powerballs ; the red ball number can be the same as one of the white balls . The drawing order of the five white balls is irrelevant ; all tickets show the white ball numbers in ascending order . Players can not use the drawn Powerball to match two of their white numbers , or vice versa . Players can select their own numbers , or have the terminal pseudorandomly select the numbers ( called `` quick pick '' , `` easy pick '' , etc . ) . In each drawing , winning numbers are selected using two ball machines : one containing the white balls and the other containing the red Powerballs . Five white balls are drawn from the first machine and the red ball from the second machine . Games matching at least three white balls or the red Powerball win . Two identical machines are used for each drawing , randomly selected from four sets . The model of machine used is the Halogen , manufactured by Smartplay International of Edgewater Park , New Jersey . There are eight ball sets ( four of each color ) ; one set of each color is randomly selected before a drawing . The balls are mixed by a turntable at the bottom of the machine that propels the balls around the chamber . When the machine selects a ball , the turntable slows to catch it , sends it up the shaft , and then down the rail to the display . The double matrixes and probabilities in the game 's history : Starting date Pick 5 of Pick 1 of Jackpot chance Power Play multipliers April 22 , 1992 45 45 1 : 54,979,154 none † November 5 , 1997 49 42 1 : 80,089,127 none † March 7 , 2001 49 42 1 : 80,089,127 1 × - 5 × October 9 , 2002 53 42 1 : 120,526,769 2 × - 5 × August 28 , 2005 55 42 1 : 146,107,961 2 × - 5 × January 7 , 2009 59 39 1 : 195,249,054 2 × - 5 × January 15 , 2012 59 35 1 : 175,223,510 none January 19 , 2014 59 35 1 : 175,223,510 2 × - 5 × October 7 , 2015 69 26 1 : 292,201,338 2 × - 5 × ; 10 × ‡ † Power Play was introduced in 2001 . ‡ 10 × available if jackpot is under $150 million . While Mega Millions and Powerball each have similar jackpot odds despite having a different double matrix ( Mega Millions is 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 ) , since Powerball is $2 per play , it now takes $584,402,676 ( not counting Power Play side bets ) on average to produce a jackpot - winning ticket . Power Play ( edit ) For an additional $1 per game , a player may activate the Power Play option . Activating it multiplies lower - tier winnings ( base prize $50,000 or less ) by up to 5 , or 10 when the jackpot is under $150 million . Power Play is drawn separate from the 6 numbers . The 5 + 0 prize is automatically doubled to $2 million if Power Play is activated . The dilemma for players is whether to maximize the chance at the jackpot or increase lower - tier winnings . If a player selects a fixed amount of money to spend on tickets at a certain time , the player will give up one guess of the winning set of numbers every two times this player activates Power Play in respect of one of the purchased tickets . Power Play , when it began in 2001 , was drawn with a special wheel . In 2006 and 2007 , MUSL replaced one of the 5 × spaces on the Power Play wheel with a 10 × . During each month - long promotion , MUSL guaranteed that there would be at least one drawing with a 10 × multiplier . The promotion returned in 2008 ; the ball landed in the 10 × space twice . After being absent in 2009 , the 10 × multiplier returned in May 2010 ( after the Power Play drawing was changed to RNG . ) The promotion was extended for the only time , as the 10 × multiplier was not drawn until June 12 . The second prize 5 × guarantee continued ; the 10 × applied to all non-jackpot prizes , as in previous promotions . Power Play ′ s success has led to similar multipliers in other games , most notably Megaplier , available through all Mega Millions members except California . The 2012 Powerball changes resulted in all eight lower - tier levels having `` fixed '' Power Play prizes . On Jan 19 , 2014 , PowerPlay was modified ; it used 30 balls with the following distribution : 2x ( 15 ) 3x ( 9 ) 4x / 5x : 3 each On Oct 4 , 2015 , PowerPlay changed again , using 42 or 43 † balls as follows : 2x ( 24 ) 3x ( 13 ) 4x ( 3 ) 5x ( 2 ) 10x ( 1 ) † † 10x available when jackpot is under $150 million . Prizes and odds ( edit ) Payouts as of October 7 , 2015 : Matches Prize Power Play 2x ( 1 in 1.75 ) Power Play 3x ( 1 in 3.23 ) Power Play 4x ( 1 in 14 ) Power Play 5x ( 1 in 21 ) Odds of winning PB only ( 0 + 1 ) $4 $8 $12 $16 $20 1 in 38.32 § 1 number plus PB ( 1 + 1 ) $4 $8 $12 $16 $20 1 in 91.98 2 + 1 $7 $14 $21 $28 $35 1 in 701.33 3 + 0 $7 $14 $21 $28 $35 1 in 579.76 3 + 1 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 1 in 14,494.11 4 + 0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 1 in 36,525.17 4 + 1 $50,000 $100,000 $150,000 $200,000 $250,000 1 in 913,129.18 5 + 0 $1,000,000 $2,000,000 1 in 11,688,053.52 5 + 1 Jackpot 1 in 292,201,338 Overall odds of winning a prize are 1 in 24.87 . Former prizes / odds ( January 19 , 2014 -- October 3 , 2015 ) : Matches Prize Power Play 2x ( 1 in 2 ) Power Play 3x ( 1 in 3 1 / 3 ) Power Play 4x ( 1 in 10 ) Power Play 5x ( 1 in 10 ) Odds of winning PB only $4 $8 $12 $16 $20 1 in 55.41 1 number plus PB $4 $8 $12 $16 $20 1 in 110.81 2 numbers plus PB $7 $14 $21 $28 $35 1 in 706.43 3 numbers ; no PB $7 $14 $21 $28 $35 1 in 360.14 3 numbers plus PB $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 1 in 12,244.83 4 numbers ; no PB $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 1 in 19,087.53 4 numbers plus PB $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 1 in 648,975.96 5 numbers ; no PB $1,000,000 $2,000,000 1 in 5,153,632.65 5 numbers plus PB Jackpot 1 in 175,223,510.00 Overall odds of winning were 1 in 31.85 . ^ Jump up to : California 's prize amounts are always parimutuel because its state penal code distinguishes between a `` lottery '' which can not be broken and a `` banked game '' whose bank theoretically could be broken . Only a `` lottery '' was authorized by the state Lottery Act . Therefore , Power Play is not offered in California . ^ Jump up to : $2,000,000 fixed for match 5 + 0 with Power Play as of 2012 format change . ^ Jump up to : Power Play multipliers do not apply to jackpot . Jackpot is split among multiple winners . § Odds of winning 0 + 1 prize are 1 : 38.32 instead of 1 : 26 as there is the possibility of also matching at least one white ball . All non-jackpot prizes are fixed amounts ( except in California ) ; they may be reduced and paid on a parimutuel basis , with each member paying differing amounts for the same prize tier , if the liability exceeds the funds in the prize pool for any game member . Jackpot accumulation and payment options ( edit ) Jackpot winners have the option of receiving their prize in cash ( in two installments ; one from the winning jurisdiction , then the combined funds from the other members ) or as a graduated annuity paid in 30 yearly installments . Each annuity payment is 5 % higher than in the previous year to adjust for inflation . The advertised estimated jackpot represents the total payments that would be paid to jackpot winner ( s ) should they accept the annuity option . This estimate is based on the funds accumulated in the jackpot pool rolled over from prior drawings , expected sales for the next drawing , and market interest rates for the securities that would be used to fund the annuity . The estimated jackpot usually is 32.5 % of the ( non-Power Play ) revenue of each base ( $1 ) play , submitted by game members to accumulate into a prize pool to fund the jackpot . If the jackpot is not won in a particular drawing , the prize pool carries over to the next drawing , accumulating until there is a jackpot winner . This prize pool is the cash that is paid to a jackpot winner if they choose cash . If the winner chooses the annuity , current market rates are used to calculate the graduated payment schedule and the initial installment is paid . The remaining funds in the prize pool are invested to generate the income required to fund the remaining installments . If there are multiple jackpot winners for a drawing , the jackpot prize pool is divided equally for all such plays . MUSL and its members accept all investment risk and are contractually obligated and liable to the winner to make all scheduled payments to annuity winners . If a jackpot ticket is not claimed , the funds in the prize pool are returned to members in proportion to the amount they contributed to the prize pool . The members have different rules regulating how unclaimed funds are used . When the Powerball jackpot is won , the next jackpot is guaranteed to be $40 million ( annuity ) . If a jackpot is not won , the minimum rollover is $10 million . The cash in the jackpot pool is guaranteed to be the current value of the annuity . If revenue from ticket sales falls below expectations , game members must contribute additional funds to the jackpot pool to cover the shortage ; the most likely scenario where this can occur is if the jackpot is won in consecutive drawings . Claiming prizes ( edit ) A winning ticket must be claimed in the jurisdiction in which it was purchased , regardless of residence . The minimum age to play Powerball is 18 , except in Nebraska ( 19 ) ; and Arizona , Iowa , and Louisiana ( 21 ) . Generally , Powerball players do not have to choose cash or annuity unless they win a jackpot ( then they usually have 60 days to choose . ) Exceptions include Florida and Missouri ; the 60 - day `` clock '' starts with the drawing , so a jackpot winner who wishes to take the cash option needs to make immediate plans to claim their prize . New Jersey and Texas require the cash / annuity choice to be made when playing ; in New Jersey , an annuity ticket can be changed to cash after winning , while in Texas , the choice is binding ( when the cash option was introduced in 1997 , all Powerball players had to make the choice when playing . This regulation was phased out by 1999 . ) All Powerball prizes must be claimed within a period ranging from 90 days to a year , depending on where the ticket was bought . Powerball winnings in California and Pennsylvania are subject to Federal income tax only . There is no state income tax in Florida , South Dakota , Texas , Washington and Wyoming , and only on interest and dividends in Tennessee and New Hampshire . Winnings from tickets purchased outside of one 's home state may be subject to the income tax laws of both states ( with possible credit based on the two jurisdictions . ) Secondary prizes ( edit ) Unlike the jackpot pool , other prizes are the responsibility and liability of each participating lottery . All revenue for Powerball ticket sales not used for jackpots is retained by each member ; none of this revenue is shared with other lotteries . Members are liable only for the payment of secondary prizes sold there . Since the secondary prizes are defined in fixed amounts ( except in California ) , if the liability for a given prize level exceed the funds in the prize pool for that level the amount of the prize may be reduced and the prize pool be distributed on a parimutuel basis and result in a prize lower than the fixed amounts given in the prize tables . Because the secondary prize pools are calculated independently , it is possible lower - tier prizes will differ among the game members . Notable wins ( edit ) Main article : Lottery jackpot records § United States Because the quoted jackpot amount is an annuity of 30 graduated annual payments , its cash value relative to the annuity fluctuates . The actual ratio depends on projected interest rates and other factors . MUSL starts with the cash value , built from a percentage of sales , and then calculates the advertised jackpot amount from that value , based on the average costs of the three best securities bids . On August 23 , 2017 , the owner of a Powerball ticket sold in Chicopee , Massachusetts won more than $750 million , one of the largest prizes in the lottery 's history . On January 13 , 2016 , the world 's largest lottery jackpot , an annuity of approximately $1.586 billion , was split among three Powerball tickets in Chino Hills , California , Melbourne Beach , Florida and Munford , Tennessee , each worth $528.8 million . Since there is no income tax in Florida or Tennessee ( and California does not tax lottery winnings ) , the cash option after Federal withholdings is $187.2 million each . On May 18 , 2013 , the world 's largest one - ticket jackpot , an annuity of approximately $590.5 million ( $607 million today ) , was won by a Powerball ticket sold in Zephyrhills , Florida . On June 5 , Florida Lottery officials announced the winner : Gloria C. MacKenzie , 84 , who purchased the `` quick pick '' ticket at a Publix supermarket . MacKenzie chose the cash option of approximately $370.8 million , before Federal withholding ; Florida does not have a state income tax . Other winners in excess of $250 million : On December 25 , 2002 , Jack Whittaker , president of a construction firm in Putnam County , West Virginia , won $314.9 million ( $419 million today ) , then a new record for a single ticket in an American lottery . Whittaker chose the cash option of $170 million , receiving approximately $83 million after West Virginia and Federal withholdings . On October 19 , 2005 , the West family of Jacksonville , Oregon won $340 million ( $417 million today ) . The Wests chose the cash payout of $164.4 million ( before withholdings ) , smaller than Whittaker 's cash payout in 2002 due to a then - recent change in the annuity structure . A jackpot of $365 million ( $434 million today ) was won on February 18 , 2006 by one ticket in Nebraska . It was shared by eight people who worked at a meatpacking plant . The group chose the cash option of approximately $177.3 million , before withholdings . On August 25 , 2007 , a jackpot worth $314 million ( $363 million today ) was won by a retired auto worker from Ohio ; that ticket was bought in Richmond , Indiana , a community that had previously sold a jackpot - winning ticket of over $200 million . In November 2011 , three Greenwich , Connecticut , financial executives shared a jackpot of $254.2 million ( $271 million today ) , the largest prize on a Connecticut - bought ticket . Choosing the cash option , the men split nearly $104 million after withholdings . The jackpot , at the time , was the 12th largest in Powerball history . Fortune cookie payout ( edit ) The Powerball drawing on March 30 , 2005 , produced 110 second - prize winners . The total payout to these winners was $19.4 million , with 89 winners receiving $100,000 each , while the other 21 winners received $500,000 each as they were Power Play selections . MUSL officials initially suspected fraud or a reporting error . However , all 110 winners had played numbers from fortune cookies made by Wonton Food Inc. of Long Island City , New York . The factory had printed the numbers `` 22 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 39 , 40 '' on thousands of fortunes . The `` 40 '' in the fortune did not match the Powerball number , 42 . None of the employees of Wonton Food played those numbers ; at the time , the closest game member was Connecticut . Since the ticket holders had won as result of a coincidence rather than foul play , the payouts were made . Had the fortune cookie given 42 as the Powerball number , these winners would have shared the $25 million jackpot : each $227,272 annuity or $122,727 cash ( before withholdings ) . The fortune on the inspiring cookie read : `` All the preparation you 've done will finally be paying off . '' Computers and slot machines ( edit ) In 2006 , WMS Gaming released a range of slot machines under the Powerball brand name . In 2007 , the Oregon Lottery released a Windows Sidebar gadget that displays the winning numbers for Powerball in real - time . The gadget also provides large jackpot announcements . The New York Lottery introduced a Powerball scratchcard in 2010 . Five winning numbers plus a powerball were printed across the top of the card , with 12 opportunities to match . Matching the winning numbers or the powerball won . The top prize was $1 million ( annuity ) ; unlike actual Powerball , there was no cash option for the top prize . See also ( edit ) Mega Millions Multi-State Lottery Association ( MUSL ) Lottery jackpot records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Powerball manipulated the odds to create a $1.5 billion jackpot '' . Washington Post . January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Powerball . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Danielle Abreu ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Powerball Jackpot Jumps Again to Record $1.5 Billion '' . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Powerball has a winner in $1.6 billion jackpot '' . Washington Post . January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Helsel , Phil ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Powerball Jackpot : Winning Tickets in $1.5 Billion Lottery Sold in Calif. , Fla. , Tenn . '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoosier Lottery History Archived February 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Powerball . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Official Home '' . Megamillions.com . October 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Powerball Lottery Drawings to Be Available Live on the Internet '' , TransWorldNews , November 9 , 2009 . Retrieved on 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Live Powerball drawings online '' . Powerballlive.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Penn Ohio Lottery & Deli in Sharon , PA 16146 '' . Local.post-gazette.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lotto , Lucy ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Powerball Lottery Changes for 2012 '' . WorldLottery.net . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . The first and biggest change to the Powerball Lottery is the introduction of the $40 million base jackpot . Now , when the Powerball Lottery jackpot is reset after a win it will start at $40 million , tempting even more players in for those early draws . Another promise , that is sure to be popular with lottery players , is the introduction of more prizes . From January , Powerball players will have even better odds of winning a prize worth at least $1 million , and it 's that fact that may soften the third and biggest ever change . From January 15 , 2012 , Powerball Lottery tickets are doubling in price , in what is the biggest change to the Powerball Lottery draw since its launch in 1994 . Jump up ^ Lokay , Jim . `` Changes to Powerball coming in 2012 '' . CBS Pittsburgh . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ On November 27 . Powerball jackpot hits record $500 m as lotteries work to build up higher prizes Jump up ^ Strauss , Gary ( February 14 , 2012 ) . Lottery jackpots may get bigger . USA Today . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions jackpot reaches record $500 million '' . Komo News . Sinclair Interactive Media . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . The jackpot was originally announced at $476 million early Wednesday morning but rampant ticket sales boosted the estimated payout to the $500 million mark . Tuesday night 's jackpot was $363 million , fed by weeks of drawings without a top winner . It has rolled 18 times since Marcia Adams of College Park won $72 million in the Jan. 24 drawing . A winner could get $19.2 million a year for 26 years or a single payment of $359 million . The previous record jackpot in the Mega Millions game was $390 million in 2007 , split by two winners in New Jersey and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Powerball - History '' . www.powerball.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Powerball manipulated the odds to create a $1.6 billion jackpot '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Redfern , Mike ( 7 July 2015 ) . `` Powerball Changes to Take Effect in October 2015 '' . Lottery World . Jump up ^ `` Three - way split for winners of record $1.6 bn lottery '' . Yahoo !. Agence France - Presse . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Odds are , you wo n't like this Powerball story Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Changes Coming to Powerball ... '' . Multi-State Lottery Association . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NEW YORK STATE GAMING COMMISSION AMENDMENT OF SECTIONS 5004.9 , 5007.2 , 5007.13 , 5007.15 , 5007.16 , 5009.2 and 5010.2 OF NEW YORK CODES , RULES AND REGULATIONS TITLE 9 , SUBTITLE T , CHAPTER III , SUBCHAPTER A '' ( PDF ) . New York State Gaming Commission . New York State Gaming Commission . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Powerball as of January 19 , 2014 -- New Prize Structure '' . nmlottery.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Powerball - Contact '' . Multi-State Lottery Association . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 02 . Sure , the odds of matching 1 red ball out of 35 are 1 in 35 , but we are not giving the odds for matching a red ball . We give the odds for winning a prize for matching one red ball ALONE . If you match the red ball plus at least one white ball , you win some other prize , but not this prize . The odds of matching one red ball ALONE are harder than 1 in 35 because there is some risk that you will also match one or more white ball numbers - and then win a different prize . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Powerball -- Prizes '' . Powerball.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Powerball - How To Play '' . Powerball.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Powerball '' . Floridalottery.com . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Has the Cash Jackpot Gone Down ? '' Powerball Frequently Asked Questions . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Powerball winners : Annuity or lump sum ? '' . Money.CNN.com . January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $590 M Zephyrhills Powerball winner announced during news conference '' . WFTV . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Gary ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` And the winner of the $590.5 million Powerball jackpot is ... '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2012-12-13/lottery-winner-jack-whittakers-losing-ticket `` Lottery Winner Jack Whittaker 's Losing Ticket '' Jump up ^ `` Winners of $340 million Powerball lottery step forward -- Lottery News '' . Lotterypost.com . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who won Powerball 's $365 million ? -- US news -- Life '' . MSNBC . February 23 , 2006 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Retired auto worker , 2 children claim $314 M Powerball lottery jackpot -- Lottery News '' . Lotterypost.com . September 12 , 2007 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Helhoski , Anna . `` Greenwich Powerball Winners To Give to Charity '' . The Greenwich Daily Voice . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 110 players share powerball pay - out thanks to fortune cookie numbers '' . Multilotto.com . Jump up ^ `` Fortune cookie bet made Powerball lottery players rich '' . The Seattle Times . May 11 , 2005 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powerball Drawing Detail for Wednesday , March 30 , 2005 '' . USA Mega . March 30 , 2005 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Lottery '' . Nylottery.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website Preceded by Mega Millions World 's largest lottery jackpot January 13 , 2016 -- present Succeeded by ( hide ) Lotteries in the United States US lotteries Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas US Virgin Islands Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Multi-state games ( by number of jurisdictions ) Powerball ( 47 ) Mega Millions ( 46 ) Lucky for Life ( 25 ) Cash4Life ( 9 ) MegaHits ( 5 ) 2by2 ( 3 ) Tri-State Lottery ( 3 ) All or Nothing ( 2 ) Former multi-state games Cash4Life ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Daily Millions Decades of Dollars Hot Lotto Lotto * America ( originally 1988 -- 1992 ; new version to begin November 12 , 2017 ) Lotto South Midwest Millions Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Wild Card Win for Life Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powerball&oldid=807097187 '' Categories : 1992 establishments in the United States Lottery games in the United States Lottery monopolies Mega Ball lottery games Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2011 Use mdy dates from March 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Română Русский Slovenščina ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 21 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do they pull the powerball numbers 2016	[ "Drawings for Powerball are held every Wednesday and Saturday evening at 10:59 p.m. Eastern Time. Since October 7, 2015, the game has used a 5/69 (white balls) + 1/26 (Powerballs) matrix from which winning numbers are chosen, resulting in odds of 1 in 292,201,338 of winning a jackpot per play.[1] Each play costs $2, or $3 with the Power Play option. (Originally, Powerball plays cost $1; when PowerPlay began, such games were $2.) The official cutoff for ticket sales is 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time; some lotteries cut off sales earlier.[2] The drawings are usually held at the Florida Lottery’s studio in Tallahassee." ]	[ "every Wednesday and Saturday evening at 10:59 p.m. Eastern Time" ]
4706363175863681196	Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017	Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 - Wikipedia Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Totality as seen from Simpsonville , South Carolina Map Type of eclipse Nature Total Gamma 0.4367 Magnitude 1.0306 Maximum eclipse Duration 160 sec ( 2 m 40 s ) 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W / 37 ° N 87.7 ° W / 37 ; - 87.7 Max . width of band 115 km ( 71 mi ) Times ( UTC ) ( P1 ) Partial begin 15 : 46 : 48 ( U1 ) Total begin 16 : 48 : 32 Greatest eclipse 18 : 26 : 40 ( U4 ) Total end 20 : 01 : 35 ( P4 ) Partial end 21 : 04 : 19 References Saros 145 ( 22 of 77 ) Catalog # ( SE5000 ) 9546 The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 , dubbed `` The Great American Eclipse '' by the media , was a total solar eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia , it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula . Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse . The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . Marriage proposals took place coinciding with the eclipse , and at least one wedding was also planned and took place to coincide with the eclipse . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visibility 2 Other celestial bodies 3 Other eclipses over the United States 4 Total eclipse viewing events 4.1 Oregon 4.2 Idaho 4.3 Wyoming 4.4 Nebraska 4.5 Kansas 4.6 Missouri 4.7 Illinois 4.8 Kentucky 4.9 Tennessee 4.10 North Carolina 4.11 Georgia 4.12 South Carolina 5 Viewing from outside the United States 5.1 Canada 5.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America 5.3 Russia 5.4 Europe 5.5 West Africa 6 Media and scientific coverage 7 Counterfeit eclipse glasses 8 Eye damage 9 Planning 10 Post-eclipse traffic problems 11 Impact on solar power 12 Commemorative stamp 13 Videos 14 Gallery 14.1 Totality 14.2 Transition 14.3 Partial 14.4 Images produced by natural pinholes 14.5 Views outside of the US 15 Related eclipses 15.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 15.2 Saros series 145 15.3 Metonic series 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Visibility ( edit ) Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . Animation of the eclipse shadow . The dot in the center represents the path of totality . View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W / 36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . At one location in Wyoming , a small group of astronomers used telescopic lenses to photograph the sun as it was in partial eclipse , while the ISS was also seen to briefly transit the sun . Other celestial bodies ( edit ) During totality stars and 4 planets were visible , including Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Solar eclipse and star - system Regulus ( upper left ) viewed from Cullowhee , NC . During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality , several bright stars and four planets were visible . The star - system Regulus was visible slightly to the west of the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . The path of totality across the United States The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 . Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) Oregon ( edit ) Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond ring effect and some prominences at the end of totality in Oregon Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre . Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation . Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a seven - day eclipse festival which included rave - style music dubbed `` Oregon Eclipse '' . Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . Idaho ( edit ) A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Total eclipse from Weiser , Idaho Arco -- High altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA . Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . Wyoming ( edit ) People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . Nebraska ( edit ) A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . ABC News reported live from Carhenge during totality . Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events were held with representatives from NASA on Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse . Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . Kansas ( edit ) Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . Missouri ( edit ) Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing . Illinois ( edit ) Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . Kentucky ( edit ) An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Tennessee ( edit ) Totality from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events from Saturday to Monday . McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes . Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . North Carolina ( edit ) Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . Georgia ( edit ) Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . Elberty County - Approximately 400 people gathered at the Georgia Guidestones . South Carolina ( edit ) Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free . Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe Canada ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Ottawa , viewing parties were held at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . Russia ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27.82 % . Europe ( edit ) In northwestern Europe , a partial eclipse was visible in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line on the map , the eclipse was not visible . West Africa ( edit ) In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . '' ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) . Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) , it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse . Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) See also : Solar viewer In the months leading up to the eclipse , many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale . Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light , but most UV and infrared light as well . For visible light , the user should only be able to see the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs , and similarly intense sources . Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer , which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment . The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe . He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . Eye damage ( edit ) Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun . Planning ( edit ) A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance . The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes . Others reported that it took three hours to travel from Idaho Falls to the closer city of Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) farther north of Pocatello . In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane , near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1,000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times . As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut . A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . In Kentucky , particularly around the Hopkinsville area , which was dubbed `` Eclipseville , USA '' , post-eclipse traffic caused extensive delays . The en masse departure of tourists via Interstate 69 as well as the Western Kentucky Parkway resulted in commute times double or even triple of normal . The Hopkinsville - to - Lexington commute under normal circumstances lasts three and a half hours . Impact on solar power ( edit ) An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes . CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . Commemorative stamp ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . Videos ( edit ) Animation showing shadow movement of event from space . Play media Illustration showing umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . Play media Illustration featuring several visualizations of the event . Play media Short time - lapse showing umbra as it moves across the clouds . Play media Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry , South Carolina Gallery ( edit ) Totality ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is completely eclipsed by the moon ) Sequence starting at 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT , as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Totality and prominences as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Totality as seen from Columbia , Missouri Totality as seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee Totality as seen from Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina Totality as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Transition ( edit ) ( Images showing Baily 's beads or a Diamond ring , which occur just as totality begins or ends ) Beginning of Diamond ring as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul , South Carolina Diamond ring as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Diamond ring ( with large flare ) as seen from Cullowhee , NC Partial ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is partially eclipsed by the moon ) Seattle , Washington North Cascades National Park , Washington San Francisco , California Mira Mesa in San Diego , California Far western Nebraska White House , Tennessee Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. Brooklyn , New York Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) Virginia Beach , Virginia Simpsonville , South Carolina Newberry , South Carolina Images produced by natural pinholes ( edit ) ( Images of the eclipse created by natural pinholes formed by tree leaves ) North Cascade mountains ( British Columbia and Washington ) . Moon , Pennsylvania Views outside of the U.S. ( edit ) Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m. Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal Related eclipses ( edit ) Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 Descending node Ascending node Saros Map Saros Map 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard March 20 , 2015 Total 125 September 13 , 2015 Partial 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia March 9 , 2016 Total 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion September 1 , 2016 Annular 140 Partial from Buenos Aires February 26 , 2017 Annular 145 Oregon August 21 , 2017 Total 150 February 15 , 2018 Partial 155 August 11 , 2018 Partial Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . Saros series 145 ( edit ) This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 . The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 16 17 18 June 17 , 1909 June 29 , 1927 July 9 , 1945 19 20 21 July 20 , 1963 July 31 , 1981 August 11 , 1999 22 23 24 August 21 , 2017 September 2 , 2035 September 12 , 2053 25 26 September 23 , 2071 October 4 , 2089 Metonic series ( edit ) The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) . ( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 June 10 -- 11 March 27 -- 29 January 15 -- 16 November 3 August 21 -- 22 117 119 121 123 125 June 10 , 1964 March 28 , 1968 January 16 , 1972 November 3 , 1975 August 22 , 1979 127 129 131 133 135 June 11 , 1983 March 29 , 1987 January 15 , 1991 November 3 , 1994 August 22 , 1998 137 139 141 143 145 June 10 , 2002 March 29 , 2006 January 15 , 2010 November 3 , 2013 August 21 , 2017 147 149 151 153 155 June 10 , 2021 March 29 , 2025 January 14 , 2029 November 3 , 2032 August 21 , 2036 See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses visible from the United States Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steed , Edward ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Great American Eclipse of 2017 '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Massimino , Mike ( narrator ) ( August 22 , 2017 ) . The Great American Eclipse . Science Channel . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Redd , Nola Taylor ( 29 September 2017 ) . `` What the 2017 Solar Eclipse Taught Us About Boosting Public Interest in Science '' . space.com . Purch Group . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Michael ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` A Near - IR Photo of the Moon 's Shadow During the Great American Eclipse '' . PetaPixel . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lakind , Sean ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Great American Eclipse And Its Effect On Retail Traffic '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Melissa ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse : Everything You Need to Know '' . Time . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Stephen ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` When Exactly Will the Eclipse Happen ? A Multimillenium Tale of Computation '' . Wolfram Blog . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to view the partial solar eclipse in Hawaii '' . KHON2 Nexstar Media Group . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com Total solar eclipse experience from coast to coast , ABC News ( marriage proposal : 5 : 24 ; wedding : 6 : 01 ) . ^ Jump up to : https://www.youtube.com Eclipse Across America ( Cookeville , TN : 0 : 55 ; marriage proposal : 1 : 37 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Wyoming prepares for total solar eclipse in 2017 '' . CTV News . Associated Press . August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon offers refunds to customers who bought fake eclipse glasses '' . CBC News . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Who ? What ? Where ? When ? and How ? '' . NASA . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voyages of Discovery : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' . astroadventures.net . Astro Adventures . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malik , Tariq ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Timeline of When the 2017 Solar Eclipse Begins and Ends '' . space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse : What to Expect '' . The New York Times . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 August 21 Total Solar Eclipse '' . USNO . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Will ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` NASA to Chase Solar Eclipse with Jets for Clearest Ever Photos of Corona '' . PetaPixel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com Space Station Transiting 2017 Eclipse . Jump up ^ http://earthsky.org See 4 planets during the total eclipse . Jump up ^ `` The Great Baja Eclipse '' , Discover January 1991 . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1981 -- 2000 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1961 -- 1980 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 1970 Mar 07 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands Go West for a Total Solar Eclipse Tomorrow ; Data May Aid Energy Research Partial Eclipse for New York Best Types of Film Image of Sun on Screen '' , The New York Times February 25 , 1979 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Browne , Malcolm W. ( February 27 , 1979 ) . `` Total Eclipse of the Sun Darkens Skies in Northwest ; Total Eclipse Casts Two Minutes of Darkness in West Temperature Falls Sharply Learned of Weather Peculiarities Data on Plasma Sought '' . The New York Times . p . C4 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schrag , Philip ( July 30 , 1972 ) . `` Let There Be Darkness , Please ; When Mercury Is at Quadrature , the Social Director Is a Lonely Man For Two Extremely Short Minutes Everyone Gaped Into the Sky '' . The New York Times . p. 15 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jubier , Xavier ; Espenak , Fred . `` NASA -- Total Solar Eclipse of 1257 June 13 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jubier , Xavier M. ( 2011 ) . `` Google Earth Gallery for Solar and Lunar Eclipses '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to watch the total solar eclipse in Eastern Oregon '' . East Oregonian . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` EclipseFest '' . Salem - Keizer Volcanoes . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse chasers blaze trail to Oregon for view of a lifetime '' . The Seattle Times . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Scores International Collaborative Festival With ' Oregon Eclipse ' '' . Dance Music NW . November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Eclipse -- A Total Solar Eclipse Gathering 17 -- 23 August , 2017 '' . oregoneclipse2017.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com Oregon Eclipse 2017 - Symbiosis . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Oregon solar eclipse updates on traffic , crowds and events '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMSI Total Solar Eclipse Viewing in Salem , Oregon -- August 21 , 2017 '' . NASA . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Event Details -- Craters Of The Moon National Monument & Preserve '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Events Around Eastern Idaho '' . Eastern Idaho Eclipse . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Falls Eclipse '' . Big Kid Science . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse 2017 '' . Brigham Young University Idaho . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Festival and Map '' . Weiser Eclipse 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017Astrocon , Casper , Wyoming '' . Astronomical League . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . a unique opportunity for professional astronomers to intermingle with knowledgeable amateurs ; gathering together to learn from each other and exchange ideas . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Great American Eclipse , Fort Laramie '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Events '' . 2017 Solar Eclipse in Alliance . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowds at Carhenge in Nebraska eager to view solar eclipse ( ABC News , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Lunch on the Lawn '' . Nemaha County Hospital . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse Weekend of Events at Homestead National Monument of America -- Homestead National Monument of America '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : YouTube : Eclipse 2017 : One Nation Under the Sun Published August 27 , 2017 , ( National Monument displayed at 0 : 58 , 4 : 42 4 : 53 , 6 : 31 ; Lincoln baseball game at 0 : 44 , 1 : 36 , 5 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ `` Gem of the Prairie Eclipse Event '' . stuhrmuseum.org . Stuhr Museum . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eight - run Inning Carries Saltdogs Over Railcats in Special Solar Eclipse Game '' . Lincoln Saltdogs . August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Eclipse Viewing at Benedictine College '' . Benedictine College . Jump up ^ `` Show me totality COMO '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MU hosts weekend full of events leading to Mondays solar eclipse '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 2017 '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total solar eclipse ride '' . KC - PPC . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse / 150 Years Festival '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipsing Park University '' . Park University . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darkening of the Sun -- Eclipse 2017 -- St. Clair MO '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Joseph Eclipse '' . Front Page Science . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois : eclipse crossroads of America '' . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Bob ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Amtrak announces ' Eclipse Express ' special to southern Illinois '' . Trains . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois University Carbondale ( NASA EDGE ) '' . NASA . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carley , Sean ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remainder of `` Moonstock '' eclipse festival lineup announced `` . Daily Egyptian . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` View the Eclipse with University of Illinois Astronomers in Goreville , IL '' . University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WKU Eclipse Events '' . Western Kentucky University . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse 2017 : The 5 minor league games being played during Aug. 21 event '' . SBNation . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Monumental Solar Eclipse Festival : August 18 -- August 21 '' . Solar Eclipse Hopkinsville , KY . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' . athenschamber.org . Athens Area Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Events '' . Austin Peay State University . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blackout 2017 '' . mainstreetmcminnville.org . Main Street McMinville . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse - Themed Programs & Events '' . Music City Solar Eclipse . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville 's Italian Lights festival is official NASA location for solar eclipse '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . WKRN News2 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 Viewing Event , Free Music City Eclipse Party '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Will Pass Through the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina '' . Bryson City North Carolina . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reinhart , Vince ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse - Cullowhee North Carolina '' -- via Flickr . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse leaves thousands breathless at UGA 's Sanford Stadium '' . WXIA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Off the Grid Fest '' . Get Off the Grid Fest . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eclipse awes those gathered at Georgia Guidestones , by Wayne Ford ( Athens Banner - Herald , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` NASA to Broadcast Eclipse from . CofC '' . The College Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melvin , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Live : When , where and how to watch the total solar eclipse at Clemson University '' . Clemson University . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 at the South Carolina State Museum '' . South Carolina State Museum . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse at Furman '' . Furman University . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse Watch Party '' . sumtersc.gov . City of Sumter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortillaro , Nicole ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` When day turns into night : Canadians , Americans prepare for total solar eclipse '' . CBC News . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse viewing party at Canada Aviation and Space Museum CTV News '' . ctvnews.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to watch the eclipse in the Toronto area Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr '' . Jump up ^ Littmann , Espenak , Willcox : Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . pp 253ff ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Molly ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` How to watch the Great American Eclipse , no matter where you are in the world '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse '' . TVNewser . Adweek . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Coverage : TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potenza , Alessandra ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MOELLER , KATY ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse observation balloon went missing . Did it land in Treasure Valley ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Eclipse 2017 Umbra Viewed from Space '' . NASA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Herman . `` Trump celebrates solar eclipse by looking up without special viewing glasses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Am I crazy for watching the eclipse with no glasses ? ' Rapper Joey Bada $ $ is forced to pull out of his live tour after staring directly at the sun '' . Daily Mail Online . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse Had a Spooky Effect on Nature '' . Live Science . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The solar eclipse was viewed over 90 million times on NASA website '' . The Economic Times . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfson , Elijah ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Solar - eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon 's market '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe '' . Solar Eclipse Across America -- August 21 , 2017 . American Astronomical Society . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Includes photos of genuine and fake eclipse glasses . Jump up ^ Pittman , Travis ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How Fast Your Retina Could Burn Looking at Eclipse Unprotected '' . Denver , Colorado : 9 News . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Glasses Safety '' . Eclipse Glasses.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Czebiniak , Madasyn ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Springdale library ' sickened ' by discovery of counterfeit eclipse glasses '' . Trib Live . metro Pittsburgh . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Matt ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` How to tell if your solar eclipse glasses are safe or fake '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Signs of Potential Eye Damage After Watching Solar Eclipse , According to an Eye Care Expert '' . NBC Chicago . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Questions and answers with Linda Chous , a doctor and `` chief eye care officer for UnitedHealthcare '' . Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) . `` What are the symptoms of eye damage from viewing a solar eclipse ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Will eye damage follow the Great American Eclipse ? , Los Angeles Times , Amina Khan , August 22 , 2017 . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta is an ophthalmologist at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai . Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Chris ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Welcome to ' Eclipseville , ' Hopkinsville , Ky , USA '' . WHAS . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stunson , Mike ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` The rare eclipse was memorable . The ride home was something they want to forget '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Once we left Hopkinsville ... It took us 10 hours to go 210 miles , and we did n't return to our home in Lexington until just after midnight . Jump up ^ Helmer , Katrina ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` As solar eclipse ends , traffic stalls heading out of Hopkinsville '' . WDRB . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . As of 10 p.m. , drivers were still on the roads trying to get back to Louisville more than seven hours after leaving Hopkinsville . Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA Color map -- NASA Eclipse 2017 : One Nation Under The Sun ( NPR ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published August 27 , 2017 ) . Eclipse Across America ( Celestron ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published September 26 , 2017 ) . Photos and videos Space.com Gallery of photos from Casper , Wyoming Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 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WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017&oldid=808994059 '' Categories : 2017 in science 2017 in space 21st - century solar eclipses August 2017 events August 2017 events in the United States Total solar eclipses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots Simple English ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 14 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do the eclipse supposed to take place	[ "\n\nSolar eclipse of August 21, 2017\n\n\n\nTotality as seen from Simpsonville, South Carolina\n\n\n\n\n\nMap\n\n\n\n\nType of eclipse\n\n\nNature\nTotal\n\n\nGamma\n0.4367\n\n\nMagnitude\n1.0306\n\n\nMaximum eclipse\n\n\nDuration\n160 sec (2 m 40 s)\n\n\nCoordinates\n37°00′N 87°42′W / 37°N 87.7°W / 37; -87.7\n\n\nMax. width of band\n115 km (71 mi)\n\n\nTimes (UTC)\n\n\n(P1) Partial begin\n15:46:48\n\n\n(U1) Total begin\n16:48:32\n\n\nGreatest eclipse\n18:26:40\n\n\n(U4) Total end\n20:01:35\n\n\n(P4) Partial end\n21:04:19\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nSaros\n145 (22 of 77)\n\n\nCatalog # (SE5000)\n9546\n\n" ]	[ "August 21, 2017" ]
108744506445139712	Dubai	Dubai - Wikipedia Dubai Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city . For other uses , see Dubai ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . the proper template is used consistently , dates are sometimes given in ISO 8301 format and many references need to complete information about their author , date or access date . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article cites its sources but does not provide page references . You can help to improve it by introducing citations that are more precise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dubai دبي Metropolis Dubai Clockwise from top left : skyline with Burj Khalifa ; Burj Al Arab ; satellite image showing Palm Jumeirah and The World Islands ; Dubai Marina ; and Sheik Zayed Road . Flag Coat of arms Dubai Dubai Show map of United Arab Emirates Show map of Asia Show all Location of Dubai within the UAE Coordinates : 25 ° 15 ′ 47 '' N 55 ° 17 ′ 50 '' E / 25.26306 ° N 55.29722 ° E / 25.26306 ; 55.29722 Coordinates : 25 ° 15 ′ 47 '' N 55 ° 17 ′ 50 '' E / 25.26306 ° N 55.29722 ° E / 25.26306 ; 55.29722 Country United Arab Emirates Emirate Dubai Founded by Ubaid bin Saeed and Maktum bin Butti Al Maktoum Seat Dubai Subdivisions Towns and villages ( show ) Jebel Ali Al Aweer Al Lusayli Marqab Al Faq Ud al - Bayda Urqub Juwayza Government Type Absolute monarchy Emir Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Crown Prince Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Area Total 4,114 km ( 1,588 sq mi ) Population ( 12 January 2018 ) Total 2,983,248 Nationalities : 43.3 % Indian 23 % Emirati 17 % Pakistani 7.5 % Bangladeshi 4.2 % Filipino 1.5 % Sri Lankan 0.3 % American 5.2 % other countries Time zone UAE Standard Time ( UTC + 4 ) Nominal GDP 2016 estimate Total USD 108 billion Per capita USD 28,396 Website Dubai Municipality Dubai Tourism This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . ْUmm Hurair Road in Dubai Dubai ( / duːˈbaɪ / doo - BY ; Arabic : دبي ‎ Dubay , Gulf pronunciation : ( dʊˈbɑj ) ) is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai , one of the seven emirates that make up the country . Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country 's Federal Supreme Council . The city of Dubai is located on the emirate 's northern coastline and heads the Dubai - Sharjah - Ajman metropolitan area . Dubai will host World Expo 2020 . Dubai emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East . It is also a major transport hub for passengers and cargo . By the 1960s , Dubai 's economy was based on revenues from trade and , to a smaller extent , oil exploration concessions , but oil was not discovered until 1966 . Oil revenue first started to flow in 1969 . Dubai 's oil revenue helped accelerate the early development of the city , but its reserves are limited and production levels are low : today , less than 5 % of the emirate 's revenue comes from oil . The Emirate 's Western - style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism , aviation , real estate , and financial services . Dubai was recently named the best destination for Muslim travellers by Salam Standard . Dubai has recently attracted world attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events . The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high - rise buildings , in particular the world 's tallest building , the Burj Khalifa . Dubai has been criticised for human rights violations concerning the city 's largely South Asian and Filipino workforce . Dubai 's property market experienced a major deterioration in 2008 -- 09 following the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , but the emirate 's economy has made a return to growth , with a projected 2015 budget surplus . As of 2012 , Dubai was the 22nd most expensive city in the world and the most expensive city in the Middle East . In 2014 , Dubai 's hotel rooms were rated as the second most expensive in the world , after Geneva . In 2013 , U.S. global consulting firm Mercer rated Dubai the best place to live in the Middle East . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-oil Dubai 2.2 Oil era 2.3 Reaching the UAE 's Act of Union 2.4 Modern Dubai 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Governance and politics 5.1 Law enforcement 5.2 Sharia laws 6 Human rights 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnicity and languages 7.2 Religion 7.2. 1 Minorities 8 Economy 8.1 Tourism and retail 8.1. 1 Ski Dubai 8.2 Expo 2020 9 Cityscape 9.1 Architecture 9.1. 1 Burj Al Arab 9.1. 2 Burj Khalifa 9.2 Artificial Islands 9.2. 1 Palm Jumeirah 9.3 Dubai Miracle Garden 10 Transportation 10.1 Road 10.2 Air 10.3 Metro rail 10.4 Palm Jumeirah Monorail 10.5 Tram 10.6 High speed rail 10.7 Waterways 11 Culture 11.1 Food 11.1. 1 Dubai Food Festival 11.2 Entertainment 11.3 Dubai Shopping Festival 11.4 Media 11.5 Sports 11.5. 1 Cricket 11.6 Dress code 12 Education 13 Healthcare 14 Notable people 15 International relations 15.1 Twin towns and sister cities 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Etymology ( edit ) Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word `` Dubai '' . One theory suggests the word was used to describe the souq , which was similar to the souq in Ba . An Arabic proverb says `` Daba Dubai '' ( Arabic : دبا دبي ‎ ) , meaning `` They came with a lot of money . '' According to Fedel Handhal , a scholar on the UAE 's history and culture , the word Dubai may have come from the word daba ( Arabic : دبا ‎ ) ( a past tense derivative of yadub ( Arabic : يدب ‎ ) , which means `` to creep '' ) , referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland . The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word , but to its alternative meaning of `` baby locust '' ( Arabic : جراد ‎ ) due to the abundant nature of locusts in the area before settlement . An inhabitant or native of the city is a Dubaian . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Dubai and Timeline of Dubai Typical scene in old Dubai , Old District of Al Bastakiya Although stone tools have been found at many archaeological sites , little is known about the UAE 's early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found . Many ancient towns in the area were trading centres between the Eastern and Western worlds . The remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp , dated at 7000 BC , were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City . The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland , becoming part of the city 's present coastline . Pre-Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries . Prior to the introduction of Islam to the area , the people in this region worshiped Bajir ( or Bajar ) . After the spread of Islam in the region , the Umayyad Caliph of the eastern Islamic world invaded south - east Arabia and drove out the Sassanians . Excavations by the Dubai Museum in the region of Al - Jumayra ( Jumeirah ) found several artefacts from the Umayyad period . The earliest recorded mention of Dubai is in 1095 in the Book of Geography by the Andalusian - Arab geographer Abu Abdullah al - Bakri . The Venetian pearl merchant Gasparo Balbi visited the area in 1580 and mentioned Dubai ( Dibei ) for its pearling industry . Dubai is thought to have been established as a fishing village in the early 18th century and was , by 1822 , a town of some 7 -- 800 members of the Baniyas tribe and subject to the rule of Sheikh Tahnoon of Abu Dhabi . In 1833 , following tribal feuding , members of the Al Bu Falasa tribe seceded from Abu Dhabi and established themselves in Dubai . The exodus from Abu Dhabi was led by Ubaid bin Saeed and Maktum bin Butti who became joint leaders of Dubai until Ubaid died in 1836 , leaving Maktum to establish the Maktoum dynasty . Dubai signed the first treaty of Perpetual Maritime Truce in 1820 along with other Trucial States , which was followed by a further treaty in 1853 . It also -- like its neighbours on the Trucial Coast -- entered into an exclusivity agreement in which the United Kingdom took responsibility for the emirate 's security in 1892 . Two catastrophes struck the town during the 1800s . First , in 1841 , a smallpox epidemic broke out in the Bur Dubai locality , forcing residents to relocate east to Deira . Then , in 1894 , fire swept through Deira , burning down most homes . However , the town 's geographical location continued to attract traders and merchants from around the region . The emir of Dubai was keen to attract foreign traders and lowered trade tax brackets , which lured traders away from Sharjah and Bandar Lengeh , the region 's main trade hubs at the time . Persian merchants naturally looked across to the Arab shore of the Persian Gulf finally making their homes in Dubai . They continued to trade with Lingah , however , as do many of the dhows in Dubai Creek today , and they named their district Bastakiya , after the Bastak region in southern Persia . Pre-oil Dubai ( edit ) Typical Bastakiya street in Deira Dubai 's geographical proximity to Iran made it an important trade location . The town of Dubai was an important port of call for foreign tradesmen , chiefly those from Iran , many of whom eventually settled in the town . By the beginning of the 20th century , it was an important port . Dubai was known for its pearl exports until the 1930s ; the pearl trade was damaged irreparably by the Great Depression in the 1930s and the innovation of cultured pearls . With the collapse of the pearling industry , Dubai fell into a deep depression and many residents starved or migrated to other parts of the Persian Gulf . In the early days since its inception , Dubai was constantly at odds with Abu Dhabi . In 1947 , a border dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi on the northern sector of their mutual border escalated into war . Arbitration by the British and the creation of a buffer frontier running south eastwards from the coast at Ras Hasian resulted in a temporary cessation of hostilities . Despite a lack of oil , Dubai 's ruler from 1958 , Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , used revenue from trading activities to build infrastructure . Private companies were established to build and operate infrastructure , including electricity , telephone services and both the ports and airport operators . An airport of sorts ( a runway built on salt flats ) was established in Dubai in the 1950s and , in 1959 , the emirate 's first hotel , the Airlines Hotel , was constructed . This was followed by the Ambassador and Carlton Hotels in 1968 . The Al Ras district in Deira , Dubai in the 1960s On 7 April 1961 , the Dubai - based MV Dara , a five thousand ton British flagged vessel that plied the route between Basra ( Iraq ) , Kuwait and Bombay ( India ) , was caught in unusually high winds off Dubai . Early the next morning in heavy seas off Umm al - Quwain , an explosion tore out the second class cabins and started fires . The captain gave the order to abandon ship but two lifeboats capsized and a second explosion occurred . A flotilla of small boats from Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman and Umm al - Quwain picked up survivors but in all 238 lives were lost in the disaster . In 1962 the British Political Agent noted that `` Many new houses and blocks of offices and flats are being built ... the Ruler is determined , against advice ( from the British ) to press on with the construction of a jet airport ... More and more European and Arab firms are opening up and the future looks bright . '' In 1962 , with expenditure on infrastructure projects already approaching levels some thought imprudent , Sheikh Rashid approached his brother in law , the Ruler of Qatar , for a loan to build the first bridge crossing Dubai 's creek . This crossing was finished in May 1963 and was paid for by a toll levied on the crossing from the Dubai side of the creek to the Deira side . BOAC was originally reluctant to start regular flights between Bombay and Dubai , fearing a lack of demand for seats . However , by the time the asphalt runway of Dubai Airport was constructed in 1965 , opening Dubai to both regional and long haul traffic , a number of foreign airlines were competing for landing rights . In 1970 a new airport terminal building was constructed which included Dubai 's first duty - free shops . Oil era ( edit ) View of Downtown Dubai from Burj Khalifa After years of exploration following large finds in neighbouring Abu Dhabi , oil was eventually discovered in territorial waters off Dubai in 1966 , albeit in far smaller quantities . The first field was named ' Fateh ' or ' good fortune ' . This led the emirate to grant concessions to international oil companies , thus leading to a massive influx of foreign workers , mainly Asians and Middle easterners . Between 1968 and 1975 the city 's population grew by over 300 % . As part of the infrastructure for pumping and transporting oil from the Fateh field , located offshore of the Jebel Ali area of Dubai , a number of 50,000 gallon storage tanks were built , known locally as ' Kazzans ' , by welding them together on the beach and then digging them out and floating them to drop onto the seabed at the Fateh field . These were constructed by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company , which gave the beach its local name ( Chicago Beach ) until the Chicago Beach Hotel was demolished and replaced by the Jumeirah Beach Hotel in the late 1990s . Dubai had already embarked on a period of infrastructural development and expansion . Oil revenue , flowing from 1969 onwards supported a period of growth with Sheikh Rashid embarking on a policy of building infrastructure and a diversified trading economy before the emirate 's limited reserves were depleted . Oil accounted for 24 % of GDP in 1990 , but had reduced to 7 % of GDP by 2004 . Critically , one of the first major projects Sheikh Rashid embarked upon when oil revenue started to flow was the construction of Port Rashid , a deep water free port constructed by British company Halcrow . Originally intended to be a four - berth port , it was extended to sixteen berths as construction was ongoing . The project was an outstanding success , with shipping queuing to access the new facilities . The port was inaugurated on 5 October 1972 , although its berths were each pressed into use as soon as they had been built . Port Rashid was to be further expanded in 1975 to add a further 35 berths before the larger port of Jebel Ali was constructed . Port Rashid was the first of a swath of projects designed to create a modern trading infrastructure , including roads , bridges , schools and hospitals . Reaching the UAE 's Act of union ( edit ) Adi Bitar in a meeting with Sheiks Rashid Al Maktoum , Mohammad Al Maktoum , and Maktoum Al Maktoum in Dubai , 1968 Dubai and the other ' trucial states ' had long been a British protectorate where the British took care of foreign policy and defence , as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Gulf . This was to change with PM Harold Wilson 's announcement , on 16 January 1968 , that all British troops were to be withdrawn from ' East of Aden ' . The decision was to pitch the coastal emirates , together with Qatar and Bahrain , into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that the British withdrawal would leave behind . The principle of union was first agreed between the ruler of Abu Dhabi , Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , and Sheikh Rashid of Dubai on 18 February 1968 meeting in an encampment at Argoub Al Sedirah , near Al Semeih , a desert stop between the two emirates . The two agreed to work towards bringing the other emirates , including Qatar and Bahrain , into the union . Over the next two years , negotiations and meetings of the rulers followed - often stormy - as a form of union was thrashed out . The nine - state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting where heavy - handed British intervention resulted in a walk - out by Qatar and Ras Al Khaimah . Bahrain and Qatar were to drop out of talks , leaving six emirates to agree on union on 18 July 1971 . On 2 December 1971 , Dubai , together with Abu Dhabi , Sharjah , Ajman , Umm al - Quwain and Fujairah joined in the Act of Union to form the United Arab Emirates . The seventh emirate , Ras Al Khaimah , joined the UAE on 10 February 1972 , following Iran 's annexation of the RAK - claimed Tunbs islands . In 1973 , Dubai joined the other emirates to adopt a uniform currency : the UAE dirham . In that same year , the prior monetary union with Qatar was dissolved and the UAE Dirham was introduced throughout the Emirates . Modern Dubai ( edit ) Dubai Palm Jumeirah and Marina in 2011 During the 1970s , Dubai continued to grow from revenues generated from oil and trade , even as the city saw an influx of immigrants fleeing the Lebanese civil war . Border disputes between the emirates continued even after the formation of the UAE ; it was only in 1979 that a formal compromise was reached that ended disagreements . The Jebel Ali port was established in 1979 . JAFZA ( Jebel Ali Free Zone ) was built around the port in 1985 to provide foreign companies unrestricted import of labour and export capital . Dubai airport and the aviation industry also continued to grow . The Gulf War of 1990 had a negative financial effect on the city , as depositors withdrew their money and traders withdrew their trade , but subsequently , the city recovered in a changing political climate and thrived . Later in the 1990s , many foreign trading communities -- first from Kuwait , during the Gulf War , and later from Bahrain , during the Shia unrest -- moved their businesses to Dubai . Dubai provided refuelling bases to allied forces at the Jebel Ali Free Zone during the Gulf War , and again during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq . Large increases in oil prices after the Gulf War encouraged Dubai to continue to focus on free trade and tourism . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Dubai See also : List of communities in Dubai Play media This time - lapse video shows the rate of Dubai 's growth at one frame per year from 2000 through 2011 . In the false - color satellite images making up the video , bare desert is tan , plant - covered land is red , water is black and urban areas are silver . Sand dunes on the city outskirts Abras across the Dubai Creek Dubai is situated on the Persian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates and is roughly at sea level ( 16 m or 52 ft above ) . The emirate of Dubai shares borders with Abu Dhabi in the south , Sharjah in the northeast , and the Sultanate of Oman in the southeast . Hatta , a minor exclave of the emirate , is surrounded on three sides by Oman and by the emirates of Ajman ( in the west ) and Ras Al Khaimah ( in the north ) . The Persian Gulf borders the western coast of the emirate . Dubai is positioned at 25 ° 16 ′ 11 '' N 55 ° 18 ′ 34 '' E / 25.2697 ° N 55.3095 ° E / 25.2697 ; 55.3095 and covers an area of 1,588 sq mi ( 4,110 km ) , which represents a significant expansion beyond its initial 1,500 sq mi ( 3,900 km ) designation due to land reclamation from the sea . Dubai lies directly within the Arabian Desert . However , the topography of Dubai is significantly different from that of the southern portion of the UAE in that much of Dubai 's landscape is highlighted by sandy desert patterns , while gravel deserts dominate much of the southern region of the country . The sand consists mostly of crushed shell and coral and is fine , clean and white . East of the city , the salt - crusted coastal plains , known as sabkha , give way to a north - south running line of dunes . Farther east , the dunes grow larger and are tinged red with iron oxide . The flat sandy desert gives way to the Western Hajar Mountains , which run alongside Dubai 's border with Oman at Hatta . The Western Hajar chain has an arid , jagged and shattered landscape , whose mountains rise to about 1,300 metres ( 4,265 feet ) in some places . Dubai has no natural river bodies or oases ; however , Dubai does have a natural inlet , Dubai Creek , which has been dredged to make it deep enough for large vessels to pass through . Dubai also has multiple gorges and waterholes , which dot the base of the Western Al Hajar mountains . A vast sea of sand dunes covers much of southern Dubai and eventually leads into the desert known as The Empty Quarter . Seismically , Dubai is in a very stable zone -- the nearest seismic fault line , the Zagros Fault , is 200 kilometres ( 124 miles ) from the UAE and is unlikely to have any seismic impact on Dubai . Experts also predict that the possibility of a tsunami in the region is minimal because the Persian Gulf waters are not deep enough to trigger a tsunami . The sandy desert surrounding the city supports wild grasses and occasional date palms . Desert hyacinths grow in the sabkha plains east of the city , while acacia and ghaf trees grow in the flat plains within the proximity of the Western Al Hajar mountains . Several indigenous trees such as the date palm and neem as well as imported trees such as the eucalypts grow in Dubai 's natural parks . The houbara bustard , striped hyena , caracal , desert fox , falcon and Arabian oryx are common in Dubai 's desert . Dubai is on the migration path between Europe , Asia and Africa , and more than 320 migratory bird species pass through the emirate in spring and autumn . The waters of Dubai are home to more than 300 species of fish , including the hammour . The typical marine life off the Dubai coast includes tropical fish , jellyfish , coral , dugong , dolphins , whales and sharks . Various types of turtles can also be found in the area including the hawksbill turtle and green turtle , which are listed as endangered species . Dubai Creek runs northeast - southwest through the city . The eastern section of the city forms the locality of Deira and is flanked by the emirate of Sharjah in the east and the town of Al Aweer in the south . The Dubai International Airport is located south of Deira , while the Palm Deira is located north of Deira in the Persian Gulf . Much of Dubai 's real - estate boom is concentrated to the west of Dubai Creek , on the Jumeirah coastal belt . Port Rashid , Jebel Ali , Burj Al Arab , the Palm Jumeirah and theme - based free - zone clusters such as Business Bay are all located in this section . Dubai is notable for sculpted artificial island complexes including the Palm Islands and The World archipelago . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Dubai Dubai has a hot desert climate . Summers in Dubai are extremely hot , windy , and humid , with an average high around 41 ° C ( 106 ° F ) and overnight lows around 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the hottest month , August . Most days are sunny throughout the year . Winters are warm with an average high of 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) and overnight lows of 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in January , the coldest month . Precipitation , however , has been increasing in the last few decades , with accumulated rain reaching 94.3 mm ( 3.71 in ) per year . Dubai summers are also known for the very high humidity level , which can make it very uncomfortable for many with exceptionally high dewpoints in summer . The highest recorded temperature in the UAE is 52.1 ° C ( 126 ° F ) , reached in July 2002 . ( hide ) Climate data for Dubai Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 37.9 ( 100.2 ) 41.3 ( 106.3 ) 43.5 ( 110.3 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) 48.5 ( 119.3 ) 52.1 ( 125.8 ) 51.3 ( 124.3 ) 45.1 ( 113.2 ) 42.4 ( 108.3 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 52.1 ( 125.8 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 35.7 ( 96.3 ) 39.4 ( 102.9 ) 41.7 ( 107.1 ) 44.3 ( 111.7 ) 43.6 ( 110.5 ) 41.3 ( 106.3 ) 37.9 ( 100.2 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 38.7 ( 101.7 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 29.97 ( 85.94 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 33.1 ( 91.6 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 29.0 ( 84.2 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 18.8 ( 0.74 ) 25.0 ( 0.984 ) 22.1 ( 0.87 ) 7.2 ( 0.283 ) 0.4 ( 0.016 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) ( 0.043 ) 2.7 ( 0.106 ) 16.2 ( 0.638 ) 93.5 ( 3.68 ) Average precipitation days 2.0 4.7 4.0 2.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.3 3.8 19.5 Average relative humidity ( % ) 65 65 63 55 53 58 56 57 60 60 61 64 59.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 254.2 229.6 254.2 294.0 344.1 342.0 322.4 316.2 309.0 303.8 285.0 254.2 3,508.7 Percent possible sunshine 75 75 68 75 85 81 74 78 86 82 86 75 78.3 Source # 1 : Dubai Meteorological Office Source # 2 : climatebase.ru ( extremes , sun ) , NOAA ( humidity , 1974 -- 1991 ) Climate data for Dubai Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature ° C ( ° F ) 23.4 ( 74.2 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 28.8 ( 8.8 ) 31.6 ( 88.8 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 33.5 ( 92.3 ) 33.1 ( 91.5 ) 31.3 ( 88.4 ) 28.6 ( 83.4 ) 25.4 ( 77.8 ) 28.3 ( 76.6 ) Average Ultraviolet index 6 8 10 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 8 6 5 9.1 Source # 1 : seatemperature.org Source # 2 : Weather Atlas Governance and Politics ( edit ) Main articles : Al Maktoum , Government of Dubai , Dubai Municipality , and Politics of the United Arab Emirates Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , the Emir of Dubai Dubai has been ruled by the Al Maktoum family since 1833 ; the emirate is an absolute monarchy with no elections ( other than the few thousand Dubai citizens participating in the electoral college for the Federal National Council of the UAE ) . The ruler , His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , is also the Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and member of the Supreme Council of the Union ( SCU ) . Dubai appoints 8 members in two - term periods to the Federal National Council ( FNC ) of the UAE , the supreme federal legislative body . The Dubai Municipality ( DM ) was established by the then - ruler of Dubai , Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , in 1954 for purposes of city planning , citizen services and upkeep of local facilities . DM is chaired by Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum , deputy ruler of Dubai , and comprises several departments such as the Roads Department , Planning and Survey Department , Environment and Public Health Department and Financial Affairs Department . In 2001 , Dubai Municipality embarked on an e-Government project with the intention of providing 40 of its city services through its web portal , ( dubai.ae ) . Thirteen such services were launched by October 2001 , while several other services were expected to be operational in the future . Dubai Municipality is also in charge of the city 's sanitation and sewage infrastructure . The UAE has a Minister of Happiness , appointed by Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum . The UAE has also appointed a Minister of Tolerance to promote tolerance as a fundamental value of the UAE , a country filled with a diverse range of faiths and ethnicities , and also a Minister for Youth Affairs . Law enforcement ( edit ) The Dubai Police Force , founded in 1956 in the locality of Naif , has law enforcement jurisdiction over the emirate . The force is under direct command of Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum . Dubai Police operates a fleet of exotic cars . Dubai and Ras al Khaimah are the only emirates that do not conform to the federal judicial system of the United Arab Emirates . The emirate 's judicial courts comprise the Court of First Instance , the Court of Appeal , and the Court of Cassation . The Court of First Instance consists of the Civil Court , which hears all civil claims ; the Criminal Court , which hears claims originating from police complaints ; and Sharia Court , which is responsible for matters between Muslims . Non-Muslims do not appear before the Sharia Court . The Court of Cassation is the supreme court of the emirate and hears disputes on matters of law only . Sharia laws ( edit ) Kissing in certain places is illegal and can result in deportation . Sometimes , certain narrow exemptions to Islamic law are made for adult non-Muslims . Adult non-Muslims are allowed to consume alcohol in licensed venues , typically within hotels , or at home with the possession of an alcohol license . Restaurants outside hotels in Dubai are typically not permitted to sell alcohol . Like other parts of the world , drinking and driving is illegal . Human rights ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Dubai Human rights organisations have heavily criticised violations of human rights in Dubai . In a notorious case , a Norwegian businesswoman who claimed to have been raped was arrested and sentenced to sixteen months in prison for having extra-marital sex . Some of the 250,000 foreign labourers in the city have been alleged to live in conditions described by Human Rights Watch as `` less than humane '' . The mistreatment of foreign workers was a subject of the difficult - to - make documentary , Slaves in Dubai ( 2009 ) . The Dubai government has denied labour injustices and stated that the watchdog 's ( Human Rights Watch ) accusations were ' misguided ' . The filmmaker explained in interviews how it was necessary to go undercover to avoid discovery by the authorities , who impose high fines on reporters attempting to document human rights abuses , including the conditions of construction workers . Towards the end of March 2006 , the government had announced steps to allow construction unions . UAE labour minister Ali al - Kaabi said : `` Labourers will be allowed to form unions . '' Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1822 1,200 -- 1900 10,000 + 733.3 % 1930 20,000 + 100.0 % 1940 38,000 + 90.0 % 1960 40,000 + 5.3 % 1968 58,971 + 47.4 % 183,000 + 210.3 % 1985 370,800 + 102.6 % 1995 674,000 + 81.8 % 2005 1,204,000 + 78.6 % 2014 2,250,000 + 86.9 % 2016 2,502,715 + 11.2 % c - census ; e-estimate Main article : Demographics of Dubai Ethnicity and languages ( edit ) Main article : Emirati people See also : Indians in the United Arab Emirates , Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates , Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates , Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates , and Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates According to the census conducted by the Statistics Centre of Dubai , the population of the emirate was 1,771,000 as of 2009 , which included 1,370,000 males and 401,000 females . As of June 2017 , the population is 2,789,000 . The region covers 1,287.5 square kilometres ( 497.1 sq mi ) . The population density is 408.18 / km -- more than eight times that of the entire country . Dubai is the second most expensive city in the region and 20th most expensive city in the world . As of 2013 , only about 15 % of the population of the emirate was made up of UAE nationals , with the rest comprising expatriates , many of whom either have been in the country for generations or were born in the UAE . Approximately 85 % of the expatriate population ( and 71 % of the emirate 's total population ) was Asian , chiefly Indian ( 51 % ) and Pakistani ( 16 % ) ; other significant Asian groups include Bangladeshis ( 9 % ) and Filipinos ( 3 % ) . There is a sizable community of Somalis numbering around 30,000 , as well as other communities of various nationalities . A quarter of the population ( local and foreign ) reportedly traces their origins to Iran . In addition , 16 % of the population ( or 288,000 persons ) living in collective labour accommodation were not identified by ethnicity or nationality , but were thought to be primarily Asian . There are over 100,000 British expatriates in Dubai , by far the largest group of Western expatriates in the city . The median age in the emirate was about 27 years . In 2014 , there were estimated to be 15.54 births and 1.99 deaths per 1,000 people . There are other Arab nationals , including GCC nationals . Arabic is the national and official language of the United Arab Emirates . The Gulf dialect of Arabic is spoken natively by the Emirati people . English is used as a second language . Other major languages spoken in Dubai due to immigration are Malayalam , Hindi - Urdu ( or Hindustani ) , Gujarati , Persian , Sindhi , Tamil , Punjabi , Pashto , Bengali , Balochi , Tulu , Kannada , Sinhala , Marathi , Telugu , Tagalog and Chinese , in addition to many other languages . Religion ( edit ) See also : Islam in the United Arab Emirates and Religion in the United Arab Emirates Jumeirah Mosque Article 7 of the UAE 's Provisional Constitution declares Islam the official state religion of the UAE . The government subsidises almost 95 % of mosques and employs all Imams ; approximately 5 % of mosques are entirely private , and several large mosques have large private endowments . All mosques in Dubai are managed by the Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department also known as `` Awqaf '' under the Government of Dubai and all Imams are appointed by the Government . Any person held preaching racism , religious hatred or promoting religious extremism is usually jailed and deported . Minorities ( edit ) Evangelical church in Dubai Dubai also has large Christian , Hindu , Sikh , Bahá'í , Buddhist and other religious communities residing in the city . Non-Muslim groups can own their own houses of worship , where they can practice their religion freely , by requesting a land grant and permission to build a compound . Groups that do not have their own buildings must use the facilities of other religious organisations or worship in private homes . Non-Muslim religious groups are permitted to advertise group functions openly and distribute various religious literature . However , outright proselytising is strictly prohibited under penalty of criminal prosecution , imprisonment and deportation for engaging in behaviour offensive to Islam . Catholics are served pastorally by the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia . British preacher Reverend Andrew Thompson claimed that the United Arab Emirates is one of the most tolerant places in the world towards Christians , and that it is easier to be a Christian in the UAE , than in the UK . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Dubai Jebel Ali Port One of the world 's fastest growing economies , Dubai 's gross domestic product is projected at US $107.1 billion , with a growth rate of 6.1 % in 2014 . Although a number of core elements of Dubai 's trading infrastructure were built on the back of the oil industry , revenues from oil and natural gas account for less than 5 % of the emirate 's revenues . It is estimated that Dubai produces 50,000 to 70,000 barrels ( 7,900 to 11,100 m ) of oil a day and substantial quantities of gas from offshore fields . The emirate 's share in the UAE 's total gas revenues is about 2 % . Dubai 's oil reserves have diminished significantly and are expected to be exhausted in 20 years . Real estate and construction ( 22.6 % ) , trade ( 16 % ) , entrepôt ( 15 % ) and financial services ( 11 % ) are the largest contributors to Dubai 's economy . Dubai 's non-oil foreign trade stood at $362 billion in 2014 . Of the overall trade volumes , imports had the biggest share with a value of $230 billion while exports and re-exports to the emirate stood at $31 billion and $101 billion respectively . By 2014 , China had emerged as Dubai 's largest international trading partner , with a total of $47.7 billion in trade flows , up 29 % from 2013 . India was second among Dubai 's key trading partners with a trade of $29.7 billion , followed by the United States at $22.62 billion . The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was Dubai 's fourth trading partner globally and first in the GCC and Arab world with a total trade value of $14.2 billion . Trade with Germany in 2014 totalled $12.3 , Switzerland and Japan both at $11.72 billion and UK trade totalled $10.9 billion . Dubai Creek , which separates Deira from Bur Dubai , played a vital role in the economic development of the city Historically , Dubai and its twin across Dubai Creek , Deira ( independent of Dubai City at that time ) , were important ports of call for Western manufacturers . Most of the new city 's banking and financial centres were headquartered in the port area . Dubai maintained its importance as a trade route through the 1970s and 1980s . Dubai has a free trade in gold and , until the 1990s , was the hub of a `` brisk smuggling trade '' of gold ingots to India , where gold import was restricted . Dubai 's Jebel Ali port , constructed in the 1970s , has the largest man - made harbour in the world and was ranked seventh globally for the volume of container traffic it supports . Dubai is also a hub for service industries such as information technology and finance , with industry - specific free zones throughout the city . Dubai Internet City , combined with Dubai Media City as part of TECOM ( Dubai Technology , Electronic Commerce and Media Free Zone Authority ) , is one such enclave , whose members include IT firms such as Hewlett Packard Enterprise , HP Inc. , Google , EMC Corporation , Oracle Corporation , Microsoft , Dell and IBM , and media organisations such as MBC , CNN , BBC , Reuters , Sky News and AP . The government 's decision to diversify from a trade - based , oil - reliant economy to one that is service - and tourism - oriented made property more valuable , resulting in the property appreciation from 2004 to 2006 . A longer - term assessment of Dubai 's property market , however , showed depreciation ; some properties lost as much as 64 % of their value from 2001 to November 2008 . The large - scale real estate development projects have led to the construction of some of the tallest skyscrapers and largest projects in the world such as the Emirates Towers , the Burj Khalifa , the Palm Islands and the most expensive hotel , the Burj Al Arab . Dubai 's property market experienced a major downturn in 2008 and 2009 as a result of the slowing economic climate . By early 2009 , the situation had worsened with the Great Recession taking a heavy toll on property values , construction and employment . This has had a major impact on property investors in the region , some of whom were unable to release funds from investments made in property developments . As of February 2009 , Dubai 's foreign debt was estimated at approximately $80 billion , although this is a tiny fraction of the sovereign debt worldwide . Dubai real estate and UAE property experts believe that by avoiding the mistakes of the past , Dubai 's realty market can achieve stability in the future . Downtown Dubai The Dubai Financial Market ( DFM ) was established in March 2000 as a secondary market for trading securities and bonds , both local and foreign . As of fourth quarter 2006 , its trading volume stood at about 400 billion shares , worth $95 billion in total . The DFM had a market capitalisation of about $87 billion . The other Dubai - based stock exchange is NASDAQ Dubai , which is the international stock exchange in the Middle East . It enables a range of companies , including UAE and regional small and medium - sized enterprises , to trade on an exchange with an international brand name , with access by both regional and international investors . DMCC ( Dubai Multi Commodities Centre ) was established in 2002 . It 's world 's fastest growing free zone and been nominated as `` Global Free Zone of the Year 2016 '' by The Financial Times fDi Magazine . Dubai is also known as the City of Gold , because a major part of the economy is based on gold trades , with Dubai 's total gold trading volumes in H1 2011 reaching 580 tonnes , with an average price of US $1,455 per troy ounce . A City Mayors survey ranked Dubai 44th among the world 's best financial cities in 2007 , while another report by City Mayors indicated that Dubai was the world 's 27th richest city in 2012 , in terms of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . Dubai is also an international financial centre ( IFC ) and has been ranked 37th within the top 50 global financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index ( 2007 ) , and 1st within the Middle East . Since it opened in September 2004 , the Dubai IFC has attracted , as a regional hub , leading international firms and set - up the NASDAQ Dubai which lists equity , derivatives , structured products , Islamic bonds ( sukuk ) and other bonds . The Dubai IFC model is an independent risk - based regulator with a legislative system consistent with English common law . In 2012 , the Global City Competitiveness Index by the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Dubai at No. 40 with a total score of 55.9 . According to its 2013 research report on the future competitiveness of cities , in 2025 , Dubai will have moved up to 23rd place overall in the Index . Indians , followed by Britons and Pakistanis are the top foreign investors in Dubai realty . Dubai has launched several major projects to support its economy and develop different sectors . These include Dubai Fashion 2020 , and Dubai Design District , expected to become a home to leading local and international designers . The AED 4 billion first phase of the project will be complete by January 2015 . Tourism and retail ( edit ) See also : Tourism in Dubai , List of tourist attractions in Dubai , and List of shopping malls in Dubai Dubai Marina beach in the Jumeirah Beach Residence ( JBR ) View of Atlantis , The Palm luxury hotel Tourism is an important part of the Dubai government 's strategy to maintain the flow of foreign cash into the emirate . Dubai 's lure for tourists is based mainly on shopping , but also on its possession of other ancient and modern attractions . As of 2013 , Dubai was the 7th most visited city of the world based on air traffic and the fastest growing , increasing by a 10.7 % rate . Dubai hosted 14.9 million overnight visitors in 2016 , and is expected to reach 20 million tourists by 2020 . The Dubai Fountain in Burj Khalifa lake , Dubai Mall Dubai has been called the `` shopping capital of the Middle East '' . Dubai alone has more than 70 shopping centres , including the world 's largest shopping centre , Dubai Mall . Dubai is also known for the traditional souk districts located on either side of its creek . Traditionally , dhows from East Asia , China , Sri Lanka , and India would discharge their cargo and the goods would be bargained over in the souks adjacent to the docks . Dubai Creek played a vital role in sustaining the life of the community in the city and was the resource which originally drove the economic boom in Dubai . As of September 2013 , Dubai creek has been proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Many boutiques and jewellery stores are also found in the city . Dubai is also referred to as `` the City of Gold '' as the Gold Souk in Deira houses nearly 250 gold retail shops . Dubai Creek Park in Dubai Creek also plays a vital role in Dubai tourism as it showcase some of the most famous tourist attractions in Dubai such as Dolphinarium , Cable Car , Camel Ride , Horse Carriage and Exotic Birds Shows . Dubai has a wide range of parks like Safa park , Mushrif park , Hamriya park etc . Each park is uniquely distinct from the other . Mushrif park showcases different houses around the world . A visitor can check out the architectural features of the outside as well as the inside of each house . Ski Dubai ( edit ) Ski slope in Ski Dubai Main article : Ski Dubai Ski Dubai is a large indoor skiing facility at Mall of the Emirates , offering snowboarding , ski lessons , a children 's play area and a café . It opened in November 2005 and houses the world 's largest indoor snow park . It is operated by Majid Al Futtaim Leisure & Entertainment . Expo 2020 ( edit ) See also : Expo 2020 On 2 November 2011 , four cities had their bids for Expo 2020 already lodged , with Dubai making a last - minute entry . The delegation from the Bureau International des Expositions , which visited Dubai in February 2013 to examine the Emirate 's readiness for the largest exposition , was impressed by the infrastructure and the level of national support . In May 2013 , Dubai Expo 2020 Master Plan was revealed . Dubai then won the right to host Expo 2020 on 27 November 2013 . The event will bring huge economic benefits by generating activities worth billions of dirhams and may create over 270,000 jobs . The main site of Dubai Expo 2020 will be a 438 - hectare area ( 1,083 acres ) , part of the new Dubai Trade Centre Jebel Ali urban development , located midway between Dubai and Abu Dhabi . Moreover , the Expo 2020 also created various social enlistment projects and monetary boons to the city targeting the year 2020 . Such as initiating the world 's largest solar project , the real estate upsurge , to focus on the GDP growth and to make Dubai a `` Happy Dubai '' for the people of the city . Cityscape ( edit ) Dubai skyline Architecture ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Dubai and Developments in Dubai Burj Khalifa , the world 's tallest man - made structure Skyscraper Dubai Dubai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various architectural styles . Many modern interpretations of Islamic architecture can be found here , due to a boom in construction and architectural innovation in the Arab World in general , and in Dubai in particular , supported not only by top Arab or international architectural and engineering design firms such as Al Hashemi and Aedas , but also by top firms of New York and Chicago . The most recent addition to the magnificent skyline of Dubai is the 150 meter high Dubai Frame ( Arabic : برواز دبي ‎ ) located in Zabeel Park , Dubai . It has been described by The Guardian as `` the biggest picture frame on the planet '' , however is also controversial as the `` biggest stolen building of all time '' . It is alleged that the designer Fernando Donis had his intellectual property stolen and was denied credit for the design . As a result of this boom , modern Islamic -- and world -- architecture has literally been taken to new levels in skyscraper building design and technology . Dubai now has more completed or topped - out skyscrapers higher than ⁄ km ( 2,200 ft ) , ⁄ km ( 1,100 ft ) , or ⁄ km ( 820 ft ) than any other city . A culmination point was reached in 2010 with the completion of the Burj Khalifa ( Khalifa Tower ) , now by far the world 's tallest building at 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) . The Burj Khalifa 's design is derived from the patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture , with the triple - lobed footprint of the building based on an abstracted version of the desert flower hymenocallis which is native to the Dubai region . The completion of the Khalifa Tower , following the construction boom that began in the 1980s , accelerated in the 1990s , and took on a rapid pace of construction unparalleled in modern human history during the decade of the 2000s , leaves Dubai with the world 's tallest skyline as of 4 January 2010 . At the Top , Burj Khalifa , the world 's highest observatory deck with an outdoor terrace is one of Dubai 's most popular tourist attractions , with over 1.87 million visitors in 2013 . Burj Al Arab ( edit ) Main article : Burj Al Arab The Burj Al Arab ( Arabic : برج العرب , Tower of the Arabs ) , a luxury hotel , is frequently described as `` the world 's only 7 - star '' , though its management has said it has never made that claim . A Jumeirah Group spokesperson is quoted as saying : `` There 's not a lot we can do to stop it . We 're not encouraging the use of the term . We 've never used it in our advertising . '' The hotel opened in December 1999 . Burj Khalifa ( edit ) Main article : Burj Khalifa Dubai Police Agusta A-109K - 2 in flight near Burj Khalifa Burj Khalifa known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration is an 828 metres ( 2,717 ft ) high skyscraper in Dubai , and the tallest building in the world . The tower was inspired by the structure of the desert flower Hymenocallis . It was constructed by more than 30 contracting companies around the world with 100 nationalities of workers . It is a building icon . The building opened in 2010 . Artificial Islands ( edit ) The Palm Jumeirah Dubai is home to several man - made islands , most of which were created in the 2000s and 2010s . Palm Jumeirah ( edit ) Main article : Palm Jumeirah The Palm Jumeirah is an artificial archipelago , created using land reclamation by Nakheel , a company owned by the Dubai government , and designed and developed by Helman Hurley Charvat Peacock / Architects , Inc . It is one of three planned islands called the Palm Islands which extend into the Persian Gulf . The Palm Jumeirah is the smallest and the original of three Palm Islands , and it is located on the Jumeirah coastal area of Dubai . It was built between 2001 and 2006 . Dubai Miracle garden ( edit ) Main article : Dubai Miracle Garden On 14 February 2013 , the Dubai Miracle Garden , a 72,000 - metre ( 236,000 - foot ) flower garden , opened in Dubailand . It is the world 's largest flower garden . The garden has a total of 45 million flowers with re-use of waste water through drip irrigation . During the summer seasons from late May to September when the climate can get extremely hot with an average high of about 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , the garden stays closed . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Dubai Dubai Bus in Dubai Marina Dubai Metro 's Red Line , Arabian Peninsula 's first urban train network Interior of Dubai International Airport Abras , traditional mode of transport between Deira and Bur Dubai Dubai Metro is the first kind of rail transportation in UAE . Palm Jumeirah Monorail Dubai E 11 Transport in Dubai is controlled by the Roads and Transport Authority ( RTA ) , an agency of the government of Dubai , formed by royal decree in 2005 . The public transport network has in the past faced congestion and reliability issues which a large investment programme has addressed , including over AED 70 billion of improvements planned for completion by 2020 , when the population of the city is projected to exceed 3.5 million . In 2009 , according to Dubai Municipality statistics , there were an estimated 1,021,880 cars in Dubai . In January 2010 , the number of Dubai residents who use public transport stood at 6 % . Road ( edit ) See also : List of roads in Dubai , Dubai route numbering system , and List of bridges and tunnels in Dubai Five main routes -- E 11 ( Sheikh Zayed Road ) , E 311 ( Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Road ) , E 44 ( Dubai - Hatta Highway ) , E 77 ( Dubai - Al Habab Road ) and E 66 ( Oud Metha Road ) -- run through Dubai , connecting the city to other towns and emirates . Additionally , several important intra-city routes , such as D 89 ( Al Maktoum Road / Airport Road ) , D 85 ( Baniyas Road ) , D 75 ( Sheikh Rashid Road ) , D 73 ( Al Dhiyafa Road now named as 2 December street ) , D 94 ( Jumeirah Road ) and D 92 ( Al Khaleej / Al Wasl Road ) connect the various localities in the city . The eastern and western sections of the city are connected by Al Maktoum Bridge , Al Garhoud Bridge , Al Shindagha Tunnel , Business Bay Crossing and Floating Bridge . The Public Bus Transport system in Dubai is run by the RTA . The bus system services 140 routes and transported over 109 million people in 2008 . By the end of 2010 , there will be 2,100 buses in service across the city . In 2006 , the Transport authority announced the construction of 500 air - conditioned ( A / C ) Passenger Bus Shelters , and planned for 1,000 more across the emirates in a move to encourage the use of public buses . All taxi services are licensed by the RTA . Dubai licensed taxis are easily identifiable by their cream bodywork colour and varied roof colours identifying the operator . Dubai Taxi Corporation , a division of the RTA , is the largest operator and has taxis with red roofs . There are five private operators : Metro Taxis ( orange roofs ) ; Network Taxis ( yellow roofs ) ; Cars Taxis ( blue roofs ) ; Arabia Taxis ( green roofs ) ; and City Taxis ( purple roof ) . In addition , Dubai Taxi Corporation has a Ladies Taxi service , with pink roofs , which caters exclusively for female passengers , using female drivers . The Dubai International Airport taxi concession is operated by Dubai Taxi Corporation . There are more than 3000 taxis operating within the emirate making an average of 192,000 trips every day , carrying about 385,000 persons . In 2009 taxi trips exceeded 70 million trips serving around 140.45 million passengers . Air ( edit ) Dubai International Airport ( IATA : DXB ) , the hub for Emirates and flydubai , serves the city of Dubai and other emirates in the country . The airport was the 3rd busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic handling 83.6 million passengers in 2016 . The airport is also the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic . In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub , the airport is the 7th busiest cargo airport in world , handling 2.37 million tons of cargo in 2014 Emirates is the national airline of Dubai . As of 2014 , it operated internationally serving 142 destinations in over 70 countries across six continents . The development of Al Maktoum International Airport ( IATA : DWC ) was announced in 2004 . The first phase of the airport , featuring one A380 capable runway , 64 remote stands , one cargo terminal with annual capacity for 250,000 tonnes of cargo and a passenger terminal building designed to accommodate five million passengers per year , has been opened . When completed , Dubai World Central - Al Maktoum International will be the largest airport in the world with five runways , four terminal buildings and capacity for 160 million passengers and 12 million tons of cargo . Metro rail ( edit ) The $3.89 billion Dubai Metro project is operational . It consists of two lines ( Red line and Green line ) which run through the financial and residential areas of the city . The Metro system was partially opened on September 2009 . UK - based international service company Serco is responsible for operating the metro . The metro comprises the Green Line , which has 20 stations ( 8 underground , 12 elevated ) and runs from the Etisalat Station to the Creek Station and the Red Line , the major back bone line , which has 29 stations ( 4 underground , 24 elevated and 1 at ground level ) and runs from Rashidiya Station to UAE Xchange Station Jebel Ali . In July 2016 a contract was awarded to add a branch to the Red Line running to the EXPO 2020 site ; this extension is due to open in April 2020 . A Blue and a Purple Line have also been planned . The Dubai Metro ( Green and Blue Lines ) will have 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) of track and 43 stations , 37 above ground and ten underground . The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula . All the trains run without a driver and are based on automatic navigation . Palm Jumeirah monorail ( edit ) Main article : Palm Jumeirah Monorail The Palm Jumeirah Monorail is a monorail line on the Palm Jumeirah . It connects the Palm Jumeirah to the mainland , with a planned further extension to the Red Line of the Dubai Metro . The line opened on 30 April 2009 . It is the first monorail in the Middle East . Two tram systems are expected to be built in Dubai by 2011 . The first is the Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System and the second is the Al Sufouh Tram . The Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System is a 4.6 km ( 2.9 mi ) tram service that is planned to service the area around the Burj Khalifa , and the second tram will run 14.5 km ( 9.0 mi ) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates . Tram ( edit ) Main article : Dubai Tram A tramway located in Al Sufouh , Dubai , will run for 14.5 kilometres ( 9.0 miles ) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates with two interchanges with Dubai Metro 's Red Line . The first section , a 10.6 - kilometer ( 6.6 mi ) long tram line which serves 11 stations , was opened on 11 November 2014 , by H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , The Vice-President and Prime Minister of UAE and Ruler of Dubai , with the line opening to the public at 6 am on 12 November 2014 . High speed rail ( edit ) Dubai has announced it will complete a link of the UAE high - speed rail system which will eventually hook up with the whole GCC ( Gulf Cooperation Council , also known as Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ) and then possibly Europe . The High Speed Rail will serve passengers and cargo . Waterways ( edit ) See also : Dubai Water Canal There are two major commercial ports in Dubai , Port Rashid and Port Jebel Ali . Port Jebel Ali is the world 's largest man - made harbour , the biggest port in the Middle East , and the 7th - busiest port in the world . One of the more traditional methods of getting across Bur Dubai to Deira is by abras , small boats that ferry passengers across the Dubai Creek , between abra stations in Bastakiya and Baniyas Road . The Marine Transport Agency has also implemented the Dubai Water Bus System . Water bus is a fully air conditioned boat service across selected destinations across the creek . One can also avail oneself of the tourist water bus facility in Dubai . Latest addition to the water transport system is the Water Taxi . Culture ( edit ) See also : Culture of Dubai Further information : Culture of the United Arab Emirates Meydan Beach Club , Dubai Marina The UAE culture mainly revolves around traditional Arab culture . The influence of Arab and Islamic culture on its architecture , music , attire , cuisine and lifestyle are very prominent as well . Five times every day , Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques which are scattered around the country . Since 2006 , the weekend has been Friday - Saturday , as a compromise between Friday 's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend of Saturday - Sunday . Prior to 2006 , the weekend was Thursday - Friday . Due to the touristic approach of many Dubaites in the entrepreneurial sector and the high standard of living , Dubai 's culture has gradually evolved towards one of luxury , opulence and lavishness with a high regard for leisure - related extravagance . Annual entertainment events such as the Dubai Shopping Festival ( DSF ) and Dubai Summer Surprises ( DSS ) attract over 4 million visitors from across the region and generate revenues in excess of $2.7 billion . Dubai is known for its nightlife . Clubs and bars are found mostly in hotels due to the liquor laws . The New York Times described Dubai as `` the kind of city where you might run into Michael Jordan at the Buddha Bar or stumble across Naomi Campbell celebrating her birthday with a multiday bash '' . A traditional souk in Deira , Old Dubai The city 's cultural imprint as a small , ethnically homogeneous pearling community was changed with the arrival of other ethnic groups and nationals -- first by the Iranians in the early 1900s , and later by Indians and Pakistanis in the 1960s . In 2005 , 84 % of the population of metropolitan Dubai was foreign - born , about half of them from India . Major holidays in Dubai include Eid al Fitr , which marks the end of Ramadan , and National Day ( 2 December ) , which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates . The International Festivals and Events Association ( IFEA ) , the world 's leading events trade association , has crowned Dubai as IFEA World Festival and Event City , 2012 in the cities category with a population of more than one million . Large shopping malls in the city , such as Deira City Centre , Mirdiff City Centre , BurJuman , Mall of the Emirates , Dubai Mall ( the world 's largest ) and Ibn Battuta Mall as well as traditional Dubai Gold Souk and other souks attract shoppers from the region . Food ( edit ) See also : Emirati cuisine Arabic food is very popular and is available everywhere in the city , from the small shawarma diners in Deira and Al Karama to the restaurants in Dubai 's hotels . Fast food , South Asian , and Chinese cuisines are also very popular and are widely available . The sale and consumption of pork , though legal , is regulated and is sold only to non-Muslims , in designated areas of supermarkets and airports . Similarly , the sale of alcoholic beverages is regulated . A liquor permit is required to purchase alcohol ; however , alcohol is available in bars and restaurants within hotels . Shisha and qahwa boutiques are also popular in Dubai . Biryani is also a popular cuisine across Dubai with being the most popular among Indians and Pakistanis present in Dubai . Dubai Food Festival ( edit ) The inaugural Dubai Food Festival was held between 21 February to 15 March 2014 . According to Vision magazine , the event was aimed at enhancing and celebrating Dubai 's position as the gastronomic capital of the region . The festival was designed to showcase the variety of flavours and cuisines on offer in Dubai featuring the cuisines of over 200 nationalities at the festival . The next food festival was held between 23 February 2017 to 11 March 2017 . Entertainment ( edit ) See also : Music of the United Arab Emirates Dubai International Film Festival 2010 Live performance in Dubai Media City Amphitheater Arabic and Hollywood movies are popular in Dubai ( UAE ) . Since 2004 , the city has hosted the annual Dubai International Film Festival which serves as a showcase for Arab film making talent . Musicians Amr Diab , Diana Haddad , Aerosmith , Santana , Mark Knopfler , Rick Ross , Elton John , Pink , Shakira , Celine Dion , Coldplay , Lady Gaga , Jennifer Lopez , Rihanna , Justin Bieber , Selena Gomez and Roxette have performed in the city . Kylie Minogue was reportedly paid $3.5 million to perform at the opening of the Atlantis resort on 20 November 2008 . The Dubai Desert Rock Festival was also another major festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists but is no longer held in Dubai . Popular films set in Dubai include : Balram vs. Tharadas , Black Friday ( 2004 film ) , Body of Lies ( film ) , Boom ( film ) , City of Life , Deewane Huye Paagal , Dubai ( 2001 film ) , Dubai ( 2005 film ) , Glitter Dust : Finding Art in Dubai , Happy New Year ( 2014 film ) , Hungama in Dubai , Italians ( film ) , Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol , Naqaab , Silver Bears ( film ) , Switch ( 2013 film ) , Welcome ( 2007 film ) and Kung Fu Yoga . One of the lesser known sides of Dubai is the importance of its young contemporary art gallery scene . Since 2008 , the leading contemporary art galleries such as Carbon 12 Dubai , Green Art , gallery Isabelle van den Eynde , and The Third Line have brought the city onto the international art map . Art Dubai , the growing and reputable art fair of the region is as well a major contributor of the contemporary art scene 's development . The largest Cinema Hall in UAE is Reel Cinemas located at Dubai Mall . It has 22 screens available with a total of 2800 seats . Dubai shopping Festival ( edit ) The Dubai Shopping Festival is a yearly event in Dubai . It started in 1995 , attracts a lot of visitors from worldwide to visit Dubai and get advantage of the sales during this festival . In 2015 it started from 1 January and went until 1 February , but , The Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing in Dubai announced the cessation of all entertainment and musical activities related to the Dubai Shopping Festival for 3 days , starting from Friday , 23 January to Sunday , 25 January due to the death of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz former ruler of Saudi Arabia . Media ( edit ) Main article : Dubai Media Incorporated See also : List of media outlets in Dubai Media City and Radio and television channels of Dubai View of Dubai Media City Many international news agencies such as Reuters , APTN , Bloomberg L.P. and Middle East Broadcasting Center ( MBC ) operate in Dubai Media City and Dubai Internet City . Additionally , several local network television channels such as Dubai One ( formerly Channel 33 ) , and Dubai TV ( EDTV ) provide programming in English and Arabic respectively . Dubai is also the headquarters for several print media outlets . Dar Al Khaleej , Al Bayan and Al Ittihad are the city 's largest circulating Arabic language newspapers , while Gulf News , Khaleej Times , Khaleej Mag and 7days are the largest circulating English newspapers . Etisalat , the government - owned telecommunications provider , held a virtual monopoly over telecommunication services in Dubai prior to the establishment of other , smaller telecommunications companies such as Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ( EITC -- better known as Du ) in 2006 . Internet was introduced into the UAE ( and therefore Dubai ) in 1995 . The network has an Internet bandwidth of 7.5 Gbit / s with capacity of 49 STM1 links . Dubai houses two of four Domain Name System ( DNS ) data centres in the country ( DXBNIC1 , DXBNIC2 ) . Censorship is common in Dubai and used by the government to control content that it believes violates the cultural and political sensitivities of Emirates . Homosexuality , drugs , and the theory of evolution are generally considered taboo . Internet content is regulated in Dubai . Etisalat uses a proxy server to filter Internet content that the government deems to be inconsistent with the values of the country , such as sites that provide information on how to bypass the proxy ; sites pertaining to dating , gay and lesbian networks , and pornography ; and sites originating from Israel . Emirates Media and Internet ( a division of Etisalat ) notes that as of 2002 , 76 % of Internet users are male . About 60 % of Internet users were Asian , while 25 % of users were Arab . Dubai enacted an Electronic Transactions and Commerce Law in 2002 which deals with digital signatures and electronic registers . It prohibits Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) from disclosing information gathered in providing services . The penal code contains official provisions that prohibit digital access to pornography ; however , it does not address cyber crime or data protection . Sports ( edit ) Main article : List of sports venues in Dubai See also : Traditional sports in the United Arab Emirates Dubai Tennis Stadium Football and cricket are the most popular sports in Dubai . Five teams ( Al Wasl FC , Al - Ahli Dubai , Al Nasr SC , Al Shabab Al Arabi Club and Dubai Club ) represent Dubai in UAE Pro-League . Al - Wasl have the second-most number of championships in the UAE League , after Al Ain . Dubai also hosts both the annual Dubai Tennis Championships and The Legends Rock Dubai tennis tournaments , as well as the Dubai Desert Classic golf tournament and the Dubai World Championship , all of which attract sports stars from around the world . The Dubai World Cup , a thoroughbred horse race , is held annually at the Meydan Racecourse . Dubai also hosts the traditional rugby union tournament Dubai Sevens , part of the Sevens World Series Event pictures of Rugby 7 Dubai 2015 . In 2009 , Dubai hosted the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens . Auto racing is also a big sport in Dubai , the Dubai Autodrome is home to many auto racing events throughout the year . It also features a state - of - the - art indoor and outdoor Kartdrome , popular among racing enthusiasts and recreational riders . Cricket ( edit ) Australia vs. Pakistan at Dubai Sports City Cricket Ground Cricket is followed by Dubai 's large community of Indians and Pakistanis alongside the residents from other cricket playing nations ( Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , England , Australia , South Africa and Nepal ) . In 2005 , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) moved its headquarters from London to Dubai . The city has hosted several Pakistan matches and two new grass grounds are being developed in Dubai Sports City . Numerous tournaments also take place in Dubai . Since Pakistan played Australia in a One - Day International in Dubai in 2009 , not only have top international teams competed in the city , but the emirate is helping to improve the standard of cricket around the world with the ICC Cricket Academy , a training and coaching facility which is used by the world 's leading nations . Board of Control for Cricket in India played some Indian Premier League matches here . Pakistan Super League was also played here . Dress code ( edit ) The Emirati attire is typical of several countries in the Arabian peninsula . Women usually wear the `` Abaya '' , a long black robe with a hijab ( the head - scarf which covers the neck and part of the head ) . Some women may add a niqab which cover the mouth and nose and only leaves the eyes exposed . Men wear the `` Kandurah '' also referred to as `` dishdasha '' or even `` thawb '' ( long white robe ) and the headscarf ( Ghotrah ) . The UAE traditional Ghotrah is white and is held in place by an accessory called `` Egal '' , which resembles a black cord . The younger Emiratis prefer to wear red and white Ghotras and tie it round their head like a turban . The above dress code is never compulsory and many people wear western or other eastern clothing without any problems ; but prohibitions on wearing `` indecent clothing '' or revealing too much skin are aspects of the UAE to which Dubai 's visitors are expected to conform , and are encoded in Dubai 's criminal law . The UAE has enforced decency regulations in most public places , aside from waterparks , beaches , clubs , and bars . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Dubai See also : List of universities and colleges in Dubai The school system in Dubai follows that of the United Arab Emirates . As of 2009 , there are 79 public schools run by the Ministry of Education that serve Emiratis and expatriate Arab people as well as 145 private schools . The medium of instruction in public schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language , while most of the private schools use English as their medium of instruction . Most private schools cater to one or more expatriate communities . More than 15 schools offer an international education using the one or more of the four International Baccalaureate Programmes for students aged 3 -- 19 . Several schools have introduced the new IB Career - related Programme that can be combined with a vocational qualification such as a BTEC . The Abu Dhabi Education Council ( ADEC ) signed an agreement with the IB in efforts to widen the options offered for parents and to meet the different needs of students in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . Additionally a number of schools offer either a CBSE or an Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Indian syllabus . The Indian High School , DPS are some examples . Similarly , there are also several reputable Pakistani schools offering FBISE curriculum for expatriate children in Dubai . A number of schools also offer British primary education up to the age of eleven . British style eleven - to - eighteen secondary schools offering General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-Levels include Dubai Gem Private School , Dubai British School , English Language School Pvt . Some schools , such as The American School of Dubai , also offer the curriculum of the United States . The most well - known universities in Dubai are American University in Dubai , Hult International Business School , Al Ghurair University , The American College of Dubai , University of Wollongong in Dubai , British University in Dubai offering courses in Business Administration , Engineering , Architecture and Interior Design . American University in Dubai is one of the six UAE universities featured in QS World University Rankings 2014 / 2015 . In 2013 Synergy University Dubai Campus opened its campus in Jumeirah Lakes Towers being a first University in Dubai to be located outside of Educational Zones ( Knowledge Village or Academic City ) . Healthcare ( edit ) Main articles : Dubai Health Authority and List of hospitals in Dubai Dubai 's Iranian Hospital Healthcare in Dubai can be divided into two different sectors : public and private . Each Emirate is able to dictate healthcare standards according to their internal laws , although the standards and regulations rarely have extreme differences . Public hospitals in Dubai were first built in the late 1950s and continued to grow with public health initiatives . There are now 28 hospitals in Dubai , 6 public and 22 private , with 3 more major hospitals scheduled to be built by 2025 . By the end of 2012 , there were also a total of 1,348 medical clinics , 97 % of which are operated privately . In 2015 , Dubai phased in mandatory health insurance for all inhabitants , thereby leading to increased demand for medical services . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Dubai Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum International relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in UAE Twin towns and sister cities ( edit ) Dubai is twinned with the following cities : Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain ( 2006 ) Busan , South Korea ( 2006 ) Detroit , Michigan , United States ( 2003 ) Frankfurt , Hessen , Germany , as a Friendship city since 2005 Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia ( 2001 ) Shanghai , China ( 2009 ) Istanbul , Turkey ( 1997 ) Padang , Indonesia ( 2015 ) Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia ( 2010 ) Dundee , Scotland , UK ( 2004 ) See also ( edit ) United Arab Emirates portal Dubai portal Al Sufouh Archaeological Site Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve Dubai Silicon Oasis Jumeirah Lake Towers List of buildings in Dubai List of cities with the most skyscrapers Sustainability in Dubai LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population Clock '' . www.dsc.gov.ae . 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ANTARA ( in Indonesian ) . 15 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dubai is listed as one of Kuala Lumpur 's sister cities Archived 30 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://stv.tv/news/tayside/110625-scotlands-links-with-uae-celebrated-in-dundee/ Further reading ( edit ) Syed Ali . Dubai : Gilded Cage ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) 240 pages . Focuses on the Arab emirate 's treatment of foreign workers . Heiko Schmid : Economy of Fascination : Dubai and Chicago as Themed Urban Landscapes , Berlin , Stuttgart 2009 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 443 - 37014 - 5 . John M. Smith : Dubai The Maktoum Story , Norderstedt 2007 , ISBN 3 - 8334 - 4660 - 9 . 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Bayda Al Malaiha Al Madam Margham Urqub Juwayza Al Qima Al Zahid Al Tawae Al Mimzar Al Warqa Major cities of the United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi Al Ain Sila Al Khatam Al Mushrif Dubai Dubai Hatta Sharjah Sharjah Dhaid Dibba Al - Hisn Kalba Khor Fakkan Nahwa Al Jazirah Al Khan Ajman Ajman Masfut Al - Manamah Umm al - Quwain Umm al - Quwain Ras Al - Khaima Ras al - Khaimah Khatt ' Asamah ' Uraybi Adhan , Ras al - Khaimah Al Fahlayn Al Halah Al Jazirah Al Hamra Al Mu'amurah An Nakhil Ar - Rams Ash Sha 'm Awanat Bida Daftah Dayah Al - Fujairah Fujairah Dibba Al - Fujairah ' Aqqah Al Bithnah Al Halah Al Qurayyah ISNI : 0000 0004 1763 1167 GND : 4204044 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubai&oldid=821745147 '' Categories : Dubai Metropolitan areas of the United Arab Emirates Persian Gulf Populated coastal places in the United Arab Emirates Port cities in the Arabian Peninsula Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) CS1 Arabic - 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lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 10 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the sea surrounding dubai	[ "Dubai (/duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY; Arabic: دبي‎ Dubay, Gulf pronunciation: [dʊˈbɑj]) is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).[4] It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, one of the seven emirates that make up the country. Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's Federal Supreme Council.[5][6] The city of Dubai is located on the emirate's northern coastline and heads the Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area. Dubai will host World Expo 2020.[7]" ]	[ "Persian Gulf" ]
7051526329122856082	List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders	List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scoring Leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of April 5 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 7 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 30,925 1,139 27.2 11,240 1,607 6,838 8 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Wilkins , Dominique Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 English , Alex Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- present ) 25,374 1,051 24.1 9,073 1,336 5,892 20 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 West , Jerry Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) 24,850 1,402 17.7 8,984 2,103 4,779 23 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Allen , Ray Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Parish , Robert Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,058 979 22.5 8,028 462 5,540 32 Payton , Gary Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Greer , Hal Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Bellamy , Walt Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 36 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 37 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF / SG Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 20,815 767 27.1 7,058 1,425 5,274 38 Robinson , David David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 39 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,759 1,193 17.4 7,932 172 4,723 40 Gervin , George George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 20,386 1,272 16.0 7,815 1,976 2,780 43 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Jamison , Antawn Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 Stockton , John John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 King , Bernard Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Robinson , Clifford Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Davis , Walter Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Cummings , Terry Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Lanier , Bob Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of March 23 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win Shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring Leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player points leader Total points Career points record Total points Single - season points record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Lebron James ^ 000CLE 2,138 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - Year Leader Points Active Player Points Leader Total points Career Points Record Total points Single Season Points Record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=834470586 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 22 : 09 . About Wikipedia	who holds the nba record for most points in a career	[ "\n\nRank\nPlayer\nPosition(s)\nTeam(s) played for (years)[3]\nTotal points\nGames\nplayed\nPoints\nper game\naverage[4]\nField goals\nmade\nThree-point\nfield goals\nmade[5]\nFree\nthrows\nmade\n\n\n1\nAbdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar[6]\nC\nMilwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)\n38,387\n1,560\n24.6\n15,837\n1\n6,712\n\n\n2\nMalone, KarlKarl Malone\nPF\nUtah Jazz (1985–2003)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\n36,928\n1,476\n25.0\n13,528\n85\n9,787\n\n\n3\nBryant, KobeKobe Bryant†\nSG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)\n33,643\n1,346\n25.0\n11,719\n1,827\n8,378\n\n\n4\nJordan, MichaelMichael Jordan\nSG\nChicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)\nWashington Wizards (2001–2003)\n32,292\n1,072\n30.1\n12,192\n581\n7,327\n\n\n5\nChamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain\nC\nPhiladelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1965–1968)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)\n31,419\n1,045\n30.1\n12,681\n0\n6,057\n\n\n6\nNowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^\nPF/C\nDallas Mavericks (1999–present)\n31,187\n1,471\n21.2\n11,034\n1,918\n7,201\n\n\n7\nJames, LeBronLeBron James^\nSF/PF\nCleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–present)\nMiami Heat (2010–2014)\n30,925\n1,139\n27.2\n11,240\n1,607\n6,838\n\n\n8\nO'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal\nC\nOrlando Magic (1992–1996)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)\nMiami Heat (2004–2008)\nPhoenix Suns (2008–2009)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)\nBoston Celtics (2010–2011)\n28,596\n1,207\n23.7\n11,330\n1\n5,935\n\n\n9\nMalone, MosesMoses Malone\nC\nBuffalo Braves (1976)\nHouston Rockets (1976–1982)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)\nWashington Bullets (1986–1988)\nAtlanta Hawks (1988–1991)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)\n27,409\n1,329\n20.6\n9,435\n8\n8,531\n\n\n10\nHayes, ElvinElvin Hayes\nPF/C\nSan Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972, 1981–1984)\nBaltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)\n27,313\n1,303\n21.0\n10,976\n5\n5,356\n\n\n11\nOlajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon[7]\nC\nHouston Rockets (1984–2001)\nToronto Raptors (2001–2002)\n26,946\n1,238\n21.8\n10,749\n25\n5,423\n\n\n12\nRobertson, OscarOscar Robertson\nPG\nCincinnati Royals (1960–1970)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)\n26,710\n1,040\n25.7\n9,508\n0\n7,694\n\n\n13\nWilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins\nSF\nAtlanta Hawks (1982–1994)\nLos Angeles Clippers (1994)\nBoston Celtics (1994–1995)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)\nOrlando Magic (1999)\n26,668\n1,074\n24.8\n9,963\n711\n6,031\n\n\n14\nDuncan, TimTim Duncan†\nPF/C\nSan Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)\n26,496\n1,392\n19.0\n10,285\n30\n5,896\n\n\n15\nPierce, PaulPaul Pierce†\nSF/SG\nBoston Celtics (1999–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2014)\nWashington Wizards (2014–2015)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)\n26,397\n1,343\n19.7\n8,668\n2,143\n6,918\n\n\n16\nHavlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek\nSF/SG\nBoston Celtics (1962–1978)\n26,395\n1,270\n20.8\n10,513\n0\n5,369\n\n\n17\nGarnett, KevinKevin Garnett†\nPF/C\nMinnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)\nBoston Celtics (2007–2013)\nBrooklyn Nets (2013–2015)\n26,071\n1,462\n17.8\n10,505\n174\n4,887\n\n\n18\nEnglish, AlexAlex English\nSF\nMilwaukee Bucks (1976–1978)\nIndiana Pacers (1978–1980)\nDenver Nuggets (1980–1990)\nDallas Mavericks (1990–1991)\n25,613\n1,193\n21.5\n10,659\n18\n4,277\n\n\n19\nAnthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^\nSF\nDenver Nuggets (2003–2011)\nNew York Knicks (2011–2017)\nOklahoma City Thunder (2017–present)\n25,374\n1,051\n24.1\n9,073\n1,336\n5,892\n\n\n20\nMiller, ReggieReggie Miller\nSG\nIndiana Pacers (1987–2005)\n25,279\n1,389\n18.2\n8,241\n2,560\n6,237\n\n\n21\nWest, JerryJerry West\nPG/SG\nLos Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)\n25,192\n932\n27.0\n9,016\n0\n7,160\n\n\n22\nCarter, VinceVince Carter^\nSG/SF\nToronto Raptors (1999–2004)\nNew Jersey Nets (2004–2009)\nOrlando Magic (2009–2010)\nPhoenix Suns (2010–2011)\nDallas Mavericks (2011–2014)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)\nSacramento Kings (2017–present)\n24,850\n1,402\n17.7\n8,984\n2,103\n4,779\n\n\n23\nEwing, PatrickPatrick Ewing\nC\nNew York Knicks (1985–2000)\nSeattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)\nOrlando Magic (2001–2002)\n24,815\n1,183\n21.0\n9,702\n19\n5,392\n\n\n24\nAllen, RayRay Allen\nSG\nMilwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)\nSeattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)\nBoston Celtics (2007–2012)\nMiami Heat (2012–2014)\n24,505\n1,300\n18.9\n8,567\n2,973\n4,398\n\n\n25\nIverson, AllenAllen Iverson\nSG/PG\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)\nDenver Nuggets (2006–2008)\nDetroit Pistons (2008–2009)\nMemphis Grizzlies (2009)\n24,368\n914\n26.7\n8,467\n1,059\n6,375\n\n\n26\nBarkley, CharlesCharles Barkley\nPF\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1984–1992)\nPhoenix Suns (1992–1996)\nHouston Rockets (1996–2000)\n23,757\n1,073\n22.1\n8,435\n538\n6,349\n\n\n27\nParish, RobertRobert Parish\nC\nGolden State Warriors (1976–1980)\nBoston Celtics (1980–1994)\nCharlotte Hornets (1994–1996)\nChicago Bulls (1996–1997)\n23,334\n1,611\n14.5\n9,614\n0\n4,106\n\n\n28\nDantley, AdrianAdrian Dantley\nSF\nBuffalo Braves (1976–1977)\nIndiana Pacers (1977)\nLos Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)\nUtah Jazz (1979–1986)\nDetroit Pistons (1986–1989)\nDallas Mavericks (1989–1990)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1991)\n23,177\n955\n24.3\n8,169\n7\n6,832\n\n\n29\nBaylor, ElginElgin Baylor\nSF\nMinneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)\n23,149\n846\n27.4\n8,693\n0\n5,763\n\n\n30\nDrexler, ClydeClyde Drexler\nSG\nPortland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)\nHouston Rockets (1995–1998)\n22,195\n1,086\n20.4\n8,335\n827\n4,698\n\n\n31\nWade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^\nSG\nMiami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–present)\nChicago Bulls (2016–2017)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)\n22,058\n979\n22.5\n8,028\n462\n5,540\n\n\n32\nPayton, GaryGary Payton\nPG\nSeattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)\nMilwaukee Bucks (2003)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)\nBoston Celtics (2004–2005)\nMiami Heat (2005–2007)\n21,813\n1,335\n16.3\n8,708\n1,132\n3,265\n\n\n33\nBird, LarryLarry Bird\nSF/PF\nBoston Celtics (1979–1992)\n21,791\n897\n24.3\n8,591\n649\n3,960\n\n\n34\nGreer, HalHal Greer\nSG/PG\nSyracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)\n21,586\n1,122\n19.2\n8,504\n0\n4,578\n\n\n35\nBellamy, WaltWalt Bellamy\nC\nChicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)\nNew York Knicks (1965–1968)\nDetroit Pistons (1968–1970)\nAtlanta Hawks (1970–1974)\nNew Orleans Jazz (1974)\n20,941\n1,043\n20.1\n7,914\n0\n5,113\n\n\n36\nPettit, BobBob Pettit\nPF/C\nMilwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)\n20,880\n792\n26.4\n7,349\n0\n6,182\n\n\n37\nDurant, KevinKevin Durant^\nSF/SG\nSeattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)\nGolden State Warriors (2016–present)\n20,815\n767\n27.1\n7,058\n1,425\n5,274\n\n\n38\nRobinson, DavidDavid Robinson\nC\nSan Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)\n20,790\n987\n21.1\n7,365\n25\n6,035\n\n\n39\nGasol, PauPau Gasol^\nC/PF\nMemphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)\nChicago Bulls (2014–2016)\nSan Antonio Spurs (2016–present)\n20,759\n1,193\n17.4\n7,932\n172\n4,723\n\n\n40\nGervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin\nSG/SF\nSan Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)\nChicago Bulls (1985–1986)\n20,708\n791\n26.2\n8,045\n77\n4,541\n\n\n41\nRichmond, MitchMitch Richmond\nSG\nGolden State Warriors (1988–1991)\nSacramento Kings (1991–1998)\nWashington Wizards (1999–2001)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)\n20,497\n976\n21.0\n7,305\n1,326\n4,561\n\n\n42\nJohnson, JoeJoe Johnson^\nSG/SF\nBoston Celtics (2001–2002)\nPhoenix Suns (2002–2005)\nAtlanta Hawks (2005–2012)\nBrooklyn Nets (2012–2016)\nMiami Heat (2016)\nUtah Jazz (2016–2018)\nHouston Rockets (2018–present)\n20,386\n1,272\n16.0\n7,815\n1,976\n2,780\n\n\n43\nChambers, TomTom Chambers\nPF\nSan Diego Clippers (1981–1983)\nSeattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)\nPhoenix Suns (1988–1993)\nUtah Jazz (1993–1995)\nCharlotte Hornets (1997)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1997)\n20,049\n1,107\n18.1\n7,378\n227\n5,066\n\n\n44\nJamison, AntawnAntawn Jamison\nPF/SF\nGolden State Warriors (1999–2003)\nDallas Mavericks (2003–2004)\nWashington Wizards (2004–2010)\nCleveland Cavaliers (2010–2012)\nLos Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)\nLos Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)\n20,042\n1,083\n18.5\n7,679\n1,163\n3,521\n\n\n45\nStockton, JohnJohn Stockton\nPG\nUtah Jazz (1984–2003)\n19,711\n1,504\n13.1\n7,039\n845\n4,788\n\n\n46\nKing, BernardBernard King\nSF\nNew Jersey Nets (1977–1979, 1993)\nUtah Jazz (1979)\nGolden State Warriors (1980–1982)\nNew York Knicks (1982–1985, 1987)\nWashington Bullets (1987–1991)\n19,655\n874\n22.5\n7,830\n23\n3,972\n\n\n47\nRobinson, CliffordClifford Robinson\nPF/SF\nPortland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)\nPhoenix Suns (1997–2001)\nDetroit Pistons (2001–2003)\nGolden State Warriors (2003–2005)\nNew Jersey Nets (2005–2007)\n19,591\n1,380\n14.2\n7,389\n1,253\n3,560\n\n\n48\nDavis, WalterWalter Davis\nSG/SF\nPhoenix Suns (1977–1988)\nDenver Nuggets (1988–1991, 1991–1992)\nPortland Trail Blazers (1991)\n19,521\n1,033\n18.9\n8,118\n157\n3,128\n\n\n49\nCummings, TerryTerry Cummings\nPF\nSan Diego Clippers (1982–1984)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1984–1989, 1995–1996)\nSan Antonio Spurs (1989–1995)\nSeattle SuperSonics (1996–1997)\nPhiladelphia 76ers (1997–1998)\nNew York Knicks (1998)\nGolden State Warriors (1999–2000)\n19,460\n1,183\n16.4\n8,045\n44\n3,326\n\n\n50\nLanier, BobBob Lanier*\nC\nDetroit Pistons (1970–1980)\nMilwaukee Bucks (1980–1984)\n19,248\n959\n20.1\n7,761\n2\n3,724\n\n" ]	[ "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar" ]
-1983496953136147279	Maze Runner: The Death Cure	Maze Runner : the Death Cure - wikipedia Maze Runner : the Death Cure Jump to : navigation , search For the book the film is based on , see The Death Cure . Maze Runner : The Death Cure Theatrical release poster Directed by Wes Ball Produced by Ellen Goldsmith - Vein Wyck Godfrey Marty Bowen Joe Hartwick , Jr . Wes Ball Lee Stollman Screenplay by T.S. Nowlin Based on The Death Cure by James Dashner Starring Dylan O'Brien Kaya Scodelario Thomas Brodie - Sangster Nathalie Emmanuel Giancarlo Esposito Aidan Gillen Walton Goggins Ki Hong Lee Barry Pepper Will Poulter Patricia Clarkson Music by John Paesano Cinematography Gyula Pados Edited by Dan Zimmerman Production company Gotham Group Temple Hill Entertainment Oddball Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) ( Seoul ) January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 142 minutes Country United States Budget $62 million Box office $272.6 million Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( also known simply as The Death Cure ) is a 2018 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Wes Ball and written by T.S. Nowlin , based on the novel The Death Cure written by James Dashner . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series . The film stars Dylan O'Brien , Kaya Scodelario , Thomas Brodie - Sangster , Dexter Darden , Nathalie Emmanuel , Giancarlo Esposito , Aidan Gillen , Walton Goggins , Ki Hong Lee , Jacob Lofland , Katherine McNamara , Barry Pepper , Will Poulter , Rosa Salazar , and Patricia Clarkson . Maze Runner : The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17 , 2017 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox , but the studio rescheduled the film 's release for January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX , allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $272 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Thomas , Newt , and Frypan are the last of the free `` Gladers '' immune to the Flare virus that has ravaged the world 's population . Against the orders of Vince , who now leads The Right Arm resistance , the three leave their camp to rescue their immune friend Minho , who is being tortured by the organization WCKD in hopes of developing a cure for the virus . Heading for the `` Last City '' , where WCKD 's headquarters is located , the group is attacked by Cranks , humans infected with the Flare . However , they are saved by Jorge and Brenda , who join them . The group makes it to the wall of the Last City , which protects the city from Cranks . Outside the wall , people are rallying in protest to be let into the city . When WCKD opens fire at the protesters , the group is captured by a contingent of masked men and are taken to a hideout . One of the masked men is revealed to be Gally , who has survived being killed by Minho at the end of The Maze Runner . Gally takes them to see Lawrence , a rebellion leader for those outside the walls , who grants them permission to enter the Last City through a secret entrance . Gally leads Thomas and Newt through to the city and , spotting Teresa , Gally tells Thomas that she can get them into WCKD headquarters . The three capture her and she agrees to help them . Thomas , Newt , and Gally escort Teresa inside WCKD headquarters and toward the location of the Immunes . Gally looks after the Immune children and stays to find a serum that can treat the Flare , while Thomas , Newt , and Teresa go to find Minho . They are caught and chased by a vengeful Janson , who leads WCKD 's troops . Teresa lets them escape to find Minho , before rushing to do a blood test on Thomas ' blood , which she obtained when removing trackers from the Gladers . Gally gets the serum and takes the Immune children outside to a bus where Brenda is waiting . While Gally makes his way back into WCKD headquarters to find Thomas , Brenda is forced to leave with the Immune children in a bus as WCKD forces close in on them . Thomas and Newt reunite with Minho in the medical wing . They are chased by Janson before escaping . Teresa discovers that Thomas ' blood can cure the Flare . She shares her discovery with WCKD 's leader Ava Paige , both agreeing that they must find Thomas . Brenda and the Immune children are cornered by WCKD authorities but are saved by Frypan . Meanwhile , Lawrence rallies his rebels outside the city before blowing a hole in the city wall , allowing his allies and the infected people to storm the city . Outside the headquarters , Gally finds Thomas , Minho , and Newt . Sending Minho and Gally ahead , Newt gives Thomas a necklace with a silver cylinder pendant before passing out . Teresa transmits her voice throughout the city , telling Thomas that his blood can save Newt if he will only return to WCKD . Newt , nearly completely subsumed by the Flare , regains consciousness and attacks Thomas , while begging Thomas to kill him . Left with no other option , Thomas kills Newt . Thomas makes his way back to WCKD and confronts Ava , who stresses that WCKD 's intentions are good . However , she is killed by Janson , who is turning into a Crank . Janson knocks Thomas out and drags him to a lab where Teresa is ready to extract his blood . However , he reveals that he and WCKD are only truly interested in curing those whom they please , which results in Teresa turning on him . After a fight , Janson is killed , allowing Thomas and Teresa to escape to the rooftop where an aircraft piloted by Jorge and Vince is waiting . Thomas makes it aboard , but Teresa is killed when the headquarters comes apart after being hit by a building collapsing owing to the rebels ' attacks . The group reunites with the rest of the Immunes and The Right Arm , escaping to a safe haven that was revealed by Ava , where the remaining population can live in safety . There , Thomas discovers that the pendant Newt gave to him had a note in it . Still traumatized by Teresa 's death , he reads the note , in which Newt tells him to look after himself and everyone , before thanking Thomas for being his friend . Cast ( edit ) Dylan O'Brien as Thomas Kaya Scodelario as Teresa Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt Dexter Darden as Frypan Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge Aidan Gillen as Janson Walton Goggins as Lawrence Ki Hong Lee as Minho Jacob Lofland as Aris Katherine McNamara as Sonya Barry Pepper as Vince Will Poulter as Gally Rosa Salazar as Brenda Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige Production ( edit ) In March 2015 , it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , would adapt Maze Runner : The Death Cure . On September 16 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming would begin in February 2016 . On March 18 , 2016 , it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized . James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident . It was said that the producers were `` looking to '' resume filming around mid-May . According to the Directors Guild of Canada 's production list , the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9 , and complete principal photography on July 26 . However , on April 29 , 2016 , production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought . Filming resumed on March 6 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa . In May 2017 , it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence , described as `` an unusual and dangerous character who is part - revolutionary , part - anarchist , and a voice for the voiceless people . '' Principal photography wrapped on June 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 . However , due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries , the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met . On May 27 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12 , 2018 , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover . On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film premiered on January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of February 28 , 2018 , Maze Runner : The Death Cure has grossed $56.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $216.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $272.6 million , against a production budget of $62 million . In the United States and Canada , The Death Cure was released alongside the wide expansion of Hostiles , and was expected to gross around $20 million from 3,786 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.5 million from Thursday night previews , in between the $1.1 million made by the first film and $1.7 million by the second , and $8.4 million on its first day . It ended up opening to $24.2 million , down from the previous film but still finishing atop the box office . In its second weekend the film dropped 58 % to $10.2 million , finishing second behind Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . A week prior to its North American release , the film debuted in South Korea , Australia and Taiwan , grossing $15.1 million over its opening weekend . During the first two weeks of international release , the film dominated the international box office taking $62.6 and $35.2 million respectively , and outpacing the two previous films . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 43 % based on 140 reviews , and an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure may offer closure to fans of the franchise , but for anyone who has n't already been hooked , this bloated final installment is best left unseen . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE ( 2018 ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner 3 to begin filming in Vancouver in March '' . Vancity Buzz . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. , Aliza ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : Death Cure ' News And Updates : Filming Confirmed ; Release Date Set On February '' . jobsnhire.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Defy Media ( @ ClevverTV ) ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` The script for Death Cure is currently being worked on & will begin filming in February # ScorchTrials # ScorchSneakPeek '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Star Dylan O'Brien Injured on Set '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Star Dylan O'Brien Healing Very Well After On - Set Accident , Will Return to Work in About Six Weeks -- E ! '' . E !. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan O'Brien's Injuries Force ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Extend Production Shut Down '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Resumes Filming In February '' . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Bailey ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ wesball ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Big day today . Shot two scenes in 7 hours ( that 's a short day for me ) . Also prelit a set for tomorrow . Then watched dailies ... Pretty stuff '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Walton Goggins Set For ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ @ wesball ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Thanks to a great cast and crew for a hell of an experience '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE Set for 2017 Release ; Miraculously Not Being Split into Two Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Release Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ wesball ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hey maze fans . Do n't worry . Release date shifted 4 weeks . It 's a good thing . I get four more weeks of vfx finals , sound mixing , editing '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Anthony , D'Allessandro ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew of Release Changes & Additions '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave , McNary ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Races Toward $20 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Dominates With $62.6 Million Internationally '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sprints to $35 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Maze Runner : The Death Cure on IMDb The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner The Scorch Trials The Death Cure Prequels The Kill Order The Fever Code Film series The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Films directed by Wes Ball The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner:_The_Death_Cure&oldid=828322653 '' Categories : 2018 films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s mystery films 2010s science fiction films 2010s teen films 20th Century Fox films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Wes Ball Films shot in South Africa IMAX films The Maze Runner Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films Teen mystery films Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2018 Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 21 : 52 . About Wikipedia	when did the new maze runner movie come out	[ "Maze Runner: The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17, 2017, in the United States by 20th Century Fox, but the studio rescheduled the film's release for January 26, 2018 in theatres and IMAX, allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $272 million worldwide." ]	[ "January 26, 2018" ]
1976060692212147490	Box lacrosse	Box lacrosse - wikipedia Box lacrosse Box lacrosse A box lacrosse goaltender Highest governing body Federation of International Lacrosse Nicknames Boxla , box , indoor First played 1930s in Canada Characteristics Contact Collision Team members 5 runners and a goalie Box lacrosse , also known as boxla , box , or indoor lacrosse , is an indoor version of lacrosse played mostly in North America . The game originated in Canada in the 1930s , where it is more popular than field lacrosse and is the national summer sport . Box lacrosse is played between two teams of five players and one goalie each , and is traditionally played on an ice hockey rink once the ice has been removed or covered . The playing area is called a box , in contrast to the open playing field of field lacrosse . The object of the game is to use a lacrosse stick to catch , carry , and pass the ball in an effort to score by shooting a solid rubber lacrosse ball into the opponent 's goal . The highest levels of box lacrosse are the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) ( professional ) , Box Lacrosse League ( semi-pro ) , Senior A divisions of the Canadian Lacrosse Association ( semi-pro ) , the Western Lacrosse Association ( semi-pro ) , and Major Series Lacrosse ( semi-pro ) . While there are 59 total members of the Federation of International Lacrosse ( FIL ) , only fifteen have competed in international box lacrosse competition . Only Canada , the Iroquois Nationals and the United States have finished in the top three places at the World Indoor Lacrosse Championships . Contents 1 History 2 Rules 2.1 Players , equipment and officials 2.1. 1 Goaltender 2.1. 2 Defenders 2.1. 3 Transition 2.1. 4 Forwards 2.2 Playing area 2.3 Duration and tie - breaking methods 2.4 Ball in and out of play 2.5 Penalties 2.5. 1 Fighting 3 International competition 4 Women 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Ball players , painted by George Catlin , illustrates various Native Americans playing lacrosse . Lacrosse is a traditional indigenous people 's game and was first encountered by Europeans when French Jesuit missionaries in the St. Lawrence Valley witnessed the game in the 1630s . Lacrosse for centuries was seen as a key element of cultural identity and spiritual healing to Native Americans . It originated as a field game and was adopted first by Canadian , American , and English athletes as a field game , eventually settling on a 10 v 10 format . Box lacrosse is a modern version of the game that was invented in Canada during the 1920s and 1930s . The roots of indoor lacrosse are obscure , but its invention has been attributed to one Paddy Brennan , a field lacrosse player and referee from Montreal , who , being annoyed by the constant slowing of play from balls going out of bounds in the field game , experimented with indoor games at the Mount Royal Arena during the early 1920s . Joseph Cattarinich and Leo Dandurand , owners of the National Hockey League 's Montreal Canadiens in the 1920s , led the participating ice hockey arena owners to introduce the new sport . In the 1930s , 6 v 6 indoor lacrosse came to be played in the summer in unused hockey rinks . Canadians adopted the new version of the sport quickly . Eventually , it became the more popular version of the sport in Canada , supplanting field lacrosse . The form was also adopted as the primary version of the game played on Native American reservations in the US and Canada by Iroquois and other Native peoples . It is the only sport in which the American indigenous people are sanctioned to compete internationally , participating as the Iroquois Nationals . However , many field lacrosse enthusiasts viewed the new version of the sport with negativity . The first professional box lacrosse games were held in 1931 . That summer , the arena owners formed the International Lacrosse League , featuring four teams : the Montreal Canadiens , Montreal Maroons , Toronto Maple Leafs , and Cornwall Colts . The league lasted only two seasons . In the wake of the original International Lacrosse League opened the American Box Lacrosse League featuring six teams : two in New York City , and one each in Brooklyn , Toronto , Boston , and Baltimore . The league played to small crowds on outdoor fields such as Yankee Stadium and Fenway Park , before closing midway through its inaugural season . Lacrosse was officially declared Canada 's National Summer Sport with the passage of the National Sports Act ( Bill C - 212 ) on May 12 , 1994 . The first box lacrosse match conducted in Australia came about as part of a fund raising appeal for the Queen Victoria Hospital in Melbourne . The Victorian Lacrosse Association was approached by the appeal committee to stage a lacrosse match as part of a multi sport carnival at the Plaza ( Wattle Path Palais ) ballroom at St Kilda on 1 July 1931 . After a lightning six - a-side ( outdoor ) tournament format was successfully carried out a few weeks prior , it was decided to play six - a-side for this exhibition game between MCC and a composite team from other clubs , with players wearing rubber shoes and using a softer ball for the match . Newspaper articles at the time suggest that the sport may have even been created in Australia , with P.J. Lally of the famous Canadian lacrosse stick manufacturing company requesting a copy of the rules of the game from the VLA Secretary . By 1933 , box lacrosse matches were being played in Adelaide , Brisbane , and Perth . This new version of the game however did not overtake the traditional version of lacrosse in popularity in Australia as happened in Canada . The Canadian Lacrosse Association began sponsoring box lacrosse . In 1932 , the Mann Cup , the most prestigious lacrosse trophy in Canada , was contended for under box lacrosse rules for the first time . Previously , the national senior men 's lacrosse championship , awarded since 1901 , was competed for under field lacrosse rules . The Mann Cup is an annual tournament that presents the champion of the Western Lacrosse Association and Major Series Lacrosse in a best of seven national championship . A few years later , in 1937 , the Minto Cup , began being awarded under box lacrosse rules to the junior men 's champions . Currently the Canadian Lacrosse Association oversees the Mann Cup , the Minto Cup , the Presidents Cup ( Senior B national championship ) the Founders Cup ( Junior B national championship ) all under box lacrosse rules . Briefly in 1939 , a professional box lacrosse league started up in California , called the Pacific Coast Lacrosse Association . This four team league also folded shortly after opening . Professional box lacrosse did not return to the United States again until 1968 when the Portland Adanacs and Detroit Olympics franchises played in the National Lacrosse Association , a circuit that folded after one summer season seaso . National Lacrosse League action during an All - Star Game in 2005 A new professional indoor lacrosse league was created in the 1970s with the formation of the original National Lacrosse League . This league opened in 1974 with teams in Montreal , Toronto , Rochester , Syracuse , Philadelphia , and Maryland . For the 1975 season , Rochester moved to Boston , Syracuse moved to Quebec City , and Toronto moved to Long Island . Thus , by its second year , the original NLL was playing in all major league arenas : the Colisée de Québec , the Montreal Forum , the Boston Garden , Nassau Coliseum , the Spectrum , and the Capital Centre . When the two wealthier ' 75 NLL franchises , Philadelphia and Maryland , finished out of the playoffs , and with Montreal losing access to the fabled Montreal Forum in the upcoming season due to the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games , the league folded after two seasons due to financial uncertainty . The rebirth of professional box lacrosse in the United States came on March 13 , 1986 , with the formation of the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League , which was incorporated by Russ Cline and Chris Fritz . The league originated with four teams : the Philadelphia Wings , New Jersey Saints , Washington Wave , and Baltimore Thunder , and unlike box lacrosse generally , was played during the winter . The league rebranded itself as the Major Indoor Lacrosse League ( MILL ) immediately after its inaugural season , and in 1998 renamed itself again , this time to the NLL . In 1998 , the NLL entered into the Canadian market for the first time with the Ontario Raiders . Although 5 of the league 's 9 teams are based in American cities , more than two - thirds of the players are Canadian . Rules ( edit ) Players , equipment and officials ( edit ) Windsor Clippers ( OJBLL ) runner in 2014 . During play , a team consists of six players : a goaltender and five `` runners '' . A runner is any non-goalkeeper position player , including forwards , transition players , and defenders . Runners usually specialize in one of these roles and substitute off the field when the ball moves from one end to the other . When the sport originated teams played with six runners . However , in 1953 the sixth runner , a position called rover , was eliminated . The goalkeeper can be replaced by another runner , often when a delayed penalty has been called on the other team or at the end of games by teams that are behind to help score goals . A player 's lacrosse stick must be between 40 inches ( 1.0 m ) and 46 inches ( 1.2 m ) in length ( youth levels may use shorter sticks ) . In most box lacrosse leagues , the use of a traditional wooden stick is allowed . However , almost no lacrosse players use wooden sticks anymore , preferring aluminum or another metal , and a plastic head . In the NLL , wooden lacrosse sticks are not allowed . Besides a lacrosse stick , each player must also wear a certain amount of protective equipment , including a lacrosse helmet with facemask , lacrosse gloves , arm and shoulder pads , and back / kidney pads . Rib pads are optional in some leagues . In some box leagues , especially the NLL , the five `` runners '' wear helmets specifically designed for box lacrosse . These helmets consist of a hockey helmet with a box lacrosse face mask attached instead of a hockey cage . During a typical game the number of officials can range from one to three , depending on the league and level of play . In most games there are at least two referees : a lead official and a trail official . In NLL games there are three officials per game . Goaltender ( edit ) See also : Goaltender ( box lacrosse ) St. Catharines Spartans ( OJBLL ) goalie in 2014 . The goaltender 's responsibility is to prevent the opposition from scoring goals by directly defending the net . Box lacrosse goaltenders equipment includes upper body gear ( measuring no more than 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) up and 5 inches ( 13 cm ) out off the shoulder -- much larger than similar gear for field lacrosse or ice hockey goaltenders ) , large shin guards that must measure no more than 11 inches ( 28 cm ) at the knee , 9 inches ( 23 cm ) at the top of the shin and 7 inches ( 18 cm ) at the ankle , and a field lacrosse helmet or ice hockey goalie mask . The 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) to 9 feet 3 inches ( 2.82 m ) radius area surrounding the net is called the `` crease '' . Players except for the goaltender may not enter the crease while playing the ball . Punishments for crease infractions include a change of possession , resetting of the time - clock , or a possible two - minute penalty depending on the infraction . Opposing players may not make contact with the goaltender while he is in the crease . Once he leaves the crease , however , he loses all goaltender privileges . Even as box lacrosse grows in the United States , the American goalkeeper is a rarity . The skills required to be a successful field lacrosse goaltender and a successful box lacrosse goaltender are very different and do not lend well to one another . Defenders ( edit ) A defender is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . Unlike in field lacrosse where some defensive players carry longer sticks , all box lacrosse defenders play with a maximum 46 inches ( 1.2 m ) long stick . Defensive tactics include cross checking ( where a player uses the shaft of his stick to push the opposition player off balance ) , body checking ( where a player makes contact with the opposition player in order to slow him down ) , and stick checking ( where a player makes contact with the opposition player 's stick in order to knock the ball loose ) . Transition ( edit ) A transition player is a player whose responsibility is primarily to play during defensive situations with an offensive mindset . The goal of this player is to create fastbreaks and scoring opportunities . Forwards ( edit ) A forward is a player position on the field whose responsibility is primarily offensive . Typically , a forward is dominant throwing with one hand or the other , and will primarily play on that side of the floor . Some players , known as creasemen , do not focus on one side or the other . These players instead focus their offensive attention near the crease area in front of the goaltender . Playing area ( edit ) Detailed diagram illustrating the differences and similarities between Canadian Lacrosse Association and National Lacrosse League box lacrosse playing areas The playing area of box lacrosse is typically an ice hockey rink during the summer months . The playing surface is usually the concrete floor underneath the melted ice . Generally the playing area is 180 feet ( 55 m ) to 200 feet ( 61 m ) in length and 80 feet ( 24 m ) to 90 feet ( 27 m ) in width . The NLL plays on artificial turf placed on top of the ice . Some leagues , and teams that have dedicated box lacrosse arenas ( such as the Iroquois ) , have outfitted their playing surface with artificial turf similar to the NLL . Box lacrosse goal dimensions are traditionally 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) wide by 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) tall . In the NLL , the dimensions are slightly larger at 4 feet 9 inches ( 1.45 m ) wide by 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) tall . These nets are significantly smaller than field lacrosse nets which measure 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide by 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall . Duration and tie - breaking methods ( edit ) A traditional game played under the rules of the Canadian Lacrosse Association consists of three periods of 20 minutes each ( similar to ice hockey ) , with the teams changing ends each period . The NLL plays four 15 - minute quarters rather than three periods . If the game is tied at the end of regulation play , a 5 - minute overtime ( 15 in NLL ) can be played . Overtime may or may not be sudden victory , depending on the league . Ball in and out of play ( edit ) Referee placing the ball while opponents line up for a face - off . Each period , and after each goal scored , play is restarted with a face - off . If a ball travels over the boards and outside of the playing area , play is restarted by possession being awarded to the opposing team to that which last touched the ball . During play , teams may substitute players in and out freely . Sometimes this is referred to as `` on the fly '' substitution . Substitution must occur within the designated exchange area in front of the players bench in order to be legal . The sport utilizes a shot clock and the attacking team must take a shot on goal within 30 seconds of gaining possession of the ball . In addition , players must advance the ball from their own defensive end to the offensive half of the floor within 10 seconds ( 8 in NLL ) . Penalties ( edit ) For most penalties , the offending player is sent to the penalty box and his team has to play without him and with one less player for a short amount of time . Most penalties last for two minutes unless a major penalty has been assessed . The team that has taken the penalty is said to be playing shorthanded while the other team is on the power play . A two - minute minor penalty is often called for lesser infractions such as slashing , tripping , elbowing , roughing , too many players , illegal equipment , holding , or interference . Five - minute major penalties are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions that result in intentional injury to an opponent , as well as for fighting . Players are released from the penalty box when either the penalty time expires , or the opposition scores a goal ( or three goals for the instance of a major penalty ) . At the officials ' discretion a ten - minute misconduct penalty may be assessed . These are served in full by the penalized player , but his team may immediately substitute another player on the playing area unless a minor or major penalty is assessed in conjunction with the misconduct ( a `` two - and - ten '' or `` five - and - ten '' ) . In that case , the team designates another player to serve the minor or major ; both players go to the penalty box , but only the designee may not be replaced , and he is released upon the expiration of the two or five minutes . In addition , game misconducts are assessed for deliberate intent to inflict severe injury on an opponent . A player who receives a game misconduct is ejected and may not return to play . Receiving two major penalties in a game will result in a game misconduct . A fight during a lacrosse game between two players on the Toronto Rock and Calgary Roughnecks A penalty shot , where a player from the non-offending team is given an attempt to score a goal without opposition from any defending players except the goaltender , may be awarded under certain circumstances . By rule , teams must have at least three runners in play . If a team commits a third penalty resulting in a `` three man down '' situation a penalty shot is awarded in favor of having the offending player serve in the penalty box . A penalty shot may also be awarded , at the referee 's discretion , if a defensive player causes a foul to prevent a goal ( by throwing his stick , holding , tripping , or by deliberately displacing the goal , or a defensive player intentionally falls and covers a ball in his own team 's crease ) . In the NLL , a penalty shot is awarded against any team taking a too - many - men penalty in the final two minutes of the game or overtime . Fighting ( edit ) Similar to fighting in ice hockey , fighting is tolerated in professional box lacrosse . Professional players are not automatically subject to ejection , but incur a five - minute major penalty . In Canadian Lacrosse Association play , players are assessed a five - minute major penalty plus a game misconduct . Fighting in youth or club level box lacrosse is typically penalized with expulsion and suspensions . In 1990 , when the Six Nations created the new Mohawk lacrosse league , fighting was specifically targeted as unacceptable . Violators were ejected from the game in which the altercation occurred and given a minimum three game suspension . International competition ( edit ) Box lacrosse is the most popular version of the sport in the Czech Republic . It is also played to a marginal degree in Australia , primarily by players who have played field lacrosse . Club level box lacrosse leagues in the United States have increased the number of players exposed to the sport , including the : Baltimore Indoor Lacrosse League , the Philadelphia Box Lacrosse Association , and the Metro Area Box Lacrosse League . The first world championship of box lacrosse , `` The Nations in 1980 '' , was staged in several arenas in British Columbia , Canada in July 1980 involving teams representing the United States , Australia , Canada East , Canada West and the Iroquois Nationals . Canada West ( Coquitlam Adanacs ) defeated the Iroquois in the nationally televised world championship game from Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver . This was the first time in history that Indigenous peoples of the Americas people represented themselves in an athletic world championship competition . The second international box lacrosse tournament was held in 2003 , with the inaugural World Indoor Lacrosse Championships . The competitors were national teams from Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , the Iroquois Nationals , Scotland , and the United States . The 2015 WILC was hosted by the Onondaga Nation which marks the first time an international sporting event has been held on indigenous land . 13 teams competed in the championship : Australia , Canada , Czech Republic , England , Finland , Germany , Iroquois Nationals , Ireland , Israel , Serbia , Switzerland , Turkey , and the United States . Canada , Iroquois Nationals and the United States have won gold , silver , and bronze respectively in each of the World Indoor Lacrosse Championships held . Canada has yet to lose an international game in box lacrosse . Other international tournaments have been played . Annually , the European Lacrosse Federation holds the Aleš Hřebeský Memorial tournament in Prague . This is the largest European box lacrosse tournament . In 2002 and 2004 , the Heritage Cup was played between the United States and Canada featuring mostly players that were members of NLL teams . Women ( edit ) Historically , box lacrosse has been exclusively a men 's sport . Women who played the sport of lacrosse typically played the women 's field lacrosse version . Recently , Ontario , Alberta , Nova Scotia and British Columbia have established girls ' and women 's box lacrosse leagues . During the 2003 NLL season , goaltender Ginny Capicchioni appeared in two preseason and one regular season games to become the only woman to make an appearance in the NLL . See also ( edit ) Canada portal Sports portal Lacrosse in Canada Sports in Canada Major Indoor Lacrosse League / National Lacrosse League ( 1997 -- present ) Major Series Lacrosse ( 1887 -- present ) Western Lacrosse Association ( 1932 -- present ) References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vennum , p. 9 Jump up ^ Barrie , Don . `` Lacrosse on ice sounds nice '' . The Peterborough Examiner . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , p. 157 Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 120 Jump up ^ Vennum , p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Hu , Winnie ( July 13 , 2007 ) . `` Indians Widen Old Outlet in Youth Lacrosse '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Fryling , Kevin ( 2006 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Nike deal promotes Native American wellness , lacrosse '' . University of Buffalo Reporter . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 161 - 164 Jump up ^ `` 1931 International Lacrosse Federation Game Program '' . Wamper 's Bible of Lacrosse . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 160 Jump up ^ Marlatt , Craig I.W. `` Symbols , Facts , & Lists : Official Symbols '' . CanadaInfo . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` National Sports of Canada '' . Sport Canada . May 12 , 1994 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . It 's a rougher adaptation of the original field versions of lacrosse with elements similar to hockey and basketball . It has the speed , agility , flexibilty , coordination and main aspect of scoring on a net from hockey , the offensive set up ( 2 - 2 - 1 ) `` house '' when attacking the other team 's goal , a shot clock of 30 seconds to shoot on the net , and regular setting of `` picks '' similar to basketball . Box lacrosse defenders are allowed to block attackers from getting near their goal by cross checking , a technique that is not allowed in field lacrosse . Box Lacrosse is known to be the fastest sport on two feet and one of the most brutal sports known to man . Jump up ^ `` M.C.C. STILL UNDEFEATED . '' The Australasian . Melbourne . 27 June 1931 . p. 49 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 9 June 1931 . p. 13 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The Australasian . Melbourne . 11 July 1931 . p. 50 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The Telegraph ( FIRST EDITION ed . ) . Brisbane. 4 September 1931 . p. 12 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The West Australian . Perth. 24 May 1932 . p. 14 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The West Australian . Perth. 14 June 1932 . p. 14 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` UNJUSTIFIED CRITICISM OF LACROSSE REFEREES '' . The Advertiser . Adelaide. 10 June 1932 . p. 11 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The Brisbane Courier. 4 July 1933 . p. 7 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . Western Mail . Perth. 27 July 1933 . p. 19 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The West Australian . Perth. 5 July 1932 . p. 4 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Mann Cup : Canada 's signature lacrosse event '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WLA Lacrosse Association '' . British Columbia Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Major Series Lacrosse '' . Ontario Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Box Lacrosse National Championships '' . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 165 - 166 ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Stan . `` A Place In Sport History '' . AdanacLacrosse.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` National Lacrosse League : History '' . Major League Sports Almanac . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NLL Pro Stats : 1974 and 1975 '' . Wamper 's Bible of Lacrosse . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lax 101 : League History '' . NLL.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Lacrosse League Rulebook '' ( PDF ) . NLL.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ NLL Team Rosters on Pointstreak.com , as of March 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` OLA Lacrosse History : 1953 '' . Thistles Lacrosse History . October 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Lacrosse : The Game '' . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Vennum , p. 287 Jump up ^ `` Box Lacrosse Equipment Guideline '' . Zone4Laxx.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` What 's the Deal With Box Helmets ? Archived April 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . '' Lacrosselime.com. 25 February 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Officials Forms : Referee Floor Positioning diagrams in PowerPoint '' . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Goalie '' . NLL.com . October 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Lacrosse Association has developed the Parents and Players Guide to Box Lacrosse '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Lax 101 : Terms of the Turf '' . NLL.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 National Lacrosse League Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . NLL.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Floor Diagram and Line Markings for CLA Play '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of Men 's Field Larosse '' ( PDF ) . International Lacrosse Federation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Box Lacrosse Rules '' ( PDF ) . Nepean Knights Minor Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Vennum , p. 234 - 235 ^ Jump up to : `` European Lacrosse Federation -- Men 's Box Lacrosse '' . EuropeanLacrosse.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Williamstown Lacrosse Club history '' . Williamstown Lacrosse Club . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Indoor Lacrosse League '' . Baltimore Indoor Lacrosse League . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Box Lacrosse Association FAQ 's '' . PhillyBoxLacrosse.org . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Area Box Lacrosse League '' . www.mabll.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Indoor Lacrosse Championships '' . Outsider 's Guide . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` WILC 2015 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Danielle ( 24 September 2015 ) . `` Native America 's Team : four Onondaga brothers shatter records and perceptions '' . Guardian ( UK ) . Jump up ^ `` WILC 2015 '' . Federation of International Lacrosse . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Joe , Fee ( October 5 , 2002 ) . `` American outburst rocks Canadians in Heritage Cup '' . Outsider 's Guide . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Philly , R.A. ( October 16 , 2004 ) . `` Canadians swipe Heritage Cup , 17 - 8 '' . Outsider 's Guide . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 200 Jump up ^ `` Ontario Girls Box Lacrosse Website '' . OntarioGirlsBoxLacrosse.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` BC Women 's Lacrosse Website '' . BCWomensLacrosse.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lacrosse : First Woman Plays In League Game '' . New York Times . April 14 , 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fisher , Donald M. ( 2002 ) . Lacrosse : A History of the Game . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6938 - 2 . Vennum , Thomas ( 2008 ) . American Indian Lacrosse : Little Brother of War . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8764 - X . `` Thistles Lacrosse History '' . Bible of Lacrosse . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . `` 1931 Video First Box Lacrosse Game -- Toronto at Montreal '' . Bible of Lacrosse . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Box lacrosse . Box Lacrosse at Lacrosse-Information.com The Latest in Box Lacrosse at Box Lacrosse.Org Box lacrosse leagues Senior Professional National Lacrosse League Semi-Pro Arena Lacrosse League Box Lacrosse League Major Major Series Lacrosse Western Lacrosse Association CDN Senior B Can - Am Nova Scotia Ontario Prairie Gold Quebec Rocky Mountain Three Nations West Coast CDN Senior C Circuit Québécois Prince George Rocky Mountain C Thompson Okanagan Victoria West Central Canadian Junior Junior A British Columbia Ontario Rocky Mountain Junior B British Columbia East Coast First Nations Ontario Pacific Northwest Prairie Gold Rocky Mountain Thompson Okanagan Other Ontario Jr. C Québec Jr. C Rocky Mountain ( Tier II & III ) Defunct Canadian Lacrosse League Montreal Junior Lacrosse League National Lacrosse Association National Lacrosse League ( 1974 -- 1975 ) North American Lacrosse League Professional Lacrosse League Lacrosse Overview History stickball Terminology Strategy Years Types Box Field Women 's Intercrosse Equipment Crosse ( stick ) Ball Glove Helmet Countries Australia Bermuda Canada Czech Republic England Israel Netherlands Scotland Spain United States Wales Teams Australia Canada Europe United States National International People Players Goaltender ( box lacrosse ) Goaltender ( field lacrosse ) Coaches Players by nationality Major League Lacrosse players National Lacrosse League players Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame inductees National Lacrosse Hall of Fame inductees Variants Polocrosse Commons WikiProject Federation of International Lacrosse ( FIL ) World championships Men 's Women 's Indoor U-19 men 's U-19 women 's Related international events Current European Championships Former Olympic Games Articles List of national lacrosse governing bodies Related categories Lacrosse by country Lacrosse players Lacrosse leagues International lacrosse competitions Team sports Sport Governing bodies Sportspeople National sport Basket sports Basketball beach deaf 3x3 water wheelchair Cestoball Korfball Netball Fast5 indoor wheelchair Rezball Ringball Slamball Football codes Association football amputee beach freestyle Futsal indoor Jorkyball paralympic powerchair roller street walking Australian rules football AFLX Lightning football Metro footy Nine - a-side Rec footy Gaelic football Ladies ' Circle rules football Gridiron codes American football eight - man flag nine - man six - man sprint touch wheelchair Canadian football Indoor American football Arena football Hybrid codes Austus Eton wall game International rules football Samoa rules Speedball Swedish football Universal football Volata Medieval football codes Ba game Caid Calcio fiorentino Camping Cnapan Cornish hurling Cuju Harpastum Kemari Ki - o - rahi Jegichagi La soule Lelo burti Marn grook Pasuckuakohowog Royal Shrovetide Uppies and downies Yubi lakpi Rugby codes Beach Rugby league masters mod nines sevens tag wheelchair Rugby union American flag mini sevens snow tag touch tens Touch Wheelchair Bat - and - ball games Baseball Brännboll British baseball Corkball Cricket One Day Test Twenty20 Danish longball Indoor cricket Kickball Lapta Matball Oină Over-the - line Pesäpallo Rounders Softball Fastpitch Stickball Stoolball Town ball Vigoro Vitilla Wiffle ball Wireball Stick and ball sports Bando Cammag Hurling Camogie Super11s Shinty -- Hurling Indigenous North American stickball Iomain Knattleikr Knotty Lacrosse box / indoor field intercrosse women 's Ritinis Shinty Shinty -- Hurling Hockey sports Ball hockey Bandy rink Broomball Moscow Field hockey indoor Floor hockey Floorball Ice hockey pond power ice sledge underwater Ringette Rinkball Roller hockey in - line quad Rossall hockey Shinny Street hockey Underwater hockey Unicycle hockey Polo sports Auto polo Cowboy polo Cycle polo Elephant polo Horseball Motoball Pato Polo Arena polo chovgan snow polo Polocrosse Segway polo Yak polo Net sports Ball badminton Beach tennis Biribol Bossaball Fistball Footbag net Football tennis Footvolley Jianzi Jokgu Newcomb ball Peteca Sepak takraw Throwball Volleyball beach paralympic Other sports Airsoft Angleball Balle à la main Ballon au poing Basque pelota frontenis jai alai xare Bo - taoshi Boules Bocce Bocce volo Boccia Bowls Jeu provençal Pétanque Raffa Buzkashi Combat ( juggling ) Curling wheelchair Cycle ball Digor Dodgeball Flickerball Gateball Goalball Guts Handball beach Czech field Hornussen Ice stock sport Jereed Kabaddi indoor beach Kho kho Kin - Ball Lagori Longue paume Makura - Nage Mesoamerican ballgame Paintball Pelota mixteca Prisonball Pushball Quidditch Rollball Roller derby Slahal Snow snake Synchronized skating Synchronized swimming Tamburello Tchoukball beach Tejo Tug of war Ulama Ultimate Underwater football Underwater rugby Valencian pilota Llargues Water polo canoe inner tube beach Waboba Whirlyball Woodball Yukigassen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Box_lacrosse&oldid=853641547 '' Categories : Variations of lacrosse Indoor sports National symbols of Canada Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2017 Good articles Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 03 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many players on a box lacrosse team	[ "During play, a team consists of six players: a goaltender and five \"runners\". A runner is any non-goalkeeper position player, including forwards, transition players, and defenders. Runners usually specialize in one of these roles and substitute off the field when the ball moves from one end to the other. When the sport originated teams played with six runners.[3] However, in 1953 the sixth runner, a position called rover, was eliminated.[35] The goalkeeper can be replaced by another runner, often when a delayed penalty has been called on the other team or at the end of games by teams that are behind to help score goals.[33][36]\n" ]	[ "six" ]

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